document_title: Blood type distribution by country

question_text: what is the most rare blood type in south africa

text: Blood type distribution by country

text: ABO and distribution by country[edit]

text: This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:Blood type distribution by country. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
ABO and Rh blood type distribution by country (population averages)

Country
Population[1]
O+
A+
B+
AB+
O−
A−
B−
AB−

 Argentina
44,270,440
45.4%
34.26%
8.59%
2.64%
8.4%
0.44%
0.21%
0.06%

 Armenia[2]
2,931,568
29.0%
46.3%
12.0%
5.6%
2.0%
3.7%
1.0%
0.4%

 Australia[3]
24,642,693
40.0%
31.0%
8.0%
2.0%
9.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Austria[4]
8,592,470
30.0%
33.0%
12.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Bahrain
1,418,695
48.48%
19.35%
22.61%
3.67%
3.27%
1.33%
1.04%
0.25%

 Bangladesh
164,833,667
31.18%
21.44%
34.58%
8.85%
1.39%
0.96%
0.96%
0.64%

 Belgium[5]
11,444,053
38.0%
34.0%
8.6%
4.1%
7.0%
6.0%
1.5%
0.8%

 Bolivia
11,053,376
51.53%
29.45%
10.11%
1.15%
4.39%
2.73%
0.54%
0.1%

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
3,792,730
31.0%
36.0%
12.0%
6.0%
5.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Brazil[6]
211,248,418
36.0%
34.0%
8.0%
2.5%
9.0%
8.0%
2.0%
0.5%

 Bulgaria
7,045,097
28.0%
37.0%
13.0%
7.0%
5.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Cambodia
16,077,172
46.7%
27.2%
18.5%
4.9%
1.3%
0.8%
0.5%
0.1%

 Cameroon
24,515,533
42.8%
38.8%
12.0%
3.3%
1.4%
1.2%
0.4%
0.1%

 Canada[7]
36,627,140
39.0%
36.0%
7.6%
2.5%
7.0%
6.0%
1.4%
0.5%

 Chile
18,314,060
85.5%
8.7%
3.35%
1.0%
1.2%
0.1%
0.05%
0.1%

 China
1,388,251,023
47.7%
27.8%
18.9%
5.0%
0.28%
0.19%
0.1%
0.03%

 Colombia
49,069,267
61.3%
26.11%
2.28%
1.47%
5.13%
2.7%
0.7%
0.31%

 Côte d'Ivoire
23,869,656
46.5%
22.5%
22.5%
4.3%
2.0%
1.0%
1.0%
0.2%

 Croatia
4,207,355
29.0%
36.0%
15.0%
5.0%
5.0%
6.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Cuba
11,486,750
45.8%
33.5%
10.2%
2.9%
3.6%
2.8%
1.0%
0.2%

 Cyprus[8]
1,189,395
35.22%
40.35%
11.11%
4.72%
3.85%
3.48%
0.87%
0.40%

 Czech Republic[9]
10,555,152
27.0%
36.0%
15.0%
7.0%
5.0%
6.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Denmark[10]
5,711,902
35.0%
37.0%
8.0%
4.0%
6.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Dominican Republic
10,766,932
46.2%
26.4%
16.9%
3.1%
3.7%
2.1%
1.4%
0.2%

 Ecuador
16,665,756
75.0%
14.0%
7.1%
0.5%
2.38%
0.7%
0.3%
0.02%

 Egypt
95,220,838
52.0%
24.0%
12.4%
3.8%
5.0%
2.0%
0.6%
0.2%

 El Salvador[11]
6,171,483
62.0%
23.0%
11.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
0.7%
0.3%

 Estonia[12]
1,305,745
29.5%
30.8%
20.7%
6.3%
4.3%
4.5%
3.0%
0.9%

 Ethiopia
104,352,727
39.0%
28.0%
21.0%
5.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
1.0%

 Finland[13]
5,541,328
27.0%
38.0%
15.0%
7.0%
4.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 France[14]
64,939,560
36.0%
37.0%
9.0%
3.0%
6.0%
7.0%
1.0%
1.0%

 Germany
80,635,980
35.0%
37.0%
9.0%
4.0%
6.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Greece
10,892,849
37.4%
32.9%
11.0%
3.7%
7.0%
5.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Guinea
13,291,741
46.88%
21.64%
22.86%
4.52%
2.0%
0.9%
1.0%
0.2%

 Honduras
9,348,898
57.5%
27.0%
7.8%
2.5%
2.7%
1.7%
0.6%
0.2%

 Hong Kong
7,402,115
41.5%
26.13%
25.34%
6.35%
0.32%
0.17%
0.14%
0.05%

 Hungary
9,787,801
27.0%
33.0%
16.0%
8.0%
5.0%
7.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Iceland[15]
334,311
47.6%
26.4%
9.3%
1.6%
8.4%
4.6%
1.7%
0.4%

 India[16]
1,342,561,902
27.85%
20.8%
38.14%
8.93%
1.43%
0.57%
1.79%
0.49%

 Indonesia
263,519,317
36.82%
25.87%
28.85%
7.96%
0.18%
0.13%
0.15%
0.04%

 Iran
80,982,137
33.5%
27.0%
22.2%
7.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.5%
0.8%

 Iraq
38,657,787
32.1%
25.0%
25.6%
7.4%
3.6%
2.7%
2.7%
0.9%

 Ireland[17]
4,749,263
47.0%
26.0%
9.0%
2.0%
8.0%
5.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Israel[18]
8,323,659
32.0%
34.0%
17.0%
7.0%
3.0%
4.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Italy
59,797,969
39.0%
36.0%
7.5%
2.5%
7.0%
6.0%
1.5%
0.5%

 Jamaica[19]
2,813,316
47.0%
23.0%
20.0%
3.0%
3.5%
2.0%
1.0%
0.5%

 Japan[20]
126,044,340
29.9%
39.8%
19.9%
9.9%
0.15%
0.2%
0.1%
0.05%

 Kenya
48,470,780
45.6%
25.2%
21.28%
4.2%
1.8%
1.0%
0.9%
0.02%

 Latvia
1,944,122
30.6%
31.0%
17.0%
6.0%
5.4%
6.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Lebanon
6,039,438
38.4%
32.3%
9.5%
3.2%
7.7%
6.5%
1.7%
0.7%

 Libya
6,408,990
42.64%
28.86%
11.19%
4.5%
6.26%
4.24%
1.64%
0.67%

 Lithuania
2,827,573
36.0%
33.0%
11.0%
4.0%
7.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Luxemburg[21]
587,297
35.0%
37.0%
9.0%
4.0%
6.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Macao
606,413
41.5%
26.1%
25.4%
6.3%
0.33%
0.17%
0.15%
0.05%

 Macedonia
2,083,690
30.0%
34.0%
15.0%
6.0%
5.0%
6.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Malaysia
31,165,480
34.32%
30.35%
27.37%
7.46%
0.17%
0.15%
0.14%
0.04%

 Mauritania
4,266,765
46.3%
26.68%
17.47%
3.85%
2.8%
1.6%
1.1%
0.2%

 Mauritius
1,267,303
38.3%
26.0%
25.0%
6.7%
1.7%
1.0%
1.0%
0.3%

 Mexico
130,227,836
55.79%
29.9%
8.0%
1.63%
2.7%
1.5%
0.4%
0.08%

 Mongolia
3,052,044
55.4%
27.7%
10.9%
4.96%
0.6%
0.3%
0.1%
0.04%

 Myanmar
53,507,932
35.7%
23.8%
32.7%
6.95%
0.3%
0.2%
0.3%
0.05%

   Nepal
29,188,100
35.2%
28.3%
27.1%
8.6%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%

 Netherlands[22]
17,033,012
39.5%
35.0%
6.7%
2.5%
7.5%
7.0%
1.3%
0.5%

 New Zealand[23]
4,604,996
38.0%
32.0%
9.0%
3.0%
9.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Nigeria
191,851,411
51.3%
22.4%
20.7%
2.6%
1.6%
0.7%
0.6%
0.1%

 Norway[24]
5,330,986
33.0%
41.5%
6.8%
3.4%
6.0%
7.5%
1.2%
0.6%

 North Korea
25,432,033
27.15%
31.08%
30.15%
11.32%
0.08%
0.1%
0.1%
0.03%

 Pakistan
180,440,005
24.63%
20.6%
34.40%
9.52%
4.17%
2.66%
3.57%
0.45%

 Papua New Guinea
7,952,511
48.0%
37.2%
9.6%
2.8%
1.0%
0.8%
0.4%
0.2%

 Peru
32,167,717
70.0%
18.4%
7.8%
1.6%
1.4%
0.5%
0.28%
0.02%

 Philippines[25]
103,801,747
36.9%
28.9%
26.9%
6.97%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.03%

 Poland[26]
38,563,480
31.0%
32.0%
15.0%
7.0%
6.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Portugal[27]
10,264,672
36.3%
40.0%
6.6%
2.9%
6.0%
6.6%
1.1%
0.5%

 Republic of Moldova[28]
4,043,722
28.5%
31.8%
17.6%
7.0%
5.0%
6.0%
3.0%
1.1%

 Romania
19,237,087
28.0%
37.0%
14.0%
7.0%
5.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Russia
143,374,801
28.0%
30.0%
20.0%
7.0%
4.9%
5.8%
3.2%
1.1%

 Saudi Arabia[29]
32,744,532
47.8%
23.9%
17.0%
4.0%
4.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.3%

 Serbia
8,776,827
31.92%
35.28%
12.6%
4.2%
6.08%
6.72%
2.4%
0.8%

 Singapore
5,784,819
43.6%
23.9%
24.4%
6.0%
0.9%
0.7%
0.4%
0.1%

 Slovakia[30]
5,432,265
27.2%
35.7%
15.3%
6.8%
4.8%
6.3%
2.7%
1.2%

 Slovenia
2,071,258
31.0%
33.0%
12.0%
6.0%
7.0%
7.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 South Africa[31]
55,437,815
39.0%
32.0%
12.0%
3.0%
6.0%
5.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 South Korea
50,748,307
27.9%
33.87%
26.92%
10.98%
0.1%
0.13%
0.08%
0.02%

 Spain[32]
46,070,163
36.0%
34.0%
8.0%
2.5%
9.0%
8.0%
2.0%
0.5%

 Sudan
40,827,975
48.0%
27.7%
15.2%
2.8%
3.5%
1.8%
0.8%
0.2%

 Sweden[33]
9,920,843
32.0%
37.0%
10.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

  Switzerland[34]
8,454,321
35.0%
40.0%
7.0%
3.0%
6.0%
7.0%
1.0%
1.0%

 Syria
18,920,698
43.0%
30.0%
14.0%
3.7%
5.0%
3.0%
1.0%
0.3%

 Taiwan
23,234,936
43.9%
25.9%
23.9%
6.0%
0.17%
0.1%
0.01%
0.02%

 Thailand
68,298,027
40.8%
16.9%
36.8%
4.97%
0.2%
0.1%
0.2%
0.03%

 Turkey[35]
80,420,065
29.8%
37.8%
14.2%
7.2%
3.9%
4.7%
1.6%
0.8%

 Uganda
43,276,492
43.7%
39.0%
10.7%
3.9%
1.3%
1.0%
0.3%
0.1%

 Ukraine
44,404,078
32.0%
34.0%
15.0%
5.0%
5.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 United Arab Emirates
3,398,017
44.1%
21.9%
20.9%
4.3%
4.3%
2.1%
2.0%
0.4%

 United Kingdom[36]
65,512,375
36.0%
30.0%
8.0%
2.0%
8.0%
9.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 United States[37]
326,481,533
37.4%
35.7%
8.5%
3.4%
6.6%
6.3%
1.5%
0.6%

 Venezuela[38]
32,011,082
58.5%
28.3%
5.3%
1.8%
3.5%
1.7%
0.7%
0.2%

 Vietnam
95,414,640
41.7%
21.9%
30.8%
4.98%
0.3%
0.1%
0.2%
0.02%

 Zimbabwe
16,642,880
63.3%
18.5%
14.6%
0.99%
1.7%
0.5%
0.4%
0.01%

World
6,635,281,257
38.67%
27.42%
22.02%
5.88%
2.55%
1.99%
1.11%
0.36%

text: 50.0% and above   40.0–49.9%   30.0–39.9%   20.0–29.9%   10.0–19.9%   5.0–9.9%

text:
[show]Ethnic distribution of ABO (without Rh) blood types[39]
(This table has more entries than the table above but does not distinguish between Rh types.)

People group
O (%)
A (%)
B (%)
AB (%)

Aboriginal people
61
39
0
0

Abyssinians
43
27
25
5

Ainu (Japan)
17
32
32
18

Albanians
38
43
13
6

Grand Andamanese
9
60
23
9

Arabs
34
31
29
6

Armenians
31
50
13
6

Asian Americans
40
28
27
5

Austrians
36
44
13
6

Bantus
46
30
19
5

Basques
51
44
4
1

Belgians
47
42
8
3

Bororo (Brazil)
100
0
0
0

Brazilians
47
41
9
3

Bulgarians
32
44
15
8

Burmese
36
24
33
7

Buryats (Siberia)
33
21
38
8

Bushmen
56
34
9
2

Chinese-Canton
46
23
25
6

Chinese-Peking
29
27
32
13

Chuvash
30
29
33
7

Croats
42
34
17
7

Czechs
30
44
18
9

Danes
41
44
11
4

Dutch
45
43
9
3

Egyptians
33
36
24
8

English
47
42
9
3

Inuit (Alaska)
38
44
13
5

Inuit (Greenland)
54
36
23
8

Estonians
34
36
23
8

Fijians
44
34
17
6

Finns
34
41
18
7

French
43
47
7
3

Georgians
46
37
12
4

Germans
41
43
11
5

Greeks
40
42
14
5

Romani people (Hungary)
29
27
35
10

Hawaiians
37
61
2
1

Hindus (Bombay)
29
25
35
11

Hungarians
36
43
16
5

Icelanders
56
32
10
3

Indians (India)
29
21
40
9

Native Americans
79
16
4
1

Irish
52
35
10
3

Italians (Milan)
46
41
11
3

Japanese
30
38
22
10

Jews (Germany)
42
41
12
5

Jews (Poland)
33
41
18
8

Kalmuks
26
23
41
11

Kikuyu (Kenya)
60
19
20
1

Koreans
28
32
31
10

Sami people
29
63
4
4

Latvians
32
37
24
7

Lithuanians
40
34
20
6

Malays
62
18
20
0

Māori
46
54
1
0

Mayans
98
1
1
1

Moros
64
16
20
0

Navajo Indians
73
27
0
0

Nicobarese
74
9
15
1

Norwegians
39
50
8
4

Papuans (New Guinea)
41
27
23
9

Persians
38
33
22
7

Peruvian Indians
100
0
0
0

Filipinos
45
22
27
6

Poles
33
39
20
9

Portuguese
35
53
8
4

Romanians
33
43
16
8

Russians
33
36
23
8

Sardinians
50
26
19
5

Scots
51
34
12
3

Serbians
38
42
16
5

Shompen Nicobarese
100
0
0
0

Slovaks
42
37
16
5

South Africans
45
40
11
4

Spanish
38
47
10
5

Sudanese
62
16
21
0

Swedish
38
47
10
5

Swiss
40
50
7
3

Tatars
28
30
29
13

Thais
37
22
33
8

Turks
43
34
18
6

Ukrainians
37
40
18
6

Black Americans
49
27
20
4

White Americans
45
40
11
4

Vietnamese
42
22
30
5

Mean
43.91
34.80
16.55
5.14

Standard deviation
16.87
13.80
9.97
3.41

text: Blood group B has its highest frequency in South Asia where it ranks first as the largest share of the earth's population. In Southeast Asia the share of the population is high, especially in Thailand and Indonesia, then in East Asia, Northern Asia and neighboring Central Asia, and its incidence diminishes both towards the east and the west, falling to single digit percentages in Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and Switzerland.[40][41] It is believed to have been entirely absent from Native American and Australian Aboriginal populations prior to the arrival of Europeans in those areas.[41][42]

text: Blood group A is associated with high frequencies in Europe, especially in Scandinavia and Central Europe, although its highest frequencies occur in some Australian Aboriginal populations and the Blackfoot Indians of Montana, the US.[43][44]

text: Maps of allele ABO among native populations[edit]

text:
Map of allele A
among native populations

Map of allele B
among native populations

Map of allele O
among native populations


document_title: Pure Food and Drug Act

question_text: what led to the passage by congress of the pure food and drug act

root

text: Pure Food and Drug Act

text: Historical significance[edit]

text: The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was a key piece of Progressive Era legislation, signed by President Theodore Roosevelt on the same day as the Federal Meat Inspection Act. Enforcement of the Pure Food and Drug Act was assigned to the Bureau of Chemistry in the U.S. Department of Agriculture which was renamed the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1930. The Meat Inspection Act was assigned to what is now known as the Food Safety and Inspection Service, which remains in the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The first federal law regulating foods and drugs, the 1906 Act's reach was limited to foods and drugs moving in interstate commerce. Although the law drew upon many precedents, provisions, and legal experiments pioneered in individual states, the federal law defined "misbranding" and "adulteration" for the first time and prescribed penalties for each. The law recognized the U.S. Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary as standards authorities for drugs, but made no similar provision for federal food standards.[2] The law was principally a "truth in labeling" law designed to raise standards in the food and drug industries and protect the reputations and pocketbooks of honest businessmen.

tag: p

text: Particular drugs deemed Addictive[edit]

text: Under the law, drug labels, for example, had to list any of 10 ingredients that were deemed "addictive" and/or "dangerous" on the product label if they were present, and could not list them if they were not present. Alcohol, morphine, opium, and cannabis were all included on the list of these "addictive" and/or "dangerous" drugs. The law also established a federal cadre of food and drug inspectors that one Southern opponent of the legislation criticized as "a Trojan horse with a bellyful of inspectors and other employees."[3] Penalties under the law were modest, but an under-appreciated provision of the Act proved more powerful than monetary penalties. Goods found in violation of various areas of the law were subject to seizure and destruction at the expense of the manufacturer. That, combined with a legal requirement that all convictions be published as Notices of Judgment, proved to be important tools in the enforcement of the statute and had a deterrent effect upon would-be violators.[4] Deficiencies in this original statute[example  needed], which had become noticeable by the 1920s, led to the replacement of the 1906 statute with the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which was enacted in 1938 and signed by President Franklin Roosevelt. This act, along with its numerous amendments, remains the statutory basis for federal regulation of all foods, drugs, biological products, cosmetics, medical devices, tobacco, and radiation-emitting devices by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

text: History of passage[edit]

text: It took 27 years to  the 1906 statute, during which time the public was made aware of many problems with foods and drugs in the U.S. Muckraking journalists, such as Samuel Hopkins Adams, targeted the patent medicine industry with its high-alcoholic content patent medicines, soothing syrups for infants with opium derivatives, and "red clauses" in newspaper contracts providing that patent medicine ads (upon which most newspapers of the time were dependent) would be withdrawn if the paper expressed support for food and drug regulatory legislation. The Chief Chemist of the Bureau of Chemistry, Dr. Harvey Washington Wiley, captured the country's attention with his hygienic table studies, which began with a modest Congressional appropriation in 1902. The goal of the table trial was to study the human effects of common preservatives used in foods during a period of rapid changes in the food supply brought about by the need to feed cities and support an industrializing nation increasingly dependent on immigrant labor.  Wiley recruited young men to eat all their meals at a common table as he added increased "doses" of preservatives including borax, benzoate, formaldehyde, sulfites, and salicylates. The table trials captured the nation's fancy and were soon dubbed "The Poison Squad" by newspapers covering the story. The men soon adopted the motto "Only the Brave dare eat the fare" and at times the publicity given to the trials became a burden. Though many results of the trial came to be in dispute, there was no doubt that formaldehyde was dangerous and it disappeared quickly as a preservative. Wiley himself felt that he had found adverse effects from large doses of each of the preservatives and the public seemed to agree with Wiley. In many cases, most particularly with ketchup and other condiments, the use of preservatives was often used to disguise insanitary production practices. Although the law itself did not proscribe the use of some of these preservatives, consumers increasingly turned away from many products with known preservatives.

text: The 1906 statute regulated food and drugs moving in interstate commerce and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of poisonous patent medicines.[5] The Act arose due to public education and exposés from public interest guardians such as Upton Sinclair and Samuel Hopkins Adams, social activist Florence Kelley, researcher Harvey W. Wiley, and President Theodore Roosevelt.

text: Beginnings of the Food and Drug Administration[edit]

text: The 1906 Act paved the way for the eventual creation of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is generally considered to be that agency's founding date, though the agency existed before the law was passed and was not named FDA until later. "While the Food and Drug act remains a foundational law of the FDA mission, it's not the law that created the FDA. [Initially,] the Bureau of Chemistry (the precursor to the FDA) regulated food safety. In 1927, the Bureau was reorganized into the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration and the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. The FDIA was renamed the FDA in 1930."[6]

text: The law itself was largely replaced by the much more comprehensive Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938.

text: Enforcement of labeling and future ramifications[edit]

text: The Pure Food and Drug Act was initially concerned with ensuring products were labeled correctly. Later efforts were made to outlaw certain products that were not safe, followed by efforts to outlaw products which were safe but not effective. For example, there was an attempt to outlaw Coca-Cola in 1909 because of its excessive caffeine content; caffeine had replaced cocaine as the active ingredient in Coca-Cola in 1903.[7] In the case United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, the judge found that Coca-Cola had a right to use caffeine as it saw fit, although Coca-Cola eventually lost when the government appealed to the Supreme Court.[8] It reached a settlement with the United States government to reduce the caffeine amount.

text: In addition to caffeine, the Pure Food and Drug Act required that drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, morphine, and cannabis, be accurately labeled with contents and dosage. Previously many drugs had been sold as patent medicines with secret ingredients or misleading labels. Cocaine, heroin, cannabis, and other such drugs continued to be legally available without prescription as long as they were labeled. It is estimated that sale of patent medicines containing opiates decreased by 33% after labeling was mandated.[9] The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 is cited by drug policy reform advocates such as James P. Gray as a successful model for re-legalization of currently prohibited drugs by requiring accurate labels, monitoring of purity and dose, and consumer education.[10]


document_title: Val Kilmer

question_text: where did val kilmer go to high school

question_tokens: where did val kilmer go to high school

text: Val Kilmer

text: Early life and education[edit]

text: Kilmer was born December 31, 1959, in Los Angeles,[2] the son of Gladys Swanette (née Ekstadt) and Eugene Dorris Kilmer, an aerospace equipment distributor and real estate developer.[3] His mother was of Swedish descent.[4] His father's ancestry included English, Scots-Irish, French and German.[5][6] His parents divorced in 1968 when he was 8 years old. Kilmer's grandfather was a gold miner in New Mexico, near the border with Arizona.[7] In 1977 Kilmer's younger brother Wesley drowned in a swimming pool at age 15; their father died in 1993.[8]

text: Kilmer attended Berkeley Hall School, a Christian Science school in Los Angeles, until ninth grade.[9] He attended Chatsworth High School with Kevin Spacey and Mare Winningham, and also attended the Hollywood Professional School.[2] He became the youngest person at the time to be accepted into the Juilliard School's Drama Division, where he was a member of Group 10.[10]

text: On May 5, 2012, Kilmer was awarded an honorary doctorate of Fine Arts from William Woods University.[11]

text: Career[edit]

text: In 1981, while at Juilliard, Kilmer co-authored and starred in the play How It All Began,[12] which was performed at the Public Theater at the New York Shakespeare Festival. Kilmer turned down a role in Francis Ford Coppola's 1983 film The Outsiders, as he had prior theatre commitments.[13] In 1983 he appeared off Broadway in The Slab Boys with Kevin Bacon and Sean Penn. That same year, his first off-stage acting role (excluding television commercials) came in the form of an episode of ABC Afterschool Special called One Too Many, which was an educational drama on drinking and driving;[14] it also starred a young Michelle Pfeiffer. Also in 1983, Kilmer self-published a collection of his own poetry entitled My Edens After Burns, that included poems inspired by his time with Pfeiffer. The book of poems is difficult to obtain, and expensive; even second-hand copies fetch $300 and up.[15][16][17]

text: His big break came when he received top billing in the comedy spoof of spy movies Top Secret!, where he played an American rock and roll star. Kilmer sang all the songs in the film and released an album under the film character's name, "Nick Rivers."[18] While garnering more substantial roles and prestige, he also gained a reputation as a ladies man, dating numerous women, some many years older, including Cher and Ellen Barkin.[17]

text: During a brief hiatus, he backpacked throughout Europe before going on to play the lead character in the 1985 comedy Real Genius. He turned down a role in David Lynch's Blue Velvet[19] before being cast as naval aviator "Iceman" in the action film Top Gun alongside Tom Cruise. Top Gun grossed a total of $344,700,000 worldwide and made Kilmer a major star.[20] Following roles in the television films The Murders in the Rue Morgue and The Man Who Broke 1,000 Chains, Kilmer played Madmartigan in the fantasy Willow; he met his future wife, co-star Joanne Whalley, on the film's set. Kilmer starred in the Colorado Shakespeare Festival production of Hamlet in 1988. In 1989, Kilmer played the lead in both Kill Me Again, again opposite Whalley, and in TNT's Billy the Kid.

text: After several delays, director Oliver Stone finally started production on the film The Doors, based on the band of the same name. Kilmer spoke with Oliver Stone early on, concerned about what he might want to do with the story because Kilmer didn't believe in or want to promote substance abuse. Kilmer saw Morrison as having picked the wrong heroes, who had different issues, that were not part of the creativity or inspiration. Kilmer saw Morrison's story as one that could be told "a thousand different ways" and didn't want to tell it by playing the role in the style of drugs, with which Oliver Stone agreed.[21] Kilmer memorized the lyrics to all of lead singer Jim Morrison's songs prior to his audition, and sent a video of himself performing some Doors songs to director Stone. Stone was not impressed with the tape, but Paul Rothchild (the original producer of The Doors) said "I was shaken by it" and suggested they record Kilmer in the studio. After Kilmer was cast as Morrison, he prepared for the role by attending Doors tribute concerts and reading Morrison's poetry.[22]

text: He spent close to a year before production dressing in Morrison-like clothes, and spent time at Morrison's old hangouts along the Sunset Strip. His portrayal of Morrison was praised and members of The Doors noted that Kilmer did such a convincing job that they had trouble distinguishing his voice from Morrison's. Paul Rothchild played Kilmer's version of "The End" for the band's guitarist, Robby Krieger, who told him, "I'm really glad they got 'The End'. We never got a recording of that live with Jim and now we've got it." However, Doors keyboardist Ray Manzarek was less than enthusiastic with how Morrison was portrayed in Stone's interpretation.[23]

text: In the early 1990s, Kilmer starred in the mystery thriller Thunderheart, the action comedy The Real McCoy, and again teamed with Top Gun director Tony Scott to play Elvis Presley in True Romance, which was written by Quentin Tarantino. In 1993, Kilmer played Doc Holliday in the western Tombstone alongside Kurt Russell. In the film, Doc Holliday performs Chopin's Nocturne in E minor, Op.72, No. 1; however, Kilmer does not play the piano and he practiced that one piece for months in preparation. In 1995, Kilmer starred in Wings of Courage, a 3D IMAX film, and that same year, he starred opposite Al Pacino and Robert De Niro in Heat, which is now considered one of the best crime/drama films of the 1990s.[24]

text: Batman[edit]

text: In December 1993, Batman Forever director Joel Schumacher had seen Tombstone and was most impressed with Kilmer's performance as Doc Holliday. Schumacher felt him to be perfect for the role of Batman, though at the time, the role was still Michael Keaton's.[25] In July 1994, Keaton decided not to return for a third Batman film after 1992's Batman Returns,[26] due to "creative differences".[25] William Baldwin (who previously worked with Schumacher on Flatliners) was reported to be a top contender, though just days after Keaton dropped out, Kilmer was cast.[26] Kilmer took the role without even knowing who the new director was and without reading the script.[25]

text: Released in June 1995, Batman Forever was a success at the box office,[27] despite receiving mixed reviews from critics.[28] There was debate about Kilmer's performance; some critics charged that Kilmer, while physically fit to play Batman, more so than his predecessor Michael Keaton had been, gave a wooden performance as Bruce Wayne. Other critics though, such as Roger Ebert, had kind words for Kilmer. Batman creator Bob Kane said in a Cinescape interview that of all the actors to have played Batman up to that point, he felt Kilmer had given the best interpretation. Film critic Leonard Maltin (who criticized the dark tone contained in Batman Returns) complimented Kilmer's portrayal when he reviewed the film for his expanding collection of film reviews, as well as being very favorable of the film as a whole. Defenders of Batman Forever praised the film for portraying Batman as a more heroic, less ruthless, and more human character than in the Tim Burton films. The film also brought the film interpretation of Bruce Wayne more into line with his comic book counterpart, showing him as a socialite and a very public figure rather than the neurotic recluse of the previous films.

text: In February 1996, Kilmer decided not to return for another Batman feature film, feeling that Batman was being marginalized in favor of the villains.[29] and because of their scheduling problems with The Saint. George Clooney replaced Kilmer as Batman in 1997's Batman & Robin. There were also reports that Kilmer had not had a good working relationship with Schumacher, as another reason for not reprising the role.[30]

text: In 1996, he appeared in a largely unknown film, Dead Girl, and starred alongside Marlon Brando in the poorly received[31] The Island of Dr Moreau. That year, Kilmer starred alongside Michael Douglas in the thriller The Ghost and the Darkness. In 1997 he played Simon Templar in the popular action film, The Saint. Kilmer looked forward to the title role as a change toward a more fun, less serious action thriller, while enjoying the "master of disguise" chameleon characters like a mad artist, a nerdy British scientist, a cleaner, and a Russian mob boss. Kilmer also wrote the poetry in the film.[citation needed] He received a salary of $6 million for the movie.[29] The Saint was a financial success, grossing $169.4 million worldwide.[32]

text: In 1998, he voiced Moses in the animated film The Prince of Egypt, before starring in the independent film Joe the King (1999). Also in 1999, he played a blind man in the drama/romance At First Sight, which he described as being, of then, the hardest role he had ever had.[33]

text: Kilmer's first role in 2000 was in the big budget Warner Bros. box office disaster[34] Red Planet. That same year, he had a supporting role in the film Pollock and hosted Saturday Night Live for the first time. In 2002, he starred in the thriller The Salton Sea, which was generally well-reviewed,[35] but received only a limited release.[36] The same year, he teamed with his True Romance co-star, Christian Slater, and the two starred in the low-budget film, Hard Cash, also known as Run for the Money.

text: In 2003, Kilmer starred alongside Kate Bosworth in the drama/thriller Wonderland, portraying porn star John Holmes. He also appeared in The Missing, where he again worked with Willow director Ron Howard. The next year, he starred in David Mamet's Spartan, where he played a United States government secret agent who is assigned the task of rescuing the kidnapped daughter of the President. He received Delta Force-like training in preparation for the role.[37] Subsequently, he had a role in the drama, Stateside, and starred (again with Slater) in the thriller Mindhunters, which was filmed in 2003 but not released until 2005. Kilmer next appeared in the big budget Oliver Stone production, Alexander, which received poor reviews.[38]

text: Also in 2004, Kilmer returned to the theatre to play Moses in a Los Angeles musical production of The Ten Commandments: The Musical, produced by BCBG founder Max Azria.[39] The production played at the Kodak Theater in Hollywood and also featured Adam Lambert. Kilmer had previously played Moses in the animated film The Prince of Egypt. Finally in 2004, Kilmer appeared in an episode of Entourage, where he played a Sherpa whose primary source of income was the growing, harvesting and distributing high-quality cannabis, all under a guise of metaphysical insights.

text: Kilmer was in negotiations with Richard Dutcher (a leading director of Mormon-related films) to play the lead role in a film entitled Prophet: The Story of Joseph Smith, although the project never materialized.[40]

text: Kilmer performed in The Postman Always Rings Twice on the London stage from June to September 2005.[41] In 2005, he co-starred with Robert Downey, Jr. in the action-comedy film Kiss Kiss Bang Bang. His performance was praised and the film was well reviewed,[42] but it received only a limited release.[43] It later won the award for "Overlooked Film of the Year" from the Phoenix Film Critics Society.

text: In 2006, he reunited with director Tony Scott a third time for a supporting role opposite Denzel Washington in the box-office hit Déjà Vu. The song "Val Kilmer" was named after him on Bowling for Soup's 2006 album The Great Burrito Extortion Case. The song was later used for a Ford Motors commercial on season 10 of American Idol in 2011. In 2007, he guest-starred on the hit TV series Numb3rs in the episode "Trust Metric", portraying torture expert Mason Lancer. That same year, he released a CD, proceeds of which went to his charity interests.[citation needed] In 2008, Kilmer starred alongside Stephen Dorff in the Sony and Stage 6 film Felon. The film was given only a limited theatrical release in New York and Los Angeles in 2008, but it developed into a success secondary to positive word of mouth.

text: Kilmer was the voice of the car KITT for the 2008 Knight Rider TV pilot film and the following television series. He replaced Will Arnett, who had to step down from the role due to contractual conflict with General Motors. In keeping with tradition established by the original Knight Rider series and original KITT actor William Daniels, Kilmer was uncredited for the role on-screen. He next starred alongside Nicolas Cage in the Werner Herzog film Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans, and alongside Curtis "50 Cent" Jackson in Streets of Blood. Both were released in 2009. He appeared as the main antagonist "Mongoose" in a live TV series adaptation of the comic/video game of XIII on NBC in 2009.

text: In 2010, Kilmer starred in the horror film from Michael Oblowitz, The Traveler, where he played the vengeful spirit of a man who had been tortured and murdered while in police custody. In November 2010, Kilmer was filming in Kelseyville, California. He was finally able to work with his lifelong friend Francis Ford Coppola and star in the film Twixt. The film was filmed mostly on Coppola's estate in Napa County. The filming was expected to take five weeks and was being independently funded by Coppola. In 2010, Kilmer appeared as the villain Dieter Von Cunth in MacGruber, and Tenacious D's music video "To Be The Best" as a small cameo role.

text: Kilmer spoke at the May 5, 2010, commencement ceremonies of William Woods University in Fulton, Missouri.[44] During his week-long visit on campus, he also performed his one-man play, Citizen Twain.[45][46] He received an honorary doctorate "in recognition of his creative abilities and his contributions to art and theater."[46]

text: In 2012, Kilmer received a Grammy nomination for Best Spoken Word. He also starred in Harmony Korine's short "The Lotus Community Workshop" which is part of a collaborative film The Fourth Dimension. He plays a version of himself from an alternate reality, that is a former actor, turned self-help guru. The Fourth Dimension is a collection of three standalone short films about parallel universes produced by Vice Films in collaboration with Grolsch Film Works, a new division of the namesake beer company. Kilmer notes that his addition to the list of actors, including John Malkovich (Being John Malkovich) and Al Pacino (Jack and Jill), that mock their real-life persona in fictional movies was an accident and says, "I still love saying the premise because it makes me laugh every time."[47]

text: In 2002, Kilmer worked on a film about the life of Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of the Christian Science church,[48] and Mark Twain, one of her most famous critics. Kilmer is still working on the film, which is about the lives and relationship of Mary Baker Eddy and Mark Twain as "a quirky, tender, tragicomic portrait of two contrasting lives, set against the backdrop of Gilded Age America."[49] Citizen Twain was initially performed as a one-man show Hollywood workshop in April 2012; it is now the basis of Kilmer's film project, which will be his directorial debut.[47] In 2013, he reunited with his Top Gun co-star Anthony Edwards in the Disney animated movie Planes. Kilmer voiced the character Bravo, while Edwards supplied Echo. Kilmer also played the role of Detective Dobson in the series finale of the television show Psych.

text: In 2017, Kilmer appeared in Song to Song opposite Rooney Mara and Ryan Gosling directed by Terrence Malick.[50][51]

text: Influence and public image[edit]

text: Kevin Spacey told James Lipton on Inside the Actors Studio that one of the turning points of his life was at a high school drama festival when he saw Kilmer and Mare Winningham perform a scene from The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie and the drama teacher, Robert Carrelli, invited him to transfer to Chatsworth High School; he accepted. In the same interview, Spacey said he went to Juilliard because Kilmer did. Kilmer was at that time the youngest person ever admitted to Juilliard. During Kilmer's subsequent Inside the Actors Studio interview, he said "Robert Carrelli, who was our teacher, had a knack for producing and directing. And it was either Beverly Hills High, because of their very talented pool of students, or Chatsworth High that would win all these festivals."[21]

text: Politics and charity work[edit]

text: Kilmer made several trips to New Orleans to help in the 2005 Hurricane Katrina disaster relief.[52] Kilmer is a supporter of Native American affairs and an advocate of environmental protection.[53] He briefly flirted with running for Governor of New Mexico in 2010, but decided not to run.[54]

text: In May 2013, Kilmer lobbied Congress on behalf of Equitable Access to Care and Health Act, or EACH Act (H.R. 1814), a bill "to provide an additional religious exemption from the individual health coverage mandate" of Obamacare.[55][56]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Kilmer was married to actress Joanne Whalley from March 1988 to February 1996. The two met while working together on the film Willow. The couple had two children: a daughter, Mercedes (b. October 29, 1991), and a son, Jack (b. June 6, 1995). Warwick Davis, Kilmer's co-star from the 1988 fantasy Willow, in his audio commentary for the film said that the question he is most asked is what it was like working with Kilmer. Though Kilmer has a reputation of being difficult, Davis describes him as a very funny man and a hard working, dedicated actor. Kilmer reunited with Davis in the 2013 Easter special of the sitcom Life's Too Short, in which he plays a fictionalized version of himself as a mooching, arrogant eccentric.

text: Kilmer has gotten into feuds with some of the actors with whom he has worked, notably The Island of Dr. Moreau co-star Marlon Brando and Red Planet co-star Tom Sizemore.[57]

text: Other actors have noted that he prepares for his roles extensively and meticulously. Irwin Winkler (director of At First Sight) talked about his decision to hire Kilmer. "I'd heard the stories, so I checked him out. I called Bob De Niro and Michael Mann, who'd worked with him on Heat, and they both gave him raves... I had a wonderful experience in spite of all the naysayers."[58] Jeffrey Katzenberg (producer of Prince of Egypt) talks about the actor: "Val was one of the first people cast in The Prince of Egypt. He was there every step of the way; patient, understanding, and phenomenally generous with his time."[59]

text: In 2011, Kilmer sold his 6,000-acre (24 km2) ranch in New Mexico, where he would track, hike, fish, and raise bison.[48] Kilmer is a devout Christian Scientist. He is also an avid musician; he released a CD in the fall of 2007 and donated its proceeds to his charity interests.

text: Health[edit]

text: In January 2015, Kilmer was hospitalized for what his representative said were tests for what could be a possible tumor. Kilmer said on social media, "I have not had a tumor, or a tumor operations [sic], or any operation. I had a complication where the best way to receive care was to stay under the watchful eye of the UCLA ICU."[60] After previously denying persistent rumors that he had been diagnosed with cancer, Kilmer said in April 2017 that he had a "healing of cancer".[61]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1984
Top Secret!
Nick Rivers

1985
Real Genius
Chris Knight

1986
Top Gun
Lt. Tom "Iceman" Kazanski

1988
Willow
Madmartigan

1989
Kill Me Again
Jack Andrews

1991
The Doors
Jim Morrison

1992
Thunderheart
Ray Levoi

1993
The Real McCoy
JT Barker

1993
Tombstone
Doc Holliday

1993
True Romance
Elvis Presley

1995
Batman Forever
Bruce Wayne/Batman

1995
Heat
Chris Shiherlis

1995
Wings of Courage
Jean Mermoz

1996
The Island of Dr Moreau
Montgomery

1996
The Ghost and the Darkness
Col. John Henry Patterson

1996
Dead Girl
Dr. Dark

1997
The Saint
Simon Templar

1998
The Prince of Egypt
Moses/God
Voice

1999
At First Sight
Virgil "Virg" Adamson

1999
Joe the King
Bob Henry

2000
Pollock
Willem de Kooning

2000
Red Planet
Robby Gallagher

2002
The Salton Sea
Danny Parker / Tom Van Allen

2002
Hard Cash
FBI Agent Mark C. Cornell

2003
Wonderland
John Holmes

2003
The Missing
Lt. Jim Ducharme

2003
Blind Horizon
Frank Kavanaugh

2003
Masked and Anonymous
Animal Wrangler

2004
Spartan
Robert Scott

2004
Stateside
Staff Sergeant Skeer

2004
Alexander
Philip II of Macedon

2004
George and the Dragon
El Cabillo
Uncredited

2005
Mindhunters
Jake Harris

2005
Kiss Kiss Bang Bang
Perry Van Shrike / "Gay Perry"

2006
Summer Love
The wanted man

2006
Moscow Zero
Andrey

2006
10th & Wolf
Murtha

2006
Played
Dillon

2006
Déjà Vu
Agent Andrew Pryzwarra

2006
The Ten Commandments: The Musical
Moses

2007
Have Dreams, Will Travel
Henderson

2008
Conspiracy
MacPherson

2008
Felon
John Smith

2008
Delgo
Bogardus
Voice

2008
2:22
Maz

2008
Columbus Day
John
Also producer

2008
The Love Guru
Himself
Uncredited

2009
The Chaos Experiment
James Pettis

2009
Streets of Blood
Detective Andy Devereaux

2009
American Cowslip
Todd Inglebrink

2009
The Thaw
Dr. David Kruipen

2009
Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans
Det. Stevie Pruit

2009
Hardwired
Virgil

2009
Double Identity
Dr. Nicholas Pinter

2010
The Traveler
The Stranger / Mr. Nobody

2010
Bloodworth
Warren Bloodworth

2010
MacGruber
Dieter Von Cunth

2010
Gun
Angel

2011
Kill the Irishman
Joe Manditski

2011
Blood Out
Arturo

2011
5 Days of War
Dutch journalist

2011
Twixt
Hall Baltimore

2012
Riddle
Sheriff Richards

2012
Seven Below
McCormick

2012
Wyatt Earp's Revenge
Wyatt Earp

2012
The Fourth Dimension
Hector

2012
Breathless
Dale

2013
Planes
Bravo
Voice

2013
Standing Up
Hofstadder

2013
Palo Alto
Stewart

2014
Tom Sawyer & Huckleberry Finn
Mark Twain

2017
Song to Song
Duane

2017
The Snowman

In post-production

tag: table

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1986
The Murders in the Rue Morgue
Phillipe Huron
Television film

1987
The Man Who Broke 1,000 Chains
Robert Eliot Burns / Eliot Roberts
Television film

1989
Billy the Kid
William Bonney
Television film

2004
Entourage
The Sherpa
Episode: "The Script and the Sherpa"

2007
Numb3rs
Mason Lancer
Episode: "Trust Metric"

2008
Comanche Moon
Inish Scull
3 episodes; also associate producer

2008
XIII
Mongoose
2 episodes

2008–2009
Knight Rider
KITT
Voice
18 episodes

2013
Life's Too Short
Himself
Episode: "Special"

2013
Ghost Ghirls
Sweetriver Jackson
2 episodes

2014
The Spoils of Babylon
General Cauliffe
3 episodes

2014
Psych
Detective Dobson
Episode: "The Break-Up"

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Voice role

2011
Spider-Man: Edge of Time
Walker Sloan

text: Music videos[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2012
"To Be the Best"
Himself
Tenacious D

2016
"Animals"
Himself
Oneohtrix Point Never


document_title: Obsessed (2009 film)

question_text: who is the baby in the movie obsessed

question_tokens: who is the baby in the movie obsessed

text: Obsessed (2009 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Derek Charles (Idris Elba) works for a finance company and is married to Sharon (Beyoncé). While Derek is at work, he greets temporary worker Lisa Sheridan (Ali Larter), who, believing Derek was flirting with her, attempts to seduce him. Derek repeatedly rejects her, but Lisa continues to pursue him, making sexual advances on him at the Christmas party. At one point, she follows him to his car and attempts to seduce him again with revealing lingerie and fishnet stockings, but Derek refuses again and forces her out of his car. Derek intends to report Lisa to his firm's human resource management, but learns that she has quit her job. Thinking that Lisa has given up, Derek is annoyed when he receives flirtatious emails from her. Derek and his workmates visit a resort for a conference, where he spots and confronts Lisa, who spikes his drink. Incapacitated, Derek is helpless when Lisa follows him into his hotel room. He confronts Lisa again the following day, and hours later discovers her lying naked in his bed after attempting suicide, and calls for medical help.

text: After repeated attempts to reach Derek on his phone, Sharon finds Derek at the hospital and suspects that he and Lisa had an affair, as Lisa claims. LAPD Detective Monica Reese (Christine Lahti) at first questions Derek's fidelity to Sharon as well, but soon becomes skeptical of Lisa's claims, due to inconsistencies in her story. Sharon, refusing to believe Derek, kicks him out of their house, and he moves into a separate apartment. Months later, Derek and Sharon meet up for dinner and finally reconcile. Meanwhile, Lisa tricks the babysitter Samantha (Scout Taylor-Compton) into letting her in under the pretense of being one of Sharon's friends. When Derek and Sharon return home after dinner, they discover that Lisa had been in the house and seemingly abducted Derek and Sharon's infant son, Kyle (Nathan and Nicolas Myers). Derek goes to his car with the intent to pursue Lisa, only to find the baby is safely sitting in the back seat. He and Sharon immediately take Kyle to the hospital for a check-up. When Derek and Sharon return home from the hospital, they find Lisa has trashed their bedroom and removed Sharon's face from their family portrait. Sharon leaves a threatening voice message on Lisa's phone, and she and Derek set up a home alarm system.

text: Lisa learns that Derek and Sharon will be going away from town for a few days, with Sharon leaving one afternoon and Derek the next day. While Sharon is on her way to pick up Kyle, she realizes she forgot to set the alarm system and returns home. Meanwhile, Lisa breaks into Derek and Sharon's house again and decorates the master bed with rose petals. While setting the alarm, Sharon hears Lisa in the bedroom. She confronts Lisa, who tries to convince her that Derek was seeing Lisa. However, Sharon sees through her lie and attempts to call the police, but Lisa tackles her to the floor, and the two engage in a fight. Derek calls the home phone and Lisa answers; he calls Detective Reese and they both head toward the house. Lisa runs to the attic and Sharon pursues her. Sharon leads her to a weak spot in the attic floor, where Lisa falls through. Seeing that Lisa is in mortal danger, Sharon reaches out in an attempt to grab Lisa and lift her up, but Lisa refuses and tries to pull Sharon down with her. Seeing that the floor is beginning to buckle, Sharon pries Lisa off of her arm. Lisa is injured upon falling on the chandelier which she hangs off on. The chandelier soon loosens but Lisa falls onto the glass table below, and is killed when the chandelier falls from the ceiling onto her. Detective Reese arrives as Sharon comes out of the house. Detective Reese goes inside the house to investigate Lisa's actions, and Derek arrives soon after; he and Sharon tearfully embrace.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Beyoncé as Sharon Charles
Idris Elba as Derek Charles
Ali Larter as Lisa Sheridan
Nathan and Nicolas Myers as Kyle Charles
Christine Lahti as Detective Monica Reese
Scout Taylor-Compton as Samantha
Jerry O'Connell as Ben
Bruce McGill as Joe Gage
Matthew Humphreys as Patrick
Richard Ruccolo as Hank

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: The concept of Obsessed was thought up by Clint Culpepper, president of Screen Gems, and was shared with David Loughery, who wrote the screenplay. Producer William Packer read the script and signed on; executive producers for the film were Glenn S. Gainor, Jeff Graup, Earvin "Magic" Johnson, Beyoncé, Mathew Knowles, Damon Lee and Loughery, while Nicholas Stern and George Flynn served as co-producer and associate producer, respectively.[4] Director Steve Shill signed on after reading the script and hearing that Beyoncé was on board.[5] Part of the reason Elba joined in was that the black–white theme was ignored; "It's not mentioned in the film, it's never an issue, and I think that's phenomenal ... To me, that was very refreshing that the studio execs didn't want to make an issue of it."[6] Obsessed was allocated a production budget of $20 million.[2] Shill stated that the intended effect of the film was to have the audience discuss the characters' motivations.[7] Writer David Loughery designed Lisa as "not a villain in a traditional sense; she's not setting out to wreck a marriage or ruin somebody's life. She really believes that [Derek] is in love with her."[8] Lisa's past was deliberately omitted from the film, explaining, "It's scarier if we never really know how she's developed this personality that can go from very loving to ultimately deadly."[5]

text: Casting and filming[edit]

text: The casting directors for Obsessed were Ron Digman and Valorie Massalas.[4] According to Packer, Elba and Larter were the favorite actors for their respective lead roles; he stated that "they both brought the right amount of depth and sex appeal" to the film. He emphasized the need for actors "who were relatable and who can handle that type of human interplay that we have in the film."[9] Packer showed the film script to Beyoncé's talent agent, who suggested that Beyoncé play the role of Sharon. The producers "immediately ... fell in love with that idea; once she suggested Beyoncé, nobody else could play the role."[10] Packer said that Beyoncé became interested in working on Obsessed because the film was not focused on the music industry, and that it was the first time she played a non-singer. Packer also reported that "she was looking for that challenge and welcomed this opportunity".[9] Beyoncé stated that she found it challenging to concentrate purely on "the emotion and the psychology of the relationship".[11] Beyoncé had never taken part in a fight scene, but she was able to learn how to perform the scenes quickly because they were similar to dance choreography, with which she was familiar.[12] Larter was inspired by Rita Hayworth, Barbara Stanwyck and Faye Dunaway, all of whom had previously portrayed femmes fatale.[13] Obsessed was filmed over the summer of 2008,[14] and the final fight scene between Sharon and Lisa was shot over one week.[13]

text: Set and costumes[edit]

text: Shill and cinematographer Ken Seng were inspired by Roman Polanski and Alfred Hitchcock when constructing the set, and attempted to make it look both frightening and suburban. Shill stated, "It didn't look like typical Hollywood; it didn't look cosmetic."[5] The Charles' family home was set in a 1923 Altadena, California house, however the action scenes were shot on a separate purpose-built set. The set was customized from a house built for The Stepfather (2009), which in turn was adapted from a block of apartments for Quarantine (2008). The Charles' living room had a ceiling 25 feet (7.6 m) high, and a custom-built chandelier for the climactic ending of the film. According to Gainor, the house is symbolic of the family's aspirations, and is intentionally too large for the three occupants; he said, "It's a little awkward and a little bit eerie." The fight scene was filmed on a sound stage set, rather than in the house, for safety and practicability reasons.[5]

text: Costume designer Maya Lieberman attempted to contrast the costumes of Sharon and Lisa to reinforce the conflict between the two characters. She said, "With Ali, our discussion started with wanting really clean, classic and sharp lines, whereas Beyoncé's character [wore] more soft, more textural cashmeres and knits."[5] Sharon wore clothes designed by Zac Posen, Yves Saint Laurent, Jimmy Choo, Diane von Fürstenberg, Valentino, Stella McCartney and Missoni, while Lisa wore Gucci, Dolce & Gabbana and Burberry outfits. Derek was dressed in Dolce & Gabbana and Versace suits with Thomas Pink shirts to create a "prestigious yet contemporary" look.[5]

text: Music[edit]

text: The film score for Obsessed was written by James Dooley.[15] The beginning of Obsessed, where the Charles are seen in their home, plays adult contemporary music in the background. The remainder of the film's first act is supported by light piano instrumentation, and occasional "low-register whoosh-thump noises, of the kind you might hear in a stalker movie", according to Sady Doyle of The Guardian.[16]

text: Studio recorded songs on the soundtrack of Obsessed are "Any Other Day" (Wyclef Jean and Norah Jones), "Black and Gold" (Sam Sparro), "Soul Food" (Martina Topley-Bird), "American Boy" (Estelle), "Jolly Holly (Deck the Halls)" (Mike Strickland), "I'm Gonna Getcha" (Crudo), "The Christmas Song" (Marcus Miller), "Play That Funky Music" (Wild Cherry), "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" (Ruben Studdard and Tamyra Gray), "Wild Thing" (Tone Lōc), "Oye Al Desierto" (With the Quickness), "Destiny" (Zero 7), "Meet the Brilliant" (Draque Bozung), "Golden" (Jill Scott), "Bambool Wall" (Patch), and "Smash into You" (Beyoncé).[17]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: Obsessed premiered at the School of Visual Arts, New York City on April 23, 2009,[18] and opened at US cinemas the following day.[19] The film began showing in the United Kingdom on May 29, 2009.[20]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Obsessed received generally negative reviews from critics. Based on 85 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a "Rotten" rating from critics, with 19% positive reviews and an average rating of 3.7 out of 10. The site's consensus reads "The inevitable Fatal Attraction comparisons aside, Obsessed is a generic, toothless thriller both instantly predictable and instantly forgettable."[19] Another review aggreatator, Metacritic, gave the film a weighted mean score of 25 out of 100, based on ten reviews from mainstream critics.[21] A common complaint about the film was that, unlike most "deranged stalker"-themed films, Obsessed did not explain why Lisa was so determined to seduce Derek, who showed no interest in her at all.[22] Variety's John Anderson and The Hollywood Reporter's Kirk Honeycutt criticized Lisa's lack of motive and backstory.[4] Stella Papamichael of Digital Spy called the film predictable and blamed the well-defined morality of the characters. She wrote, "Unlike the bunny-boiling '80s classic Fatal Attraction, the characters are drawn in 2D. They are either good or bad, and there is absolutely no attempt to understand what drives them either way."[23] Liz Braun from Jam! lambasted the lack of character development in Obsessed and called it "a chemistry-free movie".[24] Jason McKiernan of Filmcritic.com described the film as "so steeped in the formula of the psycho-sexual suspense flick that it works as both a thriller and a comedy" and "very good trash".[25]

text: Reviewers also noted that the potential for interracial conflict remained unexplored; Entertainment Weekly's Owen Gleiberman wrote, "The movie wants to tease us with intimations of a steamy biracial liaison; it just doesn't want to actually go there."[26] Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe was disappointed that "Obsessed basically plays it safe. The obvious racial buttons are never pushed".[27] Greg Quill from the Toronto Star agreed, and wrote that Shill and Loughery "stripped the drama of its potentially gripping – and obvious – racial overtones".[28] However, Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer pointed out that having the two female roles of differing races "creates racial tension", and noted similarities to "the racially charged" Lakeview Terrace (2008), which Loughery also wrote.[29] Braun was of the impression that a well-written script was replaced by the film's "racial politics".[24] When Derek confronts Lisa at the business conference, she threatens him with a sexual harassment complaint; Sady Doyle from The Guardian wrote that this alludes to "the history of black men being lynched for their perceived threat to white women".[16] Doyle pointed out that historically white women are more revered for their beauty than black women, which is a side theme of the fight between Sharon and Lisa.[16] Melissa Anderson of LA Weekly suggested that awkwardness of the interracial relationship of Derek and Lisa as a reason why the filmmakers did not have the two characters partake in any sexual activity.[30]

text: Critics drew close comparisons between Obsessed and Adrian Lyne's 1987 stalker thriller Fatal Attraction. However, two distinctions noted were that Obsessed contains no bunny boiling-like incidents,[28] and that Derek and Lisa did not actually have sexual intercourse.[26] John Anderson of Variety wrote, "If Derek had actually slept with Lisa, a la Michael Douglas in Fatal Attraction, Obsessed would at least have had the spurned-woman gambit to play, however hoary."[4] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film zero out of four stars, and wrote that Derek's lack of interest in Lisa allowed for no conflict in the film. Travers concluded, "Everything you need to know is in the trailer."[31] The Daily Telegraph's Tim Robey thought that Obsessed would have been more entertaining had Lisa's character been fiercer like Alex Forrest in Fatal Attraction.[32] Rickey opined that while the lack of infidelity made the film less thrilling, it "is about the sanctity of marriage rather than the shame of adultery."[29]

text: The final fight scene between Sharon and Lisa was lauded by critics. Marjorie Baumgarten from The Austin Chronicle stated that, despite the predictability of its plot, Obsessed caters to "the American moviegoers' appetite for a juicy catfight."[33] E! Online's Natasha Vargas-Cooper lauded the choreography and noted the scene as the highlight of the film.[34] McKiernan called it the "best knock-down, drag-out girlfight" of 2009.[25] However, Alex Navarro from Screened called the fight "boring" because of the poor filming and editing of the scene.[22]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: At the 2009 Teen Choice Awards, Obsessed was nominated in the category of Choice Movie: Drama, while Beyoncé was a nominee for the Choice Movie Actress: Drama award. The fight scene between Sharon and Lisa garnered Beyoncé and Larter a nomination in the Teen Choice Awards' Choice Movie Rumble category, but lost to Twilight.[35] Beyoncé and Larter were nominated in the categories of Worst Actress and Worst Supporting Actress, but lost to Sandra Bullock and Sienna Miller respectively, at the 30th Golden Raspberry Awards ("Razzies").[36] Idris Elba was a nominee for the award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture at the 41st NAACP Image Awards, but lost to Morgan Freeman's portrayal of Nelson Mandela in Invictus (2009).[37] Obsessed won the award for Best Fight at the 2010 MTV Movie Awards, for the fight between Sharon and Lisa.[38] The stunt work was recognized at the 2010 Taurus World Stunt Awards with nominations for Best Fight and Best High Work, and the award for Best Overall Stunt by a Woman.[39]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Obsessed was screened at 2,514 theaters and grossed $11,209,297 on its opening day of April 24, 2009;[40] it ended its opening weekend at the top of the box office, with gross revenue of $28,612,730 in those three days,[41][42] and became the second-biggest opening weekend for a Screen Gems film ever.[43] The film spent its entire first week of release at number one and grossed $34,802,334, however it slipped to number three the following week due to the release of X-Men Origins: Wolverine and Ghosts of Girlfriends Past.[42][44] Obsessed closed in US cinemas on June 14, 2009, having grossed $68,261,644 domestically in its eight weeks of availability, which made up 92.5% of its gross worldwide takings. Outside the US, the film grossed an additional $5,568,696, bringing its total gross box office revenue to $73,830,340.[2] The top performing international territory was Spain, with an opening weekend of $646,760 and a final total of 1,914,828, followed by the United Kingdom with a total of $854,917, Germany with $529,794, and the region of Southern Africa with $343,932.[2]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Obsessed was released for home viewing via DVD, Blu-ray and digital distribution by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on August 4, 2009 in the US. In its first week of release, Obsessed sold 540,925 DVD copies in the US, worth $8,806,259 of sales. To date the film has sold 1,263,325 DVDs in the US, worth $22,875,547 of consumer expenditure.[3]


document_title: Indian Trade

question_text: what was the first valuable use of horses for settlers in the new world

text: Indian Trade

text: Trade with early European settlers[edit]

text: Plymouth and Jamestown

text: In order to set up a thriving colony, settlers in the New World needed the five factors of production that contribute to the creation of wealth: land (natural resources), labor, capital, entrepreneurship and knowledge. Often, trading with Native Americans resulted in colonists gaining needed knowledge and natural resources. Examples of this can be seen in the English settlements of Plymouth Bay and Jamestown. Chief Massasoit, a Wampanoag, and Squanto, a Patuxet Indian, helped the Pilgrims of Plymouth Bay establish their colony by teaching them skills in cultivating this land and hunting.[4] In return for weapons and tools, these Native Americans provided the colonists with important natural resources, including food.[5] In 1621 Chief Massasoit established one of the earliest trading pacts between Europeans and Indians by signing a treaty with Plymouth Colony to engage in peaceful trade.[6] As the number of English colonists in the New England area began to grow, the Wampanoag became uneasy of losing their land to these new settlers. Gradually, tensions escalated, leading to King Philip's War, an armed conflict between the Pilgrims and the Native Americans in the area. The war ended with the defeat of the Indian tribe, causing a serious fracture amongst relations between the Pilgrims and Native Americans.[7]

text: Relations between settlers in the Jamestown area and Native Americans ended similarly. Initially, the Powahatan aided the English settlers with food and clothing, helping them survive the early difficult years. However, relations between the two groups deteriorated after three years, resulting in a war.

text: Fur trading posts

text: Fur trading was one of the main economic activities in Northern America from the late 16th century to the mid-19th century. At the time, demand for fur was surging in Europe as it was used to make cloth and fancy hats. Data collected from England in the 18th century highlights that the years from 1746 to 1763 saw an increase of 12 shillings per pelt. It has been calculated that over 20 million beaver hats were exported from England alone from 1700 to 1770.[8] Both trading partners, Native Americans and Europeans, provided the other a comparative advantage in the fur trade industry. The opportunity cost of hunting beavers in Europe was extremely high: by the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Eurasian beaver was near extinction in England and France.[9] On the other hand, traders and trappers thought the wildlife in the New World was essentially limitless. Native Americans made use of the trade goods received, particularly knives, axes, and guns. The fur trade provided a stable source of income for many Native Americans until the mid-19th century, when changing fashion trends in Europe and a decline in the beaver population in North America brought about a collapse in demand for fur.[10]

text: Trade with the Spanish Trading between Spanish settlers and Native Americans was rare and occurred in parts of New Mexico and California. The Spanish mainly intended to spread the Christian faith to Indians and to use them as slaves for work. The most significant effect of trading with the Spanish was the introduction of the horse to the Ute in New Mexico. Gradually, horses bred and their use was adopted across the Great Plains, dramatically altering the lifestyles and customs of many Native American tribes. Many Indians switched from a hunter- gatherer economy to a nomadic lifestyle after they began using horses for transportation. They had a greater range for hunting bison and trading with other tribes.[11]

text: Relationship between Europeans and Indians It took time for Europeans and Native Americans to learn the customs of the other side. When Europeans first encountered a tribe, they would often be offered fur, food or other items as gifts. The Europeans did not understand they were supposed to take on an alliance with the natives, including helping them against their enemies. Native American tribes regularly practice gift giving as part of their social relations. Because the Europeans did not (or most of them), they were considered to be rude and crude.

text: After observing that Europeans wanted to trade goods for the skins and other items, Native Americans entered into that. Both sides became involved in the conflicts of the other. In New France, in Carolina, Virginia, and New England and in New Netherland, the Europeans became drawn into the endemic warfare of their trading partners. As Native Americans were pressed into alliances by the Europeans for Queen Anne's War, the Seven Years' War, the Nine Years' War, and other standing competitions among the European powers: France, Great Britain and Spain, with whom they were dealing in North America, they felt drawn into the Europeans' endemic warfare.

text: Late 19th century to present[edit]

text: After the United States became independent, it enacted legislation to regulate trading with the Indians/Native Americans, under the Trade and Intercourse Act, first passed on July 22, 1790. Later the Indian Office, which was then part of the War Department, issued licenses to traders in the Indian Territory. Under removal, the largest tribes from the Southeast and north of the Ohio were moved west of the Mississippi river. By 1834 Indian Territory had been designated as what was then most of the United States west of the Mississippi, primarily what became Arkansas, Kansas and Oklahoma. Territories of the upper West were still occupied by native tribes as well. Mountain men and traders from Mexico freely operated there independently of the US.

text: After the formation of the United States, the commerce clause of the constitution gave Congress the power to “regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes.” In the 19th century, the American government passed legislation to support relocation of tribes to reservations in order to extinguish their title to lands that could be sold to European Americans. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 forced tribes such as the Cherokee and the Choctaw to move out of their homelands.[12] Resistance by Native Americans to relocate resulted in conflicts such as the Second Seminole War, that caused the deaths of 3000 Native Americans. Forcing tribes to relocate and to adjust to isolated reservations often unsuitable for the subsistence farming they were encouraged to undertake, made many of them dependent on the U.S. government for annuities and supplies. They had difficulty trying to develop economic systems of their own.[13]

text: As outlined by Kalt and Cornell in their book, What Can Tribes Do? Strategies and Institutions in American Indian Economic Development, on reservations, tribes lacked access to capital, were assigned to areas with poor natural resources (or had their resources stolen or kept from their control), and did not possess skilled labor.

text: Today, many programs, such as the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development, exist to foster conditions that will help reservations become independent and financially stable communities. Since the late 20th century, many tribes have established gaming casinos. The most successful ones use part of the revenues for economic development of their nations, as well as for welfare and education for all their tribal members.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Vaughan 1929, p.215
Jump up ^ Pritzker 1998, p.102
Jump up ^ Dolin 2010, p.9
Jump up ^ Vaughan 1929, p.68
Jump up ^ Vaughan 1929, p.68
Jump up ^ Vaughan 1929, p.73
Jump up ^ Vaughan 1929, p.320
Jump up ^ Carlos
Jump up ^ Carlos
Jump up ^ Carlos
Jump up ^ Pritzker, 88
Jump up ^ Perdue
Jump up ^ Perdue

tag: ol


document_title: Magic Tree House

question_text: what was the first magic tree house book

text: Magic Tree House

text: Magic Tree House Books[edit]

text: Magic Tree House Books are for Beginning Chapter Book Readers. Adventures with Jack and Annie, perfect for readers ages 6-9 who are just starting to read chapter books.[2]

text:
#
Title
Published
Story Arc
Plot Summary/Notes

1
Dinosaurs Before Dark (UK Title: Valley of the Dinosaurs)
000000001992-07-28-0000July 28, 1992
In the mystery of the Tree house #1
Jack and Annie discover the tree house and, using the magical books there, they travel back to the late Cretaceous period (65 million years ago) where they meet a Pteranodon that saves them from a Tyrannosaurus rex. Jack finds a gold medallion with the letter "M" on it. Companion book: #1, Dinosaurs.

2
The Knight at Dawn (UK title: Castle of Mystery)
000000001993-02-16-0000February 16, 1993
In the mystery of the Tree house #2
In England during the Middle Ages, Jack and Annie explore a castle and meet a brave knight. Companion book: #2, Knights and Castles.

3
Mummies in the Morning (UK title: Secret of the Pyramid)
000000001993-08-24-0000August 24, 1993
In the mystery of the Tree house #3
In Ancient Egypt, Jack and Annie help Queen Hutepi find her missing Book of the Dead. Companion book: #3, Mummies and Pyramids.

4
Pirates Past Noon (UK title: Pirates' Treasure!)
000000001994-03-08-0000March 8, 1994
In the mystery of the Tree house #4
Jack and Annie encounter some pirates in the Caribbean Sea and meet Morgan le Fay, who turns out to be the mysterious "M". Companion book: #4, Pirates.

5
Night of the Ninjas
000000001995-03-21-0000March 21, 1995
In the mystery of the Magic spell #1
Morgan le Fay is under a spell. Jack and Annie must find four magical objects to reverse the spell, with the help of a mouse named Peanut. In ancient Japan, Jack and Annie encounter ninjas and samurai and get a moonstone. Companion book: #30, Ninjas and Samurai.

6
Afternoon on the Amazon (UK title: Adventure on the Amazon)
000000001995-08-29-0000August 29, 1995
In the mystery of the Magic spell #2
Jack and Annie search the Amazon rainforest for a second magical object for Morgan le Fay, which turns out to be a mango. Companion book: #5, Rain Forests.

7
Sunset of the Sabertooth (UK title: Mammoth to the Rescue)
000000001996-04-14-0000April 14, 1996
In the mystery of the Magic spell #3
In the last Ice Age, Jack and Annie encounter Cro-Magnons, wooly mammoths, and a saber-toothed cat while looking for the third object to help Morgan - a mammoth bone flute. Companion book: #12, Sabertooths and the Ice Age.

8
Midnight on the Moon (UK title: Moon Mission)
000000001996-10-29-0000October 29, 1996
In the mystery of the Magic spell #4
Thirty-five years into their future (2031), Jack and Annie travel to the moon to look for the fourth object needed to help Morgan le Fay. Companion book: #6, Space.

9
Dolphins at Daybreak (UK title: Diving with Dolphins)
000000001997-04-29-0000April 29, 1997
In the mystery of the Ancient riddles #1 in
Set in the Pacific Ocean with bottlenose dolphins. Companion book: #9, Dolphins and Sharks.

10
Ghost Town at Sundown (UK title: A Wild West Ride)
000000001997-09-16-0000September 16, 1997
In the mystery of the Ancient riddles #2
Set in the American Wild West, where Jack and Annie meet a cowboy named Slim.

11
Lions at Lunchtime (UK title: Lions on the Loose)
000000001998-02-12-0000February 12, 1998
In the mystery of the Ancient riddles #3
Jack and Annie are on a mission on the African Savannah.

12
Polar Bears Past Bedtime (UK title: Icy Escape)
000000001998-04-24-0000April 24, 1998
In the mystery of the Ancient riddles #4
Set in the North Pole, Jack and Annie meet an Inuit. Companion book: #16, Polar Bears and the Arctic.

13
Vacation Under The Volcano (UK title: Racing with Gladiators)
000000001998-06-20-0000June 20, 1998
In the mystery of the Lost stories #1
Jack and Annie travel to Pompeii on the eve of the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. Companion book: #14: Ancient Rome and Pompeii.

14
Day of the Dragon King (UK title: Palace of the Dragon King)
000000001998-08-11-0000August 11, 1998
In the mystery of the Lost stories #2
Jack and Annie travel to China as it was 2,000 years in their past. The Dragon King is also known as Emperor Qin. Companion book: #31, China: Land of the Emperor's Great Wall.

15
Viking Ships at Sunrise (UK title: Voyage of the Vikings)
000000001998-10-20-0000October 20, 1998
In the mystery of the Lost stories #3
In medieval Ireland, Jack and Annie encounter Vikings. Companion book: #33, Vikings.

16
Hour of the Olympics (UK title: Olympic Challenge!)
000000001998-12-17-0000December 17, 1998
In the mystery of the Lost stories #4
Jack and Annie travel to Ancient Greece and see the first Olympic games. Companion book: #10, Ancient Greece and the Olympics.

17
Tonight on the Titanic
000000001999-03-23-0000March 23, 1999
In the mystery of the Enchanted dog arc #1
Jack and Annie travel back to 1912 and are on the RMS Titanic during her fateful voyage. In this arc the two are assisted by a dog named Teddy that they must find gifts to free. Companion book: #7, Titanic.

18
Buffalo Before Breakfast
000000001999-05-18-0000May 18, 1999
In the mystery of the Enchanted dog arc #2
In the American Old West, Jack and Annie encounter a Lakota boy on the Great Plains.

19
Tigers at Twilight
000000001999-08-17-0000August 17, 1999
In the mystery of the Enchanted dog arc #3
Jack and Annie explore the Indian jungles of the past.

20
Dingoes at Dinnertime
000000002000-03-14-0000March 14, 2000
In the mystery of the Enchanted dog arc #4
Set in ancient Australia. Jack and Annie receive the final gift and return home where Morgan removes the spell on the dog who is revealed to be a boy named Teddy who is a young magician who trapped himself under a spell causing him to become a dog, who is revealed to be a boy whose name is Teddy, who cursed himself to become a dog.

21
Civil War on Sunday
000000002000-05-23-0000May 23, 2000
In the Morgan's library arc #1
In the American Civil War, Jack and Annie encounter Clara Barton.

22
Revolutionary War on Wednesday
000000002000-09-26-0000September 26, 2000
In the Morgan's library arc #2
Jack and Annie cross the Delaware River with George Washington. Companion book: #11, American Revolution.

23
Twister on Tuesday
000000002001-03-27-0000March 27, 2001
In the Morgan's library arc #3
In the 1870s, Jack and Annie encounter pioneer settlement of the Midwestern prairie. They have to save a teacher and some kids before they are hit by a tornado. Companion book: #8, Twisters and Other Terrible Storms.

24
Earthquake in the Early Morning
000000002001-08-24-0000August 24, 2001
In the Morgan's library arc #4
In 1906, Jack and Annie experience the San Francisco earthquake. The two are able to use what they find to inspire King Arthur to battle Mordred, although in a later book it is shown that he wins without dying in these stories.

25
Stage Fright on a Summer Night
000000002002-03-12-0000March 12, 2002
In the Type of magic arc #1
In Elizabethan England, Jack and Annie meet William Shakespeare

26
Good Morning Gorillas
000000002002-08-23-0000August 23, 2002
In the Type of magic arc #2
In the Congo rain forest, Jack and Annie encounter gorillas.

27
Thanksgiving on Thursday
000000002002-10-24-0000October 24, 2002
In the Type of magic arc #3
In Plymouth in 1621, Jack and Annie share the first Thanksgiving with the Pilgrims and Wampanoag Indians. Companion book: #13, Pilgrims.

28
High Tide in Hawaii
000000002003-03-25-0000March 25, 2003
In the Type of magic arc #4
Jack and Annie travel to the Hawaii of the past and almost get caught in a tsunami. They also make two friends who share an adventure with them. Companion book: #15, Tsunamis and Other Natural Disasters.

29
A Big Day For Baseball
000000002017-08-01-0000August 1, 2017

Jack & Annie are whisked back to Brooklyn's Ebbets Field on April 15, 1947 to Witness Jackie Robinson's Major League Debut before The Game Is Over

text: Magic Tree House Merlin Mission Books[edit]

text: Magic Tree House Merlin Mission Books 1-27 for More Advanced Readers. More challenging adventures for the experienced readers ages 7-10. [3]

text: The Magic Tree House Merlin Missions were originally ordered sequentially, starting at Book #29 (Christmas in Camelot). With the 25th anniversary re-prints, the books have been separated into their own distinct series and re-numbered starting at Merlin Mission #1. [4]

text:
Original #
Merlin Mission #
Title
Published
Story Arc
Plot Summary/Notes

29
1
Christmas in Camelot
000000002001-10-10-0000October 10, 2001
In the Quest to save Camelot arc #1
Jack and Annie go on a quest to save Camelot, a quest that will prove to a beleaguered King Arthur that children and imagination really can make a difference. Eventually Jack and Annie break the spell over Camelot and meet the Knights of the Round Table most notably Sir Lancelot. This is also the first story where Merlin the Magician sends Jack and Annie on an adventure instead of Morgan, having learned of their abilities from Morgan Le Fay.
(Note: NOTE- This is the 25th book chronologically, due to the main storyline built upon the end of "Earthquake in the Early Morning".)
(Note: This is labeled book 29 originally and "Merlin Mission #1" in the recent reprints, resulting in two "Magic Tree House #29" Books)

30
2
Haunted Castle on Hallow's Eve
000000002003-06-18-0000June 18, 2003
In the Quest to save Camelot arc #2
Jack, Annie, and Teddy must restore order to a duke's castle, on the outer realm of Camelot, for Merlin. Jack and Annie reunite with Teddy from the Enchanted Dog arc who becomes a recurring character in the rest of the books. It is also the first book where Jack and Annie perform their own magic. Jack and Annie are able to use the power of a magic hazel twig to transform themselves back to humans from ravens and Jack is able to tap into its power to defeat the Evil Raven King by turning him into a baby raven. This new ability of theirs is likely foreshadowing of later books when they start to make magic of their own.

31
3
Summer of the Sea Serpent
000000002004-03-09-0000March 9, 2004
In the Quest to save Camelot arc #3
Jack and Annie must retrieve the Sword of Light for Merlin for all the good of Camelot. Jack and Annie meet Kathleen who, along with Teddy, becomes a recurring character in the books, acting as their sidekick and a possible love interest for Jack. In this book Jack and Annie retrieve the Sword of Light and earn the right to wield it, learning later that the sword is in fact Excalibur and they retrieved it from Camelot's past so King Arthur can one day get it.

32
4
Winter of the Ice Wizard
000000002004-09-28-0000September 28, 2004
In the Quest to save Camelot arc #4
Jack and Annie must go on a mission for the evil Ice Wizard, which is retrieving one of his eyes, in order to free Merlin and Morgan.

33
5
Carnival at Candlelight
000000002005-03-08-0000March 8, 2005
In the Using magic wisely arc #1
Jack and Annie must go and save Venice, Italy from a flood disaster, but Merlin's instructions are confusing. The next four books are part of an arc where Jack and Annie complete missions to prove to Merlin that they can use magic wisely.

34
6
Season of the Sandstorms
000000002005-06-26-0000June 26, 2005
In the Using magic wisely arc #2
Jack and Annie must help the caliph of ancient Baghdad spread wisdom to the world.

35
7
Night of the New Magicians
000000002006-03-14-0000March 14, 2006
In the Using magic wisely arc #3
Jack and Annie travel to the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1889 in the Magic Tree House. They have to save four new magicians (Alexander Graham Bell, Louis Pasteur, Thomas Edison, and Gustave Eiffel), before an evil sorcerer kidnaps them and steals the secrets of their magic. As it turns out, there is no evil sorcerer and the only one that shows up is Merlin himself who had wanted Jack and Annie to meet the four.

36
8
Blizzard of the Blue Moon
000000002006-09-26-0000September 26, 2006
In the Using magic wisely arc #4
Jack and Annie travel in the Magic Tree House to the New York City of the Great Depression in 1938. They must help a unicorn under a spell. However, two evil sorcerers in training, Balor and Grinda, are up to the same challenge. In this book, Jack and Annie are given the power to make magic on their own via a magic wand.

37
9
Dragon of the Red Dawn
000000002007-02-27-0000February 27, 2007
In the Happiness arc #1
Jack and Annie travel back in the Magic Tree House to feudal Japan to find the first of four secrets of happiness for Merlin the magician because Morgan has noticed that he does not feel well, does not eat or sleep, and is tired. To do this, they must spend the day with famous Japanese haiku poet Matsuo Basho.

38
10
Monday with a Mad Genius
000000002007-08-28-0000August 28, 2007
In the Happiness arc #2
Jack and Annie travel back in the Magic Tree House to Florence, Italy, to find the second of four secrets of happiness. To do this, they must help Leonardo da Vinci all day, "morning, noon, and afternoon, till the night bird sings its song." Companion book: #19, "Leonardo da Vinci"

39
11
Dark Day in the Deep Sea
000000002008-03-25-0000March 25, 2008
In the Happiness arc #3
The magic tree house takes Jack and Annie to a deserted island, in the 1870s, looking for another secret of happiness. They get rescued by scientists on the HMS Challenger (1858), in the Atlantic Ocean, and end up helping the scientists, who are looking for a sea monster. Will they be able to help the scientist and find the secret of happiness? This book is 144 pages long, making it the longest book in the series. Companion book: #17, "Sea Monsters"

40
12
Eve of the Emperor Penguin
000000002008-09-23-0000September 23, 2008
In the Happiness arc #4
Jack and Annie go to Antarctica to try to find their last secret of happiness, but they only find penguins. Only the penguins have the answer to this question. This is the only book where it is specifically stated that Jack and Annie did not travel through time. They also use the wand to make magic twice: once to find the penguins and a second time to teleport to Mount Erebus, the only time they use its power twice. Companion book: #18, "Penguins and Antarctica"

41
13
Moonlight on the Magic Flute
000000002009-03-10-0000March 10, 2009
In the Inspiring arc #1
Jack and Annie head to 18th-century Austria, where they must find and help a musician by the name of Mozart. Decked out in the craziest outfits they’ve ever worn—including a wig for Jack and a giant hoopskirt for Annie, the two siblings search an entire palace to no avail. Their hunt is further hampered by the appearance of a mischievous little boy who is determined to follow them everywhere. But when the boy lets the animals out of the palace zoo, Jack and Annie have to use the only magic at their disposal to save themselves and the naughty little boy. The party is in the Summer Palace at five o'clock in the evening on October 13, 1762. When Jack and Annie use their magic flute (In Inspiring #1, 2, 3, and 4, the Wand of Dianthus changes into instruments.) Mozart makes a song called The Magic Flute.

42
14
A Good Night for Ghosts
000000002009-07-28-0000July 28, 2009
In the Inspiring arc #2
Jack and Annie are on their second mission to find—and inspire—artists to bring happiness to millions. After traveling to New Orleans, Jack and Annie come head to head with some real ghosts, as well as discover the world of jazz when they meet a young Louis Armstrong. Companion book: #20, "Ghosts"

43
15
Leprechaun in Late Winter
000000002010-01-12-0000January 12, 2010
In the Inspiring arc #3
The kids meet a girl in their third mission to put "artists" on the right path. She is sad because she believes in leprechauns and faerie, but cannot find any. The girl grows up to be Lady Gregory, a famous legend teller of the Irish lore. Can the kids save her from sadness and put the third artist on the right path? This is the first time that something that one of the kids has written has been used to travel through time: the kids time travel by wishing using Jack's notes on where they are traveling to. They travel to 1862 to go to Ireland. Companion book: #21, "Leprechauns and Irish Folklore"

44
16
A Ghost Tale for Christmas Time
000000002010-09-14-0000September 14, 2010
In the Inspiring arc #4
The kids are whisked back to Victorian England to help famed author Charles Dickens. The kids know Charles had everything he wants. Will the kids find the thing Charles wants? The kids are thrown in jail, only to be saved by Charles Dickens! To find Charles' secret, they will need help from three ghosts and get to know Charles very, very, well. Companion book: #22, "Rags and Riches: Kids in the Time of Charles Dickens"

45
17
A Crazy Day with Cobras
000000002011-01-11-0000January 11, 2011
In the Penny's spell arc #1
When Penny, Merlin's beloved penguin (from Eve of the Emperor Penguin), is accidentally turned to stone by Teddy, the kids must travel to an Indian desert and find an ingredient to a spell before Merlin comes back. Jack and Annie have to escape a swarm of king cobras and meet the infamous All-Power Great Mogul. To start their quest, Jack and Annie must find an emerald rose to find the first piece of breaking Penny's spell. Companion book: #23, Snakes and Other Reptiles.

46
18
Dogs in the Dead of Night
000000002011-08-09-0000August 9, 2011
In the Penny's spell arc #2
Jack and his sister Annie travel to Swiss Alps to get the second magical object to break the spell on the beloved baby penguin, Penny. They face a dog rescue and many other adventures. Companion book: #24, Dog Heroes.

47
19
Abe Lincoln At Last!
000000002011-12-27-0000December 27, 2011
In the Penny's spell arc #3
Jack and Annie travel to the time of the Civil War, and they must help a friend of Abe's in order to find the third gift for breaking Penny's spell. The friend is an orphan named Sam. It's a race against time as Jack and Annie try to decide what is right. Companion book: #25, Abraham Lincoln.

48
20
A Perfect Time For Pandas
000000002012-07-24-0000July 24, 2012
In the Penny's spell arc #4
Jack and Annie visit China during the Great Sichuan Earthquake of 2008. Companion book: #26, Pandas and Other Endangered Species.

49
21
Stallion by Starlight
000000002013-03-26-0000March 26, 2013
In the Greatness arc #1
Jack and Annie go back to Ancient Macedonia and an adventure with Alexander the Great when he was a child and his famous stallion: Bucephalus. Companion book: #27, Horse Heroes.

50
22
Hurry Up Houdini![5]
000000002013-08-23-0000August 23, 2013
In the Greatness arc #2
Jack and Annie meet magician Harry Houdini.

51
23
High Time for Heroes[6]
000000002014-01-07-0000January 7, 2014
In the Greatness arc #3
Jack and Annie meet Florence Nightingale in Egypt. Companion book: #28, Heroes for All Times.

52
23
Soccer on Sunday[7]
000000002014-05-27-0000May 27, 2014
In the Greatness arc #4
Jack and Annie travel to a soccer field in Mexico. Companion book: #29, Soccer.

53
25
Shadow of the Shark
000000002015-06-23-0000June 23, 2015
none
While on a vacation from Morgan and Merlin, Jack and Annie accidentally travel back in time over a thousand years to ancient Mayan times and meet sharks and Mayan warriors. In this book, Jack and Annie accidentally go to the right place but the wrong time due to pointing to the wrong illustration. Companion book: #32, Sharks and Other Predators.

54
26
Balto of the Blue Dawn
000000002016-01-05-0000January 5, 2016
none
Jack and Annie meet Balto, a jet-black Siberian husky in Alaska, 1925. Companion book: #34, Dogsledding and Extreme Sports.

55
27
Night of the Ninth Dragon
000000002016-07-26-0000July 26, 2016
none
Jack and Annie must help save Merlin, Morgan, Teddy and Kathleen (trapped in Avalon) and King Arthur (injured) when invaders threaten Camelot. Companion book: #35, Dragons and Mythical Creatures.

text: Magic Tree House Super editions[edit]

text: On January 6, 2015, the first Magic Tree House Super Edition was released. It is 183 pages long. The super editions are longer than the original Magic Tree House books and the Magic Tree House Merlin Missions.

text:
#
Title
Published
Story Arc
Plot Summary/Notes

1
Danger in the Darkest Hour
January 6, 2015
none
The first Magic Tree House Super Edition is called Danger in the Darkest Hour [8] Jack and Annie going back to World War II shortly before D-Day to rescue Kathleen from behind enemy lines. It also features the first time they have had to deal with a situation using their own talents and with no help from magic since the Merlin Missions began.
Main article: Danger in the Darkest Hour

text: Non-fiction books[edit]

text: The Magic Tree House Fact Trackers (formerly called Magic Tree House Research Guides) are non-fiction companions to the fiction books, written by Mary Pope Osborne, Will Osborne, and Natalie Pope Boyce. They were first released in 2000 by Scholastic and Random House. They provide more in-depth follow-up information on the topics in the series than already covered.[9] As of July 2016[update], 35 have been published. The first two Fact Trackers were published in August 2000 as companions for the first two stories, then 7 to 8 years old. In 2008 story #39, Dark Day in the Deep Sea and its fact tracker #17, Sea Monsters were the first story and fact tracker to be published simultaneously; simultaneous production has been common since...

text:
No.
Title
Companion To:
Date Published:

1
Dinosaurs
001 !Magic Tree House #1: Dinosaurs Before Dark
000000002000-08-01-0000August 1, 2000

2
Knights and Castles
002 !Magic Tree House #2: The Knight at Dawn
000000002000-08-01-0000August 1, 2000

3
Mummies and Pyramids
003 !Magic Tree House #3: Mummies in the Morning
000000002001-02-27-0000February 27, 2001

4
Pirates
004 !Magic Tree House #4: Pirates Past Noon
000000002001-05-22-0000May 22, 2001

5
Rain Forests
006 !Magic Tree House #6: Afternoon on the Amazon
000000002001-09-25-0000September 25, 2001

6
Space
008 !Magic Tree House #8: Midnight on the Moon
000000002002-02-26-0000February 26, 2002

7
Titanic
017 !Magic Tree House #17: Tonight on the Titanic
000000002002-08-27-0000August 27, 2002

8
Twisters and Other Terrible Storms
023 !Magic Tree House #23: Twister on Tuesday
000000002003-02-05-0000February 5, 2003

9
Dolphins and Sharks
009 !Magic Tree House #9: Dolphins at Daybreak
000000002003-06-04-0000June 4, 2003

10
Ancient Greece and the Olympics
016 !Magic Tree House #16: Hour of the Olympics
000000002004-06-01-0000June 1, 2004

11
American Revolution
022 !Magic Tree House #22: Revolutionary War on Wednesday
000000002004-09-14-0000September 14, 2004

12
Sabertooths and the Ice Age
007 !Magic Tree House #7: Sunset of the Sabertooth
000000002005-02-01-0000February 1, 2005

13
Pilgrims
027 !Magic Tree House #27: Thanksgiving on Thursday
000000002005-09-01-0000September 1, 2005

14
Ancient Rome and Pompeii
013 !Magic Tree House #13: Vacation Under a Volcano
000000002006-04-25-0000April 25, 2006

15
Tsunamis and Other Natural Disasters
028 !Magic Tree House #28: High Tide in Hawaii
000000002007-02-27-0000February 27, 2007

16
Polar Bears and the Arctic
012 !Magic Tree House #12: Polar Bears Past Bedtime
000000002007-09-25-0000September 25, 2007

17
Sea Monsters
039 !Magic Tree House #39: Dark Day in the Deep Sea
000000002008-03-25-0000March 25, 2008

18
Penguins and Antarctica
040 !Magic Tree House #40: Eve of the Emperor Penguin
000000002008-09-23-0000September 23, 2008

19
Leonardo da Vinci
038 !Magic Tree House #38: Monday with a Mad Genius
000000002009-01-13-0000January 13, 2009

20
Ghosts
042 !Magic Tree House #42: A Good Night for Ghosts
000000002009-07-28-0000July 28, 2009

21
Leprechauns and Irish Folklore
043 !Magic Tree House #43: Leprechaun in Late Winter
000000002010-01-12-0000January 12, 2010

22
Rags and Riches: Kids in the Time of Charles Dickens
044 !Magic Tree House #44: A Ghost Tale for Christmas Time
000000002010-09-14-0000September 14, 2010

23
Snakes and Other Reptiles
045 !Magic Tree House #45: A Crazy Day with Cobras
000000002011-01-11-0000January 11, 2011

24
Dog Heroes
046 !Magic Tree House #46: Dogs in the Dead of Night
000000002011-08-09-0000August 9, 2011

25
Abraham Lincoln
047 !Magic Tree House #47: Abe Lincoln At Last
000000002011-12-27-0000December 27, 2011

26
Pandas and Other Endangered Species
048 !Magic Tree House #48: A Perfect Time For Pandas
000000002012-07-24-0000July 24, 2012

27
Horse Heroes[10]
049 !Magic Tree House #49: Stallion by Starlight
000000002013-03-26-0000March 26, 2013

28
Heroes for All Times
052 !Magic Tree House #51: High Time for Heroes
000000002014-01-07-0000January 7, 2014

29
Soccer[11]
052 !Magic Tree House #52: Soccer on Sunday
000000002014-05-27-0000May 27, 2014

30
Ninjas and Samurai
005 !Magic Tree House #5: Night of the Ninjas
000000002014-09-23-0000September 23, 2014

31
China: Land of the Emperor's Great Wall
014 !Magic Tree House #14: Day of the Dragon King
000000002014-12-23-0000December 23, 2014

32
Sharks and Other Predators
053 !Magic Tree House #53: Shadow of the Shark
000000002015-06-23-0000June 23, 2015

33
Vikings
015 !Magic Tree House #15: Viking Ships at Sunrise
000000002015-09-22-0000September 22, 2015

34
Dogsledding and Extreme Sports
054 !Magic Tree House #54: Balto of the Blue Dawn
000000002016-01-05-0000January 5, 2016

35
Dragons and Mythical Creatures
055 !Magic Tree House #55: Night of the Ninth Dragon
000000002016-07-26-0000July 26, 2016

text: Characters[edit]

text: There are roughly six main characters throughout the Magic Tree House series. These include: Jack, Annie, Merlin, Morgan le Fay, Kathleen, and Teddy. Jack and Annie play the largest role in the series, and they embark on numerous adventures for Merlin and Morgan le Fay throughout the series. They also receive the help of the young magicians Kathleen and Teddy while they embark on their missions.

text: Jack[edit]

text: Jack is the brother of Annie, the other major character in the series. He has short brown hair and wears red-rimmed glasses that have round lenses. Jack is often shy around others, unlike Annie, and he often takes time to get used to new situations. Jack also believes in science and reason much more than Annie does, and he often keeps a small notebook in which he takes notes about their adventures. Jack often wants to read about a place and time and absorb as much information as he can before embarking on their adventure. He is also older than Annie, which may play a role in his maturity. Jack is extremely intelligent for his young age, and his vast knowledge often helps him and Annie complete their missions. This results in him having unexpected knowledge or talents that help complete their missions such as Jack being able to drive a vehicle despite not being old enough to possess the skill. Jack is courageous, willing to risk his own life to help others, and he is compassionate, caring for everything and everyone. He also reveals in Civil War On Sunday #21 that he thinks war is kind of cool until the end. However, he sometimes lacks self-confidence until something motivates him to perform the needed feat. When he is confident in his abilities, Jack is good at doing the tasks. On one occasion, while driving a truckload of kids past a Nazi checkpoint, his confident demeanor was enough to fool the Nazis into thinking he was a regular truck driver and let him pass without an inspection. He completed the feat thanks to Kathleen lying to him that she'd made them invisible and was left stunned at what he was capable of. He also has a growing crush on Kathleen, as he gets shy around her and notes that she is extremely pretty. Her opinion of him matters to Jack greatly enough that if she shows confidence in his ability to perform tasks, he has more confidence in himself if only for the reason of not wanting to let Kathleen down.

text: Annie[edit]

text: Annie is the younger sister of Jack, and she is the second major character in the series. Annie has blond hair tied in pigtails, and has blue eyes. Annie believes in magic much more than Jack does, and Morgan le Fay reveals that Annie's belief in magic helped her see the magic tree house. Annie is often impulsive and not as shy as Jack. However, this often leads to trouble that the pair has to deal with. Annie is younger than Jack, which means that she is less mature. Annie also talks to animals much more than Jack does, and she is kind to them.

text: Morgan le Fay[edit]

text: Morgan le Fay is a witch and Time Librarian from King Arthur's time. She is King Arthur's sister.[12] In Books 1-3, she was in form of a pteranodon, cat, and knight.[13] In Book 4, she transforms from a green parrot into human form.[14] She has since become the kids' mentor and adviser on their quest to become Master Librarians of Time. She is the one who gives Jack and Annie riddles and quests to solve in Books 1 through 28.

text: Teddy[edit]

text: A young sorcerer and apprentice of Morgan. Jack and Annie first meet Teddy when he's trapped in the form of a dog and spend books 17-20 freeing him from the spell. Teddy is not his actual name but the nickname Jack and Annie gave him when he was a dog. His real name is unknown but everyone calls him Teddy, not just Jack and Annie. When he regained human form, he chose to have Jack and Annie continue calling him Teddy as he liked the nickname though he asked for them to call him Ted, something they only did for his brief appearance as a human at the end of book 20. Teddy is kind-hearted but overconfident in his abilities and isn't actually that good at magic usually, requiring Kathleen to aid him in finishing his spells more often than not. Over the course of the books, Teddy gets better but still requires help a lot. His misfortunes with magic resulted in him turning himself into a dog and Penny the Penguin into stone, resulting in Jack and Annie having to help him break the spells.

text: Kathleen[edit]

text: Kathleen is the youngest of 20 sisters, and she is a selkie, or being that can morph herself and others into seals. Kathleen is one of Morgan's apprentices, and she is extremely friendly, quickly befriending Annie, Jack, Morgan, Merlin, and Teddy. Kathleen is free-spirited and playful, probably due to her being a selkie. Kathleen has brown hair that is long and curly, and brown eyes. She also wears a seaweed dress. In seal form, she can communicate with other seals as well. Kathleen is also talented in magic spells. She is also very caring as shown when she is sent to rescue two children in Normandy during World War II and instead risks her life to protect ten children. Her empathic nature results in her losing her magic when she loses hope, forcing Jack and Annie to rescue her. Once her hope is restored, so is her magic. Jack has a crush on her, but it is unknown if she shares these feelings.

text: Movies[edit]

text: The animated film Magic Tree House (マジック・ツリーハウス), produced by Media Factory, premiered in Japan in October 2011[15] and was generally released there on January 7, 2012.[16]

text: On February 4, 2016, it was announced Lionsgate would be making a feature film adaptation. The new film will be based on the 29th book in the series: "Christmas in Camelot". [17]