document_title: List of most expensive cars sold at auction

question_text: what is the most expensive car sold at auction

text: Common contributing factors[edit]

text: Common contributing factors affecting the value of auctioned automobiles include:

text:
Low production volumes[3][4]
Rarity[3][4]
Desirability[3][4]
Demand[3][4]
Aesthetic design, even of its time.[5]
Nostalgia, known as the generation effect; collectors in their prime earning years, being able to afford a seven figure car, are likely to buy cars that they are born to identify themselves with.[4]
Typically sport cars are generally more expensive than comparable engined saloons, therefore desirable, the same applies to roadsters over saloons but luxury cars, as for their higher price tag, are on a higher end of the scale.[6]
Condition, also complete documentation (such as evidence of its restoration) of the car is vital for its value.[7] It is not unusual for these cars to have undergone restoration work in the past costing hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of dollars.[8]
Winning a prestigious auto show helps the car's value, this was the case for some of the cars listed below have been cited to had taken overall[9] or class wins[10] at the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance.
Originality, typically a car that had its original mechanical components, as it was when it left the factory, is more desirable to the one that doesn't.[11] Original bodyshell retains the value better to one fitted with a new body but the chassis of the car is more considered by collectors.[12]
Cars equipped with automatic transmission are considered to be less desirable than its manual counterpart.[13]
Cars that have been freshly restored or hidden away for a number of years or decades makes the car desirable to a show winner or a famous car.[4]
Eligibility to vintage events is a factor to prices as collectors typically buy vintage race cars to enter historic events as are cars that can be designed to be driven on the street but are competitive on the track.[4]
The originality of the car is considered important in historic racing due to the Historic Technical Passports and FIA Heritage Certificates in force, meaning cars must retain mechanical systems that belonged to the car of the period to prevent unfair advantages.[14]
Cars with a strong motorsport history improve on the car's desirability, better if the car have won a prestigious race such as the 24 Hours of Le Mans,[5] the Formula One World Championship and the Indianapolis 500.[15] An example would be the Ferrari 330 TRI/LM Spider that was sold for $9.2 million in 2007, which was the 1962 winner of the 24 hours classic. Note that sportcar racers makes up the majority of competition cars on the main list.
A car associated with a famous person adds value to its price.[16] Examples are:
Elton John in 2001 auctioned his large collection, as a result of his fame, a majority of those sold at twice their appraised sale-price estimates.[17]
In 2008, TV presenter and radio personality Chris Evans broke a twenty-one-year-old record, when he successfully placed a bid for a Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider that once belonged to James Coburn.[18]
In 1973 a Mercedes-Benz 770 F-Cabriolet that stated to be the parade limousine of Adolf Hitler was sold for a then record of US$153,000 (equivalent to $843,000 in 2017),[19][20] surpassing the previous record held by a Duesenberg Model J Victoria that belonged to Greta Garbo at US$90,000 (equivalent to $527,000 in 2017).[21][22][23][24] A week after the auction it was revealed to be the limousine of the President of Finland Carl Mannerheim (not Hitler). The same Mercedes went on to surpass its own record months later despite this error in its historical prominence.[19]
On the other hand, a car belonging to a celebrity who is implicated in a credibility damaging scandal is likely to be worth less. An example of this is the Rolls-Royce Corniche belonging to British TV and radio personality, Jimmy Savile; in light of his sexual abuse scandal following his death, the car is speculated by the motoring trade to be worthless.[25] However, the white 1993 Ford Bronco, that was involved in the chase between O. J. Simpson and LAPD, was sold for $75,000 in 2004, almost twice its original value, ten years after the incident.[26]
On the other hand, as above, a car that is associated with a famous otherwise factory-backed racing team, such as Scuderia Ferrari, which was the case on August 2011 when one of their factory Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa broke a new record, surpassing the record held by another car of the same model two years before, which was a customer car.[27]
Auctions taking place during the annual Monterey Historics events every mid-August are generally expected to bring in record sale prices as they are considered to be the hotpoint for collectors and investors who prefer to attend the events, awaiting the outcome.[28] In general, however, auctions are not likely to result in statistically significant price increases when compared to publicly available private sale records of the same model in equivalent condition.[10]

text: World economy affecting car values[edit]

text: Aside those mentioned above, the world economy is the other main factor to the value of collectible cars as classic cars are frequently regarded as an alternative investment.[17][29]

text: The market began in the 1970s when used Ferraris were exported to Italian exotic car dealers in the United States who were willing to buy every vehicle which they were offered. During the 1973 oil crisis (when prices of exotic cars plummeted rapidly), almost new and top-of-range models frequented in used car lots, a Lamborghini Miura could be bought for $15,000 at the time.[30] A 1960 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider that went on to sell for $4,950,000 in 2009 was offered for sale in the June 1964 issue of Road & Track for US$10,500 (equivalent to $83,000 in 2017), in the April 1976 issue of Hemmings Motor News, the same car was offered at US$16,750 (equivalent to $72,000 in 2017).[31] After a period of ups and downs in the 1970s and early 1980s, interest rates eased, meaning highly desirable exotic cars whose decals once frequented bedroom walls of collectible car fans suddenly became affordable.[30]

text: During the 1980s boom, investors frequented auctions, causing prices to skyrocket. When cars were sold, they were commonly shifted to storage for investors intending to eventually profit on their accrued collectors value. The high prices drove enthusiasts away from the market, and cars passed from investor to investor with little or no profit gained.[17] The 1980s boom was followed by 1990s bust, and the values of classic cars plummeted, causing most owners to lose considerable portions of their investment portfolio values.[32]

text: According to the November 1997 issue of Car Magazine, the Ferrari F40 was credited for sparking the price speculation craze.[33]

text: During the height of the Japanese asset price bubble in the late 1980s, when the yen had strengthened from an exchange rate of about 300 yen per one U.S. dollar in 1985 to about 150 yen per U.S. dollar in 1989, wealthy Japanese buyers began to buy classic cars for effectively half the previous cost in yen. One example of this occurred in 1989, a Ferrari 250 GTO (3909GT) was privately sold to Takeo Kato for $13,837,500.[30] When the bubble burst, it was resold to Talacrest, an Egham (in Surrey) based Ferrari dealer for $2.7m in 1994,[34] and was eventually sold again to David Morrison (a London-based American) for an estimated $3.5 million. It was most recently passed on in 2001 to John Mozart, via private sale in exchange for a Ferrari 250 TR, who acquired it for an estimated price of $7,000,000.[30]

text: Although in general, prices of collectible cars have slightly recessed as a result of the recent recession,[35] prices for most high-end collector cars have held their value or continued to rise.[3] Since the 1990s recession, values of the most desirable cars have risen by at least 200%.[32] This changing trend in value fluctuation can be attributed to most investors thoroughly researching the cars they are interested prior to purchase, in contrast to the short-sighted, spontaneous purchases which destabilized the collectible car market during the 1980s.[36]

text: Between 2005 and 2010, the value of vintage cars have increased by an average of 21%, according to Dietrich Hatlapa of the HAGI Index (Historic Automobile Group International).[35]

text: One of the largest challenges faced by those who invest in collectible cars is the risk of immediate devaluation following an automobile accident which causes physical damage to the vehicle. The most expensive car crash in recorded motoring history was caused by Christopher Cox, who crashed while driving his Ferrari 250 GTO and completely destroyed its front end. The car itself has an estimated value of approximately $30 million (USD) prior to the incident.[37]

text: Interactive graph[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2018)

text: Info: Click and drag to zoom. Click to zoom out. Select legend elements to filter. Click legend's empty space to clear filters.

text: Absolute record[edit]

text:
Indicates overall record

Indicates year record

text:
Sortable table

Date

MY

Car

s/n

Auctioneer

Locale

Original price

Adjusted

Notes

Source

August 26, 2018

1962

Ferrari 250 GTO

3413GT

RM Sotheby's

Monterey, California, United States

US$48,405,000

$48,405,000

[Note 1][Note 2][Note 3]

[38]

August 14, 2014

1962

Ferrari 250 GTO

3851GT

Bonhams

Carmel, California, United States

US$38,115,000

$39,401,000

[39]

February 5, 2016

1957

Ferrari 335S

0674

Artcurial

Paris, France

US$35,711,359

$36,414,000

[Note 4]

[40]

July 12, 2013

1954

Mercedes-Benz W196

196 010 00006/54

Bonhams

Goodwood, West Sussex, United Kingdom

US$29,600,000

$31,097,000

[Note 5][Note 6][Note 7][Note 8]

[41][42][43]

December 10, 2015

1956

Ferrari 290 MM

0626

RM Sotheby's

New York City, New York, United States

US$28,050,000

$28,960,000

[44][45]

August 17, 2013

1967

Ferrari 275 GTB/4*S NART Spider

10709

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$27,500,000

$28,891,000

[Note 9]

[46][47]

August 16, 2014

1964

Ferrari 275 GTB/C Speciale

06701

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$26,400,000

$27,291,000

[48][49]

August 19, 2017

1956

Aston Martin DBR1

DBR1/1

RM Sotheby's

Monterey, California, United States

US$22,550,000

$22,550,000

[Note 10][Note 11]

[50]

August 25, 2018

1935

Duesenberg SSJ

2594

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$22,000,000

$22,000,000

[Note 12]

[51]

August 19, 2016

1955

Jaguar D-Type

XKD 501

RM Sotheby's

Monterey, California, United States

US$21,780,000

$22,208,835

[Note 13]

[52]

August 26, 2018

1963

Aston Martin DP215

DP215

RM Sotheby's

Monterey, California, United States

US$21,455,000

$21,455,000

[53]

August 20, 2016

1939

Alfa Romeo 8C 2900B Lungo Spider

412041

RM Sotheby's

Monterey, California, United States

US$19,800,000

$20,189,850

[Note 14]

[54]

February 6, 2015

1961

Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider

2935GT

Artcurial

Paris, France

US$18,500,000

$19,100,000

[Note 15][Note 16]

[55][56][57]

June 27, 2014

1954

Ferrari 375-Plus Spider Competizione

0384

Bonhams

Goodwood, West Sussex, United Kingdom

US$18,400,177

$19,021,000

[58]

August 20, 2016

1959

Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider Competizione

1603 GT

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$18,150,000

$18,507,363

[59]

August 13, 2015

1964

Ferrari 250 LM

6105

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$17,600,000

$18,171,000

[60]

March 11, 2016

1961

Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider

2871 GT

Gooding & Company

Amelia Island, Florida, United States

US$17,160,000

$17,498,000

[61]

August 17, 2015

1961

Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider

3095GT

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$16,830,000

$17,376,000

[62]

August 17, 2015

1962

Ferrari 250 GT SWB Berlinetta Speciale

3269GT

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$16,500,000

$17,035,000

[63]

August 21, 2011

1957

Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa

0666TR

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$16,390,000

$17,830,000

[64][65]

August 18, 2017

1995

McLaren F1

044

Bonhams

Carmel, California, United States

US$15,620,000

$15,620,000

[Note 17]

[66]

August 16, 2014

1961

Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider

2903 GT

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$15,180,000

$15,692,000

[67]

August 19, 2017

1966

Ferrari 275 GTB/C

9051

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$14,520,000

$14,520,000

[68]

November 21, 2013

1964

Ferrari 250 LM

6107

RM Auctions

New York City, New York, United States

US$14,300,000

$15,023,000

[69]

December 10, 2015

1962

Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato

DB4GT/0186/R

RM Auctions

New York City, New York, United States

US$14,300,000

$14,764,000

[70]

August 19, 2017

1970

Porsche 917K

917-024

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$14,080,000

$14,080,000

[Note 18]

[71]

August 13, 2015

1998

McLaren F1 'LM-Specification'

073

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$13,750,000

$14,196,000

[72]

August 19, 2016

1962

Shelby 260 Cobra

CSX 2000

RM Sotheby's

Monterey, California, United States

US$13,750,000

$14,020,729

[Note 19]

[73][74]

August 20, 2016

1960

Ferrari 250 GT SWB Competizione

1759 GT

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$13,500,000

$13,765,807

[75]

August 13, 2015

1956

Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta 'Tour de France'

0557GT

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$13,200,000

$13,628,000

[76]

August 14, 2015

1953

Jaguar C-Type Works Lightweight

XKC 052

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$13,200,000

$13,628,000

[77]

July 13, 2018

1961

Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato MP209

DB4GT/0183/R

Bonhams

Goodwood, West Sussex, United Kingdom

US$12,978,264

$12,978,000

[78]

May 25, 2013

1953

Ferrari 340/375 MM Berlinetta 'Competizione'

0320AM

RM Auctions

Tivoli, Lazio, Italy

US$12,812,800

$13,461,000

[Note 20]

[79]

May 17, 2009

1957

Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa

0714TR

RM Auctions

Maranello, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

US$12,402,500

$14,147,000

[27][80]

August 21, 2016

1933

Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Monza

2311218

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$11,990,000

$12,226,076

[81]

August 19, 2012

1936

Mercedes-Benz 540K Special Roadster

130949

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$11,770,000

$12,546,000

[82][83]

August 15, 2014

1964

Ferrari 250 LM

6045

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$11,550,000

$11,940,000

[84]

October 14, 2015

1960

Ferrari 250 GT SWB

1995GT

H&H Classics

Duxford, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom

US$11,440,968

$11,812,000

[85]

August 19, 2012

1960

Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider Competizione

1639 GT

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$11,275,000

$12,019,000

[82][86]

August 17, 2012

1968

Ford GT40

P/1074

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$11,000,000

$11,725,000

[Note 21]

[82][87]

May 18, 2008

1961

Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider

2377GT

RM AuctionsSotheby's

Maranello, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

US$10,894,900

$12,383,000

[18][88][89][90][91]

August 21, 2016

1932

Bugatti Type 55

55213

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$10,400,000

$10,604,770

[92]

August 21, 2011

1931

Duesenberg Model J Long-Wheelbase Coupe

2478

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$10,340,000

$11,249,000

[Note 22]

[93][94]

August 17, 2015

1982

Porsche 956

956-003

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$10,120,000

$10,448,000

[95]

August 16, 2014

1967

Ferrari 275 GTB/4

10621

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$10,175,000

$10,518,000

[96]

September 9, 2017

2017

LaFerrari Aperta

RM Sotheby's

Maranello, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

US$9,982,000

$9,982,000

[97]

January 29, 2016

1937

Mercedes-Benz 540K Special Roadster

130894

RM Sotheby's

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$9,900,000

$10,095,000

[98]

November 17, 1987

1931

Bugatti Royale Kellner Coupe

41.141

Christie's

London, United Kingdom

US$9,800,000

$21,110,000

[Note 23][Note 24]

[99][100]

March 10, 2016

1937

Bugatti Type 57SC Sports Tourer

57541

Bonhams

Amelia Island, Florida, United States

US$9,735,000

$9,927,000

[101]

August 20, 2011

1937

Mercedes-Benz 540K Spezial Roadster

154140

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$9,680,000

$10,531,000

[102][103]

January 16, 2015

1964

Ferrari 250 LM

5899

RM Auctions

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$9,625,000

$9,937,000

[104]

January 17, 2014

1957

Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta 'Tour de France'

0703 GT

Gooding & Company

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$9,460,000

$9,779,000

[105]

September 9, 2017

1959

Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider

1503 GT

RM Sotheby's

Maranello, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

US$9,447,000

$9,447,000

[106]

January 15, 2015

1966

Ferrari 275 GTB Competizione

09079

Bonhams

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$9,405,000

$9,710,000

[107]

May 20, 2007

1962

Ferrari 330 TRI/LM Spider

0808

RM AuctionsSotheby's

Maranello, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

US$9,281,250

$10,954,000

[5][108]

August 16, 2013

1953

Ferrari 375 MM Spider

0364AM

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$9,075,000

$9,534,000

[109]

January 17, 2014

1958

Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider

1055 GT

RM Auctions

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$8,800,000

$9,097,000

[110]

August 17, 2013

1937

Bugatti Type 57SC Atalante

57523

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$8,745,000

$9,187,000

[111]

August 18, 2012

1962

Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider

3119GT

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$8,580,000

$9,146,000

[82][112][113]

August 14, 2015

1959

Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta 'Interim' Competizione

1519GT

Bonhams

Carmel, California, United States

US$8,525,000

$8,801,000

[114]

August 17, 2013

1997

McLaren F1

066

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$8,470,000

$8,898,000

[115]

August 19, 2017

1961

Ferrari 250 GT SWB Berlinetta

2985

RM Sotheby's

Monterey, California, United States

US$8,305,000

$8,305,000

[116]

October 31, 2007

1937

Mercedes-Benz 540K Special Roadster

4086

RM AuctionsSotheby's

London, United Kingdom

US$8,252,201

$9,739,000

[117][118]

January 18, 2013

1958

Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider

1073 GT

Gooding & Company

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$8,250,000

$8,667,000

[119][120]

August 17, 2012

1955

Ferrari 410S

0594CM

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$8,250,000

$8,794,000

[82][87][121]

May 14, 2016

1951

Ferrari 340 America Barchetta

0116/A

RM Sotheby's

Monte Carlo, Monaco

US$8,250,000

$8,667,000

[122]

August 17, 2013

1928

Mercedes-Benz 680S Torpedo Roadster

35949

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$8,226,400

$8,642,000

[123]

January 18, 2013

1960

Ferrari 250 GT SWB Berlinetta Competizione

1905GT

RM Auctions

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$8,140,000

$8,552,000

[119][124]

January 20, 2018

1965

Ferrari 275 GTB Speciale

06437

Gooding & Company

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$8,085,000

$8,085,000

[125]

August 13, 2015

1959

Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider

1307GT

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$8,050,000

$8,311,000

[126]

August 18, 2017

1963

Jaguar E-Type Lightweight

S850664

Bonhams

Carmel, California, United States

US$8,000,000

$8,000,000

[127]

August 14, 2015

1950

Ferrari 275S/340 America Barchetta

0030MT

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$7,975,000

$8,234,000

[128]

August 17, 2008

1937

Bugatti Type 57SC Atalante Coupe

57374

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$7,920,000

$9,002,000

[Note 25]

[129][130][131][132][133][134]

June 29, 2012

1929

4½-Litre Supercharged 'Blower' Bentley

HB 3402

Bonhams

Goodwood, Sussex, United Kingdom

US$7,906,745

$8,428,000

[Note 26]

[135]

May 10, 2014

1966

Ferrari 275 GTB/C

09067

RM Auctions

Monte Carlo, Monaco

US$7,860,283

$8,125,000

[136]

January 16, 2015

1959

Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider

1425GT

Gooding & Company

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$7,700,000

$7,950,000

[137]

March 11, 2017

1959

Bugatti Type 57S Cabriolet by Vanvooren

57513

RM Sotheby's

Amelia Island, United States

US$7,700,000

$7,700,000

[138]

August 15, 2009

1965

Shelby Daytona Cobra Coupe

CSX2601

Mecum

Monterey, California, United States

US$7,685,000

$8,766,000

[139][140]

May 2, 2015

1962

Ferrari 400 Superamerica SWB Cabriolet

3309SA

RM Auctions

Fort Worth, Texas, United States

US$7,645,000

$7,893,000

[141]

November 16, 2017

2001

Ferrari F2001

211

Sotheby's

New York City, New York, United States

US$7,504,000

$7,504,000

[142]

August 16, 2013

1939

Mercedes-Benz 540K Special Roadster

408383

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$7,480,000

$7,858,000

[143]

September 3, 2004

1929

Mercedes-Benz 38/250 SSK

36045

Bonhams

Goodwood, Sussex, United Kingdom

US$7,443,070

$9,643,000

[144][145]

May 23, 2015

1952

Ferrari 212 Export Touring Barchetta

0158ED

RM Auctions

Cernobbio, Lombardy, Italy

US$7,398,640

$7,639,000

[146]

September 7, 2015

1958

Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta 'Tour de France'

0897GT

RM Auctions

Battersea, London, United Kingdom

US$7,273,054

$7,509,000

[147]

August 14, 2014

1953

Ferrari 250 MM Berlinetta

0312 MM

Bonhams

Carmel, California, United States

US$7,260,000

$7,505,000

[148]

August 14, 2010

1959

Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider Competizione

1603 GT

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$7,260,000

$8,147,000

[149][150]

December 3, 2007

1904

Rolls-Royce 10 hp Two-Seater

20154

Bonhams

London, United Kingdom

US$7,254,290

$8,562,000

[Note 27][Note 28]

[118][151]

August 17, 2013

1955

Ferrari 250 Europa GT Berlinetta Competizione

0415GT

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$7,150,000

$7,512,000

[152]

November 21, 2013

1938

Talbot-Lago T150-C SS

90111

RM AuctionsSotheby's

New York City, New York, United States

US$7,150,000

$7,512,000

[Note 29]

[153]

November 21, 2013

1959

Ferrari 250 GT SWB Berlinetta Speciale Bertone

1739GT

RM AuctionsSotheby's

New York City, New York, United States

US$7,040,000

$7,396,000

[154]

April 12, 2014

1964

Ford GT40 Prototype

GT/104

Mecum

Houston, Texas, United States

US$7,560,000

$7,815,000

[155][156]

December 4, 2016

2016

LaFerrari

RM Sotheby's

Daytona Beach, Florida, United States

US$7,000,000

$7,137,826

[157]

May 18, 2008

1962

Ferrari 250 LM

5845

RM AuctionsSotheby's

Maranello, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

US$6,979,225

$7,933,000

[118][158]

August 15, 2014

1965

Ford GT40 Roadster

GT/108

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$6,930,000

$7,164,000

[159]

August 14, 2014

1962

Ferrari 250 GT SWB Speciale Aerodinamica

3615 GT

Bonhams

Carmel, California, United States

US$6,875,000

$7,107,000

[160]

August 14, 2014

1958

Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina Series I

0759GT

Bonhams

Carmel, California, United States

US$6,820,000

$7,050,000

[161]

August 19, 2017

1959

Aston Martin DB4GT Prototype

DP199/1

RM Sotheby's

Monterey, California, United States

US$6,765,000

$6,765,000

[162]

August 15, 2010

1933

Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Monza

2311218

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$6,710,000

$7,530,000

[149]

August 18, 2012

1956

Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta 'Tour de France'

0585GT

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$6,710,000

$7,153,000

[82][112][163]

January 20, 2017

1939

Mercedes-Benz 540K Special Roadster by Sindelfingen

408383

RM Sotheby's

Phoenix, Arizona, United States

US$6,600,000

$6,600,000

[164]

March 8, 2014

1939

Delahaye 135 Competition Court Torpedo Roadster

48667

RM Auctions

Amelia Island, Florida, United States

US$6,600,000

$6,823,000

[Note 30]

[165][166][167]

August 19, 2012

1957

Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider Prototype

0769 GT

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$6,600,000

$7,035,000

[82][168]

May 12, 2012

1957

Ferrari 625 TRC Spider

0680 MDTR

RM Auctions

Monte Carlo, Monaco

US$6,526,800

$6,957,000

[Note 31]

[169][170][171]

June 15, 1986

1931

Bugatti Royale Berline de Voyager

41.150

Kruse International

Reno, Nevada, United States

US$6,500,000

$14,512,000

[118][172]

August 17, 2002

1962

Ferrari 330 TRI/LM Spider

0808

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$6,490,000

$8,830,000

[108][173]

January 29, 2016

1950

Ferrari 166 MM/195 S Berlinetta Le Mans

0060 M

Gooding & Company

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$6,490,000

$6,618,000

[174]

May 10, 2014

1959

Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina Series I

1181 GT

RM Auctions

Monte Carlo, Monaco

US$6,473,174

$6,692,000

[175]

March 14, 2015

1960

Ferrari 400 Superamerica SWB Cabriolet

1945SA

RM Auctions

Amelia Island, Florida, United States

US$6,380,000

$6,587,000

[176]

August 19, 2012

1955

Ferrari 857 Sport

0588 M

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$6,270,000

$6,684,000

[82][177]

January 18, 2014

1958

Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina Series I

0791 GT

Gooding & Company

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$6,160,000

$6,368,000

[178]

August 15, 2010

1961

Ferrari 250 GT SWB Competizione "SEFAC Hot Rod"

2845 GT

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$6,105,000

$6,851,000

[149][179][180][181]

August 19, 2012

1928

Bentley 4½ Litre Le Mans Sports 'Bobtail'

KM3088

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$6,050,000

$6,449,000

[Note 26]

[82][182]

August 13, 2015

2005

Enzo Ferrari

141920

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$6,050,000

$6,246,000

[183]

August 18, 2012

1972

Porsche 917/10

917/10 003

Mecum

Monterey, California, United States

US$5,830,000

$6,214,000

[184][185]

February 3, 2012

1959

Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider

1283GT

Artcurial

Paris, France

US$5,740,000

$6,119,000

[186][187][188]

August 20, 2016

1956

Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Competizione 'Tour de France'

0507 GT

RM Sotheby's

Monterey, California, United States

US$5,720,000

$5,832,623

[189]

August 19, 2017

1955

Ferrari 121 LM

0546 LM

RM Sotheby's

Monterey, California, United States

US$5,720,000

$5,720,000

[190]

May 20, 2007

1953

Ferrari 340/375 MM Berlinetta Competizione

0396 AM

RM AuctionsSotheby's

Maranello, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

US$5,692,000

$6,718,000

[191]

September 9, 2017

1958

Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina Series I

0791 GT

RM Sotheby's

Maranello, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

US$5,675,000

$5,675,000

[192]

March 10, 2017

1998

Porsche 911 GT1 Strassenversion

96005

Gooding & Company

Amelia Island, Florida, United States

US$5,665,000

$5,665,000

[193]

August 20, 2000

1966

Ferrari 330 P3

0844

Christie's

Monterey, California, United States

US$5,616,000

$7,981,000

[194][195]

August 17, 2014

1959

Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina Series I

1475 GT

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$5,610,000

$5,799,000

[196]

August 19, 2006

1958

Ferrari 412S

0744

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$5,610,000

$6,810,000

[197][198][199][200]

August 16, 2014

1956

Aston Martin DB3S

DB3S/111

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$5,500,000

$5,686,000

[201]

January 21, 2007

1966

Shelby Cobra 427 Super Snake

CSX 3015

Barrett-Jackson

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$5,500,000

$6,491,000

[202][203]

August 20, 2016

1950

Ferrari 166 MM Berlinetta

0046 M

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$5,445,000

$5,552,209

[204]

August 21, 2015

1960

Porsche RS60

718-044

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$5,400,000

$5,575,000

[205]

August 19, 2017

1959

Ferrari 410 Superamerica Series III Coupe

1305 SA

RM Sotheby's

Monterey, California, United States

US$5,335,000

$5,335,000

[206]

March 11, 2016

1955

Porsche 550

550-0060

Gooding & Company

Amelia Island, Florida, United States

US$5,335,000

$5,440,000

[207]

January 18, 2014

1997

McLaren F1 GTR Longtail

21R

Gooding & Company

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$5,280,000

$5,458,000

[208]

August 20, 2011

1960

Ferrari 250 GT SWB Berlinetta Competizione

2209GT

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$5,280,000

$5,744,000

[102][209]

August 19, 2016

1955

Ferrari 750 Monza

0510M

RM Sotheby's

Monterey, California, United States

US$5,225,000

$5,327,877

[210][211]

August 17, 2012

1939

Horch 853A Special Roadster

854275

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$5,170,000

$5,511,000

[Note 32]

[82][87][212]

August 20, 2016

2014

LaFerrari

207195

Mecum

Monterey, California, United States

US$5,170,000

$5,271,794

[213][214]

January 18, 2018

1958

Porsche 550A Spyder

550A-0145

Bonhams

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$5,170,000

$5,170,000

[215]

August 16, 2009

1962

Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider

3163 GT

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$5,115,000

$5,835,000

[216][217][218][219][220]

July 23, 2004

1930

Bentley Speed Six Tourer

HM2868

Christie's

Le Mans, Sarthe, France

US$5,109,665

$6,620,000

[221][222]

August 16, 2015

1957

Ferrari 410 Superamerica Series II Coupe

0717SA

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$5,087,500

$5,252,000

[223]

August 15, 2008

1960

Jaguar E2A

E2A

Bonhams

Carmel, California, United States

US$4,957,000

$5,634,000

[224]

January 17, 2009

1960

Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider

1963 GT

Gooding & Company

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$4,950,000

$5,646,000

[31][225][226]

August 18, 2007

1959

Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider Competizione

1451GT

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$4,950,000

$5,842,000

[227][228]

May 11, 2018

1993

McLaren MP4/8A

MP4/8-6

Bonhams

Monte Carlo, Monaco

US$4,948,432

$4,948,000

[229]

February 5, 2014

1955

Jaguar D-Type

XKD 520

RM Auctions

Paris, France

US$4,947,835

$5,115,000

[230]

August 14, 2008

1939

Talbot-Lago T150C SS Teardrop coupe

90120

Bonhams

Carmel, California, United States

US$4,847,000

$5,509,000

[231][232]

August 17, 2013

1948

Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Competizione

920.002

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$4,840,000

$5,085,000

[233]

August 20, 2016

1966

Ford GT40 Mk 1

P/1028

Mecum

Monterey, California, United States

US$4,840,000

$4,935,297

[234]

August 20, 2016

1979

Porsche 935

009 0030

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$4,840,000

$4,935,297

[235]

May 10, 2014

1956

Maserati 450S Prototype

35014501350SI-10

RM Auctions

Monte Carlo, Monaco

US$4,816,350

$4,979,000

[236]

December 1, 2013

1952

Jaguar C-Type

XKC 042

Bonhams

London, United Kingdom

US$4,794,407

$5,037,000

[237]

May 21, 2011

1955

Ferrari 375 MM Berlinetta

0490AM

RM Auctions

Tivoli, Lazio, Italy

US$4,794,720

$5,216,000

[238]

August 18, 2012

1953

Ferrari 340 MM Spider

0350 AM

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$4,730,000

$5,042,000

[239][240]

August 16, 2013

1931

Bentley 4½ Litre Supercharged Le Mans

MS 3944

Bonhams

Carmel, California, United States

US$4,647,500

$4,883,000

[241]

August 17, 2014

1965

Ferrari 275 GTB Long Nose Alloy

07993

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$4,620,000

$4,776,000

[242]

August 14, 2010

1962

Ferrari 375 MM Berlinetta

0416AM

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$4,620,000

$5,185,000

[243]

January 20, 2012

1955

Mercedes-Benz 300SL

5500208

Gooding & Company

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$4,620,000

$4,925,000

[244][245]

January 19, 2013

1966

Batmobile

1

Barrett-Jackson

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$4,620,000

$4,854,000

[246][247][248][249]

August 20, 2011

1939

Mercedes-Benz 540K Spezial Roadster

408383

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$4,620,000

$5,026,000

[102][250]

October 7, 2011

1884

De Dion, Bouton et Trépardoux Dos-à-Dos Steam Runabout "La Marquise"

6

RM Auctions

Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States

US$4,620,000

$5,026,000

[Note 33]

[251][252][253][254]

October 27, 2010

1964

Aston Martin DB5

DB5/1486/R

RM Auctions

London, United Kingdom

US$4,620,000

$5,185,000

[Note 10][Note 34]

[165][255][256][257][258]

August 14, 2010

1938

Talbot-Lago T150C Lago Speciale Teardrop Coupe

90034

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$4,608,500

$5,172,000

[255]

August 19, 2007

1931

Bentley 4 Litre "The Green Hornet"

SM3916

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$4,510,000

$5,323,000

[259][260][261]

August 14, 2008

1961

Ferrari 250 GT SWB Berlinetta

3087 GT

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$4,510,000

$5,126,000

[262]

August 18, 2012

1957

Ferrari 500 TRC

0662 MDTR

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$4,510,000

$4,807,000

[239][263]

March 9, 2013

1935

Duesenberg Model SJ Convertible Coupe

2405

RM AuctionsSotheby's

Amelia Island, Florida, United States

US$4,510,000

$4,738,000

May 21, 2011

1938

Talbot-Lago T150C SS Teardrop Coupé

90112

RM Auctions

Tivoli, Lazio, Italy

US$4,475,072

$4,868,000

[264]

November 21, 2013

1955

Maserati A6G/2000 Spyder

2101

RM AuctionsSotheby's

New York City, New York, United States

US$4,455,000

$4,680,000

[Note 35]

[265]

January 20, 2018

1954

Ferrari 500 Mondial Series I

0434MD

Gooding & Company

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$4,455,000

$4,455,000

[266]

June 26, 2015

1935

Aston Martin Ulster

LM19

Bonhams

Goodwood, West Sussex, United Kingdom

US$4,406,693

$4,550,000

[267]

March 9, 2012

1973

Porsche 917/30

917/30 004

Gooding & Co.

Amelia Island, Florida, United States

US$4,400,000

$4,690,000

[268][269]

March 12, 2016

1962

Ferrari 400 Superamerica LWB Coupe Aerodinamico

3949 SA

RM Sotheby's

Amelia Island, Florida, United States

US$4,400,000

$4,487,000

[270]

August 19, 2007

1959

Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider

1431GT

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$4,455,000

$5,258,000

[271][261]

January 21, 2006

1950

GM Futurliner

011

Barrett-Jackson

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$4,320,000

$5,244,000

[Note 36]

[272][273][274]

March 12, 2011

1952

Ferrari 340 Mexico Coupe

0224AT

RM Auctions

Amelia Island, Florida, United States

US$4,290,000

$4,667,000

[275]

December 1, 2013

1956

Jaguar D-Type 'Shortnose'

XKD 561

Bonhams

London, United Kingdom

US$4,241,491

$4,456,000

[276]

May 15, 2004

1935

Duesenberg SJ Speedster "Mormon Meteor"

N/A

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$4,455,000

$5,772,000

[4][277]

February 7, 2009

1937

Bugatti Type 57S Atalante

57502

Bonhams

Paris, France

US$4,408,575

$5,029,000

[278][279][280]

February 8, 2017

1934

Alfa Romeo P3

50006

RM Sotheby's

Paris, France

US$4,180,680

$4,180,680

[281]

August 16, 2009

1933

Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Castagna Drop Head Coupe

2311214

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$4,180,000

$4,768,000

[219][225]

May 2, 2015

1934

Packard Twelve Individual Custom Stationary Coupe

901968

RM Auctions

Fort Worth, Texas, United States

US$4,180,000

$4,316,000

[Note 37]

[282]

February 7, 2018

2017

Bugatti Chiron

042

RM Sotheby's

Paris, France

US$4,088,212

$4,088,212

[283] [284]

August 28, 1999

1937

Alfa Romeo 8C 2900B Pinin Farina Cabriolet

412012

Christie's

Monterey, California, United States

US$4,072,500

$5,983,000

[285]

August 16, 2013

1955

Ferrari 750 Monza

0530M

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$4,070,000

$4,276,000

[286]

January 17, 2015

1962

Ferrari 400 Superamerica Series I Coupe Aerodinamico

3221SA

Gooding & Company

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$4,070,000

$4,202,000

[287]

January 20, 2018

1931

Bugatti Type 55 Roadster

55201

Gooding & Company

Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

US$4,070,000

$4,070,000

[288]

September 9, 2017

1955

Ferrari 750 Monza

0534M

RM Sotheby's

Maranello, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

US$4,059,000

$4,059,000

[289]

October 29, 2008

1997

McLaren F1

065

RM Auctions

London, United Kingdom

US$4,058,120

$4,613,000

[290]

August 15, 2015

1931

Bentley 4½-Litre Supercharged Torpedo

MS3929

RM Auctions

Monterey, California, United States

US$4,015,000

$4,145,000

[291]

August 17, 2014

1939

Alfa Romeo Tipo 256 Cabriolet Sportivo

915026

Gooding & Company

Pebble Beach, California, United States

US$4,000,000

$4,135,000

[292]

August 19, 2016

1931

Bugatti Type 51

51121

Bonhams

Carmel, California, United States

US$4,000,000

$4,078,758

[293]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ A record for a Ferrari.

Jump up ^ A record for an Italian car.

Jump up ^ Record for an auction taking place in the United States.

Jump up ^ A record for an auction held in France, other than those held in the fiscally separate principality of Monaco.

Jump up ^ A record for a Mercedes-Benz.

Jump up ^ A record for a German car.

Jump up ^ A record for an auction held in the United Kingdom.

Jump up ^ A record for an Formula One car.

Jump up ^ A record for a road car.

^ Jump up to: a b A record for an Aston Martin.

Jump up ^ A record for a British car.

Jump up ^ A record for an American car.

Jump up ^ A record for a Jaguar.

Jump up ^ A record for an Alfa Romeo.

Jump up ^ A record for a vehicle owned by a celebrity.

Jump up ^ A record for a barn find.

Jump up ^ A record for a McLaren.

Jump up ^ A record for a Porsche.

Jump up ^ A record for a AC/Shelby American.

Jump up ^ A record for an auction held in Italy.

Jump up ^ A record for a Ford.

Jump up ^ A record for a Duesenberg.

Jump up ^ A record for a Bugatti.

Jump up ^ A record for a French car.

Jump up ^ Broken the then world record at Sotheby's in 1971, selling for $59,000.

^ Jump up to: a b A record for a Bentley.

Jump up ^ A record for a Rolls-Royce.

Jump up ^ A record for a pre-1905 car.

Jump up ^ A record for a Talbot-Lago.

Jump up ^ A record for a Delahaye.

Jump up ^ Record for an auction taking place in the Principality of Monaco.

Jump up ^ A record for a Horch.

Jump up ^ Oldest car to appear on the list.

Jump up ^ A record for a vehicle used as a theatrical property.

Jump up ^ A record for a Maserati.

Jump up ^ A record for a General Motors vehicle.

Jump up ^ A record for a Packard.

tag: ol


document_title: Love Is Here to Stay

question_text: who sang our love is here to stay

question_tokens: who sang our love is here to stay

root

text: Love Is Here to Stay

text: History[edit]

text: "Love Is Here to Stay" was first performed by Kenny Baker in The Goldwyn Follies but did not reach popularity until it was sung by Gene Kelly to Leslie Caron in the film An American in Paris (1951).[1] The song appeared in Forget Paris (1995) and Manhattan (1979). It can also be heard in the film When Harry Met Sally (1989) sung by Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald.[2]

tag: p

text: An instrumental version of the song is heard in an episode of TV's The Honeymooners when Alice turns to Ralph and says: "I loved you ever since the day I walked in your bus and you shortchanged me."[3]

text: The song is also used in the musical The 1940's Radio Hour;[4] however, it was not included in the 2015 Broadway musical An American in Paris.[5]

text: Composition[edit]

text: "Love Is Here to Stay" was the last musical composition George Gershwin completed before his death on July 11, 1937. Ira Gershwin wrote the lyrics after George's death as a tribute to his brother. Although George had not written a verse for the song, he did have an idea for it that both Ira and pianist Oscar Levant had heard before his death. When a verse was needed, Ira and Levant recalled what George had in mind. Composer Vernon Duke reconstructed the music for the verse at the beginning of the song.[1][6] Originally titled "It's Here to Stay" and then "Our Love Is Here to Stay", the song was finally published as "Love Is Here to Stay". Ira Gershwin said that for years he wanted to change the song's name back to "Our Love Is Here to Stay", but he felt it wouldn't be right since the song had already become a standard.[6]

text: The Goldwyn Follies[edit]

text: Ira Gershwin recalled, "So little footage was given to 'Love Is Here to Stay' — I think only one refrain — that it meant little in The Goldwyn Follies."[1] Oscar Levant remembers the producer for the film calling Gershwin into a conference one afternoon and insisting that he play the entire score for a panel of attendees. The experience infuriated George, who thought that he had progressed past this stage in his career as a composer.[7] S. N. Behrman visited Gershwin a few days before he died and wrote that George told him, "I had to live for this — that Sam Goldwyn should say to me, 'Why don't you write hits like Irving Berlin?'".[8]

text: Versions[edit]

text:
[show]Notable versions

Gene Kelly – An American in Paris (soundtrack) (1951)
Four Freshmen – Four Freshmen And Five Trombones (1955)
Nat King Cole – Nat King Cole Sings for Two in Love (1955)
Frank Sinatra – Songs for Swingin' Lovers! (1956)
Joni James – Let There Be Love (1956)
Dinah Washington – In the Land of Hi-Fi (1956)
Lester Young – Pres and Teddy (1956)
Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong – Ella and Louis Again (1957)
Doris Day – Hooray for Hollywood (1958)
Carmen McRae – Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday at Newport (1958)
Billie Holiday – All or Nothing at All (1959)
Blossom Dearie – Once Upon a Summertime (1959)
Ella Fitzgerald – Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Songbook (1959)
Oscar Peterson – Oscar Peterson Plays the George Gershwin Songbook (1959)
Luigi Tenco – (1960)
Dorothy Ashby – Soft Winds (1961)
Andy Williams – Warm and Willing (1962)
Dave Brubeck – Plays And Plays And Plays (1962)
Dexter Gordon – Our Man in Paris (1963)
Jack Jones – Dear Heart (1965)
Ray Charles – I'm All Yours Baby! (1968)
Chris Montez - Watch What Happens (1968)
Diana Ross – Lady Sings the Blues (1972)
Rosemary Clooney – Rosemary Clooney Sings the Lyrics of Ira Gershwin (1979)
Harry Connick Jr – When Harry Met Sally (1989)
John Pizzarelli – Our Love is Here to Stay, counterpoint with Neal Hefti's "Li'l Darlin'", arranged by Don Sebesky (1997)
Lisa Stansfield – Swing original motion picture soundtrack (album) – (1999)
Susannah McCorkle – Hearts and Minds (2000)
Rod Stewart – As Time Goes By: The Great American Songbook, Volume II (2003)
Smokey Robinson – Timeless Love (2006)
Teddi King – 'Round Midnight (2008)
Barry Manilow – The Greatest Love Songs of All Time (2010)
Brian Wilson – Brian Wilson Reimagines Gershwin (2010)
Eric Clapton – Old Sock (2013)
Meiko – You & Me (2013)
Uri Caine – Rhapsody in Blue (2013)
Matt Dusk and Margaret – Just the Two of Us (2015)

tag: table


document_title: Bassmaster Classic

question_text: who won the 2015 bassmaster classic on lake hartwell

text: Bassmaster Classic

text: Rules and procedures[edit]

text: The field has ranged from 24 to 61 players. In 2014, the field was 55 anglers. The 2009 competition included women for the first time. However, neither of the two women qualified within the top 20 and 2010 was the last year for women to be given a classic spot. As in previous years, they have to earn a spot in the opens.

text: The Bassmaster Classic takes place over three days. All fish are caught under catch-and-release rules, must measure at least 12 inches (or as that state law requires), and must be alive at the time they are presented for weigh-in or a penalty will be assessed. There is a cut after the second day, in which only the 25 top anglers, based on total weight, advance to the third day. The highest total weight after three days wins the competition.

text: Contestants can only fish in specified areas at the competition venue. This is usually a lake, but the 1980 Classic was held on the Saint Lawrence River out of Alexandria Bay, NY, the 2005 competition was held at Three Rivers (Allegheny River and Monongahela River which forms the Ohio River) in Pittsburgh, with some competitors using tributaries such as the Beaver River and Youghiogheny River miles from the confluence. In 2009 and 2012 the Classic used a 100-mile stretch of the Red River in Shreveport, Louisiana. In 2011, the Classic was held on the Louisiana Delta.

text: From its inception to 1976, the Classic was held at a "mystery lake," unknown to competitors until they were aboard an aircraft bound for the site. Founder Ray Scott changed the practice for the 1977 Classic, announcing the site in advance so that fans of the sport could plan ahead to attend.

text: Past winners[edit]

text:
Year
Champion
Weight lbs oz
Boat
Lake

1971
 Bobby Murray
43-11
Rebel
Lake Mead, NV

1972
 Don Butler
38-11
Ranger
Percy Priest Reservoir, TN

1973
 Rayo Breckenridge
52-8
Ranger
Clarks Hill Lake, SC

1974
 Tommy Martin
33-7
N/A
Wheeler Lake, AL

1975
 Jack Hains
45-4
N/A
Currituck Sound, NC

1976
 Rick Clunn
59-15
Ranger
Lake Guntersville, AL

1977
 Rick Clunn
27-7
Glastron
Kissimmee Chain, FL

1978
 Bobby Murray
37-9
N/A
Ross Barnett Reservoir, MS

1979
 Hank Parker
31
N/A
Lake Texoma, TX

1980
 Bo Dowden
54-10
N/A
St. Lawrence River, NY

1981
 Stanley Mitchell
35-2
Ranger
Alabama River, AL

1982
 Paul Elias
32-8
Ranger
Alabama River, AL

1983
 Larry Nixon
18-1
Ranger
Ohio River, OH

1984
 Rick Clunn
75-9
N/A
Arkansas River, AR

1985
 Jack Chancellor
45
Ranger
Arkansas River, AR

1986
 Charlie Reed
23-9
Ranger
Tennessee River, TN

1987
 George Cochran
15-5
Ranger
Ohio River, OH

1988
 Guido Hibdon
28-8
Ranger
James River, VA

1989
 Hank Parker
31-6
Ranger
James River, VA

1990
 Rick Clunn
34-5
Tracker
James River, VA

1991
 Ken Cook
33-2
Javelin
Chesapeake Bay, MD

1992
 Robert Hamilton, Jr
59-6
Ranger
Lake Logan Martin, AL

1993
 David Fritts
48-6
Ranger
Lake Logan Martin, AL

1994
 Bryan Kerchal
36-7
Ranger
High Rock Lake, NC

1995
 Mark Davis
47-14
Basscat
High Rock Lake, NC

1996
 George Cochran
31-14
Ranger
Lay Lake, AL

1997
 Dion Hibdon
34-13
Ranger
Lake Logan Martin, AL

1998
 Denny Brauer
46-3
Ranger
High Rock Lake, NC

1999
 Davy Hite
55-10
Stratos
Louisiana Delta, LA

2000
 Woo Daves
27-13
Nitro
Lake Michigan, IL

2001
 Kevin VanDam
32-5
Nitro
Louisiana Delta, LA

2002
 Jay Yelas
45-13
Skeeter
Lay Lake, AL

2003
 Michael Iaconelli
37-14
Ranger
Louisiana Delta, LA

2004
 Takahiro Omori
39-2
Ranger
Lake Wylie, NC

2005
 Kevin VanDam
12-15
Nitro
Three Rivers, PA

2006
 Luke Clausen
56-2
Ranger
Kissimmee Chain, FL

2007
 Boyd Duckett
48-10
Triton
Lay Lake, AL

2008
 Alton Jones
48-7
Skeeter
Lake Hartwell, SC

2009
 Skeet Reese
54-13
Champion
Red River, LA

2010
 Kevin VanDam
51-6
Nitro
Lay Lake, AL

2011
 Kevin VanDam
69-11
Nitro
Louisiana Delta, LA

2012
 Chris Lane
51-6
Legend
Red River, LA

2013
 Cliff Pace
54-12
Skeeter
Grand Lake, OK

2014
 Randy Howell
67-8
Triton
Lake Guntersville, AL

2015
 Casey Ashley
50-1
Triton
Lake Hartwell, SC

2016
 Edwin Evers
60-7 [2]
Nitro
Grand Lake, OK

2017
 Jordan Lee
56-10 [3]
Legend
Lake Conroe, TX

2018
 Jordan Lee
47-1 [4]
Ranger
Lake Hartwell, SC

text: Record Book[edit]

text:
Largest Bass Caught: 11-10, Preston Clark, Toho, FL 2006
Heaviest Venue Total Weight: 1,578-14, Red River, LA 2009
Heaviest Total Weight: 69-11, Kevin VanDam, Red River, LA 2011
Heaviest Single Day Weight: 32-3, Paul Mueller, Guntersville, AL 2014
Most Bassmaster Classic Wins: 4, Rick Clunn, 1976, 1977, 1984, 1990 / 4, Kevin VanDam, 2001, 2005, 2010, 2011
Most Top 5 Classic Finishes: 11, Rick Clunn
Most Consecutive Classic Appearances: 28, Rick Clunn, 1974-2001
Most Second Place Finishes: 4, Aaron Martens, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2011
Largest Final Day Comeback: 13-14 deficit, Jordan Lee, Conroe, TX 2017

tag: ul

text: Jr. Bassmasters[edit]

text: The Jr. Bassmasters is a Bassmaster Classic competition for children up to 18. The national classic for the Jr. Bassmasters is achieved once an angler has won a qualifying event sponsored by the B.A.S.S association. The Jr. angler then gets to work with a professional on practice day. On the tournament day no help is provided by the pro and the Jr. Angler has to rely on his/her own knowledge and skill. The winner and 2nd and 3rd place all receive scholarships of different value.


document_title: Curiosity killed the cat

question_text: who came up with curiosity killed the cat

text: Curiosity killed the cat

text: Origin[edit]

text: The earliest printed reference to the original proverb is attributed to the British playwright Ben Jonson in his 1598 play, Every Man in His Humour, which was performed first by William Shakespeare.

text: ...Helter skelter, hang sorrow, care will kill a cat, up-tails all, and a pox on the hangman.

text: Shakespeare used a similar quote in his circa 1599 play, Much Ado About Nothing:

text: What, courage man! what though care killed a cat, thou hast mettle enough in thee to kill care.

text: The proverb remained the same until at least 1898. Ebenezer Cobham Brewer included this definition in his Dictionary of Phrase and Fable:

text:
Care killed the Cat.
It is said that "a cat has nine lives," yet care would wear them all out.

text: Transformation[edit]

text: The origin of the modern variation is unknown. The earliest known printed reference to the actual phrase "Curiosity killed the cat" is in James Allan Mair's 1873 compendium A handbook of proverbs: English, Scottish, Irish, American, Shakesperean, and scriptural; and family mottoes, where it is listed as an Irish proverb on page 34.

text: In the 1902 edition of Proverbs: Maxims and Phrases, by John Hendricks Bechtel, the phrase "Curiosity killed the cat" is the lone entry under the topic "Curiosity" on page 100.

text: O. Henry's 1909 short story "Schools and Schools" includes a mention that suggests knowledge of the proverb had become widespread by that time:

text: Curiosity can do more things than kill a cat; and if emotions, well recognized as feminine, are inimical to feline life, then jealousy would soon leave the whole world catless.

text: The actual phrase appeared as the headline to a story in The Washington Post on 4 March 1916 (page 6):

text:
CURIOSITY KILLED THE CAT.

Four Departments of New York City Government Summoned to Rescue Feline.

From the New York World.

Curiosity, as you may recall—

On the fifth floor of the apartment house at 203 West 130th street lives Miss Mable Godfrey. When she came to the house about seven months ago she brought Blackie, a cat of several years' experience of life.

The cat seldom left the apartment. He was a hearth cat, not a fence cat, and did not dearly love to sing. In other respects he was normal and hence curious.

Last Tuesday afternoon when Miss Godfrey was out Blackie skipped into the grate fireplace in a rear room. He had done this many times before. But he had not climbed up the flue to the chimney. This he did Tuesday. Blackie there remained, perched on the top of the screen separating the apartment flue from the main chimney, crying for assistance. Miss Godfrey, returning, tried to induce her pet to come down. If you are experienced in felinity, you know that Blackie didn't come down.

On Wednesday the cat, curiosity unsatisfied, tried to climb higher—and fell to the first floor. His cries could still be heard by Miss Godfrey; who, to effect Blackie's rescue, communicated with the following departments:

1. Police department.
2. Fire department.
3. Health department.
4. Building department.
5. Washington Heights court.

Among them they lowered a rope to Blackie. But it availed neither the cat nor them anything.

Thursday morning, just before noon, a plumber opened the rear wall back of the chimney. Blackie was taken out. His fall had injured his back. Ten minutes later Blackie died.

text: Despite these earlier appearances, the proverb has been wrongly attributed to Eugene O'Neill, who included the variation, "Curiosity killed a cat!" in his play Diff'rent from 1920:

text: BENNY—(with a wink) Curiosity killed a cat! Ask me no questions and I'll tell you no lies.


document_title: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

question_text: the boy in the striped pyjamas brunos friends

text: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

text:
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

UK first edition book cover

Author
John Boyne

Country
Ireland

Language
English

Genre
Historical / post modern

Publisher
David Fickling Books

Publication date

5 January 2006

Media type
Print (hard cover & paper back)

Pages
216

ISBN
0-385-60940-X

OCLC
62132588

Dewey Decimal

823.914 22

LC Class
CS 2006/45764

text: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is a 2006[1] Holocaust novel by Irish novelist John Boyne. Unlike the months of planning Boyne devoted to his other books, he said that he wrote the entire first draft of The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas in two and a half days, barely sleeping until he got to the end.[1] As of March 2010, the novel had sold more than five million copies around the world.[2] In both 2007 and 2008, it was the best selling book of the year in Spain, and it has also reached number one on the New York Times bestseller list,[3] as well as in the UK, Ireland, and Australia.[not verified in body] The book was adapted in 2008 as a film of the same name.

text: Plot[edit]

text: Bruno is a 9-year-old boy growing up during World War II in Berlin. He lives with his parents, his 12-year-old sister Gretel and maids, one of whom is called Maria. After a visit by Adolf Hitler, Bruno's father is promoted to Commandant, and the family has to move to "Out-With" because of the orders of "The Fury" (Bruno's naïve interpretation of the word 'Führer'). Bruno is initially upset about moving to Out-With (in actuality, Auschwitz)[4] and leaving his friends, Daniel, Karl, and Martin. From the house at Out-With, Bruno sees a camp in which the prisoners wear striped pyjamas. One day, Bruno decides to explore the strange wire fence. As he walks along the fence, he meets a Jewish boy named Shmuel, who he learns shares his birthday. Shmuel says that his father, grandfather, and brother are with him on this side of the fence, but he is separated from his mother. Bruno and Shmuel talk and become very good friends, although Bruno still does not understand very much about Shmuel and his side of the fence. Nearly every day, unless it's raining, Bruno goes to see Shmuel and sneaks him food. As the meetings go on, and Shmuel gets more and more skinny, Bruno's naïveté is proved, as he never realizes he is living beside a death camp.

text: When lice eggs are discovered in Bruno's hair he is forced to get all of his hair shaved off. Bruno comments that he looks like Shmuel, and Shmuel agrees, except that Bruno is fatter. Bruno's mother eventually persuades his father to take them back to Berlin and stay at Out-With without them.

text: The next day Bruno concocts a plan with Shmuel to sneak into the camp to look for Shmuel's father. Shmuel brings a set of prison clothes (which look to Bruno like striped pyjamas), and Bruno leaves his own clothes outside the fence. As they search the camp, both children are rounded up along with a group of prisoners on a "march". They are forced to remove their clothing and are led into a gas chamber. In the gas chamber, Bruno apologizes to Shmuel for not finding his father and tells Shmuel that he is Bruno's best friend for life. Shmuel does not answer, as at that moment the door of the gas chamber is closed, it becomes dark, and all is chaos.

text: Critics' reviews[edit]

text: Kathryn Hughes, writing in The Guardian, calls the novel "a small wonder of a book". While she comments on "the oddness of Auschwitz security being so lax that a child prisoner could make a weekly date with the commandant's son without anyone noticing", she describes the novel as "something that borders on fable", arguing that "Bruno's innocence comes to stand for the willful refusal of all adult Germans to see what was going on under their noses".[5]

text: Nicholas Tucker, writing in The Independent, calls the novel "a fine addition to a once taboo area of history, at least where children's literature is concerned. It provides an account of a dreadful episode short on actual horror but packed with overtones that remain in the imagination. Plainly and sometimes archly written, it stays just ahead of its readers before delivering its killer punch in the final pages."[6]

text: Ed Wright, writing in The Age of Melbourne, calls the novel "a touching tale of an odd friendship between two boys in horrendous circumstances and a reminder of man's capacity for inhumanity." He felt that "Bruno's friendship with Shmuel is rendered with neat awareness of the paradoxes between children's naive egocentricity, their innate concept of fairness, familial loyalty and obliviousness to the social conventions of discrimination." He concludes by observing that "The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is subtitled A Fable and, as in other modern fables such as Antoine de St Exupery's The Little Prince, Boyne uses Bruno to reveal the flaws in an adult world."[7]

text: A.O. Scott, writing in The New York Times, questioned the author and publisher's choice to intentionally keep the Holocaust setting of the book vague in both the dust jacket summary and the early portion of the novel, writing: "Boyne’s reluctance to say as much can certainly be defended, not least on the grounds that the characters in a story about the Holocaust are themselves most likely unaware of the scale and historical importance of their experiences. To recreate those experiences faithfully might require undoing some of the readers’ preconceptions." However Scott felt this undermined the work, saying: "A young reader who knows little or nothing about the mass murder of European Jews by the Nazis will not know much more after reading “The Boy in the Striped Pajamas,” while one who has read other books on the topic — Jerry Spinelli’s “Milkweed,” say, or Anne Frank’s diary — may be irritated by the book’s evasions and euphemisms. There is something awkward about the way Boyne manages to disguise, and then to disclose, the historical context." Scott concludes that "To mold the Holocaust into an allegory, as Boyne does here with perfectly benign intent, is to step away from its reality."[8]

text: Rabbi Benjamin Blech offered a historical criticism, contending that the premise of the book and subsequent film – that there could be a child of Shmuel's age in Auschwitz – was impossible, writing of the book: "Note to the reader: There were no 9-year-old Jewish boys in Auschwitz – the Nazis immediately gassed those not old enough to work."[9] Rabbi Blech affirmed the opinion of a Holocaust survivor friend that the book is "not just a lie and not just a fairytale, but a profanation". Blech acknowledges the objection that a "fable" need not be factually accurate; he counters that the book trivializes the conditions in and around the death camps and perpetuates the "myth that those [...] not directly involved can claim innocence", and thus undermines its moral authority. Students who read it, he warns, may believe the camps "weren't that bad" if a boy could conduct a clandestine friendship with a Jewish captive of the same age, unaware of "the constant presence of death".[10]

text: Holocaust scholar Henry Gonashk rebuts Blech's historical contention in his book "Hollywood and the Holocaust", writing that "The rabbi found implausible Shmuel's very existence in the camp," but stating that "Blech is factually incorrect. In fact, there were male (though apparently not female) children at Auschwitz. In 1944, for example, according to the Nazis' meticulous records, there were 619 male children at the camp, ranging in age from one month to fourteen years old. Some of the boys sere employed by the Nazis as camp messengers, while others were simply kept around as mascots and curiosities. Probably some of these children were sexually abused by the guards. Of course, thousands of other children at Auschwitz (including all the girls who arrived at the camp) were gassed."[11]


document_title: McDonald v. City of Chicago

question_text: who wrote the majority opinion in mcdonald v. chicago

text: McDonald v. City of Chicago

text: Case background[edit]

text: In the 2010 case McDonald v. City of Chicago, Chicago resident Otis McDonald, a 76-year-old (in 2010) retired maintenance engineer, had lived in the Morgan Park neighborhood since buying a house there in 1971.[7] McDonald decried the decline of his neighborhood, describing it as being taken over by gangs and drug dealers. His lawn was regularly littered with refuse and his home and garage had been broken into a combined five times, with the most recent robbery committed by a man McDonald recognized from his own neighborhood.[7] An experienced hunter, McDonald legally owned shotguns, but believed them too unwieldy in the event of a robbery, and wanted to purchase a handgun for personal home defense. Due to Chicago's requirement that all firearms in the city be registered, yet refusing all handgun registrations after 1982 when a citywide handgun ban was passed, he was unable to legally own a handgun. As a result, in 2008, he joined three other Chicago residents in filing a lawsuit which became McDonald v. Chicago.[7]

text: McDonald v. Chicago as compared to NRA v. Chicago[edit]

text: Despite being consolidated at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit, the cases are different in scope in terms of the specific regulations challenged and the legal argument for applying the Second Amendment against state and local governments. The Second Amendment Foundation brought the McDonald case to the Supreme Court with its lead attorney Alan Gura. The cases were appealed separately to the U.S. Supreme Court.[8]

text:
McDonald Petition for Certiorari
Chicago Brief in Opposition to Cert Petition

text: Regulations challenged[edit]

text: McDonald challenged four broad aspects of Chicago's gun registration law, which, according to the plaintiffs:[9]

text:
Prohibit the registration of handguns, thus effecting a broad handgun ban
Require that guns be registered prior to their acquisition by Chicago residents
Mandate that guns be re-registered annually, with another payment of the fee
Render any gun permanently non-registrable if its registration lapses

text: Legal basis for incorporation[edit]

text: All of the post-Heller cases, including McDonald, NRA v. Chicago, Nordyke and Maloney, argued that the Second Amendment, in addition to applying to federal jurisdictions, should also be applied against state and local governments, using a judicial process called selective incorporation. Selective incorporation involves convincing the court that a right is "fundamental" by being “implicit in the concept of ordered liberty” or “deeply rooted in our nation’s history and traditions” as defined most recently in the Supreme Court case Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145 (1968).[citation needed]

text: In addition to claiming the Second Amendment should be incorporated through the selective incorporation process, McDonald is unique among post-Heller gun cases in that it asked the court to overturn the Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. 36 (1873). Slaughter-House determined that the 14th Amendment's Privileges or Immunities Clause did not apply the Bill of Rights to the actions of states (and by extension, local governments). If it had been overturned, the Selective Incorporation process may have become unnecessary, since the entire Bill of Rights, including the 2nd Amendment, would arguably be applied to the states.[10][11]

text: In attempting to overturn Slaughter-House, this case garnered the attention and support of both conservative and liberal legal scholars interested in its potential application in areas outside of firearms law. Their interest was that if Slaughter-House had been overturned, it would have been possible that constitutional guarantees such as the right to a jury in civil cases, right to a grand jury in felony cases, and other parts of the Bill of Rights, as well as future court rulings and existing federal precedent, not universally guaranteed in actions by the states, would have been applied against the states automatically.[12][13][14]

text: In his concurring opinion, Justice Thomas criticized the Slaughter-House and Cruikshank decisions,[15] proposing that "the right to keep and bear arms is a privilege of American citizenship that applies to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment’s Privileges or Immunities Clause."[16]

text: Amici curiae[edit]

text: Thirty-three amici curiae ("friends of the court") briefs for this case were filed with the Clerk of the Supreme Court.[17]

text: One of these briefs was filed by U.S. senators Kay Bailey Hutchison (R, TX) and Jon Tester (D, MT) and U.S. representatives Mark Souder (R, IN) and Mike Ross (D, AR) asking the Supreme Court to find in favor of the petitioners and rule that the Second Amendment does apply to the states.[18] The brief was signed by 58 senators and 251 representatives, more members of Congress than any amicus curiae brief in history.[19] Moreover, thirty-two states under the aegis of Texas (and California independently) also filed amici curiae.[clarification needed][20]

text: Decision[edit]

text: Central Second Amendment findings[edit]

text: In People v. Aguilar (2013), the Illinois Supreme Court summed up the central Second Amendment findings in McDonald:

text: Two years later, in McDonald v. City of Chicago, 561 U.S. ___, ___, 130 S. Ct. 3020, 3050 (2010), the Supreme Court held that the second amendment right recognized in Heller is fully applicable to the states through the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment. In so holding, the Court reiterated that “the Second Amendment protects the right to keep and bear arms for the purpose of self-defense” (id. at ___, 130 S. Ct. at 3026); that “individual self-defense is ‘the central component’ of the Second Amendment right” (emphasis in original) (id. at ___, 130 S. Ct. at 3036 (quoting Heller, 554 U.S. at 599)); and that “[s]elf-defense is a basic right, recognized by many legal systems from ancient times to the present day” (id. at ___, 130 S. Ct. at 3036).[21]

text: Majority[edit]

text: Writing for the majority, Justice Alito held that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Second Amendment right recognized in Heller.[22] Writing a concurring opinion, Justice Thomas reached the same conclusion regarding the incorporation issue on different grounds: Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.[23] The majority decision also reaffirmed that certain firearms restrictions mentioned in District of Columbia v. Heller are assumed permissible and not directly dealt with in this case.[24] Such restrictions include those to "prohibit...the possession of firearms by felons or mentally ill" and "laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings, or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms".[24]

text: Dissents[edit]

text: Justice Stevens wrote a lengthy dissenting opinion. Among his disagreements with the majority was the statement that incorporation was not at issue in this case. Citing Cruikshank, Stevens wrote, "The so-called incorporation question was squarely and, in my view, correctly resolved in the late 19th century." In addition, he argued against incorporation, taking issue with the methodology of the majority opinions.[citation needed]

text: Justice Breyer wrote, "In sum, the Framers did not write the Second Amendment in order to protect a private right of armed self defense. There has been, and is, no consensus that the right is, or was, 'fundamental.'"[25]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The initial reactions of the Court's ruling were favorable from both the National Rifle Association[26] and the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence.[27] Both issued statements to the public that they feel they were vindicated by the Court's holding. However, the court did not include a "clarification of the standard for review" as requested by the Brady group in their amicus brief.[28] In a discussion on the day of the ruling Wayne LaPierre of the NRA and Paul Helmke of the Brady Center both agreed that the Court's ruling ruled out bans on handguns which are to be used for "lawful purposes" such as self-protection in the home. But as to the general question of gun laws not covered in McDonald, a large number of lawsuits are needed in order to determine whether any other existing State gun regulations might also be unconstitutional. McDonald, supra., stated that the "2nd Amendment is 'fully applicable' to all of the States," but Wayne LaPierre expressed caution that the NRA has "a lot of work ahead" attempting to overturn other gun control regulations not covered by McDonald. Helmke predicted that in that regard the NRA was "going to lose most of those lawsuits".[29]

text: Related cases[edit]

text: The day after Heller was filed the National Rifle Association filed five similar lawsuits challenging local gun bans:

text:
Guy Montag Doe v. San Francisco Housing Authority. In January, 2009, the San Francisco Housing Authority reached a settlement in favor of the Plaintiff, Guy Montag Doe, which allows residents to possess legal firearms within a SFHA apartment building.[30]
Three unnamed suits against the Chicago suburbs of Evanston, Morton Grove and Oak Park[31]
NRA v. Chicago – eventually merged with McDonald.

text: Other notable post-Heller Second Amendment court cases:

text:
Nordyke v. King, 563 F.3d 439 (9th. Cir. 2009) Held that the 2nd Amendment did apply to the states in the Ninth Circuit, though the ruling was vacated for en banc reconsideration, and the Alameda County, California prohibition of firearms on county property remained constitutional until overturned by McDonald v. Chicago.
Maloney v. Rice (a.k.a. Maloney v. Cuomo and Maloney v. Spitzer), 554 F.3d 56 (2d. Cir. 2009) Held that the 2nd Amendment does not apply to the states in the Second Circuit. The case involved a state ban on Nunchaku sticks (a martial arts weapon). In a memorandum opinion dated June 29, 2010, the Supreme Court vacated the Second Circuit decision in Maloney and remanded for further consideration in light of McDonald's holding that the Second Amendment does apply to the states.
State of Washington v. Sieyes The Washington Supreme Court held that the 2nd Amendment is incorporated and applies to Washington State, via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Superseded by, but consistent with, McDonald.
Commonwealth v. Runyan, 456 Mass. 230 (2010) The Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts held that Heller did not apply to the Massachusetts state legislature and that the gun locks ordered under Massachusetts law are different from those regulated in Heller. Partially overturned by McDonald; The decisions made in Heller do apply to the State of Massachusetts (as with all States), but the gun lock requisite under MA law may indeed differ enough from D.C.'s statute to be found constitutional.
In Ezell v. Chicago, decided July 6, 2011, the Seventh Circuit reversed a district court decision that the post-McDonald measures adopted by the City of Chicago were constitutional. The Chicago law required firearms training in a shooting range in order to obtain a gun permit, but also banned shooting ranges within the City of Chicago. The City had argued that applicants could obtain their training at gun ranges in the suburbs. The opinion noted that Chicago could not infringe Second Amendment rights on the grounds that they could be exercised elsewhere, any more than it could infringe the right to freedom of speech on the grounds that citizens could speak elsewhere.
In Moore v. Madigan, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit issued a ruling in December 2012 that required the Illinois Legislature to modify existing State law to adopt a concealed carry law to allow the denizens of Illinois the right to bear arms outside of the home. In February 2013, the entire Court of Appeals decided to let stand the December 2012 decision of a three-judge panel.[32][33] Following a final 30-day extension, Illinois was required by the court to draft a concealed carry law by July 9, 2013. In the end, the legislature overrode a veto of the governor and approved Illinois concealed carry to begin January 2014, at the latest.[34][35][36][37]


document_title: Voice type

question_text: a male voice type between tenor and bass

text: Voice type

text: Number of voice types[edit]

text:
Many different voice types are used in vocal pedagogy in a variety of voice classification systems. Most of these types, however, are grouped into seven major voice categories that are, for the most part, acknowledged across the major voice classification systems. Women are typically divided into three groups: soprano, mezzo-soprano, and contralto. Men are usually divided into four groups: countertenor, tenor, baritone, and bass. When considering the pre-pubescent voice, an eighth term, treble, is applied. Within each of these major categories, subcategories identify specific vocal qualities such as coloratura facility and vocal weight to differentiate between voices.[5]
The vocal range of classical performance covers about five octaves, from a low G1 (in scientific pitch notation) to a high G6, although the extremes are rare. More commonly the range is from a low C2 to a high D6. Any individual's voice can perform over a range of one and a half to more than two octaves. Vocal ranges are grouped into overlapping types that each span about two octaves. Many singers fall between groups and can perform some parts in either type.

text: Female voices[edit]

text: Soprano[edit]

text: Soprano range: The soprano is the highest singing voice. The typical soprano voice lies between C4 (middle C) and C6 (high C). The low extreme for sopranos is roughly A3 (just below middle C).[5] Most soprano roles do not extend above C6 although there are several standard soprano roles that call for D6. At the highest extreme, some coloratura soprano roles may reach to F6 (the F above high C).[6]

text: Soprano tessitura: The tessitura of the soprano voice lies higher than all the other voices except the sopranino. In particular, the coloratura soprano has the highest tessitura of all the soprano subtypes.[7]

text: Soprano subtypes: As with all voice types, sopranos are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre, the weight of voice, and dexterity of the voice. Sopranos are often broken down into five subcategories: coloratura soprano, soubrette, lyric soprano, spinto soprano, and dramatic soprano.[7]

text: Two types of soprano especially dear to the French are the Dugazon and the Falcon, which are intermediate voice types between the soprano and the mezzo-soprano. A Dugazon is a darker-colored soubrette. A Falcon a darker-colored soprano drammatico.[8]

text: Mezzo-soprano[edit]

text: Mezzo-soprano range: The mezzo-soprano voice is the middle-range voice type for females;[5] it lies between the soprano and contralto ranges, over-lapping both of them. The typical range of this voice is between A3 (the A below middle C) to A5 (two octaves higher). In the lower and upper extremes, some mezzo-sopranos may extend down to F3 (the F below middle C) and as high as C6 (high C).[5]

text: Mezzo-soprano tessitura: Although this voice overlaps both the contralto and soprano voices, the tessitura of the mezzo-soprano is lower than that of the soprano and higher than that of the contralto.

text: Mezzo-soprano subtypes: Mezzo-sopranos are often broken down into three subcategories: lyric mezzo-soprano, coloratura mezzo-soprano and dramatic mezzo-soprano.[7]

text: Contralto[edit]

text: Contralto range: The contralto voice is the lowest female voice. A true operatic contralto is rare,[9] so much so that often roles intended for contralto are performed by mezzo-sopranos. The typical contralto range lies between F3 (the F below middle C) to F5 (the second F above middle C). In the lower and upper extremes some contralto voices can sing from D3 (the D below middle C) to B♭5 (the second B-flat above), one whole step short of the soprano high C.[5]

text:
Contralto tessitura:
The contralto voice has the lowest tessitura of the female voices.

text: Contralto subtypes: Contraltos are often broken down into three subcategories: coloratura contralto, lyric contralto, and dramatic contralto.[7] A soprano sfogato is a contralto who has an extended high range reaching the soprano high C.

text: Male voices[edit]

text: Countertenor[edit]

text: Countertenor range: The countertenor is the highest male voice. Many countertenor singers perform roles originally written for a castrato in baroque operas. Except for a few very rare voices (such as the American male soprano Michael Maniaci or singers with a disorder such as Kallmann syndrome), singers called countertenors generally sing in the falsetto register, sometimes using their modal voice for the lowest notes. Historically, there is much evidence that the countertenor, in England at least, also designated a very high tenor voice, the equivalent of the French haute-contre. Until about 1830, all male voices used some falsetto-type voice production in their upper range. Countertenor voices span a broad range, covering E3 to E5.

text:
Countertenor subtypes:
Countertenors are often broken down into three subcategories: sopranist or "male soprano", the haute-contre, and the castrato. The last actual castrato singer, Alessandro Moreschi, died in 1922.[7]

text: Tenor[edit]

text: Tenor range: The tenor is the highest male voice within the modal register. The typical tenor voice lies between C3 (one octave below middle C) to C5 (one octave above middle C). The low extreme for tenors is roughly B♭2 (the second B-flat below middle C). At the highest extreme, some tenors can sing up to F5 (the second F above middle C).[5]

text: Tenor tessitura: The tessitura of the tenor voice lies above the baritone voice and below the countertenor voice. The leggero tenor has the highest tessitura of all the tenor subtypes.[7]

text: Tenor subtypes: Tenors are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre, the weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. Tenors are often broken down into seven subcategories: tenore contraltino, leggero tenor or tenore di grazia, lyric tenor, spinto tenor or tenore spinto, dramatic tenor, heldentenor, and baritenor.[7] Famous tenors include Enrico Caruso, Juan Diego Flórez, Alfredo Kraus, and Luciano Pavarotti.

text: Baritone[edit]

text: Baritone range: The baritone voice is the middle-range voice type for males; it lies between the bass and tenor ranges, overlapping both of them. The typical baritone range is from A2 (the second A below middle C) to A4 (the A above middle C). A baritone's range might extend down to F2 or up to C5. The baritone voice type is the most common male voice.[5]

text: Baritone tessitura: Although this voice overlaps both the tenor and bass voices, the tessitura of the baritone is lower than that of the tenor and higher than that of the bass.[7]

text: Baritone subtypes: Baritones are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre, the weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. Baritones are often broken down into nine subcategories: baryton-Martin, lyric baritone, bel canto or coloratura baritone, kavalierbariton, heldenbaritone, Verdi baritone, dramatic baritone, baryton-noble, and bass-baritone.[7]

text: Bass[edit]

text: Bass range: The bass is the lowest singing voice. The bass voice has the lowest tessitura of all the voices. The typical bass range lies between E2 (the second E below middle C) to E4 (the E above middle C). In the lower and upper extremes of the bass voice, some basses can sing from C2 (two octaves below middle C) to G4 (the G above middle C).[7]

text: Bass subtypes: Basses are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre, the weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. Basses are often broken down into six subcategories: basso profondo, basso buffo, bel canto bass, basso cantante, dramatic bass, and bass-baritone.[7]

text: Children's voices[edit]

text: The voice from childhood to adulthood[edit]

text: The human voice is in a constant state of change and development just as the whole body is in a state of constant change. A human voice will alter as a person gets older moving from immaturity to maturity to a peak period of prime singing and then ultimately into a declining period. The vocal range and timbre of children's voices does not have the variety that adults' voices have. Both boys and girls prior to puberty have an equivalent vocal range and timbre. The reason for this is that both groups have a similar larynx size and weight and a similar vocal cord structure and color. With the onset of puberty, both men and women's voices alter as the vocal ligaments become more defined and the laryngeal cartilages harden. The laryngeal structure of both voices change but more so in men. The height of the male larynx becomes much greater than in women. The size and development of adult lungs also changes what the voice is physically capable of doing. From the onset of puberty, the human voice is in an in-between phase where it is not quite a child's voice nor an adult one yet. This is not to suggest that the voice stops changing after puberty. Different singers will reach adult development earlier or later than others, and as stated above there are continual changes throughout adulthood as well.[10]

text: Treble[edit]

text: Treble can refer to either a young female or young male singer with an unchanged voice in the mezzo-soprano range. Initially, the term was associated with boy sopranos but as the inclusion of girls into children's choirs became acceptable in the 20th century the term has expanded to refer to all pre-pubescent voices. The lumping of children's voices into one category is also practical as boys and girls share a similar range and timbre.[10]

text: Most trebles have an approximate range from A3 (the A below middle C) to F5 (the F one and a half octaves above middle C). Some trebles, however, can extend their voices higher in the modal register to C6 (high C). This ability may be comparatively rare, but the Anglican church repertory, which many trained trebles sing, frequently demands A5.[10] For higher notes see, for example, the treble solo at the beginning of Stanford's Magnificat in G, David Willcocks' descant to Mendelssohn's tune for the carol "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing", and the even higher treble solo in the "Nunc dimittis" from Tippett's evening canticles written for St John's College, Cambridge. Many trebles are also able to reach higher notes by use of the whistle register but this practice is rarely called for in performance.[5]

text: Classifying singers[edit]

text: Vocal pedagogues generally consider four main qualities of a human voice when attempting to classify it: vocal range, tessitura, timbre, and vocal transition points known as passaggio. However, teachers may also consider physical characteristics, speech level, scientific testing, and other factors such as vocal register. Voice classification into the correct voice type is important for vocal pedagogues and singers as a guiding tool for the development of the voice.

text:
Mis-classification of a singer's voice type is dangerous. It can damage the vocal cords, shorten a singing career, and lead to the loss of both vocal beauty and free vocal production. Some of these dangers are not immediate ones; the human voice is quite resilient, especially in early adulthood, and the damage may not make its appearance for months or even years. Unfortunately, this lack of apparent immediate harm can cause singers to develop bad habits that will over time cause irreparable damage to the voice.[5] Singing outside the natural vocal range imposes a serious strain upon the voice. Clinical evidence indicates that singing at a pitch level that is either too high or too low creates vocal pathology.[11]
According to vocal pedagogue Margaret Greene, "The need for choosing the correct natural range of the voice is of great importance in singing since the outer ends of the singing range need very careful production and should not be overworked, even in trained voices."[12]
Singing at either extreme of the range may be damaging, but the possibility of damage seems to be much more prevalent in too high a classification. A number of medical authorities have indicated that singing at too high a pitch level may contribute to certain vocal disorders. Medical evidence indicates that singing at too high of a pitch level may lead to the development of vocal nodules. Increasing tension on the vocal cords is one of the means of raising pitch. Singing above an individual's best tessitura keeps the vocal cords under a great deal of unnecessary tension for long periods of time, and the possibility of vocal abuse is greatly increased. Singing at too low a pitch level is not as likely to be damaging unless a singer tries to force the voice down.[4]

text: Dangers of quick identification[edit]

text:
Many vocal pedagogues warn of the dangers of quick identification. Premature concern with classification can result in misclassification, with all its attendant dangers. Notable vocal pedagogue William Vennard has stated, "I never feel any urgency about classifying a beginning student. So many premature diagnoses have been proved wrong, and it can be harmful to the student and embarrassing to the teacher to keep striving for an ill-chosen goal. It is best to begin in the middle part of the voice and work upward and downward until the voice classifies itself."[13]
Most vocal pedagogues believe that it is essential to establish good vocal habits within a limited and comfortable range before attempting to classify the voice. When techniques of posture, breathing, phonation, resonation, and articulation have become established in this comfortable area, the true quality of the voice will emerge and the upper and lower limits of the range can be explored safely. Only then can a tentative classification be arrived at, and it may be adjusted as the voice continues to develop.[12] Many vocal pedagogues suggest that teachers begin by assuming that a voice is of a medium classification until it proves otherwise. The reason for this is that the majority of individuals possess medium voices and therefore this approach is less likely to mis-classify or damage the voice.[5]

text: Choral music classification[edit]

text:
Voice classificationin choral music
Female
Soprano
Alto

Male
Tenor
Bass

Children
Treble
Meane
vte

text: Unlike other classification systems, choral music divides voices solely on the basis of vocal range. Choral music most commonly divides vocal parts into high and low voices within each sex: soprano and alto vocal ranges for females, tenor and bass vocal ranges for males (SATB), and occasionally treble for children. As a result, the typical chorus affords many opportunities for misclassification to occur.[5] Since most people have medium voices, they are often assigned a part that is either too high or too low for them; the mezzo-soprano must sing soprano or alto and the baritone must sing tenor or bass. Either option can present problems for the singer, but for most singers there are fewer dangers in singing too low, than in singing too high.[3]