document_title: Sergeant major

question_text: when was the rank of sergeant major created

text: Sergeant major

text: History[edit]

text: In 16th century Spain, the sargento mayor ("sergeant major") was a general officer. He commanded an army's infantry, and ranked about third in the army's command structure; he also acted as a sort of chief of staff to the army's commander.

text: In the 17th century, sergeant majors appeared in individual regiments. These were field officers, third in command of their regiments (after their colonels and lieutenant colonels), with a role similar to the older, army-level sergeant majors (although obviously on a smaller scale). The older position became known as "sergeant major general" to distinguish it. Over time, the term sergeant was dropped from both titles, giving rise to the modern ranks of major and major general.

text: The full title of sergeant major fell out of use until the latter part of the 18th century, when it began to be applied to the senior non-commissioned officer of an infantry battalion or cavalry regiment. It is about this time that the U.S. and British histories of the title diverge, with the American Revolutionary War.

text: Commonwealth of Nations forces[edit]

text: A sergeant major is an appointment, not a rank. It is normally held by the senior warrant officer of an army or marine unit. These appointments are made at several levels, for example: the senior warrant officer of a company, battery or squadron; the senior warrant officer of a battalion or regiment. The title normally consists of the unit title (e.g. 'company') followed by 'sergeant major', and abbreviated by the initials (e.g. CSM). A sergeant major of a regiment or battalion is known as a regimental sergeant major, rather than a "regiment sergeant major" or "battalion sergeant major". In the Australian Defence Force, in addition to CSMs and RSMs, the most senior warrant officer of the army carries the appointment (and special insignia) of Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army (RSM-A).

text: The sergeant-major of a unit is normally directly responsible to the commanding officer for all matters pertaining to dress, deportment, discipline, conduct, performance, standards and morale of the non-commissioned members (NCMs) of that unit. Sergeant majors are normally addressed as "sir" or "ma'am" by subordinates, and as "sergeant major" or by their full title (or its abbreviation) by superiors.

text: In the British Armed Forces, the plural is sergeant majors and not sergeants major as it is in the United States.[1][2][3]

text: Canada[edit]

text: Canadian Army[edit]

text: The appointment of sergeant major is given to the senior non-commissioned member within sub-units, units and some formations of the Canadian Army.

text: The regimental sergeant-major is the senior sergeant major in a battalion-sized unit, including infantry battalions and artillery, armoured, engineer, and signal regiments. This appointment is normally held by a chief warrant officer. The same position can also be held by a master warrant officer in anticipation of promotion, or a shortage of available chief warrant officers.

text: In company-sized units, the company sergeant-major generally holds the rank of master warrant officer, although in some cases, it may be held by a warrant officer if the company is smaller, or in a shortage of available master warrant officers. In artillery batteries, this appointment is known as battery sergeant-major, while in units with a cavalry heritage (armoured, combat engineer, and signals squadrons), the term is squadron sergeant-major.

text: In company-sized sub-units of battalions or regiments, the company sergeant-major (or equivalent) normally answers both to his or her officer commanding for matters pertaining to the company in particular, and to the regimental sergeant-major on matters of concern to the regimental sergeant-major. Company sergeant-majors and their equivalents are normally addressed as "Sergeant-Major" or by rank. By subordinates, they are referred to as "Sir", "Ma'am", or "Warrant" (for warrant officers) as appropriate. "CSM" ("BSM", "SSM") is a title normally reserved for use by the commanding officer.[citation needed]

text: Regimental sergeant-majors are never addressed as "Sergeant-Major". They are addressed by rank or as "Mr (Surname)" or "Ms (Surname)", and thereafter by subordinates as "Sir" or "Ma'am". "RSM" is reserved for use by the commanding officer.[citation needed]

text: In some unusual cases, a chief petty officer 1st class or chief petty officer 2nd class in the Royal Canadian Navy may succeed to a sergeant-major's position, especially in units with a large number of "purple trades", such as service battalions. The forms of address generally remain the same, except that chief petty officers 1st and 2nd class are never addressed as "Sir" or "Ma'am", but as "Chief".

text: The opera Leo, the Royal Cadet (1889) by Oscar Ferdinand Telgmann and George Frederick Cameron includes a character "Battalion Sergeant Major at the Royal Military College of Canada" and song "The Royal Cadet - The Battalion Sergeant Major". The senior cadet of the Royal Military College of Canada was a battalion sergeant major from 1878–1923 and from 1934–42. Since 1952, however, the senior cadet is known as a cadet wing-commander.[4]

text: Royal Canadian Mounted Police[edit]

text: Sergeant major is a rank in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. While technically it is the 6th level of rank, below corps sergeant major and above staff sergeant major, it, along with the other two, are specialized ranks and not part of the normal progression, which would proceed from staff sergeant to inspector.

text: Singapore[edit]

text: A sergeant major appointment exists in each military unit from company to division/formation. Their main job is to assist the commander in the discipline and welfare of the enlisted men. Their authority and responsibility at parades and ceremonies extends over even commissioned officers while on the parade square. In the Singapore Armed Forces, two kinds of sergeant major exist, a regimental sergeant major and a company sergeant major. A regimental sergeant major may be placed in charge of a battalion, brigade, division or service level. A regimental sergeant major could also be appointed as RSM for a vocation, i.e. infantry vocation/formation sergeant major. This appointment is usually held by a senior warrant officer or a master warrant officer, although at times a 1st warrant officer may be appointed. A company sergeant major may be a 1WO, 2WO and 3WO. Sometimes, a master sergeant or a staff sergeant may be appointed. Military Experts of rank ME 3 could also be sergeant majors, in-charge of logistical units or naval units. This practice is also mirrored in the National Cadet Corps with the master sergeant or staff sergeant being appointed as unit sergeant major. Also, some schools with more than one unit, i.e. having a land as well as a sea unit, might appointed an RSM from either unit.

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text: In Sri Lanka, the rank of sergeant major exists in the Sri Lanka Army and Sri Lanka Police Service. In the army, a warrant officer 2nd class is known as a sergeant major; while a warrant officer 1st class is a regimental sergeant major. In the police, the most senior non-gazetted officer rank is police sergeant major.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: As described above, sergeant-major is not a rank, but an appointment held by a warrant officer class 1 or warrant officer class 2. Regardless of the appointment, the warrant officer is addressed as "sergeant-major".

text: The rank was established in the Union Defence Forces in 1913, in a single class. The rank badge was a crown, senior appointments being indicated by a wreath around the badge.[5]

text: The rank was divided into two classes in 1921. The national coat of arms was assigned as the badge of the 1st class, and the crown was assigned to the 2nd class. In both classes, senior appointments were indicated by a wreath around the badge.[5]

text: From 1957 to 2002, all warrant officers 1st class wore the wreathed coat of arms, and the warrant officer 2nd class wore the plain coat of arms.[5] Since 2002, all warrant officers have worn the new national coat of arms, the classes and appointments being indicated by the shape of the surrounding frame, and the addition of stars and crossed swords above the arms.

text: Up until 1 June 2008, the highest appointment (level 1), that was held by a warrant officer class 1 was the Sergeant-Major of the South African National Defence Force.

text: Other senior warrant officer appointments up until 1 June 2008 were:

text:
Level 2: Sergeant-Major of the Army
Level 3: Formation sergeant-major
Level 4: Group or base sergeant-major or regimental sergeant-major[6]

text: The South African Air Force had a similar structure for its warrant officers who are also addressed as "sergeant-major".[7]

text: Starting 1 June 2008, the warrant ranks (Army/ Navy/ Air Force) are:

text:
Master chief warrant officer (formerly level 1)—e.g. Master Chief Warrant Officer of the South African National Defence Force
Senior chief warrant officer (formerly level 2)—e.g. Senior Chief Warrant Officer of the South African Army
Chief warrant officer (formerly level 3)
Master warrant officer (formerly level 4A)
Senior warrant officer (formerly level 4)
Warrant officer class one
Warrant officer class two

text: A company/squadron/battery sergeant major should ordinarily be a WO2.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the British Army and Royal Marines, company/battery/squadron sergeant major is an appointment for a WO2 and regimental sergeant major is a WO1 appointment.

text: Due to differences in nomenclature between Regiments and Corps sergeant majors' titles do vary; Squadron sergeant major and battery sergeant major for instance would be found in the cavalry and Royal Artillery respectively, and in the REME there are the appointments of artificer sergeant major.

text: Sergeant major instructor is an appointment held by warrant officers class 1 in the Small Arms School Corps and the Army Physical Training Corps and by some WO1s in the Royal Engineers. It is also an appointment held by some of the civilian adult instructors in the Army Cadet Force.

text: A machinist sergeant-major is a specialist most often found in the Corps of Royal Engineers or the Royal Army Service Corps, and was the title of one of the major characters in the book and the film based on it, Ice Cold in Alex.

text: For the use of "sergeant major" as a form of address, see the articles on regimental and company sergeant majors, and that on staff sergeants.

text: The posts of regimental and squadron corporal major are the Household Cavalry's equivalent of sergeant majors, as the Household Cavalry traditionally does not have ranks named sergeant. The Rifles use the spelling "serjeant major".

text: There is a new 'Army Sergeant Major' of the British Army due to the reforms of the British Army.[8]

text: History[edit]

text: The first British use of the term was around 1680 and was applied to the senior sergeant in the colonel's company of an infantry regiment,[9] but it wasn't formalised until 1797, when the sergeant major was added to the battalion or regimental staff. When chevrons were introduced as badges of rank, he wore four, later under a crown.

text: In 1813, cavalry regiments introduced the troop sergeant major to replace the quartermaster as the senior NCO of a troop; this required the existing position to be explicitly redesignated the regimental sergeant major. Later, the rise of the squadron as the principal sub-regimental unit saw the corresponding introduction of the squadron sergeant major. The infantry, however, hung on to the undifferentiated, one-per-battalion sergeant major until the eve of the First World War, when the introduction of the company sergeant major forced them to adopt the RSM title as well. (As an infantry regiment could be, and usually was, made up of a number of battalions, one would logically expect the new title to be battalion sergeant major rather than regimental sergeant major. Perhaps the infantry felt this would imply a lower status than their cavalry equivalents.)

text: In 1881, the cavalry RSM and infantry sergeant major were among a number of senior non-commissioned positions that were confirmed with warrants, making them warrant officers. This was extended and rationalised in 1915, with the introduction of the new ranks of warrant officer class I (WOI) and warrant officer class II (WOII). RSM became an appointment of the former, CSM and SSM of the latter.

text: The Royal Marines continued to use a single rank of sergeant major, equating to warrant officer class I, until after the Second World War, when they adopted the Army system.

text: The Royal Flying Corps and its successor the Royal Air Force used the ranks of sergeant-major class I and II instead of warrant officer class I and II until the 1930s, when the RAF adopted the Army-style ranks. The RAF has not used sergeant major as either a rank or an appointment since that time.

text: France[edit]

text: In France, the rank of sergent-major (distinct from the rank of major) was created in 1776. He was the highest ranked non-commissioned officer (French: bas-officier) in the infantry company; the equivalent in the cavalry was the maréchal-des-logis-chef. The sergeant-major was charged with the administration of the company. Under the Ancien Regime, the equivalent at the general staff headquarters of the regiment was the adjudant sous-officiers, a rank which was also established in 1776, who was the senior NCO of the regiment.

text: Following the reforms of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, it became harder to ascend to the officer corps, due to primarily age restrictions. With the addition of an adjudant (warrant officer) in each company, the sergeant-major became limited to purely administrative functions.

text: The rank was replaced with that of sergent-chef in 1928. The rank was re-established from 1942 until 1962 between sergent-chef and adjudant as the NCO in charge of the accounting responsibility of the company. There were no promotions to sergeant-major after 1964 and the rank was formally abolished in 1971. The last NCO to have held the rank retired in 1985.

text: Notable soldiers who held the rank of sergeant-major included Marshal of France François Achille Bazaine, Édouard Husband, and Henri Tonel.

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: In the Indonesian Armed Forces, the rank is known as sersan mayor and is the most senior sergeant rank.

text: Israel Defense Forces[edit]

text: The רב-סמל מתקדם (Rav samal mitkadem, "sergeant major") and the רב-סמל בכיר ( Rav samal bakhír, "command sergeant major") are both non-commissioned officers (נגדים) ranks in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Because the IDF is an integrated force, they have a unique rank structure. IDF ranks are the same in all services (army, navy, air force, etc.). The ranks are derived from those of the paramilitary Haganah developed in the British Mandate of Palestine period to protect the Yishuv. This origin is reflected in the slightly-compacted IDF rank structure.

text:
Israel Defense Forces ranks : נגדים nagadim - non-commissioned officers (NCO)[10]

IDF NCOrank
רב-סמל Rav samal
רב-סמל ראשון Rav samal rishon
רב-סמל מתקדם Rav samal mitkadem
רב-סמל בכיר Rav samal bakhír
רב-נגד משנה Rav nagad mishne
רב-נגד Rav nagad

NATO
OR–5
OR–6
OR–7
OR–8
OR–9

Abbreviation
רס"ל Rasal
רס"ר Rasar
רס"מ Rasam
רס"ב Rasab
רנ"מ Ranam
רנ"ג Ranag

Correspondingrank
Sergeant first class
Master sergeant
Sergeant major
Command sergeant major
Warrant officer
Chief warrant officer

Insignia

text: United States[edit]

text: Sergeant major insignia(U.S. Army)

text: Command sergeant majorrank insignia(U.S. Army)

text: Nominative Senior Enlisted Leader Collar Insignia(U.S. Army)

text: Sergeant major insignia(U.S. Marine Corps)

text:
Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps
insignia

text:
Confederate sergeant major stripes
shown in infantry blue pattern

text: History[edit]

text: The first official U.S. use of the term was in 1776, when a sergeant major was appointed to the headquarters of each infantry battalion (or regiment, the two designations being used interchangeably) of the Continental Army. The original insignia of rank was an epaulette, or strip, of red cloth sewn on each shoulder of the uniform coat. In the years between 1776 and 1851, the sergeant major rank insignia went through several changes until the "classic" pattern worn during the Civil War and throughout the Indian Wars was adopted. Generally, these styles included either staff non-commissioned officer (SNCO) epaulettes, chevrons, or a combination of both. (During this period, the rank insignia for the several SNCO ranks of sergeant major, quartermaster sergeant, drum major, and fife major were identical.) In 1821, SNCOs received a single yellow chevron, point up, above the elbow on each sleeve. (Company grade officers, including the new officer grade of "adjutant", ranking above captain and below major, and non-commissioned officers or NCOs, viz., sergeants and corporals, all received chevrons of various colors, materials, patterns, and placement as their insignia of rank.) In 1825, the sergeant major chevron insignia was changed to be identical to that of the adjutant, by adding an inverted arc below the chevron (very similar in design to the modern private first class insignia), although in a different color (yellow vice gold or silver) and material (worsted vice lace) than that of the officer rank. In 1832, SNCOs returned to a rank insignia denoted by elaborate epaulettes without the chevrons. All SNCOs and NCOs returned to having chevrons as their rank insignia in 1847, when a completely new system of insignia was introduced. This was the first implementation of the three chevrons over three arcs design (with the chevrons worn point-up) of the "traditional" sergeant major rank insignia. (The quartermaster finally received a distinctive rank insignia—three chevrons over three horizontal bars—and for the first time, the first sergeant, or orderly sergeant, received a distinctive rank insignia—three chevrons surmounting a lozenge.) Finally, in 1851, the Army inverted the SNCO and NCO insignia again to be point-down. (Perrenot, 2011)[11]

text: The rank was in use by both the Union Army and the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. At that time, it was the highest enlisted rank, being just above quartermaster sergeant. The same rank insignia, three point-down chevrons under three arcs, was used by both armies. Both armies varied the color of the stripes by assigning red for artillery, yellow for cavalry, and blue for infantry. Some Confederate militia units varied these colors even farther and had other colors, including black stripes, for various units.

text: In 1920, with the standardization of the army's enlisted pay grades, it ceased to be a title of rank or grade. However, it survived as the job title of the senior NCO of a battalion and was re-introduced as a rank in 1958 when Congress authorized the E–8 and E–9 pay grades (P.L. 85-422, 72 Stat. 122). This new iteration of sergeant major as a discrete grade of rank saw the new rank insignia of three chevrons above three arcs with a five pointed star between the chevrons and arcs. In that law (as amended), the authorized daily average number of enlisted members on active duty in an armed force in pay grade E–9 in a fiscal year may not be more than 1.25 percent, respectively, of the number of enlisted members of that armed force, subject to certain exceptions.[12]  A new insignia was authorized by DA Message 865848, 28 May 1968, for sergeants major assigned at the principal NCO of battalion and higher level command (viz., command sergeants major). This insignia was the same as the sergeant major insignia except the star was small and a wreath was placed around the star.

text: The appointment of Sergeant Major of the Army was created on July 4, 1966 and in 1979 received the unique grade of rank insignia of three chevrons above three arcs with two stars centered between the bottom chevron and the upper arc. In 1994 The insignia for Sergeant Major of the Army was changed to add the Coat of Arms of the United States between the two stars in the center of the insignia. The pin-on insignia is polished gold-plated with a black enamel background.[13]

text: The U.S. Marine Corps' first sergeant major was Archibald Sommers, appointed on January 1, 1801. This was originally a solitary post, similar to the modern Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, but by 1899 there were five sergeants major. The title was abolished in 1946, but re-introduced as a rank in 1954. The post of Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps was established in 1957, as the senior enlisted advisor to the Commandant of the Marine Corps.[14]

text: United States Army[edit]

text: In the U.S. Army, sergeant major (SGM) refers to both a military rank and a personnel slot, or position title. It is the highest enlisted rank, just above first sergeant and master sergeant, with a pay grade of E–9, NATO rank OR–9.

text: The leadership variation—command sergeant major (CSM)—is the senior enlisted advisor to the commanding officer. The leadership position carries with it certain ceremonial functions such as caring for the unit's colors (flag). Additionally, CSMs serve as monitors of, and advocates for, the enlisted soldiers in the command. This position mostly exists in units of battalion size and larger.

text: Because the CSM represents all of the enlisted soldiers in the command, CSMs assigned to units above brigade do not wear the collar insignia of his or her career specialty (e.g., infantry, quartermaster, intelligence, inter alia), but instead wears the CSM (formerly "branch immaterial") collar insignia. The insignia is a gold-color rendering of the coat of arms of the United States; like the branch of service insignia of all U.S. Army enlisted soldiers, it is placed upon a gold-colored metal disk, one inch in diameter.

text: Both the SGM and CSM are referred to, and addressed as, "Sergeant Major". The Sergeant Major of the Army is a separate and unique position, but is still addressed as "Sergeant Major".

text: United States Marine Corps[edit]

text: In the United States Marine Corps, sergeant major is the ninth and highest enlisted rank, just above first sergeant, and equal in grade to master gunnery sergeant, although the two have different responsibilities. Sergeant major is both a rank and a military billet. Marine Corps sergeants major serve as the senior enlisted marine in the Corps' units of battalion, squadron or higher echelon, as the unit commander's senior enlisted advisor and to handle matters of discipline and morale among the enlisted marines. Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps is a separate and unique position.


document_title: Ring size

question_text: what is a size 9 ring in mm

question_tokens: what is a size 9 ring in mm

root

text: Ring size

text: Systems[edit]

text: There are several systems for denoting the sizes of jewellery rings in use around the world:

tag: p

text:
The ISO standard for ring sizes is ISO 8653:2016, which defines standard ring sizes in terms of the inner circumference of the ring measured in millimetres.[1]
In the United States and Canada, ring sizes are specified using a numerical scale, with quarter and half sizes. An increase of a full size is an increase of 0.032 inch (0.8128 mm) in diameter, or roughly 1/10 inch (more precisely, 0.1005 in or 2.55 mm) in inside circumference.
In Ireland, the United Kingdom and Australia, ring sizes are specified using an alphabetical scale, with half sizes.
In India, Japan and China, ring sizes are specified using a numerical scale, that only has whole sizes, and does not have simple linear correlation with diameter or circumference.
In Austria, France, Germany, Belgium and Scandinavia, ring sizes are specified using actual internal circumference in mm (the same as the ISO standard). In some countries, half sizes may be used.
In Italy, Spain, Netherlands, and Switzerland, ring sizes are specified as the circumference minus 40mm. A 50 in Germany will be a 10 in Switzerland.

tag: ul

text: Before accepting the equations and values in the article, consider the multiple dissenting opinions listed in the talk page and other sites. [2] [3]

text: For the system prevailing the United States, the Circular of the Bureau of Standards [4] summarizes the situation as: "While there apparently is only one standard in use in the United States, in reality, because of the lack of specific dimensions and because of the errors introduced by the adoption of a common commercial article as a pattern, there are many, although similar, standards." There does not appear to have been any improvement in the standard since then.

text: Equations[edit]

text: To convert from US, Canada and Mexico ring sizes (s) to ISO 8653:2016 circumference:

text:
c
=
2.55
×
s
+
36.5

{\displaystyle c=2.55\times s+36.5}

text: and for diameter:

text:
d
=
0.8128
×
s
+
11.63

{\displaystyle d=0.8128\times s+11.63}

text: Chart[edit]

text:
Conversion chart for ring sizes[5]

Inside diameter
Inside circumference
Sizes

(in)
(mm)
(in)
(mm)
United States,
Canada and
Mexico
United Kingdom,
Ireland,
Australia,
South Africa and
New Zealand
China,
Japan,
South America
India
Italy,
Spain,
Switzerland

0.458
11.63
1.44
36.5
0

0.466
11.84
1.46
37.2
¼

0.474
12.04
1.49
37.8
½
A

0.482
12.24
1.51
38.5
¾
A½

0.49
12.45
1.54
39.1
1
B
1

0.498
12.65
1.56
39.7
1¼
B½

0.506
12.85
1.59
40.4
1½
C

0.5

0.514
13.06
1.61
41
1¾
C½

1
1

0.522
13.26
1.64
41.7
2
D
2
2
1.75

0.53
13.46
1.67
42.3
2¼
D½

2.25

0.538
13.67
1.69
42.9
2½
E
3
3
3

0.546
13.87
1.72
43.6
2¾
E½

4
3.5

0.554
14.07
1.74
44.2
3
F
4

4.25

0.562
14.27
1.77
44.8
3¼
F½
5
5
4.75

0.57
14.48
1.79
45.5
3½
G

5.5

0.578
14.68
1.82
46.1
3¾
G½
6
6
6

0.586
14.88
1.84
46.8
4
H
7

6.75

0.594
15.09
1.87
47.4
4¼
H½

7
7.5

0.602
15.29
1.89
48
4½
I
8
8
8

0.61
15.49
1.92
48.7
4¾
J

9
8.75

0.618
15.7
1.94
49.3
5
J½
9

9.25

0.626
15.9
1.97
50
5¼
K

10
10

0.634
16.1
1.99
50.6
5½
K½
10

10.5

0.642
16.31
2.02
51.2
5¾
L

11
11.25

0.65
16.51
2.04
51.9
6
L½
11
12
11.75

0.658
16.71
2.07
52.5
6¼
M
12

12.5

0.666
16.92
2.09
53.1
6½
M½
13
13
13.25

0.674
17.12
2.12
53.8
6¾
N

13.75

0.682
17.32
2.14
54.4
7
N½
14
14
14.5

0.69
17.53
2.17
55.1
7¼
O

15
15

0.698
17.73
2.19
55.7
7½
O½
15

15.75

0.706
17.93
2.22
56.3
7¾
P

16
16.25

0.714
18.14
2.24
57
8
P½
16
17
17

0.722
18.34
2.27
57.6
8¼
Q

17.5

0.73
18.54
2.29
58.3
8½
Q½
17
18
18.25

0.738
18.75
2.32
58.9
8¾
R

19
19

0.746
18.95
2.34
59.5
9
R½
18

19.5

0.754
19.15
2.37
60.2
9¼
S

20
20.25

0.762
19.35
2.39
60.8
9½
S½
19
21
20.75

0.77
19.56
2.42
61.4
9¾
T

21.5

0.778
19.76
2.44
62.1
10
T½
20
22
22

0.786
19.96
2.47
62.7
10¼
U
21
23
22.75

0.794
20.17
2.49
63.4
10½
U½
22

23.25

0.802
20.37
2.52
64
10¾
V

24
24

0.81
20.57
2.54
64.6
11
V½
23
25
24.75

0.818
20.78
2.57
65.3
11¼
W

25.25

0.826
20.98
2.59
65.9
11½
W½
24
26
26

0.834
21.18
2.62
66.6
11¾
X

26.5

0.842
21.39
2.65
67.2
12
X½
25
27
27.25

0.85
21.59
2.67
67.8
12¼
Y

28
27.75

0.858
21.79
2.7
68.5
12½
Z
26

28.5

0.866
22
2.72
69.1
12¾
Z½

29
29

0.874
22.2
2.75
69.7
13

27
30
29.75

0.882
22.4
2.77
70.4
13¼
Z1

30.5

0.89
22.61
2.8
71
13½

31
31

0.898
22.81
2.82
71.7
13¾
Z2

32
31.75

0.906
23.01
2.85
72.3
14
Z3

32.25

0.914
23.22
2.87
72.9
14¼

33
33

0.922
23.42
2.9
73.6
14½
Z4

33.5

0.93
23.62
2.92
74.2
14¾

34
34.25

0.938
23.83
2.95
74.8
15

35
34.75

0.946
24.03
2.97
75.5
15¼

35.5

0.954
24.23
3
76.1
15½

36
36.25

0.962
24.43
3.02
76.8
15¾

36.75

0.97
24.64
3.05
77.4
16

37
37.5

tag: table

text: Ring sizes can be measured physically by a plastic or metal ring sizer, or by measuring the inner diameter of a ring that already fits. There are also online measuring tools available. Online measuring tools vary, but many offer multiple ways to measure the ring size, such as wrapping a paper cutout around the finger, or measuring a current ring according to a chart.


document_title: Agricultural policy of the United States

question_text: when did farm subsidies begin in the u.s

text: History[edit]

text: Until the 1920s, the first 200 years of agricultural policy in the US was dominated by policies directed at developing and supporting family farms and the inputs of the total agricultural sector, such as land, research, and human labor.[citation needed] Developmental policy included such legislation as the Land Act of 1820, the Homestead Act, which granted 160-acre (0.65 km2) townships, and the Morrill Act of 1862, which initiated the land-grant college system, one in a long series of acts that provided public support for agricultural research and education.

text: In 1933, with many farmers losing money because of the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA).[citation needed]  The AAA began to regulate agricultural production by destroying crops and artificially reducing supplies. It also offered subsidies to farmers to encourage them to willingly limit their production of crops.[citation needed] The Supreme Court later struck down the AAA as unconstitutional, so in 1938 the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act was passed, which essentially created a similar organization for distributing farmer subsidies.[1]

text: Beginning of price supports[edit]

text: At the end of World War I, the destructive effects of the war and the surrender burdens enforced on the Central Powers of Europe bankrupted much of Europe, closing major export markets in the United States and beginning a series of events that would lead to the development of agricultural price and income support policies. United States price and income support, known otherwise as agricultural subsidy, grew out of acute farm income and financial crises, which led to widespread political beliefs that the market system was not adequately rewarding farm people for their agricultural commodities.

text: Beginning with the 1921 Packers and Stockyards Act and 1922 Capper–Volstead Act, which regulated livestock and protected farmer cooperatives against anti-trust suits, United States agricultural policy began to become more and more comprehensive. In reaction to falling grain prices and the widespread economic turmoil of the Dust Bowl (1931–39) and Great Depression (October 1929–33), three bills led the United States into permanent price subsidies for farmers: the 1922 Grain Futures Act, the June 1929 Agricultural Marketing Act, and finally the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act – the first comprehensive food policy legislation.

text: Out of these bills grew a system of government-controlled agricultural commodity prices and government supply control (farmers being paid to leave land unused). Supply control would continue to be used to decrease overproduction, leading to over 50,000,000 acres (200,000 km2) to be set aside during times of low commodity prices (1955–1973, 1984–1995). The practice was eventually ended by the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996.

text: Increased comprehensiveness[edit]

text: Over time, a variety of related topics began to be addressed by agricultural policy:  soil conservation (1956 Soil Bank Act), surplus crops as food aid (National School Lunch Act of 1946, Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, the 1964 Food Stamp Act), and much later wetlands and habitat conservation (Food Security Act of 1985, 1990 Wetlands Reserve Program, 1996 Wildlife Habitat and Environmental Quality Incentive Programs and 2002 Grassland Reserve Program) and organic food labeling (Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990).

text: During this time, agricultural financial support also increased, through raised price supports, export subsidies, increased crop insurance (1938 Agricultural Adjustment Act), expanding price supports to different crops (Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000), offering more guaranteed federal loans, and through the replacement of some price supports with fixed payments (Food and Agricultural Act of 1962 and Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996).

text: Beginning with the administration of Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace, the United States had generally moved to curb overproduction. However, in the early 1970s, under Secretary of Agriculture Earl Butz, farmers were encouraged to "get big or get out" and to plant "hedgerow to hedgerow". Over the course of the 20th century, farms have consolidated into larger, more capital-intensive operations and subsidy policy under Butz encouraged these large farms at the expense of small and medium-sized family farms.[2]

text: The percentage of Americans who live on a farm diminished from nearly 25% during the Great Depression to about 2% now,[3] and only 0.1% of the United States population works full-time on a farm. As the agribusiness lobby grows to near $60 million per year,[4] the interests of agricultural corporations remain highly represented. In recent years, farm subsidies have remained high even in times of record farm profits.[5]

text: Political and economic dynamics[edit]

text: A large reason why agricultural policy has favored farmers over the course of United States history is because farmers tend to have favorable proportional political representation in government.[citation needed] The United States Senate tends to grant more power per person to inhabitants of rural states. Also, because the United States House of Representatives is re-apportioned only every 10 years by the United States Census, and population tends to shift from rural to urban areas, farmers are often left with greater proportional power until the re-apportionment is complete.[citation needed]

text: Also, the majority of agricultural policy research is funded by the USDA. Some economists believe this creates an incentive for government intervention because, among other considerations, the USDA will most likely not fund research criticizing its own activities.[6]


document_title: Endothermic process

question_text: where does the energy in endothermic reactions come from

text: Endothermic process

text: The term endothermic process describes the process or reaction in which the system absorbs energy from its surroundings, usually in the form of heat. The term was coined by Marcellin Berthelot from the Greek roots endo-, derived from the word "endon" (ἔνδον) meaning "within" and the root "therm" (θερμ-) meaning "hot" or "warm " intended sense is that of a reaction that depends on absorbing heat if it is to proceed. The opposite of an endothermic process is an exothermic process, one that releases, "gives out" energy in the form of heat. Thus in each term (endothermic & exothermic) the prefix refers to where heat goes as the reaction occurs, though in reality it only refers to where the energy goes, without necessarily being in the form of heat. All chemical reactions involve both the breaking of existing and the making of new chemical bonds. A reaction to break a bond always requires the input of energy and so such a process is always endothermic. When atoms come together to form new chemical bonds, the electrostatic forces bringing them together leave the bond with a large excess of energy (usually in the form of vibrations and rotations). If that energy is not dissipated, the new bond would quickly break apart again. Instead, the new bond can shed its excess energy - by radiation, by transfer to other motions in the molecule, or to other molecules through collisions - and then become a stable new bond. Shedding this excess energy is the exothermicity that leaves the molecular system. Whether a given overall reaction is exothermic or endothermic is determined by the relative contribution of these bond breaking endothermic steps and new bond stabilizing exothermic steps.

text: The concept is frequently applied in physical sciences to, for example, chemical reactions, where thermal energy (heat) is converted to chemical bond energy.

text: Endothermic (and exothermic) analysis only accounts for the enthalpy change (∆H) of a reaction. The full energy analysis of a reaction is the Gibbs free energy (∆G), which includes an entropy (∆S) and temperature term in addition to the enthalpy. A reaction will be a spontaneous process at a certain temperature if the products have a lower Gibbs free energy (an exergonic reaction) even if the enthalpy of the products is higher. Entropy and enthalpy are different terms, so the change in entropic energy can overcome an opposite change in enthalpic energy and make an endothermic reaction favorable.

text: Examples[edit]

text:
Photosynthesis
Melting of ice
Evaporating liquid water
Sublimation of carbon dioxide (dry ice)
Cracking of alkanes
Thermal decomposition reactions
Electrolytic decomposition of sodium chloride into sodium hydroxide and hydrogen chloride
Dissolving ammonium chloride in water
Nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than nickel in stellar cores
High-energy neutrons can produce tritium from lithium-7 in an endothermic reaction, consuming 2.466 MeV. This was discovered when the 1954 Castle Bravo nuclear test produced an unexpectedly high yield.[1]
Nuclear fusion of elements heavier than iron in supernovae [2]


document_title: Maggie Pierce

question_text: when does maggie pierce join grey's anatomy

question_tokens: when does maggie pierce join grey 's anatomy

text: Maggie Pierce

text: Storylines[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Maggie is first introduced in the penultimate episode of the tenth season. Cristina Yang interviews various different candidates to replace her as the head of her department in Cardiothoracic surgery. Maggie, having finished high school and medical school early, becomes head of her department at 31 years old. It is revealed in the season 10 finale "Fear (of the Unknown)" that Maggie's biological mother was Ellis Grey.[2] Richard Webber is shocked by this, knowing he is her biological father. Throughout the eleventh season, Webber struggles to deal with the revelation and keeps it from Maggie. Maggie explains that 2 years prior, she looked for her birth mom and needed to go to the court for the records. She found out that she was dead, but got her name, and discovered that she was an amazing surgeon that worked at the Seattle Grace Hospital. She stated that that's not why she took the job, but it's "a little bit" why she took the interview.

text: When Maggie identifies Meredith Grey, her half-sister, she attempts to bond with her. However, Meredith attempts to take charge and conflicts with her on a case. After several arguments, Maggie tells Meredith that she is her half-sister. Meredith, in disbelief, points out that she would know that her mother would be pregnant when she was five years old, as Maggie is five years younger than her. Meredith works with Alex Karev to decide whether Maggie is lying or if she is wrong. They discover she is correct. Meredith gets flashes back to the time of her mother's crisis at five years old, and remembers being at a hospital and hearing a screaming baby. After several weeks, Webber admits to Maggie that he is her father. Maggie is angry at him. Later, when he comes to apologize for not being there as a father, Maggie corrects him and says he is not her father, as she has adoptive parents she loves, and that she is only angry because of his dishonesty and making her look foolish and naive for weeks. Derek and Meredith decide to have Maggie come over to their house for dinner, to get to know Maggie better. After Maggie says yes, Derek decides it is a good idea to ask Richard as well. Richard reluctantly agrees. The night of the dinner, Maggie and Richard show up, but no-one answers. Maggie leaves him after that. Maggie develops a relationship with radiologist, Ethan Boyd. She admits her awkwardness in relationships, having ended her previous engagement to Dean, who she was unable to sleep in the same bed with. Meredith ends up in a bind with no one to watch her kids, so Maggie offers to watch them. Richard and Maggie eventually come to good terms, and Maggie's helping with Meredith's kids help her integrate into her family home more. Maggie learns about the histories of Meredith, Alex and Callie Torres as they commemorate their dead friend, George O'Malley.

text: After Derek's death, Meredith abandons Seattle for a year, leaving Maggie a note. Maggie is shocked by this, and admits she felt abandoned by Meredith right when they were starting to become a family. She invites Webber to a Christmas party, noticing his loneliness. Meredith eventually returns home, hugging Maggie and re-integrating into her old family home. While Maggie and her colleagues are busy dealing with Keith Gardner after a tunnel collapse, Maggie gets a phone call that her parents are getting a divorce. Her mother confesses to her that she'd been having an affair with their car serviceman for eleven years and they had only stayed together for her sake, but were getting a divorce now that she was out on her own. Maggie is emotional about this, but she doesn't want to bother her colleagues about it. Later, she confides in Meredith over the issue, but feels it is silly in comparison to her husband's death. Meredith, however, says she can tell her anything and she should come to her whenever she is having a problem. After Meredith buys her house back from Alex, she invites Maggie and Amelia Shepherd to move in with her. They assist Meredith in caring for her kids. Maggie also often mediates between Meredith and Amelia, who frequently get into fights over little things. She often helps with Meredith's three kids, with each "sister" in charge of getting one kid ready for the day.

text: In the twelfth season, Maggie develops a relationship with intern Andrew DeLuca. Maggie and DeLuca keep their relationship private to avoid difficulties at work. DeLuca grows frustrated with their secrecy, so Maggie abruptly decides to go public. When this happens, DeLuca becomes uncomfortable with the way he is viewed by others because he is dating an attending, and doesn't want others to think he is getting special treatment. He also feels intimidated by her authority and ultimately ends things with her. Maggie attempts to move on and develops an interest in Nathan Riggs. However, she is unaware that Meredith has a sexual relationship with him. She confides in Meredith about her feelings at Amelia's wedding to Owen Hunt. In the thirteenth season, Maggie is hurt when she discovers that Meredith had been lying to her about Alex's actions assaulting DeLuca. She tells her to never lie to her again, but Meredith continues to hide her relationship with Riggs. Riggs tells Meredith that she needs to tell Maggie and Maggie works up the courage to ask Riggs out, but Meredith told him to say no. Maggie’s mother Diane also comes to the hospital and is treated by Jackson Avery for what turns out to be cancer. Before Diane succumbs to her illness, she encourages Maggie to live a fuller life outside of her career. Jackson is there for Maggie as she grieves, and the two grow closer. It isn’t until Jackson's ex-wife April Kepner points out their bond that Jackson and Maggie realize their feelings for one another. In the fourteenth season, Maggie and Jackson initially try to bury their feelings, but Jackson decides to pursue her. They eventually begin a romantic relationship and attend Alex and Jo Wilson's wedding together.

text: Development[edit]

text: Casting and creation[edit]

text:
McCreary on the role
When I auditioned, all they told me was that the character might recur a little bit into Season 11; they did not tell me it was Meredith’s sister and there was long-term potential. I had no idea the scope of it in terms of how [she] fit into the mythology of the series. Her character ties into a lot of things that have already occurred in these people’s lives.
Benjamin Lindsay, Backstage 2015[3]

tag: div

text: On April 5, 2014, TVLine reported that Kelly McCreary best known for her series regular role on The CW's short lived medical drama Emily Owens, M.D. and recent guest appearances on Scandal had been cast in a guest star role. McCeary was slated to debut on the May 8, 2015 episode.[4] On October 23, 2014, it was announced that McCreary was promoted to series regular after being credited as guest-starring until the eleventh episode.[5][6][7][8] It was a couple of months after McCreary wrapped her stint on Scandal that she was invited to audition for Grey's.[9] McCeary revealed that she originally auditioned for the character of "Claudette" with dummy sides, unbeknownst to her. The only information McCeary had about the character was "that she was adopted, that she would recur, and she was going to be a very important storyline." Just before the script reading for the season 10 finale, Rhimes summoned McCeary to inform her of Maggie's true identity.[10] "I was really psyched" McCeary revealed when Rhimes informed her of Maggie's lineage. "I felt really honored to be the one to accept the challenge."[11] However, it wasn't until McCeary experienced the reactions to Maggie's existence from her fellow cast mates that McCeary realized just how big of a deal the character would be.[12]

text: The character's potential existence was first referenced in the press in February 2009 when Michael Ausiello hinted at the possibility of Meredith having a half-sibling, the product of her mother's affair with Richard.[13] Initial speculation pointed to Jesse Williams' Jackson Avery as the child, but the actor refuted those rumors.[14] Shonda Rhimes revealed that the character had always been a part of the original story plans, but the character's existence was not set in stone until season 4.[15]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Kelly McCeary expressed her excitement about how special Maggie in an interview with BuddyTV. "I just feel like it's a rare opportunity to be able to play somebody that is so complex and fully realized and smart and fierce and compassionate and awkward and the whole thing."[16] Maggie is very good at her job so she can find a place in a professional capacity, but in her personal life,  she "gets more than she bargained for" McCreary said.[17] "I think she's a really good doctor" McCeary said of Maggie. "She's obviously super-bright. She's very young to be as high in her field as she is." McCeary further described Maggie as a "really great problem-solver." Maggie is "very compassionate" and at the same time can "keep a clear head and do the right thing medically all the time."[16] McCeary further described Maggie as "so dynamic."[11] While Maggie initially "came across as all business," Kelly McCeary relishes in playing "Maggie's neurotic, existential, meltdown side."[3] "Maggie also won't really back down from a fight; she's very decisive."[12]

text: Introduction[edit]

text: Kate Aurthur noted that until Maggie's introduction, Grey's was not "known for dropping in stories that it planted seasons before -- it's never been filled with twisty mythology."[10] Rhimes insisted that the timing wasn't right for Maggie's introduction in previous seasons. In season 3, the series introduced Meredith's paternal half-sister Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) and it was at that time that Maggie became a serious topic of discussion. Though Lexie was killed off in the season 8 finale, "Flight," Rhimes felt it was still too soon for Maggie's arrival.[9][18] The scribe even thought the show might end without the character ever being introduced. "Then we hit this moment in time and I remember walking into the writers' room and going, 'You guys, it's time.'"[15]

text: When Maggie makes the sudden revelation that she is Ellis' child to Richard, viewers are left to wonder about her history. The second episode of the season puts Maggie front and center. The episode appropriately titled "Puzzle With a Piece Missing," focuses on Maggie's struggle to fit in throughout her life, even with her own adoptive parents whom she is very different from.[19] Though she is very close with her parents, and they get along very well, she's grown up "still feeling like something's missing." Kelly McCreary said "That's what's really compelling to me about Maggie: that sort of dark underbelly of this person who seems to really have it all together."[20] Maggie struggles to build relationships with her colleagues. She unknowingly shares confidential information about Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) and she gets she also insults the hospital board when she tries to prop up Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson). Though she's got the "best intentions," things backfire.[19] Maggie also serves as a "mentor" to Jo Wilson (Camilla Luddington).[21] As Maggie discovers she has several things in common with Richard, the stage is set for Maggie to learn that Richard is her father.[20][19]

text: "I think people will relate to the awkwardness of being the new kid at school" McCeary said of the episode's comedic tone.[20] Despite so many different interactions, the episode highlights "Maggie's loneliness."[21] The Maggie-centric episode also featured Kelly McCreary stepping into the coveted role of narrator for the episode, which was usually reserved for Ellen Pompeo's Meredith, and on occasion other veteran cast members.[22][23] "It was overwhelming and very surprising" McCeary said of being the center of attention so early into her Grey's tenure. She continued, "I felt terrified and also really grateful that they trusted me with the institution about of Grey's Anatomy for a whole episode." McCeary relished in finally learning the character's history. "[It] was a huge gift to have 65 pages worth of material telling me exactly who she is. It was great!"[21]

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2017)

text: Critics responded positively to the development of Pierce in her centric episode "Puzzle With a Piece Missing". Fempop gave a largely positive review writing, "Puzzle With a Piece Missing is a funny and insightful look both into this latest interloper and the established characters of Grey’s." praising the new addition, "Thankfully she’s (Pierce) her own person, confident and happy to bring the thunder and put everyone, from interns to the chief of surgery, into their places."[24]

text: Entertainment Weekly lauded the episode stating, "Coming into the second week without Cristina Yang, Grey’s was smart to focus all of its attention on the newcomer. With most other main characters only making occasional cameos, it made it more difficult to feel Yang’s absence. And by showing Maggie’s side of the story, it made her more relatable. It was a win-win." adding on McCreary's character, " this episode is about how Maggie is her own, very likable person."[25]

text: On her character TV Fanatic wrote, Overall, we got to know Maggie a little better and it's nice to see that she's made some friends. It was a fair episode that showed Maggie's basically a work in progress. Maybe she'll grow on us eventually."[26]

text: For the thirteenth season, Vulture writer, Maggie Fremont spoke positively about the character: "It’s never easy for a long-running series to introduce a new character, especially when that character is meant to immediately fit in with the rest of the ensemble. But when Maggie Pierce arrived in season ten, that’s exactly what Grey’s Anatomy did. It could’ve been easy to dislike her — she showed up to take over cardio as Cristina Yang was leaving, for chrissakes! She was yet another one of Meredith’s long-lost sisters. The cards were really stacked against Maggie Pierce. Yet, thanks to the writers and Kelly McCreary’s terrific performance, Maggie was immediately endearing. She is weird and neurotic and cheerful. She is nothing like Cristina, but she fills a void that Meredith needs filled in order to function. Can you really imagine Grey’s without Maggie Pierce?"[27]


document_title: List of NBA franchise post-season droughts

question_text: what nba teams has never won a championship

text: Active droughts[edit]

text: NBA Playoffs appearance droughts[edit]

text:
^
Longest drought in team history

†
Tied for longest drought in team history

text:
Seasons
Team
Last earned appearance
in NBA playoffs
Reference

13
Minnesota Timberwolves^
2004 Western Finals
[5]

11
Sacramento Kings ^
2006 First Round
[6]

7
Phoenix Suns ^
2010 Western Finals
[7]

5
Philadelphia 76ers
2012 Eastern Semifinals
[8]

5
Orlando Magic ^
2012 First Round
[9]

4
Los Angeles Lakers ^
2013 First Round
[10]

4
Denver Nuggets
2013 First Round
[11]

4
New York Knicks
2013 Eastern Semifinals
[12]

2
Brooklyn Nets
2015 First Round
[13]

2
New Orleans Pelicans
2015 First Round
[14]

1
Charlotte Hornets
2016 First Round
[15]

1
Detroit Pistons
2016 First Round
[16]

1
Dallas Mavericks
2016 First Round
[17]

1
Miami Heat
2016 Eastern Semifinals
[18]

2017 Playoff teams

–
Oklahoma City Thunder
2017 First Round
[19]

–
Chicago Bulls
2017 First Round
[20]

–
Milwaukee Bucks
2017 First Round
[21]

–
Memphis Grizzlies
2017 First Round
[22]

–
Atlanta Hawks
2017 First Round
[23]

–
Indiana Pacers
2017 First Round
[24]

–
Los Angeles Clippers
2017 First Round
[25]

–
Portland Trail Blazers
2017 First Round
[26]

–
Washington Wizards
2017 Eastern Semifinals
[27]

–
Toronto Raptors
2017 Eastern Semifinals
[28]

–
Utah Jazz
2017 Western Semifinals
[29]

–
Houston Rockets
2017 Western Semifinals
[30]

–
Boston Celtics
2017 Eastern Finals
[31]

–
San Antonio Spurs
2017 Western Finals
[32]

–
Golden State Warriors
2017 Finals
[33]

–
Cleveland Cavaliers
2017 Finals
[34]

text: NBA Playoffs series win droughts[edit]

text:
0^0
Longest drought in team history

0†0
Tied for Longest drought in team history

0♦0
Most consecutive series losses in team history

0§0
Equals most consecutive series losses in team history

text:
Current Playoff series loss streak

Team
Last series win
in NBA Playoffs
Seasons
since win
Losing
streak
Series losses – teams
Ref

Milwaukee Bucks ^
2001 Eastern Semifinals
16
8 ♦
2001 Philadelphia
2003 New Jersey Nets 00
2004 Detroit
2006 Detroit
2010 Atlanta
2013 Miami
2015 Chicago
2017 Toronto
[21]

Charlotte Hornets ^
2002 Eastern First Round
13[a]
4 ♦
2002 New Jersey Nets
2010 Orlando
2014 Miami
2016 Miami
[15]

Sacramento Kings
2004 Western First Round
13
3
2004 Minnesota
2005 Seattle
2006 San Antonio
[6]

Minnesota Timberwolves
2004 Western Semifinals
13
1
2004 Los Angeles Lakers
[5]

New Orleans Pelicans ^
2008 Western First Round
9
4 ♦
2008 San Antonio
2009 Denver
2011 Los Angeles Lakers
2015 Golden State
[14]

Detroit Pistons
2008 Eastern Semifinals
9
3
2008 Boston
2009 Cleveland
2016 Cleveland
[16]

Denver Nuggets
2009 Western Semifinals
8
5
2009 Los Angeles Lakers
2010 Utah
2011 Oklahoma City
2012 Los Angeles Lakers
2013 Golden State
[11]

Orlando Magic
2010 Eastern Semifinals
7
3
2010 Boston
2011 Atlanta
2012 Indiana
[9]

Phoenix Suns
2010 Western Semifinals
7
1
2010 Los Angeles Lakers
[7]

Dallas Mavericks
2011 Finals
6
4 ♦
2012 Oklahoma City
2014 San Antonio
2015 Houston
2016 Oklahoma City
[17]

Philadelphia 76ers
2012 Eastern First Round
5
1
2012 Boston
[8]

Los Angeles Lakers †
2012 Western First Round
5
2
2012 Oklahoma City
2013 San Antonio
[10]

New York Knicks
2013 Eastern First Round
4
1
2013 Indiana
[12]

Brooklyn Nets
2014 Eastern First Round
3
2
2014 Miami
2015 Atlanta
[13]

Indiana Pacers
2014 Eastern Semifinals
3
3
2014 Miami
2016 Toronto
2017 Cleveland
[24]

Chicago Bulls
2015 Eastern First Round
2
2
2015 Cleveland
2017 Boston
[20]

Memphis Grizzlies
2015 Western First Round
2
2
2015 Golden State
2016 San Antonio Spurs
2017 San Antonio Spurs
[22]

Los Angeles Clippers
2015 Western First Round
2
3
2015 Houston
2016 Portland
2017 Utah
[25]

Atlanta Hawks
2016 Eastern First Round
1
2
2016 Cleveland
2017 Washington
[23]

Portland Trail Blazers
2016 Western First Round
1
2
2016 Golden State
2017 Golden State
[26]

Miami Heat
2016 Eastern First Round
1
1
2016 Toronto
[18]

Oklahoma City Thunder
2016 Western Semifinals
1
2
2016 Golden State
2017 Houston
[32]

z
30002017 Playoff Series
0 Winners
3000
3000

Toronto Raptors
2017 Eastern First Round
—
1
2017 Cleveland
[28]

Utah Jazz
2017 Western First Round
—
1
2017 Golden State
[29]

Houston Rockets
2017 Western First Round
—
1
2017 San Antonio
[30]

Washington Wizards
2017 Eastern First Round
—
1
2017 Boston
[27]

San Antonio Spurs
2017 Western Semifinals
—
1
2017 Golden State
[32]

Boston Celtics
2017 Eastern Semifinals
—
1
2017 Cleveland
[31]

Cleveland Cavaliers
2017 Eastern Finals
—
1
2017 Golden State
[34]

Golden State Warriors
2017 Finals
—
0
7000400000000000000♠ 4 series win streak
[33]

Team
Last series win
in NBA Playoffs
Seasons
Since win
Losing
Streak
Series Losses – Teams
Ref

text: a Charlotte was inactive for two years following the 2001–02 season.

text: NBA Division Championship droughts[edit]

text: Updated through the 2016–17 season.

text:
0^0
Longest drought in team history

0†0
Tied for longest drought in team history

0♦0
2016–17 Division Champion

text:
Left click once on Seasons since win column heading then once on Division column heading
to show teams listed in order of division championships.

text:
Franchise
Most recent title
Division
Seasons since win

Charlotte Hornets ^
1  !None
East !Southeast
27

Memphis Grizzlies ^
1.1  !None
West !Southwest
22

Philadelphia 76ers ^
2000–01
East !Atlantic
16

Milwaukee Bucks †
2000–01
East !Central
16

Sacramento Kings
2002–03
West !Pacific
14

Minnesota Timberwolves
2003–04
West !Northwest
13

Brooklyn Nets
2005–06
East !Atlantic
11

Phoenix Suns
2006–07
West !Pacific
10

New Orleans Pelicans ^
2007–08
West !Southwest
9

Detroit Pistons
2007–08
East !Central
9

Orlando Magic
2009–10
East !Southeast
7

Dallas Mavericks
2009–10
West !Southwest
7

Denver Nuggets
2009–10
West !Northwest
7

Los Angeles Lakers
2011–12
West !Pacific
5

Chicago Bulls
2011–12
East !Central
5

New York Knicks
2012–13
East !Atlantic
4

Indiana Pacers
2013–14
East !Central
3

Los Angeles Clippers
2013–14
West !Pacific
3

Houston Rockets
2014–15
West !Southwest
2

Portland Trail Blazers
2014–15
West !Northwest
2

Atlanta Hawks
2014–15
East !Southeast
2

Toronto Raptors
2015–16
East !Atlantic
1

Miami Heat
2015–16
East !Southeast
1

Oklahoma City Thunder
2015–16
West !Northwest
1

Boston Celtics ♦
2016–17
East !Atlantic
—

Washington Wizards ♦
2016–17
East !Southeast
—

Cleveland Cavaliers ♦
2016–17
East !Central
—

Utah Jazz ♦
2016–17
West !Northwest
—

Golden State Warriors ♦
2016–17
West !Pacific
—

San Antonio Spurs ♦
2016–17
West !Southwest
—

text: NBA Conference Finals appearance droughts[edit]

text:
Seasons
Team
Last appearance
in Conference Finals
Result
Reference

47
Los Angeles Clippers ^
Never
z —
[25]

38
Washington Wizards ^[c]
1979
Won vs. San Antonio
[27]

27
Charlotte Hornets ^
Never
z —
[15]

17
Portland Trail Blazers ^
2000
Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers
[26]

17
New York Knicks
2000
Lost vs. Indiana
[12]

16
Milwaukee Bucks ^
2001
Lost vs. Phil0Lost vs. Philadelphia0
[21]

16
Philadelphia 76ers †
2001
Won vs. Milwaukee
[8]

15
Sacramento Kings
2002
Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers
[6]

15
New Orleans Pelicans ^
Never
z —
[14]

14
Brooklyn Nets [d]
2003
Won vs. Detroit
[13]

13
Minnesota Timberwolves
2004
Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers
[5]

10
Utah Jazz
2007
Lost vs. San Antonio
[29]

9
Detroit Pistons
2008
Lost vs. Boston
[16]

8
Denver Nuggets
2009
Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers
[11]

7
Orlando Magic
2010
Lost vs. Boston
[9]

7
Phoenix Suns
2010
Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers
[7]

7
Los Angeles Lakers †
2010
Won vs. Phoenix
[10]

6
Chicago Bulls
2011
Lost vs. Miami
[20]

6
Dallas Mavericks
2011
Won vs. Oklahoma0Won vs. Oklahoma City0
[17]

4
Memphis Grizzlies
2013
Lost vs. San Antonio
[22]

3
Miami Heat
2014
Won vs. Indiana
[18]

3
Indiana Pacers
2014
Lost vs. Miami
[24]

2
Atlanta Hawks
2015
Lost vs. Cleveland
[23]

2
Houston Rockets
2015
Lost vs. Golden State
[30]

1
Toronto Raptors
2016
Lost vs. Cleveland
[28]

1
Oklahoma City Thunder
2016
Lost vs. Golden State
[19]

.85
Z2017 Conference Finalists
2016.5
zzz

.75 —
Boston Celtics
2017
Lost vs. Cleveland
[31]

.75 —
Cleveland Cavaliers
2017
Won vs. Boston
[34]

.75 —
Golden State Warriors
2017
Won vs. San Antonio
[33]

—
San Antonio Spurs
2017
Lost vs. Golden State
[32]

text: NBA Finals appearance droughts[edit]

text:
Seasons
Team
Last appearance
in NBA Finals
Result
Reference

66
Sacramento Kings[a]
1951
Won vs. New York
[6]

56
Atlanta Hawks[b]
1961
Lost vs. Boston
[23]

47
Los Angeles Clippers
Never
yyyy —
[25]

43
Milwaukee Bucks
1974
Lost vs. Boston
[21]

41
Denver Nuggets
Never
yyyy—
[11]

38
Washington Wizards[c]
1979
Lost vs. Seattle
[27]

28
Minnesota Timberwolves
Never
yyyy—
[5]

27
Charlotte Hornets
Never
yyyy—
[15]

25
Portland Trail Blazers
1992
Lost vs. Chicago
[26]

24
Phoenix Suns
1993
Lost vs. Chicago
[7]

22
Toronto Raptors
Never
yyyy—
[28]

22
Houston Rockets
1995
Won vs. Orlando
[30]

22
Memphis Grizzlies
Never
yyyy—
[22]

19
Utah Jazz
1998
Lost vs. Chicago
[29]

19
Chicago Bulls
1998
Won vs. Utah
[20]

18
New York Knicks
1999
Lost vs. San Antonio
[12]

17
Indiana Pacers
2000
Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers
[24]

16
Philadelphia 76ers
2001
Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers
[8]

15
New Orleans Pelicans
Never
yyyy—
[14]

14
Brooklyn Nets[d]
2003
Lost vs. San Antonio
[13]

12
Detroit Pistons
2005
Lost vs. San Antonio
[16]

8
Orlando Magic
2009
Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers
[9]

7
Boston Celtics
2010
Lost vs. Los Angeles Lakers
[31]

7
Los Angeles Lakers
2010
Won vs. Boston
[10]

6
Dallas Mavericks
2011
Won vs. Miami
[17]

5
Oklahoma City Thunder
2012
Lost vs. Miami
[19]

3
Miami Heat
2014.5 2014
Lost vs. San Antonio
[18]

3
San Antonio Spurs
2014.52014
Won vs. Miami
[32]

0
Z2017 Finalists
2016.5
zzz

—
Cleveland Cavaliers
2017
Lost vs. Golden State
[34]

—
Golden State Warriors
2017
Won vs. Cleveland
[33]

text:
a The Sacramento Kings last appeared in the 1951 NBA Finals as the Rochester Royals.
b The Atlanta Hawks last appeared in the 1961 NBA Finals as the St. Louis Hawks.
c The Washington Wizards last appeared in the 1979 Conference Finals and NBA Finals as the Washington Bullets.
d The Brooklyn Nets last appeared in the 2003 Conference Finals and NBA Finals as the New Jersey Nets.

text: NBA championship title droughts[edit]

text:
Seasons
Team
Last NBA championship
Reference

66
Sacramento Kings[a]
1951
[6]

59
Atlanta Hawks[b]
1958
[23]

49
Phoenix Suns
Never
[7]

47
Los Angeles Clippers
Never
[25]

46
Milwaukee Bucks
1971
[21]

44
New York Knicks
1973
[12]

43
Utah Jazz
Never
[29]

41
Denver Nuggets
Never
[11]

41
Brooklyn Nets
Never
[13]

41
Indiana Pacers
Never
[24]

40
Portland Trail Blazers
1977
[26]

39
Washington Wizards[c]
1978
[27]

38
Oklahoma City Thunder[d]
1979
[19]

34
Philadelphia 76ers
1983
[8]

28
Orlando Magic
Never
[9]

28
Minnesota Timberwolves
Never
[5]

27
Charlotte Hornets
Never
[15]

22
Houston Rockets
1995
[30]

22
Memphis Grizzlies
Never
[22]

22
Toronto Raptors
Never
[28]

19
Chicago Bulls
1998
[20]

15
New Orleans Pelicans
Never
[14]

13
Detroit Pistons
2004
[16]

9
Boston Celtics
2008
[31]

7
Los Angeles Lakers
2010
[10]

6
Dallas Mavericks
2011
[17]

4
Miami Heat
2013
[18]

3
San Antonio Spurs
2014
[32]

1
Cleveland Cavaliers
2016
[34]

.25
SamDefending
2015.5 NBA champion

—
Golden State Warriors
2017
[33]

text:
a The Sacramento Kings last won an NBA championship in 1951 as the Rochester Royals.
b The Atlanta Hawks last won an NBA championship in 1958 as the St. Louis Hawks.
c The Washington Wizards last won an NBA championship in 1978 as the Washington Bullets.
d The Oklahoma City Thunder last won an NBA championship in 1979 as the Seattle SuperSonics.

text: All-time droughts[edit]

text: Closest approaches without winning[edit]

text: Updated through the 2017 playoffs.

text:
Team
Conference Quarter-Final appearances1
Conference Semi-Final appearances2
Conference Final appearances3
NBA Final appearances
Fewest wins short of NBA Championship

Brooklyn Nets
19
7
2
2
02 wins short : 2003

Indiana Pacers
24
10
8
1
02 wins short : 2000

Phoenix Suns
26
18
9
2
02 wins short : 1976, 1993

Utah Jazz
26
15
6
2
02 wins short : 1997, 1998

Orlando Magic
14
5
4
2
03 wins short : 2009

Toronto Raptors
9
3
1

6 wins short : 2016

Minnesota Timberwolves
8
1
1

06 wins short : 2004

Denver Nuggets4
22
8
3

06 wins short : 1978, 2009

Memphis Grizzlies
10
3
1

08 wins short : 2013

Los Angeles Clippers
11
7

9 wins short : 1975, 2006, 2015

New Orleans Pelicans5
6
1

9 wins short : 2008

Charlotte Hornets5
10
4

9 wins short : 2002

text: Longest post-season droughts in team history[edit]

text: Updated through the 2017 playoffs.

text:
0^0
Denotes active drought

text:
Team
Longest streak with
no post-season appearances
Seasons

Los Angeles Clippers
1976–77 through 1990–91
15

Minnesota Timberwolves ^
2004–05 through 2016–17
13

Golden State Warriors
1994–95 through 2005–06
12

Sacramento Kings ^
2006–07 through 2016–17
11

Dallas Mavericks
1990–91 through 1999–2000
10

Utah Jazz
1974–75 through 1982–83
9

Washington Wizards
1988–89 through 1995–96
8

Memphis Grizzlies
1995–96 through 2002–03
8

Denver Nuggets
1995–96 through 2002–03
8

Atlanta Hawks
1999–2000 through 2006–07
8

New York Knicks
1959–60 through 1965–66
7

Oklahoma City Thunder
1967–68 through 1973–74
7

Milwaukee Bucks
1991–92 through 1997–98
7

Philadelphia 76ers
1991–92 through 1997–98
7

Cleveland Cavaliers
1998–99 through 2004–05
7

Phoenix Suns ^
2010–11 through 2016–17
7

Portland Trail Blazers
1970–71 through 1975–76
6

Detroit Pistons
1977–78 through 1982–83
2009–10 through 2014–15
6

Boston Celtics
1995–96 through 2000–01
6

Chicago Bulls
1998–99 through 2003–04
6

Houston Rockets
1969–70 through 1973–74
5

Indiana Pacers
1981–82 through 1985–86
5

Brooklyn Nets
1986–87 through 1990–91 &
2007–08 through 2011–12
5

Charlotte Hornets ^
2004–05 through 2008–09
5

Toronto Raptors ^
2008–09 through 2012–13
5

Orlando Magic ^
2012–13 through 2016–17
5

Los Angeles Lakers ^
2013–14 through 2016–17
4

Miami Heat
1988–89 through 1990–91
3

New Orleans Pelicans ^
2004–05 through 2006–07
2011–12 through 2013–14
3

San Antonio Spurs
1983–84
1986–87
1988–89
1996–97
1

Team
Longest streak with
no post-season series wins
Seasons

Los Angeles Clippers
1976–77 through 2004–05
29

Washington Wizards
1982–83 through 2003–04
22

Sacramento Kings
1981–82 through 1999–2000
19

Indiana Pacers
1976–77 through 1992–93
17

Brooklyn Nets
1984–85 through 2000–01
17

Milwaukee Bucks ^
2001–02 through 2016–17
16

New York Knicks
1953–54 through 1967–68
15

Cleveland Cavaliers
1976–77 through 1990–91
15

Golden State Warriors
1991–92 through 2005–06
15

Memphis Grizzlies
1995–96 through 2009–10
15

Minnesota Timberwolves
1989–90 through 2002–03
14

Denver Nuggets
1994–95 through 2007–08
14

Toronto Raptors
2001–02 through 2014–15
14

Detroit Pistons
1962–63 through 1974–75
13

Portland Trail Blazers
2000–01 through 2012–13
13

Charlotte Hornets ^
2004–05 through 2016–17
13

Dallas Mavericks
1988–89 through 1999–2000
12

Orlando Magic
1996–97 through 2006–07
11

Houston Rockets
1997–98 through 2007–08
11

Utah Jazz
1974–75 through 1982–83
9

Boston Celtics
1992–93 through 2000–01
9

Atlanta Hawks
1999–2000 through 2007–08
9

New Orleans Pelicans ^
2008–09 through 2016–17
9

Philadelphia 76ers
1968–69 through 1975–76 &
2003–04 through 2010–11
8

Miami Heat
1988–89 through 1995–96
8

Chicago Bulls
1998–99 through 2005–06
8

Oklahoma City Thunder
1967–68 through 1973–74
7

Phoenix Suns
1968–69 through 1974–75
7

San Antonio Spurs
1983–84 through 1988–89
6

Los Angeles Lakers ^
2012–13 through 2016–17
5

text: Longest NBA Playoffs appearance droughts[edit]

text:
^
Denotes active drought

text:
Streak
Team
NBA Playoffs
appearance droughts
Reference

7001150000000000000♠15 seasons
Los Angeles Clippers[a]
1977–1991
[25]

7001130000000000000♠13 seasons
Minnesota TimberwolvesMinnesota Timberwolves ^
2005–2017
[5]

7001120000000000000♠12 seasons
Golden State Warriors
1995–2006
[33]

7001110000000000000♠11 seasons
Sacramento Kings ^
2007–2017
[6]

7001100000000000000♠10 seasons
Dallas Mavericks
1991–2000
[17]

7000900000000000000♠9 seasons
Utah Jazz[b]
1975–1983
[29]

7000900000000000000♠9 seasons
Golden State Warriors
1978–1986
[33]

7000900000000000000♠9 seasons
Sacramento Kings
1987–1995
[6]

7000800000000000000♠8 seasons
Washington Bullets
1989–1996
[27]

7000800000000000000♠8 seasons
Denver Nuggets
1996–2003
[11]

7000800000000000000♠8 seasons
Memphis Grizzlies[c]
1996–2003
[22]

7000800000000000000♠8 seasons
Los Angeles Clippers
1998–2005
[25]

7000800000000000000♠8 seasons
Atlanta Hawks
2000–2007
[23]

text:
a Streak included Buffalo Braves 1977–78 seasons, and San Diego Clippers 1979–84 seasons.
b Streak included New Orleans Jazz 1975–79 seasons.
c Streak included Vancouver Grizzlies 1996–2001 seasons.

text: Longest Conference finals droughts[edit]

text:
^
Denotes active drought

†
Year the team joined the NBA

text:
Seasons
Team
NBA Conference Finals
appearance droughts
Subsequent appearance
in Conference Finals
Reference

47
Los Angeles Clippers ^ [a]
001971 †0– 2017
Active drought
[25]

44
Atlanta Hawks
1971 – 2014
2015
[23]

38
Golden State Warriors
1977 – 2014
2015
[33]

38
Washington Wizards ^[b]
1980 – 2017
Active drought
[27]

27
Charlotte Hornets ^ [c]
001989 †0– 2017
Active drought
[15]

25
New Jersey Nets [d]
001977 †0– 2001
2002
[13]

23
Denver Nuggets
1986 – 2008
2009
[11]

20
Toronto Raptors
01996 † – 2015
2016
[28]

20
Sacramento Kings [e]
1982 – 2001
2002
[6]

text:
a Streak includes seasons as Buffalo Braves and San Diego Clippers.
b Team last qualified for the Conference Finals as Washington Bullets.
c Franchise inactive for two seasons between 2002 and 2004.
d Current Brooklyn Nets; includes one season as New York Nets.
e Includes four seasons as Kansas City Kings.

text: Finals droughts[edit]

text: NBA Finals in which neither team had previously won a championship[edit]

text: In these instances, the matchup ensured that one team would win the first NBA championship in its history.

text:
Season
Won
Lost

2006*
Miami Heat
Dallas Mavericks

1978
Washington Bullets
Seattle SuperSonics (OKC)

1971*
Milwaukee Bucks
Baltimore Bullets (WSH)

1957*
Boston Celtics
St. Louis Hawks (ATL)

1955
Syracuse Nationals (PHI)
Fort Wayne Pistons (DET)^

1951*
Rochester Royals (SAC)^
New York Knicks

1949*
Minneapolis Lakers (LAL)^
Washington Capitols†

1947*
Philadelphia Warriors (GSW)
Chicago Stags†

text:
*- In these cases, each team was making its first NBA Finals appearance.
^- Team had previously appeared in the National Basketball League finals before said league was merged for the NBA's formation.
†- Defunct franchise.
Abbreviation in parentheses – Current location of NBA franchise.

text: NBA Finals in which neither franchise had won a championship in 20-plus seasons[edit]

text: Teams that had never won the NBA championship are included, even if they were less than 20 seasons old at the time.

text:
Season
Won
Drought (seasons)
Lost
Drought (seasons)

2015
Golden State Warriors
39
Cleveland Cavaliers
44*

2006
Miami Heat
17*
Dallas Mavericks
25*

1999
San Antonio Spurs
22*
New York Knicks
25

1994
Houston Rockets
26*
New York Knicks
20

1978
Washington Bullets
16*
Seattle SuperSonics
10*

1971
Milwaukee Bucks
2*
Baltimore Bullets
9*

1957
Boston Celtics
10*
St. Louis Hawks
7*

1955
Syracuse Nationals
5*
Fort Wayne Pistons
6*

1951
Rochester Royals
2*
New York Knicks
4*

1949*
Minneapolis Lakers
0*
Washington Capitols
2*

1947
Philadelphia Warriors
0*
Chicago Stags
0*

text: Numbers marked with * indicates that the number is counted from either the franchise's first year in the NBA or the first year of the league (1946, then known as the BAA).

text: Teams awaiting their first NBA championship[edit]

text: This list includes teams within the current NBA that have never won an NBA championship; sorted by the number of seasons played in the NBA.

text:
Last team to leave list – Cleveland 2016

Total seasons
(NBA)
Franchise
Last NBA Finals
appearance

7001490000000000000♠49 seasons
Phoenix Suns (1968–2017)
1993

7001470000000000000♠47 seasons
Los Angeles Clippers§ (1984–2017)
—

7001430000000000000♠43 seasons
Utah Jazz§ (1979–2017)
1998

7001410000000000000♠41 seasons
Denver Nuggets (1976–2017)
—

7001410000000000000♠41 seasons
Indiana Pacers‡ (1976–2017)
2000

7001410000000000000♠41 seasons
Brooklyn Nets§‡ (2012–2017)
2003

7001280000000000000♠28 seasons
Minnesota Timberwolves (1989–2017)
—

7001280000000000000♠28 seasons
Orlando Magic (1989–2017)
2009

7001270000000000000♠27 seasons
Charlotte Hornets† (1988–2002) (2014–2017)
—

7001220000000000000♠22 seasons
Toronto Raptors (1995–2017)

7001220000000000000♠22 seasons
Memphis Grizzlies§ (2001–2017)
—

7001150000000000000♠15 seasons
New Orleans Pelicans† (2013–2017)
—

text:
§ NBA teams that have relocated from their original city(s).
† NBA teams that have re-branded to/from their original concept.
‡ NBA teams that have won an ABA championship.


document_title: Filet-O-Fish

question_text: what type of fish does mcdonald's use

question_tokens: what type of fish does mcdonald 's use

text: Filet-O-Fish

text: Product description[edit]

text: As of December 2014[update], the Filet-O-Fish contains a battered, fried fish fillet made from Alaska pollock.[1] In the Republic of Ireland either hoki or Alaska pollock may be served.[2] In New Zealand and the United Kingdom Filet-O-Fish contains hoki instead of Alaska pollock.[3] McDonald's Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Portugal, Czech Republic, The Netherlands and Hong Kong use a half slice of cheese in each Filet-O-Fish sandwich.[4][5][6][7]

text: History[edit]

text: The sandwich was created in 1962 by a McDonald's franchise owner in Cincinnati, Ohio, named Lou Groen.[8][9] Groen owned a McDonald's in a predominantly Roman Catholic neighborhood where his Catholic customers engaged in the practice of not eating meat on Fridays.[9]

text: The product was named by Cye Landy of Cye Landy Advertising Agency, which was the advertising firm for that particular McDonald's franchise.

text: It has become popular with people with dietary restrictions concerning meat-based products. For example, in Judaism, the fish used in the sandwich is considered kosher even without special preparation, while other meats would require special slaughter techniques to be considered kosher.[10] However, the preparation of the fish alongside non-kosher meat products and in a non-Kosher kitchen renders the Filet-O-Fish non-kosher.

text: The sandwich was the first non-hamburger menu item brought in by new McDonald's company owner Ray Kroc.[11] Kroc made a deal with Groen: they would sell two non-meat sandwiches on a Friday, Kroc's own Hula Burger (grilled pineapple with cheese on a cold bun) and the Filet-O-Fish, and whichever sold the most would be added to the permanent menu. The Filet-O-Fish "won hands down"[9] and was added to menus throughout 1963 until reaching nationwide status in 1965.[12]

text: The use of farmed fish in the Filet-O-Fish first came about in 1981, when an owner of a New Zealand fisheries company was dissatisfied with the pollock Filet-O-Fish he purchased at the Courtenay Place, Wellington restaurant. Saying to the manager that he could make a better-tasting fish fillet, he was handed a box of fillets and told to come back with identical, better-tasting fillets. He substituted red cod for the pollock, and after the manager was satisfied with the better-tasting red cod fillets, ended up in agreement to supply the Courtenay Place restaurant (and eventually several other New Zealand restaurants) with the red cod fillets. The similar-tasting hoki was substituted several years later, due to its competitive market value and its boneless fillets, and eventually was introduced widely in the early 1990s when global pollock stocks were facing low numbers.[13] McDonald's removed the Filet-O-Fish from its menus in the United States on September 26, 1996,[14] and replaced it with the Fish Filet Deluxe sandwich, which was part of McDonald's ill-fated Deluxe line of sandwiches. However, the Filet-O-Fish was brought back to its menus on a gradual basis starting in the middle of 1997, due to overwhelming letters and petitions, receiving the larger fish patty from the Fish Filet Deluxe. The Fish Filet Deluxe itself was discontinued at most restaurants early the next year, while others kept it a little longer until the Fish Filet Deluxe was finally removed in the year 2000.[15]

text: In November 2007, McDonald's lowered the use of New Zealand hoki and increased the use of Alaskan pollock,[16] due to declining New Zealand hoki fishery sustainability and large cutbacks in the total allowable commercial catch of hoki by the New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries - from 250,000 tonnes in 1997 to 90,000 tonnes in 2007.[17] McDonald's originally used Atlantic cod, before declining cod catches forced McDonald's to find sustainable fish elsewhere. McDonald's is trying to maintain fish only from areas certified as sustainable by the Marine Stewardship Council, but that is becoming more difficult each year. Hoki is still a major ingredient.[18]

text: As of March 2009, the Marine Stewardship Council[19] placed the Alaskan pollock fisheries in a re-assessment program[20] due to catch numbers declining by over 30% between 2005 and 2008, and by-catch problems with salmon.

text: As of January 2013 the Marine Stewardship Council stated that the pollock comes from suppliers with sustainable fishing practices, and McDonald's packaging and promotion will reflect that change.[21]

text: In February 2015, for a limited time, McDonald's began offering a special Filet-O-Fish with Old Bay Seasoning in 700 stores within the United States[22]

text: Product marketing[edit]

text: Captain Crook, the McDonaldland character, was previously used to market the sandwich to children. Frankie the Fish was created to promote the burger in 2009, being based on the early 2000s Big Mouth Billy Bass fad, and even getting an animatronic singing fish counterpart from Big Mouth Billy Bass's creators, Gemmy Industries.


document_title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 20)

question_text: when does law and order svu new season start

text: Production[edit]

text: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit was renewed for a twentieth season on May 9, 2018.[1] Production started on July 16, 2018.[2] On July 12, 2018, Executive Producer Julie Martin posted a photo of a script on Twitter, teasing that the first hour of the two-hour season premiere is  tentatively titled "Man Up".[3] Martin teased on August 14, 2018, that the fourth episode of the season (titled "Revenge") would be "a devious twist and turn edge-of-your-seater". The episode also featured Callie Thorne as Defense Attorney Nikki Stanies.[4] A deleted scene featuring Benson and Noah from the previous season will be re-shot and placed into an episode this season.[5] This season is also set to feature an introduction of the latest franchise installment Law & Order: Hate Crimes which will occur in the latter part of the season.[6]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Mariska Hargitay as Lieutenant Olivia Benson
Kelli Giddish as Detective Amanda Rollins
Ice-T as Sergeant Odafin "Fin" Tutuola
Peter Scanavino as Detective Dominick "Sonny" Carisi, Jr.
Philip Winchester as ADA Peter Stone

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Ryan Buggle as Noah Porter-Benson
Vivian and Charlotte Cabell as Jesse Rollins
George Newbern as Dr. Al Pollack
Sandrine Holt as Psychologist Lisa Abernathy
Ami Brabson as Judge Karyn Blake
Lauren Noble as Carmen
Mark Tallman as Deputy Chief Gavin Riley
Yvonna Kopacz-Wright as Dr. Darby Wilder
Carl Weathers as State’s Attorney Mark Jefferies
Callie Thorne as Defense Attorney Nikki Staines
Tom Titone as Judge Joshua Goldfarb
Jolly Abraham as Dr. Patel

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: On July 13, 2018, Deadline announced that Scandal's George Newbern would be guest starring over the course of the season in a recurring role as Dr. Al Pollack. Pollack is described as a charming, handsome, and wealthy doctor who is set to be a future as well as past love interest to Detective Amanda Rollins (Kelli Giddish). Rollins mentions him cheating on her with a prostitute in the previous season.[7] Days later it was reported that Dylan Walsh would play John Conway, an abusive father who rapes his own son, in the season premiere. Walsh previously guest starred in the eighth season of SVU.[8] Mark Tallman portrays Gavin Riley, the new chief of detectives, in a recurring role.[9]

text: Carl Weathers reprised his role as his Chicago Justice character, State's Attorney Mark Jefferies, in the episode "Zero Tolerance".[10] On August 16, 2018, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Homeland actress Sandrine Holt would be cast in a recurring role this season, as Dr. Lisa Abernathy, a clinical psychologist that consults on cases for the district attorney's office. Holt previously guest starred in the seventeenth season.[11] On September 27, 2018, Entertainment Weekly reported that Sebastian Roché would guest star as Arlo Beck, the charismatic leader of a female empowerment group, in the episode "Accredo", which aired October 18, 2018. Roché previously made two guest appearances on the flagship series, Law & Order.[12] Sasha Alexander is set to guest star as Anne Mill in the November 1st episode "Caretaker."[13]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)4351"Man Up"Alex ChappleMichael Chernuchin & Julie MartinSeptember 27, 2018 (2018-09-27)20015.09[14]
The Special Victims Unit are called in after a fifteen year old boy is sexually assaulted. Despite having evidence, he is too scared to name his attacker and therefore refuses to name who attacked him, making things complicated for the detectives. When it is discovered, the detectives do their best to protect the teenager from being abused again. Meanwhile, Rollins talks things out with her ex boyfriend who cheated on her with an escort and also confides in Benson that she is pregnant for a second time, who worries that she is not as strong or fast as she used to be.
4362"Man Down"Alex ChappleMichael Chernuchin & Julie MartinSeptember 27, 2018 (2018-09-27)20045.09[14]
The case involving a teenager who was sexually assaulted continues and Stone takes the rapist to court. However, an unexpected verdict comes back in, shocking everyone involved. The victim ends up making a tragic decision which results in several people dead and injured and the Special Victims Unit must charge the victim. An upset Stone along with the rest of the squad decide to try their best to charge the boy's rapist as well in order to get justice for all the victims who were killed or injured in the attack. Meanwhile, Rollins starts having doubts about her pregnancy.
4373"Zero Tolerance"Michael PressmanRichard Sweren & Céline C. RobinsonOctober 4, 2018 (2018-10-04)20024.21[15]
A nine year old girl is taken from her mother at the US Mexico border and ends up in a child sex trafficking ring in New York, which quickly comes to the attention of the Special Victims Unit. Benson and Stone try and fight their hardest to try and reunite the girl with her family with the court system but meet many obstacles. Eventually, Stone decides to ask for help from an old friend. Meanwhile, Rollins decides to give her rocky relationship with Pollack another chance.
4384"Revenge"Martha MitchellMichael Chernuchin & Lawrence KaplowOctober 11, 2018 (2018-10-11)20034.44[16]
The Special Victims Unit are called in after a seemingly random young couple is brutally assaulted by a masked pizza delivery man in their apartment. The detectives soon realise they are dealing with a serial rapist when another couple is assaulted. Eventually, the detectives discover a complicated and twisted revenge plot from one of the victims and the rapists past and dig into the victims past to reveal what could of caused someone to attack her and several others.
4395"Accredo"Jean de SegonzacJulie Martin & Brianna YellenOctober 18, 2018 (2018-10-18)20053.95[17]
The Special Victims Unit are called in after a woman who is part of a women empowerment group is found brutally sexually assaulted and murdered. The prime suspect quickly becomes her ex husband due to her violent past with him, but eventually the detectives are led to the empowerment groups charismatic male leader, who may not be as charming as he seems to be. Meanwhile, Rollins tries to keep her pregnancy under wraps to avoid desk duty and Tutuola and Carisi start wondering who the baby’s father is.

Episode inspired by the NXIVM case.

4406"Exile"Stephanie MarquardtMichael Chernuchin & Allison IntrieriOctober 25, 2018 (2018-10-25)20064.22[18]
The Special Victims Unit are called in to investigate the sexual assault of a young homeless woman. The squad soon realise that the woman has a dual personality which makes things complicated. However, when she goes missing, the squad becomes challenged to not only uncover her whereabouts but also her real identity. The detectives later discover that someone from her past may be responsible and that the assault may have happened a long time ago. However, the squad meet a dead end in their investigation and Benson makes a generous decision to help the victim recover from her ordeal.
4417"Caretaker"[19]TBATBANovember 1, 2018 (2018-11-01)2007TBD
4428"Hell's Kitchen"[20]TBATBANovember 8, 2018 (2018-11-08)2008TBD
4439"Mea Culpa"[21]TBATBANovember 15, 2018 (2018-11-15)2009TBD

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Man Up"

September 27, 2018
1.1/4
5.09[14]
1.1
3.33
2.1
8.42[22]

2

"Man Down"

September 27, 2018
1.1/4
5.09[14]
1.1
3.33
2.1
8.42[22]

3

"Zero Tolerance"

October 4, 2018
1.0/4
4.21[15]
1.0
3.14
2.0
7.36[23]

4

"Revenge"

October 11, 2018
0.9/4
4.44[16]
1.0
3.13
1.9
7.58[24]

5

"Accredo"

October 18, 2018
1.0/5
3.95[17]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

6

"Exile"

October 25, 2018
0.9/4
4.22[18]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

7

"Caretaker"

November 1, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

8

"Hell’s Kitchen"

November 8, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

9

"Mea Culpa"

November 15, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD