document_title: Gospel of Matthew

question_text: who was the audience to whom the gospel of mathew was written

text: Gospel of Matthew

text: Composition and setting[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text:
The oldest relatively complete manuscripts of the Bible are the Codex Vaticanus and the Codex Sinaiticus, which date from the 4th century. Besides these, there exist manuscript fragments ranging from a few verses to whole chapters.

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104 and

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67 are notable fragments of Matthew. These are copies of copies. In the process of recopying, variations slipped in, different regional manuscript traditions emerged, and corrections and adjustments were made. Modern textual scholars collate all major surviving manuscripts, as well as citations in the works of the Church Fathers, in order to produce a text which most likely approximates to the lost autographs.[13]

text: Authorship and sources[edit]

text: The anonymous author of Matthew was probably a male Jew, standing on the margin between traditional and non-traditional Jewish values, and familiar with technical legal aspects of scripture being debated in his time.[4] The majority of modern scholars believe that Mark was the first gospel to be composed and that Matthew (who includes some 600 of Mark's 661 verses) and Luke both drew upon it as a major source for their works.[14][15] The author of Matthew did not, however, simply copy Mark, but used it as a base, emphasising Jesus' place in the Jewish tradition and including other details not covered in Mark.[16] An additional 220 (approximately) verses, shared by Matthew and Luke but not found in Mark, from a second source, a hypothetical collection of sayings to which scholars give the name "Quelle" ("source" in the German language), or the Q source.[17] This view, known as the Two-source hypothesis (Mark and Q), allows for a further body of tradition known as "Special Matthew", or the M source, meaning material unique to Matthew; this may represent a separate source, or it may come from the author's church, or he may have composed these verses himself.[15] The author also had the Greek scriptures at his disposal, both as book-scrolls (Greek translations of Isaiah, the Psalms etc.) and in the form of "testimony collections" (collections of excerpts), and, if Papias is correct, probably oral stories of his community.[18] These sources were predominantly in Greek,[19] but mostly not from any known version of the Septuagint;[20] although a few scholars hold that some of them may have been Greek translations of older Hebrew or Aramaic sources.[21][22] The tradition that the author was Matthew the Apostle begins with Papias of Hierapolis (c. AD 100–140), an early bishop and Apostolic Father.

text: Setting and date[edit]

text: The majority view among scholars is that Matthew was a product of the last quarter of the 1st century.[23][Notes 1] This makes it a work of the second generation of Christians, for whom the defining event was the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple by the Romans in AD 70 in the course of the First Jewish–Roman War (AD 66–73); from this point on, what had begun with Jesus of Nazareth as a Jewish messianic movement became an increasingly Gentile phenomenon evolving in time into a separate religion.[24] Members of the Christian community to which Matthew belonged, like many 1st-century Christians, were still part of the larger Jewish community: hence the designation Jewish Christian to describe them.[25] The relationship of Matthew to this wider world of Judaism remains a subject of study and contention, the principal question being to what extent, if any, Matthew's community had cut itself off from its Jewish roots.[26] Certainly there was conflict between Matthew's group and other Jewish groups, and it is generally agreed that the root of the conflict was the Matthew community's belief in Jesus as the Messiah and authoritative interpreter of the law, as one risen from the dead and uniquely endowed with divine authority.[27]

text: The author of Matthew wrote for a community of Greek-speaking Jewish Christians located probably in Syria (Antioch, the largest city in Roman Syria and the third-largest in the empire, is often mentioned).[28] Unlike Mark, Matthew never bothers to explain Jewish customs, since his intended audience was a Jewish one; unlike Luke, who traces Jesus' ancestry back to Adam, father of the human race, he traces it only to Abraham, father of the Jews; of his three presumed sources only "M", the material from his own community, refers to a "church" (ecclesia), an organised group with rules for keeping order; and the content of "M" suggests that this community was strict in keeping the Jewish law, holding that they must exceed the scribes and the Pharisees in "righteousness" (adherence to Jewish law).[29] Writing from within a Jewish-Christian community growing increasingly distant from other Jews and becoming increasingly Gentile in its membership and outlook, Matthew put down in his gospel his vision "of an assembly or church in which both Jew and Gentile would flourish together".[30]

text: Structure and content[edit]

text:
Detailed content of Matthew

1. Birth Stories

Genealogy (1:1–17)

Nativity (1:18–25)

Biblical Magi (2:1–12)

Flight into Egypt (2:13–20)

Jesus in Nazareth (2:21–23)

2. Baptism and early ministry

John the Baptist (3:1–12)

Baptism of Jesus (3:13–17)

Temptation of Jesus (4:1–11)

Capernaum (4:12–17)

First disciples of Jesus (4:18–22)

Galilee preaching tour (4:23–25)

3. Sermon on the Mount (5–7)

4. Healing and miracles

Healing many (8:1–17)

Foxes have holes (8:18–20)

Let the dead bury the dead (8:21–22)

Calming the storm (8:23–27)

Gadarene demoniacs (8:28–34)

Healing a paralytic (9:1–8)

Calling of Matthew (9:9–13)

On fasting (9:14–15)

New Wine into Old Wineskins (9:16–17)

Daughter of Jairus (9:18–26)

Two blind men (9:27–31)

Exorcising a mute (9:32–34)

Good crop but few harvesters (9:35–38)

5. Little Commission (10:1–11:1)

6. Responses to Jesus

Messengers from John the Baptist (11:2–19)

Cursing Chorazin, Bethsaida, and Capernaum (11:20–24)

Praising the Father (11:25–30)

Lord of the Sabbath (12:1–8)

Man with withered hand (12:9–14)

Chosen servant (12:15–21)

Blind-mute man (12:22–28)

Strong man (12:29)

Those not with me are against me (12:30)

Unforgivable sin (12:31–32)

The Tree and its Fruits (12:33–37)

Request for a sign (12:38–42)

Return of the unclean spirit (12:43–45)

Jesus' true relatives (12:46–50)

Parabolic Discourse (13:1–52)

7. Conflicts, rejections, and conferences with disciples

Hometown rejection (13:53–58)

Death of John the Baptist (14:1–12)

Feeding the 5000 (14:13–21)

Walking on water (14:22–33)

Fringe of his cloak heals (14:34–36)

Discourse on Defilement (15:1–20)

Canaanite woman's daughter (15:21–28)

Healing on a mountain (15:29–31)

Feeding the 4000 (15:32–39)

Sign of Jonah (16:1–4)

Beware of yeast (16:5–12)

Peter's confession (16:13–20)

Jesus predicts his death (16:21–28,17:22–23,20:17–19)

Transfiguration (17:1–13)

Possessed boy (17:14–21)

Coin in the fish's mouth (17:24–27)

8. Life in the Christian community

The Little Children (18:1–7)

If thy hand offend thee (18:8–9)

The Lost Sheep (18:10–14)

Binding and loosing (18:15–22)

Unmerciful Servant (18:23–35)

9. Journey to Jerusalem

Entering Judea (19:1–2)

Divorce (19:3–9)

Celibacy (19:10–12)

Little Children Blessed (19:13–15)

Jesus and the rich young man (19:16–30)

Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard (20:1–16)

Son of man came to serve (20:20–28)

Blind near Jericho (20:29–34)

10. Jerusalem, cleansing of the temple, debates

Triumphal entry into Jerusalem (21:1–11)

Temple incident (21:12–17)

Cursing the fig tree (21:18–22)

Authority questioned (21:23–27)

The Two Sons, The Wicked Husbandman, Parable of the Wedding Feast (21:28–22:14)

Render unto Caesar... (22:15–22)

Resurrection of the Dead (22:23–33)

Great Commandment (22:34–40)

Is the Messiah the son of David? (22:41–46)

11. Woes of the Pharisees (23:1–39)

12. Judgment day

Little Apocalypse (24)

Parables of the Ten Virgins, Talents (25:1–30)

Judgment of the Nations (25:31–46)

13. Trial, crucifixion, resurrection

Plot to kill Jesus (26:1–5)

Anointing of Jesus (26:6–13)

Bargain of Judas (26:14-16)

Last Supper (26:17–30)

Denial of Peter (26:31–35,69–75)

Agony in the Garden (26:36-46)

Kiss of Judas (26:47-49)

Arrest (26:50–56)

Before the High Priest (26:57–68)

Pilate's court (27:1–2,11–26)

Death of Judas (27:3-10)

Soldiers mock Jesus (27:27–31)

Simon of Cyrene (27:32)

Crucifixion (27:33–56)

Entombment (27:57–61)

Guarding the tomb (27:62–66,28:11–15)

Empty tomb (28:1–6)

Appearance to the women (28:7–10)

Great Commission (28:16–20)

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text: Matthew, alone among the gospels, alternates five blocks of narrative with five of discourse, marking each off with the phrase "When Jesus had finished..."[31] (see Five Discourses of Matthew). Some scholars see in this a deliberate plan to create a parallel to the first five books of the Old Testament; others see a three-part structure based around the idea of Jesus as Messiah; or a set of weekly readings spread out over the year; or no plan at all.[32] Davies and Allison, in their widely used commentary, draw attention to the use of "triads" (the gospel groups things in threes),[33] and R. T. France, in another influential commentary, notes the geographic movement from Galilee to Jerusalem and back, with the post-resurrection appearances in Galilee as the culmination of the whole story.[34]

text: Prologue: genealogy, Nativity and infancy[edit]

text: The Gospel of Matthew begins with the words "The Book of Genealogy [in Greek, "Genesis"] of Jesus Christ", deliberately echoing the words of Genesis 2:4 in the Old Testament in Greek.[Notes 2] The genealogy tells of Jesus' descent from Abraham and King David and the miraculous events surrounding his virgin birth,[Notes 3] and the infancy narrative tells of the massacre of the innocents, the flight into Egypt, and eventual journey to Nazareth.

text: First narrative and discourse[edit]

text: The first narrative section begins. John baptizes Jesus, and the Holy Spirit descends upon him. Jesus prays and meditates in the wilderness for forty days, and is tempted by Satan. His early ministry by word and deed in Galilee meets with much success, and leads to the Sermon on the Mount, the first of the discourses. The sermon presents the ethics of the kingdom of God, introduced by the Beatitudes ("Blessed are..."). It concludes with a reminder that the response to the kingdom will have eternal consequences, and the crowd's amazed response leads into the next narrative block.[35]

text: Second narrative and discourse[edit]

text: From the authoritative words of Jesus the gospel turns to three sets of three miracles interwoven with two sets of two discipleship stories (the second narrative), followed by a discourse on mission and suffering.[36] Jesus commissions the Twelve Disciples and sends them to preach to the Jews, perform miracles, and prophesy the imminent coming of the Kingdom, commanding them to travel lightly, without staff or sandals.[37]

text: Third narrative and discourse[edit]

text: Opposition to Jesus comes to a head with accusations that his deeds are done through the power of Satan; Jesus in turn accuses his opponents of blaspheming the Holy Spirit. The discourse is a set of parables emphasising the sovereignty of God, and concluding with a challenge to the disciples to understand the teachings as scribes of the kingdom of heaven.[38] (Matthew avoids using the holy word God in the expression "Kingdom of God"; instead he prefers the term "Kingdom of Heaven", reflecting the Jewish tradition of not speaking the name of God).[39]

text: Fourth narrative and discourse[edit]

text: The fourth narrative section reveals that the increasing opposition to Jesus will result in his crucifixion in Jerusalem, and that his disciples must therefore prepare for his absence.[40] The instructions for the post-crucifixion church emphasize responsibility and humility. (This section contains Matthew 16:13–19, in which Simon, newly renamed Peter, (πέτρος, petros, meaning "stone"), calls Jesus "the Christ, the son of the living God", and Jesus states that on this "bedrock" (πέτρα, petra) he will build his church: this passage forms the foundation for the papacy's claim of authority).

text: Fifth narrative and discourse[edit]

text: Jesus travels toward Jerusalem, and the opposition intensifies: he is tested by Pharisees as soon as he begins to move towards the city, and when he arrives he is soon in conflict with the Temple's traders and religious leaders. He teaches in the Temple, debating with the chief priests and religious leaders and speaking in parables about the Kingdom of God and the failings of the chief priests and the Pharisees. The Herodian caucus also become involved in a scheme to entangle Jesus (Matthew 22:15–16), but Jesus' careful response to their enquiry, "Render therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s" (Matthew 22:23), leaves them marveling at his words (Matthew 22:24).

text: The disciples ask about the future, and in his final discourse (the Olivet Discourse) Jesus speaks of the coming end.[41] There will be false Messiahs, earthquakes, and persecutions, the sun, moon, and stars will fail, but "this generation" will not pass away before all the prophecies are fulfilled.[37] The disciples must steel themselves for ministry to all the nations. At the end of the discourse, Matthew notes that Jesus has finished all his words, and attention turns to the crucifixion.[41]

text: Conclusion: Passion, Resurrection and Great Commission[edit]

text: The events of Jesus' last week occupy a third of the content of all four gospels.[42] Jesus enters Jerusalem in triumph and drives the money changers from the temple, holds a last supper, prays to be spared the coming agony (but concludes "if this cup may not pass away from me, except I drink it, thy will be done"), and is betrayed. He is tried by the Jewish leaders (the Sanhedrin) and before Pontius Pilate, and Pilate washes his hands to indicate that he does not assume responsibility. Jesus is crucified as king of the Jews, mocked by all. On his death there is an earthquake, the veil of the Temple is rent, and saints rise from their tombs. Mary Magdalene and another Mary discover the empty tomb, guarded by an angel, and Jesus himself tells them to tell the disciples to meet him in Galilee.

text: After the resurrection the remaining disciples return to Galilee, "to the mountain that Jesus had appointed", where he comes to them and tells them that he has been given "all authority in heaven and on Earth." He gives the Great Commission: "Therefore go and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to obey everything that I have commanded you". Jesus will be with them "to the very end of the age".[43]

text: Theology[edit]

text: Christology[edit]

text: Christology is the theological doctrine of Christ, "the affirmations and definitions of Christ's humanity and deity".[44] There is a variety of Christologies in the New Testament, albeit with a single centre—Jesus is the figure in whom God has acted for mankind's salvation.[45]

text: Matthew has taken over his key Christological texts from Mark, but sometimes he has changed the stories he found in Mark, giving evidence of his own concerns.[46] The title Son of David identifies Jesus as the healing and miracle-working Messiah of Israel (it is used exclusively in relation to miracles), and the Jewish messiah is sent to Israel alone.[8] As Son of Man he will return to judge the world, a fact his disciples recognise but of which his enemies are unaware.[9] As Son of God he is named Immanuel (God with us) (Matthew 1:23), God revealing himself through his son, and Jesus proving his sonship through his obedience and example.[10]

text: Relationship with the Jews[edit]

text: Matthew's prime concern was that the Jewish tradition should not be lost in a church that was increasingly becoming gentile.[47] This concern lies behind the frequent citations of Jewish scripture, the evocation of Jesus as the new Moses along with other events from Jewish history, and the concern to present Jesus as fulfilling, not destroying, the Law.[48] Matthew must have been aware of the tendency to distort Paul's teaching of the law no longer having power over the New Testament Christian into antinomianism, and addressed Christ's fulfilling of what the Israelites expected from the "Law and the Prophets" in an eschatological sense, in that he was all that the Old Testament had predicted in the Messiah. [49]

text: The gospel has been interpreted as reflecting the struggles and conflicts between the evangelist's community and the other Jews, particularly with its sharp criticism of the scribes and Pharisees.[11] Prior to the Crucifixion the Jews are called Israelites, the honorific title of God's chosen people; after it, they are called "Ioudaioi", Jews, a sign that through their rejection of the Christ the "Kingdom of Heaven" has been taken away from them and given instead to the church.[12]

text: Comparison with other writings[edit]

text: Christological development[edit]

text: The divine nature of Jesus was a major issue for the community of Matthew, the crucial element marking them from their Jewish neighbors. Early understandings of this nature grew as the gospels were being written. Before the gospels, that understanding was focused on the revelation of Jesus as God in his resurrection, but the gospels reflect a broadened focus extended backwards in time.[7] The gospel of Mark recounts prior revelations in Jesus' lifetime on earth, at his baptism and transfiguration. Matthew and Luke go back further still, showing Jesus as the Son of God from his birth. Matthew more than all the other gospels identifies how his coming to earth was the fulfillment of many Old Testament prophecies. Finally John calls God the Word (Jesus) pre-existent before creation, and thus before all time.[citation needed]

text: Matthew is a creative reinterpretation of Mark,[50] stressing Jesus' teachings as much as his acts,[51] and making subtle changes in order to stress his divine nature: for example, Mark's "young man" who appears at Jesus' tomb becomes "a radiant angel" in Matthew.[52] The miracle stories in Mark do not demonstrate the divinity of Jesus, but rather confirm his status as an emissary of God (which was Mark's understanding of the Messiah).[53]

text: Chronology[edit]

text: There is a broad disagreement over chronology between Matthew, Mark and Luke on one hand and John on the other: all four agree that Jesus' public ministry began with an encounter with John the Baptist, but Matthew, Mark and Luke follow this with an account of teaching and healing in Galilee, then a trip to Jerusalem where there is an incident in the Temple, climaxing with the crucifixion on the day of the Passover holiday. John, by contrast, puts the Temple incident very early in Jesus' ministry, has several trips to Jerusalem, and puts the crucifixion immediately before the Passover holiday, on the day when the lambs for the Passover meal were being sacrificed in Temple.[54]


document_title: List of the highest-grossing media franchises

question_text: who makes more money marvel or star wars

root

text: List[edit]

text:
Media franchises that have grossed over $2 billion (USD)

Franchise

Year of inception

Total revenue (USD)

Revenue breakdown

Original media

Creator(s)

Owner(s)

Pokémon

1996

$59.1 billion[a][b]

Retail sales – $50 billion[c]
Card game – $10.254 billion[d]
Mobile game – $2.154 billion[9]
Box office – $1.02 billion[10]
VHS & DVD sales – $625 million[e]

Video game

Satoshi Tajiri

The Pokémon Company  (Nintendo, Game Freak, Creatures)

Star Wars

1977

$42.9 billion[f][13]

Merchandise sales – $17.998 billion[g]
Box office – $9.278 billion[h][16]
Home entertainment – $5.749 billion[17]
Video games – $4.28 billion[17]
Intellectual property – $4 billion[17]
Miscellaneous – $3.65 billion[17]

Film

George Lucas

Lucasfilm  (The Walt Disney Company)

Hello Kitty

1974

 est. $41.1 billion

Retail sales – $41.066 billion[i]
Music sales – $2.6 million[j]

Cartoon

Yuko Shimizu

Sanrio

Wizarding World

1997

 est. $26.4 billion

Box office – $8.538 billion[k][34]
Book sales – $7.743 billion[35]
Merchandise sales – $7.308 billion[35]
DVD sales – $2.02 billion[l]
Video rentals – $607 million[35]
Blu-ray sales – $208 million[37]

Novel

J. K. Rowling

J. K. Rowling (books)  Warner Bros. (AT&T) (films)

Mario

1981

 est. $26.3 billion

Video games – $25.907 billion[9]
Licensed merchandise – $402.3 million[m]
Box office – $21 million[40]

Arcade game

Shigeru Miyamoto

Nintendo

Batman

1939

 est. $23.8 billion

Retail sales – $18.821 billion[n]
Box office – $4.903 billion[44]
Home video sales – $1.212 billion[o]
TV revenue – $40 million[46]

Comic book

Bob Kane  Bill Finger

DC Entertainment  (AT&T)

Marvel Cinematic Universe

2008

 est. $22.01 billion

Box office – $17.2 billion[47]
Merchandise sales – $3.097 billion[p]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $1.713 billion[q]

Film

Marvel Studios

Marvel Entertainment  (The Walt Disney Company)

Mickey Mouse & Friends

1928

 est. $21.2 billion

Retail sales – $21.153 billion[r]
VHS & DVD sales – $279 million[s]
Box office – $76 million[54]

Animated cartoon

Walt Disney  Ub Iwerks

The Walt Disney Company

Spider-Man

1962

 est. $20.1 billion

Box office & home video – $9.175 billion[t]
Merchandise sales – $8.033 billion[u]
Video games – $1 billion[62]
TV revenue – $880 million[55]
Comic sales – $679 million[v]
Pachinko sales – $308 million[67]

Comic book

Stan Lee  Steve Ditko

Marvel Entertainment (comics)  (The Walt Disney Company)  Sony (films)

James Bond

1953

 est. $19.9 billion[w]

Box office – $7.078 billion[69]
Home video sales – $3.06 billion[68]
Merchandise & licensing – $3.06 billion[68]
Novel sales – $550 million[70]

Novel

Ian Fleming

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Middle-earth

1937

 $19.8 billion[x][71]

Book sales – $9.125 billion[71]
Box office – $5.896 billion[72]
Home video sales – $4.194 billion[71]
Merchandise sales – $435 million[71]
Licensing – $225 million[71]

Novel

J. R. R. Tolkien

Tolkien Estate (books)  Warner Bros. (AT&T) (films)

Shōnen Jump

1968

 est. $18.8 billion

Manga magazine – $18.587 billion[73]
Video games – $209.3 million[y]

Manga

Shueisha

Shueisha (manga)  (Hitotsubashi Group)  Bandai Namco Holdings (games)

Fist of the North Star

1983

 est. $18.3 billion

Pachinko & arcades – $16.664 billion[z]
Manga sales – $1.24 billion[aa]
Console games – $353 million[ab]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $37 million[ac]
Box office – $22 million[10]

Manga

Buronson  Tetsuo Hara

Shueisha (manga)  (Hitotsubashi Group)  Toei Animation (anime)  Sega Sammy Holdings (games)

Toy Story

1995

 est. $17.1 billion

Merchandise & licensing – $14 billion[ad]
Box office & TV revenue – $2.603 billion[ae]
VHS sales – $290 million[53]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $249 million[99]

Animated film

Pixar

The Walt Disney Company

Gundam

1979

 est. $16.1 billion

Retail sales – $15.686 billion[af]
Video games – $1.124 billion[9]
Home entertainment – $417.2 million[ag]
Manga magazine – $200 million[117]
Pachinko sales – $185 million[67]
Box office – $55 million[10]

Anime

Yoshiyuki Tomino

Sunrise  (Bandai Namco Holdings)

Call of Duty

2003

 est. $16 billion

Video games – $16 billion[9]

Computer game

Infinity Ward

Activision  (Activision Blizzard)

Winnie the Pooh

1966

 est. $15.9 billion

Retail sales – $13.185 billion[ah]
Box office – $245 million[119]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $35 million[118]

Novel

A. A. Milne  E. H. Shepard  Walt Disney Animation

The Walt Disney Company

Pac-Man

1980

 est. $15.1 billion

Video games – $14.098  billion[9][ai]
Merchandise & licensing – $1 billion[120]
Music sales – $32 million[aj]

Arcade game

Toru Iwatani  Namco

Bandai Namco Entertainment  (Bandai Namco Holdings)

Neon Genesis Evangelion

1994

 est. $14.9 billion

Pachinko sales – $11.585 billion[ak]
Merchandise sales – $1.88 billion[al]
Home entertainment – $848.5 million[am]
Music sales – $226.2 million[126]
Manga sales – $180.5 million[an]
Box office – $154.5 million[10]
Video games – $30.1 million[ao]
Music royalties – $5.6 million[130]

Anime

Hideaki Anno  Gainax  Tatsunoko Production

Khara[ap][131][132]

Cars

2006

 est. $14.8 billion

Merchandise sales – $12.463 billion[aq]
Box office – $1.798 billion[ar]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $535 million[137]

Animated film

John Lasseter

The Walt Disney Company

Dora the Explorer

2000

 est. $14.8 billion

Retail sales – $14.8 billion[as]
Home video sales – $250 million[140][at]

Animated series

Chris Gifford  Valerie Walsh  Eric Weiner

Nickelodeon  (Viacom)

Transformers

1984

 est. $14.4 billion

Retail sales – $10 billion[141]
Box office – $4.385 billion[142]
Home entertainment – $740 million[143][au]

Animated series

Takara  Hasbro  Nobuyuki Okude

Hasbro  Takara Tomy

Yu-Gi-Oh!

1996

 est. $14.3 billion

Card game – $11.161 billion[av]
Merchandise sales – $2.62 billion[aw]
Video games – $273 million[ax]
Manga sales – $196 million[ay]
Box office – $42 million[10]

Manga

Kazuki Takahashi

Shueisha  (Hitotsubashi Group)

Space Invaders

1978

 est. $13.9 billion

Video game – $13.93 billion[155][az]
Music single – $522,000[ba]

Arcade game

Tomohiro Nishikado

Taito  (Square Enix)

The Lion King

1994

 est. $13.6 billion

Musical theatre – $8.1 billion[158]
Merchandise sales – $3 billion[159][bb]
Home entertainment – $1.5 billion[160]
Box office – $987 million[161]

Animated film

Roger Allers  Rob Minkoff

The Walt Disney Company

Dragon Ball

1984

 est. $13.6 billion

Merchandise sales – $5.499 billion[bc]
Video games – $3.581 billion[9]
Manga sales – $2.214 billion[bd]
Home entertainment – $1.355 billion[be]
Trading cards – $501.3 million[bf]
Box office – $420.2 million[bg]

Manga

Akira Toriyama

Bird Studio  Shueisha  (Hitotsubashi Group)  Toei Animation

The Simpsons

1989

$13 billion[bh][190]

TV advertising – $5.76 billion[190]
Merchandise sales – $4.725 billion[190]
Box office – $527 million[191]
TV syndication – $1.15 billion[190]
Home video sales – $1.091 billion[190]

Animated series

Matt Groening

20th Century Fox[bi]

SpongeBob SquarePants

1999

 est. $12.5 billion

Retail sales – $12 billion[192][bj]
Box office – $463 million[193][194]

Animated series

Stephen Hillenburg

Nickelodeon  (Viacom)

Barbie

1987

 est. $11.8 billion

Merchandise sales – $11.207 billion[bk]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $579 million[bl]
Box office – $5.1 million[205]

Animated film

Ruth Handler

Mattel

Street Fighter

1987

 est. $11.5 billion

Video games – $11.279 billion[9]
Box office – $128.2 million[bm]
VHS rentals – $33 million[206]
Home video sales – $17.1 million[bn]

Arcade game

Takashi Nishiyama  Hiroshi Matsumoto

Capcom

Dungeon Fighter Online

2005

 est. $10.5 billion

Computer game – $10.523 billion[9]

Computer game

Neople

Nexon

Final Fantasy

1987

 est. $10.5 billion

Video games – $9.704 billion[9]
Home video sales – $316 million[bo]
Book sales – $213.1 million[bp]
Music sales – $121 million[218]
Box office – $92 million[bq]
Video rentals – $27 million[222]

Video game

Hironobu Sakaguchi

Square Enix

Warcraft

1994

 est. $10.4 billion

Video games – $10.015 billion[br]
Box office – $433.7 million[226]

Computer game

Allen Adham  Frank Pearce  Michael Morhaime

Blizzard Entertainment  (Activision Blizzard)

Star Trek

1966

$10 billion[bs][227]

Retail sales – $3.808 billion[bt]
TV revenue – $2.3 billion[228]
Box office – $2.266 billion[229]
VHS sales – $1 billion[228]
DVD & Blu-ray – $325 million[230]

Television series

Gene Roddenberry

CBS Corporation  Paramount Pictures  (Viacom)

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

1984

 est. $10 billion

Merchandise sales – $8.114 billion[bu]
Box office – $1.15 billion[232]
Video games – $450 million[233]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $124 million[234]
VHS sales – $94.22 million[235]
Video rentals – $67.65 million[46]

Comic book

Kevin Eastman  Peter Laird

Viacom

Disney Princess

2000

 est. $9.5 billion

Retail sales – $9.5 billion[bv]

Animated film

Andy Mooney

The Walt Disney Company

Power Rangers / Super Sentai

1975

 est. $9.3 billion

Merchandise & licensing – $9.067 billion[bw]
Box office – $218.4 million[242]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $15 million[243]

Television series

Shotaro Ishinomori  Haim Saban  Shuki Levy

Toei Company  Hasbro  Bandai Namco Holdings

Ultraman

1966

 est. $8.88 billion

Merchandise sales – $7.913 billion[bx]
Pachinko sales – $967 million[67]

Television series

Eiji Tsuburaya

Tsuburaya Productions  Bandai Namco Holdings

Grand Theft Auto

1997

 est. $8.56 billion

Video games – $8.561 billion[9]

Computer game

David Jones  Mike Dailly

Rockstar Games  (Take-Two Interactive)

X-Men

1963

 est. $7.65 billion

Box office – $5.615 billion[245]
Retail sales – $900 million[50]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $667 million[245]
Comic sales – $466.4 million[by]

Comic book

Stan Lee  Jack Kirby

Marvel Entertainment  (The Walt Disney Company)

Sonic the Hedgehog

1991

 est. $7.23 billion

Video games – $6.228 billion[9]
Merchandise sales – $1 billion[247]

Video game

Yuji Naka  Naoto Ohshima  Hirokazu Yasuhara

Sega  (Sega Sammy Holdings)

One Piece

1997

 est. $7.13 billion

Manga sales – $2.461 billion[bz]
Merchandise sales – $1.927 billion[ca]
Video games – $1.351 billion[9]
Home entertainment – $1.017 billion[cb]
Box office – $375 million[10]

Manga

Eiichiro Oda

Shueisha  (Hitotsubashi Group)  Toei Animation

Despicable Me / Minions

2010

 est. $6.99 billion

Box office – $3.72 billion[261]
Merchandise sales – $2.586 billion[cc]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $686 million[261]

Animated film

Sergio Pablos

Illumination Entertainment  (Comcast)

Jurassic Park

1990

 est. $6.92 billion

Box office – $4.744 billion[262]
Merchandise & games – $1.5 billion[263]
Home video sales – $678 million[cd]

Novel

Michael Crichton

Alfred A. Knopf (novel)  Universal Pictures (Comcast) (film)

Pirates of the Caribbean

2003

 est. $6.9 billion

Box office – $4.524 billion[264]
Merchandise sales – $1.6 billion[265][ce]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $771 million[266]

Film

The Walt Disney Company

The Walt Disney Company

Hulk

1962

 est. $6.78 billion

Box office – $6.323 billion[cf]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $455 million[cg]

Comic book

Stan Lee  Jack Kirby

Marvel Entertainment  (The Walt Disney Company)

Donkey Kong

1981

 est. $6.37 billion

Video games – $6.366 billion[9]
Licensed merchandise – $2.3 million[39]

Arcade game

Shigeru Miyamoto

Nintendo

Superman

1938

 est. $6.2 billion

Box office – $3.212 billion[ch]
Merchandise sales – $1.814 billion[ci]
Comic sales – $439.3 million[cj]
TV revenue – $428 million[ck]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $236 million[cl]
VHS sales & rentals – $74.1 million[cm]

Comic book

Jerry Siegel  Joe Shuster

DC Entertainment  (AT&T)

Twilight

2005

 $6.15 billion[cn][279]

Box office – $3.344 billion[280]
Book sales – $1.661 billion[279]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $948 million[281]
Merchandise sales – $395 million[279]
Video rentals – $45.4 million[279]

Novel

Stephenie Meyer

Little, Brown and Company  Summit Entertainment

Puzzle & Dragons

2012

 est. $6.1 billion

Video games – $6.103 billion[9]

Mobile game

GungHo Online

GungHo Online

Ice Age

2002

$6 billion[co][282]

Box office – $2.9 billion[283]
Retail sales – $1.3 billion[283]

Animated film

Blue Sky Studios

20th Century Fox[cp]

Sailor Moon

1991

 est. $5.97 billion

Merchandise sales – $5 billion[cq][284]
Home entertainment – $546.2 million[cr]
Video games – $210 million[cs]
Manga sales – $175.5 million[ct]
Box office – $42.12 million[10]

Manga

Naoko Takeuchi

Kodansha  Toei Animation

The Phantom of the Opera

1986

 est. $5.76 billion

Musical theatre – $5.6 billion[295]
Box office – $155 million[296]

Musical theatre

Andrew Lloyd Webber

Andrew Lloyd Webber

Aladdin

1992

 est. $5.71 billion

Pachinko & arcades – $2.85 billion[67]
VHS sales – $1.182 billion[cu]
Box office – $507 million[cv]
Merchandise sales – $500 million[304]
Broadway musical – $340 million[305]
Console games – $200 million[306]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $130 million[cw]

Animated film

Walt Disney Animation  Youhenna Diab

The Walt Disney Company

League of Legends

2009

 est. $5.69 billion

Computer games – $5.69 billion[9]

Computer game

Riot Games

Tencent Games

Dragon Quest

1986

 est. $5.61 billion

Video games – $5.135 billion[9]
Manga sales – $471.2 million[cx]

Video game

Yuji Horii  Koichi Nakamura  Akira Toriyama

Square Enix

Fast & Furious

2001

 est. $5.59 billion

Box office – $5.139 billion[316]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $449 million[316]

Film

Gary Scott Thompson

Universal Pictures  (Comcast)

Westward Journey

2001

 est. $5.55 billion

Video games – $5.55 billion[9]

Computer game

NetEase

NetEase

Shrek

1990

 est. $5.47 billion

Box office – $3.547 billion[317]
Home entertainment – $1.922 billion[cy]

Novel

William Steig  DreamWorks Animation

Universal Pictures  (Comcast)

Frozen

2013

 est. $5.43 billion

Merchandise sales – $3.702 billion[cz]
Box office – $1.274 billion[319]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $391 million[319]
Musical theatre – $60 million[da]

Animated film

Chris Buck  Jennifer Lee

The Walt Disney Company

Resident Evil

1996

 est. $5.17 billion

Video games – $3.311 billion[9]
Box office – $1.236 billion[322]
Pachinko sales – $520 million[67]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $102.12 million[323]

Video game

Shinji Mikami  Tokuro Fujiwara

Capcom

Mortal Kombat

1992

 $5 billion[db][324]

Video games – $1.705 billion[9]
Box office – $173.6 million[325][326]

Arcade game

Midway Games Chicago  Ed Boon  John Tobias

Warner Bros.  (AT&T)

Halo

2001

$5 billion[dc][327]

N/A

Video game

Bungie

Microsoft

Monster Strike

2013

 est. $4.73 billion

Mobile game – $4.724 billion[dd]
Box office – $6.8 million[333]

Mobile game

Yoshiki Okamoto

Mixi

DC Extended Universe

2013

 est. $4.7 billion

Box office – $3.768 billion[334]
Merchandise sales – $500 million[335]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $431 million[336]

Film

DC Entertainment

DC Entertainment  (AT&T)

Beyblade

1999

 est. $4.6 billion

Merchandise sales – $4.6 billion[337][de]
Box office – $9 million[df]

Manga

Takao Aoki

Shogakukan  (Hitotsubashi Group)

The Big Bang Theory

2007

 est. $4.57 billion

TV advertising – $3.57 billion[dg]
TV syndication – $1 billion[341]

Television series

Chuck Lorre  Bill Prady

CBS Corporation  Warner Bros. (AT&T)

Kumamon

2010

 est. $4.53 billion

Retail sales – $4.46 billion[dh]
Box office – $65 million[di]

Cartoon

Kumamoto Prefecture

Kumamoto Prefecture

Ben 10

2005

 est. $4.5 billion

Retail sales – $4.5 billion[347][dj]

Animated series

Duncan Rouleau  Joe Casey  Joe Kelly  Steven T. Seagle

Cartoon Network  (AT&T)

Assassin's Creed

2007

 est. $4.34 billion

Video games – $4.091 billion[9]
Box office – $241 million[348]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $12.4 million[349]

Video game

Patrice Désilets  Jade Raymond  Corey May

Ubisoft

A Song of Ice and Fire

1996

 est. $4.28 billion

TV revenue – $4 billion[350]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $280 million[dk]
Box office – $1.9 million[358]

Novel

George R. R. Martin

Random House  WarnerMedia (AT&T)

Seinfeld

1989

 est. $4.06 billion

TV revenue – $4.06 billion[359][dl]

Television series

Larry David  Jerry Seinfeld

National Broadcasting Company  (Comcast)

Mission: Impossible

1966

$4 billion[dm][360]

Box office – $2.8 billion[361]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $124 million[361]

Television series

Bruce Geller

Paramount Pictures  (Viacom)

Beauty and the Beast

1991

 est. $3.98 billion

Box office – $1.689 billion[dn]
Musical theatre – $1.6 billion[295]
VHS sales – $318 million[53]
DVD & Blu-ray – $305.7 million[do]

Animated film

Don Hahn  Gabrielle-Suzanne de Villeneuve

The Walt Disney Company

Candy Crush Saga

2012

 est. $3.68 billion

Mobile games – $3.681 billion[9]

Mobile game

King

King
(Activision Blizzard)

Friends

1994

 est. $3.67 billion

TV syndication – $2.5 billion[dp]
TV advertising – $1.166 billion[dq]

Television series

David Crane  Marta Kauffman

Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions

Angry Birds

2009

 est. $3.64 billion

Merchandise sales – $3.182 billion[dr]
Box office – $353 million[369]
Video games – $100 million[370]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $26.8 million[369]

Mobile game

Jaakko Iisalo

Rovio

Lego Movie

2014

 est. $3.57 billion

Merchandise sales – $2.46 billion[ds]
Box office – $904 million[373]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $202 million[374]

Animated film

Phil Lord  Christopher Miller

Warner Bros. (AT&T)  The Lego Group

Magic: The Gathering

1993

 est. $3.52 billion

Card game – $3.498 billion[dt]
Computer game – $20.6 million[224]

Card game

Richard Garfield

Wizards of the Coast  (Hasbro)

Skylanders

2011

$3.5 billion[du][378]

Licensed merchandise – $863 million[dv]

Video game

Toys for Bob

Activision   (Activision Blizzard)

Minecraft

2009

 est. $3.46 billion

Video games – $2.211 billion[9]
Merchandise sales – $1.25 billion[dw]

Computer game

Mojang

Microsoft Studios

The Hunger Games

2008

 est. $3.44 billion

Box office – $2.968 billion[380]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $474 million[381]

Novel

Suzanne Collins

Scholastic Corporation  Lionsgate

My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic

2010

 est. $3.42 billion

Retail sales – $3.416 billion[dx]

Animated series

Lauren Faust  Bonnie Zacherle

Hasbro

G.I. Joe

1942

 est. $3.4 billion

Merchandise – $2.6 billion[385]
Box office – $678 million[386]
DVD & Blu-ray – $126 million[386]

Comic

Dave Breger

Hasbro

Avatar

2009

 est. $3.34 billion

Box office – $2.788 billion[387]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $399 million[388]
Merchandise sales – $153 million[389]

Film

James Cameron

20th Century Fox

The Legend of Zelda

1986

 est. $3.3 billion

Video games – $3.251 billion[9]
Merchandise sales – $37.02 million[dy]
Manga sales – $18.3 million[dz]

Video game

Shigeru Miyamoto

Nintendo

Les Misérables

1980

 est. $3.12 billion

Musical theatre – $2.6 billion[295]
Box office – $442 million[394]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $82 million[394]

Musical theatre

Alain Boublil  Victor Hugo

Cameron Mackintosh Overseas

Monster Hunter

2004

 est. $3.1 billion

Video games – $2.202 billion[9]
Pachinko sales – $900.1 million[67]

Video game

Capcom

Capcom

Terminator

1984

 $3 billion[ea][395]

Box office – $1.843 billion[396]
Pachinko sales – $150 million[67]
VHS rentals – $70 million[397]
DVD & Blu-ray – $80.6 million[398]

Film

James Cameron  Gale Anne Hurd

David Ellison

The Matrix

1999

$3 billion[eb][399][400]

Box office – $1.633 billion[401]
VHS & DVD – $677 million[402]
Video game – $162 million[402]
Soundtrack sales – $37 million[402]
Merchandise sales – $3.5 million[402]

Film

The Wachowskis

Warner Bros.  (AT&T)

Astro Boy

1952

 est. $3 billion

Retail sales – $3 billion[403][ec]

Manga

Osamu Tezuka

Tezuka Productions

ER

1994

 est. $3 billion

TV revenue – $3 billion[404]

Television series

Michael Crichton

NBC (Comcast)

The Wicked Years

1995

 est. $3 billion

Musical theatre – $3 billion[295]

Novel

Gregory Maguire

HarperCollins

MapleStory

2005

 est. $2.98 billion

Computer game – $2.981 billion[9]

Computer game

Wizet

Nexon

Tamagotchi

1996

 est. $2.96 billion

Digital pets – $2.955 billion[ed]
Box office – $6.8 million[407]

Digital pet

Akihiro Yokoi  Bandai

Bandai Namco Holdings

The Muppets / Sesame Street

1966

 est. $2.81 billion

Merchandise sales – $2.189 billion[ee]
Box office – $452 million[409]
TV licensing – $96 million[410]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $71 million[409]
VHS sales – $2 million[276]

Television series

Jim Henson  Joan Ganz Cooney  Lloyd Morrisett

The Muppets Studio  (The Walt Disney Company)  Sesame Workshop

Yo-kai Watch

2013

 est. $2.76 billion

Merchandise & licensing – $2.424 billion[ef]
Box office – $159.2 million[10]
Pachinko sales – $135 million[67]
Home entertainment – $39 million[eg]

Video game

Level-5

Level-5  Nintendo

The Cosby Show

1984

 est. $2.5 billion

TV syndication – $1.5 billion[415]
TV advertising – $1 billion[416]

Television series

Chuck Lorre  Bill Prady

CBS Corporation  Warner Bros. (AT&T)

Gran Turismo

1997

 est. $2.5 billion

Video games – $2.5 Billion[417][eh]

Video game

Kazunori Yamauchi  Polyphony Digital

Sony

Hamtaro

1997

 est. $2.5 billion

Merchandise sales – $2.5 billion[418][ei]

Manga

Ritsuko Kawai

Shogakukan  (Hitotsubashi Group)

The Powerpuff Girls

1998

 est. $2.5 billion

Retail sales – $2.5 billion[419][ej]

Animated series

Craig McCracken

Cartoon Network  (AT&T)

Winx Club

2004

 est. $2.5 billion

Retail sales – $2.5 billion[420][ek]

Animated series

Iginio Straffi

Rainbow S.r.l.

Madagascar

2005

 est. $2.48 billion

Box office – $2.27 billion[421]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $210 million[421]

Animated film

Tom McGrath  Eric Darnell

DreamWorks Animation  (Comcast)

Super Smash Bros.

1999

 est. $2.45 billion

Video games – $2.373 billion[9]
Merchandise sales – $74.04 million[el]

Video game

Masahiro Sakurai

Nintendo

Doraemon

1969

 est. $2.37 billion

Box office – $1.26 billion[10]
Licensed merchandise – $1.108 billion[em]

Manga

Fujiko F. Fujio

Shogakukan-Shueisha  (Hitotsubashi Group)

Naruto

2000

 est. $2.22 billion

Manga sales – $1.447 billion[en]
Video games – $532 million[eo]
Box office – $147.1 million[10]
Home entertainment – $93 million[ep]

Manga

Masashi Kishimoto

Shueisha  (Hitotsubashi Group)  Pierrot

E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial

1982

 est. $2.15 billion

Merchandise sales – $1 billion[434]
Box office – $793 million[435]
VHS sales – $250 million[436]
Video game – $78.7 million[437]
DVD & Blu-ray – $24.4 million[435]
VHS rentals – $12 million[438]

Film

Steven Spielberg

Universal Pictures  (Comcast)

Godzilla

1954

 est. $2.12 billion

Box office – $1.423 billion[439]
Merchandise sales – $630 million[eq]
DVD & Blu-ray sales – $43 million[442]
TV broadcast – $25 million[443]

Film

Ishirō Honda

Toho

Case Closed / Detective Conan

1994

 est. $2.08 billion

Manga sales – $1.161 billion[er]
Box office – $807.2 million[10]
Home entertainment – $108 million[es]

Manga

Gosho Aoyama

Shogakukan  (Hitotsubashi Group)  TMS Entertainment  (Sega Sammy Holdings)

The Jungle Book

1967

 est. $2.07 billion

Box office – $1.529 billion[et]
VHS sales – $185 million[449]
DVD & Blu-ray – $351 million[eu]

Animated film

Walt Disney  Rudyard Kipling

The Walt Disney Company

Digimon

1997

 est. $2.01 billion

Licensed merchandise – $1.045 billion[452]
Digital pets – $424.1 million[ev]
Box office – $143 million[10]
Manga & comic sales – $252 million[454]
Console games – $90.5 million[ew]
Home entertainment – $58 million[ex]

Digital pet

Akiyoshi Hongo  Toei Animation  Bandai

Toei Company  Bandai Namco Holdings

Tomb Raider

1996.

 est. $2.01 billion[ey]

Box office – $705 million[459]
Pachinko sales – $300 million[67]
DVD rentals – $36.6 million[460]

Video game

Core Design

Square Enix

tag: table


document_title: List of The Haves and the Have Nots episodes

question_text: the last episode of have and have nots

question_tokens: the last episode of have and have nots

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
16
May 28, 2013 (2013-05-28)
September 3, 2013 (2013-09-03)

2
20
January 7, 2014 (2014-01-07)
July 29, 2014 (2014-07-29)

3
25
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)
September 22, 2015 (2015-09-22)

4
23
January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)
September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)

5
23
January 3, 2017 (2017-01-03)
September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)

6
25
January 2, 2018 (2018-01-02)
TBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"The Big Surprise"
May 28, 2013 (2013-05-28)
1.77[6]

The Cryer family has prepared a surprise 50th birthday celebration for Jim, but as he arrives, he is stunned when he sees that his latest mistress, Candace, has become friendly with his daughter Amanda and is partaking in the festivities.

2
2
"Playing in the Deep End"
May 28, 2013 (2013-05-28)
1.81[6]

Jim has repeatedly requested that Candace leave the family's home, but she continues to disobey him by staying with Amanda.

3
3
"Beautifully Dysfunctional"
June 4, 2013 (2013-06-04)
1.47[7]

Candace commits some mischievous acts that put Jim's career in jeopardy.

4
4
"Entering the Race"
June 11, 2013 (2013-06-11)
1.31[8]

After Jim announces that he plans to run for Governor, Candace holds the affair against Jim and threatens to reveal the news to the media. Hanna is shocked when she discovers an eviction notice on her door.

5
5
"A Woman's Pride"
June 18, 2013 (2013-06-18)
1.32[9]

After her eviction, Hanna goes to Benny with questions regarding possibly adjusting the mortgage on her home.

6
6
"Angry Sex"
June 25, 2013 (2013-06-25)
1.82[10]

Jim falls into Candace's vindictive trap once again and David is irked by the fact that Jim is unable to control himself.

7
7
"A True Friend"
July 2, 2013 (2013-07-02)
1.54[11]

Amanda has Wyatt and Jeffrey assist her with the move into her new apartment while Hanna is set up on a blind date by Benny.

8
8
"The Criminal"
July 9, 2013 (2013-07-09)
1.56[12]

Benny prepares for his date by asking to borrow a car, but is arrested and charged with drug possession after falling trap to someone's malicious intent. Amanda seduces her law professor to raise her grade.

9
9
"The Set Up"
July 16, 2013 (2013-07-16)
1.61[13]

Katheryn ends up bonding with Hanna over their issues.

10
10
"Number Nine"
July 23, 2013 (2013-07-23)
1.80[14]

Katheryn shames Candace directly after Jim reveals his affair.

11
11
"Not My Daughter"
July 30, 2013 (2013-07-30)
1.87[15]

Katheryn tells everyone that she is leaving for vacation, but that turns out to be false.

12
12
"In Recovery"
August 6, 2013 (2013-08-06)
2.02[16]

Jim and Candace end up in a verbal and physical altercation.

13
13
"What Are You Doing Here?"
August 13, 2013 (2013-08-13)
2.14[17]

Information is discovered by a detective that links Benny and Tony. Veronica continues to work toward answers for Benny's case.

14
14
"My Name Is Veronica"
August 20, 2013 (2013-08-20)
2.05[18]

Katheryn gets nervous when her secret almost goes public.

15
15
"The Truth Will Set You Free"
August 27, 2013 (2013-08-27)
2.32[19]

After her secret is revealed, Katheryn tells everyone what she really knows about Jim's secret activities. Jeffrey finally discloses his love for Wyatt.

16
16
"No More Hiding"
September 3, 2013 (2013-09-03)
2.61[20]

Wyatt relapses and has a life-changing accident.

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text: The fifth episode in Season 2 of The Haves and the Have Nots, "Why Didn't You Tell Me?" was not only a series high episode in ratings, but the most watched television program in all of cable for the night.[21] The episode brought in 3.4 million viewers.[22] Among all OWN programming since the network's January 2011 debut, only a March 2012 Oprah's Next Chapter interview with Bobbi Kristina has drawn more viewers (3.5 million) than the February-4-2014 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots.[21] On Tuesday, March 11, 2014, however, a season 2 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots—following a hiatus within the season—set a record for all of OWN programming, scoring the highest ratings in the station's history. The record-breaking episode brought in 3.6 million viewers.[23] Additionally, the episode came in at number 1 among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for its airing night.[22]

tag: p

text:
Season 2 episodes

No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

17
1
"The Black Sedan"
January 7, 2014 (2014-01-07)
2.77[24]

Amanda is having second thoughts about asking for her inheritance. Inside, Katheryn and Jim are arguing about Wyatt's accident Hanna is trying to find out any information about Benny.

18
2
"Wyatt's Nightmare"
January 14, 2014 (2014-01-14)
2.55[25]

Wyatt kills a little girl after a hit-and-run, and Benny ends up on life support. Jim is unsure of what to do next once his campaign begins to fall apart. Amanda has an emotional breakdown.

19
3
"Family Issues"
January 21, 2014 (2014-01-21)
2.84[26]

Hanna disagrees with Tony's suggestion to take Benny off life support. Celine and Katheryn have a confrontation about the former's shabby treatment of Hanna.

20
4
"Unanswered Calls"
January 28, 2014 (2014-01-28)
2.78[27]

Jeffrey comes to the conclusion that Wyatt is the one who's at fault for Benny's condition and Lizzie's death.

21
5
"Why Didn't You Tell Me?"
February 4, 2014 (2014-02-04)
3.5[28]

Candace talks with Jim to have Benny relocated to a private hospital.

22
6
"Protecting Wyatt"
February 11, 2014 (2014-02-11)
3.01[29]

Jim does everything in his power to keep Wyatt from going to jail. Tony confronts Hanna and serves her with court papers.

23
7
"Amanda's Revenge"
February 18, 2014 (2014-02-18)
3.21[30]

Amanda breaks into her professor's home while his family is asleep. Candace is chosen by Hanna to represent her in court.

24
8
"Maggie's Plan"
February 25, 2014 (2014-02-25)
2.88[31]

As Jim gets ready to announce his campaign for Governor, Wyatt's behavior and warnings from Candace becomes too much to handle.

25
9
"March for Justice"
March 4, 2014 (2014-03-04)
3.04[32]

The judge makes a decision and sides with Tony. Hanna begs Tony on her knees to keep Benny on life support.

26
10
"Starting the Race"
March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)
3.59[33]

Candace tries once again to blackmail Jim and David during their campaign event. Wyatt finally gets arrested.

27
11
"You'll Be Sorry"
May 27, 2014 (2014-05-27)
3.11[34]

Wyatt is arrested. Candace is kidnapped by the Malones. Benny shows signs of brain activity.

28
12
"The Confession"
June 3, 2014 (2014-06-03)
2.62[35]

Jim conspires to save his son. Amanda gets a gun. Benny improves.

29
13
"Donald"
June 10, 2014 (2014-06-10)
2.42[36]

Jim proclaims his son's innocence. Quincy pays Hanna a surprise visit in search of Candace.

30
14
"The Awakening"
June 17, 2014 (2014-06-17)
2.81[37]

Benny wakes up from his coma.

31
15
"The Vulnerable"
June 24, 2014 (2014-06-24)
2.92[38]

Benny prepares for his release from the hospital. Hanna plans to testify against Wyatt. Maggie tries to seduce David.

32
16
"The Sarandon Hotel"
July 1, 2014 (2014-07-01)
3.47[39]

After escaping her kidnappers, Candace asks Warlock for help. Jeffrey is seduced by Melissa.

33
17
"Again and Again"
July 8, 2014 (2014-07-08)
3.32[40]

David is compromised. Jim is plotting. Candace is panicking.

34
18
"Something's Wrong With Amanda"
July 15, 2014 (2014-07-15)
3.26[41]

Amanda leaves the Cryer estate with Quincy. Candace hides out at Jeffrey's apartment. Katheryn and Celine get into another confrontation.

35
19
"Norman Hewens"
July 22, 2014 (2014-07-22)
2.86[42]

A news report claiming that another person is responsible for the hit-and-run saves Wyatt from jail. Katheryn berates Jim about his evil deeds. Hanna attempts to apologize to Jim for her hand in the tragedy, but he won't have it and orders her off his property; however, Katheryn has a tearful and beautiful reunion with her best friend, and offers Hanna her job back and to begin after Benny is settled in. Katheryn then tells Jim off about his attitude towards Hanna and orders him to keep Celine under control or else.

36
20
"Checkmate"
July 29, 2014 (2014-07-29)
3.49[43]

Jim is confronted by Carlos, his illegitimate son with Celine. Katheryn's celebratory dinner party goes awry when Quincy, Candace's ex, shows up as Amanda's date. David and Veronica continue to battle over the fact that Jeffrey is gay. Candace seeks her revenge on Jim. Maggie makes another attempt to sleep with David.

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

37
1
"The Power Dance"
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)
3.22[44]

Jim is being held hostage by Warlock under Candace's orders.

38
2
"The War Room"
January 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)
2.91[45]

Hanna seeks information about Quincy's mother so she can get one step closer to finding her grandson. room.

39
3
"A Southern Brawl"
January 20, 2015 (2015-01-20)
2.60[46]

Wyatt gives Celine a taste of reality and he finds out a about his brother Carlos.

40
4
"Amanda's Room"
January 27, 2015 (2015-01-27)
2.98[47]

Jim gives up and finally gives in to Candace's demands.

41
5
"The Press Conference"
February 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)
2.89[48]

Katheryn gets some devastating news.

42
6
"A Tragic Day"
February 10, 2015 (2015-02-10)
3.42[49]

Everyone else is assembled at the Cryer mansion.

43
7
"April 7, 1979"
February 17, 2015 (2015-02-17)
3.22[50]

Katheryn tells the story of how she first met Jim.

44
8
"In Crisis"
February 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)
3.28[51]

Katheryn and David try to tell Veronica how wrong she is about Jeffery.

45
9
"A Talk with Jim"
March 3, 2015 (2015-03-03)
2.90[52]

Benny is convinced that Candace has changed her ways.

46
10
"Oscar"
March 10, 2015 (2015-03-10)
3.02[53]

Hanna comforts Jim after Amanda's death.

47
11
"Unglued"
March 17, 2015 (2015-03-17)
3.02[54]

David is angry at Veronica for telling Quincy to beat up Jeffrey.

48
12
"Enough is Enough"
March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)
3.50[55]

Benny searches for Quincy after he shows up at Hanna's home.

49
13
"Two Funerals"
June 30, 2015 (2015-06-30)
3.29[56]

Veronica starts a fire that destroys her mansion and almost claims David's life.

50
14
"In Memoriam"
July 7, 2015 (2015-07-07)
2.79[57]

Wyatt's confession to D.A. Sallison sparks controversy.

51
15
"Nine Lives"
July 14, 2015 (2015-07-14)
3.17[58]

Hanna finds out that Jim and Katheryn were holding Candace hostage.

52
16
"The Cougar"
July 21, 2015 (2015-07-21)
2.85[59]

Hanna covers for Benny after she discovers him in bed with Veronica.

53
17
"Candace Young, Esq."
July 28, 2015 (2015-07-28)
3.01[60]

Candace shows Benny where she works.

54
18
"Benny Does Battle"
August 4, 2015 (2015-08-04)
3.17[61]

Quincy is hurt from the accident.

55
19
"Quincy Jr."
August 11, 2015 (2015-08-11)
3.12[62]

Hanna is reunited with Q.

56
20
"A Home For Q"
August 18, 2015 (2015-08-18)
3.06[64]

Candace learns that Hanna is seeking custody of Q; and the Cryers and Harringtons try to convince the D.A. that Wyatt's taped confession is a misunderstanding.[63]

57
21
"Candace's Closing"
August 25, 2015 (2015-08-25)
3.19[65]

Candace buys property with the money she extorted from Jim; and Jim is interviewed on TV.

58
22
"Dianna Winchill"
September 1, 2015 (2015-09-01)
3.23[66]

While Jim is being interviewed by Dianna Winchill, a surprise guest arrives. Veronica tells Jim that she had planned Wyatt's attack in prison, leading Jim to attack her and later put a hit on her, Professor Cannon, and Prison Guard Terrell by calling three hitmen and ordering a "bloodbath."

59
23
"Vetted"
September 8, 2015 (2015-09-08)
3.28[67]

Hanna grows suspicious of Benny's involvement with Veronica and how he acquired his new house; Quincy drives a car through Hanna's home in spite of revenge; Candace decides to let her guard down with Oscar.

60
24
"Sheep's Clothing"
September 15, 2015 (2015-09-15)
3.13[68]

Hanna becomes devastated when she learns that Quincy set her house on fire; Maggie tries to talk David into running for Governor; Jeffrey gives Wyatt the necessary ammunition to take his parents down.

61
25
"When The Chickens Come Home"
September 22, 2015 (2015-09-22)
3.71[69]

Hanna and Benny force Candace to tell the truth about everything.

text: Season 4 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

62
1
"The Waters Run Deep"
January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)
3.11[70]

Katheryn and Veronica are taken to the police station Candace and Jeffrey disagree on what to do with Quincy's body when interrupted by a knock on the door.
Note: Actress Eva Tamargo who portrays Celine Gonzales leaves the main cast this season, although she is still featured in the opening sequence in the season 4 premiere.

63
2
"Paid In Full"
January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)
2.73[71]

Katheryn has had a lot of time for reflection while cooling her heels behind bars with Veronica. Candace and Jeffery get a visit from police because of a nosy neighbor.

64
3
"The Right Medicine"
January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)
2.94[72]

Katheryn is taken aback by the photo of Veronica in the arms of another man. Quincy wakes up and begs for Candace's help.

65
4
"An Evil Soul"
January 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)
3.02[73]

Katheryn is unshaken by the DA's attempt to push. Candace's lies catch up with her.

66
5
"Immunity"
February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)
2.90[74]

Benny agrees to help Candace hide evidence in Quincy's murder.

67
6
"Making Millions"
February 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)
2.81[75]

Quincy Jr. passes out on Hanna after getting really sick and is taken to the hospital and placed in ICU.

68
7
"A Front Row Seat"
February 16, 2016 (2016-02-16)
2.95[76]

Maggie's lie to David could cause her to lose him forever; Katheryn gets out of jail but she can't find anyone to help Jim or Veronica.

69
8
"Unexpected Visitors"
February 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)
3.07[77]

Candace interrogates the social worker; Hanna is steaking out at Cryer's mansion waiting for their return; Katheryn goes to visit David but little does she know that Wyatt is one step closer to getting his inheritance.

70
9
"I Choose My Son"
March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)
2.80[78]

Quita and Daylon break into Candace's house but are caught by Pearl, who calls her son Justin and his police squad to arrest them; Justin continues to harass Jeffery.

71
10
"Beg For What You Need"
March 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)
2.64[79]

Candace puts a plan into action to save herself and Benny from War's rage. Katheryn pleads with Hanna to not end their friendship. Veronica handles the hired assassin hiding in her house in an unexpected manner.

72
11
"48 Hours"
March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)
2.85[80]

Warlock has pushed up Candace's due date, so she goes to the bank to mortgage the houses and Benny's tow yard.

73
12
"My Friend Maggie"
June 21, 2016 (2016-06-21)
2.85[81]

Maggie visit's Veronica's home and gets the surprise of her life

74
13
"Criminology 101"
June 28, 2016 (2016-06-28)
2.63[82]

Veronica treats David with much malice.

75
14
"Giving Candy To A Baby"
July 5, 2016 (2016-07-05)
2.70[83]

After talking with Pearl, Hanna hopes to gain custody of Quincy Jr.

76
15
"The Apple Tree"
July 12, 2016 (2016-07-12)
2.64[84]

Katheryn Cryer tries to process difficult news about one of her closest family members

77
16
"The Heart of A Man"
July 19, 2016 (2016-07-19)
2.70[85]

Veronica and Jeffery go to visit Katheryn but Veronica pushes Jeffery to his limit.

78
17
"An Accident"
July 26, 2016 (2016-07-26)
3.05[86]

Jeffrey begins to implode so he calls Candace and Justin for help.

79
18
"A Tragic Assumption"
August 2, 2016 (2016-08-02)
3.02[87]

Jennifer arrives at Katheryn's house to tell her that Wyatt is alive.

80
19
"I Am Wolf"
August 9, 2016 (2016-08-09)
2.89[88]

Jim teams up with a former enemy in his scheme against Candace.

81
20
"Back In Business"
August 16, 2016 (2016-08-16)
2.93[89]

Mitch breaks up the fight between David and Benny; David gets some shocking information about Mitch.

82
21
"The Fugitive"
August 23, 2016 (2016-08-23)
2.95[90]

The police are on the look out for Hanna so they question Candace and Benny.

83
22
"The Silk Handkerchief"
August 30, 2016 (2016-08-30)
2.95[91]

Benny learns the truth of how Candace financed his property. Candace finally tells him the truth about War and how she got the money, and what Mitch did but he doesn't believe her.

84
23
"Promises Kept"
September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)
3.24[92]

Katheryn explodes when she is pushed to the limit. Benny finds out the truth about War by Mitch, who also reveals to Benny who he really is.

text: Season 5 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

85
1
"A Cup of Tea"
January 3, 2017 (2017-01-03)
2.99[93]

Veronica tries to escape the Cryer Mansion. Jeffery is still trying to get a hold of Candace. Benny is still upset because of how Candace Mortgaged his house and the tow yard.

86
2
"Waiting for Candace"
January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)
2.16[94]

Veronica and Katheryn have a fight. Benny holds hope that Candace will come through with the money.

87
3
"It's Ok to Love"
January 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)
2.68[95]

Veronica is still trying to escape Katheryn's mansion. Erica called Candace to give her an update on things with David.

88
4
"A Mother's Wisdom"
January 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)
2.36[96]

Veronica wants to meet with Candace and Jeffery. Jim helps Katheryn clean up a mess she has created.

89
5
"Brilliant Lawyers Lurking"
January 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)
2.70[97]

Veronica helps Candace and Jeffery out of a precarious predicament.

90
6
"A Hurricane Offshore"
February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)
2.75[98]

Veronica pays Erica a visit Candace encounters Oscar again. Quit'a finds Wyatt's place and tells him that she's going to take his money.

91
7
"Pieces of The Puzzle"
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)
2.58[99]

Veronica lets Jim know that if anything happens to her she has dirt on him. Hanna questions Benny and Candace about what they did to Quincy.

92
8
"Praying for Light"
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)
2.76[100]

Veronica planted a camera in those flowers she delivered to Erica. Hanna does all she can to keep the peace in her family.

93
9
"We All Need Forgiveness"
February 28, 2017 (2017-02-28)
2.33[101]

Veronica tells Justin to stay away from Jeffery. Candace makes Charles her latest Mark.

94
10
"Forget The Bubble"
March 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)
2.41[102]

Veronica is pushing Jeffery's buttons. Erica is caught sleeping with David by War.

95
11
"In Pursuit of Prey"
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)
3.20[103]

Veronica tries to seduce Benny. Warlock looks for Candace, Mitch returns from jail. Katheryn leaves Jim, Wyatt checks himself into rehab of his own volition.

96
12
"The Fallout From War"
June 20, 2017 (2017-06-20)
2.68[104]

Veronica goes in a rage after Melissa attempts suicide in her bed. In the aftermath of the shootout it is revealed that Quincy Jr is dead.

97
13
"My Grandson's War"
June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)
2.44[105]

Veronica and Katheryn came face-to-face. Katheryn was able to be the friend that Hanna needed in comfort; Mama Rose inflict a bit of fear into Jim Cryer.

98
14
"Mad Day"
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)
2.33[106]

Veronica intervened and proved her skills by representing Benny, Jim taunted Veronica, Hanna found herself at Katheryn's new rental home.

99
15
"A Woman Under the Stairs"
July 18, 2017 (2017-07-18)
2.43[107]

Veronica threatens to reveal Officer Justin's secret and accuses him of sexually harassing Jeffrey. David and Jim find their sons. Charles reveals to Candace who he really is.

100
16
"Railroad"
July 25, 2017 (2017-07-25)
2.43[108]

Veronica visits Melissa at the hospital. Katheryn helps Hanna deal with Benny's situation. Wyatt gets released from the hospital. Charles beats Candace at her own game.

101
17
"Elevator Seven"
August 1, 2017 (2017-08-01)
2.30[109]

Veronica tried to confront Erica and David on the elevator about their relationship. Landon tries to warn Charles about Candace. Jeffrey meets up with Landon.

102
18
"A Broken Mirror"
August 8, 2017 (2017-08-08)
2.33[110]

Veronica catches Officer Justin in Jeffrey's hotel room, and records Officer Justin. Jim is trying to find Warlock before Mamma Rose does.

103
19
"Haunted By The Surname"
August 15, 2017 (2017-08-15)
2.40[111]

Veronica is confronted by Officer Justin. Candace starts to see Erica for who she truly is. Candace gets some devastating news.

104
20
"The Enemy Called Trust"
August 22, 2017 (2017-08-22)
2.52[112]

Veronica tells Landon to stay away her son. Jim is shocked to see that his house is on fire. Candace ask Mitch for a favor. Warlock gets caught in a deadly trap.

105
21
"Kate"
August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)
2.64[113]

Veronica makes Melissa clean her blood out of her bed. Jim and Katheryn implode with emotion. Jim confronts Katheryn, and begs her for retribution.

106
22
"For The Team"
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)
2.61[114]

Veronica gives Jeffrey and Officer Justin an ultimatum. Candace and Benny are at odds with each other. David tells Jeffrey to stay away from Veronica.

107
23
"The Veronica Show"
September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)
2.58[115]

Veronica does something that puts Officer Justin at rage. Candace struggles with sorrow and the death of Quincy Jr. Jim confronts Candace at The Artesian Hotel.


document_title: Circus

question_text: when were elephants first used in the circus

text: Circus

text: Etymology[edit]

text: First attested in English 14th century, the word circus derives from Latin circus,[1] which is the romanization of the Greek κίρκος (kirkos), itself a metathesis of the Homeric Greek κρίκος (krikos), meaning "circle" or "ring".[2] In the book De Spectaculis early Christian writer Tertullian claimed that the first circus games were staged by the goddess Circe in honour of her father Helios, the Sun God.

text: History[edit]

text: The modern and commonly held idea of a 'circus' is of a Big Top with various acts providing entertainment therein. However, the history of circuses is more complex, with historians disagreeing on its origin, as well as revisions being done about the history due to the changing nature of historical research, and the ongoing 'circus' phenomenon. For many, circus history begins with Englishman Philip Astley, while for others its origins go back much further—to Roman times.

text: Origins[edit]

text: In Ancient Rome, the circus was a building for the exhibition of horse and chariot races, equestrian shows, staged battles, gladiatorial combat and displays of (and fights with) trained animals. The circus of Rome were similar to the ancient Greek hippodromes, although circuses served varying purposes and differed in design and construction, and for events that involved re-enactments of naval battles, the circus was flooded with water. The Roman circus buildings were, however, not circular but rectangular with semi circular ends. The lower seats were reserved for persons of rank, There were also various state boxes for the giver of the games and his friends. The circus was the only public spectacle at which men and women were not separated. Some circus historians such as George Speaight have stated "these performances may have taken place in the great arenas that were called 'circuses' by the Romans, but it is a mistake to equate these places, or the entertainments presented there, with the modern circus" [3] Others have argued that the lineage of the circus does go back to the Roman 'circuses' and a chronology of circus-related entertainment can be traced from Roman times through medieval and renaissance jesters, minstrels and troubadours to the late 18th century and the time of Astley [4]

text: The first circus in the city of Rome was the Circus Maximus, in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills. It was constructed during the monarchy and, at first, built completely from wood. After being rebuilt several times, the final version of the Circus Maximus could seat 250,000 people; it was built of stone and measured 400m in length and 90m in width.[5] Next in importance were the Circus Flaminius and the Circus Neronis, from the notoriety which it obtained through the Circensian pleasures of Nero. A fourth circus was constructed by Maxentius; its ruins have helped archaeologists reconstruct the Roman circus.

text: For some time after the fall of Rome, large circus buildings fell out of use as centres of mass entertainment. Instead, itinerant performers, animal trainers and showmen travelled between towns throughout Europe, performing at local fairs.

text: Modern format[edit]

text: Astley and early British circus[edit]

text: The origin of the modern circus has been attributed to Philip Astley, who was born 1742 in Newcastle-under-Lyme, England. He became a cavalry officer who set up the first modern amphitheatre for the display of horse riding tricks in Lambeth, London on 4 April 1768.[6][7][8] Astley did not originate trick horse riding, nor was he first to introduce acts such as acrobats and clowns to the English public, but he was the first to create a space where all these acts were brought together to perform a show.[9] Astley rode in a circle rather than a straight line as his rivals did, and thus chanced on the format of performing in a circle.[10] Astley performed stunts in a 42 ft diameter ring, which is the standard size used by circuses ever since.[9] Astley referred to the performance arena as a Circle and the building as an amphitheatre but these were to later be known as a Circus.[11] In 1770 Astley hired acrobats, tightrope walkers, jugglers and a clown to fill in the pauses between acts.[9]

text: Astley was followed by Andrew Ducrow, whose feats of horsemanship had much to do with establishing the traditions of the circus, which were perpetuated by Henglers and Sangers celebrated shows in a later generation. In England circuses were often held in purpose built buildings in large cities, such as the London Hippodrome, which was built as a combination of the circus, the menagerie and the variety theatre, where wild animals such as lions and elephants from time to time appeared in the ring, and where convulsions of nature such as floods, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions have been produced with an extraordinary wealth of realistic display. Joseph Grimaldi, the first mainstream clown, had his first major role as Little Clown in the pantomime The Triumph of Mirth; or, Harlequin's Wedding in 1781.[12] The Royal Circus opened in London on 4 November 1782 by Charles Dibdin and his partner Charles Hughes.[13] In 1782, Astley established the Amphithéâtre Anglais in Paris, the first purpose-built circus in France, followed by 18 other permanent circuses in cities throughout Europe.[14][15] Astley leased his Parisian circus to the Italian Antonio Franconi in 1793.[16] In 1826, the first circus took place under a canvas big top.[17]

text: Ricketts and the first American circus[edit]

text: The Scotsman John Bill Ricketts brought the first modern circus to the United States. He began his theatrical career with Hughes Royal Circus in London in the 1780s, and travelled from England in 1792 to establish his first circus in Philadelphia. The first circus building in the US opened on April 3, 1793 in Philadelphia, where Ricketts gave America's first complete circus performance.[18][19] George Washington attended a performance there later that season.[20]

text: Expansion of American format[edit]

text: In the Americas during the first two decades of the 19th century, the Circus of Pepin and Breschard toured from Montreal to Havana, building circus theatres in many of the cities it visited. Victor Pépin, a native New Yorker,[21] was the first American to operate a major circus in the United States.[22] Later the establishments of Purdy, Welch & Co., and of van Amburgh gave a wider popularity to the circus in the United States. In 1825, Joshuah Purdy Brown was the first circus owner to use a large canvas tent for the circus performance. Circus pioneer Dan Rice was the most famous pre-Civil War circus clown,[23] popularizing such expressions as "The One-Horse Show" and "Hey, Rube!". The American circus was revolutionized by P. T. Barnum and William Cameron Coup, who launched the travelling P. T. Barnum's Museum, Menagerie & Circus, the first freak show. Coup also introduced the first multiple ringed circuses, and was also the first circus entrepreneur to use circus trains to transport the circus between towns, a practice that continues today.

text: Touring[edit]

text: In 1838, the equestrian Thomas Taplin Cooke returned to England from the United States, bringing with him a circus tent.[24] At this time, itinerant circuses were becoming popular in Britain. William Batty's circus, for example, between 1838 and 1840, travelled from Newcastle to Edinburgh and then to Portsmouth and Southampton. Pablo Fanque, who is noteworthy as Britain's only black circus proprietor and who operated one of the most celebrated travelling circuses in Victorian England, erected temporary structures for his limited engagements or retrofitted existing structures.[25] One such structure in Leeds, which Fanque assumed from a departing circus, collapsed, resulting in minor injuries to many but the death of Fanque's wife.[26][27] Three important circus innovators were Italian Giuseppe Chiarini, and Frenchmen Louis Soullier and Jacques Tourniaire, whose early travelling circuses introduced the circus to Latin America, Australia, South East Asia, China, South Africa and Russia. Soullier was the first circus owner to introduce Chinese acrobatics to the European circus when he returned from his travels in 1866 and Tourniaire was the first to introduce the performing art to Ranga where it became extremely popular.

text: Following Barnum's death, his circus merged with that of James Anthony Bailey, and travelled to Europe as the Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show On Earth, where it toured from 1897 to 1902, impressing other circus owners with its large scale, its touring techniques (including the tent and circus train), and its combination of circus acts, a zoological exhibition and a freak show. This format was adopted by European circuses at the turn of the 20th century.

text: The influence of the American circus brought about a considerable change in the character of the modern circus. In arenas too large for speech to be easily audible, the traditional comic dialog of the clown assumed a less prominent place than formerly, while the vastly increased wealth of stage properties relegated to the background the old-fashioned equestrian feats, which were replaced by more ambitious acrobatic performances, and by exhibitions of skill, strength and daring, requiring the employment of immense numbers of performers and often of complicated and expensive machinery.

text: Russia[edit]

text: In 1919, Lenin, head of the USSR, expressed a wish for the circus to become 'the people's art-form', with facilities and status on par with theatre, opera and ballet. The USSR nationalized Russian circuses. In 1927, the State University of Circus and Variety Arts, better known as the Moscow Circus School, was established; performers were trained using methods developed from the Soviet gymnastics program. When the Moscow State Circus company began international tours in the 1950s, its levels of originality and artistic skill were widely applauded.

text: China[edit]

text: Circuses from China, drawing on Chinese traditions of acrobatics, like the Chinese State Circus are also popular touring acts.

text: International awards[edit]

text: The International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo[28] has been held in Monte Carlo since 1974 and was the first of many international awards for circus performers. From the late 19th century through the first half of the 20th century, travelling circuses were a major form of spectator entertainment in the US and attracted huge attention whenever they arrived in a city. After World War II, the popularity of the circus declined as new forms of entertainment (such as television) arrived and the public's tastes became more sophisticated. From the 1960s onward, circuses attracted growing criticism from animal rights activists. Many circuses went out of business or were forced to merge with other circus companies. Nonetheless, a good number of travelling circuses are still active in various parts of the world, ranging from small family enterprises to three-ring extravaganzas. Other companies found new ways to draw in the public with innovative new approaches to the circus form itself.

text: Contemporary types[edit]

text: Contemporary circus (originally known as nouveau cirque) is a recent performing arts movement that originated in the 1970s in Australia, Canada, France,[29] the West Coast of the United States, and the United Kingdom. Contemporary circus combines traditional circus skills and theatrical techniques to convey a story or theme. Compared with the traditional circus, the contemporary genre of circus tends to focus more attention on the overall aesthetic impact, on character and story development, and on the use of lighting design, original music, and costume design to convey thematic or narrative content. For aesthetic or economic reasons, contemporary circus productions may sometimes be staged in theatres rather than in large outdoor tents. Music used in the production is often composed exclusively for that production, and aesthetic influences are drawn as much from contemporary culture as from circus history. Animal acts appear rarely in contemporary circus in contrast to traditional circus where animal acts have been a significant part of circus entertainment.

text: Early examples of nouveau cirque companies include: Circus Oz, forged in Australia in 1978 from SoapBox Circus and New Circus, both founded in the early 1970s; the Pickle Family Circus, founded in San Francisco in 1975; Ra-Ra Zoo in the UK in 1983, Nofit State Circus in 1984 from Wales; Cirque du Soleil, founded in Quebec in 1984; and Archaos in 1986. More recent examples include: Teatro ZinZanni, founded in Seattle in 1998; Quebec's Cirque Éloize; Les 7 doigts de la main (also known as The 7 Fingers);[30] and the West African Circus Baobab[31] in the late 1990s. The genre includes other circus troupes such as the Vermont-based Circus Smirkus (founded in 1987 by Rob Mermin), Le Cirque Imaginaire (later renamed Le Cirque Invisible, both founded and directed by Victoria Chaplin, daughter of Charlie Chaplin), the Tiger Lillies, Dislocate,[32] and Vulcana Women's Circus,[33] while The Jim Rose Circus is an interesting take on the sideshow. Swedish contemporary circus company Cirkus Cirkör was founded in 1995. U.S. Company PURE Cirkus[34] was founded in the subgenre of "cirque noir" in 2004, and in Northern England, (United Kingdom), Skewed Circus[35] combines punk, rap, dance music, comedy, and stunts to deliver "pop-circus" entertainment to young urban audiences.

text: The most conspicuous success story in the contemporary genre has been that of Cirque du Soleil, the Canadian circus company whose estimated annual revenue now exceeds US$810 million,[36] and whose nouveau cirque shows have been seen by nearly 90 million spectators in over 200 cities on five continents.[37] Despite the contemporary circus' shift toward more theatrical techniques and its emphasis on human rather than animal performance, traditional circus companies still exist alongside the new movement. Numerous circuses continue to maintain animal performers, including UniverSoul Circus, and the Big Apple Circus from the United States, Circus Krone from Munich, Circus Royale and Lennon Bros Circus from Australia, Vazquez Hermanos Circus, Circo Atayde Hermanos, and Hermanos Mayaror Circus[38] from Mexico, and Moira Orfei Circus[39] from Italy, to name just a few.

text: Performance[edit]

text: A traditional circus performance is often led by a ringmaster who has a role similar to a Master of Ceremonies. The ringmaster presents performers, speaks to the audience, and generally keeps the show moving. The activity of the circus traditionally takes place within a ring; large circuses may have multiple rings, like the six-ringed Moscow State Circus. A circus often travels with its own band, whose instrumentation in the United States has traditionally included brass instruments, drums, glockenspiel, and sometimes the distinctive sound of the calliope.

text: Acts[edit]

text: Common acts include a variety of acrobatics, gymnastics (including tumbling and trampoline), aerial acts (such as trapeze, aerial silk, corde lisse), contortion, stilts, and a variety of other routines. Juggling is one of the most common acts in a circus; the combination of juggling and gymnastics is called equilibristics and include acts like plate spinning and the rolling globe. Acts like these are some of the most common, and the most traditional. Clowns are common to most circuses and are typically skilled in many circus acts; "clowns getting into the act" is a very familiar theme in any circus. Famous circus clowns have included Austin Miles, the Fratellini Family, Rusty Russell, Emmett Kelly, Grock, and Bill Irwin.

text: Daredevil stunt acts and sideshow acts are also parts of some circus acts, these activities may include human cannonball, chapeaugraphy, fire eating, breathing, and dancing, knife throwing, magic shows, sword swallowing, or strongman. Famous sideshow performers include Zip the Pinhead and The Doll Family. A popular sideshow attraction from the early 19th century was the flea circus, where fleas were attached to props and viewed through a Fresnel lens.

text: Animal acts[edit]

text: A variety of animals have historically been used in acts. While the types of animals used vary from circus to circus, big cats, elephants, horses, birds, sea lions, bears, and domestic animals such as cats and dogs are the most common.

text: The earliest involvement of animals in circus was just the display of exotic creatures in a menagerie. Going as far back as the early eighteenth century, exotic animals were transported to North America for display, and menageries were a popular form of entertainment.[40] The first true animals acts in the circus were equestrian acts. Soon elephants and big cats were displayed as well. Isaac A. Van Amburgh entered a cage with several big cats in 1833, and is generally considered to be the first wild animal trainer in American circus history.[22] Mabel Stark was a famous female tiger-tamer.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Animal welfare groups have documented many cases of animal cruelty in the training of performing circus animals.[42][43] The animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) contends that animals in circuses are frequently beaten into submission and that physical abuse has always been the method for training circus animals. According to PETA, although the US Animal Welfare Act does not permit the use of electric shock prods, whips, hooks, or similar instruments by trainers,[44] these are still used today.[45] According to PETA, during an undercover investigation of Carson & Barnes Circus, video footage was captured showing animal care director Tim Frisco training endangered Asian elephants with electrical shock prods and instructing other trainers to "beat the elephants with a bullhook as hard as they could and to sink the sharp metal bullhook into the animals' flesh and twist it until they screamed in pain."[45]

text: On behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality of the Netherlands, Wageningen University conducted an investigation into the welfare of circus animals in 2008.[46] The following issues, among others, were found:

text:
71% of the observed animals had medical problems
33% of tigers and lions did not have access to an outdoor enclosure
Lions spend on average 98% of their time indoors
An average enclosure for tigers is only 5 m2
Elephants are shackled in chains for 17 hours a day on average
Elephants spend on average 10 hours a day showing stereotypic behaviour
Tigers are terrified of fire but are still forced to jump through fire rings
Since 1990 there have been over 123 cases of lion attacks at circuses
Animals are trained through discipline.[clarification needed]

tag: ul

text: Based on these findings, the researchers called for more stringent regulation regarding the welfare of circus animals. In 2012, the Dutch government announced a ban on the use of wild circus animals.[47]

text: In testimony in U.S. District Court in 2009, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus CEO Kenneth Feld acknowledged that circus elephants are struck behind the ears, under the chin and on their legs with metal tipped prods, called bull hooks. Feld stated that these practices are necessary to protect circus workers. Feld also acknowledged that an elephant trainer was reprimanded for using an electric shock device, known as a hot shot or electric prod, on an elephant, which Feld also stated was appropriate practice. Feld denied that any of these practices harm elephants.[48] In its January 2010 verdict on the case, brought against Feld Entertainment International by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 'et al.', the Court ruled that evidence against the circus company was "not credible with regard to the allegations".[49] In lieu of a USDA hearing, Feld Entertainment Inc. (parent of Ringling Bros.) agreed to pay an unprecedented $270,000 fine for violations of the Animal Welfare Act that allegedly occurred between June 2007 and August 2011.[50]

text: A 14-year litigation against the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus came to an end in 2014 when The Humane Society of the United States and a number of other animal rights groups paid a $16 million settlement to Feld Entertainment.[51] However, the circus closed in May 2017 after a 146-year run when it experienced a steep decline in ticket sales during the year after it discontinued its elephant act and sent its pachyderms to a reserve.[52]

text: On February 1, 1992 at the Great American Circus in Palm Bay, Florida, an elephant named Janet (1965 – February 1, 1992) went out of control while giving a ride to a mother, her two children, and three other children. The elephant then stampeded through the circus grounds outside before being shot to death by police.[53] Also, during a Circus International performance in Honolulu, Hawaii on 20 August 1994, an elephant called Tyke (1974 – August 20, 1994) killed her trainer, Allen Campbell, and severely mauled her groomer, Dallas Beckwith, in front of hundreds of spectators. Tyke then bolted from the arena and ran through the streets of Kakaako for more than thirty minutes. Police fired 86 shots at Tyke, who eventually collapsed from the wounds and died.[54]

text: In 1998 in the UK, a parliamentary working group chaired by MP Roger Gale studied living conditions and treatment of animals in UK circuses. All members of this group agreed that a change in the law was needed to protect circus animals. Gale told the BBC, "It's undignified and the conditions under which they are kept are woefully inadequate—the cages are too small, the environments they live in are not suitable and many of us believe the time has come for that practice to end." The group reported concerns about boredom and stress, and noted that an independent study by a member of the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit at Oxford University "found no evidence that circuses contribute to education or conservation."[55] However, in 2007, a different working group under the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, having reviewed information from experts representing both the circus industry and animal welfare, found an absence of "scientific evidence sufficient to demonstrate that travelling circuses are not compatible with meeting the welfare needs of any type of non-domesticated animal presently being used in the United Kingdom." According to that group's report, published in October 2007, "there appears to be little evidence to demonstrate that the welfare of animals kept in travelling circuses is any better or any worse than that of animals kept in other captive environments."[56]

text: A ban prohibiting the use of wild animals in circuses in Britain was due to be passed in 2015, but Conservative MP Christopher Chope repeatedly blocked the bill under the reasoning that "The EU Membership Costs and Benefits bill should have been called by the clerk before the circuses bill, so I raised a point of order". He explained that the circus bill was "at the bottom of the list" for discussion.[57] The Animal Defenders International non-profit group dubbed this "a huge embarrassment for Britain that 30 other nations have taken action before us on this simple and popular measure".[58]

text: There are nationwide bans on using some if not all animals in circuses in Sweden, Costa Rica, India, Finland, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Israel, Taiwan, Malta,[59] Netherlands, and Denmark. Spain, Ireland, United Kingdom, Argentina, Austria, Chile, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and the United States have locally restricted or banned the use of animals in entertainment.[60] In response to a growing popular concern about the use of animals in entertainment, animal-free circuses are becoming more common around the world.[61] In 2009, Bolivia passed legislation banning the use of any animals, wild or domestic, in circuses. The law states that circuses "constitute an act of cruelty." Circus operators had one year from the bill's passage on July 1, 2009 to comply.[62]

text: City ordinances banning performances by wild animals have been enacted in San Francisco (2015),[63] Los Angeles (2017),[64] and New York City (2017).[65]

text: Greece became the first European country to ban any animal from performing in any circus in its territory in February 2012, following a campaign by Animal Defenders International and the Greek Animal Welfare Fund (GAWF).[66]

text: On June 6, 2015, the Federation of Veterinarians of Europe adopted a position paper in which it recommends the prohibition of the use of wild animals in traveling circuses.[67][68]

text: Buildings[edit]

text: In some towns, there are circus buildings where regular performances are held. The best known are:

text:
Blackpool Tower Circus
Budapest Circus
Circus Krone Building in Munich
Cirque d'hiver, Paris
Cirque Jules Verne in Amiens[69]
Hippodrome Circus, Great Yarmouth
La Tohu in Montreal
Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard in Moscow
Shanghai Circus World in Shanghai
Turkmen State Circus in Ashgabat
Riga Circus in Riga
"Globus" Circus in Bucharest

text: In other countries, purpose-built circus buildings still exist which are no longer used as circuses, or are used for circus only occasionally among a wider programme of events; for example, the Cirkusbygningen (The Circus Building) in Copenhagen, Denmark, Cirkus in Stockholm, Sweden, or Carré Theatre in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

text: In art, music, films, plays and books[edit]

text: The atmosphere of the circus has served as a dramatic setting for many musicians. The most famous circus theme song is called "Entrance of the Gladiators", and was composed in 1904 by Julius Fučík. Other circus music includes "El Caballero", "Quality Plus", "Sunnyland Waltzes", "The Storming of El Caney", "Pahjamah", "Bull Trombone", "Big Time Boogie", "Royal Bridesmaid March", "The Baby Elephant Walk", "Liberty Bell March", "Java", Strauss's "Radetsky March", and "Pageant of Progress". A poster for Pablo Fanque's Circus Royal, one of the most popular circuses of Victorian England, inspired John Lennon to write Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite! on The Beatles' album, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. The song title refers to William Kite, a well-known circus performer in the 19th century. Producer George Martin and EMI engineers created the song's fairground atmosphere by assembling a sound collage of collected recordings of calliopes and fairground organs, which they cut into strips of various lengths, threw into a box, and then mixed up and edited together randomly, creating a long loop which was mixed into the final production.[70] Another traditional circus song is the John Philip Sousa march "Stars and Stripes Forever", which is played only to alert circus performers of an emergency.

text: Plays set in a circus include the 1896 musical The Circus Girl by Lionel Monckton, Polly of the Circus written in 1907 by Margaret Mayo, He Who Gets Slapped written by Russian Leonid Andreyev 1916 and later adapted into one of the first circus films, Katharina Knie written in 1928 by Carl Zuckmayer and adapted for the English stage in 1932 as Caravan by playwright Cecily Hamilton, the revue Big Top written by Herbert Farjeon in 1942, Top of the Ladder written by Tyrone Guthrie in 1950, Stop the World, I Want to Get Off written by Anthony Newley in 1961, and Barnum with music by Cy Coleman and lyrics and book by Mark Bramble, Roustabout: The Great Circus Train Wreck written by Jay Torrence in 2006.

text: Following World War I, circus films became popular. In 1924 He Who Gets Slapped was the first film released by MGM; in 1925 Sally of the Sawdust (remade 1930), Variety, and Vaudeville were produced, followed by The Devil's Circus in 1926 and The Circus starring Charlie Chaplin, Circus Rookies, 4 Devils; and Laugh Clown Laugh in 1928. German film Salto Mortale about trapeze artists was released in 1930 and remade in the United States and released as Trapeze starring Burt Lancaster in 1956; in 1932 Freaks was released; Charlie Chan at the Circus, Circus (USSR) and The Three Maxiums were released in 1936 and At the Circus starring the Marx Brothers and You Can't Cheat an Honest Man in 1939. Circus films continued to be popular during the Second World War; films from this era included The Great Profile starring John Barrymore (1940), the animated Disney film Dumbo (1941), Road Show (1941), The Wagons Roll at Night (1941) and Captive Wild Woman (1943).

text: Tromba, a film about a tiger trainer, was released in 1948. In 1952 Cecil B. de Mille's Oscar-winning film The Greatest Show on Earth was first shown. Released in 1953 were Man on a Tightrope and Ingmar Bergman's Gycklarnas afton (released as Sawdust and Tinsel in the United States); these were followed by Life Is a Circus; Ring of Fear; 3 Ring Circus (1954) and La Strada (1954), an Oscar-winning film by Federico Fellini about a girl who is sold to a circus strongman. Fellini made a second film set in the circus called The Clowns in 1970. Films about the circus made since 1959 include Disney's Toby Tyler (1960), the B-movie Circus of Horrors (also in 1960); the musical film Billy Rose's Jumbo (1962); A Tiger Walks, a Disney film about a tiger that escapes from the circus; and Circus World (1964), starring John Wayne. Mera Naam Joker (1970) a Hindi drama film directed by Raj Kapoor which was about a clown who must make his audience laugh at the cost of his own sorrows. In the film Jungle Emperor Leo (1997), Leo's son Lune is captured and placed in a circus, which burns down when a tiger knocks down a ring of fire while jumping through it.

text: The TV series Circus Humberto, based on the novel by Eduard Bass, follows the history of the circus family Humberto between 1826 and 1924. The setting of the HBO television series Carnivàle, which ran from 2003 to 2005, is also largely set in a travelling circus. The circus has also inspired many writers. Numerous books, both non-fiction and fiction, have been published about circus life. Notable examples of circus-based fiction include Circus Humberto by Eduard Bass, Cirque du Freak by Darren Shan, and Spangle by Gary Jennings. The novel Water for Elephants by Sara Gruen tells the fictional tale of a circus veterinarian and was made into a movie with the same title, starring Robert Pattinson and Reese Witherspoon.

text: Circus is the central theme in comic books of Super Commando Dhruva, an Indian comic book superhero. According to this series, Dhruva was born and brought up in a fictional Indian circus called Jupiter Circus. When a rival circus burnt down Jupiter Circus, killing everyone in it, including Dhruva's parents, Dhruva vowed to become a crime fighter. A circus-based television series called Circus was also telecast in India in 1989 on DD National, starring Shahrukh Khan as the lead actor.