document_title: El Dorado (1966 film)

question_text: who played mississippi in the movie el dorado

text: El Dorado (1966 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Cole Thornton, a gunslinger-for-hire, is hired by wealthy rancher Bart Jason to help him in a range war with the McDonald family in the Texas town of El Dorado. The local sheriff, an old friend of Thornton, J. P. Harrah gives Cole more details that Jason had deliberately left out, including the possibility of having to side against Harrah. Unwilling to fight his friend, Thornton quits, to the relief of saloon owner Maudie, who is in love with Thornton (and was for a time a romantic interest of Harrah's).

text: The McDonalds learn of Thornton's presence in town. Fearing that he might come for them, Kevin McDonald puts his youngest son, Luke, on guard. When Thornton passes by on his way back from rejecting Jason's offer, Luke, who has fallen asleep, wakes and fires a wild warning shot whereupon Thornton reflexively shoots him. Luke is still alive when Thornton finds him, but he refuses treatment based upon the belief that a gut-shot man wouldn't have a chance anyway and commits suicide when Thornton turns his back on him.

text: Thornton subsequently brings the boy's body to the McDonald ranch and offers an explanation. The only McDonald daughter, Joey, impulsively rides off before Thornton can finish his story and ambushes him shortly thereafter. Her shot is not fatal, but the bullet lodges next to Thornton's spine and in time begins to trouble him by occasionally pressing against the spinal cord, causing temporary paralysis of his right side. The local doctor, Dr. Miller, does not have the skill to remove the bullet and Thornton soon departs El Dorado for a new job.

text: Several months later, Thornton runs into another gunslinger-for-hire named Nelson McLeod and a young greenhorn named Mississippi, who has come for revenge against one of McLeod's men for the murder of his old friend and mentor, Johnny Diamond. McLeod has been hired by Jason for the same job Thornton turned down and Thornton hears from McLeod about how Harrah has turned into a drunk after an unhappy love affair. Thornton decides to return to El Dorado, hoping to save Harrah from being gunned down by McLeod and his men. He is followed by Mississippi who also wishes to help, despite his lack of experience and terrible aim with a gun.

text: Once Thornton and Mississippi arrive in El Dorado, they hear more of the story behind Harrah's change. The two men then join with Deputy Sheriff Bull in order to get Harrah sober and cleaned up. Mississippi contributes an old folk recipe for a hangover that he learned from Johnny Diamond, promising it will make any man unable to drink liquor for a while. The concoction proves to be violently effective, and leaves Harrah sober and furious. Within a day of their arrival, McLeod and his men also come to El Dorado and are hired on by Bart Jason. When one of them shoots one of the McDonalds, Thornton, Harrah, Bull and Mississippi chase the shooter and his friends into an old church and then into Jason's saloon. Harrah arrests Jason and takes him to the jail for his part in the shooting of the McDonald. Later that night, Thornton and Mississippi decide to patrol the town in the hope of keeping the peace and are deputized by Bull. There is another shoot-out with McLeod and his men, which results in a minor leg injury for Harrah.

text: The next day, Maudie sends a message to Thornton and his friends, stating that McLeod's men are frightening her and her patrons. When Thornton and Mississippi go to help her, they are ambushed and Thornton has an attack that leaves him partially paralyzed and captured by McLeod. Subsequently, McLeod trades the injured Thornton for Bart Jason, a trade to which Harrah agrees, despite knowing that doing so will mean that nothing will stand in the way of McLeod going after the McDonalds.

text: Sure enough, McLeod and his men shortly thereafter kidnap one of the McDonalds in order to force Kevin McDonald to sign over his water rights to Jason. Thornton and the others are forced to quickly come up with a plan to rescue Kevin McDonald's son and neutralize Jason and McLeod. Despite Thornton's paralysis and Harrah's leg injury, the two of them, along with Bull and Mississippi, return to town on wagons. While Thornton distracts Jason and McLeod outside of the front of the saloon, Mississippi, Harrah and Bull attack from the rear. The kidnapped McDonald is rescued, with a little help from Joey McDonald. Jason, McLeod and his men are killed, and order is restored to El Dorado. Thornton also begins to imply that he may discontinue his wandering ways in order to stay in the town with Maudie.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Wayne as Cole Thornton
Robert Mitchum as Sheriff J.P. Harrah
James Caan as Alan Bourdillion Traherne, nicknamed "Mississippi"
Charlene Holt as Maudie
Paul Fix as Dr. Miller
Arthur Hunnicutt as Bull Harris
Michele Carey as Josephine "Joey" MacDonald
R. G. Armstrong as Kevin MacDonald
Ed Asner as Bart Jason
Christopher George as Nelson McLeod
Marina Ghane as Maria
Robert Donner as Milt (McLeod gang)
John Gabriel as Pedro
Johnny Crawford as Luke MacDonald
Jim Davis as Jim Purvis (Bart Jason's foreman)
Adam Roarke as Matt MacDonald
John Mitchum as Elmer (Jason's bartender)
Chuck Roberson as Jason's gunman
Don Collier as Deputy Joe Braddock
Olaf Wieghorst as Swede Larsen

text: Production[edit]

text: Leigh Brackett wrote the original script which she described as "the best script I had ever done in my life. It wasn't tragic, but it was one of those things where Wayne died at the end." However she says the closer they got to production "the more we got into doing Rio Bravo over again the sicker I got, because I hate doing things over again. And I kept saying to Howard I did that, and he'd say it was okay, we could do it over again."[6]

text: Mitchum later said, "When Howard called me, I said, 'What's the story?' and he said, 'No story, just characters' and that's the way it was. Did one scene, put it away, did another, put it away."[7]

text: Shot at Old Tucson Studios just west of Tucson, Arizona, as well as in and around Kanab, Utah, from October 1965 to January 1966, the film was Wayne's 138th picture and was actually filmed before The War Wagon, but its release was delayed so that Paramount's Nevada Smith with Steve McQueen would not have to compete with a John Wayne film at the box office. El Dorado finally reached the theatres in June 1967, a month after The War Wagon had opened.[8]

text: Film footage from El Dorado was later incorporated into the opening montage of Wayne's final film, The Shootist, to illustrate the backstory of Wayne's character. Director Don Siegel used no scenes from any film shot before 1948 in The Shootist's frontispiece even though Wayne's career as a leading man began in 1930 with Raoul Walsh's lavish widescreen epic The Big Trail and had continued throughout the following two decades.[citation needed]

text: Cinematographer Harold Rosson had retired in 1958, but Hawks persuaded him to come back to work. In a 1970 interview with Leonard Maltin, Rosson said, "I was out of my mind I'd ever quit," but went back into retirement—for good—afterwards, citing his age as a reason (75 at the time of the interview).

text: Caan was somehow unable to pronounce the word "boldly" as he recited "Ride boldly ride" during the course of the film, leaving audience members unfamiliar with Poe's poem to wonder what or whom "bodie" was.

text: In the film, Mississippi gives Sheriff Harrah a concoction meant to deter him from further drinking. The ingredients include (among others) Cayenne pepper, ipecac (an emetic), mustard, croton oil (which induces diarrhea), asafoetida (often misspelled acifedida) and gunpowder.[citation needed]

text: The movie marked the only time Wayne and Mitchum worked together in a theatrical film unless one counts The Longest Day, an ensemble epic in which they share no scenes.

text: Poem[edit]

text: The poem repeated in the film and paraphrased in the theme song is "Eldorado", a ballad poem by Edgar Allan Poe.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film maintains a high critical praise, earning a 100 percent perfect rating on review compiler Rotten Tomatoes, based on 14 reviews.[9] Popular critic Roger Ebert gave the film a near-perfect rating at 3 1/2 out of four stars,[10] stating "El Dorado is a tightly directed, humorous, altogether successful Western, turned out almost effortlessly, it would seem, by three old pros: John Wayne, Robert Mitchum and director Howard Hawks". Praised film poll, They Shoot Pictures, Don't They? ranked the film 799 out of 1,000 for the list of greatest films of all time.[11]

text: Comic book adaption[edit]

text: Dell Movie Classic: El Dorado (October 1967)[12][13]


document_title: Richter magnitude scale

question_text: how strong of an earthquake to feel it

question_tokens: how strong of an earthquake to feel it

root

text: Richter magnitude scale

text: Development[edit]

text: In 1935, seismologists Charles Francis Richter and Beno Gutenberg of the California Institute of Technology developed a scale, later dubbed the Richter magnitude scale, for computing the magnitude of earthquakes, specifically those recorded and measured with the Wood-Anderson torsion seismograph in a particular area of California. Originally, Richter reported mathematical values to the nearest quarter of a unit, but the values later were reported with one decimal place; the local magnitude scale compared the magnitudes of different earthquakes.[1] Richter derived his earthquake-magnitude scale from the apparent magnitude scale used to measure the brightness of stars.[4]

tag: p

text: Richter established a magnitude 0 event to be an earthquake that would show a maximum, combined horizontal displacement of 1.0 µm (3.9×10−5 in) on a seismogram recorded with a Wood-Anderson torsion seismograph 100 km (62 mi) from the earthquake epicenter. That fixed measure was chosen to avoid negative values for magnitude, given that the slightest earthquakes that could be recorded and located at the time were around magnitude 3.0. The Richter magnitude scale itself has no lower limit, and contemporary seismometers can register, record, and measure earthquakes with negative magnitudes.

text:
M

L

{\displaystyle M_{\text{L}}}

 (local magnitude) was not designed to be applied to data with distances to the hypocenter of the earthquake that were greater than 600 km (370 mi).[3] For national and local seismological observatories, the standard magnitude scale in the 21st century is still

M

L

{\displaystyle M_{\text{L}}}

. However, this scale cannot measure magnitudes above about

M

L

{\displaystyle M_{\text{L}}}

 = 7,[5] because the high frequency waves recorded locally have wavelengths shorter than the rupture lengths[clarification needed] of large earthquakes.

text:
Later, to express the size of earthquakes around the planet, Gutenberg and Richter developed a surface wave magnitude scale (

M

s

{\displaystyle M_{\text{s}}}

) and a body wave magnitude scale (

M

b

{\displaystyle M_{\text{b}}}

).[6] These are types of waves that are recorded at teleseismic distances. The two scales were adjusted such that they were consistent with the

M

L

{\displaystyle M_{\text{L}}}

 scale. That adjustment succeeded better with the

M

s

{\displaystyle M_{\text{s}}}

 scale than with the

M

b

{\displaystyle M_{\text{b}}}

 scale. Each scale saturates when the earthquake is greater than magnitude 8.0.

text:
Because of this, researchers in the 1970s developed the moment magnitude scale (

M

w

{\displaystyle M_{\text{w}}}

). The older magnitude-scales were superseded by methods for calculating the seismic moment, from which was derived the moment magnitude scale.

text: About the origins of the Richter magnitude scale, C.F. Richter said:

text: I found a [1928] paper by Professor K. Wadati of Japan in which he compared large earthquakes by plotting the maximum ground motion against [the] distance to the epicenter. I tried a similar procedure for our stations, but the range between the largest and smallest magnitudes seemed unmanageably large. Dr. Beno Gutenberg then made the natural suggestion to plot the amplitudes logarithmically. I was lucky, because logarithmic plots are a device of the devil.

text: Details[edit]

text:
The Richter scale was defined in 1935 for particular circumstances and instruments; the particular circumstances refer to it being defined for Southern California and "implicitly incorporates the attenuative properties of Southern California crust and mantle."[7] The particular instrument used would become saturated by strong earthquakes and unable to record high values. The scale was replaced in the 1970s by the moment magnitude scale (MMS, symbol Mw); for earthquakes adequately measured by the Richter scale, numerical values are approximately the same. Although values measured for earthquakes now are

M

w

{\displaystyle M_{w}}

 (MMS), they are frequently reported by the press as Richter values, even for earthquakes of magnitude over 8, when the Richter scale becomes meaningless. Anything above 5 is classified as a risk by the USGS.[citation needed]

text: The Richter and MMS scales measure the energy released by an earthquake; another scale, the Mercalli intensity scale, classifies earthquakes by their effects, from detectable by instruments but not noticeable, to catastrophic. The energy and effects are not necessarily strongly correlated; a shallow earthquake in a populated area with soil of certain types can be far more intense in effects than a much more energetic deep earthquake in an isolated area.

text:
Several scales have historically been described as the "Richter scale", especially the local magnitude

M

L

{\displaystyle M_{\text{L}}}

 and the surface wave

M

s

{\displaystyle M_{\text{s}}}

 scale. In addition, the body wave magnitude,

m

b

{\displaystyle m_{\text{b}}}

, and the moment magnitude,

M

w

{\displaystyle M_{\text{w}}}

, abbreviated MMS, have been widely used for decades. A couple of new techniques to measure magnitude are in the development stage by seismologists.

text:
All magnitude scales have been designed to give numerically similar results. This goal has been achieved well for

M

L

{\displaystyle M_{\text{L}}}

,

M

s

{\displaystyle M_{\text{s}}}

, and

M

w

{\displaystyle M_{\text{w}}}

.[2][8] The

m

b

{\displaystyle m_{\text{b}}}

 scale gives somewhat different values than the other scales. The reason for so many different ways to measure the same thing is that at different distances, for different hypocentral depths, and for different earthquake sizes, the amplitudes of different types of elastic waves must be measured.

text:
M

L

{\displaystyle M_{\text{L}}}

 is the scale used for the majority of earthquakes reported (tens of thousands) by local and regional seismological observatories. For large earthquakes worldwide, the moment magnitude scale (MMS) is most common, although

M

s

{\displaystyle M_{\text{s}}}

 is also reported frequently.

text:
The seismic moment,

M

o

{\displaystyle M_{o}}

, is proportional to the area of the rupture times the average slip that took place in the earthquake, thus it measures the physical size of the event.

M

w

{\displaystyle M_{\text{w}}}

 is derived from it empirically as a quantity without units, just a number designed to conform to the

M

s

{\displaystyle M_{\text{s}}}

 scale.[9] A spectral analysis is required to obtain

M

o

{\displaystyle M_{o}}

, whereas the other magnitudes are derived from a simple measurement of the amplitude of a specifically defined wave.

text:
All scales, except

M

w

{\displaystyle M_{\text{w}}}

, saturate for large earthquakes, meaning they are based on the amplitudes of waves which have a wavelength shorter than the rupture length of the earthquakes. These short waves (high frequency waves) are too short a yardstick to measure the extent of the event. The resulting effective upper limit of measurement for

M

L

{\displaystyle M_{L}}

 is about 7[5] and about 8.5[5] for

M

s

{\displaystyle M_{\text{s}}}

.[10]

text: New techniques to avoid the saturation problem and to measure magnitudes rapidly for very large earthquakes are being developed. One of these is based on the long period P-wave;[11] the other is based on a recently discovered channel wave.[12]

text:
The energy release of an earthquake,[13] which closely correlates to its destructive power, scales with the  3⁄2 power of the shaking amplitude. Thus, a difference in magnitude of 1.0 is equivalent to a factor of 31.6 (

=
(

10

1.0

)

(
3

/

2
)

{\displaystyle =({10^{1.0}})^{(3/2)}}

) in the energy released; a difference in magnitude of 2.0 is equivalent to a factor of 1000 (

=
(

10

2.0

)

(
3

/

2
)

{\displaystyle =({10^{2.0}})^{(3/2)}}

) in the energy released.[14] The elastic energy radiated is best derived from an integration of the radiated spectrum, but an estimate can be based on

m

b

{\displaystyle m_{\text{b}}}

 because most energy is carried by the high frequency waves.

text: Richter magnitudes[edit]

text: The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded by seismographs (adjustments are included to compensate for the variation in the distance between the various seismographs and the epicenter of the earthquake). The original formula is:[15]

text:
where A is the maximum excursion of the Wood-Anderson seismograph, the empirical function A0 depends only on the epicentral distance of the station,

δ

{\displaystyle \delta }

. In practice, readings from all observing stations are averaged after adjustment with station-specific corrections to obtain the

M

L

{\displaystyle M_{\text{L}}}

 value.

text: Because of the logarithmic basis of the scale, each whole number increase in magnitude represents a tenfold increase in measured amplitude; in terms of energy, each whole number increase corresponds to an increase of about 31.6 times the amount of energy released, and each increase of 0.2 corresponds to a doubling of the energy released.

text: Events with magnitudes greater than 4.5 are strong enough to be recorded by a seismograph anywhere in the world, so long as its sensors are not located in the earthquake's shadow.

text: The following describes the typical effects of earthquakes of various magnitudes near the epicenter. The values are typical only. They should be taken with extreme caution, since intensity and thus ground effects depend not only on the magnitude, but also on the distance to the epicenter, the depth of the earthquake's focus beneath the epicenter, the location of the epicenter and geological conditions (certain terrains can amplify seismic signals).

text:
Magnitude
Description
Mercalli intensity
Average earthquake effects
Average frequency of occurrence (estimated)

1.0–1.9
Micro
I
Microearthquakes, not felt, or felt rarely. Recorded by seismographs.[16]
Continual/several million per year

2.0–2.9
Minor
I to II
Felt slightly by some people. No damage to buildings.
Over one million per year

3.0–3.9
III to IV
Often felt by people, but very rarely causes damage. Shaking of indoor objects can be noticeable.
Over 100,000 per year

4.0–4.9
Light
IV to VI
Noticeable shaking of indoor objects and rattling noises. Felt by most people in the affected area. Slightly felt outside. Generally causes none to minimal damage. Moderate to significant damage very unlikely. Some objects may fall off shelves or be knocked over.
10,000 to 15,000 per year

5.0–5.9
Moderate
VI to VII
Can cause damage of varying severity to poorly constructed buildings. At most, none to slight damage to all other buildings. Felt by everyone.
1,000 to 1,500 per year

6.0–6.9
Strong
VIII to X
Damage to a moderate number of well-built structures in populated areas. Earthquake-resistant structures survive with slight to moderate damage. Poorly designed structures receive moderate to severe damage. Felt in wider areas; up to hundreds of miles/kilometers from the epicenter. Strong to violent shaking in epicentral area.
100 to 150 per year

7.0–7.9
Major
X or greater[17]
Causes damage to most buildings, some to partially or completely collapse or receive severe damage. Well-designed structures are likely to receive damage. Felt across great distances with major damage mostly limited to 250 km from epicenter.
10 to 20 per year

8.0–8.9
Great
Major damage to buildings, structures likely to be destroyed. Will cause moderate to heavy damage to sturdy or earthquake-resistant buildings. Damaging in large areas. Felt in extremely large regions.
One per year

9.0 and greater
At or near total destruction – severe damage or collapse to all buildings. Heavy damage and shaking extends to distant locations. Permanent changes in ground topography.
One per 10 to 50 years

tag: table

text: (Based on U.S. Geological Survey documents.)[18]

text: The intensity and death toll depend on several factors (earthquake depth, epicenter location, population density, to name a few) and can vary widely.

text: Minor earthquakes occur every day and hour. On the other hand, great earthquakes occur once a year, on average. The largest recorded earthquake was the Great Chilean earthquake of May 22, 1960, which had a magnitude of 9.5 on the moment magnitude scale.[19] The larger the magnitude, the less frequently the earthquake happens.

text: Beyond 9.5, while extremely strong earthquakes are theoretically possible, the energies involved rapidly make such earthquakes on Earth effectively impossible without an extremely destructive source of external energy. For example, the asteroid impact that created the Chicxulub crater and caused the mass extinction that may have killed the dinosaurs has been estimated as causing a magnitude 13 earthquake (see below), while a magnitude 15 earthquake could destroy the Earth completely.[citation needed] Seismologist Susan Hough has suggested that 10 may represent a very approximate upper limit, as the effect if the largest known continuous belt of faults ruptured together (along the Pacific coast of the Americas).[20]

text: Energy release equivalents[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The following table lists the approximate energy equivalents in terms of TNT explosive force – though note that the earthquake energy is released underground rather than overground.[21] Most energy from an earthquake is not transmitted to and through the surface; instead, it dissipates into the crust and other subsurface structures. In contrast, a small atomic bomb blast (see nuclear weapon yield) will cause only light shaking of indoor items, since its energy is released above ground.

text:
Approximate magnitude
Approximate TNT equivalent for
seismic energy yield
Joule equivalent
Example

0.0
15 g
63 kJ

0.2
30 g
130 kJ
Large hand grenade

1.5
2.7 kg
11 MJ
Seismic impact of typical small construction blast

2.1
21 kg
89 MJ
West fertilizer plant explosion[22]

3.0
480 kg
2.0 GJ
Oklahoma City bombing, 1995

3.5
2.7 metric tons
11 GJ
PEPCON fuel plant explosion, Henderson, Nevada, 1988

3.87
9.5 metric tons
40 GJ
Explosion at Chernobyl nuclear power plant, 1986

3.91
11 metric tons
46 GJ
Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb

6.0
15 kilotons
63 TJ
Approximate yield of the Little Boy atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima (~16 kt)

7.9
10.7 megatons
45 PJ
Tunguska event

8.35
50 megatons
210 PJ
Tsar Bomba—Largest thermonuclear weapon ever tested. Most of the energy was dissipated in the atmosphere. The seismic shock was estimated at 5.0–5.2[23]

9.15
800 megatons
3.3 EJ
Toba eruption 75,000 years ago; among the largest known volcanic events.[24]

13.0
100 teratons
420 ZJ
Yucatán Peninsula impact (creating Chicxulub crater) 65 Ma ago (108 megatons; over 4×1029 ergs = 400 ZJ).[25][26][27][28][29]

text: Magnitude empirical formulae[edit]

text:
These formulae for Richter magnitude

M

L

{\displaystyle \textstyle M_{\mathrm {L} }}

 are alternatives to using Richter correlation tables based on Richter standard seismic event (

M

L

{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {L} }}

=0, A=0.001mm, D=100 km). Below,

Δ

{\displaystyle \textstyle \Delta }

 is the epicentral distance (in kilometers unless otherwise specified).

text: The Lillie empirical formula:

text:
Where

A

{\displaystyle A}

 is the amplitude (maximum ground displacement) of the P-wave, in micrometers, measured at 0.8 Hz.

text:
For distances

D

{\displaystyle D}

 less than 200 km,

text: and for distances between 200 km and 600 km,

text:
where

A

{\displaystyle A}

 is seismograph signal amplitude in mm and

D

{\displaystyle D}

 is in km.

text: The Bisztricsany (1958) empirical formula for epicentral distances between 4˚ to 160˚:[30]

text:
Where

τ

{\displaystyle \tau }

 is the duration of the surface wave in seconds, and

Δ

{\displaystyle \Delta }

 is in degrees.

M

L

{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {L} }}

 is mainly between 5 and 8.

text: The Tsumura empirical formula:[30]

text:
Where

F
−
P

{\displaystyle F-P}

 is the total duration of oscillation in seconds.

M

L

{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {L} }}

 is mainly between 3 and 5.

text: The Tsuboi, University of Tokyo, empirical formula:

text:
Where

A

{\displaystyle A}

 is the amplitude in micrometers.


document_title: Golden Rule

question_text: where does it say in the bible do unto others as you would have them do unto you

question_tokens: where does it say in the bible do unto others as you would have them do unto you

text: Golden Rule

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The term "Golden Rule", or "Golden law", began to be used widely in the early 17th century in Britain by Anglican theologians and preachers;[8] the earliest known usage is that of Anglicans Charles Gibbon and Thomas Jackson in 1604.[1][9]

text: Ancient history[edit]

text: Ancient Egypt[edit]

text: Possibly the earliest affirmation of the maxim of reciprocity, reflecting the ancient Egyptian goddess Ma'at, appears in the story of The Eloquent Peasant, which dates to the Middle Kingdom (c. 2040–1650 BC): "Now this is the command: Do to the doer to make him do."[10][11] This proverb embodies the do ut des principle.[12] A Late Period (c. 664–323 BC) papyrus contains an early negative affirmation of the Golden Rule: "That which you hate to be done to you, do not do to another."[13]

text: Ancient India[edit]

text: Sanskrit tradition[edit]

text: In Mahābhārata, the ancient epic of India, there is a discourse in which the wise minister Vidura advises the King Yuddhiśhṭhira

text: Listening to wise scriptures, austerity, sacrifice, respectful faith, social welfare, forgiveness, purity of intent, compassion, truth and self-control—are the ten wealth of character (self). O king aim for these, may you be steadfast in these qualities. These are the basis of prosperity and rightful living. These are highest attainable things. All worlds are balanced on dharma, dharma encompasses ways to prosperity as well. O King, dharma is the best quality to have, wealth the medium and desire (kāma) the lowest. Hence, (keeping these in mind), by self-control and by making dharma (right conduct) your main focus, treat others as you treat yourself.

text: Tamil tradition[edit]

text: In Chapter 32 in the Part on Virtue of the Tirukkuṛaḷ (c. 200 BC – c. 500 AD), Tiruvalluvar says: "Do not do to others what you know has hurt yourself" (K. 316.); "Why does one hurt others knowing what it is to be hurt?" (K. 318). He furthermore opined that it is the determination of the spotless (virtuous) not to do evil, even in return, to those who have cherished enmity and done them evil. (K. 312) The (proper) punishment to those who have done evil (to you), is to put them to shame by showing them kindness, in return and to forget both the evil and the good done on both sides (K. 314)

text: Ancient Greece[edit]

text: The Golden Rule in its prohibitive (negative) form was a common principle in ancient Greek philosophy. Examples of the general concept include:

text:
"Avoid doing what you would blame others for doing." – Thales[14]  (c. 624 BC – c. 546 BC)
"What you do not want to happen to you, do not do it yourself either. " – Sextus the Pythagorean.[15] The oldest extant reference to Sextus is by Origen in the third century of the common era.[16]
"Do not do to others that which angers you when they do it to you." – Isocrates[17] (436–338 BC)

tag: ul

text: Ancient Persia[edit]

text: The Pahlavi Texts of Zoroastrianism (c. 300 BC–1000 AD) were an early source for the Golden Rule: "That nature alone is good which refrains from doing to another whatsoever is not good for itself." Dadisten-I-dinik, 94,5, and "Whatever is disagreeable to yourself do not do unto others." Shayast-na-Shayast 13:29[18]

text: Ancient Rome[edit]

text: Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC–65 AD), a practitioner of Stoicism (c. 300 BC–200 AD) expressed the Golden Rule in his essay regarding the treatment of slaves: "Treat your inferior as you would wish your superior to treat you."[19]

text: Religious context[edit]

text: According to Simon Blackburn, the Golden Rule "can be found in some form in almost every ethical tradition".[20]

text: Abrahamic religions[edit]

text: Judaism[edit]

text: A rule of altruistic reciprocity was first stated positively in a well-known Torah verse (Hebrew: ואהבת לרעך כמוך):

text: You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against your kinsfolk. Love your neighbor as yourself: I am the LORD.

text: Hillel the Elder (c. 110 BC – 10 AD),[21] used this verse as a most important message of the Torah for his teachings. Once, he was challenged by a gentile who asked to be converted under the condition that the Torah be explained to him while he stood on one foot. Hillel accepted him as a candidate for conversion to Judaism but, drawing on Leviticus 19:18, briefed the man:

text: What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow: this is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn.

text: Hillel recognized brotherly love as the fundamental principle of Jewish ethics. Rabbi Akiva agreed and suggested that the principle of love must have its foundation in Genesis chapter 1, which teaches that all men are the offspring of Adam, who was made in the image of God (Sifra, Ḳedoshim, iv.; Yer. Ned. ix. 41c; Genesis Rabba 24).[22] According to Jewish rabbinic literature, the first man Adam represents the unity of mankind. This is echoed in the modern preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[23][24] And it is also taught, that Adam is last in order according to the evolutionary character of God's creation:[22]

text: Why was only a single specimen of man created first? To teach us that he who destroys a single soul destroys a whole world and that he who saves a single soul saves a whole world; furthermore, so no race or class may claim a nobler ancestry, saying, 'Our father was born first'; and, finally, to give testimony to the greatness of the Lord, who caused the wonderful diversity of mankind to emanate from one type. And why was Adam created last of all beings? To teach him humility; for if he be overbearing, let him remember that the little fly preceded him in the order of creation.[22]

text: The Jewish Publication Society's edition of Leviticus states:

text: Thou shalt not hate thy brother. in thy heart; thou shalt surely rebuke thy neighbour, and not bear sin because of him. 18 Thou shalt not take vengeance, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I am the LORD.[25]

text: This Torah verse represents one of several versions of the Golden Rule, which itself appears in various forms, positive and negative. It is the earliest written version of that concept in a positive form.[26]

text: At the turn of the eras, the Jewish rabbis were discussing the scope of the meaning of Leviticus 19:18 and 19:34 extensively:

text: The stranger who resides with you shall be to you as one of your citizens; you shall love him as yourself, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt: I the LORD am your God.

text: Commentators summed up foreigners (= Samaritans), proselytes (= 'strangers who resides with you') (Rabbi Akiva, bQuid 75b) or Jews (Rabbi Gamaliel, yKet 3, 1; 27a) to the scope of the meaning.

text: On the verse, "Love your fellow as yourself," the classic commentator Rashi quotes from Torat Kohanim, an early Midrashic text regarding the famous dictum of Rabbi Akiva: "Love your fellow as yourself – Rabbi Akiva says this is a great principle of the Torah."[27]

text: Israel's postal service quoted from the previous Leviticus verse when it commemorated the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on a 1958 postage stamp.[28]

text: Christianity[edit]

text:
The "Golden Rule" was given by Jesus of Nazareth (Matthew 7:12 NCV, see also Luke 6:31). The common English phrasing is "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you". A similar form of the phrase appeared in a Catholic catechism around 1567 (certainly in the reprint of 1583).[29]
The Golden Rule is stated positively numerous times in the Hebrew Pentateuch as well as the Prophets and Writings.  Leviticus 19:18 ("Forget about the wrong things people do to you, and do not try to get even. Love your neighbor as you love yourself."; see also Great Commandment) and Leviticus 19:34 ("But treat them just as you treat your own citizens. Love foreigners as you love yourselves, because you were foreigners one time in Egypt. I am the Lord your God.").

text: The Old Testament Deuterocanonical books of Tobit and Sirach, accepted as part of the Scriptural canon by Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, and the Non-Chalcedonian Churches, express a negative form of the golden rule:

text: "Do to no one what you yourself dislike."

text: "Recognize that your neighbor feels as you do, and keep in mind your own dislikes."

text: Two passages in the New Testament quote Jesus of Nazareth espousing the positive form of the Golden rule:

text: Matthew 7:12

text: Do to others what you want them to do to you. This is the meaning of the law of Moses and the teaching of the prophets.

text: Luke 6:31

text: Do to others what you would want them to do to you.

text: A similar passage, a parallel to the Great Commandment, is Luke 10:25-28

text: 25And one day an authority on the law stood up to put Jesus to the test. "Teacher," he asked, "what must I do to receive eternal life?"

text:
26What is written in the Law?" Jesus replied. "How do you understand it?"
27He answered, " ‘Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul. Love him with all your strength and with all your mind.’(Deuteronomy 6:5) And, ‘Love your neighbor as you love yourself.’ "
28"You have answered correctly," Jesus replied. "Do that, and you will live.".

text: The passage in the book of Luke then continues with Jesus answering the question, "Who is my neighbor?", by telling the parable of the Good Samaritan, indicating that "your neighbor" is anyone in need.[30] This extends to all, including those who are generally considered hostile.

text: Jesus' teaching goes beyond the negative formulation of not doing what one would not like done to themselves, to the positive formulation of actively doing good to another that, if the situations were reversed, one would desire that the other would do for them. This formulation, as indicated in the parable of the Good Samaritan, emphasizes the needs for positive action that brings benefit to another, not simply restraining oneself from negative activities that hurt another. Taken as a rule of judgment, both formulations of the golden rule, the negative and positive, are equally applicable.[31]

text: In one passage of the New Testament, Paul the Apostle refers to the golden rule:

text: Galatians 5:14

text: 14For all the law is fulfilled in one word, even in this; Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.

text: The neutrality of the style of writing in this article is questioned. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Islam[edit]

text: The Arabian peninsula was known to not practice the golden rule prior to the advent of Islam.  "Pre-Islamic Arabs regarded the survival of the tribe, as most essential and to be ensured by the ancient rite of blood vengeance"[according to whom?][32]

text: However, this all changed when Muhammad came on the scene:

text: Fakir al-Din al-Razi and several other Qur'anic commentators have pointed out that Qur'an 83:1-6 is an implicit statement of the Golden Rule, which is explicitly stated in the tradition, "Pay, Oh Children of Adam, as you would love to be paid, and be just as you would love to have justice!" [33]

text: Similar examples of the golden rule are found in the hadith of the prophet Muhammad. The hadith recount what the prophet is believed to have said and done, and traditionally Muslims regard the hadith as second to only the Qur'an as a guide to correct belief and action."[according to whom?][34]

text: From the hadith, the collected oral and written accounts of Muhammad and his teachings during his lifetime:

text: A Bedouin came to the prophet, grabbed the stirrup of his camel and said: O the messenger of God! Teach me something to go to heaven with it. Prophet said: "As you would have people do to you, do to them; and what you dislike to be done to you, don't do to them. Now let the stirrup go!" [This maxim is enough for you; go and act in accordance with it!]"

text: None of you [truly] believes until he wishes for his brother what he wishes for himself.

text: Seek for mankind that of which you are desirous for yourself, that you may be a believer.

text: That which you want for yourself, seek for mankind.[36]

text: The most righteous person is the one who consents for other people what he consents for himself, and who dislikes for them what he dislikes for himself.[36]

text: Ali ibn Abi Talib (4th Caliph in Sunni Islam, and first Imam in Shia Islam) says:

text: O' my child, make yourself the measure (for dealings) between you and others. Thus, you should desire for others what you desire for yourself and hate for others what you hate for yourself. Do not oppress as you do not like to be oppressed. Do good to others as you would like good to be done to you. Regard bad for yourself whatever you regard bad for others. Accept that (treatment) from others which you would like others to accept from you... Do not say to others what you do not like to be said to you.

text: Indian religions[edit]

text: Hinduism[edit]

text: One should never do that to another which one regards as injurious to one’s own self. This, in brief, is the rule of dharma. Other behavior is due to selfish desires.

text: By making dharma your main focus, treat others as you treat yourself[39]

text: Also,

text:
श्रूयतां धर्मसर्वस्वं श्रुत्वा चाप्यवधार्यताम्।
आत्मनः प्रतिकूलानि परेषां न समाचरेत्।।

text: If the entire Dharma can be said in a few words, then it is—that which is unfavorable to us, do not do that to others.

text: Buddhism[edit]

text: Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama, c. 623–543 BC)[40][41] made this principle one of the cornerstones of his ethics in the 6th century BC. It occurs in many places and in many forms throughout the Tripitaka.

text: Comparing oneself to others in such terms as "Just as I am so are they, just as they are so am I," he should neither kill nor cause others to kill.

text: One who, while himself seeking happiness, oppresses with violence other beings who also desire happiness, will not attain happiness hereafter.

text: Hurt not others in ways that you yourself would find hurtful.

text: Putting oneself in the place of another, one should not kill nor cause another to kill.[42]

text: Jainism[edit]

text: The Golden Rule is paramount in the Jainist philosophy and can be seen in the doctrines of Ahimsa and Karma. As part of the prohibition of causing any living beings to suffer, Jainism forbids inflicting upon others what is harmful to oneself.

text: The following quotation from the Acaranga Sutra sums up the philosophy of Jainism:

text: Nothing which breathes, which exists, which lives, or which has essence or potential of life, should be destroyed or ruled over, or subjugated, or harmed, or denied of its essence or potential.

text: In support of this Truth, I ask you a question – "Is sorrow or pain desirable to you ?" If you say "yes it is", it would be a lie. If you say, "No, It is not" you will be expressing the truth. Just as sorrow or pain is not desirable to you, so it is to all which breathe, exist, live or have any essence of life. To you and all, it is undesirable, and painful, and repugnant.[43]

text: A man should wander about treating all creatures as he himself would be treated.

text: In happiness and suffering, in joy and grief, we should regard all creatures as we regard our own self.

text: Saman Suttam of Jinendra Varni[44] gives further insight into this precept:-

text: Just as pain is not agreeable to you, it is so with others. Knowing this principle of equality treat other with respect and compassion.

text: Killing a living being is killing one's own self; showing compassion to a living being is showing compassion to oneself. He who desires his own good, should avoid causing any harm to a living being.

text: Sikhism[edit]

text: Precious like jewels are the minds of all. To hurt them is not at all good. If thou desirest thy Beloved, then hurt thou not anyone's heart.

text: East Asian religions[edit]

text: Confucianism[edit]

text: The same idea is also presented in V.12 and VI.30 of the Analects (c. 500 BC), which can be found in the online Chinese Text Project. The phraseology differs from the Christian version of the Golden Rule. It does not presume to do anything unto others, but merely to avoid doing what would be harmful. It does not preclude doing good deeds and taking moral positions, but there is slim possibility for a Confucian missionary outlook, such as one can justify with the Christian Golden Rule.

text: Taoism[edit]

text: The sage has no interest of his own, but takes the interests of the people as his own. He is kind to the kind; he is also kind to the unkind: for Virtue is kind. He is faithful to the faithful; he is also faithful to the unfaithful: for Virtue is faithful.

text: Regard your neighbor's gain as your own gain, and your neighbor's loss as your own loss.

text: Mohism[edit]

text: If people regarded other people’s states in the same way that they regard their own, who then would incite their own state to attack that of another?  For one would do for others as one would do for oneself.  If people regarded other people’s cities in the same way that they regard their own, who then would incite their own city to attack that of another?  For one would do for others as one would do for oneself.  If people regarded other people’s families in the same way that they regard their own, who then would incite their own family to attack that of another?  For one would do for others as one would do for oneself.  And so if states and cities do not attack one another and families do not wreak havoc upon and steal from one another, would this be a harm to the world or a benefit?  Of course one must say it is a benefit to the world.

text: Mozi regarded the golden rule as a corollary to the cardinal virtue of impartiality, and encouraged egalitarianism and selflessness in relationships.

text: Iranian religions[edit]

text: Zoroastrianism[edit]

text: Do not do unto others whatever is injurious to yourself.		-- Shayast-na-Shayast 13.29

text: New religious movements[edit]

text: Bahá'í Faith[edit]

text: The writings of the Bahá'í Faith encourages everyone to treat others as they would treat themselves and even prefer others over oneself:

text: O SON OF MAN! Deny not My servant should he ask anything from thee, for his face is My face; be then abashed before Me.

text: Blessed is he who preferreth his brother before himself.

text: And if thine eyes be turned towards justice, choose thou for thy neighbour that which thou choosest for thyself.

text: Ascribe not to any soul that which thou wouldst not have ascribed to thee, and say not that which thou doest not.

text: Wicca[edit]

text: Here ye these words and heed them well, the words of Dea, thy Mother Goddess, "I command thee thus, O children of the Earth, that that which ye deem harmful unto thyself, the very same shall ye be forbidden from doing unto another, for violence and hatred give rise to the same. My command is thus, that ye shall return all violence and hatred with peacefulness and love, for my Law is love unto all things. Only through love shall ye have peace; yea and verily, only peace and love will cure the world, and subdue all evil."

text: Scientology[edit]

text: The Way to Happiness expresses the Golden Rule both in its negative/prohibitive form and in its positive form. The negative/prohibitive form is expressed in Precept 19 as:

text: 19. Try not to do things to others that you would not like them to do to you.

text: The positive form is expressed in Precept 20 as:

text: 20. Try to treat others as you would want them to treat you.

text: Traditional African religions[edit]

text: Yoruba[edit]

text: One who is going to take a pointed stick to pinch a baby bird should first try it on himself to feel how it hurts.

text: Odinani[edit]

text: Egbe bere, ugo bere. (Let the eagle perch, let the hawk perch.)

text: Nke si ibe ya ebene gosi ya ebe o ga-ebe. (Whoever says the other shall not perch, may they show the other where to perch.)

text: Secular context[edit]

text: Global ethic[edit]

text: The "Declaration Toward a Global Ethic"[59] from the Parliament of the World’s Religions[60][61] (1993) proclaimed the Golden Rule ("We must treat others as we wish others to treat us") as the common principle for many religions.[4] The Initial Declaration was signed by 143 leaders from all of the world's major faiths, including Baha'i Faith, Brahmanism, Brahma Kumaris, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Indigenous, Interfaith, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, Native American, Neo-Pagan, Sikhism, Taoism, Theosophist, Unitarian Universalist and Zoroastrian.[4][62] In the folklore of several cultures the Golden Rule is depicted by the allegory of the long spoons.

text: Humanism[edit]

text: In the view of Greg M. Epstein, a Humanist chaplain at Harvard University, " 'do unto others' ... is a concept that essentially no religion misses entirely. But not a single one of these versions of the golden rule requires a God".[63] Various sources identify the Golden Rule as a humanist principle:[64][65]

text: Trying to live according to the Golden Rule means trying to empathise with other people, including those who may be very different from us. Empathy is at the root of kindness, compassion, understanding and respect – qualities that we all appreciate being shown, whoever we are, whatever we think and wherever we come from. And although it isn’t possible to know what it really feels like to be a different person or live in different circumstances and have different life experiences, it isn’t difficult for most of us to imagine what would cause us suffering and to try to avoid causing suffering to others. For this reason many people find the Golden Rule’s corollary – "do not treat people in a way you would not wish to be treated yourself" – more pragmatic.[64]

text:
Do not do to others what you would not want them to do to you. [is] (…) the single greatest, simplest, and most important moral axiom humanity has ever invented, one which reappears in the writings of almost every culture and religion throughout history, the one we know as the Golden Rule.
Moral directives do not need to be complex or obscure to be worthwhile, and in fact, it is precisely this rule's simplicity which makes it great. It is easy to come up with, easy to understand, and easy to apply, and these three things are the hallmarks of a strong and healthy moral system. The idea behind it is readily graspable: before performing an action which might harm another person, try to imagine yourself in their position, and consider whether you would want to be the recipient of that action. If you would not want to be in such a position, the other person probably would not either, and so you should not do it. It is the basic and fundamental human trait of empathy, the ability to vicariously experience how another is feeling, that makes this possible, and it is the principle of empathy by which we should live our lives.

text: Existentialism[edit]

text: When we say that man chooses for himself, we do mean that every one of us must choose himself; but by that we also mean that in choosing for himself he chooses for all men. For in effect, of all the actions a man may take in order to create himself as he wills to be, there is not one which is not creative, at the same time, of an image of man such as he believes he ought to be. To choose between this or that is at the same time to affirm the value of that which is chosen; for we are unable ever to choose the worse. What we choose is always the better; and nothing can be better for us unless it is better for all.

text: Other contexts[edit]

text: Human rights[edit]

text: According to Marc H. Bornstein, and William E. Paden, the Golden Rule is arguably the most essential basis for the modern concept of human rights, in which each individual has a right to just treatment, and a reciprocal responsibility to ensure justice for others.[69]

text: However Leo Damrosch argued that the notion that the Golden Rule pertains to "rights" per se is a contemporary interpretation and has nothing to do with its origin. The development of human "rights" is a modern political ideal that began as a philosophical concept promulgated through the philosophy of Jean Jacques Rousseau in 18th century France, among others. His writings influenced Thomas Jefferson, who then incorporated Rousseau's reference to "inalienable rights" into the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776. Damrosch argued that to confuse the Golden Rule with human rights is to apply contemporary thinking to ancient concepts.[70]

text: Science and economics[edit]

text: There has been research published arguing that some 'sense' of fair play and the Golden Rule may be stated and rooted in terms of neuroscientific and neuroethical principles.[71]

text: The Golden Rule can also be explained from the perspectives of psychology, philosophy, sociology, human evolution, and economics. Psychologically, it involves a person empathizing with others. Philosophically, it involves a person perceiving their neighbor also as "I" or "self".[72] Sociologically, "love your neighbor as yourself" is applicable between individuals, between groups, and also between individuals and groups.  In evolution, "reciprocal altruism" is seen as a distinctive advance in the capacity of human groups to survive and reproduce, as their exceptional brains demanded exceptionally long childhoods and ongoing provision and protection even beyond that of the immediate family.[73] In economics, Richard Swift, referring to ideas from David Graeber, suggests that "without some kind of reciprocity society would no longer be able to exist."[74]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Philosophers, such as Immanuel Kant[75] and Friedrich Nietzsche,[76] have objected to the rule on a variety of grounds. The most serious among these is its application. How does one know how others want to be treated? The obvious way is to ask them, but this cannot be done if one assumes they have not reached a particular and relevant understanding.

text: Differences in values or interests[edit]

text: George Bernard Shaw wrote, "Do not do unto others as you would that they should do unto you. Their tastes may be different."[77] This suggests that if your values are not shared with others, the way you want to be treated will not be the way they want to be treated. Hence, the Golden Rule of "do unto others" is "dangerous in the wrong hands,"[78] according to philosopher Iain King, because "some fanatics have no aversion to death: the Golden Rule might inspire them to kill others in suicide missions."[79]

text: Differences in situations[edit]

text: Immanuel Kant famously criticized the golden rule for not being sensitive to differences of situation, noting that a prisoner duly convicted of a crime could appeal to the golden rule while asking the judge to release him, pointing out that the judge would not want anyone else to send him to prison, so he should not do so to others.[75] Kant's Categorical Imperative, introduced in Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, is often confused with the Golden Rule.

text: Cannot be a sole guide to action[edit]

text: In his book How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time, philosopher Iain King has argued that "(although) the idea of mirroring your treatment of others with their treatment of you is very widespread indeed… most ancient wisdoms express this negatively – advice on what you should not do, rather than what you should."[80] He argues this creates a bias in favour of inertia which allows bad actions and states of affairs to persist. The positive formulation, meanwhile, can be "incendiary",[81] since it "can lead to cycles of tit-for-tat reciprocity," unless it is accompanied by a corrective mechanism, such as a concept of forgiveness.[81] Therefore, he concludes that there can be no viable formulation of the Golden Rule, unless it is heavily qualified by other maxims.[82]

text: Responses to criticisms[edit]

text: Walter Terence Stace, in The Concept of Morals (1937), wrote:

text: Mr. Bernard Shaw's remark "Do not do unto others as you would that they should do unto you. Their tastes may be different" is no doubt a smart saying. But it seems to overlook the fact that "doing as you would be done by" includes taking into account your neighbor's tastes as you would that he should take yours into account. Thus the "golden rule" might still express the essence of a universal morality even if no two men in the world had any needs or tastes in common.[83]

text: Marcus George Singer observed that there are two importantly different ways of looking at the golden rule: as requiring (1) that you perform specific actions that you want others to do to you or (2) that you guide your behavior in the same general ways that you want others to.[84] Counter-examples to the golden rule typically are more forceful against the first than the second.

text: In his book on the golden rule, Jeffrey Wattles makes the similar observation that such objections typically arise while applying the golden rule in certain general ways (namely, ignoring differences in taste, in situation, and so forth). But if we apply the golden rule to our own method of using it, asking in effect if we would want other people to apply the golden rule in such ways, the answer would typically be no, since it is quite predictable that others' ignoring of such factors will lead to behavior which we object to. It follows that we should not do so ourselves—according to the golden rule. In this way, the golden rule may be self-correcting.[85] An article by Jouni Reinikainen develops this suggestion in greater detail.[86]

text: It is possible, then, that the golden rule can itself guide us in identifying which differences of situation are morally relevant. We would often want other people to ignore any prejudice against our race or nationality when deciding how to act towards us, but would also want them to not ignore our differing preferences in food, desire for aggressiveness, and so on. This principle of "doing unto others, wherever possible, as they would be done by..." has sometimes been termed the platinum rule.[87]

text: Popular references[edit]

text: Charles Kingsley's The Water Babies (1863) includes a character named Mrs Do-As-You-Would-Be-Done-By (and another, Mrs Be-Done-By-As-You-Did).[88]


document_title: List of Olympic Games host cities

question_text: when is the olympics going to be in america

text: List of Olympic Games host cities

text: Olympic host cities[edit]

text:
City
Country
Continent
Summer (Olympiad)
Winter
Year
Opening Ceremony
Closing Ceremony

Athens
 Greece
Europe
S005I
—
1896
000000002017-04-06-0000April 6
000000002017-04-15-0000April 15

Paris
 France
Europe
S005II
—
1900
000000002017-05-14-0000May 14
000000002017-10-28-0000October 28

St. Louis[a]
 United States
North America
S005III
—
1904
000000002017-07-01-0000July 1
000000002017-11-23-0000November 23

London[c]
 United Kingdom
Europe
S005IV
—
1908
000000002017-04-27-0000April 27
000000002017-10-31-0000October 31

Stockholm
 Sweden
Europe
S005V
—
1912
000000002017-05-05-0000May 5
000000002017-07-22-0000July 22

Berlin
 Germany
Europe
S006VI
—
1916
Cancelled due to WWI[4]

Antwerp[d]
 Belgium
Europe
S007VII
—
1920
000000002017-04-20-0000April 20
000000002017-09-12-0000September 12[5]

Chamonix
 France
Europe
—
W001I
1924
000000002017-01-25-0000January 25
000000002017-02-04-0000February 4[6]

Paris
 France
Europe
S008VIII
—
000000002017-05-04-0000May 4
000000002017-07-27-0000July 27[7]

St. Moritz
  Switzerland
Europe
—
W002II
1928
000000002017-02-11-0000February 11
000000002017-02-19-0000February 19[8]

Amsterdam
 Netherlands
Europe
S009IX
—
000000002017-05-17-0000May 17
000000002017-08-12-0000August 12[9]

Lake Placid
 United States
North America
—
W003III
1932
000000002017-02-04-0000February 4
000000002017-02-15-0000February 15[10]

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
S010X
—
000000002017-07-30-0000July 30
000000002017-08-14-0000August 14[11]

Garmisch-Partenkirchen
 Nazi Germany
Europe
—
W004IV
1936
000000002017-02-06-0000February 6
000000002017-02-16-0000February 16[12]

Berlin
 Nazi Germany
Europe
S011XI
—
000000002017-08-01-0000August 1
000000002017-08-16-0000August 16[13]

Sapporo
Garmisch-Partenkirchen[e]
 Empire of Japan
 Nazi Germany
Asia
Europe
—
W005aV
1940
Cancelled due to WWII[4]

Tokyo
Helsinki[f]
 Empire of Japan
 Finland
Asia
Europe
S012XII
—

Cortina d'Ampezzo
 Italy
Europe
—
W005bV
1944

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
S013XIII
—

St. Moritz
  Switzerland
Europe
—
W005cV
1948
000000002017-01-30-0000January 30
000000002017-02-08-0000February 8

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
S014XIV
—
000000002017-07-29-0000July 29
000000002017-08-14-0000August 14

Oslo
 Norway
Europe
—
W006VI
1952
000000002017-02-14-0000February 14
000000002017-02-25-0000February 25

Helsinki
 Finland
Europe
S015XV
—
000000002017-07-19-0000July 19
000000002017-08-03-0000August 3

Cortina d'Ampezzo
 Italy
Europe
—
W007VII
1956
000000002017-01-26-0000January 26
000000002017-02-05-0000February 5

Melbourne
Stockholm[g]
 Australia
 Sweden
Oceania
Europe
S016XVI
—
000000002017-11-22-0000November 22
000000002017-06-10-0000June 10
000000002017-12-08-0000December 8
000000002017-06-17-0000June 17

Squaw Valley
 United States
North America
—
W008VIII
1960
000000002017-02-18-0000February 18
000000002017-02-28-0000February 28

Rome
 Italy
Europe
S017XVII
—
000000002017-08-25-0000August 25
000000002017-09-11-0000September 11

Innsbruck
 Austria
Europe
—
W009IX
1964
000000002017-01-29-0000January 29
000000002017-02-09-0000February 9

Tokyo
 Japan
Asia
S018XVIII
—
000000002017-10-10-0000October 10
000000002017-10-24-0000October 24

Grenoble
 France
Europe
—
W010X
1968
000000002017-02-06-0000February 6
000000002017-02-18-0000February 18

Mexico City
 Mexico
North America
S019XIX
—
000000002017-10-12-0000October 12
000000002017-10-27-0000October 27

Sapporo
 Japan
Asia
—
W011XI
1972
000000002017-02-03-0000February 3
000000002017-02-13-0000February 13

Munich
 West Germany
Europe
S020XX
—
000000002017-08-26-0000August 26
000000002017-09-11-0000September 11

Innsbruck
 Austria
Europe
—
W012XII
1976
000000002017-02-04-0000February 4
000000002017-02-15-0000February 15

Montreal
 Canada
North America
S021XXI
—
000000002017-07-17-0000July 17
000000002017-08-01-0000August 1

Lake Placid
 United States
North America
—
W013XIII
1980
000000002017-02-12-0000February 12
000000002017-02-24-0000February 24

Moscow
 Soviet Union
Europe[h]
S022XXII
—
000000002017-07-19-0000July 19
000000002017-08-03-0000August 3

Sarajevo
 Yugoslavia
Europe
—
W014XIV
1984
000000002017-02-07-0000February 7
000000002017-02-19-0000February 19

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
S023XXIII
—
000000002017-07-28-0000July 28
000000002017-08-12-0000August 12

Calgary
 Canada
North America
—
W015XV
1988
000000002017-02-13-0000February 13
000000002017-02-28-0000February 28

Seoul
 South Korea
Asia
S024XXIV
—
000000002017-09-17-0000September 17
000000002017-10-02-0000October 2

Albertville
 France
Europe
—
W016XVI
1992
000000002017-02-08-0000February 8
000000002017-02-23-0000February 23

Barcelona
 Spain
Europe
S025XXV
—
000000002017-07-25-0000July 25
000000002017-08-09-0000August 9

Lillehammer
 Norway
Europe
—
W017XVII
1994
000000002017-02-12-0000February 12
000000002017-02-27-0000February 27

Atlanta
 United States
North America
S026XXVI
—
1996
000000002017-07-19-0000July 19
000000002017-08-04-0000August 4

Nagano
 Japan
Asia
—
W018XVIII
1998
000000002017-02-07-0000February 7
000000002017-02-22-0000February 22

Sydney
 Australia
Oceania
S027XXVII
—
2000
000000002017-09-15-0000September 15
000000002017-10-01-0000October 1

Salt Lake City
 United States
North America
—
W019XIX
2002
000000002017-02-08-0000February 8
000000002017-02-24-0000February 24

Athens
 Greece
Europe
S028XXVIII
—
2004
000000002017-08-13-0000August 13
000000002017-08-29-0000August 29

Turin
 Italy
Europe
—
W020XX
2006
000000002017-02-10-0000February 10
000000002017-02-26-0000February 26

Beijing[i]
 China
Asia
S029XXIX
—
2008
000000002017-08-08-0000August 8
000000002017-08-24-0000August 24

Vancouver
 Canada
North America
—
W021XXI
2010
000000002017-02-12-0000February 12
000000002017-02-28-0000February 28

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
S030XXX
—
2012
000000002017-07-27-0000July 27
000000002017-08-12-0000August 12

Sochi
 Russia
Europe[h]
—
W022XXII
2014
000000002017-02-07-0000February 7
000000002017-02-23-0000February 23

Rio de Janeiro
 Brazil
South America
S031XXXI
—
2016
000000002017-08-05-0000August 5
000000002017-08-21-0000August 21

Pyeongchang
 South Korea
Asia
—
W023XXIII
2018
000000002017-02-09-0000February 9
000000002017-02-25-0000February 25

Tokyo
 Japan
Asia
S032XXXII
—
2020
000000002017-07-24-0000July 24
000000002017-08-09-0000August 9

Beijing
 China
Asia
—
W024XXIV
2022
000000002017-02-04-0000February 4
000000002017-02-20-0000February 20

Paris
 France
Europe
S033XXXIII
—
2024
000000002017-08-02-0000August 2
000000002017-08-18-0000August 18

TBD
TBD

—
W025XXV
2026
(TBD)

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
S034XXXIV
—
2028
000000002017-07-21-0000July 21
000000002017-08-06-0000August 6

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games[edit]

text:
List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games

City
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
3 (1908, 1948, 2012)
0
3

Paris
 France
Europe
3 (1900, 1924, 2024)
0

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
3 (1932, 1984, 2028)
0

Athens
 Greece
Europe
2 (1896, 2004)
0
2

Beijing
 China
Asia
1 (2008)
1 (2022)

Tokyo
 Japan
Asia
2 (1964, 2020)
0

Lake Placid
 United States
North America
0
2 (1932, 1980)

Innsbruck
 Austria
Europe
0
2 (1964, 1976)

St. Moritz
  Switzerland
Europe
0
2 (1928, 1948)

text: The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games.

text: Number of Olympic Games by country[edit]

text:
List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games

Rank
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total

1
 United States
North America
5 (1904, 1932, 1984, 1996, 2028)
4 (1932, 1960, 1980, 2002)
9

2
 France
Europe
3 (1900, 1924, 2024)
3 (1924, 1968, 1992)
6

3
 Japan
Asia
2 (1940, 1964, 2020)
2 (1940, 1972, 1998)
4

4
 United Kingdom
Europe
3 (1908, 1944, 1948, 2012)
0
3

5
 Canada
North America
1 (1976)
2 (1988, 2010)
3

6
 Italy
Europe
1 (1960)
2 (1944, 1956, 2006)
3

7
 Nazi Germany/ West Germany/ Germany
Europe
2 (1916, 1936, 1972)
1 (1936, 1940)
3

8
 China
Asia
1 (2008)
1 (2022)
2

9
 South Korea
Asia
1 (1988)
1 (2018)
2

10
 Soviet Union/ Russia
Europe
1 (1980)
1 (2014)
2

11
 Greece
Europe
2 (1896, 2004)
0
2

12
 Australia
Oceania
2 (1956, 2000)
0
2

13
 Norway
Europe
0
2 (1952, 1994)
2

14
 Austria
Europe
0
2 (1964, 1976)
2

15
  Switzerland
Europe
0
2 (1928, 1940, 1948)
2

16
 Brazil
South America
1 (2016)
0
1

17
 Spain
Europe
1 (1992)
0
1

18
 SFR Yugoslavia/ Bosnia and Herzegovina
Europe
0
1 (1984)
1

19
 Mexico
Central America
1 (1968)
0
1

20
 Finland
Europe
1 (1940, 1952)
0
1

21
 Netherlands
Europe
1 (1928)
0
1

22
 Belgium
Europe
1 (1920)
0
1

23
 Sweden
Europe
1 (1912)
0
1

text: Number of Olympic Games by continent[edit]

text:
Rank
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total

1
Europe
17 (1896, 1900, 1908, 1912, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1936, 1940
1944, 1948, 1952, 1960, 1972, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2012, 2024)
13 (1924, 1928, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956
1964, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1992, 1994, 2006, 2014)
30

2
North America
7 (1904, 1932, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1996, 2028)
6 (1932, 1960, 1980, 1988, 2002, 2010)
13

3
Asia
4 (1940, 1964, 1988, 2008, 2020)
4 (1940, 1972, 1998, 2018, 2022)
8

4
Oceania
2 (1956, 2000)
0
2

5
South America
1 (2016)
0
1

6
Africa
0
0
0

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a Originally awarded to Chicago, but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World's Fair.[14][15]
b The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held, and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949[16]
c The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome, but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted.[17]
d The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend, Belgium and in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
e The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo, but were moved to Garmisch-Partenkirchen before being cancelled.
f The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo, but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled.
g Equestrian events were held in Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies, just like the regular Summer Olympics.[18]
h Russia/Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia. However, the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees. Also, Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia. (Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary, being just south of the Greater Caucasus' western end; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe.)
i Equestrian events were held in China's Hong Kong SAR.[19] Although Hong Kong's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition, it was an integral part of the Beijing Games (unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid, separate flame, etc.).[20]
j Calgary is actively working with the Canadian Olympic Committee in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics.
k Innsbruck is actively working with the Austrian Olympic Committee in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics.
l Lillehammer is actively working with the Norwegian Olympic Committee in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics.
m Sion is actively working with the Swiss Olympic Association in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics.


document_title: List of Thomas & Friends voice actors

question_text: who did the voices for thomas the tank engine

text: List of Thomas & Friends voice actors

text: Cast[edit]

text: Voices[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Region
Role(s)
Notes

Joseph May
US
Thomas
"The Adventure Begins" onwards

John Hasler
UK

US/UK
Rheneas (series 20 onwards)[1]

Tim Bain
Aiden and Madeleine's father

David Bedella
Victor, Carlos, The Mayor of Sodor and the Cuban man

Sanjeev Bhaskar
Shankar

Sheena Bhattessa
Noor Jehan and Charubala

Jamie Campbell Bower
Skiff

Chipo Chung
Hong-Mei

Nathan Clarke
Alfie

Olivia Colman
Marion

Jules de Jongh
US
Emily, Mavis (Season 13–16), Lady Hatt, The Duchess of Boxford, Stephen Hatt ("Diesel's Special Delivery"), Bridget Hatt, Bridget Hatt's Friends, Some Children, Little Boy in White and Light Blue Stripes Shirt and Red Shorts, The School Children, Teacher, The Laundry Lady, Little Girl in the Red Dress, The Ginger Haired Boy ("Pop Goes Thomas","Diesel's Special Delivery","Emily and Dash","Percy the Snowman","Emily's Winter Party Special", and "Pouty James"), The Blonde Haired Boy (Season 15 and Season 18), and The Blonde Haired Girl

US/UK
Emily ("4-D: Bubbling Boilers" and the singing voice for "The Great Race" only), Caitlin ("Engine of the Future" only), and Alicia Botti

Jonathan Forbes
Connor

Teresa Gallagher
UK
Emily, Lady Hatt (Season 13, "Day of the Diesels" and Season 15), Mavis (Season 13–16), The Duchess of Boxford, Stephen Hatt ("Diesel's Special Delivery"), Bridget Hatt, Bridget Hatt's friends, the teacher, the laundry lady, little boy in light white and light blue stripes shirt and red shorts, some children, the school children, little girl in the red dress, the blonde-hair girl, and the blonde-hair boy

US
A blond-haired girl
"Very Important Sheep"

A blonde-haired boy
"Very Important Sheep" only

UK/US
Belle, Frieda, Gina, Mavis, Annie, Clarabel, Judy, The Duchess of Boxford ("Percy's Lucky Day" only), Lady Hatt ("The Afternoon Tea Express" only and Season 21 onwards), the teacher (Season 18 only), the ginger-hair boy, the shouting little boy, the lady with the big hat, some passengers, the Knapford Station speaker ("The Adventure Begins"), some children ("The Adventure Begins" onwards), the school children ("Lost Property"), Stephen Hatt, Bridget Hatt, the lady in the blue dress, the barrow fan ("Reds vs. Blues" and "Useful Railway"), Albert's wife ("Thomas the Babysitter" and "Unscheduled Stops"), the lady in spring green dress, the female puppet show entertainer, little girl in the turquoise dress with pink flowers, the lady in the white dress and gray vest, the lady in the white shirt, light brown skirt and hat, the lady in the grayish white shirt, blackish gray skirt, and white pearl necklace, the chubby little boy in dark green shirt and dark gray shorts, the lady in the yellow dress and hat, The Blonde Haired Girl, The Lady in Red and Indigo Hat and White Dress with Indigo lines, Female Passengers, Madeleine, and Madeleine's Mother

Bob Golding
Stephen, Sidney (series 17 onwards), Ivan, some dock workers ("Tale of the Brave") and a railway inspector ("Lost Property")

Mike Grady
Sir Robert Norramby

Yvonne Grundy
Nia

Rasmus Hardiker
Bill, Philip and some Troublesome Trucks ("The Fastest Red Engine on Sodor" only)

UK
Monty

William Hope
US
Edward, Toby, Stephen Hatt ("Thomas and the Runaway Kite" only), Whiff, Bash, Rocky, Farmer McColl, the Duke of Boxford, the blond-haired boy ("Merry Misty Island" and "The Way She Does It" only), the Maithwaite stationmaster ("Double Trouble" and "Wonky Whistle" only), the man at the fire ("Race to the Rescue"), the Dock Manager and the Wellsworth Station worker

UK/US
Iron Bert (series 16 onwards), a railway inspector, a steamworks worker ("Wonky Whistle"), 2 farmhands ("Wonky Whistle"), a workman ("Toad and the Whale"), Passenger, and Farmer McColl ("Philip's Number" only)

Siu-see Hung
An An

Togo Igawa
Hiro

Shane Jacobson
Shane

Rufus Jones
Flying Scotsman

Steven Kynman
UK
Porter, Jack and the dock manager ("Tale of the Brave" only)

US
Charlie
"The Great Race" onwards

Butch
Series 17 onwards

UK/US
Duck, Ryan (series 20 onwards), Dart (Season 17 onwards), Paxton ("Blue Mountain Mystery" onwards), Peter Sam, "The Third Slip Coach", a workman (Journey Beyond Sodor), a railway inspector (Season 17) and the bird watcher ("Who's Geoffrey?")

Michael Legge
Luke

Dan Li
Yong Bao
(Big World! Big Adventures!-onwards)

Windson Liong
Lin-Yong, Lei, the Male Chinese Breakdown Crane, the Chinese Guard and the Chinese Men

Genevieve McCarthy
UK/US
Aubrey

Ian McCue
UK/US
The Blue Sea Serpent, Tiger Hunter #2

David Menkin
Porter (US; series 17 onwards/UK; "Pouty James" and "Cranky at the End of the Line" only) and Stanley ("The Truth About Toby" only)

US
Jack

Rachael Miller
UK/US
Rebecca, Angelique, Isla, The Teacher (Outback Thomas), Passengers (Outback Thomas), The Lady in Chartreuse Dress, and The Lady in Yellow Dress

Joe Mills
Douglas, Oliver, Toad, the Welsh bird watcher ("Thomas and the Emergency Cable"), and a Knapford Station yard workman ("Toad and the Whale")

Lucy Montgomery
Lexi, Hannah, Carly
, and Cowgirls

Tracy-Ann Oberman[2]
Daisy
Series 20 onwards

Maggie Ollerenshaw
Henrietta

Rebecca O'Mara
Caitlin and the Second Slip Coach

Nikhil Parnar
UK/US
Rajiv

Jass Patel
UK/US
Concessions Worker

Nigel Pilkington
UK
Percy (Series 19 onwards; excluding "Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure"), and Trevor

UK/US
A passenger

Rob Rackstraw
James (US; "The Adventure Begins" onwards/UK; "Tit for Tat" onwards), Donald (Season 20 onwards), Raul, Axel, Étienne, Flynn (Season 19 onwards), Bradford, The Great Railway Show announcer, some passengers, the man in the blue shirt and light brown hat, The Bird Watcher ("The Railcar and the Coaches"), Fergus Duncan, The Welsh Bird Watcher ("Mike's Whistle"), The Thin Clergyman ("Tit for Tat"), The Red Sea Serpent, and Tiger Hunter #1

UK
Toby
Season 19 onwards

US
Monty

Christopher Ragland[3]
Percy (Season 19 onwards) and Trevor

US/UK
The Troublesome Trucks ("The Adventure Begins" onwards)
, and Cowboys

Miranda Raison
Millie and the Knapford Station speaker

Kerry Shale
UK
Thomas and Spencer
"Hero of the Rails", originally

US
Henry, Gordon, Dash, Scruff, Harold, Max, Kevin, Sir Topham Hatt ("Hero of the Rails" – Season 18), Sir Lowham Hatt, Mr. Percival, Farmer Trotter, The Maithwaite stationmaster ("Time For a Story" and "A Blooming Mess"), a railway inspector, the photographer (Season 16), the railroad coal inspector, the zoo keeper and some workmen

UK/US
Kevin ("Hasty Hannah" only), Diesel (US; series 19 onwards/UK; series 13 onwards), 'Arry, some groaning passengers ("Calm Down Caitlin"), the man on the bridge, and Headkeeper Jack

John Schwab
Vinnie, Ulli and a Bridlington Diesel

US
Stanley
Series 20 onwards, excluding "Saving Time"[4]

Nicola Stapleton
UK/US
Rosie
Season 21 onwards

Tom Stourton
Duncan, Rex, Terence and The Fat Clergyman

Tim Whitnall
Timothy, Mike, Jerome, Oliver the Excavator, Reg, the deputy minister and some workmen

US
The man in the hat
"Spencer's VIP" only

UK
Max

Keith Wickham
Edward, Henry, Gordon, Whiff, Dash, Harold, The Thin Controller, the railway coal inspector, the man at the fire, the Wellsworth station worker, the Fat Controller's assistant, some workmen, some passengers, Gator's driver, and steamworks workman

UK/US
Harvey, Glynn, Salty, Den, Norman, Stafford, Skarloey, Sir Handel, Arlesdale Bert, Bertie, Captain, Sir Topham Hatt/The Fat Controller (UK; "Hero of the Rails" onwards/US; "The Adventure Begins" onwards), Dowager Hatt, Sir Lowham Hatt, Lord Callan, the photographer ("Wild Water Rescue"), a railway inspector, the great composer, the Maron station speaker, the Wellsworth stationmaster,  Thomas' guard, the grumpy passenger, Father Christmas, the groundsman, the postman, Gordon's driver ("The Adventure Begins"), James' guard ("The Adventure Begins"), a Knapford station worker ("The Adventure Begins"), some workmen, sometsignalmen, the dock manager ("Who's Geoffrey?" only), a Sodor search & rescue centre worker ("Toad and the Whale"), a policeman ("Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure"), a diver ("Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure"), The Man in the Hat, some passengers, Albert ("Thomas the Babysitter"), Mr. Bubbles, the man in the sea green shirt and glasses, the Welsh bird watcher ("Sidney Sings and Three Steam Engines Gruff"), one of Dowager Hatt's friends ("Best Engine Ever" and "Sidney Sings"), the museum manager, male puppet show entertainer, the man in the gray shirt and black pants, the Great Railway Show judge, the fat clergyman, the man in the blackish gray shirt and blackish gray pants, Willie the lazy farmer, the man in the black shirt and black pants, Franz, The Man in the Whitish Brown Shirt and Brown Pants, and The Station Announcer

Robert Wilfort
Samson and the Great Railway Show judge ("The Great Race")

Matt Wilkinson
UK
Spencer, Stanley, Charlie, Bash, Scruff, Rocky, Cranky, Butch (Season 16 onwards), Kevin, Stephen Hatt ("Thomas and the Runaway Kite"), Farmer McColl, the Duke of Boxford, the photographer (series 16), the Maithwaite stationmaster, Farmer Trotter, the Knapford stationmaster, the bird watcher ("Henry's Good Deeds"), the blond-haired boy ("Merry Misty Island"), the dock manager, a railway inspector, some dock workers, the island inspector, the Sodor search & rescue centre manager, the Blue Mountain Quarry workman, the zoo keeper and the man with the hat

UK/US
Ben, Diesel 10, Winston, Rusty, Merrick, Captain Joe, some workmen, and Male Passengers

Glenn Wrage
US
Spencer, Ferdinand, Cranky, the Sodor search & rescue centre manager, Sir Topham Hatt's Assistant, Gator's driver and a Steamworks worker

text: Former voices[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Region
Role(s)
Notes

Jonathan Broadbent
UK/US
Bill and Ben
Season 17-19

The First Slip Coach
Season 18

Rupert Degas
Dart and Flynn
"Day of the Diesels" – Season 16

Bertie
Season 15 and 16 only

UK
Butch
Series 15

Michael Brandon
US
Mr. Bubbles
Season 13–15

Diesel
Season 13–16

Martin Sherman
"King of the Railway" – Series 18

Thomas and Percy
"Hero of the Rails" – Season 18

Henry
Originally

The Bird Watcher
Henry's Good Deeds only

Some children
Time for a Story, Pop Goes Thomas and Toby and Bash only

Ben Small
Stanley
Season 15 only

Charlie
Season 16–18

UK
Thomas and Toby
"Hero of the Rails" – Season 18

Ferdinand
"Misty Island Rescue" – Season 16

UK/US
Rheneas
Season 16–18

Troublesome Truck

Flynn
Season 17 only

Owen
"Blue Mountain Mystery" – Season 18

text: Guest voices[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Role(s)
Notes

Clive Mantle
Gator
"Tale of the Brave" and Series 18 only

Sir John Hurt
Sailor John
"Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure" only

Eddie Redmayne
Ryan

Ashna Kapur
The blond-haired girl (Very Important Sheep)

Oliver McCue
The blond-haired boy (Very Important Sheep)

Tina Desai
Ashima

Hugh Bonneville
Merlin

Darren Boyd
Theo

Jim Howick
Hurricane

Sophie Colquhoun
Frankie

Colin McFarlane
Bulgy and Beresford

Patricia Kihoro
Nia
singing voice on the movie Big World! Big Adventures!

Mia Hope Gaywood
Kid (School of Duck)

Holly Hazelton
Kid (School of Duck)

Jessica Hann
Kid (School of Duck)

Damon Denton Snape
Kid (School of Duck)

Innis Robertson-Pinnell
Kid (School of Duck)

Charlie Barnard
Kid (School of Duck)

text: Online videos[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Role(s)

Sabrina Frederick-Traub
Tracy

Matthew Richardson
Shane

text: Thomas and the Magic Railroad voices[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Role(s)
Notes

Eddie Glen
Thomas

John Bellis
Originally

Keith Scott
Diesel 10

Neil Crone
Gordon, Diesel 10 and Splatter

A tumbleweed
Uncredited

Troublesome Trucks
Originally had lines but removed

Kevin Frank

Henry, Dodge and Bertie

Harold
Originally had no lines

Britt Allcroft
Lady

Patrick Breen
Splatter and Dodge (Splodge)
Originally

Susan Roman
James

Michael Angelis
Originally

Percy

Linda Ballantyne

Colm Feore
Toby

Shelley-Elizabeth Skinner
Annie and Clarabel

text: Narrators[edit]

text: Current[edit]

text:
Actor
Region
Years
Period

John Hasler
UK
2018–present
Season 22–present

Joseph May
US

text: Former[edit]

text:
Actor
Region
Years
Period

Ringo Starr
UK/AUS/US
1984–1986 (UK), 1987–1988 (AUS), 1989–1990 (US)
Season 1–2

George Carlin
US
1991–1995
Season 1–4 (US)

Michael Angelis
UK/AUS/US
1991–2012
Season 3–16 (UK and AUS), Season 6–7 (US re-narration for episodes: Gordon and Spencer, Emily's New Coaches, The Spotless Record, Peace and Quiet, Jack Jumps In and A Friend in Need), Calling All Engines, Hero of the Rails, Misty Island Rescue, Day of the Diesels and Blue Mountain Mystery for UK and AUS audiences

Alec Baldwin
US
1998–2002
Season 5–6 (US), Thomas and the Magic Railroad as Mr Conductor

Mara Wilson
US
2000
Thomas and the Magic Railroad as Lily (originally hired to narrate the movie)

Michael Brandon
US
2003–2012
Season 7–16 (US), Calling All Engines, Hero of the Rails, Misty Island Rescue, Day of the Diesels and Blue Mountain Mystery for US audiences

Gwyneth Paltrow
US
2008
The Great Discovery (originally hired to narrate the movie)

Pierce Brosnan
UK/AUS/US
2008
The Great Discovery, Season 12 (original cut)

Mark Moraghan
UK/AUS/US
2013–2018
Season 17–21, Season 13 (US re-narration for episode: Snow Tracks), Season 14 (US re-narration for episodes: Charlie and Eddie and Thomas' Crazy Day), Season 15 (PBS Kids website re-narration for episodes: Up, Up and Away and Percy's New Friends, King of the Railway, Tale of the Brave, The Adventure Begins, Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure, The Great Race and Journey Beyond Sodor

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Years
Period

Mara Wilson
2000
original script of Thomas and the Magic Railroad

Gwyneth Paltrow
2008
original script of The Great Discovery

Pierce Brosnan
The Great Discovery / original cut of season 12

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Narrator(s)
Model Series: 1984–2008
CGI Series: 2010–present

Classic Series1984–2003
New Series2004–08

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Ringo Starr

Michael Angelis

UK
UK
United Kingdom

US

George Carlin
US

US

Alec Baldwin

US

Michael Brandon

US
United States

Pierce Brosnan

*
 * * *

Mark Moraghan

US

John Hasler

UK

Thomas

Joseph May

US

text: Specials[edit]

text:
Narrator(s)
Model era
CGI era

TatMR2000
CAE!2005
TGD2008
HotR2009
MIR2010
DotD2011
BMM2012
KotR2013
TotB2014
TAB2015
SLotLT2015
TGR2016
JBS2017

Mara Wilson
Lily

Alec Baldwin
Mr. C

Michael Angelis

UK

United States

Michael Brandon

US

United Kingdom

Gwyneth Paltrow

Pierce Brosnan

Mark Moraghan

text:
A light green cell indicates the narrator who officially narrated the series.
An orange cell indicates the narrator who re-narrated the series.
A red cell indicates the original narrator who narrated the series, including the movies.

text: * Pierce Brosnan narrated the original cut of Series 12, but withdrew from the series, and his narrations left unreleased.

text: Characters[edit]

text: CGI Series[edit]

text:
Characters
HiT Era
Mattel Era

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Thomas
Ben Small (UK)Martin Sherman (US)
John Hasler (UK)Joseph May (US)

Edward
Keith Wickham (UK)William Hope (US)

Henry
Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)Martin Sherman (original US voice)
Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)

Gordon
Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)

James
Keith Wickham (UK)
Rob Rackstraw

Kerry Shale (US)
Rob Rackstraw (US)

Percy
Keith Wickham (UK)Martin Sherman (US)
Nigel Pilkington (UK)Christopher Ragland (US)

Toby
Ben Small (UK)
Rob Rackstraw (UK)

William Hope (US)

Duck

Steven Kynman
Cameo
Steven Kynman

Donald

Rob Rackstraw

Douglas

Joe Mills

Oliver

Joe Mills

Bill

Jonathan Broadbent

Cameo
Rasmus Hardiker

Ben
Matt Wilkinson

Emily
Teresa Gallagher (UK)Jules de Jongh (US)

Diesel
Kerry Shale (UK)
Kerry Shale

Michael Brandon (US)
Martin Sherman (US)

Mavis
Teresa Gallagher (UK)
Teresa Gallagher
Cameo
Teresa Gallagher

Jules de Jongh (US)

'Arry

Kerry Shale
Kerry Shale

Cameo
Cameo
Kerry Shale

Iron Bert
William Hope

William Hope

Skarleoy

Keith Wickham

Cameo
Keith Wickham

Rheneas

Ben Small

John Hasler
Cameo

Sir Handel

Originally
Keith Wickham

Keith Wickham

Peter Sam

Steven Kynman

Steven Kynman

Rusty

Matt Wilkinson

Duncan

Tom Stourton

Tom Stourton

Annie and Clarabel
Non-speaking role
Cameo
Non-speaking role
Teresa Gallagher

Henrietta
Non-speaking role
Cameo
Maggie Ollerenshaw

Toad

Joe Mills

Bertie
Non-speaking role
Rupert Degas
Keith Wickham

Harold

Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)
Non-speaking role
Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)
Non-speaking role
Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)

Cranky
Matt Wilkinson (UK)Glenn Wrage (US)

Sir Topham Hatt
Keith Wickham (UK)
Keith Wickham

Kerry Shale (US)

text: Movies[edit]

text:
Characters
TatMR
HotR
MIR
DotD
BMM
KotR
TotB
TAB
SLotLT
TGR
JBS
BW! BA!

Thomas
Eddie GlenJohn Bellis (originally)
Martin Sherman (US)Ben Small (UK)Kerry Shale (original UK voice)
Ben Small (UK)Martin Sherman (US)
John Hasler (UK)Joseph May (US)

Edward

Keith Wickham (UK)William Hope (US)

Henry
Kevin Frank
Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)

Gordon
Neil Crone
Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)
Cameo
Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)

James
Susan RomanMichael Angelis (originally)
Keith Wickham (UK)
Rob Rackstraw

Kerry Shale (US)
Rob Rackstraw (US)

Percy
Linda BallantyneMichael Angelis (originally)
Keith Wickham (UK)Martin Sherman (US)
Indirectly mentioned
Keith Wickham (UK)Christopher Ragland (US)
Christopher Ragland (US speaking voice / UK singing voice)Nigel Pilkington (UK)
Nigel Pilkington (UK)Christopher Ragland (US)

Toby
Colm Feore
Ben Small (UK)William Hope (US)

Rob Rackstraw (UK)William Hope (US)
Cameo
Rob Rackstraw (UK)William Hope (US)

Duck

Non-speaking role

Steven Kynman
Cameo

Donald and Douglas

Joe Mills

Oliver

Cameo

Bill
Jonathan Broadbent
Jonathan Broadbent
Cameo
Rasmus Hardiker

Ben
Matt Wilkinson

Emily

Teresa Gallagher (UK)Jules de Jongh (US)
Teresa Gallagher (UK)Jules de Jongh (US)
Jules de Jongh (US speaking voice / UK singing voice)Teresa Gallagher (UK)
Teresa Gallagher (UK)Jules de Jongh (US)

Diesel
Cameo
Kerry Shale (UK)

Cameo
Kerry Shale
Cameo
Kerry Shale

Michael Brandon (US)
Martin Sherman (US)

Annie and Clarabel
Shelley-Elizabeth Skinner

Teresa Gallagher

Sir Topham Hatt
Seen on posters
Keith Wickham (UK)Kerry Shale (US)
Keith Wickham


document_title: List of countries by proven oil reserves

question_text: how much oil does china have in reserve

question_tokens: how much oil does china have in reserve

text: Countries[edit]

text: Reserves amounts are listed in millions of barrels (MMbbl).

text:
Proven reserves (millions of barrels)
U.S. EIA (start of 2017)[1]
OPEC (end of 2015)[2]
BP (end of 2015)[3]
Other

Country
Rank
Reserves
Rank
Reserves
Rank
Reserves
Source/Date
Reserves

 Venezuela (see: Oil reserves in Venezuela)
1
300,878
1
300,878
1
300,900

 Saudi Arabia (see: Oil reserves in Saudi Arabia)
2
266,455
2
266,455
2
266,600

 Canada (see: Oil reserves in Canada)
3
169,709
26
4,118[4]
3
172,200
Natural Resources Canada, end 2014[5]
171,000

 Iran (see: Oil reserves in Iran)
4
158,400
3
158,400
4
157,800

 Iraq (see: Oil reserves in Iraq)
5
142,503
4
142,503
5
143,100

 Kuwait (see: Oil reserves in Kuwait)
6
101,500
5
101,500
7
101,500

 UAE (see: Oil reserves in the United Arab Emirates)
7
97,800
6
97,800
8
97,800

 Russia (see: Oil reserves in Russia)
8
80,000
7
80,000
6
102,400

 Libya (see: Oil reserves in Libya)
9
48,363
8
48,363
10
48,400

 United States (see: Oil reserves in the United States)
10
39,230
10
36,685
9
55,000
ENI, end of 2015[6]
43,629

 Nigeria (see: Oil reserves in Nigeria)
11
37,062
9
37,062
11
37,100

 Kazakhstan
12
30,000
11
30,000
12
30,000

 China
13
25,620
13
25,132
14
18,500

 Qatar
14
25,244
12
25,244
13
25,244

 Brazil
15
12,999
14
16,184
15
13,000
ENI, end of 2015[6]
16,848

 Algeria
16
12,200
15
12,200
17
12,200

 Angola
17 / 18
8,273
17
9,524
16
12,700

 Ecuador
17 / 18
8,273
18
8,273
19 / 20
8,000

 Mexico (see: Oil reserves in Mexico)
19
7,640
16
9,711
18
10,800
PEMEX[7] Start of 2015
9.700

 Azerbaijan
20
7,000
19
7,000
21
7,000

 Norway
21
6,611
33
5,139
19 / 20
8,000

 Oman
22
5,373
21
5,306
23
5,300

 India
23
4,621
20
5,680
22
5,680
ENI, end of 2015[6]
5,692

 Sudan/South Sudan
24
5,000
32
5,000
24
Sudan 1,500 / S. Sudan 3,500

 Vietnam
25 / 26
4,400
24 / 25
4,400
25
4,000

 Egypt
25 / 26
4,400
24 / 25
4,400
29
3,500

 Malaysia
27
3,600
28
3,750
27 / 28
3,600
ENI, end of 2015[6]
5,542

 Indonesia
28
3,230
29
3,230
27 28
3,600
ENI, end of 2015[6]
3,497

 Yemen
29
3,000

30
3,000

 United Kingdom
30
2,564
30
2,755
31
2,800
UK Oil & Gas Authority, end 2015[8]
2,618

 Syria
31 / 32
2,500
31
2,500
32
2,500

 Uganda
31 / 32
2,500

 Argentina
33
2,185
32
2,380
33
2,400
Argentine Petroleum Institute[9]
2,330

 Colombia
34
2,002
33
2,308
34
2,300

 Gabon
35
2,000
34
2,000
35
2,000

 Congo, Republic of the (Brazzaville)
36
1,600

36
1,600

 Australia
37
1,821
27
3,982
26
4,000
Geoscience Australia[10] end of 2014
4,002

 Chad
38
1,500

37
1,500

 Brunei
39 / 40
1,100
35
1,100
39 / 40
1,100

 Equatorial Guinea
39 / 40
1,100

39 / 40
1,100

 Peru
41
473

38
1,400
ENI, end of 2015[6]
1,489

 Trinidad and Tobago
42
243

41
700
ENI, end of 2015[6]
830

 Ghana (see: Oil reserves in Ghana)
43
660

 Turkmenistan
44 / 45
600
36
600
42 / 46
600

 Romania
44 / 45
600

42 / 46
600

 Uzbekistan
46
594
37
594
42 / 46
600

 Italy
47
557

42 / 46
600
ENI, end of 2015[6]
595

 Denmark
48
491
38
511
42 / 46
600
ENI, end of 2015[6]
550

 Tunisia
49
425

47 / 48
400

 Thailand
50
396

47 / 48
400

 Ukraine
51
395
39
395

 Turkey
52
389

ENI, end of 2015[6]
284

 Pakistan
53
350

ENI, end of 2015[6]
236

 Bolivia
54
211

ENI, end of 2015[6]
210

 Cameroon
55
200

 Belarus
56
198
40
198

 Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Kinshasa)
57
180

 Albania
58
168

 Papua New Guinea
59
159

ENI, end of 2015[6]
158

 Chile
60 / 61
150

 Niger
60 / 61
150

 Spain
60 / 61
150

 Germany
62
145

ENI, end of 2015[6]
229

 Philippines
63 / 64
139

 Myanmar
63 / 64
139

 Poland
65
138

ENI, end of 2015[6]
151

 Bahrain
66
125

 Cuba (see: Oil reserves in Cuba)
67
124

ENI, end of 2015[6]
124

 Netherlands
68
113

ENI, end of 2015[6]
141

 Ivory Coast
69
100

 Suriname
70
83.9

 Guatemala
71
83.1

 France
72
72.4

 Serbia
73
77.5

 Croatia
74
71.0

 New Zealand
75
56.9

 Japan
76
44.1

 Austria
77
43.0

 Kyrgyzstan
78
40.0

 Georgia
79
35.0

 Bangladesh
80
28.0

 Hungary
81
25.1

ENI, end of 2015[6]
35

 Mauritania
82
20.0

 Bulgaria
83 / 85
15.0

 Czech Republic
83 / 85
15.0

 South Africa
83 / 85
15.0

 Israel
86
12.7

ENI, end of 2015[6]
12

 Lithuania
87 / 88
12.0

 Tajikistan
87 / 88
12.0

 Greece
89
10.0

 Slovakia
90
9.00

 Benin
91
8.00

 Belize
92
6.70

 Taiwan
93
2.38

 Barbados
94
2.08

 Jordan
95
1.00

ENI, end of 2015[6]
1

 Morocco
96
0.68

 Ethiopia
97
0.43

 Afghanistan

0

US Geological Survey[11]
80

World total

1,726,685

1,481,526

1,697,600

text: Different sources[edit]

text: Sources sometimes differ on the volume of proven oil reserves. The differences sometimes result from different classes of oil included, and sometimes result from different definitions of proven.

text: Comparison of proven oil reserves from some widely used sources (billions of barrels, as of 31 Dec. 2014/1 Jan. 2015)

text:
Source
Canada
Iran
Russia
Saudi Arabia
United States
Venezuela

BP[12]
172.9
157.8
103.2
267.0
48.5
298.3

OPEC[13]
4.2[4]
157.5
80.0
266.6
36.5
300.0

US Central Intelligence Agency[14]
171.0
157.8
103.2
268.3
36.5
298.4

US Energy Information Administration[15]
172.5
157.8
80.0
268.3
39.9
298.4