document_title: Big 12 Conference

question_text: who used to be in the big 12

question_tokens: who used to be in the big 12

text: Big 12 Conference

text: Member schools[edit]

text: Current members[edit]

text:
Institution
Location
Founded
Joined
Type
Enrollment
Nickname
Colors

Baylor University
Waco, Texas
1845
1996
Private
16,787
Bears/Lady Bears

Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
1858
1996
Public
36,660
Cyclones

University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas
1865
1996
Public
28,091
Jayhawks

Kansas State University
Manhattan, Kansas
1863
1996
Public
23,779
Wildcats

University of Oklahoma
Norman, Oklahoma
1890
1996
Public
30,824
Sooners

Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, Oklahoma
1890
1996
Public
23,459
Cowboys/Cowgirls

Texas Christian University
Fort Worth, Texas
1873
2012
Private
10,394
Horned Frogs

University of Texas at Austin
Austin, Texas
1883
1996
Public
50,950
Longhorns

Texas Tech University
Lubbock, Texas
1923
1996
Public
37,010[6]
Red Raiders

West Virginia University
Morgantown, West Virginia
1867
2012
Public
31,287[7]
Mountaineers

Reference:[8][9][10][11][12][12][13]

text: Affiliate members[edit]

text:
Institution
Location
Founded
Joined
Type
Enrollment
Nickname
Sport(s)

Air Force !United States Air Force Academy
Colorado Springs, Colorado
1954
2015
Military academy
4,000
Falcons
Wrestling

Alabama !University of Alabama
Tuscaloosa, Alabama
1831
2014
Public
36,155
Crimson Tide
Women's rowing

Denver !University of Denver
Denver, Colorado
1864
2015
Private
11,809
Pioneers
Women's gymnastics

Fresno State !California State University, Fresno
Fresno, California
1911
2017
Public
24,405
Bulldogs
Wrestling

Northern Colorado !University of Northern Colorado
Greeley, Colorado
1889
2015
Public
12,084
Bears
Wrestling

Northern Iowa !University of Northern Iowa
Cedar Falls, Iowa
1876
2017
Public
13,914
Panthers
Wrestling

North Dakota State University
Fargo, North Dakota
1890
2015
Public
14,747
Bison
Wrestling

Old Dominion University
Norfolk, Virginia
1930
2014
Public
24,125
Lady Monarchs
Women's rowing

South Dakota State University
Brookings, South Dakota
1881
2015
Public
12,554
Jackrabbits
Wrestling

Tennessee !University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee
1794
2014
Public
27,523
Volunteers
Women's rowing

Utah Valley University
Orem, Utah
1941
2015
Public
31,556
Wolverines
Wrestling

Wyoming !University of Wyoming
Laramie, Wyoming
1886
2015
Public
13,992
Cowboys
Wrestling

text: On July 29, 2015, the Big 12 announced it would add the six former members of the Western Wrestling Conference—Air Force, Northern Colorado, North Dakota State, South Dakota State, Utah Valley, and Wyoming—as affiliate members for wrestling, plus Denver as an affiliate member for women's gymnastics, all effective with the 2015–16 school year.[14] On July 5, 2017, the Big 12 added Fresno State and Northern Iowa as wrestling affiliates.[15]

text: Former members[edit]

text:
Institution
Location
Founded
Joined
Left
Type
Enrollment
Nickname
Colors
Current
Conference

Colorado !University of Colorado Boulder
Boulder, Colorado
1876
1996
2011
Public
30,128
Buffaloes

Pac-12

Missouri !University of Missouri
Columbia, Missouri
1839
1996
2012
Public
34,255[16]
Tigers

SEC

Nebraska !University of Nebraska–Lincoln
Lincoln, Nebraska
1869
1996
2011
Public
24,100[17]
Cornhuskers

Big Ten

Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas
1876
1996
2012
Public
53,337
Aggies

SEC

text: Membership timeline[edit]

text: Full members Assoc. member (Other sports) Other Conference

text: Sports[edit]

text: The Big 12 Conference sponsors championship competition in ten men's and thirteen women's NCAA sanctioned sports.[18]

text:
Teams in Big 12 Conference competition

Sport
Men's
Women's

Baseball
9
–

Basketball
10
10

Cross Country
9
10

Equestrian
–
4

Football
10
–

Golf
10
9

Gymnastics
–
4

Rowing
–
8

Soccer
–
10

Softball
–
7

Swimming & Diving
3
5

Tennis
6
10

Track and Field (Indoor)
9
10

Track and Field (Outdoor)
9
10

Volleyball
–
9

Wrestling
12
–

text: Men's sponsored sports by school[edit]

text:
School
Baseball
Basketball
Cross
Country
Football
Golf
Swimming
& Diving
Tennis
Track
& Field
Indoor
Track
& Field
Outdoor
Wrestling
Total
Big 12
Sports

Baylor
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
8

Iowa State
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
7

Kansas
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
7

Kansas State
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
7

Oklahoma
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
9

Oklahoma State
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
9

TCU
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
9

Texas
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
9

Texas Tech
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
8

West Virginia
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
6

Totals
9
10
9
10
10
3
6
9
9
4*

Affiliate Members

Air Force

Y
1

Fresno State

Y
1

North Dakota State

Y
1

Northern Colorado

Y
1

Northern Iowa

Y
1

South Dakota State

Y
1

Utah Valley

Y
1

Wyoming

Y
1

text: Men's (and Coed – see Rifle) varsity sports not sponsored by the Big 12 Conference which are played by Big 12 schools:

text:
School
Gymnastics
Rifle*
Soccer

Oklahoma
Mountain Pacific Sports Federation
No
No

TCU
No
Patriot Rifle Conference
No

West Virginia
No
Great America Rifle Conference
Mid-American Conference

text: Rifle is often categorized as a men's sport because the NCAA bylaws that establish scholarship limits for each sport list rifle as a men's sport.[19] Nonetheless, it is an open coed sport in NCAA college athletics, with men's, women's, and coed teams in all NCAA divisions competing against each other. TCU and West Virginia both field coed teams. Through 2017, West Virginia with 19 national titles and TCU with two, together have won over half of the NCAA titles awarded since the inaugural NCAA championship in 1980. West Virginia also won four pre-NCAA national titles.

text: Women's sponsored sports by school[edit]

text:
School
Basketball
Cross
Country
Equestrian
Golf
Gymnastics
Rowing
Soccer
Softball
Swimming
& Diving
Tennis
Track
& Field
Indoor
Track
& Field
Outdoor
Volleyball
Total
Big 12
Sports

Baylor
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
10

Iowa State
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
11

Kansas
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
11

Kansas State
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
9

Oklahoma
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
11

Oklahoma State
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
9

TCU
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
10

Texas
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
11

Texas Tech
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
9

West Virginia
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
10

Totals
10
10
3
9
3*
5*
10
7
5
10
10
10
9

Affiliate Members

Alabama

Y

1

Old Dominion

Y

1

Denver

Y

1

Tennessee

Y

1

text: History[edit]

text: The Big 12 Conference is a major college athletic conference in the United States, having formed in February 1994 when four prominent colleges from Texas that were members of the Southwest Conference were invited to join the eight members of the Big Eight Conference to form a new 12 member conference. The Big 12 began athletic play in the fall of 1996, with the Texas Tech vs. Kansas State football game being the first-ever sports event staged by the conference. From its formation until 2011, its 12 members competed in two divisions. Between 2011 and 2012 four charter members left the conference, while two schools joined in 2012.

text: Distinctive elements[edit]

text: Football championship game takes hiatus, returns in 2017[edit]

text: The Big 12 is unique among the current "Power Five" conferences in that it only has 10 members, despite the name, causing some confusion. From 1987 to 2015, 12 or more members were required for an "exempt" conference championship game—that is, one that did not count against NCAA limits for regular-season games (currently 12 in FBS)—although the first such game was not established until the SEC did so in 1992.[20] (Since the 2014 season, the Pac-12 has 12 members, while the ACC, Big Ten, and SEC have 14 football members each.)

text: Former Texas Athletic Director DeLoss Dodds and former football coach Mack Brown, along with Oklahoma football coach Bob Stoops, preferred not to have a championship game.[21] Critics argued it was a competitive advantage over other contract conferences. Conferences with a championship game have their division champions typically play one of their toughest games of the year in the last week of the regular season. Unlike the other "Power 5" conferences in which a team only plays a portion of the other teams in the conference each season, each Big 12 team plays the other nine teams during its conference schedule. This theoretically allows for the declaration of a de facto champion without the need for an additional rematch between the top two teams in the conference.

text: On June 3, 2016, the conference announced it would reinstate the football championship game in the 2017 season.[22] This followed the passage of a new NCAA rule allowing all FBS conferences to hold "exempt" football championship games regardless of their membership numbers.[23]

text: Population base[edit]

text: The Big 12 schools are located in the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, West Virginia and Iowa. These states have a combined population of 37.8 million.[citation needed]

text: As of 2013, out of the 115.6 million TV households nationwide there are only 13,427,130 TV households in those states (11.6%),[24][25] although Morgantown, West Virginia where WVU is based is in the Pittsburgh television market, which increases the Big 12's television base well into Pennsylvania, and Lawrence, Kansas, where KU is based, is in the Kansas City television market, increasing the base into western Missouri. The Big 12's share of the nation's TVs is a fraction of that reached by the rest of the Power Five. This likely works against the conference in TV negotiations, but the conference negotiated tier 1 and 2 TV contracts with total payouts similar to those of the other Power Five conferences.[26]

text: Grant of Rights[edit]

text: Member schools granted their first and second tier sports media rights to the conference for the length of their current TV deals. The Grant of Rights (GOR) deal with the leagues' TV contracts ensures that "if a Big 12 school leaves for another league in the next 13 years, that school's media rights, including revenue, would remain with the Big 12 and not its new conference."[27]

text: GOR is seen by league members as a "foundation of stability" and allowed the Big 12 to be "positioned with one of the best media rights arrangements in collegiate sports, providing the conference and its members unprecedented revenue growth, and sports programming over two networks." All members agreed to the GOR and later agreed to extend the initial 6-year deal to 13 years to correspond to the length of their TV contracts.[28]

text: Prior to this agreement, the Big Ten and Pac-12 also had similar GOR agreements.[29] The Big 12 subsequently assisted the ACC in drafting its GOR agreement.[30] Four of the five major conferences now have such agreements, with the SEC the only exception.

text: Tier 3 events[edit]

text: The Big 12 is the only major conference that allows members to monetize TV rights for tier 3 events in football and men's basketball.[31] This allows individual Big 12 member institutions to create tier 3 deals that include TV rights for one home football game and four home men's basketball games per season. Tier 3 rights exist for other sports as well, but these are not unique to the Big 12. The unique arrangement potentially allows Big 12 members to remain some of college sports' highest revenue earners. Other conferences' cable deals are subject to value reductions based on how people acquire cable programming, Big 12 schools tier 3 deals are exempt.[32] Texas alone will earn more than $150 million of that total from their Longhorn Network.[33]

text: Revenue[edit]

text:
Big 12 Conference annual revenue distribution

[show]Year
Total distributed
Annual Increase
Per-school averagea

1997[34]
$53.6 million
–
$4.5 million

1998[34]
$58 million
8.2%
$4.8 million

1999[34]
$64 million
10.3%
$5.3 million

2000[34]
$72 million
12.5%
$6.0 million

2001[34]
$78 million
8.3%
$6.5 million

2002[34]
$83.5 million
7.1%
$7.0 million

2003[34]
$89 million
6.6%
$7.4 million

2004[34]
$101 million
13.5%
$8.4 million

2005[34]
$105.6 million
4.6%
$8.8 million

2006[34]
$103.1 million
−2.4%
$8.6 million

2007[34]
$106 million
2.8%
$8.8 million

2008[34]
$113.5 million
7.1%
$9.5 million

2009[34]
$130 million
14.5%
$10.8 million

2010[34]
$139 million
6.9%
$11.6 million

2011[35]
$145 million
4.3%
$12.1 million

2012[36]
$187 million
29.0%
$18.7 million

2013[36]
$198 million
5.9%
$19.8 million

2014[37]
$212 million
7.1%
$21.2 million

2015[38]
$252 million
18.9%
$25.2 million

2016 [39]
$348 million
38.9%
$34.8 million

Total
$2.54 billion
–
$239 million

Average
$221 million
–
$11.9 million

a Twelve Big 12 members received disbursements each year from 1997–2011; ten each year afterwards. Individual schools' disbursement varied annually according to bylaw rules and entrance or withdrawal agreements.

text: Conference revenue comes mostly from television contracts, bowl games, the NCAA, merchandise, licensing and conference-hosted sporting events. The Conference distributes revenue annually to member institutions.[40] From 1996 to 2011, 57 percent of revenue was allotted equally; while 43 percent was based upon the number of football and men's basketball television appearances and other factors.[41][42] In 2011 the distribution was 76 percent equal and 24 percent based on television appearances. Changing the arrangement requires a unanimous vote; as a Big 12 member, Nebraska and Texas A&M had withheld support for more equitable revenue distribution.[41]

text: With this model, larger schools can receive more revenue because they appear more often on television. In 2006, for example, Texas received $10.2 million, 44% more than Baylor University's $7.1 million.[43]

text: Big 12 revenue was generally less than other BCS conferences; this was due in part to television contracts signed with Fox Sports Net (four years for $48 million) and ABC/ESPN (eight years for $480 million).[44]

text: In 2011, the Big 12 announced a new 13-year media rights deal with Fox that would ensure that every Big 12 home football game is televised, as well as greatly increasing coverage of women's basketball, conference championships and other sports.[45] The deal, valued at an estimated $1.1 billion, runs until 2025.[46] In 2012, the conference announced a new ESPN/FOX agreement, replacing the current ABC/ESPN deal, to immediately increase national media broadcasts of football and increase conference revenue;[47] the new deal was estimated to be worth $2.6 billion through the 2025 expiration.[48] The two deals pushed the conference per-school payout to approximately $20 million per year, while separating third-tier media rights into separate deals for each school; such contracts secured an additional $6 million to $20 million per school annually.[49] The per-school payout under the deal is expected to reach $44 million, according to Commissioner Bob Bowlsby.[50]

text: Revenue ranking[edit]

text: Revenue includes ticket sales, contributions and donations, rights/licensing, student fees, school funds and all other sources including TV income, camp income, food and novelties. Total expenses includes coaching/staff, scholarships, buildings/ground, maintenance, utilities and rental fees and all other costs including recruiting, team travel, equipment and uniforms, conference dues and insurance costs. Data is from United States Department of Education.[51]

text:
2014–15 Conference Rank
Institution
2014–15 Total Revenue from Athletics[52]
2014–15 Total Expenses on Athletics[52]
2014–15 Average Spending per student-athlete[53]

1
University of Texas at Austin
$179,555,311
$152,853,239
$218,050

2
University of Oklahoma
$135,660,070
$124,732,244
$170,866

3
Baylor University
$106,078,643
$106,078,643
$153,737

4
University of Kansas
$103,326,170
$103,326,170
$177,536

5
West Virginia University
$87,265,473
$87,265,473
$147,159

6
Oklahoma State University
$85,645,208
$80,196,450
$123,189

7
Texas Christian University
$80,608,562
$80,608,562
$145,766

8
Kansas State University
$76,245,188
$66,449,920
$110,016

9
Texas Tech University
$69,858,256
$64,245,380
$123,207

10
Iowa State University
$65,733,110
$65,658,901
$129,396

text: Facilities[edit]

text:
School
Football stadium
Capacity
Basketball arena
Capacity
Baseball stadium
Capacity

Baylor
McLane Stadium
7004451400000000000♠45,140
Ferrell Center
7004102840000000000♠10,284
Baylor Ballpark
7003500000000000000♠5,000

Iowa State
Jack Trice Stadium
7004615000000000000♠61,500[54]
Hilton Coliseum
7004143560000000000♠14,356
Non-baseball school*

Kansas
Memorial Stadium
7004500710000000000♠50,071[55]
Allen Fieldhouse
7004163000000000000♠16,300
Hoglund Ballpark
7003250000000000000♠2,500

Kansas State
Bill Snyder Family Football Stadium
7004500000000000000♠50,000[56]
Bramlage Coliseum
7004125280000000000♠12,528
Tointon Family Stadium
7003200000000000000♠2,000

Oklahoma
Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium
7004834890000000000♠83,489[57]
Lloyd Noble Center
7004115620000000000♠11,562
L. Dale Mitchell Baseball Park
7003318000000000000♠3,180

Oklahoma State
Boone Pickens Stadium
7004567900000000000♠56,790[58]
Gallagher-Iba Arena
7004136110000000000♠13,611
Allie P. Reynolds Stadium
7003382100000000000♠3,821

Texas
Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium
7005100119000000000♠100,119[59]
Frank Erwin Center
7004165400000000000♠16,540
UFCU Disch-Falk Field
7003664900000000000♠6,649

TCU
Amon G. Carter Stadium
7004450000000000000♠45,000
Schollmaier Arena
6,700[60]
Lupton Stadium
7003450000000000000♠4,500

Texas Tech
Jones AT&T Stadium
7004608620000000000♠60,862[61][62][63][64]
United Supermarkets Arena
7004150980000000000♠15,098
Dan Law Field at Rip Griffin Park
7003452800000000000♠4,528

West Virginia
Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium
7004600000000000000♠60,000[65]
WVU Coliseum
7004140000000000000♠14,000[66]
Monongalia County Ballpark
7003350000000000000♠3,500[67]

text: *Iowa State discontinued its participation in baseball as an NCAA-recognized activity following the 2001 season.[68] It participates in club baseball as a member of the National Club Baseball Association. Games are played at Cap Timm Field, capacity 3,000.[69]

text: Championships[edit]

text: National championships[edit]

text: The following is a list of all NCAA, equestrian, and college football championships won by teams that were representing the Big 12 Conference in NCAA-recognized sports at the time of their championship.[70]

text:
Football (3):
1997 – Nebraska
2000 – Oklahoma
2005 – Texas
Equestrian (3):
2002 − Texas A&M (Overall)
2012 – Baylor (Hunter Seat)
2012 – Texas A&M (Overall)
Baseball (2):
2002 – Texas
2005 – Texas
Men's Basketball (1):
2008 – Kansas
Women's Basketball (3):
2005 – Baylor
2011 – Texas A&M
2012 – Baylor
Women's Bowling (5):
1999 – Nebraska
2001 – Nebraska
2004 – Nebraska
2005 – Nebraska
2009 – Nebraska

Men's Cross Country (6):
2001 – Colorado
2004 – Colorado
2006 – Colorado
2009 – Oklahoma State
2010 – Oklahoma State
2012 – Oklahoma State
Women's Cross Country (2):
2000 – Colorado
2004 – Colorado
Men's Golf (5):
2000 – Oklahoma State
2006 – Oklahoma State
2009 – Texas A&M
2012 – Texas
2017 – Oklahoma
Rifle (5):
2013 – West Virginia
2014 – West Virginia
2015 – West Virginia
2016 – West Virginia
2017 – West Virginia
Women's Gymnastics (3):
2014 – Oklahoma
2016 – Oklahoma
2017 – Oklahoma

Men's Gymnastics (8):
2002 – Oklahoma
2003 – Oklahoma
2005 – Oklahoma
2006 – Oklahoma
2008 – Oklahoma
2015 – Oklahoma
2016 – Oklahoma
2017 – Oklahoma
Women's Indoor Track (3):
1998 – Texas
1999 – Texas
2006 – Texas
Men's Outdoor Track (3):
2009 – Texas A&M
2010 – Texas A&M
2011 – Texas A&M
Women's Outdoor Track (7):
1998 – Texas
1999 – Texas
2005 – Texas
2009 – Texas A&M
2010 – Texas A&M
2011 – Texas A&M
2013 – Kansas
Men's/Women's Skiing (4):
1998 – Colorado
1999 – Colorado
2006 – Colorado
2011 – Colorado

Softball (4):
2000 – Oklahoma
2013 – Oklahoma
2016 – Oklahoma
2017 – Oklahoma
Men's Swimming (7):
1996 – Texas
2000 – Texas
2001 – Texas
2002 – Texas
2010 – Texas
2015 – Texas
2016 – Texas
Men's Tennis (1):
2004 – Baylor
Women's Volleyball (3):
2000 – Nebraska
2006 – Nebraska
2012 – Texas
Wrestling (4):
2003 – Oklahoma State
2004 – Oklahoma State
2005 – Oklahoma State
2006 – Oklahoma State

text: National team titles by institution[edit]

text: The national championships listed below are as of March 2016. Football, Helms, pre-NCAA competition and overall equestrian titles are included in the total, but excluded from the column listing NCAA and AIAW titles.

text:
Big 12 National Championships

School
Total titles
Titles as a member
of the Big 12
NCAA titles[71]
AIAW titles
Notes

Texas
52
18
44
4
UT has 4 recognized football titles

Oklahoma State
51
9
51

Oklahoma
35
14
28

OU has 7 recognized NCAA football titles

West Virginia
22
4
19

WVU has 3 pre-NCAA rifle titles

Iowa State
18
0
13
5

Kansas
13
2
11

KU has 2 Helms basketball titles

TCU
6
0
4

TCU has 2 recognized football titles

Baylor
4
3
3

Baylor has 1 Equestrian title

Texas Tech
1
0
1

Kansas State
0
0
0

text: See also: List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships, List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships, and NCAA Division 1 FBS Conferences

text: Conference champions[edit]

text: The Conference sponsors 23 sports, 10 men's and 13 women's.[72]

text: In football, divisional titles were awarded based on regular-season conference results, with the teams with the best conference records from the North and South playing in the Big 12 Championship Game from 1996 to 2010. Baseball, basketball, softball, tennis and women's soccer titles are awarded in both regular-season and tournament play. Cross country, golf, gymnastics, swimming and diving, track and field, and wrestling titles are awarded during an annual meet of participating teams. The volleyball title is awarded based on regular-season play.

text: Conference titles by school[edit]

text: As of March 8, 2016. List includes both regular-season, tournament titles, and co-championships. List does not include conference championships won prior to the formation of the Big 12 Conference in 1996.[73]

text: Current members[edit]

text:
Texas – 163 (148 including 7 football division championships)[73]
Baylor – 69 [73]
Oklahoma – 70 (73 including 8 football division championships)[73]
Oklahoma State – 67 (63 including 1 football division championship)[73]
Kansas – 35 (34 including 1 football division championship)[73]
Iowa State – 20 (20 including 1 football division championship)[73]
Texas Tech – 21 (19 including 1 football division championship)[73]
Kansas State – 16 (18 including 4 football division championships)[73]
West Virginia – 9[73]
TCU – 9[73]

text: Former members[edit]

text:
Nebraska – 71 (80 including 9 football division championships)[73]
Texas A&M – 61 (64 including 3 football division championships)[73]
Colorado – 27 (31 including 4 football division championships)[73]
Missouri – 10 (12 including 3 football division championships)[73]

text: Football[edit]

text: The first football game in conference play was Texas Tech vs. Kansas State in 1996, won by Kansas State, 21–14.[74]

text: From 1996 to 2010, Big 12 Conference teams played eight conference games a season. Each team faced all five opponents within its own division and three teams from the opposite division. Inter-divisional play was a "three-on, three-off" system, where teams would play three teams from the other division on a home-and-home basis for two seasons, and then play the other three foes from the opposite side for a two-year home-and-home.[citation needed]

text: This format came under considerable criticism, especially from Nebraska and Oklahoma, who were denied a yearly match between two of college football's most storied programs.[citation needed] The Nebraska-Oklahoma rivalry was one of the most intense in college football history.[citation needed] (Until 2006, the teams had never met in the Big 12 Championship.) Due to the departure of Nebraska and Colorado in 2011, the Big 12 eliminated the divisions (and championship game) and instituted a nine-game round-robin format.[citation needed] With the advent of the College Football Playoff committee looking at teams' strength of schedule for picking the four playoff teams, on December 8, 2015 the Big 12 announced an annual requirement for all Big 12 teams to schedule a non-conference game against a team from the four other Power Five conferences (plus Notre Dame).[75] Per Big 12 commissioner Bob Bowlsby: "Schedule strength is a key component in CFP Selection Committee deliberations. This move will strengthen the resumes for all Big 12 teams. Coupled with the nine-game full round robin Conference schedule our teams play, it will not only benefit the teams at the top of our standings each season, but will impact the overall strength of the Conference."[75]

text: Championship game[edit]

text: The Big 12 Championship Game game was approved by all members except Nebraska.[76] It was held each year, commencing with the first match in the 1996 season at the Trans World Dome in St. Louis. It pitted the division champions against each other after the regular season was completed.

text: Following the 2008 game, the event was moved to the new Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, being played there in 2009 and 2010. In 2010, the Sooners defeated the Cornhuskers 23–20.[77]

text: After 2010, the game was moved to Arlington for 2011, 2012, and 2013.[78] However, the decision became moot following the 2010 season because the league lacked sufficient members.[79]

text: In April 2015, the ACC and the Big 12 developed new rules for the NCAA to deregulate conference championship games. The measure passed on January 14, 2016, allowing a conference with fewer than 12 teams to stage a championship game that does not count against the FBS limit of 12 regular-season games under either of the following circumstances:

text:
The game involves the top two teams following a full round-robin conference schedule.
The game involves two divisional winners, each having played a full round-robin schedule in its division.

text: Under the first criterion, the Big 12 championship game will resume at the conclusion of the 2017 regular season, and will be played during the first weekend of December, the time all other Division I FBS conference championship games are played.

text: Bowl affiliations[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2018)

text: As of 2014.[citation needed]

text:
Pick

Name[80]

Location
Opposing conference

–
College Football Playoff
–
–

1
Sugar Bowl†
New Orleans, Louisiana
SEC

2
Valero Alamo Bowl
San Antonio, Texas
Pac-12

3
Russell Athletic Bowl
Orlando, Florida
ACC

4
AdvoCare V100 Texas Bowl
Houston, Texas
SEC

5
AutoZone Liberty Bowl
Memphis, Tennessee
SEC

6
Cactus Bowl
Tempe, Arizona
Pac-12

7
Heart of Dallas Bowl‡
Dallas, Texas
Conference USA

Lockheed Martin Armed Forces Bowl‡
Fort Worth, Texas
American

†:The Big 12 champion will go to the Sugar Bowl unless selected for the College Football Playoff. In the event that the conference champion is selected for the playoff, the conference runner up will go to the Sugar Bowl.
‡:Conference representative will play in the bowls on a rotating basis.

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: Rivalries (primarily in football) mostly predate the conference. The Kansas-Missouri rivalry was the longest running, the longest west of the Mississippi and the second longest in college football. It was played 119 times before Missouri left the Big 12. As of October 2012, the University of Kansas' athletic department had not accepted Missouri's invitations to play inter-conference rivalry games, putting the rivalry on hold. Sports clubs sponsored by the two universities continued to play each other.[81]

text: The rivalry between TCU and Baylor, known as the Revivalry is also one of the longest running in college football, with the two schools having played each other — largely as Southwest Conference members — 112 times since 1899. As of the 2016 game, TCU leads the series 53–52–7.

text: The Oklahoma-Texas rivalry, the Red River Showdown is one year younger and has been played 108 times. This was a major rivalry decades before they were both in the conference, starting the year after the Revivalry in 1900. Currently Texas leads this rivalry 60–44–5.

text: Some of the longstanding football rivalries between Big 12 schools include:

text:
Rivalry
Name
Trophy
Games
played†
Began

Baylor–TCU
The Revivalry

112
1899

Baylor Texas Tech
Texas Farm Bureau Insurance Shootout

74
1929

Iowa State-Kansas State
Farmageddon

98
1917

Kansas–Kansas State
Sunflower Showdown
Governor's Cup
112
1902

Oklahoma-Oklahoma State
Bedlam
Bedlam Bell
109
1904

Oklahoma–Texas
Red River Showdown
Golden Hat
110
1900

TCU–Texas Tech

58
1926

Texas–Texas Tech

Chancellor's Spurs
64
1928

text: Rivalries with former members[edit]

text:
Rivalry
Name
Trophy
Games
played†
Began
Last Meeting

Baylor–Texas A&M
Battle of the Brazos

108
1899
2011

Colorado–Nebraska

69
1898
2010

Iowa State–Missouri

Telephone Trophy[82]
104
1896
2011

Kansas–Missouri
Border War
Indian War Drum[82]
120
1891
2011

Kansas–Nebraska

117
1892
2010

Missouri–Nebraska

Victory Bell
104
1892
2010

Missouri–Oklahoma

Tiger–Sooner Peace Pipe
96
1902
2011

Nebraska–Oklahoma

86
1912
2010

Texas A&M–Texas Tech

70
1927
2011

Texas–Texas A&M
Lone Star Showdown
Lone Star Showdown Trophy
118
1894
2011

text: Men's basketball[edit]

text: From 1996 to 2011, standings in conference play were not split among divisions, although the schedule was structured as if they were. Teams played a home-and-home against teams within their "division"s and a single game against teams from the opposite division for a total of 16 conference games. After Nebraska and Colorado left, Big 12 play transitioned to an 18-game, double round robin schedule.[83]

text: Conference champions[edit]

text: Big 12 basketball teams played non-division members only once and in-division members twice during the regular season in a 16-game schedule until the 2012-13 season when its ten teams adopted a "home and away" double round robin 18-game schedule. The conference tournament gave first round byes to the top four teams from 1997 until 2012, and the top six teams 2013 to present.

text: Kansas has the most Big 12 titles, winning or sharing the regular-season title 17 times in the league's 21 seasons. The 2002 Jayhawks became the first, and so far only, team to complete an undefeated Big 12 regular season, going 16–0. As of the 2017-2018 season, Kansas had won or shared 14 straight regular-season league titles and 16 of the past 17. Though rematches between Big 12 regular season co-champions have happened in that year's Big 12 tournament, none have met in the ensuing NCAA Tournament.

text:
Season
Regular Season Champion
Tournament Champion

1996–97
Kansas
Kansas

1997–98
Kansas (2)
Kansas (2)

1998–99
Texas
Kansas (3)

1999–00
Iowa State
Iowa State

2000–01
Iowa State (2)
Oklahoma

2001–02
Kansas (3)
Oklahoma (2)

2002–03
Kansas (4)
Oklahoma (3)

2003–04
Oklahoma State
Oklahoma State

2004–05
Oklahoma
Kansas (5)
Oklahoma State (2)

2005–06
Texas (2)
Kansas (6)
Kansas (4)

2006–07
Kansas (7)
Kansas (5)

2007–08
Texas (3)
Kansas (8)
Kansas(6)

2008–09
Kansas (9)
Missouri

2009–10
Kansas (10)
Kansas (7)

2010–11
Kansas (11)
Kansas (8)

2011–12
Kansas (12)
Missouri (2)

2012–13
Kansas (13)
Kansas State
Kansas (9)

2013–14
Kansas (14)
Iowa State (2)

2014–15
Kansas (15)
Iowa State (3)

2015–16
Kansas (16)
Kansas (10)

2016–17
Kansas (17)
Iowa State (4)

2017-18
Kansas (18)
Kansas (11)

Reference:

text:
In 2004–05, Oklahoma won the Big 12 Tournament seeding tiebreaker over Kansas based on its 71–63 win over the Jayhawks in Norman, OK. The teams did not meet in Kansas City, MO.
In 2005–06, Texas won the Big 12 Tournament seeding tiebreaker over Kansas based on its 80–55 win over the Jayhawks in Austin, TX. Kansas beat Texas 80–68 in the Big 12 Tournament championship game in Dallas, TX.
In 2007–08, Texas won the Big 12 Tournament seeding tiebreaker over Kansas based on its 72–69 win over the Jayhawks in Austin, TX. Kansas beat Texas 84-74 in the Big 12 Tournament championship game in Kansas City, MO.
In 2012–13, Kansas won the Big 12 Tournament seeding tiebreaker over Kansas State based on winning 59–55 in Manhattan and 83–62 in Lawrence. Kansas beat Kansas State for a third time 70-54 in the championship game in Kansas City, MO.

text: NCAA tournament performance[edit]

text:
School
Appearances
Final Fours
Championships

Baylor
11
2
0

Iowa State
19
1
0

Kansas
46
14
3

Kansas State
28
4
0

Oklahoma
31
6
0

Oklahoma State
27
6
2

TCU
7
0
0

Texas
34
3
0

Texas Tech
16
0
0

West Virginia
28
2
0

Reference:[84]

text: Totals though the end of the 2015-16 season.

text: All-time records[edit]

text:
Team
Big 12 Record
Big 12 Winning %
Overall Record
Overall Winning %
Big 12 Regular Season Championships
Big 12 Tournament Championships

Baylor
94–157
.375
1287–1337
.490
-
-

Colorado
95-145
.396
-
-
-
-

Iowa State
112–127
.469
1340-1292
.510
2
3

Kansas
179–43
.805
2186-836
.723
16
9

Kansas State
90–131
.407
1581-1123
.585
1
-

Missouri
139-119
.539
-
-
-
2

Nebraska
97-143
.404
-
-
-
-

Oklahoma
151–100
.602
1626-1035
.613
1
3

Oklahoma State
130–121
.518
1606-1130
.587
1
2

TCU
8–64
.111
1160–1366
.459
-
-

Texas
157–94
.626
1738-1035
.627
3
-

Texas A&M
98-160
.380
-
-
-
-

Texas Tech
84–167
.335
1351-1080
.556
-
-

West Virginia
39–33
.542
1702-1059
.616
-
-

Reference:[85]

text: Totals though the end of the 2015–16 season.

text: Overall series records[edit]

text:
Baylor
Iowa State
Kansas
Kansas State
Oklahoma
Oklahoma State
TCU
Texas
Texas Tech
West Virginia

vs. Baylor
—
13–16
4–25
16–12
7–35
15–28
9–0
14–32
21–20
6–3

vs. Iowa State
16–13
—
12–33
22–20
13–17
12–17
8–0
11–17
14–13
5–3

vs. Kansas
25–4
33–12
—
44–5
23–6
22–10
8–1
23–7
24–4
6–3

vs. Kansas State
12–16
20–22
5–44
—
12–14
11–17
7–2
12–15
15–13
3–5

vs. Oklahoma
35–7
17–13
6–23
14–12
—
25–19
7–1
24–23
28–14
6–3

vs. Oklahoma State
28–15
17–12
10–22
17–11
19–25
—
6–2
17–29
32–15
4–4

vs. TCU
0–9
0–8
1–8
2–7
1–7
2–6
—
1–8
3–6
0–9

vs. Texas
32–14
17–11
7–23
15–12
23–24
29–17
8–1
—
38–6
6–3

vs. Texas Tech
20–21
13–14
4–24
13–15
14–28
15–32
6–3
6–38
—
1–8

vs. West Virginia
3–6
3–5
3–6
5–3
3–6
4–4
9–0
3–6
8–1
—

Total
105–171
113–133
208–52
97–148
161–115
150–135
10–68
175–111
92–183
41–37

Reference:[85]

text: Baseball[edit]

text: All current Big 12 members sponsor baseball except Iowa State, which dropped the sport after the 2001 season. All former Big 12 members sponsored the sport throughout their tenures in the conference except Colorado, which never sponsored baseball during its time in the Big 12.[86]

text:
Baseball titles by school

Team
Season
Regular Season
Tournament
Total

Baylor
1997–present
3
0
3

Iowa State
1997–2001
0
0
0

Kansas
1997–present
0
1
1

Kansas State
1997–present
1
0
1

Missouri
1997–2012
0
1
1

Nebraska
1997–2011
3
4
7

Oklahoma
1997–present
0
2
2

Oklahoma State
1997–present
1
2
3

TCU
2013–present
2
2
4

Texas
1997–present
7
5
12

Texas A&M
1997–2012
4
3
7

Texas Tech
1997–present
3
1
4

West Virginia
2013–present
0
0
0

Baseball titles by season

Season
Regular season
Tournament

1997
Texas Tech
Oklahoma

1998
Texas A&M
Texas Tech

1999
Texas A&M
Nebraska

2000
Baylor
Nebraska

2001
Nebraska
Nebraska

2002
Texas
Texas

2003
Nebraska
Texas

2004
Texas
Oklahoma State

2005
Baylor†
Nebraska

Nebraska†

2006
Texas
Kansas

2007
Texas
Texas A&M

2008
Texas A&M
Texas

2009
Texas
Texas

2010
Texas
Texas A&M

2011
Texas†
Texas A&M

Texas A&M†

2012
Baylor
Missouri

2013
Kansas State
Oklahoma

2014
Oklahoma State
TCU

2015
TCU
Texas

2016
Texas Tech
TCU

2017
TCU†
Oklahoma State

Texas Tech†

text: By school[edit]

text: As of the completion of the 2017 tournament.[citation needed]

text:
School
Appearances
W-L
Pct
Tourney Titles
Title Years

Baylor
21
32–37
.464
0

Iowa State
1
1–2
.333
0

Kansas
9
10–17
.370
1
2006

Kansas State
10
14–18
.438
0

Missouri
13
22–19
.536
1
2012

Nebraska
10
28–10
.737
4
1999, 2000, 2001, 2005

Oklahoma
21
36–35
.507
2
1997, 2013

Oklahoma State
19
25–35
.417
2
2004, 2017

TCU
5
12–7
.632
2
2014, 2016

Texas
18
41–29
.586
5
2002, 2003, 2008, 2009, 2015

Texas A&M
13
24–18
.571
3
2007, 2010, 2011

Texas Tech
17
18–34
.346
1
1998

West Virginia
5
8–8
.500
0


document_title: Invisible plane

question_text: where did wonder woman get her invisible plane

root

text: Invisible plane

text: Original history[edit]

text: The Pre-Crisis version of the invisible plane was a necessity because before the Crisis on Infinite Earths rewrote Wonder Woman's history—along with the histories of many other heroes—Wonder Woman simply could not fly. She grew increasingly powerful through the Silver Age of comic books and beyond, acquiring the power to ride wind currents thus allowing her to imitate flight over short distance. This had limitations, however; for example, if there was no wind and the air was completely still she would be trapped on the ground or if dropped from a distance that she would helplessly fall out of control to the ground. Though this meant that she would rely on the invisible plane less frequently, she always had need of it.

tag: p

text: The Invisible Plane was a creation of Diana's during her younger years on Paradise Island. She created it to be an improvement on her mother's planes which would be shot down in Man's World. The result of her innovation was an invisible plane that could fly at terrific speeds silently and not be detected by hostile forces, thus avoiding unpleasant conflict. Initially, it was portrayed as being transparent.

text: The Invisible Plane appeared in the very first comic stories, including All-Star Comics #8, where it is shown as being able to fly at over 2000 miles per hour (MPH) and to send out rainbow rays that penetrate the mist around Paradise Island, as well as landing stealthily and having a built-in radio. Wonder Woman is seen storing the plane at an abandoned farm near Washington, D.C., in the barn; she goes there as Lt. Prince and changes clothes in some of the earliest tales. Though never explicitly stated, the Plane is presumably stored there when not in use for the rest of the Pre-Crisis era. In a story made shortly after, it flies at 40 miles a second.

text: Shortly thereafter, the telepathic capacities of Wonder Woman's tiara allow her to summon it, often to hover or swoop by the War Department, and she would exit on a rope ladder. She uses the plane to fly into outer space, and frequently transports Etta Candy and the Holliday Girls, Steve Trevor, or others. During the 1950s, the plane became a jet, and was often shown swooping over Lt. Prince's office; she stripped out of her uniform at super speed and would bound to the plane. Though the Plane was depicted as semi-transparent for the reader's convenience, in-story dialogue indicated that it actually was completely invisible, or at least able to become so as the need arose. (DC Comics Presents ...#41)

text: Wonder Woman continued to use the plane for super-speed, outer space, and multi-dimensional transport up until the un-powered era of Diana Prince. When Wonder Woman resumed super-powered, costumed operations in 1973, she continued to use the jet as before, but did glide on air currents for short distances. At one point, Aphrodite granted the plane the power to fly faster than the speed of light for any interstellar voyages her champion might undertake.(Wonder Woman Vol. 1 #261) Thanks to tinkering by gremlins, the Plane even developed intelligence and the power to talk. (Wonder Woman Vol. 1 #312) The Plane proved a good friend, eager to help his "mistress" and her loved ones in any way possible. It got along especially well with Steve Trevor.

text: Later history[edit]

text: In the Post-Crisis version of the DC Universe, Wonder Woman can fly, regardless of wind currents, and so has little need for the Invisible Plane. The Plane's history has subsequently been revised as well.

text: The origin of the Modern Age version of the Invisible Jet was chronicled during John Byrne's run of Wonder Woman with more detailed information chronicled in Wonder Woman Secret Files #1.

text: The being that would one day be called the Invisible Plane began life as an alien "morphing crystal" circling a distant planet with its "family", other morphing crystals who are collectively called the Ring. In their natural state, the Plane and its fellow members of the Ring resemble eggs made of semi transparent plastic. In time, it was separated from its family and was found by the Lansinarians, a blind subterranean race that lived underneath Antarctica. The Lansinarians could not react quickly enough to changes in their environment. Thus, they developed the morphing crystal they had found into a life support device that catered to their needs. These beings later bestow the device on Wonder Woman in gratitude for saving them. The plane, which possesses a sophisticated artificial intelligence, responds to Wonder Woman's thoughts. It is able to render itself invisible as well as alter its shape, transforming into any form of vehicle its bearer desires, be it a jet, submarine, motorcycle, or horse-drawn chariot.

text: Wonder Woman, however, was initially unaware that her Invisible Plane was not only alive but was quite aware that it was being treated by its mistress as a lifeless tool.

text: Lacking her daughter's power to fly and taking her daughter's original Golden Age incarnation, Wonder Woman's mother, Hippolyta, makes good use of the Plane during her time-travelling stint as the Wonder Woman of the 1940s. To adjust to the era, she willed the device to assume the form of a prop-driven plane and it took on the appearance of the original invisible plane of the earlier comics. After its return to modern times, the Plane once again begins to display a personality, and like its earlier incarnation, it ultimately develops the power to talk. When a villain manipulates the Plane's feelings of anger at having been ignored for so many years regardless of faithful service, it attacks Wonder Woman and her friends. But after realizing what it had done, it displays its capacity for remorse after and tried to make amends by transforming itself into a floating base above Gateway City for its mistress. Proving a good—though mostly silent and faceless—friend, the Plane receives a proper name: WonderDome. Later, Dome's technology is also incorporated into the Amazons' city of Themyscira following its reconstruction in the wake of the Imperiex War. Dome even reunites with members of its long lost family at one point.

text: In Wonder Woman #201 (by Greg Rucka), Dome sacrifices itself to prevent a tidal wave from killing thousands of innocent people. Having "died" to save so many, Dome is now the equivalent of a human corpse. While it can still function in its traditional shape of an invisible plane, it can no longer alter its shape and is now a lifeless inanimate object that is neither intelligent nor self-aware.

text: Specifications[edit]

text:
Originally, the plane was supposed to be silent and move at supersonic speeds.
It was created to attune itself to its user and its environment. The vessel responds appropriately and can take the form of any vehicle of earth, water and beyond (a submarine or rocket ship). As seen in its stint as WonderDome, it could even turn itself into a flying fortress.
It has the power to be undetectable by radar or the human eye and the ability to shift from its crystal, "transparent mode" to complete invisibility rendering both itself and its occupants truly invisible, in true cloaking device technology form.[citation needed]
The invisible jet propels itself by harnessing gravitation particles. It is in this fashion also that it shields its passengers from the forces of sudden acceleration.
In outer space, the craft can extrude a portion of itself around Wonder Woman. Without taking in additional air supply, it can process one's own exhaled oxygen to allow breathing for 20 minutes. It can sense Wonder Woman's thoughts and will respond to her needs.
Arsenal: The invisible jet can shape projectile weapons out of its own substance but doing so depletes the amount of material in the vessel. When such depletion occurs, the craft can regenerate itself slowly. This function is to be avoided and used only when absolutely necessary as a last resort.
Although Wonder Woman possesses the power of flight, the invisible jet is very useful, as it contains certain on-board equipment, serves as a protective shelter, carries Wonder Woman's cargo, and, of course, renders her invisible for stealth missions.

tag: ul

text: In other media[edit]

text:
A very realistic, full-size plane was featured on the Wonder Woman live-action series, and shown several times during the World War II era.

from The New Original Wonder Woman

It was featured as a jet in two episodes of the CBS series, set in the 1970s, before disappearing. After its disappearance, Wonder Woman runs at incredible speeds, jumping great distances, or even changes costumes and rides to her destination on motorcycles.
The invisible plane is a regular feature on the Super Friends cartoon show; Wonder Woman gives a ride to Aquaman and the Wonder Twins on a regular basis. In Challenge of the Super Friends, the invisible jet is shown using golden lasso projectiles.
The invisible plane has appeared on the animated series Justice League Unlimited. It had a separate origin that was supposed to have been told in an animated TV movie, Justice League: Worlds Collide, but the feature was never produced. Had it been produced, it would have also explained how the League roster would be expanded and transformed into Justice League Unlimited. At the 2007 Wonder Con in San Francisco, California, Bruce Timm announced that Justice League: Worlds Collide might be produced in the next few years. This was not the case, and the film was never made, but the origin story of the invisible plane intended for Worlds Collide was later worked into the stand-alone film Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths, as noted below.
In a few episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants, Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy's Invisible Boatmobile directly spoofs both the invisible plane and Batman's Batmobile.
The plane made a brief appearance on Family Guy.
In the 2009 animated film Wonder Woman, Diana receives an invisible plane to transport Steve Trevor back to the outside world after he crash lands on their island and its hull configuration is consciously modelled after Trevor's fighter plane. In this version it is a stealth fighter jet and even its missiles are invisible. No explanation is ever given as to the origin of the invisible plane.
In the 2010 animated film Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths, Wonder Woman commandeers an attack plane from Owlman (an evil version of Batman) while the Justice League is on a parallel Earth dominated by their villainous counterparts, the Crime Syndicate. During the battle, the plane's cloaking device (the "Chameleon Circuit") shorts out while still in use, placing the vehicle in "cloak" mode permanently. After the mission's successful completion, Wonder Woman keeps the invisible plane as "spoils of war".
In the 2011 film Green Lantern, Hal Jordan gives his nephew Jason a crystal transparent toy model plane that alludes to the Invisible Plane.
Wonder Woman and her invisible plane appear in the 2011 Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Scorn of the Star Sapphire!"
In The Lego Movie during an attack in which the Batmobile is destroyed, Wonder Woman says "To the Invisible Jet!"; it is also destroyed afterwards. This phrase is a spoof of Batman's catchphrase from the 1960s live action television series of Batman.
The invisible plane appears in Lego Batman: The Movie - DC Super Heroes Unite.
On April 1, 2015, the Smithsonian had a limited one-day viewing of the plane.
In the Supergirl episode "Welcome to Earth", a veiled reference is made to the plane when the President of the United States (played by Lynda Carter, who portrayed Wonder Woman in the live-action series) tells Supergirl "you ought to see my other jet".
The plane appears on Teen Titans Go! in a two part special where the Teen Titans imitate the Justice League.
The plane is assumed to appear in the 'Total Drama' series, in which a character impersonates Wonder Woman, and remarks when another character steps on her Invisible Jet.


document_title: Kraken

question_text: when did the kraken first appear in stories

text: Kraken

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The English word kraken is taken from Norwegian.[2] In Norwegian Kraken is the definite form of krake, a word designating an unhealthy animal or something twisted (cognate with the English crook and crank).[3] In modern German, Krake (plural and declined singular: Kraken) means octopus, but can also refer to the legendary kraken.[4]

text: History[edit]

text: In the late-13th-century version of the Old Icelandic saga Örvar-Oddr is an inserted episode of a journey bound for Helluland (Baffin Island) which takes the protagonists through the Greenland Sea, and here they spot two massive sea-monsters called Hafgufa ("sea mist") and Lyngbakr ("heather-back").[a][b] The hafgufa is believed to be a reference to the kraken:

text:
[N]ú mun ek segja þér, at þetta eru sjáskrímsl tvau, heitir annat hafgufa, en annat lyngbakr; er hann mestr allra hvala í heiminum, en hafgufa er mest skrímsl skapat í sjánum; er þat hennar náttúra, at hon gleypir bæði menn ok skip ok hvali ok allt þat hon náir; hon er í kafi, svá at dægrum skiptir, ok þá hon skýtr upp hǫfði sínu ok nǫsum, þá er þat aldri skemmr en sjávarfall, at hon er uppi. Nú var þat leiðarsundit, er vér fórum á millum kjapta hennar, en nasir hennar ok inn neðri kjaptrinn váru klettar þeir, er yðr sýndiz í hafinu, en lyngbakr var ey sjá, er niðr sǫkk. En Ǫgmundr flóki hefir sent þessi kvikvendi í móti þér með fjǫlkynngi sinni til þess at bana þér ok ǫllum mǫnnum þínum; hugði hann, at svá skyldi hafa farit fleiri sem þeir, at nú druknuðu, en hann ætlaði, at hafgufan skyldi hafa gleypt oss alla. Nú siglda ek því í gin hennar, at ek vissa, at hún var nýkomin upp.[5]

Now I will tell you that there are two sea-monsters. One is called the hafgufa [sea-mist[a]], another lyngbakr [heather-back[a]]. It [the lyngbakr] is the largest whale in the world, but the hafgufa is the hugest monster in the sea. It is the nature of this creature to swallow men and ships, and even whales and everything else within reach. It stays submerged for days, then rears its head and nostrils above surface and stays that way at least until the change of tide. Now, that sound we just sailed through was the space between its jaws, and its nostrils and lower jaw were those rocks that appeared in the sea, while the lyngbakr was the island we saw sinking down. However, Ogmund Tussock has sent these creatures to you by means of his magic to cause the death of you [Odd] and all your men. He thought more men would have gone the same way as those that had already drowned [i.e., to the lyngbakr which wasn't an island, and sank], and he expected that the hafgufa would have swallowed us all. Today I sailed through its mouth because I knew that it had recently surfaced.

tag: table

text: After returning from Greenland, the anonymous author of the Old Norwegian natural history work Konungs skuggsjá (circa 1250) described in detail the physical characteristics and feeding behavior of these beasts. The narrator proposed there must only be two in existence, stemming from the observation that the beasts have always been sighted in the same parts of the Greenland Sea, and that each seemed incapable of reproduction, as there was no increase in their numbers.

text: There is a fish that is still unmentioned, which it is scarcely advisable to speak about on account of its size, because it will seem to most people incredible. There are only a very few who can speak upon it clearly, because it is seldom near land nor appears where it may be seen by fishermen, and I suppose there are not many of this sort of fish in the sea. Most often in our tongue we call it hafgufa ("kraken" in e.g. Laurence M. Larson's translation[6]). Nor can I conclusively speak about its length in ells, because the times he has shown before men, he has appeared more like land than like a fish. Neither have I heard that one had been caught or found dead; and it seems to me as though there must be no more than two in the oceans, and I deem that each is unable to reproduce itself, for I believe that they are always the same ones. Then too, neither would it do for other fish if the hafgufa were of such a number as other whales, on account of their vastness, and how much subsistence that they need. It is said to be the nature of these fish that when one shall desire to eat, then it stretches up its neck with a great belching, and following this belching comes forth much food, so that all kinds of fish that are near to hand will come to present location, then will gather together, both small and large, believing they shall obtain their food and good eating; but this great fish lets its mouth stand open the while, and the gap is no less wide than that of a great sound or bight, And nor the fish avoid running together there in their great numbers. But as soon as its stomach and mouth is full, then it locks together its jaws and has the fish all caught and enclosed, that before greedily came there looking for food.[7]

text: Kraken were extensively described by Erik Pontoppidan, bishop of Bergen, in his Det første Forsøg paa Norges naturlige Historie "The First Attempt at [a] Natural History of Norway" (Copenhagen, 1752).[8][9] Pontoppidan made several claims regarding kraken, including the notion that the creature was sometimes mistaken for an island[10] and that the real danger to sailors was not the creature itself but rather the whirlpool left in its wake.[11] However, Pontoppidan also described the destructive potential of the giant beast: "it is said that if [the creature's arms] were to lay hold of the largest man-of-war, they would pull it down to the bottom".[10][11][12] According to Pontoppidan, Norwegian fishermen often took the risk of trying to fish over kraken, since the catch was so plentiful[13] (hence the saying "You must have fished on Kraken"[14]). Pontoppidan also proposed that a specimen of the monster, "perhaps a young and careless one", was washed ashore and died at Alstahaug in 1680.[12][15] By 1755, Pontoppidan's description of the kraken had been translated into English.[16]

text: Swedish author Jacob Wallenberg described the kraken in the 1781 work Min son på galejan ("My son on the galley"):

text: Kraken, also called the Crab-fish, which is not that huge, for heads and tails counted, he is no larger than our Öland is wide [i.e., less than 16 km] ... He stays at the sea floor, constantly surrounded by innumerable small fishes, who serve as his food and are fed by him in return: for his meal, (if I remember correctly what E. Pontoppidan writes,) lasts no longer than three months, and another three are then needed to digest it. His excrements nurture in the following an army of lesser fish, and for this reason, fishermen plumb after his resting place ... Gradually, Kraken ascends to the surface, and when he is at ten to twelve fathoms, the boats had better move out of his vicinity, as he will shortly thereafter burst up, like a floating island, spurting water from his dreadful nostrils and making ring waves around him, which can reach many miles. Could one doubt that this is the Leviathan of Job?[17]

text: In 1802, the French malacologist Pierre Dénys de Montfort recognized the existence of two kinds of giant octopus in Histoire Naturelle Générale et Particulière des Mollusques, an encyclopedic description of mollusks.[18] Montfort claimed that the first type, the kraken octopus, had been described by Norwegian sailors and American whalers, as well as ancient writers such as Pliny the Elder. The much larger second type, the colossal octopus, was reported to have attacked a sailing vessel from Saint-Malo, off the coast of Angola.[10]

text: Montfort later dared more sensational claims. He proposed that ten British warships, including the captured French ship of the line Ville de Paris, which had mysteriously disappeared one night in 1782, must have been attacked and sunk by giant octopuses. The British, however, knew—courtesy of a survivor from Ville de Paris—that the ships had been lost in a hurricane off the coast of Newfoundland in September 1782, resulting in a disgraceful revelation for Montfort.[13]

text: Appearance and origins[edit]

text: Since the late 18th century, kraken have been depicted in a number of ways, primarily as large octopus-like creatures, and it has often been alleged that Pontoppidan's kraken might have been based on sailors' observations of the giant squid. The kraken is also depicted to have spikes on its suckers. In the earliest descriptions, however, the creatures were more crab-like[15] than octopus-like, and generally possessed traits that are associated with large whales rather than with giant squid. Some traits of kraken resemble undersea volcanic activity occurring in the Iceland region, including bubbles of water; sudden, dangerous currents; and appearance of new islets.[citation needed]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The legend of the kraken continues to the present day, with numerous references existing in popular culture, including film, literature, television, video games and other miscellaneous examples (e.g. postage stamps, a rollercoaster ride, and a rum product).

text: In 1830 Alfred Tennyson published the irregular sonnet The Kraken,[19] which described a massive creature that dwells at the bottom of the sea:

text:
Below the thunders of the upper deep;
Far far beneath in the abysmal sea,
His ancient, dreamless, uninvaded sleep
The Kraken sleepeth: faintest sunlights flee
About his shadowy sides; above him swell
Huge sponges of millennial growth and height;
And far away into the sickly light,
From many a wondrous grot and secret cell
Unnumber'd and enormous polypi
Winnow with giant arms the slumbering green.
There hath he lain for ages, and will lie
Battening upon huge seaworms in his sleep,
Until the latter fire shall heat the deep;
Then once by man and angels to be seen,
In roaring he shall rise and on the surface die.

text: In Herman Melville's 1851 novel Moby-Dick (Chapter 59. Squid.) the Pequod encounters what chief mate Starbuck identifies as: "The great live squid, which, they say, few whale-ships ever beheld, and returned to their ports to tell of it." Narrator Ishmael adds: "There seems some ground to imagine that the great Kraken of Bishop Pontoppodan [sic] may ultimately resolve itself into Squid." He concludes the chapter by adding: "By some naturalists who have vaguely heard rumors of the mysterious creature, here spoken of, it is included among the class of cuttle-fish, to which, indeed, in certain external respects it would seem to belong, but only as the Anak of the tribe."[20]

text: Pontoppidan's description influenced Jules Verne's depiction of the famous giant squid in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea from 1870.[citation needed]

text: John Wyndham's apocalyptic science fiction novel The Kraken Wakes depicts humanity locked in an existential struggle with ocean-dwelling aliens.


document_title: Prime meridian (Greenwich)

question_text: prime meridian passes through which countries in africa

text: Prime meridian (Greenwich)

text: History[edit]

text: Before the establishment of a common meridian, most maritime countries established their own prime meridian, usually passing through the country in question. In 1721, Great Britain established its own meridian passing through an early transit circle at the newly established Royal Observatory at Greenwich.  The meridian was moved around 10 metres or so east on three occasions as transit circles with newer and better instruments were built, on each occasion next door to the existing one. This was to allow uninterrupted observation during each new construction. The final meridian was established as an imaginary line from the north pole to the south pole passing through the Airy transit circle. This became Great Britain's meridian in 1851.[5] For all practical purposes of the period, the changes as the meridian was moved went unnoticed.

text: Transit instruments are installed to be perpendicular to the local level (which is a plane perpendicular to a plumb line). In 1884, the International Meridian Conference took place to establish an internationally recognised single meridian. The meridian chosen was that which passed through the Airy transit circle at Greenwich and it became the prime meridian.

text: At around the time of this conference, scientists were making measurements to determine the deflection of the vertical on a large scale.[6] One might expect that plumb lines set up in various locations, if extended downward, would all pass through a single point, the centre of the Earth, but this is not the case, primarily due to the Earth being an ellipsoid, not a sphere. The downward extended plumb lines don't even all intersect the rotation axis of the Earth; this much smaller effect is due to the uneven distribution of the Earth's mass. To make computations feasible, scientists defined ellipsoids of revolution; a given ellipsoid would be a good compromise for measurements in a given area, such as a country or continent. The difference between the direction of a plumb line or vertical, and a line perpendicular to the surface of the ellipsoid of revolution—a normal to said ellipsoid—at a particular observatory, is the deflection of the vertical.[7]

text: When the Airy transit circle was built, a mercury basin was used to align the telescope to the perpendicular. Thus the circle was aligned with the local vertical or plumb line, which is deflected slightly from the normal, or line perpendicular, to the reference ellipsoid used to define geodetic latitude and longitude in the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (which is nearly the same as the WGS-84 system used by GPS). While the local vertical defined at the Airy transit circle still points to the modern celestial meridian (the intersection of the prime meridian plane with the celestial sphere), it does not pass through the Earth's rotation axis. As a result of this, the ITRF zero meridian, defined by a plane passing through the Earth's rotation axis, is 102.478 metres to the east of the prime meridian. A 2015 analysis by Malys et al. shows the offset between the Airy transit circle and the ITRF/WGS 84 meridians can be explained by this deflection of the vertical alone; other possible sources of the offset that have been proposed in the past are smaller than the current uncertainty in the deflection of the vertical near the observatory. The astronomical longitude of the Greenwich prime meridian was found to be 0.19″ ± 0.47″ East, i.e. the plane defined by the local vertical on the Greenwich prime meridian and the plane passing through the Earth's rotation axis on the ITRF zero meridian are effectively parallel. However, the claim, found, e.g., in a BBC article that this difference between astronomical and geodetic coordinates means that any measurements of transit time across the IRTF zero meridian will occur 0.352 seconds (or 0.353 sidereal seconds) before the transit across the "intended meridian"[8] is based on a failure of understanding. The explanation by Malys et al.[4] on the other hand is both lucid and correct.

text: The meridian today[edit]

text: As of 2018 the Greenwich meridian passes through:

text:
United Kingdom,
 France,
 Spain,
 Algeria,
 Mali,
 Burkina Faso,
 Togo,
 Ghana,
 Queen Maud Land in Antarctica.


document_title: Apple of my eye

question_text: where does the expression apple of my eye come from

text: Apple of my eye

text: This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: lack of organizational structure Please help improve this article if you can. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The phrase apple of my eye refers to something or someone that one cherishes above all others.[1]

text: Origin[edit]

text: The Bible references below (from the King James Version, translated in 1611) contain the English idiom "apple of my eye."  However the "apple" reference comes from English idiom, not biblical Hebrew.   The Hebrew literally says, "dark part of the eye."  The Hebrew idiom also refers to the pupil, and has the same meaning, but does not parallel the English use of "apple."

text: The earliest appearance of the term is found in King Alfred's writing in the ninth century AD.  Originally this term simply referred to the "aperture at the centre of the human eye" viz. the pupil. [2] This appears to be the meaning Shakespeare used in his 1590s play A Midsummer Night's Dream. In the play, the fairy character Robin Goodfellow has acquired a flower that was once hit by Cupid's arrow, imbuing it with magical love-arousing properties, and drops juice of this flower into a young sleeping man's eyes, saying "Flower of this purple dye, / Hit with Cupid's archery, / Sink in apple of his eye".

text: It also appears in the King James Bible translation from 1611:

text:
Deuteronomy 32:10: "He found him in a desert land, and in the waste howling wilderness; he led him about, he instructed him, he kept him as the apple of his eye".
Psalms 17:8: "Keep me as the apple of the eye, hide me under the shadow of thy wings".
Proverbs 7:2: "Keep my commandments, and live; and my law as the apple of thine eye".
Lamentations 2:18: "Their heart cried unto the Lord, O wall of the daughter of Zion, let tears run down like a river day and night: give thyself no rest; let not the apple of thine eye cease".
Zechariah 2:8: "For thus saith the LORD of hosts; After the glory hath he sent me unto the nations which spoiled you: for he that toucheth you toucheth the apple of his eye".

text: The original Hebrew for this idiom, in all but Zechariah 2:8, was 'iyshown 'ayin (אישון עין).  The expression refers to the pupil, and probably simply means "dark part of the eye" (other biblical passages use 'iyshown with the meaning dark orobscure, and having nothing whatsoever to do with the eye).   There is, however, a popular notion that 'iyshown is a diminutive of "man" ('iysh), so that the expression would literally mean "Little Man of the Eye."

text: If the latter interpretation is adopted it would be  very much like the Latin version, pupilla, which means a little doll, and is a diminutive form of pupus, boy, or pupa, girl (the source also for our other sense of pupil to mean a schoolchild.) It was applied to the dark central portion of the eye within the iris because of the tiny image of oneself, like a puppet or marionette, that one can see when looking into another person's eye. In the Old Babylonian period (c. 1800-1600 BC) in ancient Mesopotamia, the expression "protective spirit of the eye" is attested, perhaps describing the same phenomenon.

text: In Zechariah 2:8, the Hebrew phrase used is bava 'ayin (בבה עין). The meaning of bava is disputed. It may mean "apple"; and if so, the phrase used in Zechariah 2:8 literally refers to the "apple of the eye." However, Hebrew scholars generally regard this phrase as simply referring to the "eyeball" (E.g., The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
In 1973 British pop band Badfinger released a single titled "Apple of My Eye" (written by Pete Ham) as a reference to Apple Records, the label which had been producing their albums, but that now they were leaving for Warner Bros. Records.
Stevie Wonder also used the phrase in the third line of the lyrics to his song, "You Are the Sunshine of My Life."
"Die antwoord" also used the phrase in his song "banana brain"

text: Sources[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary: Apple (section 6 B) "the particular object of a person's affection or regard

Jump up ^ "Apple of one's eye". The Word Detective. Retrieved 15 August 2015.

tag: ol

text:
"ap'-'-l:". Bible Study Tools. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
"The meanings and origins of sayings and phrases". Phrases.org.uk. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
"Apple of My Eye". TheIdioms.com.
"Apple of one's eye". WorldWideWords.org. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
Gregory I. Pope (January 1, 1999). King Alfred's West-Saxon Version of Gregory's Pastoral Care. Elibron.com. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4021-9636-2. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, Vol. 73, 1942

text: English phrasesBiblical phrasesMetaphors referring to food and drink

text: Articles needing cleanup from June 2016All pages needing cleanupCleanup tagged articles with a reason field from June 2016Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from June 2016Use mdy dates from October 2012


document_title: Leadline

question_text: what is lead line in a horse show

question_tokens: what is lead line in a horse show

text: Leadline

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Leadline is a horse show class for very young children, generally under the age of 7 years. An adult or older child actually leads the horse in-hand, while the child that is judged sits on the horse and usually holds the reins, but only for the sake of appearance, as the actual control of the animal rests with the handler on the ground. Rules vary tremendously from one geographical region to the next, but as a rule the horse is shown at a walk and a trot, and the riding child is judged on their equitation, limited to proper seat, leg and hand position, to a lesser extent on poise. The child is usually not asked to actually control the animal, though in some locations a judge may award extra points if the child initiates certain commands to the horse and even more points if the horse actually responds. In many areas, judge may also ask the children simple questions about themselves or their horse, primarily to gauge the child's poise and manners more than equine knowledge. Occasionally, other elements, such as games or other group exercises may be added.

text: Attire is generally the same as for equivalent equitation classes, though in some locations, children may also exhibit in costumes. In most cases, the handler is not judged, though some exhibitors nonetheless turn out with matching clothing for handler and rider. Equestrian helmets are usually encouraged, and sometimes mandated.

text: Award policies also vary widely. As a general rule, an attempt is made to provide every participant some sort of award. At some shows, there is no actual evaluation of the riders and all children are given identical awards for participation, often blue (first place) ribbons. At others, a first place award will be given, with all other participants given smaller but equivalent awards. Yet others rank the top five to eight places but also provide participation awards, or ribbons identical to the lowest placing, to all entrants so no child leaves without an award. A few shows maintain the practice of providing awards in the same manner as regular horse show classes, even if this means some children do not receive any type of award. In lieu of a trophy, some shows award stuffed animals or other age-appropriate items.


document_title: Coneheads

question_text: where do the coneheads say they are from

text: Coneheads

text: Summary[edit]

text: The Coneheads are an alien family, natives of the planet Remulak, who find themselves stranded on Earth. The Coneheads' most distinguishing feature is that, as their name implies, the tops of their heads are shaped like large cones. It is unclear if "Conehead" is the name of their race or just their surname, but in their interactions with humans, it is used in the latter sense.

text: When questioned by Earth neighbors as to their strange behavior, they invariably reply that they are from France, Remulak being the purported name of their home village. With the exception of Agent Seedling and his assistant in the 1993 feature-length version, they are never suspected of being extraterrestrial aliens by anyone who encounters them, even when accidentally referring to their neighbors as "Earthlings". Much of the humor is derived from this clash between their odd behavior and appearance, and the casual acceptance of the Coneheads by those they encounter.

text: Strange behaviors[edit]

text: Coneheads have much larger appetites than an average human. They eat large amounts of food during meals, announcing "Consume mass quantities!" They drink entire six packs of beer at once, and smoke whole packs of cigarettes at a time. They also consume foods that are inedible to humans, including cleaning fluid, pencil shavings and insulation. On Halloween in 1977 (specifically, the October 29, 1977, SNL episode), a neighbor complains about the Coneheads' choice of trick-or-treat handouts: six-packs and fried eggs.

text: The Coneheads have a very fast, nasal, monotone speech and humorously strange language patterns, using needlessly technical dialogue. They refer to food as "consumables", and say "I summon you" to ask to speak to another person. The phrase, "Maintain low tones," is used towards Connie by Beldar in the film and in the original 1977 sketch. The somewhat popular term parental unit also comes from the sketches. When highly upset, some Coneheads emit the term, "Meps!"

text: Coneheads rub their cones together as a sign of affection ("honing their cones") at which point a bizarre, theremin-like noise is emitted, presumably from the cones themselves. They also play a game involving tossing "senso-rings" over each other's cones, which is somehow sexual in nature, and is considered taboo for the underaged Connie to play.

text: Conceptual origins[edit]

text: Dan Aykroyd said he developed the idea for the Coneheads based on the Moai, the mysterious and ancient stone statues of Easter Island, which have similarly conical heads, and the people of the land of Points from Harry Nilsson's fable The Point!. Dan Aykroyd also mentioned in an interview that he drew inspiration from the film This Island Earth where the very tall foreheads of the aliens go largely unnoticed by humans.

text: The conehead costume is highly reminiscent of the "clown blanc" costume used in French circuses for more than a century.

text: Music[edit]

text: Frank Zappa wrote a song based on the sketches, titled "Conehead". It appeared on his 1981 album You Are What You Is. When he hosted SNL, Zappa also appeared in a Coneheads sketch as a man dating Connie, where he makes note that he prefers French women.[1]

text: In the music video for Cyndi Lauper's "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun", Beldar shows up in Cyndi's bedroom. Lorne Michaels was involved in the making of the video.[citation needed]

text: Other formats[edit]

text: The concept was turned into a Rankin/Bass animated special, The Coneheads, in 1983,[2] and a live-action film, Coneheads, in 1993, with Aykroyd and Curtin reprising their roles in both. Michelle Burke took over the role of Connie in the film, with Newman appearing as Connie's aunt on Remulak. Marvel Comics produced a comic book limited series, with all original stories set after the events of the film. The feature film was licensed to Playmates Toys and a line of action figures were created, designed by the development team from Pangea Corporation.

text: In the television special E.T. and Friends, Beldar and Connie made a cameo appearance with host Robin Williams.[citation needed]

text: SNL appearances[edit]

text:
January 15, 1977: The Coneheads at Home
February 26, 1977: The Coneheads at Home
March 26, 1977: The Farbers Meet The Coneheads
April 16, 1977: The Coneheads At Home
May 21, 1977: Return Of The Coneheads
October 29, 1977: Return Of The Coneheads
January 21, 1978: Family Feud
March 18, 1978: The Coneheads On Earth
May 13, 1978: Cone Encounters Of The Third Kind
October 21, 1978: The Coneheads At Home
February 24, 1979: The Coneheads At The Movies

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the USA Hockey Team featured a line nicknamed after the sketch. The so-called "Coneheads Line" was formed by John Harrington, Mark Pavelich and Buzz Schneider. This nickname was coined by assistant coach Craig Patrick, in reference to their chemistry on ice, and favoured by the Coach Brooks. Together with Team USA, they gained world fame for beating the USSR and winning the gold medal in the 1980 Winter Olympics.[4]

text: As of late May 2015, State Farm Insurance created a Coneheads version of its commercial "State of Unrest," in which Dan Aykroyd and Jane Curtin reprise their Coneheads roles and put a Coneheads spin on the original commercial that features a husband calling the State Farm 24-hour policy line, while his wife is sure he's talking to his mistress despite his protests that he is talking to State Farm.[5] A second Conehead State Farm commercial is set on their spaceship. When the microwave breaks, the Coneheads (Aykroyd, Curtin and Newman) invoke their State Farm representative by singing the company's jingle. The agent assures them they saved money on their policy, but then notices they are in space and not in France, where the Coneheads are supposedly from, so the Coneheads sing the jingle again, but add "in France!" and they all end up sitting at a table outside a French bistro, with the Eiffel Tower in the background.[6]

text: The Coneheads are the fourth SNL sketch to appear in State Farm commercials, following the Richmeister, the Super Fans, and Hans and Franz.

text: Due to the similar shape of their heads, Decepticon seekers Thrust, Dirge, and Ramjet are referred to as Coneheads within the Transformers fandom.

text: In The Fairly OddParents: Channel Chasers' deleted song, "If I Lived In TV", depicts Timmy, Wanda and Cosmo as the Coneheads themselves.


document_title: Much Ado About Nothing (1993 film)

question_text: who plays claudio in much ado about nothing 1993

text: Much Ado About Nothing (1993 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Having just crushed an uprising by his half-brother, Don John, Don Pedro of Aragon and his noblemen visit their friend Leonato in Messina. Accompanying Don Pedro is the witty Benedick, former lover of Leonato's equally sharp-tongued niece, Beatrice. Also present are Benedick's friend Claudio, a young count; and Don John who, despite his rebellion, has apparently reconciled with his brother. Claudio has been thinking of Leonato's beautiful daughter Hero since before he went to war, and returns to find her as attractive as ever. Don Pedro, learning of his friend's feelings, decides to act on his behalf and arranges the match at a party. An unrepentant Don John attempts to foil it, but unsuccessfully – the match is made. Needing something to pass the time until the wedding, Don Pedro decides to arrange a similar fate for Beatrice and Benedick, whose animosity for each other is clear.

text: Don Pedro, Leonato, and Claudio stage a conversation containing a false account of how much Beatrice loves Benedick, all the while knowing Benedick to be hiding within earshot. Hero and her gentlewoman Ursula play the same trick upon Beatrice. Each of them believes the story they hear about the other. In the midst of all of this good-natured scheming, Don John has been searching for ways to stop the marriage between Claudio and Hero. The night before the wedding, Don John's servant Borachio arranges a steamy liaison with Hero's gentlewoman Margaret at Hero's chamber window. Don John shows Don Pedro and Claudio this, and they believe that they are seeing Hero in the act of infidelity.

text: Against the revelry of the evening, the noble but incompetent constable Dogberry appoints a watch to keep the peace. The three hapless watchmen happen to hear Borachio bragging to his colleague Conrade about how he and Don John had succeeded in stopping the wedding. The watchmen apprehend Borachio and Conrade, and, in the morning, Dogberry attempts to have Leonato interrogate the prisoners. However, a hurried Leonato is unable to decipher what the bumbling Dogberry is trying to tell him. Amidst the confusion, Don John quietly flees.

text: At the wedding, Claudio publicly disgraces his would-be bride and storms away, along with most of the guests, except for Ursula, the Friar, Leonato, Beatrice, Antonio, and Benedick. They all agree to the Friar's plan to publish the tale that Hero, upon the grief of Claudio's accusations, suddenly died. Beatrice and Benedick linger a moment and eventually confess their love to one another. In the wake of this declaration, Beatrice asks Benedick to do the one thing that will satisfy her outrage with what has just happened – kill Claudio. With a heavy heart, he agrees to challenge his friend. Meanwhile, Borachio and Conrade are interrogated by Dogberry and his men. Despite Dogberry's incompetence, the truth of Don John's sinister machinations is revealed.

text: Moments after Benedick's challenge to Claudio, Leonato is made aware of what really happened. Leonato continues to pretend to Claudio that Hero is dead. Claudio entreats Leonato to impose whatever vengeance he sees fit for Claudio's part in Hero's disgrace and death. Leonato forgives Claudio on the condition that he publicly declare his wrongdoing and then marry Hero's cousin the next morning. Claudio agrees, and carries out the former by reciting an epitaph at Hero's tomb that night.

text: When the bride is brought forth the next day, she is revealed to be none other than Hero herself. She and Claudio profess their true, undying love for each other, as do Beatrice and Benedick, who agree to marry. Benedick renounces his challenge against Claudio and embraces him. Moments later, Don John is marched in, having been captured before he could escape. Those gathered begin to dance, with the two happy couples at the middle. Don Pedro remains behind, still single, but happy for his friends.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kenneth Branagh as Benedick, a nobleman in the court of Don Pedro. He is very self-righteous but shows himself to have good judgement during the "wedding" scene, as he is the only man from Don Pedro's entourage who implicitly believes Hero. His arrogance and selfishness make his relationship with Beatrice an argumentative one, but at the end of the film, Beatrice and Benedick agree to marry.
Emma Thompson as Beatrice, Leonato's niece, and Hero's cousin and chamber-mate. She is a strong-willed woman who charms and beguiles all who know her with her wit and cleverness. She confesses her love for Benedick and agrees to marry him.
Robert Sean Leonard as Count Claudio, a close friend of Don Pedro and Benedick, and fiancé to Hero, with whom he has been in love since before the men went to war against Don John. He does not believe Hero when she protests her innocence, and humiliates her by publicly casting her off during their wedding ceremony. When Borachio finally confesses and Hero's innocence becomes clear, Claudio is devastated over his part in her "death" (as Hero's father leads him to believe). He agrees to marry Hero's cousin at Leonato's request, and is reunited with his love when it is revealed that "sweet Hero" is still alive and now his bride in truth.
Kate Beckinsale as Hero, the sweet, innocent only child of Governor Leonato, in love with Claudio. She is falsely accused of being unfaithful to Claudio on the night before her wedding. At the end of the film, Don John's plot against her and Claudio is revealed and they are happily married as was planned in the beginning.
Denzel Washington as Don Pedro, Prince of Aragon; remarkable for being one of the few "marriageable" men in the piece who does not get married by the end of the play, though he does play matchmaker for others. In the second act, when he and Beatrice are alone, he quietly asks her, "will you have me, lady?", revealing his true feelings for her. Beatrice gently rebuffs his proposal, and the two remain friends. He believes, with Claudio, in Hero's alleged infidelity, but is likewise earnestly sorry when he learns the truth.
Keanu Reeves as Don John, Don Pedro's evil half-brother. After leading a failed rebellion against Don Pedro, he conspires with his men Borachio and Conrade to ruin Hero and Claudio's wedding by impugning Hero's honor. When his plot is found out, he attempts to escape but is captured and imprisoned.
Richard Briers as Leonato, Governor of Messina and the father of Hero. He loves his daughter immensely but upon hearing the false news that she was being unfaithful to Claudio, he wishes she had never been born if that would mean that he would be spared the pain of her disgrace. He eventually listens to the Friar's counsel and becomes party to the pretence that Hero has died in order to test Claudio's remorse over his humiliation of Hero, before finally reuniting the two young lovers in the last act.
Michael Keaton as Dogberry, the local constable. He is not half so clever as he thinks he is and has a bad habit for malapropisms. He solves crimes and misdeeds accidentally. He and his men accidentally catch Borachio boasting about his involvement with separating Claudio and Hero. His men arrest Borachio and his conspiring friends. He ultimately saves the day by forcing Borachio to confess his part in Don John's plot to Leonato.
Gerard Horan as Borachio, Don John's drunken henchmen. He assists Don John in ruining Claudio's and Hero's wedding by making Hero appear unfaithful and initially succeeds, but is caught boasting about his crime by Dogberry's men and forced to confess.
Imelda Staunton as Margaret, Hero's rather worldly waiting gentlewoman who is tricked by Borachio, and mistaken for Hero by Don Pedro and Claudio.
Brian Blessed as Antonio, the brother of Leonato. He is very kind-hearted, but is incredibly furious by the accusations leveled against his niece.
Ben Elton as Verges, the local headborough and Dogberry's partner.
Jimmy Yuill as Friar Francis, the priest at Claudio and Hero's wedding who later defends Hero from the accusations made against her.
Richard Clifford as Conrade, a henchman of Don John.
Phyllida Law as Ursula, Hero's other waiting gentlewoman.
Patrick Doyle as Balthazar, Don Pedro's musician.

text: Production[edit]

text: Much Ado About Nothing was filmed entirely at Villa Vignamaggio, Greve in Chianti, Florence. Tuscany, Italy.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Much Ado About Nothing

Film score by Patrick Doyle

Released
4 May 1993

Recorded
1993

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
59:02

Label
Epic Soundtrax

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

Filmtracks
 link

text: The music to Much Ado About Nothing was composed by frequent Kenneth Branagh collaborator Patrick Doyle, who makes a brief cameo in the film as Balthazar singing Sigh No More Ladies and Pardon, Goddess of the Night.[3] The soundtrack was released May 4, 1993 through Epic Soundtrax and features twenty-four tracks of score at a running time just under an hour.[4]

text:
"The Picnic" (2:57)
"Overture" (4:20)
"The Sweetest Lady" (2:05)
"The Conspirators" (2:39)
"The Masked Ball" (1:55)
"The Prince Woos Hero" (1:18)
"A Star Danced" (2:43)
"Rich She Shall Be" (1:42)
"Sigh No More Ladies" (1:58)
"The Gulling of Benedick" (3:12)
"It Must Be Requited" (1:58)
"The Gulling of Beatrice" (1:41)
"Contempt Farewell" (1:32)
"The Lady is Disloyal" (2:14)
"Hero's Wedding" (0:47)
"Take Her Back Again" (3:10)
"Die to Live" (4:43)
"You Have Killed a Sweet Lady" (3:03)
"Choose Your Revenge" (1:48)
"Pardon, Goddess of the Night" (4:32)
"Did I Not Tell You" (1:40)
"Hero Revealed" (1:26)
"Benedick the Married Man" (2:06)
"Strike Up Pipers" (2:41)

text: Reception[edit]

text: Much Ado About Nothing received general acclaim from critics. The film currently holds a 89% "Certified Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, a website that aggregates professional critiques, with the consensus "Kenneth Branagh's love for the material is contagious in this exuberant adaptation."[5]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it three out of four stars, calling it "cheerful from beginning to end."[6] Vincent Canby of The New York Times also wrote the film a positive review, praising Branagh's direction and calling it "ravishing entertainment."[7] Desson Thomson of The Washington Post praised Branagh's cuts to the text as giving "wonderful import to this silliness from long ago" and stated that "Kenneth Branagh has, once again, blown away the forbidding academic dust and found a funny retro-essence for the '90s."[8] Online critic James Berardinelli gave the film a glowing four-star review, calling it a "gem of a movie", especially praising the accessibility of the humor, the performances, and Branagh's lively direction, of which he wrote, "This film cements Branagh's status as a great director of Shakespeare, and perhaps of film in general, as well."[9]

text: Conversely, Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote the film a negative review, praising some moments as "invigorating fun", but ultimately calling it "overripe."[10] Most of the negative criticisms focused on particular casting choices, notably Keanu Reeves as Don John, and Michael Keaton as Dogberry.[6][10] For his performance in the film, Reeves was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor, where he lost to Woody Harrelson for Indecent Proposal.[11]

text: Much Ado About Nothing was ranked #11 on Rotten Tomatoes list of Greatest Shakespeare Movies.[12]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

British Academy Film Awards
Best Costume Design
Phyllis Dalton
Nominated

Cannes Film Festival
Palme d'Or
Kenneth Branagh
Nominated

Evening Standard British Film Awards
Best Actress
Emma Thompson
Won

Golden Globe Awards
Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Kenneth Branagh
Nominated

Independent Spirit Awards
Best Film
Kenneth Branagh, Stephen Evans, David Parfitt
Nominated

Best Female Lead
Emma Thompson
Nominated

London Film Critics' Circle
British Producer of the Year
Kenneth Branagh
Won

Golden Raspberry Award
Worst Supporting Actor
Keanu Reeves
Nominated

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text: 2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated[13]