document_title: History of United States postage rates

question_text: when was the last time the price of stamps went up

text: History of United States postage rates

text: Historical rates[edit]

text:
History of United States domestic first class & postcard rates, 1863–present (USD)

Date Introduced
Rate for first ounce (Letter)
Rate for first ounce (Package)
Additional ounces
Postcard rate[2]
Comments

March 3, 1863
.06 (.03 per half ounce)
.06
.06 (.03 per half ounce)
.06
.02 per half ounce in drop boxes[3][4]

October 1, 1883
.04 (.02 per half ounce)
.04
.04 (.02 per half ounce)
.04
[5]

July 1, 1885
.02
.02
.02
.02
[6]

July 1, 1898
.02
.02
.02
.01
[7]

November 2, 1917
.03
.03
.03
.02
War Years

July 1, 1919
.02
.02
.02
.01
Dropped back by Congress

July 1, 1928
.02
.02
.02
.01

July 6, 1932
.03
.03
.03
.01

January 1, 1952
.03
.03
.03
.02

August 1, 1958
.04
.04
.04
.03

January 7, 1963
.05
.05
.05
.04

January 7, 1968
.06
.06
.06
.05

May 16, 1971
.08
.08
.08
.06

March 2, 1974
.10
.10
.10
.08

September 14, 1975
.10
.10
.09
.07
Last surface mail rate

December 31, 1975
.13
.13
.11
.09
All domestic first class & postcards by airmail

May 29, 1978
.15
.15
.13
.10
A Stamp Used

March 22, 1981
.18
.18
.17
.12
B Stamp Used

November 1, 1981
.20
.20
.17
.13
C Stamp Used

February 17, 1985
.22
.22
.17
.14
D Stamp Used

April 3, 1988[8]
.25
.25
.20
.15
E Stamp Used

February 3, 1991
.29
.29
.23
.19
F Stamp Used (also 4 cent F makeup rate stamp)

January 1, 1995
.32
.32
.23
.20
G Stamp Used (also 3 cent G makeup rate stamp)

January 10, 1999
.33
.33
.22
.20
H Stamp Used (also 1 cent H makeup rate stamp)

January 7, 2001
.34
.34
.21
.20
Nondenominated Stamps Used

July 1, 2001
.34
.34
.23
.21
Nondenominated Stamps Used

June 30, 2002
.37
.37
.23
.23
Flag and Antique Toy Stamps Used

January 8, 2006
.39
.39
.24
.24
Lady Liberty Flag Stamp Used

May 14, 2007
.41
1.13
.17
.26
Shape-based postage pricing introduced; Forever stamps introduced; different prices for letters and packages for the first time

May 12, 2008
.42
1.17
.17
.27
Price change announced February 11, 2008

May 11, 2009
.44
1.22
.17
.28
Price change announced February 10, 2009

April 17, 2011
.44
1.71 (3 oz)
.20 (letters)
.17 (packages)
.29
[9]

January 22, 2012
.45
1.95 (3 oz)
.20 (letters)
.17 (packages)
.32

January 27, 2013
.46
2.07 (3 oz)
.20 (letters)
.17 (packages)
.33
Price change announced October 11, 2012

January 26, 2014
.49
2.32 (3 oz)
.21 (letters)
.17 (packages)
.34
Price change announced September 25, 2013[10]

May 31, 2015
.49
2.54 (3 oz)
.22 (letters)
.20 (packages)
.35

April 10, 2016
.47[11]
2.54 (3 oz)
.21 (letters)
.20 (packages)
.34
Price change announced February 25, 2016

January 22, 2017
.49[12]
2.67 (3 oz)[13]
.21 (letters)
.18 (packages)
.34
Price change announced October 12, 2016

text: Historical trend[edit]

text: Taking the above data and plotting it yields the graph shown to the right. The dark plot is the nominal issued price of the stamp and the light plot is the price adjusted for inflation and is shown in 2016 US cents.

text: This plot shows that, despite the rise in the nominal cost of a first-class stamp, the adjusted cost of the stamp has stayed relatively stable. The large jumps in the early 1900s are because a change by a single penny was large compared to the cost of the stamp. For example, the price increase from $0.02 to $0.03 on July 6, 1932 was a 50% increase in cost. Additionally, while the cost of the stamp itself remained fixed, the adjusted price in 2016 dollars was not fixed over time which added to larger jumps in adjusted prices.

text: Historical notes[edit]

text: Domestic parcel post service was adopted in 1913, 25 years after the Post Office had agreed to deliver international parcel post packages pursuant to the Universal Postal Union treaty and various bilateral agreements with other nations.[14] Initially, there were no or few postal regulations governing packages mailed by parcel post. E.g., to construct a bank in Vernal, Utah, in 1916, a Salt Lake City company ascertained that the cheapest way to send 40 tons of bricks to the building was by parcel post.[15]

text: Bulk postal rates were restructured in 1996:[citation needed]

text:
Second Class became Periodicals
Third and Fourth Class Mail became Standard Mail (A) and (B)
Special Fourth Class Mail was renamed Special Standard Mail

text: In 2007, First Class Mail was restructured to include variable pricing based on size, not just on weight. Shape-based postage pricing is a form of dimensional weight. Also at that time, International Parcel Post air service was re-branded as Priority Mail International, and Parcel Post surface service was discontinued for international destinations.[16]

text: Regular Air Mail service began in 1918 and over the years rates varied considerably depending on distance and technology. Domestic Air Mail, as a class of service, officially ended May 1, 1977. By that time all domestic First Class Mail was being dispatched by the most expeditious means, surface or air, whether or not the Air Mail postage had been paid.[citation needed]

text: Additional charges for Special delivery existed from 1885 to 2001. Today, Express Mail Overnight is the most similar service level.[citation needed]

text: During the summer of 2010 the USPS requested the Postal Regulatory Commission to raise the price of a first class stamp by 2 cents, from 44 cents to 46 cents, to take effect January 2, 2011. On September 30, 2010, the PRC formally denied the request, but the USPS filed an appeal with the Federal Court of Appeals in Washington DC.[17][18]

text: On September 25, 2013, the USPS announced a 3 cent increase in the First Class postal rate, to be effective January 26, 2014, increasing the price of a stamp to 49 cents. Bulk mail, periodicals, and package service rates were also increased by 6 percent. A loss of US$5 billion during the 2013 fiscal year was the reason given for the increase.[19]

text: The legislation which set the price to 49 cents was enacted as a temporary measure and as an "exigent surcharge for mailing products and services".[20] However, this legislation was set to expire in April 2016. As a result, the Post Office retained one cent of the price change as a previously allotted adjustment for inflation, but the price of a first class stamp became 47 cents: for the first time in 97 years (and for the third time in the agency's history[21]), the price of a stamp decreased.


document_title: People (magazine)

question_text: when does people's sexiest man alive come out

question_tokens: when does people 's sexiest man alive come out

root

text: People (magazine)

text: History[edit]

text: The concept for People has been attributed to Andrew Heiskell, Time Inc.'s chief executive officer at the time and the former publisher of the weekly Life magazine. The founding managing editor of People was Richard B. (Dick) Stolley, a former assistant managing editor at Life and the journalist who acquired the Zapruder tapes of the John F. Kennedy assassination for Time Inc. in 1963. People's first publisher was Richard J. (Dick) Durrell, another Time Inc. veteran.[citation needed]

tag: p

text: Stolley characterized the magazine as "getting back to the people who are causing the news and who are caught up in it, or deserve to be in it. Our focus is on people, not issues."[9] Stolley's almost religious determination to keep the magazine people-focused contributed significantly to its rapid early success. It is said that although Time Inc. pumped an estimated $40 million into the venture, the magazine only broke even 18 months after its debut in March 1974. Initially, the magazine was sold primarily on newsstands and in supermarkets. To get the magazine out each week, founding staff members regularly slept on the floor of their offices two or three nights each week and severely limited all non-essential outside engagements. The premier edition for the week ending March 4, 1974 featured actress Mia Farrow, then starring in the film The Great Gatsby, on the cover. That issue also featured stories on Gloria Vanderbilt, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and the wives of U.S. Vietnam veterans who were Missing In Action.[5] The magazine was, apart from its cover, printed in black-and-white. The initial cover price was 35 cents (equivalent to $1.70 in 2016).

text: The core of the small founding editorial team included other editors, writers, photographers and photo editors from Life magazine, which had ceased publication just 13 months earlier. This group included managing editor Stolley, senior editors Hal Wingo (father of ESPN anchor Trey Wingo), Sam Angeloff (the founding managing editor of Us magazine) and Robert Emmett Ginna (later a producer of films); writers James Watters (a theater reviewer) and Ronald B. Scott (later a biographer of Presidential candidate Mitt Romney); former Time senior editor Richard Burgheim (later the founder of Time's ill-fated cable television magazine View); Chief of Photography, a Life photographer, John Loengard, to be succeeded by John Dominus, a noteworthy Life staff photographer; and design artist Bernard Waber, author and illustrator of the Lyle The Crocodile book series for children. Many of the noteworthy Life photographers contributed to the magazine as well, including legends Alfred Eisenstaedt and Gjon Mili and rising stars Co Rentmeester, David Burnett and Bill Eppridge. Other members of the first editorial staff included editors and writers: Ross Drake, Ralph Novak, Bina Bernard, James Jerome, Sally Moore, Mary Vespa, Lee Wohlfert, Joy Wansley, Curt Davis, Clare Crawford-Mason,[10] and Jed Horne, later an editor of The Times-Picayune in New Orleans.

text: In 1996, Time Inc. launched a Spanish-language magazine entitled People en Español. The company has said that the new publication emerged after a 1995 issue of the original magazine was distributed with two distinct covers, one featuring the murdered Tejano singer Selena and the other featuring the hit television series Friends; the Selena cover sold out while the other did not.[11] Although the original idea was that Spanish-language translations of articles from the English magazine would comprise half the content, People en Español over time came to have entirely original content.

text: In 2002, People introduced People Stylewatch, a title focusing on celebrity style, fashion, and beauty – a newsstand extension of its Stylewatch column. Due to its success, the frequency of People Stylewatch was increased to 10 times per year in 2007.[citation needed]

text: In Australia, the localized version of People is titled Who because of a pre-existing lad's mag published under the title People. The international edition of People has been published in Greece since 2010.[citation needed]

text: On July 26, 2013, Outlook Group announced that it was closing down the Indian edition of People, which began publication in 2008.[12][13]

text: In December 2016, LaTavia Roberson engaged in a feud with People after alleging they misquoted and misrepresented her interview online.[14][15][16]

text: Teen People[edit]

text:
Teen People

Teen People cover, April 2006

Managing Editor
Niraj Biswal
Barbara O'Dair

Categories
Celebrity

Frequency
Monthly

First issue
February 1998

Final issue
September 2006

Company
Time Inc. (Time Warner)

Country
United States

Language
English

ISSN
1096-2832

tag: table

text: In 1998, the magazine introduced a version targeted at teens, called Teen People.[17] However, on July 27, 2006 the company announced that it would shut down publication of Teen People immediately. The last issue to be released was scheduled for September 2006.[18] In exchange subscribers to this magazine received Entertainment Weekly for the rest of their subscriptions. There were numerous reasons cited for the publication shutdown, including a downfall in ad pages, competition from both other teen-oriented magazines and the internet, along with a decrease in circulation numbers.[19] Teenpeople.com was merged into People.com in April 2007. People.com will "carry teen-focused stories that are branded as TeenPeople.com", Mark Golin, the editor of People.com explained, and on the decision to merge the brands he said, "We've got traffic on TeenPeople, People is a larger site, why not combine and have the teen traffic going to one place?"[20]

text: Competition for celebrity photos[edit]

text: In a July 2006 Variety article, Janice Min, Us Weekly editor-in-chief, blamed People for the increase in cost to publishers of celebrity photos:

text: They are among the largest spenders of celebrity photos in the industry....One of the first things they ever did, that led to the jacking up of photo prices, was to pay $75,000 to buy pictures of Jennifer Lopez reading Us magazine, so Us Weekly couldn't buy them.

text: That was the watershed moment that kicked off high photo prices in my mind. I had never seen anything like it. But they saw a competitor come along, and responded. It was a business move, and probably a smart one.[5]

text: People reportedly paid $4.1 million for photos of newborn Shiloh Nouvel Jolie-Pitt, the child of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt.[5] The photos set a single-day traffic record for their website, attracting 26.5 million page views.[5]

text: Sexiest Man Alive[edit]

text: The annual feature the "Sexiest Man Alive" is billed as a benchmark of male attractiveness and typically includes only famous people and celebrities. It is determined using a procedure similar to the procedure used for Time's Person of the Year. The origin of the title was a discussion on a planned story on Mel Gibson. Someone exclaimed, "Oh my God, he is the sexiest man alive!" And someone else said, "You should use that as a cover line."[21]

text: For the first decade or so, the feature appeared at uneven intervals. Originally awarded in the wintertime, it shifted around the calendar, resulting in gaps as short as seven months and as long as a year and a half (with no selection at all during 1994, however 21 years later People selected Keanu Reeves to fill the 1994 gap, the runners up for that year included Hugh Grant and Jim Carrey). Since 1997, the dates have settled between mid-November and early December.

text: Dates of magazine issues, winners, ages of winners at the time of selection, and pertinent comments are listed below.

text: As of 2016, John F. Kennedy, Jr. and Patrick Swayze are the only winners to have died since winning. Kennedy, Adam Levine, David Beckham and Blake Shelton are the only non-actors to have won the award.

text:
Year
Choice
Age

000000001985-02-04-0000February 4, 1985
Mel Gibson
29

000000001986-01-27-0000January 27, 1986
Mark Harmon[22]
34

000000001987-03-30-0000March 30, 1987
Harry Hamlin
35

000000001988-09-12-0000September 12, 1988
John F. Kennedy, Jr.
27

000000001989-12-16-0000December 16, 1989
Sean Connery
59

000000001990-07-23-0000July 23, 1990
Tom Cruise
28

000000001991-07-22-0000July 22, 1991
Patrick Swayze
38

000000001992-03-16-0000March 16, 1992
Nick Nolte
51

000000001993-10-19-0000October 19, 1993
Richard Gere (1) and Cindy Crawford[23]
(Sexiest Couple Alive)
44

1994
(awarded on
000000002015-11-18-0000November 18, 2015)
Keanu Reeves
30
(at the time)

000000001995-01-30-0000January 30, 1995
Brad Pitt (1)
31

000000001996-07-29-0000July 29, 1996
Denzel Washington
41

000000001997-11-17-0000November 17, 1997
George Clooney (1)
36

000000001998-11-16-0000November 16, 1998
Harrison Ford
56

000000001999-11-15-0000November 15, 1999
Richard Gere (2)
50

000000002000-11-13-0000November 13, 2000
Brad Pitt (2)
36

000000002001-11-26-0000November 26, 2001
Pierce Brosnan
48

000000002002-12-02-0000December 2, 2002
Ben Affleck
30

000000002003-12-01-0000December 1, 2003
Johnny Depp (1)
40

000000002004-11-29-0000November 29, 2004
Jude Law
31

000000002005-11-28-0000November 28, 2005
Matthew McConaughey[24]
36

000000002006-11-27-0000November 27, 2006
George Clooney (2)[25]
45

000000002007-11-26-0000November 26, 2007
Matt Damon[26]
37

000000002008-11-25-0000November 25, 2008
Hugh Jackman[27]
40

000000002009-11-18-0000November 18, 2009
Johnny Depp (2)[28]
46

000000002010-11-17-0000November 17, 2010
Ryan Reynolds[29]
34

000000002011-11-16-0000November 16, 2011
Bradley Cooper[30]
36

000000002012-11-14-0000November 14, 2012
Channing Tatum[31]
32

000000002013-11-19-0000November 19, 2013
Adam Levine[32]
34

000000002014-11-19-0000November 19, 2014
Chris Hemsworth[33]
31

000000002015-11-17-0000November 17, 2015
David Beckham[34]
40

000000002016-11-15-0000November 15, 2016
Dwayne Johnson[35]
44

000000002017-11-27-0000November 27, 2017
Blake Shelton[36]
41

text: Sexiest Woman Alive[edit]

text: In December 2014, People selected its first and only Sexiest Woman Alive.[37] No later People Sexiest Woman of the Year were announced. Cindy Crawford alongside Richard Gere had been declared "Sexiest Couple of the Year" on October 19, 1993 as a departure from the magazine's annual "Sexiest Man of the Year" award.

text:
Year
Choice
Age

000000002014-12-25-0000December 25, 2014
Kate Upton[37]
25

text: Most Intriguing People of the Year[edit]

text: At the end of each year People magazine famously selects 25 news-making individuals or couples who have received a lot of media attention over the past 12 months and showcases them in a special year-end issue, the '25 Most Intriguing People of the Year'. This series of full-page features and half-page featurettes includes world leaders and political activists, famous actors and entertainers, elite athletes, prominent business people, accomplished scientists and occasionally members of the public whose stories have made an unusual impact in news or tabloid media.[38]

text: 100 Most Beautiful People[edit]

text: People's 100 Most Beautiful People is an annual list of 100 people judged to be the most beautiful individuals in the world. Until 2006, it was the 50 Most Beautiful People.

text: Julia Roberts holds the record for most times named, with five.[39] Michelle Pfeiffer and Jennifer Aniston have appeared twice.

text: Number Ones of Most Beautiful People[edit]

text:
Year
Name
Age

000000001990-06-01-0000June 1, 1990
Michelle Pfeiffer (1)
32

000000001991-06-07-0000June 7, 1991
Julia Roberts (1)
23

000000001992-05-04-0000May 4, 1992
Jodie Foster
29

000000001993-05-03-0000May 3, 1993
Cindy Crawford
27

000000001994-05-08-0000May 8, 1994
Meg Ryan
32

000000001995-05-08-0000May 8, 1995
Courteney Cox
30

000000001996-05-08-0000May 8, 1996
Mel Gibson
40

000000001997-05-12-0000May 12, 1997
Tom Cruise
34

000000001998-05-12-0000May 12, 1998
Leonardo DiCaprio
23

000000001999-05-14-0000May 14, 1999
Michelle Pfeiffer (2)
41

000000002000-05-08-0000May 8, 2000
Julia Roberts (2)
32

000000002001-05-14-0000May 14, 2001
Catherine Zeta-Jones
31

000000002002-05-13-0000May 13, 2002
Nicole Kidman
34

000000002003-05-12-0000May 12, 2003
Halle Berry
36

000000002004-05-30-0000May 30, 2004
Jennifer Aniston (1)
35

000000002005-05-08-0000May 8, 2005
Julia Roberts (3)
37

000000002006-04-28-0000April 28, 2006
Angelina Jolie
30

000000002007-04-27-0000April 27, 2007
Drew Barrymore
32

000000002008-05-02-0000May 2, 2008
Kate Hudson
29

000000002009-05-11-0000May 11, 2009
Christina Applegate
37

000000002010-04-30-0000April 30, 2010
Julia Roberts (4)
42

000000002011-04-15-0000April 15, 2011
Jennifer Lopez
41

000000002012-04-27-0000April 27, 2012
Beyoncé Knowles
30

000000002013-04-26-0000April 26, 2013
Gwyneth Paltrow
40

000000002014-05-05-0000May 5, 2014
Lupita Nyong'o
31

000000002015-04-24-0000April 24, 2015
Sandra Bullock
50

000000002016-04-20-0000April 20, 2016
Jennifer Aniston (2)
47

000000002017-04-19-0000April 19, 2017
Julia Roberts (5)
49

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ a: The ratio, according to Variety, is 53% to 47%.

text:
Jump up ^ Pompeo, Joe (January 10, 2014). "Time Inc. shake-up". Capital New York. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Consumer Magazines". Alliance for Audited Media. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Johnston-Greene, Chandra (May 18, 2009). "AARP Shows Largest Growth in Readership". Folio Magazine. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Flamm, Matthew (January 10, 2012). "Magazines eke out gains in 2011". Crain's New York Business. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g People who need people, a July 2006 article from Variety magazine.
^ Jump up to: a b c Martha Nelson Named Editor, The People Group, a January 2006 Time Warner press release.
Jump up ^ Seelye, Katharine Q. (February 19, 2007). "Old Media Partying With Oscar Online". The New York Times. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Media Industry News letter, March 2006
Jump up ^ "The Press: People's Premiere". Time. March 14, 1974.
Jump up ^ "People's Magazine". Cosmopolitan. 188: 206. 1980.
Jump up ^ "Grad Named Head of People en Español" Archived January 3, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.. Tufts University. February 29, 2004.
Jump up ^ "Outlook to close down international titles - People, Geo and Marie Claire". Best Media Info. July 26, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nikhil Pahwa (July 29, 2013). "On The State Of The Magazine Industry In India; Outlook Shuts Three Magazines". MediaNama. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://people.com/music/latavia-roberson-miscarriage-memoir-i-am-latavia-cover/.  Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Former Destiny's Child Member LaTavia Roberson Has a Bone to Pick With People Magazine". BET.com.
Jump up ^ "Ousted Destiny's Child Member LaTavia Roberson Is Pretty Pissed About An Interview She Gave". Oxygen. 29 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tweens, Teens, and Magazines" (PDF). Kaiser Family Foundation. January 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Teen People magazine closes, but website will still continue". The New York Times. July 26, 2006.
Jump up ^ "''Medialifemagazine.com''". Medialifemagazine.com. July 26, 2006. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "TeenPeople.com to Merge Into People.com". Mediaweek. April 11, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Argetsinger, Amy; Roberts, Roxanne (November 19, 2007). "Matt Damon??!!! We Demand to Differ!". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 18, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "All the Sexiest Man Alive Covers: 1986". People. November 3, 2009. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ In 1993, People named Gere and Crawford the "Sexiest Couple Alive" instead of naming a sexiest man.
"Sexiest Men Alive: A Hardy Breed with Perennial Appeal, Our Anointed Hunks Look as Good Today as Yesterday". People. November 17, 1997. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "An Annotated Deep Dive into the Majesty of Matthew McConaughey's 2005 Sexiest Man Alive Interview". people.com. People Magazine. 2005-11-11. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "George Clooney Named PEOPLE's Sexiest Man Alive". people.com. People Magazine. 2006-11-15. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Matt Damon: The Sexiest Man Alive". people.com. People Magazine. 2007-11-14. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hugh Jackman: The Sexiest Man Alive". people.com. People Magazine. 2008-11-19. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2009's Sexiest Man Alive: Johnny Depp". people.com. People Magazine. 2009-11-18. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sexiest Man Alive 2010: Ryan Reynolds". people.com. People Magazine. 2010-11-17. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bradley Cooper Named Sexiest Man Alive". Access Hollywood. November 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Jen Chaney (November 14, 2012). "Channing Tatum, as expected, is People's Sexiest Man Alive 2012". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Julie; Coulton, Antoinette (November 19, 2013). "Adam Levine Is PEOPLE's Sexiest Man Alive". People. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Julie; Coulton, Antoinette (November 19, 2014). "Chris Hemsworth Is PEOPLE's Sexiest Man Alive". People. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Leonard, Elizabeth (November 17, 2015). "David Beckham Is PEOPLE's Sexiest Man Alive!". People. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Julie. "Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson Is This Year's Sexiest Man Alive!". PEOPLE.com.
Jump up ^ "Blake Shelton Is This Year's Sexiest Man Alive: 'I Can't Wait to Shove This Up Adam's A—!'". PEOPLE.com. 15 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kate Upton wins 'Sexiest Woman'". Daily News. New York. December 19, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ For example, for the "Most Intriguing People of 2010" People named the following:

Sandra Bullock
President Barack Obama and Michelle Obama
Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie
Michael Douglas
Elizabeth Smart
Prince William and Catherine Middleton
Elin Nordegren
Natalie Portman
Nicki Minaj
Sarah Palin
LeBron James
Bret Michaels
Julian Assange
The Chilean Miners
Ricky Martin
Kim Kardashian
Mark Zuckerberg
Heidi Montag
Jake Gyllenhaal and Taylor Swift
Ryan Reynolds
Will Smith's kids (Jaden and Willow)
Christina Aguilera
Ali Fedotowsky and Roberto Martinez
James Franco
Conan O'Brien

Jump up ^ Cable, Jess; Kimble, Lindsay (April 19, 2017). "Julia Roberts Is PEOPLE's 2017 World's Most Beautiful Woman!". Archived from the original on April 19, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2017. The stunning star is, for a record fifth time, the Most Beautiful Woman in the World...

tag: ol


document_title: List of National Basketball Association annual three-point field goals leaders

question_text: nba record for most threes in a season

question_tokens: nba record for most threes in a season

text: Key[edit]

text:
^
Denotes player who is still active in the NBA

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Player (X)
Denotes the number of times the player had been the
three-point field goals leader up to and including that season

G
Guard
F
Forward
C
Center

text: Three-point field goals leaders[edit]

text:
Season
Player
Position[a]
Team
Games
played
3-point
field goals made
3-point
field goals attempted
3-point
field goal %
Ref.

1979–80
Taylor, BrianBrian Taylor
G
San Diego Clippers
78
90
239
.3766
[3]

1980–81
Bratz, MikeMike Bratz
G
Cleveland Cavaliers
80
57
169
.3373
[4]

1981–82
Buse, DonDon Buse
G
Indiana Pacers
82
78
193
.4041
[5]

1982–83
Dunleavy, MikeMike Dunleavy
G
San Antonio Spurs
79
67
194
.3454
[6]

1983–84
Griffith, DarrellDarrell Griffith
G
Utah Jazz
82
91
252
.3611
[7]

1984–85
Griffith, DarrellDarrell Griffith (2)
G
Utah Jazz
78
92
257
.3580
[7]

1985–86
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
F
Boston Celtics
82
82
196
.4184
[8]

1986–87
Bird, LarryLarry Bird* (2)
F
Boston Celtics
74
90
225
.4000
[8]

1987–88
Ainge, DannyDanny Ainge
G
Boston Celtics
81
148
357
.4146
[9]

1988–89
Adams, MichaelMichael Adams
G
Denver Nuggets
77
166
466
.3562
[10]

1989–90
Adams, MichaelMichael Adams (2)
G
Denver Nuggets
79
158
432
.3657
[10]

1990–91
Maxwell, VernonVernon Maxwell
G
Houston Rockets
82
172
510
.3373
[11]

1991–92
Maxwell, VernonVernon Maxwell (2)
G
Houston Rockets
80
162
473
.3425
[11]

1992–93
Majerle, DanDan Majerle
G/F
Phoenix Suns
82
167
438
.3813
[12]

1992–93
Miller, ReggieReggie Miller*
G
Indiana Pacers
82
167
419
.3986
[13]

1993–94
Majerle, DanDan Majerle (2)
G/F
Phoenix Suns
80
192
503
.3817
[12]

1994–95
Starks, JohnJohn Starks
G
New York Knicks
80
217
611
.3552
[14]

1995–96
Scott, DennisDennis Scott
F
Orlando Magic
82
267
628
.4252
[15]

1996–97
Miller, ReggieReggie Miller* (2)
G
Indiana Pacers
81
229
536
.4272
[13]

1997–98
Person, WesleyWesley Person
G
Cleveland Cavaliers
82
192
447
.4295
[16]

1998–99[b]
Brown, DeeDee Brown
G
Toronto Raptors
49
135
349
.3868
[18]

1999–00
Payton, GaryGary Payton*
G
Seattle SuperSonics
82
177
520
.3404
[19]

2000–01
Walker, AntoineAntoine Walker
F
Boston Celtics
81
221
603
.3665
[20]

2001–02
Allen, RayRay Allen*
G
Milwaukee Bucks
69
229
528
.4337
[21]

2002–03
Allen, RayRay Allen* (2)
G
Milwaukee Bucks
Seattle SuperSonics
76
201
533
.3771
[21]

2003–04
Stojaković, PejaPeja Stojaković
F
Sacramento Kings
81
240
554
.4332
[22]

2004–05
Richardson, QuentinQuentin Richardson
G
Phoenix Suns
79
226
631
.3582
[23]

2004–05
Korver, KyleKyle Korver^
G/F
Philadelphia 76ers
82
226
558
.4050
[24]

2005–06
Allen, RayRay Allen* (3)
G
Seattle SuperSonics
78
269
653
.4119
[21]

2006–07
Arenas, GilbertGilbert Arenas
G
Washington Wizards
74
205
584
.3510
[25]

2006–07
Bell, RajaRaja Bell
G
Phoenix Suns
78
205
496
.4133
[26]

2007–08
Richardson, JasonJason Richardson
G
Charlotte Bobcats
82
243
599
.4057
[27]

2008–09
Lewis, RashardRashard Lewis
F
Orlando Magic
79
220
554
.3971
[28]

2009–10
Brooks, AaronAaron Brooks^
G
Houston Rockets
82
209
525
.3981
[29]

2010–11
Wright, DorellDorell Wright
F
Golden State Warriors
82
194
516
.3780
[30]

2011–12[c]
Anderson, RyanRyan Anderson^
F
Orlando Magic
61
166
422
.3934
[32]

2012–13
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^
G
Golden State Warriors
78
272
600
.4533
[2]

2013–14
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^ (2)
G
Golden State Warriors
78
261
615
.4244
[2]

2014–15
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^ (3)
G
Golden State Warriors
80
286
646
.4427
[2]

2015–16
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^ (4)
G
Golden State Warriors
79
402
886
.4537
[2]

2016–17
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^ (5)
G
Golden State Warriors
79
324
789
.4106
[2]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The player's primary position is listed first.
Jump up ^ The 1998–99 season was shortened to 50 games due to the league's lockout.[17]
Jump up ^ The 2011–12 season was shortened to 66 games due to the league's lockout.[31]


document_title: Timeline of The Walt Disney Company

question_text: when did the first disney movie come out

text: Timeline of The Walt Disney Company

text: The Walt Disney Company was founded in 1923, and found much success under Walt Disney's leadership through his death in 1966.

text:
Year
Notable Business Events
Notable Theatrical Releases
Notable Theme Park/destination Openings
Other Premieres

1923

Walt Disney signed a contract with M.J. Winkler to produce a series of Alice Comedies, beginning the Disney company under its original name "Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio", with brothers Walt and Roy Disney, as equal partners.[1]

First Alice's comedy, Alice's Wonderland, was released

1926

"Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio" changes name to "The Walt Disney Studio" shortly after moving into the new studio on Hyperion Avenue in the Silver Lake district.

1927

Oswald the Lucky Rabbit debuts.

1928

Walt loses the Oswald's series contract.
Walt and Roy come up with Mickey and Minnie Mouse.

Mickey Mouse debuts in Plane Crazy
Steamboat Willie (the first synchronized sound cartoon)

1929

On December 16, "The Walt Disney Studio" is replaced by "Walt Disney Productions, Ltd". Three other companies, "Walt Disney Enterprises", "Disney Film Recording Company", and "Liled Realty and Investment Company", are also formed.

The Skeleton Dance (the first Silly Symphonies cartoon)

1930

Distribution moved to Columbia Pictures

The Mickey Mouse comic strips by Floyd Gottfredson

1931

1932

Distribution moved from Columbia Pictures to United Artists

Flowers and Trees (the first Technicolor cartoon and first animated short to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film of 1932)
Mickey's Revue (which features the premiere of Goofy, originally called "Dippy Dawg")

1933

Three Little Pigs (winner of Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film of 1933)

1934

The Wise Little Hen (which features the premiere of Donald Duck)
The Tortoise and the Hare (Winner of Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film of 1934)

1936

Distribution moved from United Artists to RKO Radio Pictures.

1937

Walt Disney's first feature film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

1938

On September 29, "Walt Disney Enterprises", "Disney Film Recording Company", and "Liled Realty and Investment Company" and "Walt Disney Productions, Ltd." are merged to form "Walt Disney Productions".

1940

Studio moves to Burbank, California
Company goes public

Pinocchio
Fantasia

1941

A bitter animators' strike occurs
The studio begins making morale-boosting propaganda films for the United States during World War II

Dumbo

1942

Bambi

Donald Duck comics by Carl Barks

1943

Saludos Amigos

1944

The company is short on money; a theatrical re-release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs generates much-needed revenue and begins a reissue pattern for the animated feature films.

1945

The Three Caballeros (The first live action/cartoons Disney film)

1946

Make Mine Music
Song of the South

1947

Fun and Fancy Free

1948

The True-Life Adventures nature film series begins; it lasts until 1960.

Melody Time
Seal Island

1949

The studio begins production on its first all-live action feature, Treasure Island

The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad

licensed Ice Capades Disney segment[2]

1950

Cinderella
Treasure Island (Disney's first live-action film)

1951

Alice in Wonderland

1952

Uncle Scrooge comics by Carl Barks

1953

"WED Enterprises" is formed to control the rights to "Disney" and hold the Disneyland design team. It will later own and operate several attractions inside Disneyland, including the Disneyland Monorail System and the Disneyland Railroad.
Disney makes the Disneyland programming deal with American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres to fund Disneyland.[3]
Other Disneyland investors were Walt Disney/WED and Western Publishing[4]

Peter Pan

1954

The studio ends its distribution deal with RKO Radio Pictures and founds Buena Vista Film Distribution Company, Inc. to distribute its feature films.

20,000 Leagues Under the Sea

Disneyland anthology TV series on ABC (First Disney TV program & Disneyland funding program)

1955

Lady and the Tramp

Disneyland opens in Anaheim, California.

The Mickey Mouse Club (ABC-TV)
Magic Kingdom (ABC Radio)[5]

1957

Old Yeller

Zorro (ABC)

1959

Sleeping Beauty
The Shaggy Dog
Darby O'Gill and the Little People

1960

Pollyanna
Swiss Family Robinson

1961

The studio purchases the film and merchandise rights to A.A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh books, which are a huge source of revenue (as well as litigation issues) to this day.[6]

One Hundred and One Dalmatians
The Absent-Minded Professor
The Parent Trap

1963

The Sword in the Stone

Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room opens at Disneyland. This is the first attraction to feature audio-animatronics.

1964

Mary Poppins (the first Disney film to receive a Best Picture Academy Award nomination)

1965

Disney News begins publication

1966

September: Walt Disney is diagnosed with lung cancer; died on December 15.

Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree[6]

text: After Walt Disney's death in 1966, the company began a slow decline with no clear direction, which culminated in an unsuccessful greenmail attempt to buy the company from current shareholders.

text:
Year
Notable Business Events
Notable Theatrical Releases
Notable Theme Park/destination Openings
Other Premieres

1967

Construction begins on Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando, Florida; the underlying governmental structure, called the Reedy Creek Improvement District, is signed into law.

The Jungle Book

Pirates of the Caribbean opens at Disneyland

1968

Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day
The Love Bug

1969

The Haunted Mansion opens at Disneyland

1970

The Aristocats

The Mouse Factory

1971

Roy Oliver Disney dies; Donn Tatum becomes chairman and Card Walker becomes president
Eastern Airlines is branded as "The Official Airline of Walt Disney World"

Bedknobs and Broomsticks

The Walt Disney World Resort opens

1972

1973

Robin Hood

Schoolhouse Rock

1974

Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too

1975

Escape to Witch Mountain

1976

Freaky Friday

1977

Walt's nephew Roy E. Disney, resigns from the company citing a decline in overall product quality and issues with manager.

The Rescuers
Pete's Dragon
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh

1978

Return from Witch Mountain

1979

Don Bluth and 12 fellow animators leave Disney to found their own studio.

The Black Hole (the first PG-rated Disney film, reversing a G-only policy that began with the 1968 introduction of the MPAA ratings system)

1980

1981

Plans for a cable network are announced.
The first Walt Disney's World on Ice show, produced by Feld Entertainment under license by Walt Disney Productions, tours the United States.

The Fox and the Hound

Dumbo is the first animated Disney home video release

1982

The Coca-Cola Company has an unsuccessful buyout attempt for Disney.
Walt's son-in-law Ron W. Miller succeeds Card Walker as CEO.

Tron (Would belatedly be hailed as a bold pioneering work with Computer Generated Imagery)

Experimental Prototype Community Of Tomorrow (EPCOT) Center opens at Walt Disney World Resort

1983

Disney Channel begins, while the anthology series ends.
The live action studio is renamed "Walt Disney Pictures".

Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore
Mickey's Christmas Carol, accompanied by a reissue of The Rescuers.

Tokyo Disneyland opens in Japan

Good Morning, Mickey!
Welcome to Pooh Corner

text: Michael Eisner is hired from Paramount to be the new CEO, along with Frank Wells as president. They bring leadership vision and place an emphasis on theme park expansion and improving the quality of film and television work.

text:
Year
Notable Business Events
Notable Theatrical Releases
Notable Theme Park/destination Openings
Other Premieres

1984

The Touchstone Films label is created to produce films aimed towards more mature audiences.
The studio narrowly escapes a buyout attempt by Saul Steinberg. In its aftermath, Roy Edward Disney and his business partner, Stanley Gold, remove Ron W. Miller as CEO and president, replacing him with Michael Eisner and Frank Wells.
The Walt Disney Classics video collection starts up.

Splash (first ever Touchstone film is released on the 9th of March 1984)
Tiger Town
Country

1985

In a reversal of a three-decade studio policy, the studio begins making cartoons for television beginning with Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears and The Wuzzles.
Touchstone Television (producer of The Golden Girls, Home Improvement and Boy Meets World) is founded
The home video release of Pinocchio becomes a best-seller.
Clarence Nash, the voice of Donald Duck for over 50 years, dies; he is succeeded by Tony Anselmo.
The animation studio is renamed "Walt Disney Feature Animation".

The Black Cauldron (the first PG-rated Disney animated film)
Return to Oz
Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend
The Journey of Natty Gann
My Science Project

Mousercise
Dumbo's Circus
Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears
The Wuzzles

1986

February 2: The anthology series is revived on ABC.
February 6: The company's name is changed from "Walt Disney Productions" to "The Walt Disney Company".
Bankruptcy of Eastern Airlines forces Walt Disney World to re-designate Delta Air Lines as its official airline. Eastern-sponsored "If You Had Wings" in the Magic Kingdom is later revamped and renamed "Delta Dreamflight".
Richard Rich leaves Disney to start his own studio.
The distribution company's name is changed from "Buena Vista Distribution Company" to "Buena Vista Pictures Distribution".
Disney teamed up with Studio Ghibli to distribute anime films internationally.

Down and Out in Beverly Hills (The company's first R-rated film, released under Touchstone Pictures)
The Great Mouse Detective
The Color of Money
Ruthless People

1987

First Disney Store opens in Glendale, California.
The company and the French government sign an agreement for the creation of the first Disney Resort in Europe: the Euro Disney project starts.
The company opens up a Hall of Fame called Disney Legends with Fred MacMurray as the first induction.
Touchstone Films is renamed "Touchstone Pictures".

Ernest Goes to Camp
Good Morning, Vietnam
Three Men and a Baby

DuckTales
Uncle Scrooge and Donald Duck comics by Don Rosa

1988

"Walt Disney Computer Software" founded as a video game division of The Walt Disney Company.

Who Framed Roger Rabbit
Oliver & Company
Beaches
Shoot to Kill
Cocktail

The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
Mickey's 60th Birthday

1989

Disney and Jim Henson discuss the possible acquisition of Jim Henson Productions, including The Muppets.

The Little Mermaid
Honey, I Shrunk the Kids
Dead Poets Society
Disorganized Crime
Turner & Hooch

Disney-MGM Studios opens at Walt Disney World.

Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers

1990

Jim Henson's death extinguishes the deal to buy his holdings.
The anthology series is canceled for the second time.
The Disney Afternoon television syndication block debuts.
"Hollywood Pictures" is created to produce films aimed towards more mature adult audiences.
Disney Adventures magazine begins publication.

The Rescuers Down Under
Green Card
Pretty Woman
Dick Tracy
Arachnophobia The first film by Hollywood Pictures
DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp, first full-length film produced by the Walt Disney Television Animation studio.

TaleSpin
The Muppets at Walt Disney World

1991

December 20: The first Disney Vacation Club Resorts opened at Walt Disney World.

Beauty and the Beast, (the first animated film to ever be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture)
The Rocketeer
Wild Hearts Can't Be Broken
Father of the Bride
White Fang

Darkwing Duck
Dinosaurs

1992

The company is granted permission for a National Hockey League expansion franchise. The team is named the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim to coincide with the release of The Mighty Ducks.
Disney Family Fun Magazine Begins Publication.

The Mighty Ducks
Aladdin
Sister Act
Newsies
The Hand that Rocks the Cradle

Euro Disney Resort opens outside Paris.

Goof Troop
Adventures in Wonderland (quality of the theatrical releases)
The Little Mermaid (TV series)
Raw Toonage

1993

Disney acquires independent film distributor Miramax Films.
Winnie-the-Pooh merchandise outsells Mickey Mouse merchandise for the first time.
The Anaheim Mighty Ducks play their first game at the Anaheim Arena, a brand-new arena located just three miles (5 km) east of Disneyland.

Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey
Cool Runnings
Hocus Pocus
The Nightmare Before Christmas
What's Love Got to Do with It
A Far Off Place

Bonkers
Marsupilami
Boy Meets World
Bill Nye the Science Guy

1994

Frank Wells is killed in a helicopter crash.
Beauty and the Beast opens on Broadway.
Jeffrey Katzenberg resigns to co-found his own studio, DreamWorks SKG.
Plans for Disney's America, a historical theme park in Haymarket, Virginia, are abruptly dropped.
Euro Disneyland is renamed Disneyland Paris.
The Classics video line is unofficially cancelled and replaced with the Masterpiece Collection.
Disney News changes its name to Disney Magazine.

The Lion King
The Santa Clause
The Jungle Book (1994)
Angels in the Outfield
Blank Check
Quiz Show
Ed Wood

Aladdin (TV series)
Gargoyles

1995

In October, the company hires Hollywood super agent Michael Ovitz to be president.
On October 1, Disney Channel (UK and Ireland) launches at 6:30pm
DIC Entertainment became part of The Walt Disney Company after the acquirement of Capital Cities/ABC.

Pocahontas
Crimson Tide
Man of the House
A Goofy Movie
Toy Story

Runaway Brain
The Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show
Timon & Pumbaa

1996

The company takes on the name of "Disney Enterprises, Inc." and acquires the Capital Cities/ABC group renaming it ABC, Inc., both as subsidiaries under a new parent company named "The Walt Disney Company"
Disney acquires Jumbo Pictures, producer of the Nickelodeon animated series Doug.
To celebrate the pairing, ABC's first Super Soap Weekend is held at Walt Disney World.
Disney makes deal with Tokuma Shoten for dubbing and releasing of Studio Ghibli films in the U.S. In December, Michael Ovitz, president of the company, leaves "by mutual consent".

The Hunchback of Notre Dame
The Rock
James and the Giant Peach
Ransom
101 Dalmatians (1996)

Quack Pack
Mighty Ducks (TV series)
Doug
Flash Forward
Jungle Cubs

1997

September 28: The anthology series is revived for a third time.
The home video division releases its first DVDs.
Disney takes control of the Major League Baseball franchise the California Angels of the American League, renaming the team the Anaheim Angels in order to coincide with Disney's hockey team the Mighty Ducks and to draw more tourism to Anaheim and nearby Disneyland.
The Lion King (musical) opens on Broadway.

Hercules
Flubber
Air Bud
Con Air
George of the Jungle

Recess
101 Dalmatians: The Series
Pepper Ann
Bear in the Big Blue House

1998

Disney and the Hong Kong Government announced a new resort in Hong Kong.
Disney Cruise Line sets sail with its first ship.
Toon Disney begins.

Mulan
Armageddon
A Bug's Life
Mighty Joe Young
The Parent Trap

Disney's Animal Kingdom opens.
Disney Magic launched.

PB&J Otter
Hercules (1998 TV series)
The Famous Jett Jackson
Out of the Box
Rolie Polie Olie

1999

Tarzan
Inspector Gadget
Toy Story 2
Fantasia 2000
The Sixth Sense
The Insider

Disney Cruise Line ship Disney Wonder sets sail.

The Weekenders
Mickey Mouse Works

2000

Robert Iger becomes president.
Disney-owned TV channels including, owned-and-operated ABC stations, are pulled from Time Warner Cable briefly during a dispute over carriage fees.
Disney begins its Gold Classic Collection DVD line.
Disney shuts down Jumbo Pictures, forcing Jim Jinkins and David Campbell to found Cartoon Pizza in 2001.
Disney sold DiC Entertainment to Andy Heyward, the then-CEO of DiC Entertainment.

Dinosaur
Remember the Titans
The Emperor's New Groove
102 Dalmatians
Unbreakable

Even Stevens
Teacher's Pet
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command

2001

Disney buys Fox Family Network including Saban Entertainment, owner of entertainment juggernaut Power Rangers, for $3 billion in July, giving Disney programming and cable network reaching 81 million homes.
Disney changes Fox Family Network to ABC Family.
Fort Worth billionaire Sid Bass is forced to sell his Disney holdings due to a margin call caused partially by the stock market fall that followed the 9/11 attacks.
Disney begins its Platinum Edition DVD line with Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, as well as the Walt Disney Treasures DVD box set line for the collector's market.

Atlantis: The Lost Empire
Monsters, Inc.
Pearl Harbor
The Princess Diaries

Disney California Adventure Park opens on February 8.
Tokyo DisneySea opens on September 4.

Lizzie McGuire
House of Mouse
The Book of Pooh
Lloyd in Space
The Legend of Tarzan
The Proud Family
Stanley

2002

Miramax acquires the USA rights to the Pokémon movies starting with the fourth movie.
Miramax also acquire the distribution rights of the first three Bionicle movies.
Disney teams up with famous video game company Square (later known as Square Enix) to release their first ever role-playing game with various Disney characters, Kingdom Hearts.
Disney releases Spirited Away in the United States, which goes on to be the first anime film to win an Oscar for Best Animated Film.
Disney begins joint venture business with Sanrio for Sanrio's greeting cards.

Lilo & Stitch
Snow Dogs
The Santa Clause 2
Tuck Everlasting
Reign of Fire
Signs
Treasure Planet

Walt Disney Studios Park opens.

Teamo Supremo
Kingdom Hearts
Kim Possible
Fillmore!

2003

Roy E. Disney resigns as the chairman of Feature Animation and from the board of directors, citing similar reasons to those that drove him off 26 years earlier. Fellow director Stanley Gold resigns with him. They establish a group called "Save Disney" to apply public pressure to oust Michael Eisner.
Talks to extend distribution agreement with Pixar break down, and Pixar announces plans to seek a new distribution partner.[7]
Disney sells the Angels to billboard magnate Arturo Moreno.
Disney released their first (non-Touchstone/non-Miramax/non-Dimension/non-Hollywood) PG-13 rated film under the regular Walt Disney Pictures label was Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl.
Release of Toontown Online

Finding Nemo
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl
Brother Bear
Holes
Freaky Friday

That's So Raven
The Even Stevens Movie
The Cheetah Girls
Lilo & Stitch: The Series
JoJo's Circus
Inspector Gadget 2
Bionicle: Mask of Light
Power Rangers Ninja Storm
Digimon Frontier

2004

Comcast makes an unsuccessful and hostile $54.1-billion bid in stock for the company, plus the assumption of $11.9 billion in Disney debt, $66 billion in total.
Eisner is replaced by George J. Mitchell as chairman of the board after a 43% vote of no confidence.
Disney turns down distributing controversial documentary film Fahrenheit 9/11.
On February 17, Disney buys The Muppets, excluding the Sesame Street and Fraggle Rock characters, from The Jim Henson Company for $75 million.
Disney renames oveerseas Fox Kids channel/blocks to Jetix, with it appearing as a children's block on ABC Family and Toon Disney.
Disney Store chain sold and licensed to The Children's Place.

Home on the Range
Hidalgo
King Arthur
The Incredibles
The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement
National Treasure

Dave the Barbarian
Phil of the Future
Brandy & Mr. Whiskers
Higglytown Heroes
Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories
Power Rangers Dino Thunder

text: After becoming CEO, Robert Iger begins to rebuild the Disney brand by redirecting focus on core assets, such as feature animation and the theme parks. One early accomplishment was repairing the Disney-Pixar relationship, resulting in Disney's purchase of Pixar for $7 billion.

text:
Year
Notable Business Events
Notable Theatrical Releases
Notable Theme Park/destination Openings
Other Premieres

2005

Disney signs the Cheetah Girls on as a recording act.
Disney sells the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim to Henry Samueli of Broadcom, who changes the team name to Anaheim Ducks.
On July 8, Roy E. Disney rejoins the company as a consultant with the title of Director Emeritus.
Disneyland celebrates its 50th anniversary on July 17.
Bob Iger replaces Eisner as CEO.
Disney Magazine ceases publication.

The Pacifier
Chicken Little
Sky High
Herbie: Fully Loaded
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe

Hong Kong Disneyland opens.

Power Rangers S.P.D.
American Dragon: Jake Long
The Suite Life of Zack & Cody
Club Penguin
The Buzz on Maggie
Life Is Ruff
Kingdom Hearts II
Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys
Bionicle 3: Web of Shadows
Charlie and Lola
Little Einsteins
The Muppets' Wizard of Oz

2006

Disney's most successful tour The Party's Just Begun tour by The Cheetah Girls brings in USD $43 million. The tour was amongst the top 10 tours of 2006 coming in at number 3.
Disney acquires Pixar Animation Studios.
Disney Cinemagic launched on 16 March 2006 in United Kingdom.
Disney re-acquires the rights to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit from NBCUniversal, in exchange for ABC letting commentator Al Michaels work on NBC Sunday Night Football.
Disney introduced its current logo in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest.

The Wild
Cars
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause

High School Musical
The Emperor's New School
Yin Yang Yo!
Power Rangers Mystic Force
Hannah Montana
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse
The Cheetah Girls 2
The Replacements
Handy Manny
Wondertime magazine

2007

Acquires New Horizon Interactive along with Club Penguin.
ABC Radio Networks along with 22 non-Radio Disney and ESPN Radio affiliates are sold to Citadel Broadcasting.
Disney Adventures magazine ceases publication.
The company's flagship animation studio is renamed from Walt Disney Feature Animation to "Walt Disney Animation Studios".
The company begins to drop the Buena Vista brand from its division (e.g. Buena Vista Pictures Distribution is renamed "Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures").

Meet the Robinsons
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
Ratatouille
The Game Plan
Enchanted
National Treasure: Book of Secrets

Cory in the House
Power Rangers Operation Overdrive
Bunnytown
My Friends Tigger & Pooh
Kingdom Hearts: Re:Chain of Memories
Phineas and Ferb
High School Musical 2
Wizards of Waverly Place
Digimon Data Squad

2008

The anthology series is canceled for the third time.
Disney Store chain is reacquired from The Children's Place.
The subscription Disney Family Movies service launches, which uniquely returns uncut classic Disney films and shorts to television viewers among other offerings.[8][9]
Control of The Muppets franchise is transferred from Disney Consumer Products to the Walt Disney Studios.[10]
December 23 – Disney declines the option on the next film in The Chronicles of Narnia series with Walden Media.[11]

The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian
WALL-E
Beverly Hills Chihuahua
High School Musical 3: Senior Year
Bolt
Bedtime Stories

Camp Rock
Power Rangers Jungle Fury
The Cheetah Girls: One World
Kingdom Hearts Coded
Studio DC: Almost Live
The Suite Life on Deck
Imagination Movers
Cars Toons: Mater's Tall Tales
The Little Mermaid opens on Broadway.

2009

Wayne Allwine, who had voiced Mickey Mouse starting with Mickey's Christmas Carol, dies; he is succeeded by Bret Iwan.
Disney XD and DisneyXD.com are launched, replacing Toon Disney and Jetix.[12]
Disney announces the formation of D23, an official fan community.
Walt Disney Studios enters a distribution deal with DreamWorks Pictures, wherein upon DreamWorks' films will be distributed through Touchstone Pictures.
Wondertime magazine ceases publication.
December 16 – Director Emeritus Roy E. Disney dies of stomach cancer.
December 31 – Disney acquires Marvel Entertainment and its properties.[13][14]

Race to Witch Mountain
Hannah Montana: The Movie
Up
Disney's A Christmas Carol
The Princess and the Frog

Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie
Kid vs. Kat
Zeke and Luther
I'm in the Band
Jimmy Two-Shoes
Have a Laugh!
Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days
Princess Protection Program
Power Rangers RPM
Sonny with a Chance
Jonas L.A.
Special Agent Oso
Jungle Junction
Disney twenty-three magazine begins publication.

2010

March 12, 2010 – Disney annonuces the closure of ImageMovers Digital for January 2011.[15]
Disney sells the Power Rangers franchise to Saban Brands for USD $100 million.
Disney lost the rights of Digimon in May 2010.
Disney sells Miramax Films to Filmyard Holdings for $660 million.[16]
Disney Channel ends one of its most successful television series, Hannah Montana.

Alice in Wonderland
Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time
Toy Story 3
The Sorcerer's Apprentice
Tangled
Tron: Legacy

Good Luck Charlie
Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil
The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes
Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep
Pair of Kings
Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam
Shake It Up
Take Two with Phineas and Ferb
Kingdom Hearts Re:coded
Epic Mickey
Fish Hooks
The Octonauts

2011

Disney Wonder repositioned to the West Coast.
Disney licenses global theme park rights to the Avatar franchise from James Cameron and Lightstorm Entertainment, and announces the first Avatar-themed project at Animal Kingdom in Walt Disney World.
Playhouse Disney on Disney Channel rebrands as Disney Junior.

Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
Cars 2
Winnie the Pooh
The Help
Real Steel
The Muppets
War Horse

The Disney Dream ship sets sail.

Jake and the Never Land Pirates
The Suite Life Movie
Lemonade Mouth
Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension
Good Luck Charlie, It's Christmas
Minnie's Bow-Toons
Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure
Once Upon a Time
Disney Universe
Geek Charming
Lego Pirates of the Caribbean: The Video Game
Jessie
So Random!
Kinect Disneyland Adventures
Kickin' It
Fort Boyard: Ultimate Challenge
A.N.T. Farm
Austin & Ally

2012

March 23: The anthology series is revived for a fourth time.
Disney Channel ends Wizards of Waverly Place, now beating That's So Raven as the longest running Disney Channel Original Series to date.
Disney Junior launches its own spin-off channel, replacing SoapNet on some providers, but not on all providers.
Rich Ross resigns as Chairman of The Walt Disney Studios, and is replaced by Alan F. Horn.
Disney acquires Lucasfilm from George Lucas, including its Star Wars and Indiana Jones properties for approximately $4.06 billion.[17]

John Carter
Marvel's The Avengers
Brave
Frankenweenie
Wreck-It Ralph
Lincoln

Disney California Adventure is re-dedicated.
The Disney Fantasy ship sets sail

Frenemies
Radio Rebel
Let It Shine
Lab Rats
Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance
Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two
Gravity Falls
Code: 9
Dog With a Blog
Tron: Uprising
Crash & Bernstein
Randy Cunningham: 9th Grade Ninja
Epic Mickey: Power of Illusion
Doc McStuffins
Sofia the First
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)

2013

Disney Cinemagic replaced with Sky Movies Disney at 18:00 on 28 March 2013 in United Kingdom.
Disney Interactive Studios shuts down development studio Junction Point Studios following the disappointing sales of Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two.
Lucasfilm closes its video game division LucasArts.
Frozen became the highest grossing animated feature, passing both The Lion King and Toy Story 3

Oz the Great and Powerful
Iron Man 3
Monsters University
Thor: The Dark World
Frozen
Saving Mr. Banks

Mystic Point opened at Hong Kong Disneyland

Disney Infinity
Liv and Maddie
Teen Beach Movie
DuckTales: Remastered
Mickey Mouse (2013 TV series)
Henry Hugglemonster
Wander Over Yonder
Avengers Assemble
Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.
Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix
The Wizards Return: Alex vs. Alex
Mighty Med

2014

Frozen wins the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 86th Academy Awards, becoming the first win in the category for Walt Disney Animation Studios.
Big Hero 6 is the first Disney animated feature to use the in-credit text that it was created and produced at Walt Disney Animation Studios.
Disney acquired Maker Studios for $500 million.

Muppets Most Wanted
Captain America: The Winter Soldier
Maleficent
Guardians of the Galaxy
Big Hero 6
Into the Woods

The 7D
Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix
Fantasia: Music Evolved
I Didn't Do It
Kirby Buckets
Star Wars Rebels
Win, Lose or Draw
Girl Meets World
Sheriff Callie's Wild West
Disney Magical World
Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes

2015

Big Hero 6 wins the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 87th Academy Awards.
Disney combines its Consumer Products and Interactive Media divisions into one unified segment, Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media.
Marvel Studios is reorganized under the Walt Disney Studios.

Cinderella
Tomorrowland
Avengers: Age of Ultron
Inside Out
The Good Dinosaur
Ant-Man
Bridge of Spies
Star Wars: The Force Awakens

Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero
Star vs. the Forces of Evil
K.C. Undercover
Miles From Tomorrowland
Best Friends Whenever
Gamer's Guide to Pretty Much Everything
BUNK'D
Descendants
We Love Disney
Disney Infinity 3.0
Pickle and Peanut
Guardians of the Galaxy
The Muppets
Gravity Falls: Legend of the Gnome Gemulets
The Lion Guard
Star Wars: Battlefront

2016

January 12: ABC Family changes its name to Freeform.
April 14: Construction on a 14-acre Star Wars-themed land begins at Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios.
DreamWorks ends its film distribution deal with Disney.
May 10: Disney Interactive Studios exited from publishing its own games in order to focus on third-party development of video game adaptations of its franchises by other developers.

Zootopia
The Jungle Book
Captain America: Civil War
Finding Dory
Doctor Strange
Moana
The BFG
Rogue One: A Star Wars Story

Shanghai Disneyland opens on June 16

Stuck in the Middle
Elena of Avalor
Adventures in Babysitting
Lab Rats: Elite Force
Disney Art Academy
Kingdom Hearts χ
Disney Magical World 2
Backstage (2016 TV series)
Bizaardvark
Walk the Prank
Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue
Lego Star Wars: The Force Awakens
Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures
Future-Worm!
Milo Murphy's Law
Mech-X4

2017

Zootopia wins the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 89th Academy Awards.
Disney ends its deal with Netflix beginning in 2019.
Disney announces that it had exercised an option to increase its stake in BAMTech to 75%, and would launch a subscription video-on-demand service featuring its entertainment content in 2019, which will replace Netflix as the subscription VOD rightsholder of all Disney theatrical film releases.
Disney announces its acquisition of key assets and businesses of 21st Century Fox from Rupert Murdoch.

Beauty and the Beast
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
Cars 3
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales
Thor: Ragnarok
Coco
Star Wars: The Last Jedi

Pandora – The World of Avatar opens at Disney's Animal Kingdom

DuckTales
Mickey and the Roadster Racers
Big Hero 6: The Series
Tangled: The Series
Puppy Dog Pals
Andi Mack
Cars 3: Driven to Win
Billy Dilley's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer
The Disney Afternoon Collection
Raven's Home
Star Wars Battlefront II

2018

A Wrinkle in Time
Black Panther
Avengers: Infinity War
Incredibles 2
Christopher Robin
Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2
Mary Poppins Returns

Toy Story Land will open at Disney's Hollywood Studios

Big City Greens
Muppet Babies
Fancy Nancy
Kingdom Hearts III
Lego The Incredibles
Zombies

text: Footnotes

text:
Notable Theatrical Releases are films that were the first to use a particular technology (sound, color, etc.), received major award nominations (Academy Award, Golden Globe, etc.), or are otherwise historically significant to The Walt Disney Company. Not all films released by Disney appear in this list; please see Lists of films released by Disney for a complete company listing.
Theme Park/destination Openings indicate when Disney theme parks open. The opening of attractions and park name changes will not appear in this list.
Other Premieres are the premiere dates for other notable Disney products, such as TV franchises (The Cheetah Girls, Hannah Montana, The Jonas Brothers), consumer products, video games (Kingdom Hearts), or home media premieres that were the first to use a particular technology. Other notability requirements include major award nominations (Emmy Award, Grammy Award), or are otherwise historically significant to The Walt Disney Company. Not all Disney products, TV programs, video games, or home media releases appear in this list.

tag: ul


document_title: Terry's Chocolate Orange

question_text: how many segments in a terry's chocolate orange

question_tokens: how many segments in a terry 's chocolate orange

text: Terry's Chocolate Orange

text: Development[edit]

text:
The company opened the Art Deco-style factory The Chocolate Works in 1926, and began launching new products.[1] These included the Dessert Chocolate Apple (1926), Terry's All Gold (1931) and the Chocolate Orange (1932).[2]
At the onset of World War II, confectionery production was immediately halted. The factory was taken over by F. Hills and Sons of Manchester as a shadow factory to manufacture and repair aircraft propeller blades. With the factory handed back to the company post-war, production was difficult due to continued rationing in the United Kingdom, and limited imports of raw cocoa. In 1954, production of the chocolate apple was phased out in favour of increased production of the chocolate orange.[1]

text: In the North American market, where it has had a variety of importers over the years, it was briefly sold as a Tobler (maker of the Toblerone) product.

text: Chocolate oranges appeared on the South Korean market in the GS25 chain of convenience stores in 2017.

text: Since 2005 and the closure of the Terry factory in York, Chocolate Orange products have been manufactured near Jankowice, Poland.[3]

text: In 1979, Terry's launched the Chocolate Lemon, but it was withdrawn three years later.[2]

text: Structure[edit]

text: The Terry's Chocolate Orange comprises an orange-shaped ball of chocolate mixed with orange oil, divided into 20 segments, similar to a real orange, and wrapped in orange-skin patterned foil.  When packaged, the segments are stuck together firmly in the centre; therefore, prior to unwrapping, the ball is traditionally tapped severely on a hard surface to cause the segments to separate from each other (dubbed "Tap and Unwrap" or "Whack and Unwrap").

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: There have been a number of spin-off products, currently including:

text:
Chocolate Orange bar: a bar of six segments, initially produced with smooth vertical segments (similar to a Toblerone bar), then, later, with textured segments that mimic the traditional orange shape.
Chocolate Orange minis: a bag of small segments
Chocolate Orange White Eggs: egg-shaped white-chocolate versions of Chocolate Orange that were available for one Easter
Segsations: individual segments of chocolate in different flavours, including: milk chocolate, puffed rice, honeycomb, cornflake, white chocolate and a "double seg" of layered milk and dark chocolate, all flavoured with orange oil.
Segsations Mini Eggs: individual foil-wrapped eggs of chocolate in same flavours as Segsations, for Easter
Chocolate Orange – Egg & Spoon: a milk chocolate egg filled with an orange fondant filling (similar to Cadbury's Creme Egg)

text: Advertising[edit]

text: The Chocolate Orange product is known for its unusual marketing, which is usually at its heaviest around Christmas. At one time it was estimated that the Chocolate Orange was found in a tenth of British Christmas stockings.[4] Actress Dawn French has fronted numerous campaigns for the brand, often in a posed scene of defending and hiding "her" Chocolate Orange from others. Famous marketing phrases include:

text:
Tap it and unwrap it (since replaced with "whack and unwrap")
It's not Terry's, it's mine
Don't tap it... Whack it!

text: More recent advertisements (after the rebranding) do not feature French and contain the new slogan "Round but not round for long" (some include the Countdown theme tune). The newest advertising campaign in the United Kingdom features various situations in which people are trying to break the segments of their Terry's Chocolate Orange apart with the slogan "Smash it to pieces, love it to bits".

text: Product range[edit]

text:
Terry's Dessert Chocolate Apple (1926–1954 precursor to the Orange)[2]
Terry's Chocolate Lemon (short-lived 1979-1980s variant)[2]
Terry's Chocolate Orange Dark (formerly 'Plain')
Terry's Chocolate Orange Snowball (white chocolate)
Terry's Chocolate Orange Mint (Discontinued 2012)
Terry's Chocolate Orange Toffee
Terry's Chocolate Orange Bars (chocolate bars)
Terry's Chocolate Orange Mini segments/Segsations (individually wrapped segments)
Terry's Chocolate Orange White Egg
Terry's Chocolate Orange Flavour Carte D'Or ice cream (no longer in production)
Terry's Chocolate Orange Tangy
Terry's Chocolate Orange Cookies
Terry's Chocolate Orange Exploding Candy
Terry's Chocolate Orange Siesta
Terry's Chocolate Orange Hazelnut
Terry's Chocolate Orange Raspberry
Terry's Chocolate Orange White Chocolate Smasher
Terry's Chocolate Orange Toffee Crunch
Terry's Chocolate Orange Birthday Cake
Terry's Chocolate Orange Orange
Terry's Chocolate Orange Ice-Creams (currently sold as limited edition)

text: Changes to product weight in 2016[edit]

text: On 29 May 2016, the UK product size was reduced from 175g to 157g by changing the moulded shape of each segment to leave an air gap between each piece.


document_title: Pledge of Allegiance (United States)

question_text: when was the american pledge of allegiance written

text: Pledge of Allegiance (United States)

text: Recital[edit]

text: Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge, as do many government meetings at local levels, and meetings held by many private organizations. All states except Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly-scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools, although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students cannot be compelled to recite the Pledge, nor can they be punished for not doing so.[8] In a number of states state flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this.[9]

text: The United States Flag Code says:

text: The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag—"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."[10]—should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute. Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform.[2]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Balch and Bellamy pledges[edit]

text: The Pledge of Allegiance, as it exists in its current form, was composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy (1855–1931), who was a Baptist minister, a Christian socialist,[11][12] and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy (1850–1898). There did exist a previous version created by Rear Admiral George Balch, a veteran of the Civil War, who later become auditor of the New York Board of Education. Balch's pledge, which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference, read:

text: We give our heads and hearts to God and our country; one country, one language, one flag![3]

text: Balch was a proponent of teaching children, especially those of immigrants, loyalty to the United States, even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school.[3][13] Balch's pledge, which predates Bellamy's by 5 years [which year?] and was embraced by many schools, by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s, and by the Grand Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference, is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge.[14] Bellamy, however, did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it, referring to the text as "too juvenile and lacking in dignity."[15] The Bellamy "Pledge of Allegiance" was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular children's magazine The Youth's Companion as part of the National Public-School Celebration of Columbus Day, a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham, a marketer for the magazine, as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to sell flags to public schools.[16] According to author Margarette S. Miller, this campaign was in line both with Upham's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest. According to Miller, Upham "would often say to his wife: 'Mary, if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded, and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into The Constitution, I shall not have lived in vain.'"[17]

text: Bellamy's original Pledge read:

text: I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.[1][18]

text: The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point. Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds. As a socialist, he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity[16] but decided against it, knowing that the state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans.[19]

text: Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag. By June 29, 1892, Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations. This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335. Subsequently, the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12, 1892, during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World's Columbian Exposition (the Chicago World's Fair), Illinois.[20]

text: Francis Bellamy's account[edit]

text: In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge Francis Bellamy said, "At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was (sic) at a low ebb. The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools."[15] James Upham "felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse,"[15] so his publication "fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost, which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year (1892-93).[15]

text: As the World's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas, Upham sought to link the publication's flag drive to the event, "so that every school in the land ... would have a flag raising, under the most impressive conditions."[15] Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying "not only the superintendents of education in all the States, but [he] also worked with governors, Congressmen, and even the President of the United States."[15] The publication's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12, 1892, to be Columbus Day for which The Youth's Companion made "an official program for universal use in all the schools."[15] Bellamy recalled that the event "had to be more than a list of exercises. The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity."[15]

text: Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event, and "There was also an oration suitable for declamation."[15] Bellamy held that "Of course, the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag, with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison."[15] He found "There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute. The Balch salute, which ran, "I give my heart and my hand to my country, one country, one language, one flag," seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity."[15] After working on the idea with Upham, Bellamy concluded, "It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea. I especially stressed the word 'allegiance'. ... Beginning with the new word allegiance, I first decided that 'pledge' was a better school word than 'vow' or 'swear'; and that the first person singular should be used, and that 'my' flag was preferable to 'the.'"[15] Bellamy considered the words "country, nation, or Republic," choosing the last as "it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution. The true reason for allegiance to the flag is the Republic for which it stands."[15] Bellamy then reflected on the sayings of Revolutionary and Civil War figures, and concluded "all that pictured struggle reduced itself to three words, one Nation indivisible."[15]

text: Bellamy considered the slogan of the French Revolution, Liberté, égalité, fraternité ("liberty, equality, fraternity"), but held that "fraternity was too remote of realization, and … [that] equality was a dubious word."[15] Concluding "Liberty and justice were surely basic, were undebatable, and were all that any one Nation could handle. If they were exercised for all. they involved the spirit of equality and fraternity."[15]

text: After being reviewed by Upham and other members of The Youth's Companion, the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Day program. Bellamy noted that, "In later years the words 'to my flag' were changed to 'to the flag of the United States of America' because of the large number of foreign children in the schools."[15] Bellamy disliked the change, as "it did injure the rhythmic balance of the original composition."[15]

text: Changes[edit]

text: In 1906, The Daughters of the American Revolution's magazine, The American Monthly, listed the "formula of allegiance" as being the Balch Pledge of Allegiance, which reads:[14]

text: I pledge allegiance to my flag, and the republic for which it stands. I pledge my head and my heart to God and my country. One country, one language and one flag.

text: In subsequent publications of the Daughters of the American Revolution, such as in 1915's "Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution" and 1916's annual "National Report," the Balch Pledge, listed as official in 1906, is now categorized as "Old Pledge" with Bellamy's version under the heading "New Pledge."[21][22] However, the "Old Pledge" continued to be used by other organizations until the National Flag Conference established uniform flag procedures in 1923.

text: In 1923, the National Flag Conference called for the words "my Flag" to be changed to "the Flag of the United States," so that new immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US. The words "of America" were added a year later. Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time, in the following form, on June 22, 1942:[23]

text: I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.

text: Addition of "under God"[edit]

text: Louis Albert Bowman, an attorney from Illinois, was the first to suggest the addition of "under God" to the pledge. The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea.[24][25] He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. At a meeting on February 12, 1948,[24] he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words "under God" added. He said that the words came from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words "under God", all the reporters' transcripts of the speech as delivered do, as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said "that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom." Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings.[24]

text: In 1951, the Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization, also began including the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance.[26] In New York City, on April 30, 1951, the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words "under God" after the words "one nation." Over the next two years, the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide. On August 21, 1952, the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual meeting adopted a resolution urging that the change be made universal, and copies of this resolution were sent to the President, the Vice President (as Presiding Officer of the Senate), and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24, 1952, adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president, Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart. Several State Fraternal Congresses acted likewise almost immediately thereafter. This campaign led to several official attempts to prompt Congress to adopt the Knights of Columbus policy for the entire nation. These attempts were eventually a success.[27]

text: At the suggestion of a correspondent, Representative Louis C. Rabaut (D-Mich.), of Michigan sponsored a resolution to add the words "under God" to the Pledge in 1953.[28]

text: Before February 1954, no endeavor to get the pledge officially amended had succeeded. The final successful push came from George MacPherson Docherty. Some American presidents honored Lincoln's birthday by attending services at the church Lincoln attended, New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by sitting in Lincoln's pew on the Sunday nearest February 12. On February 7, 1954, with President Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln's pew, the church's pastor, George MacPherson Docherty, delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled "A New Birth of Freedom." He argued that the nation's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and higher purpose. He noted that the Pledge's sentiments could be those of any nation: "There was something missing in the pledge, and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive factor in the American way of life." He cited Lincoln's words "under God" as defining words that set the US apart from other nations.[citation needed]

text: President Eisenhower had been baptized a Presbyterian very recently, just a year before. He responded enthusiastically to Docherty in a conversation following the service. Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on February 8, 1954, Rep. Charles Oakman (R-Mich.), introduced a bill to that effect. Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the bill into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[29] Eisenhower said:

text: From this day forward, the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town, every village and rural school house, the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty.... In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America's heritage and future; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country's most powerful resource, in peace or in war.[30]

text: The phrase "under God" was incorporated into the Pledge of Allegiance on June 14, 1954, by a Joint Resolution of Congress amending § 4 of the Flag Code enacted in 1942.[29]

text: On October 6, 1954, the National Executive Committee of the American Legion adopted a resolution, first approved by the Illinois American Legion Convention in August 1954, which formally recognized the Knights of Columbus for having initiated and brought forward the amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance.[27]

text: Even though the movement behind inserting "under God" into the pledge might have been initiated by a private religious fraternity and even though references to God appear in previous versions of the pledge, author Kevin M. Kruse asserts that this movement was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that capitalism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed. Kruse acknowledges the insertion of the phrase was influenced by the push-back against atheistic communism during the Cold War, but argues the longer arc of history shows the conflation of Christianity and capitalism as a challenge to the New Deal played the larger role.[31]

text: Salute[edit]

text: Swearing of the Pledge is accompanied by a salute. An early version of the salute, adopted in 1887, known as the Balch Salute, which accompanied the Balch pledge, instructed students to stand with their right hand outstretched toward the flag, the fingers of which are then brought to the forehead, followed by being placed flat over the heart, and finally falling to the side.[3]

text: In 1892, Francis Bellamy created what was known as the Bellamy salute. It started with the hand outstretched toward the flag, palm down, and ended with the palm up. Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute, which was adopted in Germany later, the US Congress stipulated that the hand-over-the-heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the US would be the salute to replace the Bellamy salute. Removal of the Bellamy salute occurred on December 22, 1942, when Congress amended the Flag Code language first passed into law on June 22, 1942.[32] Attached to bills passed in Congress in 2008 and then in 2009 (Section 301(b)(1)of title 36, United States Code), language was included which authorized all active duty military personnel and all veterans in civilian clothes to render a proper hand salute during the raising and lowering of the flag, when the colors are presented, and during the National Anthem.[33]

text: Music[edit]

text: A musical setting for "The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag" was created by Irving Caesar, at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase "under God" was signed into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[34]

text: The composer, Irving Caesar, wrote and published over 700 songs in his lifetime. Dedicated to social issues, he donated all rights of the musical setting to the U.S. government, so that anyone can perform the piece without owing royalties.[35][36]

text: It was sung for the first time on the floor of the House of Representatives on Flag Day, June 14, 1955 by the official Air Force choral group the "Singing Sergeants". A July 29, 1955 House and Senate resolution authorized the U.S. Government Printing Office to print and distribute the song sheet together with a history of the pledge.[37]

text: Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted, including by Beck (2003), Lovrekovich (2002 and 2001), Roton (1991), Fijol (1986), and Girardet (1983).[38]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In 1940, the Supreme Court, in Minersville School District v. Gobitis, ruled that students in public schools, including the respondents in that case—Jehovah's Witnesses who considered the flag salute to be idolatry—could be compelled to swear the Pledge. In 1943, in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, the Supreme Court reversed its decision. Justice Robert H. Jackson, writing for the 6 to 3 majority, went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds, and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country, concluding with:

text: If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein. If there are any circumstances which permit an exception, they do not now occur to us.[39]

text: In a later case, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge.[40]

text: Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds.

text: One objection is that a democratic republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it, and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing, which itself is also a form of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging allegiance.[41][40] Another objection is that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day, small children in schools, cannot really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making.[42] Another criticism is that a government requiring or promoting the phrase "under God" violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.[43]

text: In 2004, linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, but to Lincoln and his contemporaries, "under God" meant "God willing", so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd.[44][45]

text: Legal challenges[edit]

text: Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah's Witnesses, a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God, and who objected to policies in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag.[46] They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. The first case was in 1935, when two children, Lillian and William Gobitas, ages ten and twelve, were expelled from the Minersville, Pennsylvania, public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance.[47][48]

text: In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow, whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase "under God" an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism when the Pledge was promoted in public school. In 2004, the Supreme Court heard Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, an appeal of the ruling, and rejected Newdow's claim on the grounds that he was not the custodial parent, and therefore lacked standing, thus avoiding ruling on the merits of whether the phrase was constitutional in a school-sponsored recitation. On January 3, 2005, a new suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California on behalf of three unnamed families. On September 14, 2005, District Court Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor. Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Judge Karlton issued an Order stating that, upon proper motion, he would enjoin the school district defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging allegiance to "one Nation under God."[49]

text: A 2005 Bill, H.R. 2389, to prohibit the Supreme Court's and most federal courts from considering any legal challenges to the government's requiring or promoting of the Pledge of Allegiance, died in the Senate after having passed in the House. This action is viewed[by whom?] in general as court stripping by Congress of the constitutional power of the Judiciary. Even if a similar bill is enacted, its practical effect may not be clear:[opinion] proponents of the bill have said that it is a valid exercise of Congress's power to regulate the jurisdiction of the federal courts under Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution, but opponents say Congress does not have the authority to prevent the Supreme Court from hearing claims based on the Bill of Rights, since this can only be done through Constitutional Amendment. Judges and legal analysts have said that if Congress can remove from the judicial branch the ability to determine if legislation is constitutional, the US separation of powers would be disturbed, or rendered non-functional.[50]

text: Mark J. Pelavin, former Associate Director of the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, said of court stripping in regard to the Pledge of Allegiance that:[51][52]

text: Today's House adoption of the so-called "Pledge Protection Act" is a shameful effort to strip our federal courts of their ability to uphold the rights of all Americans. By removing the jurisdiction of federal courts, including the Supreme Court, from cases involving the Pledge, this legislation sets a dangerous precedent: threatening religious liberty, compromising the vital system of checks and balances upon which our government was founded, and granting Congress the authority to strip the courts' jurisdiction on any issue it wishes. Today, the issue was the Pledge of Allegiance, but tomorrow it could be reproductive rights, civil rights, or any other fundamental concern.

text: In 2006, in the Florida case Frazier v. Alexandre, a federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution.[53] As a result of that decision, a Florida school district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called "unpatriotic" by a teacher.[54]

text: In 2009, a Montgomery County, Maryland, teacher berated and had school police remove a 13-year-old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom. The student's mother, assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland, sought and received an apology from the teacher, as state law and the school's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge.[55]

text: On March 11, 2010, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District.[56][57] In a 2–1 decision, the appellate court ruled that the words were of a "ceremonial and patriotic nature" and did not constitute an establishment of religion.[56] Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented, writing that "the state-directed, teacher-led daily recitation in public schools of the amended 'under God' version of the Pledge of Allegiance... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution."[58]

text: On November 12, 2010, in a unanimous decision, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge's reference to God does not violate non-pledging students' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary.[59][60] A United States Supreme Court appeal of this decision was denied on June 13, 2011.[61][62]

text: In September 2013, a case was brought before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, arguing that the pledge violates the Equal Rights Amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts.[63] In May 2014, Massachusetts' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists, saying that the words "under God" represent a patriotic, not a religious, exercise.[64]

text: In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit, ruling that "… the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who don't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message."[65] The case against the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase "under God" in the pledge created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers "second-class citizens." In a twenty-one page decision, Bauman wrote, "Under [the association members'] reasoning, the very constitution under which [the members] seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional, an absurd proposition which [association members] do not and cannot advance here."[65] Bauman said the student could skip the pledge, but upheld a New Jersey law that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have "conscientious scruples" that do not allow it.[66][67] He noted, "As a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787.”