document_title: Blood vessel

question_text: what is the muscular layer of a blood vessel

text: Blood vessel

text: Structure[edit]

text: The arteries and veins have three layers, but the middle layer is thicker in the arteries than it is in the veins:

text:
Tunica intima (the thinnest layer): a single layer of simple squamous endothelial cells glued by a polysaccharide intercellular matrix, surrounded by a thin layer of subendothelial connective tissue interlaced with a number of circularly arranged elastic bands called the internal elastic lamina.
Tunica media (the thickest layer in arteries): circularly arranged elastic fiber, connective tissue, polysaccharide substances, the second and third layer are separated by another thick elastic band called external elastic lamina. The tunica media may (especially in arteries) be rich in vascular smooth muscle, which controls the caliber of the vessel. Veins don't have the external elastic lamina, but only an internal one.
Tunica adventitia: (the thickest layer in veins) entirely made of connective tissue. It also contains nerves that supply the vessel as well as nutrient capillaries (vasa vasorum) in the larger blood vessels.

text: Capillaries consist of little more than a layer of endothelium and occasional connective tissue.

text: When blood vessels connect to form a region of diffuse vascular supply it is called an anastomosis (pl. anastomoses). Anastomoses provide critical alternative routes for blood to flow in case of blockages.

text: There is a layer of muscle surrounding the arteries and the veins which help contract and expand the vessels. This creates enough pressure for blood to be pumped around the body. Blood vessels are part of the circulatory system, together with the heart and the blood.

text: Types[edit]

text: There are various kinds of blood vessels:

text:
Arteries
Elastic arteries
Distributing arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries (the smallest blood vessels)
Venules
Veins

Large collecting vessels, such as the subclavian vein, the jugular vein, the renal vein and the iliac vein.
Venae cavae (the two largest veins, carry blood into the heart).

text: They are roughly grouped as arterial and venous, determined by whether the blood in it is flowing away from (arterial) or toward (venous) the heart. The term "arterial blood" is nevertheless used to indicate blood high in oxygen, although the pulmonary artery carries "venous blood" and blood flowing in the pulmonary vein is rich in oxygen. This is because they are carrying the blood to and from the lungs, respectively, to be oxygenated.

text: Physiology[edit]

text: Blood vessels do not actively engage in the transport of blood (they have no appreciable peristalsis), but arteries—and veins to a degree—can regulate their inner diameter by contraction of the muscular layer. This changes the blood flow to downstream organs, and is determined by the autonomic nervous system. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are also used antagonistically as methods of thermoregulation.

text: Oxygen (bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells) is the most critical nutrient carried by the blood. In all arteries apart from the pulmonary artery, hemoglobin is highly saturated (95–100%) with oxygen. In all veins apart from the pulmonary vein, the hemoglobin is desaturated at about 75%. (The values are reversed in the pulmonary circulation.)

text: The blood pressure in blood vessels is traditionally expressed in millimetres of mercury (1 mmHg = 133 Pa). In the arterial system, this is usually around 120 mmHg systolic (high pressure wave due to contraction of the heart) and 80 mmHg diastolic (low pressure wave). In contrast, pressures in the venous system are constant and rarely exceed 10 mmHg.

text: Vasoconstriction is the constriction of blood vessels (narrowing, becoming smaller in cross-sectional area) by contracting the vascular smooth muscle in the vessel walls. It is regulated by vasoconstrictors (agents that cause vasoconstriction). These include paracrine factors (e.g. prostaglandins), a number of hormones (e.g. vasopressin and angiotensin) and neurotransmitters (e.g. epinephrine) from the nervous system.

text: Vasodilation is a similar process mediated by antagonistically acting mediators. The most prominent vasodilator is nitric oxide (termed endothelium-derived relaxing factor for this reason).

text: Permeability of the endothelium is pivotal in the release of nutrients to the tissue. It is also increased in inflammation in response to histamine, prostaglandins and interleukins, which leads to most of the symptoms of inflammation (swelling, redness, warmth and pain).

text: Factors affecting blood flow resistance[edit]

text: Vascular resistance occurs where the vessels away from the heart oppose the flow of blood. Resistance is an accumulation of three different factors: blood viscosity, blood vessel length, and vessel radius.[2]

text: Blood viscosity is the thickness of the blood and its resistance to flow as a result of the different components of the blood. Blood is 92% water by weight and the rest of blood is composed of protein, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, and dissolved gases. Depending on the health of an individual, the blood viscosity can vary (i.e. anemia causing relatively lower concentrations of protein, high blood pressure an increase in dissolved salts or lipids, etc.).[2]

text: Vessel length is the total length of the vessel measured as the distance away from the heart. As the total length of the vessel increases, the total resistance as a result of friction will increase.[2]

text: Vessel radius also affects the total resistance as a result of contact with the vessel wall. As the radius of the wall gets smaller, the proportion of the blood making contact with the wall will increase. The greater amount of contact with the wall will increase the total resistance against the blood flow.[3]

text: Disease[edit]

text: Blood vessels play a huge role in virtually every medical condition. Cancer, for example, cannot progress unless the tumor causes angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) to supply the malignant cells' metabolic demand. Atherosclerosis, the formation of lipid lumps (atheromas) in the blood vessel wall, is the most common cardiovascular disease, the main cause of death in the Western world.[4]

text: Blood vessel permeability is increased in inflammation. Damage, due to trauma or spontaneously, may lead to hemorrhage due to mechanical damage to the vessel endothelium. In contrast, occlusion of the blood vessel by atherosclerotic plaque, by an embolised blood clot or a foreign body leads to downstream ischemia (insufficient blood supply) and possibly necrosis. Vessel occlusion tends to be a positive feedback system; an occluded vessel creates eddies in the normally laminar flow or plug flow blood currents. These eddies create abnormal fluid velocity gradients which push blood elements such as cholesterol or chylomicron bodies to the endothelium. These deposit onto the arterial walls which are already partially occluded and build upon the blockage.[5]

text: Vasculitis is inflammation of the vessel wall, due to autoimmune disease or infection.


document_title: Largest body part

question_text: the largest internal organ in the body is the

root

text: Largest body part

text: Living animals[edit]

text: Blue whale[edit]

text: As the largest animal alive, the blue whale has the largest instance of several body parts.

tag: p

text:
Its tongue weighs around 2.7 tonnes (3 short tons)[1]
Its mouth is large enough to hold up to 90 tonnes (100 short tons) of food and water.[2]
Its heart typically weighs 600 kg (1,300 lb)[1] and can reach 900 kg (2,000 lb) in exceptional cases[3]
Its aorta is about 23 centimetres (9.1 in) in diameter.[4]
The blue whale's penis typically measures 8–10 ft. (2.4 – 3 meters)[5]

tag: ul

text: Other animals[edit]

text:
The giant and colossal squids have the largest recorded eyes of any living animal, with a maximum diameter of at least 27 cm (11 in).[6] Only the extinct ichthyosaurs are known to have had larger eyes.[6]
The giraffe has the longest neck of any land mammal.[7]
The walrus has the largest baculum of any mammal.[8]
The wandering albatross has the largest wingspan at 3.63 metres (11 feet 11 inches).[9]
The longest horns ever recorded belonged to a wild water buffalo and measured 4.24 metres (13 feet 11 inches) from tip to tip.[10]
The largest and heaviest brain belongs to the sperm whale, weighing around 9 kilograms.[11]
The Arctic lion's mane jellyfish may be the longest animal; the biggest had a bell (body) with a diameter of 2.28 meters (7 feet 6 inches) and the tentacles reached 36.6 m (120 ft). It was found washed up on the shore of Massachusetts Bay in 1870.[12]
Bootlace worms can reach great lengths. A specimen was measured at 55 m (180 ft) but this may be unreliable as the body is somewhat elastic.[13]

text: In proportion to body size[edit]

text:
The Morgan's sphinx hawk moth has the longest proboscis in relation to its body size. Its 25–30 cm proboscis is over 3 times longer than its body. It is also known as Darwin's moth because Charles Darwin predicted its existence some 40 years before it was discovered from experiments he did on an orchid with a "foot long" nectary.[14]
The tube-lipped nectar bat has the longest tongue of any mammal in relation to its body size. Its 85 mm (3.3 in) tongue is 1.5 times longer than its body, and must be kept inside its rib cage.[15]
The barnacle is the creature with the largest penis as a proportion of its body size.[16]
Among vertebrates, the Argentine blue-bill duck has the longest penis in relation to its body size.[17]
The vampire squid has the largest eyes of any animal relative to its size.[18]
The kiwi lays the largest egg of any bird relative to its size - up to a quarter of the mass of the female.
Shrews have the largest brain-to-body mass ratio of any animal, with brains that are 10% of body weight. Humans however have the largest encephalization quotient of any animal.[19]

text: Humans[edit]

text:
The longest bone in the human body is the femur.[20]
The largest artery is the aorta[21] and the largest vein is the inferior vena cava.[22]
The largest internal organ is the liver.[23] It is also the heaviest organ, with an average of 1.6 kilograms (3.5 pounds).[24]
The largest external organ, which is also the largest organ in general, is the skin.[25]
The longest muscle is the sartorius muscle in the thigh.[26]
The longest single nerve is the sciatic nerve in the thigh, counting its branches and axons.

text: Individual human records [edit]

text:
The person with the longest tongue is Nick Stoeberl of Salinas, California, United States, whose tongue measures 10.1 centimetres (3.98 in).[27]
The woman with the longest legs is Svetlana Pankratova. At a height of 200 cm (6.56 ft), her legs measure 132 centimetres (52 in).[28]
The woman with the longest fingernails is Lee Redmond. The total length of her fingernails is 7.513 meters.[29]
The longest head of hair belonged to Xie Qiuping of China and measured 5.627 metres (18 feet 5.5 inches) on 8 May 2004.[30]
The longest beard ever measured belonged to Hans Langseth of Norway; at his death in 1927 it was 5.33 metres (17.5 ft) long.[31][32]
The longest ear hair belongs to Victor Anthony of India, measuring 18.1 centimetres (7.12 inches).[33]
The largest feet belonged to Matthew McGrory. His left foot measured 17 inches (43 cm) and he wore size 29 1/2 shoes.[citation needed]

text: Extinct animals[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2011)

tag: table

text: The animals with the longest necks, up to 15 metres (49 ft) in some cases, were plesiosaurs (such as Elasmosaurus and Mauisaurus) and sauropod dinosaurs (such as Mamenchisaurus, Sauroposeidon, and Supersaurus).


document_title: Robb Stark

question_text: who did robb stark marry in season 2

question_tokens: who did robb stark marry in season 2

text: Robb Stark

text: Character description[edit]

text: Robb is fourteen years old at the beginning of A Game of Thrones (1996). He is the eldest son of Eddard "Ned" Stark and his wife Catelyn, and has five siblings: Sansa, Arya, Bran, Rickon, and the illegitimate half-brother Jon Snow. Robb is constantly accompanied by his direwolf, Grey Wind.

text: Robb is the eldest legitimate son of Lord Eddard Stark, and heir to Winterfell. When Lord Eddard relocates to King's Landing to become the King's Hand, Robb remains at Winterfell to rule in his father's stead. When Eddard is beheaded by Ser Ilyn Payne, Robb is declared King in the North by his bannermen rather than swear fealty to the Lannister king, Joffrey Baratheon, drawing the lords of the North and of the Riverlands to his cause. Despite displaying a proficiency in military tactics in his victories against the Lannisters, he makes numerous political and strategic errors, culminating into his betrayal and murder by disgruntled allies Walder Frey and Roose Bolton, all under discreet command of Tywin Lannister at the wedding of his uncle, Edmure Tully, to Frey's daughter Roslin.

text: Development, overview and reception[edit]

text: Robb Stark is not a point of view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as his mother and Theon Greyjoy. Robb is mostly a background character in the novels.[4]

text: James Poniewozik of Time describes Robb as less eager to seek retaliation than his father Eddard Stark but also as more pragmatic.[5][6] His overview of the television version of Robb focuses on his role as a foil for Eddard:

text: Robb has risen to take his father’s place, as a lord of Winterfell and as a focal character in the show. We never saw what kind of warrior Ned was in the field, but in King’s Landing, he fought a straight-ahead battle, telegraphing his moves, and died for it. Robb, seeing the Lannisters' numbers, shows himself capable of feints and deceptions—albeit at the cost of 2,000 men and the guilt of having sent them on a suicide mission.[7]

text: In the third novel, A Storm of Swords, Robb Stark is assassinated in an event called the Red Wedding, which was inspired by the Black Dinner and Glencoe Massacre from Scottish history.[8] George Martin has said that he decided to kill Robb Stark because he wished to keep the story difficult to predict: "I killed Ned because everybody thinks he’s the hero ... The next predictable thing is to think his eldest son is going to rise up and avenge his father. And everybody is going to expect that. So immediately [killing Robb] became the next thing I had to do."[8]

text: In their 2015 book, Game of Thrones and Business, Tim Phillips and Rebecca Claire agree:

text: But the Internet-crashing shock wasn't fundamentally about death. There's loads of that on TV. What really made this stand out was that it broke the rules – the story just wasn't supposed to go this way. We'd invested in the revenge story of Robb Stark and his family who, in Hollywood narrative terms, should clearly win the war against the Lannisters because that's the way things are done in fairy stories.[9]

text: The Scottish actor Richard Madden has received positive reviews for his role as Robb Stark in the TV series.[10]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: A Game of Thrones[edit]

text: When his father leaves for King's Landing to be made King Robert Baratheon's Hand, Robb becomes acting Lord of Winterfell. After his father's arrest for presumed treason, he marches south with an army in attempt to free his father. To secure passage through the Green Fork at the vital crossing of the Twins, Robb consents to the marriage to one of Walder Frey's daughters or granddaughters negotiated by his mother Lady Catelyn Tully. After crossing the river, he surprises and destroys the Lannister army besieging Riverrun, capturing Jaime Lannister in the process. Upon hearing of his father's execution at King's Landing, Robb is crowned the King in the North by his bannermen, and the Riverlands lords also swear loyalty to him.

text: A Clash of Kings[edit]

text: Robb continues to win victories against the Lannister army, and earns the nickname "Young Wolf" for his ferocity in battle. He sends his mother Lady Catelyn to negotiate an alliance with Renly Baratheon, but Renly is assassinated by his brother Stannis Baratheon with blood magic from the red priestess Melisandre. As Stannis and the Starks still share a common enemy, Robb invades the Westerlands in order to strategically assist Stannis's campaign against the Lannisters. He also sends Theon Greyjoy to Pyke in hope to win the alliance of Theon's father Balon Greyjoy, ruler of the Iron Islands. However Balon decides to take advantage and attack the North instead. Theon joins his father and seizes Winterfell by surprise, where he is believed to have murdered Robb's youngest siblings Bran and Rickon, though in reality they have escaped and gone into hiding.

text: A Storm of Swords[edit]

text: During one of his assaults in the Westerlands, Robb is wounded, at the same time learns the news of his brothers' apparent murder. Falling ill due to mourning and injury, he falls in love with the noble maiden in charge of nursing him, Jeyne Westerling, taking her virginity. To preserve Jeyne's honor, Robb marries her, rescinding the previous marriage arrangement with House Frey, causing the Freys to desert his army. Meanwhile, Stannis Baratheon, who has suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Blackwater, is urged by Melisandre to use blood magic with leeches to curse the three rival kings Joffrey, Robb and Balon.

text: After Stannis's defeat at the Blackwater, Robb withdraws from the Westerlands and returns to Riverrun to attend the funeral of his grandfather Lord Hoster Tully. Upon returning, Robb learns that his mother Lady Catelyn has secretly released the prisoner Jaime Lannister in the hope of exchanging her hostage daughter Sansa in King's Landing. This leads to the mutiny of Lord Rickard Karstark, whose two sons were slain by Jaime during the Battle of Whispering Woods, forcing Robb to execute Lord Rickard and losing the Karstark support. As the war situation is looking bad, Robb tries to repair the alliance with the Freys, by bargaining his uncle Edmure Tully to marry Roslin Frey, hence rebuilding the marriage alliance. The Freys then demand that Robb personally attend the wedding at the Twins as a gesture of apology.

text: On their way to the Twins, Robb learns that Balon Greyjoy has accidentally died, and the ironborn commanders are returning to the Iron Islands to attend Kingsmoot. He decided to lead his army to retake the North immediately after the wedding is complete. He soon learns that his sister Sansa has been forcibly married off to Tyrion Lannister. To prevent the Lannisters from claiming Winterfell through Sansa's child by Tyrion, against the opposition of his mother Catelyn, Robb disinherits Sansa and signs a decree legitimizing his half-brother Jon Snow as his heir if he happens to die with no children, and requests the Night's Watch release Jon from service. He then entrusts the decree to Lord Galbart Glover and Lady Maege Mormont, sending them to secretly sail up the Neck seeking contact with Howland Reed, Lord of Greywater Watch, so he can launch a coordinated attack to recapture the strategically crucial Moat Cailin. However at the Twins, the Northern convoy, who are unarmed in attendance to the wedding, are betrayed and massacred by the Freys during the wedding feast in an event known as the "Red Wedding". Robb is personally murdered by his chief vassal lord Roose Bolton, who has also secretly defected to the Lannisters and rewarded with the title of the Warden of the North.

text: Family tree of House Stark[edit]

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Descendants of Rickard Stark

Rickard[a]

Lyarra[b]

Brandon[a]

Catelyn
Tully[c]

Eddard[a]

Lyanna[a][d]

Benjen[a]

Robb[c]

Jeyne
Westerling[e]

Sansa[c]

Tyrion
Lannister[f]

Arya[c]

Brandon[c]

Rickon[c]

Jon
Snow[c][d]

Notes:

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Martin, George R. R. (1996). "Chapter 4: Eddard". A Game of Thrones. pp. 36–45. ISBN 978-0-553-89784-5.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R.; García Jr., Elio M.; Antonsson, Linda (2014). "Appendix: Stark Lineage". The World of Ice & Fire. ISBN 978-0-553-80544-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Martin. "Appendix: House Stark". A Game of Thrones. pp. 785–786.
^ Jump up to: a b In the TV series Game of Thrones, Jon is the son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2000). "Chapter 14: Catelyn". A Storm of Swords. pp. 192–193. ISBN 978-0-553-89787-6.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2000). "Chapter 28: Sansa". A Storm of Swords. pp. 382–393. ISBN 978-0-553-89787-6.

text: TV adaptation[edit]

text: Robb Stark is played by Richard Madden in the television adaption of the series of books.[11] There are some slight differences between the TV portrayal and the book version of Robb. Due to the child characters' ages being increased, Robb's age is changed from 14 to 17 years old at the start of the series. Instead of marrying Jeyne Westering (as in the novels), he marries a healer from Volantis named Talisa Maegyr, who is also killed during the Red Wedding. And while Robb is a background character in the books, not having any chapters told from his perspective, he is listed ahead of Michelle Fairley, who plays POV character Catelyn Stark in the books, in the opening credits of many episodes, and we see the Stark's storyline in Seasons 2 and 3 revolve more around Robb in the viewers' eyes as opposed to the readers'.

text: James Poniewozik comments on Madden's performance in "The Pointy End" in Time, saying "both the script and Richard Madden show in deft, quick strokes how the crisis focuses him. (This is another case where having a live actor does a better job of showing a transition that seemed more abrupt in the book.)"[6]

text: Madden said that he learned that the character would be killed off early on but otherwise read the books season by season, focusing primarily on the scripts: "I'm, as an actor, forced to bend the path I put Robb on and change it and keep the surprises coming. Hopefully, I managed to do that."[12]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Robb Stark is the eldest son of Eddard and Catelyn Stark and the heir to Winterfell. His dire wolf is called Grey Wind. Robb becomes involved in the war against the Lannisters after his father, Ned Stark, is arrested for treason. Robb summons his bannermen for war against House Lannister and marches to the Riverlands. Eventually, crossing the river at the Twins becomes strategically necessary. To win permission to cross, Robb agrees to marry a daughter of Walder Frey, Lord of the Twins. Robb leads the war effort against the Lannisters and successfully captures Jaime. After Ned is executed, the North and the Riverlands declare their independence from the Seven Kingdoms and proclaim Robb as their new King, "The King in the North".

text: He wins a succession of battles in Season 2, earning him the nickname the Young Wolf. However, he feels that he botched the political aspects of war. He sends Theon to the Iron Islands hoping that he can broker an alliance with Balon Greyjoy, Theon's father. In exchange for Greyjoy support, Robb as King in the North will recognize the Iron Islands' independence. He also sends his mother Catelyn to deal with Stannis Baratheon and Renly Baratheon, both of whom are fighting to be the rightful king. Theon and Catelyn fail in their missions, and Balon launches an invasion of the North. Robb falls in love with Talisa Maegyr, a healer from Volantis due to her kindness and spirit. Despite his mother's protest, Robb breaks his engagement with the Freys and marries Talisa in the 2nd-season finale. On news of his grandfather, Lord Hoster Tully's, death, Robb and his party travel north to Riverrun for the funeral, where the young king is reunited with his great-uncle, Brynden Blackfish, and his uncle, Edmure Tully, the new lord of Riverrun. While at Riverrun, Robb makes the decision to execute Lord Rickard Karstark for the murders of two teenage squires related to the Lannisters, a decision that loses the support of the Karstarks and leads Robb to make the ultimately fatal decision to ask the Freys for their alliance. He is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre, after witnessing the murder of his pregnant wife and their unborn child. Lord Bolton personally executes Robb, stabbing him through the heart while taunting that "the Lannisters send their regards", in fact a promise made to Jaime (who had no knowledge of Bolton's impending treason) when leaving for the Twins. His corpse is later decapitated and Grey Wind's head is sewn on and paraded around as the Stark forces are slaughtered by the Freys and the Boltons. Though House Stark is stripped of all lands and titles by House Lannister as a result of Robb's death and his ultimately failed rebellion against the Iron Throne, he and his mother are later avenged in Season 6 and the first episode of Season 7 when his half-brother Jon Snow and sister Sansa Stark successfully overthrow House Bolton and retake Winterfell and Jon is crowned the King in the North by the remaining Northern lords, wildlings, and Knights of the Vale, restoring Stark rule in the North in the process, while his youngest sister Arya Stark returns to Westeros, murders Walder Frey, and later uses his face to disguise herself as him to poison all his sons and male descendants at the Twins, ultimately avenging the Red Wedding and exterminating House Frey.

text: In other media[edit]

text: In his article "The War in Westeros and Just War Theory," Richard H. Corrigan uses Robb to illustrate the concepts of just cause and right intention in the decision to go to war: "Robb is not only fighting this war to ensure that his fellow Northerners have a just king [Robb's cause]. He is also doing it to avenge his father, Ned, and to recover his sisters Arya and Sansa [Robb's intention]." Corrigan speculates that Robb may be suffering from cognitive dissonance and says that, ethically, once Robb has achieved his cause, he is obligated to cease fighting even if he has not yet avenged his family.[13]

text: Robb's decision to renege on his promise to marry one of Walder Frey's daughters features heavily in the fifth chapter of Tim Phillips and Rebecca Clare's Game of Thrones and Business, "Keep Your Word: Robb Stark discovers too late the dangers of broken promises in business deals."[9]


document_title: Compromise of 1877

question_text: what was said to be the provisions of the compromise of 1877

text: Compromise of 1877

text: Terms of compromise[edit]

text: The compromise essentially stated that Southern Democrats would acknowledge Hayes as president, but only on the understanding that Republicans would meet certain demands. The following elements are generally said to be the points of the compromise:[3]

text:
The removal of all[citation needed] U.S. military forces from the former Confederate states. At the time, U.S. troops remained in only Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida, but the Compromise completed their withdrawal from the region.
The appointment of at least one Southern Democrat to Hayes' cabinet. (David M. Key of Tennessee was appointed as Postmaster General.)
The construction of another transcontinental railroad using the Texas and Pacific in the South (this had been part of the "Scott Plan," proposed by Thomas A. Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad; he had initiated negotiations resulting in the final compromise).
Legislation to help industrialize the South and restore its economy following Reconstruction and the Civil War.
The right to deal with blacks without northern interference.

tag: ol

text: In exchange, Democrats would accept the Republican Hayes as president by not employing the filibuster during the joint session of Congress needed to confirm the election.[4][5]

text: Results[edit]

text: After the Compromise, a few Democrats complained loudly that Tilden had been cheated. There was talk of forming armed units that would march on Washington, but President Grant was ready for that. He tightened military security, and nobody marched on Washington.[6]

text: Hayes was peacefully inaugurated. Points 1 and 2 of the compromise took effect. Hayes had already announced his support for the restoration of "home rule," which would involve federal troop removal, before the election. It was not unusual, nor unexpected, for a president, especially one so narrowly elected, to select a cabinet member favored by the other party. Points 3 and 4 were never enacted; it is possible there was no firm agreement about them.

text: Whether by informal deal or simply reassurances already in line with Hayes's announced plans, talks with Southern Democrats satisfied the worries of many. This prevented a Congressional filibuster that had threatened to extend resolution of the election dispute beyond Inauguration Day 1877.[7]

text: Interpretations[edit]

text: C. Vann Woodward (1951) argued for an economic interpretation, saying that emerging business and industry interests of the New South found common ground with Republican businessmen, particularly with the railroads. They met secretly at Wormley's Hotel in Washington to forge a compromise with aid to internal improvements: bridges, canals and railroads wanted by the South. But Peskin notes that no serious federal effort was made after Hayes took office to fund a railroad or provide other federal aid for improvements.[8] An opposing interest group representing the Southern Pacific actually thwarted Scott's proposed Texas and Pacific scheme, and ultimately ran its own line to New Orleans.

text: Some historians, such as Allan Peskin, argue that the assurances offered to some Southern Democrats to prevent a filibuster were not a compromise but a foregone conclusion, as Tilden did not command sufficient support.[8] Peskin admits that Woodward's interpretation had become almost universally accepted in the nearly quarter century since he had published it. As not all terms of the agreement were met, Peskin believes there was really no deal between the North and South in 1877. He also suggests that Northern Democrats were more significant in quashing the filibuster than those from the South. For instance, Samuel J. Randall (D-Pennsylvania) was Speaker of the House and prevented the filibuster. He was more interested in ensuring that the Radical state government in Louisiana was abandoned than in any southern railroad.[8]

text: Vincent DeSantis argues that the Republican Party abandoned Southern blacks to the rule of the racist Democratic Party in order to gain the support of Democrats for Hayes' presidency.[9]

text: In any case, Reconstruction ended. The dominance of the Democratic Party in the South was cemented with the ascent of the "Redeemer" governments that displaced the Republican governments. After 1877, support for white supremacy generally caused whites to vote for Democrats and the region became known as the "Solid South."[citation needed] Until the end of the 19th century, black Republicans continued to elect numerous candidates to local office, although Democrats controlled most state representative and statewide seats, except for a brief period of fusion governments supported by Republicans and Populists. The majority of white voters supported national Democratic candidates well into the 20th century before shifting to the Republican Party. This later shift to the Republican party followed the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which was introduced by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson and supported by most Republicans and northern Democrats. Democratic groups worked to suppress black voting by intimidation and fraud but, after regaining power again at the turn of the 20th century, passed constitutions and laws to disenfranchise blacks (as well as many poor whites) in states such as Alabama and others. As there was no change in congressional apportionment, southern whites accrued great power by controlling all the seats of the region based on states' total populations.

text: In The Mexicanization of American Politics: The United States' Transnational Path from Civil War to Stabilization (2012), Downs rejects the idea that this was an era of easy reconciliation and political stability. Instead he shows many Americans feared "Mexicanization" of politics, whereby force would be used to settle a presidential election, as force had been used to settle certain state elections in the South. Downs explores how Mexicanization was roundly rejected and stability was achieved.

text: Whatever deals may or may not have taken place on the side, in formal legal terms, the election of 1876 was not decided by such acts, but by the official vote of Congress to accept the recommendations of the Electoral Commission they themselves had set up as a way out of the election impasse. The expectation in setting up the committee had been that its decisions would be accepted by Congress. It was only when certain Democrats disagreed with the commission's decisions in favor of Hayes that this arrangement was jeopardized. This Democratic group threatened a filibuster (opposed by Republicans and Congressional Democratic leadership as well) that would prevent the agreed-upon vote from taking place. Discussions of the points in the alleged compromise were related to persuading key Democrats against accepting a filibuster. The very threat of a filibuster—a measure used by a minority to prevent a vote—indicates that there were already sufficient votes for accepting the commission's recommendations.[10]


document_title: Like Water for Chocolate

question_text: who narrates the story like water for chocolate

text: Like Water for Chocolate

text: Plot[edit]

text: The book is divided into 12 sections named after the months of the year, starting in January and ending in December. Each section begins with a Mexican recipe. The chapters connect each dish to an event in the protagonist's life.[3]

text: Tita de la Garza, the novel's main protagonist, is 15 at the start of the story. She lives on a ranch near the Mexico—US border with her mother, Mamá Elena, and her older sisters Gertrudis and Rosaura.

text: Pedro is their neighbor, with whom Tita falls in love at first sight. The feeling turns out to be mutual, so Pedro asks Mamá Elena for Tita’s hand in marriage. Unfortunately, she forbids it, citing the de la Garza family tradition that the youngest daughter (in this case, Tita) must remain unmarried and take care of her mother until her mother's death. She suggests that Pedro marries Tita's sister, Rosaura, instead. In order to stay close to Tita, Pedro decides to follow this advice.

text: Tita has a deep connection with food and a love for cooking, enhanced by the fact that Tita's primary caretaker as a child was Nacha, the family cook. Her love for cooking also comes from the fact that she was born in the kitchen.

text: In preparation of the wedding, Tita is forced to prepare the cake with Nacha. While preparing the cake, Tita is overcome with sadness, and cries into the cake batter. At the wedding, everyone gets violently sick, vomiting everywhere. Suspecting Tita was behind the incident, Mama Elena punishes Tita. After the wedding, Nacha is found dead, with a picture of her fiancé.

text: Later, Pedro and Rosaura have a son, Roberto. Rosaura is unable to nurse Roberto, so Tita brings Roberto to her breast to stop the baby from crying. Tita begins to produce breast milk and is able to nurse the baby. This draws her and Pedro closer than ever. They begin meeting secretly, snatching their few times together by sneaking around the ranch and behind the backs of Mamá Elena and Rosaura.

text: Tita’s strong emotions become infused into her cooking, unintentionally affecting the people around her through her food. After one particularly rich meal of quail in rose petal sauce flavored with Tita’s erotic thoughts of Pedro, Gertrudis becomes inflamed with lust and leaves the ranch in order to make ravenous love to a revolutionary soldier on the back of a horse, later ending up in a brothel and subsequently disowned by her mother.

text: Rosaura and Pedro are forced to leave for San Antonio, Texas, at the urging of Mamá Elena, who suspects a relationship between Tita and Pedro. Rosaura loses her son Roberto and later becomes infertile from complications during the birth of her daughter, Esperanza.

text: Upon learning the news of her nephew's death, whom she cared for herself, Tita blames her mother, who responds by smacking Tita across the face with a wooden spoon. Tita, destroyed by the death of her beloved nephew and unwilling to cope with her mother's controlling ways, secludes herself in the dovecote until the sympathetic Dr. John Brown soothes and comforts her. Mamá Elena states there is no place for "lunatics" like Tita on the farm, and wants her to be institutionalized. However, the doctor decides to take care of Tita at his home instead. Tita develops a close relationship with Dr. Brown, even planning to marry him at one point, but her underlying feelings for Pedro do not waver.

text: While John is away, Tita loses her virginity to Pedro. A month later, Tita is worried she may be pregnant with Pedro’s child. Her mother's ghost taunts her, telling her that she and her child are cursed. Gertrudis visits the ranch for a special holiday and makes Pedro overhear about Tita’s pregnancy, causing Tita and Pedro to argue about running away together. This causes Pedro to get drunk and sing below Tita’s window while she is arguing with Mama Elena’s ghost. Just as she confirms she isn't pregnant and frees herself of her mother's grasp once and for all, Mamá Elena's ghost gets revenge on Tita by setting Pedro on fire, leaving him bedridden for a while and behaving like “a child throwing a tantrum”.[4] Meanwhile, Tita is preparing for John's return, and is hesitant to tell him that she cannot marry him because she is no longer a virgin. Rosaura comes to the kitchen while Tita is cooking and argues with her over Tita's involvement with Rosaura’s daughter Esperenza’s life and the tradition of the youngest daughter remaining at home to care for the mother until she dies, a tradition which Tita despises. She vows not to let it ruin her niece's life as it did hers. John and his deaf great-aunt come over and Tita tells him that she cannot marry him. John seems to accept it, “reaching for Tita’s hand...with a smile on his face”.[5]

text: Many years later, Tita is preparing for Esperanza’s and John's son Alex’s wedding to one another, now that Rosaura has died from digestive problems. During the wedding, Pedro proposes to Tita saying that he does not want to “die without making [Tita] [his] wife”.[6] Tita accepts and Pedro dies making love to her in the kitchen storage room right after the wedding. Tita is overcome with sorrow and cold, and begins to eat matches.[7] The matches are sparked by the heat of Pedro's memory, creating a spectacular fire that engulfs them both, eventually consuming the entire ranch.

text: The narrator of the story is the daughter of Esperanza, nicknamed "Tita", after her great-aunt. She describes how after the fire, the only thing that survived under the smoldering rubble of the ranch was Tita's cookbook, which contained all the recipes described in the preceding chapters.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Josefita (Tita) de la Garza – main character; a talented cook and Pedro's lover
Pedro Muzquiz – Tita's lover, marries Rosaura to be closer to Tita.
Elena de la Garza (Mamá Elena) – Tita's mother who Tita thinks is cruel and controlling.
Gertrudis de la Garza – Tita's older sister, Mama Elena's illegitimate daughter. She runs away with Juan.
Rosaura de la Garza – Tita's oldest sister who marries Pedro; had a son (Roberto) who died. She later had a daughter (Esperanza)
Dr. John Brown – the family doctor who falls in love with Tita and has a son from a previous marriage.
Nacha – the family cook. She was like a mother to Tita.
Chencha – ranch maid for Mama Elena and her family; Married to Jesus
Roberto Muzquiz – son of Pedro and Rosaura. He dies young.
Esperanza Muzquiz – daughter of Pedro and Rosaura, she marries Alex Brown. She is also the mother of the narrator.
Alex Brown – son of John Brown, marries Esperanza.
Nicolas – the manager of the ranch.
Juan Alejandrez – the captain in the military who took Gertrudis and eventually marries her.
Jesus Martinez – Chencha's first love and husband.

text: Themes[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Self growth[edit]

text: At the beginning of the novel, Tita was a generally submissive young lady. As the novel progresses, Tita learns to disobey the injustice of her mother, and gradually becomes more and more adept at expressing her inner fire through various means. Cooking through enlightenment she learned to express her feelings, and cope with her mother.

text: Violence[edit]

text: Mama Elena often resorts to violence as she forces Tita to obey her. Many of the responsibilities she imposes on Tita, especially those relating to Pedro and Rosaura's wedding, are blatant acts of cruelty, given Tita's pain over losing Pedro. Mama Elena meets Tita's slightest protest with angry tirades and beatings. If she even suspects that Tita has not fulfilled her duties, she beats her. For example, when she thought that Tita intentionally ruined the wedding cake. When Tita dares to stand up to her mother, blaming her for Roberto's death, Mama Elena smacks her across the face, breaking her nose. Since Mama Elena must protect herself and her family from bandits and revolutionaries, her cruelty could be interpreted for strength. Then again, Tita's later illusions indicate that Mama Elena's actions were far from typical and deeply scarred Tita.

text: Passion[edit]

text: The romantic love that is so exalted throughout the novel is forbidden by Tita's mother in order to blindly enforce the tradition that the youngest daughter be her mother's chaste guardian. However, the traditional etiquette enforced by Mama Elena is defied progressively throughout the novel. This parallels the setting of the Mexican Revolution growing in intensity. The novel further parallels the Mexican Revolution because during the Mexican Revolution the power of the country was in the hands of a select few and the people had no power to express their opinions. Likewise, in Like Water for Chocolate, Mama Elena represents the select few who had the power in their hands, while Tita represents the people because she had no power to express her opinions but had to obey her mother's rules.

text: Food

text: Food is also one of the major themes in the story which is seen throughout the story. It is used very creatively to represent the characters feelings and situations. Due to the magical nature of food in the series, it has literal effects on the people of the food in terms of infusing the cook Tita's emotions into the food which are thus transferred beyond the food into the hearts and minds of those who devour it.

text: Meaning of title[edit]

text: Like Water for Chocolate's full title is: Like Water for Chocolate: A novel in monthly installments with recipes, romances and home remedies.[8]

text: The phrase "like water for chocolate" comes from the Spanish phrase como agua para chocolate.[8] This is a common expression in some Spanish-speaking countries, and it means that one is very angry. In some Latin American countries, such as Mexico, hot chocolate is made not with milk, but with near-boiling water instead.

text: An alternate interpretation of the saying "like water for chocolate" is to be like water that is hot enough to receive the chocolate (when preparing hot chocolate to drink). It is a simile for describing a state of passion or sexual arousal (i.e. 'hot and ready'). This would describe the bubbling passion Tita and Pedro have for each other throughout the book.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Washington Post summed up the novel's significance to the genre and cultural history: it “portray[s] the fantastical as everyday," and "aims to portray the onset of Mexican feminism."[9] The reviewer described the novel "an overly rich fable."[9]

text: Publication history[edit]

text: Like Water for Chocolate has been translated from the original Spanish into numerous languages; the English translation is by Carol and Thomas Christensen.[10] The novel has sold close to a million copies in Spain and Hispanic America and at last count, in 1993, more than 202,000 copies in the United States.[10]


document_title: Pulling Mussels (from the Shell)

question_text: squeeze pulling mussels from a shell lyrics meaning

text: Pulling Mussels (from the Shell)

text: Background[edit]

text: The song "Pulling Mussels" was written by band members Chris Difford and Glenn Tilbrook.[1] According to critic Chris Woodstra, it is an "observation of the British working class" and "offers a series of detailed snapshots of the different walks of life on a seaside holiday in Leysdown on Sea."[2]

text: The lyrics are based on Difford's own experiences. Rob Sachs interviewed Difford and wrote that the song "is about a memory he has from his time spent at a British holiday camp in, a budget resort type of place that includes basic accommodations, entertainment, and other facilities."[3]

text: The lines "They do it down on Camber Sands / They do it at Waikiki" refer to a sand dune system in East Sussex, England, and the Honolulu, Hawaii beach, respectively.[4] The phrase "pulling mussels" is British slang for sexual intercourse, mainly used in England.[5]

text: The song features piano playing by keyboardist Jools Holland.[6]

text: Release[edit]

text: "Pulling Mussels" was released as the first track on Squeeze's album Argybargy in February 1980. The 7" single was released in April 1980 with the B-side "What the Butler Saw".[7]

text: The song has also been included on several of Squeeze's compilation albums, such as Singles – 45's and Under, Greatest Hits, and The Big Squeeze – The Very Best of Squeeze.[7] It was re-recorded for the 2010 album Spot the Difference.[8] A live version was included on A Round and a Bout.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: "Pulling Mussels" received positive reviews from music critics. It has been variously described as "a timeless cult classic", "a brilliant slice of pop genius", "a pop classic of the new wave era", and "a piece of pop mastery".[2][7][9][10] In 2007, Anna Borg wrote, "The build up before the chorus always gets me, even 25 years later."[11] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine described the song as "a vivid portrait of a seaside vacation where Difford's vignettes are made all the more vivid by Tilbrook's bright, invigorating pop."[12] It is regarded as one of Squeeze's catchiest songs.[13]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: The single debuted on the UK chart at No. 52 on 10 May 1980. It stayed on the chart for six weeks, peaking at No. 44 on 24 May.[14]

text: Though the song did not chart in the United States, it became a hit on the country's college radio stations and in new wave clubs.[15]

text: Live performances[edit]

text: "Pulling Mussels" is a "crowd favorite" at Squeeze concerts.[16] The band performed the song on Saturday Night Live on 20 November 1982.[4] They played the song at concerts during the 1980s and early 1990s.[13][16] In 2001, it was the finale of a Glenn Tilbrook show in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.[17] Squeeze played "Pulling Mussels" last during concerts in 2010.[18][19]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: 7-inch vinyl[7]

text:
"Pulling Mussels (From the Shell)"
"What The Butler Saw"

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1980)
Peak
position

UK Singles[14]
44


document_title: She's the Man

question_text: who plays olivia in she's the man

question_tokens: who plays olivia in she 's the man

text: She's the Man

text: Plot[edit]

text: Viola Hastings (Amanda Bynes) is a teen girl who plays for Cornwall College’s soccer team until the team gets cut. Meanwhile, her twin brother, Sebastian (James Kirk), is supposed to enroll in Illyria, an elite boarding school, but he secretly goes to London with his fledgling band instead. Viola agrees to cover for him and decides to pass herself off as Sebastian, in hopes of joining their boys' team and beating Cornwall to prove their coach and her cocky ex-boyfriend, Justin (Robert Hoffman), wrong. With the help of her stylist friend, Paul (Jonathan Sadowski), she is transformed into "Sebastian" and attends Illyria in his place.

text: While moving in, she meets her roommate, Duke Orsino (Channing Tatum), an attractive soccer player and Illyria's team captain. During tryouts, Viola fails to impress Coach Dinklage (Vinnie Jones) and is assigned to second string, much to her dismay. Her teammates, including Duke, initially dislike "Sebastian" due to his awkward and strange behavior. However, with help from Paul once again, they begin to accept him into their social circle. "Sebastian" then gets the popular and pretty Olivia (Laura Ramsey) as his lab partner, which frustrates Duke, as he has feelings for her. "Sebastian" agrees to put in a good word for Duke if he promises to train him to be a better soccer player. Coach Dinklage eventually notices "Sebastian's" effort and improvement, thus promoting him to first string.

text: At the Junior League carnival, where her mother has made her volunteer, Viola works a shift at the kissing booth and shares a kiss with Duke. Duke expresses to "Sebastian" that he might move on from Olivia as he is starting to like Viola now. Viola is delighted as she secretly feels the same way.

text: Olivia who now has a crush on "Sebastian", asks Duke out on a date in hopes that it will make "Sebastian" jealous. Viola, who is unaware of Olivia's true intentions, is enraged instead because Duke has now abandoned his interest in Viola. When Viola finds out the truth, she encourages Olivia to tell "Sebastian" directly about her feelings.

text: The situation becomes even more complicated when the real Sebastian returns from London a day early, unbeknownst to Viola. As soon as he arrives at Illyria, Olivia confesses her feelings and kisses him. Duke, seeing this, believes his roommate has betrayed him. When "Sebastian" returns to their room, the two have an argument and Duke kicks him out. Viola oversleeps and misses the first half of the game, while the real Sebastian is mistaken for "Sebastian" and winds up poorly playing his sister's game instead. At half-time, Viola explains the situation to Sebastian and they switch places again.

text: Duke, still furious at "Sebastian", refuses to cooperate with him on the field. Determined to makes amends with Duke, "Sebastian" explains that he is actually Viola. Illyria wins the game when Viola scores a goal, finally humiliating Justin and the rest of the Cornwall boys.

text: Everyone at Illyria celebrates their victory over Cornwall, except for Duke who is hurt about Viola's deception. Viola introduces Sebastian and Olivia officially, and they begin dating. Viola and Sebastian's divorced parents also make up, exchanging contact information so as to be better parents towards their children. She invites Duke to her debutante ball, with an invitation delivered by Sebastian, now Duke's roommate. Still hurt, Duke doesn't respond to Viola's invitation, which devastates her. At the ball, Viola is skeptical that Duke will show up; she distracts herself by assisting Olivia, who is being escorted by Sebastian to the ball, and is touched when Paul asks to be her date. Her mother shows up with a dress that will suit Viola's "no ruffles" policy, but Viola decides to go for a walk instead. She runs into Duke outside, who tells her that he has feelings for her, but that he doesn't want there to be any more deception on her part; Viola promises to be honest with him. Later, Monique is escorted by Justin, Olivia is escorted by Sebastian, and Viola and Duke enter the stage late, but together, with Viola in her new dress, much to the joy of her mother. Viola and Duke share a kiss before joining the crowd. At the end of the film, Viola and Duke are shown happily playing on Illyria's soccer team together.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Amanda Bynes as Viola/Sebastian Hastings
Channing Tatum as Duke Orsino
Laura Ramsey as Olivia Lennox
Emily Perkins as Eunice Bates, Olivia's nerdy, eccentric friend and Duke's lab partner
James Snyder as Malcolm Festes, the school nerd and Sebastian's (Viola's) rival
Robert Hoffman as Justin Drayton, Viola's ex-boyfriend and Duke's rival
James Kirk as Sebastian Hastings
Alex Breckenridge as Monique Valentine, Sebastian's superficial girlfriend
Brandon Jay McLaren as Toby, one of Duke's best friends
Clifton Murray as Andrew, one of Duke's best friends
Jonathan Sadowski as Paul Antonio, one of Viola's best friends and hair stylist
Amanda Crew as Kia, one of Viola's best friends
Jessica Lucas as Yvonne, one of Viola's best friends
David Cross as Principal Horatio Gold
Vinnie Jones as Coach Dinklage
Julie Hagerty as Daphne Hastings, the mother of Viola and Sebastian
John Pyper-Ferguson as Roger Hastings, the father of Viola and Sebastian
Lynda Boyd as Cheryl, the debutante ball's hostess
Robert Torti as Coach Pistonek
Mark Acheson as Groundskeeper

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened at #4 at the North American box office making $10.7 million USD in its opening weekend. Its budget was approximately $20,000,000. She's the Man grossed a total of $33.7 million domestically with a total gross of $57.2 million worldwide.[1]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave She's the Man a rating of 43%, based on 109 reviews. The critical consensus reads, "Shakespeare's wit gets lost in translation with She's the Man's broad slapstick, predictable jokes, and unconvincing plotline."[2] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics, the film has a rating score of 45 out of 100 based on 28 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[3]


document_title: List of Sri Lanka Test cricket records

question_text: who has scored the maximum runs in test matches between india and sri lanka

text: List of Sri Lanka Test cricket records

text: Key[edit]

text: The top five records are listed for each category, except in "team wins, losses, and draws" and "highest wicket partnerships". Tied records for the fifth place are listed as well. Explanations of the general symbols and cricketing terms used in the list are given below. Specific details are provided in each category where appropriate.

text:
Symbol
Meaning

†
Player is currently active in Test cricket

*
Player remained not out or partnership remained unbroken

♠
World record

d
Innings was declared (e.g. 952–6d)

Date
Starting date of the Test match

Innings
Number of innings played

Matches
Number of matches played

Opponent
The team Sri Lanka was playing against

Period
The time period when the player was active in Test cricket

Player
The player involved in the record

Venue
Test cricket ground where the match was played

text:
ICC Test Championship

v
t
e

Rank
Team
Matches
Points
Rating

1
 India
36
4,493
125

2
 South Africa
31
3,395
110

3
 England
43
4,497
105

4
 New Zealand
32
3,114
97

5
 Australia
34
3,294
97

6
 Pakistan
31
2,868
93

7
 Sri Lanka
36
3,229
90

8
 West Indies
30
2,260
75

9
 Bangladesh
20
1,471
74

10
 Zimbabwe
10
0
0

Reference: ICC Rankings, 9 September 2017

"Matches" is no. matches + no. series played in the 12–24 months since the May before last, plus half the number in the 24 months before that.

text: Team records[edit]

text: Team wins, losses, and draws[edit]

text: A tie can occur when the scores of both teams are equal at the conclusion of play, provided that the side batting last has completed their innings.[15] Only two matches have ended in a tie in Test cricket history, neither of which involved Sri Lanka.[16]

text:
Opponent
1st Test
Matches
Won
Lost
Drawn
Tied
 % Won

 Australia
000000001983-04-22-000022 April 1983[17]
7001290000000000000♠29
7000400000000000000♠4
7001170000000000000♠17
7000800000000000000♠8
5000000000000000000♠0
7001137900000099999♠13.79

 Bangladesh
000000002001-09-06-00006 September 2001[18]
7001180000000000000♠18
7001150000000000000♠15
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
7001833300000000000♠83.33

 England
000000001982-02-17-000017 February 1982[19]
7001310000000000000♠31
7000800000000000000♠8
7001120000000000000♠12
7001110000000000000♠11
5000000000000000000♠0
7001258000000000000♠25.80

 India
000000001982-09-17-000017 September 1982[20]
7001410000000000000♠41
7000700000000000000♠7
7001190000000000000♠19
7001150000000000000♠15
5000000000000000000♠0
7001170700000000000♠17.07

 New Zealand
000000001983-03-04-00004 March 1983[21]
7001320000000000000♠32
7000800000000000000♠8
7001140000000000000♠14
7001100000000000000♠10
5000000000000000000♠0
7001258000000000000♠25.80

 Pakistan
000000001982-03-05-00005 March 1982[22]
7001510000000000000♠51
7001140000000000000♠14
7001190000000000000♠19
7001180000000000000♠18
5000000000000000000♠0
7001274500000000000♠27.45

 South Africa
000000001993-08-25-000025 August 1993[23]
7001250000000000000♠25
7000500000000000000♠5
7001140000000000000♠14
7000600000000000000♠6
5000000000000000000♠0
7001217300000000000♠21.73

 West Indies
000000001993-12-08-00008 December 1993[24]
7001170000000000000♠17
7000800000000000000♠8
7000300000000000000♠3
7000600000000000000♠6
5000000000000000000♠0
7001470500000000000♠47.05

 Zimbabwe
000000001994-10-11-000011 October 1994[25]
7001180000000000000♠18
7001130000000000000♠13
5000000000000000000♠0
7000500000000000000♠5
5000000000000000000♠0
7001705800000000000♠70.58

Total
7002261000000000000♠261
7001820000000000000♠82
7001990000000000000♠99
7001810000000000000♠81
5000000000000000000♠0
7001312900000000000♠31.29

Last updated: 14 August 2017[26]

text: Team scoring records[edit]

text: Most runs in an innings[edit]

text:
Score
Opposition
Venue
Date

952–6d ♠
 India
R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
000000001997-08-02-00002 August 1997

760–7d
 India
Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad
000000002009-11-16-000016 November 2009

756–5d
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002006-07-27-000027 July 2006

730–3d
 Bangladesh
Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka
000000002014-01-27-000027 January 2014

713–3d
 Zimbabwe
Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo
000000002004-05-14-000014 May 2004

Last updated: 14 August 2017[27]

text: Fewest runs in an innings[edit]

text:
Score
Opposition
Venue
Date

71
 Pakistan
Asgiriya Stadium, Kandy
000000001994-08-26-000026 August 1994

73
 Pakistan
Asgiriya Stadium, Kandy
000000002006-04-03-00003 April 2006

81
 England
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002001-03-15-000015 March 2001

82
 India
Sector 16 Stadium, Chandigarh
000000001990-11-23-000023 November 1990

82
 England
Sophia Gardens, Cardiff
000000002011-05-26-000026 May 2011

Last updated: 14 August 2017[28]

text: Result records[edit]

text: A Test match is won when one side has scored more runs than the total runs scored by the opposing side during their two innings. If both sides have completed both their allocated innings and the side that fielded last has the higher aggregate of runs, it is known as a win by runs. This indicates the amount of runs that they had scored more than the opposing side. If one side scores more runs in a single innings than the total runs scored by the other side in both their innings, it is known as a win by innings and runs. If the side batting last wins the match, it is known as a win by wickets, indicating the amount of wickets that were still to fall.[15]

text: Greatest win margins (by innings)[edit]

text:
Margin
Opposition
Venue
Date

Innings and 254 runs
 Zimbabwe
Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo
000000002004-05-14-000014 May 2004

Innings and 248 runs
 Bangladesh
Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka
000000002014-01-27-000027 January 2014

Innings and 240 runs
 Zimbabwe
Harare Sports Club, Harare
000000002004-05-06-00006 May 2004

Innings and 239 runs
 India
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002008-07-23-000023 July 2008

Innings and 234 runs
 Bangladesh
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002007-06-25-000025 June 2007

Last updated: 14 August 2017[29]

text: Greatest win margins (by runs)[edit]

text:
Margin
Opposition
Venue
Date

465 runs
 Bangladesh
Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong
000000002009-01-03-00003 January 2009

315 runs
 Zimbabwe
Galle International Stadium, Galle
000000002002-01-12-000012 January 2002

313 runs
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002004-08-11-000011 August 2004

288 runs
 Bangladesh
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002002-07-28-000028 July 2002

259 runs
 Bangladesh
Galle International Stadium, Galle
000000002017-03-07-00007 March 2017

Last updated: 14 August 2017[29]

text: Greatest win margins (by wickets)[edit]

text:
Margin
Opposition
Venue
Date

10 wickets
 Zimbabwe
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000001996-09-18-000018 September 1996

10 wickets
 England
The Oval, London
000000001998-08-27-000027 August 1998

10 wickets
 India
Galle International Stadium, Galle
000000002001-08-14-000014 August 2001

10 wickets
 West Indies
Galle International Stadium, Galle
000000002001-11-13-000013 November 2001

10 wickets
 West Indies
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002001-11-29-000029 November 2001

10 wickets
 Bangladesh
Shaheed Chandu Stadium, Bogra
000000002006-03-08-00008 March 2006

Last updated: 14 August 2017[29]

text: Narrowest win margins (by runs)[edit]

text:
Margin
Opposition
Venue
Date

42 runs
 Pakistan
Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad
000000001995-09-15-000015 September 1995

50 runs
 Pakistan
Galle International Stadium, Galle
000000002009-07-04-00004 July 2009

57 runs
 Pakistan
Arbab Niaz Stadium, Peshawar
000000002000-03-05-00005 March 2000

75 runs
 England
Galle International Stadium, Galle
000000002012-03-26-000026 March 2012

88 runs
 England
Asgiriya Stadium, Kandy
000000002007-12-01-00001 December 2007

Last updated: 14 August 2017[30]

text: Narrowest win margins (by wickets)[edit]

text:
Margin
Opposition
Venue
Date

1 wicket
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002006-08-04-00004 August 2006

2 wickets
 Pakistan
Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium, Rawalpindi
000000002000-02-26-000026 February 2000

5 wickets
 England
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000001993-03-13-000013 March 1993

5 wickets
 Zimbabwe
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000001998-01-14-000014 January 1998

6 wickets
 Australia
Asgiriya Stadium, Kandy
000000001999-09-09-00009 September 1999

6 wickets
 Zimbabwe
Harare Sports Club, Harare
000000001999-11-26-000026 November 1999

6 wickets
 West Indies
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002005-07-13-000013 July 2005

Last updated: 14 August 2017[30]

text: Individual records[edit]

text: Batting records[edit]

text: Most career runs[edit]

text: Kumar Sangakkara is the fifth-highest scoring batsman in Test cricket.[31] Apart from these five players[32]

text:
Runs
Innings
Player
Period

12,400
233
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
2000–2015

11,814
252
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
1997–2014

7003697300000000000♠6,973
188
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
1991–2007

7003636100000000000♠6,361
159
de Silva, AravindaAravinda de Silva
1984–2002

7003550200000000000♠5,502
156
Atapattu, MarvanMarvan Atapattu
1990–2007

Last updated: 14 August 2017[32]

text: Highest career average[edit]

text: In cricket, batting average is the mean number of runs scored per innings. It is calculated by dividing total runs scored (including innings where he remained not out) by the number of times the batsman has been dismissed.[33]

text:
Average
Player
Period

57.40
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
2000–2015

49.84
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
1997–2014

48.76
Samaraweera, ThilanThilan Samaraweera
2001–2013

44.93
Mathews, AngeloAngelo Mathews†
2009–present

42.97
de Silva, AravindaAravinda de Silva
1984–2002

Qualification: 20 innings
Last updated: 14 August 2017[34]

text: Highest individual score[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text:
Runs
Player
Opponent
Venue
Date

374
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002006-07-27-000027 July 2006

340
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
 India
R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
000000001997-08-02-00002 August 1997

319
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
 Bangladesh
Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong
000000002014-02-04-00004 February 2014

287
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002006-07-27-000027 July 2006

275
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
 India
Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad
000000002009-11-16-000016 November 2009

Last updated: 14 August 2017[35]

text: Against each opponent[edit]

text:
Opposition
Player
Score
Venue
Date

 Australia
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
192
Bellerive Oval, Hobart
000000002007-03-07-00007 March 2007

 Bangladesh
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
319
Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong
000000002014-02-04-00004 February 2014

 England
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
213*
Galle International Stadium, Galle
000000002007-12-18-000018 December 2007

 India
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
340
R Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
000000001997-08-02-00002 August 1997

 New Zealand
de Silva, AravindaAravinda de Silva
267
Basin Reserve, Wellington
000000001991-01-31-000031 January 1991

 Pakistan
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
253
Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad
000000002004-10-20-000020 October 2004

 South Africa
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
374
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002006-07-27-000027 July 2006

 West Indies
Tillakaratne, HashanHashan Tillakaratne
204*
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002001-11-29-000029 November 2001

 Zimbabwe
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
270
Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo
000000002004-05-14-000014 May 2004

text: Most Test half-centuries[edit]

text:
Half centuries
Player
Period

52
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
2000–2015

50
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
1997–2014

38
Ranatunga, ArjunaArjuna Ranatunga
1982–2000

31
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
1991–2007

30
Samaraweera, ThilanThilan Samaraweera
2001–2013

Last updated: 14 August 2017[36]

text: Most Test centuries[edit]

text:
Centuries
Player
Period

38
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
2000–2015

34
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
1997–2014

20
de Silva, AravindaAravinda de Silva
1984–2002

16
Dilshan, TillakaratneTillakaratne Dilshan
1999–2013

16
Atapattu, MarvanMarvan Atapattu
1990–2007

Last updated: 14 August 2017[37]

text: Most Test double centuries[edit]

text:
Double centuries
Player
Period

11
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
2000–2015

7
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
1997–2014

6
Atapattu, MarvanMarvan Atapattu
1990–2007

3
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
1991–2007

2
de Silva, AravindaAravinda de Silva
1984–2002

Last updated: 14 August 2017[38]

text: Most ducks in career[edit]

text: "Duck" refers to a batsman dismissed without scoring.[39]

text:
Ducks
Player
Period

32
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
1992–2010

22
Atapattu, MarvanMarvan Atapattu
1990–2007

18
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath†
1999–present

17
Wickramasinghe, PramodyaPramodya Wickramasinghe
1991–2001

15
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
1991–2007

Last updated: 14 August 2017[40]

text: Most runs in a series[edit]

text:
Runs
Matches
Player
Series

571
2 (3 innings)
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
1997 ! Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 1997

516
3 (6 innings)
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
2011 !Sri Lankan cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2011–12

510
2 (3 innings)
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
2006 !South African cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2006

499
2 (3 innings)
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
2014 !Sri Lankan cricket team in Bangladesh in 2013–14

493
3 (5 innings)
de Silva, AravindaAravinda de Silva
1990 !Sri Lankan cricket team in New Zealand in 1990–91

Last updated: 14 August 2017[41]

text: Bowling records[edit]

text: Most wickets in a career[edit]

text: Muralitharan, who is the highest wicket-taker in Test cricket, has taken 5 wickets for the ICC World XI team during a match in 2005, which are not included in this list.[42] Muralitharan and Shane Warne—who ranks second with 708 wickets—are the only bowlers who have captured more than 700 Test wickets.[43]

text:
Wickets
Player
Matches
Period

7002795000000000000♠795 ♠
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
132
1992–2010

7002389000000000000♠389
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath†
83
1999–present

7002355000000000000♠355
Vaas, ChamindaChaminda Vaas
111
1994–2009

7002101000000000000♠101
Malinga, LasithLasith Malinga
30
2004–2011

7002100000000000000♠100
Fernando, DilharaDilhara Fernando†
40
2002–2012

Last updated: 14 August 2017[44]

text: Against each opponent[edit]

text:
Opposition
Player
Figures
Venue
Date

 Australia
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath
7/64
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002016-08-13-000013 August 2016

 Bangladesh
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath
7/89
R Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
000000002013-03-16-000016 March 2013

 England
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
9/65
Kennington Oval, London
000000001998-08-27-000027 August 1998

 India
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
8/87
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002001-08-29-000029 August 2001

 New Zealand
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath
6/43
Galle International Stadium, Galle
000000002012-11-17-000017 November 2012

 Pakistan
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath
9/127
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002014-08-14-000014 August 2014

 South Africa
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
7/84
Galle International Stadium, Galle
000000002000-07-20-000020 July 2000

 West Indies
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
8/63
Asgiriya Stadium, Kandy
000000002005-07-22-000022 July 2005

 Zimbabwe
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
9/51
Asgiriya Stadium, Kandy
000000002002-01-04-00004 January 2002

Last updated: 14 August 2017

text: Best career average[edit]

text: Bowling average is the measurement of mean runs conceded per wicket. In calculating this, total amount of runs conceded by the bowler is divided by the number of wickets captured.[33]

text:
Average
Player
Period

22.67
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
1992–2010

28.25
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath†
1999–present

29.58
Perera, DilruwanDilruwan Perera†
2014–present

29.58
Vaas, ChamindaChaminda Vaas
1994–2009

31.90
Warnaweera, JayanandaJayananda Warnaweera
1984–1994

Qualification: 2,000 deliveries
Last updated: 14 August 2017[45]

text: Best figures in an innings[edit]

text: Muttiah Muralitharan's 9 wickets for 51 runs against Zimbabwe is Test cricket's fifth-best bowling figures in a single innings.[46] Also Rangana Herath's 9 wickets for 127 runs against Pakistan is the Best bowling figures by a left hand bowler in Test cricket history.[47]

text:
Bowling
Player
Opponent
Venue
Date

9049 !9 wickets for 51 runs
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
 Zimbabwe
Asgiriya Stadium, Kandy
000000002002-01-04-00004 January 2002

9035 !9 wickets for 65 runs
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
 England
The Oval, London
000000001998-08-27-000027 August 1998

8054 !9 wickets for 127 runs
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath†
 Pakistan
Sinhalese Sports Club, Colombo
000000002014-08-15-000015 August 2014

8054 !8 wickets for 46 runs
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
 West Indies
Asgiriya Stadium, Kandy
000000002005-07-22-000022 July 2005

8030 !8 wickets for 63 runs
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath
 Zimbabwe
Harare Sports Club, Harare
000000002016-11-06-00006 November 2016

Last updated: 14 August 2017[48]

text: Best figures in a match[edit]

text: The Sri Lankan record of 16 wickets for 220 runs set by Muttiah Muralitharan against England is the fifth-best figures by a bowler in a single Test match.[49]

text:
Bowling
Player
Opponent
Venue
Date

16080 !16 wickets for 220 runs
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
 England
The Oval, London
000000001998-08-27-000027 August 1998

14109 !14 wickets for 184 runs
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath†
 Pakistan
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002014-08-16-000016 August 2014

14109 !14 wickets for 191 runs
Vaas, ChamindaChaminda Vaas
 West Indies
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002001-11-29-000029 November 2001

13185 !13 wickets for 115 runs
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
 Zimbabwe
Asgiriya Stadium, Kandy
000000002002-01-04-00004 January 2002

13185 !13 wickets for 145 runs
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath
 Australia
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
000000002016-08-17-000017 August 2016

Last updated: 14 August2017[50]

text: Best figures in a series[edit]

text:
Bowling
Matches
Player
Opponent
Series

30706 !30 wickets for 294 runs
3
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
 Zimbabwe
2000 !Zimbabwe in Sri Lanka, 2000–2001

26599 !28 wickets for 357 runs
3
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath
 Australia
2016 !Australia in Sri Lanka, 2016

28351 !28 wickets for 649 runs
3
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
 Australia
2003 !Australia in Sri Lanka, 2003–2004

26718 !26 wickets for 282 runs
3
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
 Bangladesh
2007 !Bangladesh in Sri Lanka, 2007

26680 !26 wickets for 320 runs
3
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
 England
2003 !England in Sri Lanka, 2003–2004

Last updated: 14 August 2017[51]

text: Most five-wicket hauls in an innings[edit]

text: Taking five or more wickets in a single innings (called a five-wicket haul, fifer or five-for) is considered a notable achievement for a bowler.[52] Muralitharan is well well ahead of other bowlers by number of five-wicket hauls in Tests with 67 to his name; Australian cricketer Shane Warne ranks in second place with only 37, 30 below Murali. Which shows the class of Murali in bowling compared to Warne.[53]

text:
Five wicket hauls
Player
Period

7001670000000000000♠67 ♠
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
1992–2010

7001310000000000000♠31
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath†
1999–present

7001120000000000000♠12
Vaas, ChamindaChaminda Vaas
1994–2009

7000500000000000000♠5
Ratnayake, RumeshRumesh Ratnayake
1983–1992

7000400000000000000♠4
Perera, DilruwanDilruwan Perera†
2014–present

Last updated: 14 August 2017[54]

text: Most ten-wickets in a match[edit]

text: Muralitharan has taken ten or more wickets per match on more occasions than any other bowler in Test cricket. He has performed this feat 22 times, more than double the number of the bowler ranking second—Shane Warne, who has achieved this on 10 occasions.[55]

text:
Ten wicket hauls
Player
Period

7001220000000000000♠22 ♠
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
1992–2010

7000800000000000000♠8
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath†
1999–present

7000200000000000000♠2
Vaas, ChamindaChaminda Vaas
1994–2009

7000100000000000000♠1
Chandana, UpulUpul Chandana
1999–2005

7000100000000000000♠1
Perera, DilruwanDilruwan Perera†
2014–present

Last updated: 14 August 2017[56]

text: Fielding records[edit]

text: Most catches in a career[edit]

text: A "catch" occurs when a ball hit by the batsman in the air is held by a fielder within the field of play, before it hits the ground. In such a case, the batsman is ruled out caught.[57]

text:
Catches
Player
Period

7002205000000000000♠205
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
1997–2014

7001890000000000000♠89
Tillakaratne, HashanHashan Tillakaratne
1989–2004

7001780000000000000♠78
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
1991–2007

7001770000000000000♠77
Dilshan, TillakaratneTillakaratne Dilshan
1999–2013

7001700000000000000♠70
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
1992–2010

Last updated: 14 August 2017[58]

text: Wicketkeeping records[edit]

text: A wicketkeeper can assist in the dismissal of a batsman by taking a catch or stumping.[59] A catch taken by the wicketkeeper means the batsman will be ruled out caught, although it may be referred to as "caught behind". A stumping occurs when the wicketkeeper catches a ball delivered by the bowler (provided it is a legal delivery) and putting down the batsman's wicket while he is out of his ground.[60]

text: Most dismissals[edit]

text:
Dismissals
Player
Period

7002156000000000000♠156
Jayawardene, PrasannaPrasanna Jayawardene
2000–2015

7002151000000000000♠151
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
2000–2015

7002119000000000000♠119
Kaluwitharana, RomeshRomesh Kaluwitharana
1992–2004

7001720000000000000♠72
Chandimal, DineshDinesh Chandimal
2011–2016

7001350000000000000♠35
Tillakaratne, HashanHashan Tillakaratne
1989–2004

Last updated: 14 August 2017[61]

text: Most catches[edit]

text:
Dismissals
Player
Period

7002131000000000000♠131
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
2000–2015

7002124000000000000♠124
Jayawardene, PrasannaPrasanna Jayawardene
2000–2015

7001930000000000000♠93
Kaluwitharana, RomeshRomesh Kaluwitharana
1992–2004

7001620000000000000♠62
Chandimal, DineshDinesh Chandimal
2011–present

7001330000000000000♠33
Tillakaratne, HashanHashan Tillakaratne
1989–2004

Last updated: 14 August 2017[61]

text: Most stumpings[edit]

text:
Dismissals
Player
Period

7001320000000000000♠32
Jayawardene, PrasannaPrasanna Jayawardene
2000–2015

7001260000000000000♠26
Kaluwitharana, RomeshRomesh Kaluwitharana
1992–2004

7001200000000000000♠20
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
2000–2015

7001100000000000000♠10
Chandimal, DineshDinesh Chandimal
2011–2016

7000800000000000000♠8
Perera, KusalKusal Perera
2015–present

Last updated: 14 August 2017[61]

text: Other records[edit]

text: Most player-of-the-match awards[edit]

text:
Rank
Awards
Player
Matches
Period

1
19
Muttiah Muralitharan
133
1992–2010

2
16
Kumar Sangakkara
134
2000–2015

3
13
Mahela Jayawardene
149
1997–2014

4
11
Aravinda de Silva
93
1984–2002

5
10
Rangana Herath†
83
1999–present

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 14 August 2017.

text: Most matches played[edit]

text:
Matches
Player
Period

149
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
1997–2014

134
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
2000–2015

132
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
1992–2010

111
Vaas, ChamindaChaminda Vaas
1994–2009

110
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
1991–2007

Last updated: 14 August 2017[62]

text: Most boundaries in career[edit]

text: "+" refers to a batsman scored more than given numbers, but definite statistic lack due to stat evaluation poor in early cricket.

text:
Boundaries
Player
Sixes
Fours
Period

1542
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
51
1491
2000–2015

1448
Jayawardena, MahelaMahela Jayawardena
61
1387
1997–2014

969
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
59
910
1991–2007

785+
de Silva, AravindaAravinda de Silva
48
737+
1984–2002

574+
Ranatunga, ArjunaArjuna Ranatunga
40
534+
1982–2000

Last updated: 14 August 2017[63][64]

text: Most matches played as captain[edit]

text:
Matches
Player
Period

56
Ranatunga, ArjunaArjuna Ranatunga
1989–1999

38
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
1999–2002

38
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
2006–2009

34
Mathews, AngeloAngelo Mathews
2013–2017

19
Mendis, DuleepDuleep Mendis
1982–1987

Last updated: 14 August 2017[65]

text: ♣ – denote current captain.

text: Most matches won as captain[edit]

text: ♣ denotes current captain.

text:
Won
Player
Matches
Lost
Drawn
 % won

18
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
38
12
8
47.36

18
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
38
12
8
47.36

13
Mathews, AngeloAngelo Mathews
34
15
6
40.62

12
Ranatunga, ArjunaArjuna Ranatunga
56
19
25
21.42

8
Atapattu, MarvanMarvan Atapattu
18
6
4
44.44

Last updated: 14 August 2017[65]

text: Partnership records[edit]

text: Highest wicket partnerships[edit]

text: Sri Lanka holds the highest partnerships in Test cricket for any wicket and, with the records for the second, and third wickets.[66]

text:
Wicket
Runs
1st batsman
2nd batsman
Opposition
Venue
Date

Partners

7000100000000000000♠ 1st wicket
7002335000000000000♠335
Atapattu, MarvanMarvan Atapattu
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
 Pakistan
Asgiriya Stadium, Kandy
000000002000-06-28-000028 June 2000

7000200000000000000♠ 2nd wicket ♠
7002576000000000000♠576
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
Mahanama, RoshanRoshan Mahanama
 India
R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
000000001997-08-02-00002 August 1997

7000300000000000000♠ 3rd wicket ♠
7002624000000000000♠624
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
 South Africa
SSC Ground, Colombo
000000002006-07-27-000027 July 2006

7000400000000000000♠ 4th wicket
7002437000000000000♠437
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
Samaraweera, ThilanThilan Samaraweera
 Pakistan
National Stadium, Karachi
000000002009-02-21-000021 February 2009

7000500000000000000♠ 5th wicket
7002280000000000000♠280
Samaraweera, ThilanThilan Samaraweera
Dilshan, TillakaratneTillakaratne Dilshan
 Bangladesh
P Sara Oval, Colombo
000000002005-09-20-000020 September 2005

7000600000000000000♠ 6th wicket
7002351000000000000♠351
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
Jayawardene, PrasannaPrasanna Jayawardene†
 India
Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad
000000002009-11-16-000016 November 2009

7000700000000000000♠ 7th wicket
7002223000000000000♠223*
Jayawardene, PrasannaPrasanna Jayawardene†
Vaas, ChamindaChaminda Vaas
 Bangladesh
SSC Ground, Colombo
000000002007-06-25-000025 June 2007

7000800000000000000♠ 8th wicket
7002170000000000000♠170
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
Vaas, ChamindaChaminda Vaas
 South Africa
Galle International Stadium, Galle
000000002004-08-04-00004 August 2004

7000900000000000000♠ 9th wicket
7002118000000000000♠118
Samaraweera, ThilanThilan Samaraweera
Mendis, AjanthaAjantha Mendis†
 India
P Sara Oval, Colombo
000000002010-08-06-00006 August 2010

7001100000000000000♠ 10th wicket
7001790000000000000♠79
Vaas, ChamindaChaminda Vaas
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
 Australia
Asgiriya Stadium, Kandy
000000002004-03-16-000016 March 2004

Last updated: 14 August 2017[67]

text: Highest partnerships[edit]

text: The world record partnership between Jayawardene and Sangakkara for 624 runs, and the partnership between Jayasuriya and Mahanama for 576 runs (which was the previous world record, and is now the second-highest partnership in Tests) are the only Test partnerships to surpass 500 runs.[68][69]

text:
Runs
Wicket
1st batsman
2nd batsman
Opposition
Venue
Date

Partners

624 ♠
3rd wicket
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
 South Africa
SSC Ground, Colombo
000000002006-07-27-000027 July 2006

576 ♠
2nd wicket
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
Mahanama, RoshanRoshan Mahanama
 India
R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
000000001997-08-02-00002 August 1997

438
2nd wicket
Atapattu, MarvanMarvan Atapattu
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
 Zimbabwe
Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo
000000002004-05-14-000014 May 2004

437
4th wicket
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
Samaraweera, ThilanThilan Samaraweera
 Pakistan
National Stadium, Karachi
000000002009-02-21-000021 February 2009

351
6th wicket
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
Jayawardene, PrasannaPrasanna Jayawardene
 India
Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad
000000002009-11-16-000016 November 2009

Last updated: 14 August 2017[70]