document_title: Lindsey Stirling

question_text: when was lindsey stirling on dancing with the stars

text: Lindsey Stirling

text: Early life[edit]

text: Stirling describes her childhood as being raised in a modest household and stated "I would not trade my humble childhood years for anything else."[15] Due to her family's financial limitations, her parents could only afford to find a violin teacher who would give her half lessons.[16] Although they were told by instructors that "a child isn't going to learn how to play in 15 minutes a week", her parents persisted, and at the age of five she began taking violin lessons.[16]

text: Living in Gilbert, Arizona, Stirling attended Greenfield Junior High, and at age sixteen,[17] Stirling attended Mesquite High School and joined four friends in a rock band called Stomp on Melvin. As part of her experience with the group, Stirling wrote a solo violin rock song, and her performance helped her to win the state title of Arizona's Junior Miss and claim the Spirit Award in the America's Junior Miss Finals competition.[18] Stirling was also a member of Charley Jenkins Band for about a year.[19]

text: Career[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: From a young age, Stirling had a fascination for dance, and desired to take both dancing and violin lessons. In an interview with NewMediaRockstars, she said, "...ever since I was a kid, I've always wished that I could dance, but my parents said, 'You [can] choose violin or you [can] choose dance, but we can't afford both', and I chose violin. So this is kind of a fulfillment – it's funny to say, but this is something I've always wanted to do."[20]

text: Stirling registered her YouTube channel on May 20, 2007, under the username lindseystomp.[3][21]

text: 2010–2012: America's Got Talent and debut studio album[edit]

text: In 2010, at the age of 23, Stirling was a quarter-finalist on season five of America's Got Talent, where she was described as a "hip hop violinist".[10][11] She impressed the judges on America's Got Talent, not only by mixing hip-hop, pop, and classical music on the violin, but by incorporating dancing with playing the violin, which she also does on her tours and official music videos. On a live-chat, Stirling explained, "It is very unnatural to dance while playing the violin. I had to practice so hard to learn how to do it, but now it is part of my expression and it comes naturally. I have to know a song perfectly before I can even begin to move. Once I know a song really well, I can then have fun dancing."[22] Not only in her performances, but also with her music, dancing made a huge impact: "I loved dance music so I started with that and wrote 'Transcendence', 'Electric Daisy', and 'Spontaneous Me'."[23]

text: Stirling's performances were dubbed "electrifying" by the judges, and won the acclaim of the audience, but after she attempted to step up the dance level in her quarter-final performance, judge Piers Morgan told her: "You're not untalented, but you're not good enough, I don't think, to get away with flying through the air and trying to play the violin at the same time."[24] Sharon Osbourne commented: "You need to be in a group. ... What you're doing is not enough to fill a theater in Vegas."[25][26] In her blog, Stirling confided: "I was devastated at the results ... It was painful, and a bit humiliating; however, I had to relearn where it was that I drew my strength."[27][28] Stirling decided to continue to embrace her unique style of performance, promoting herself on the Internet. In a 2012 interview she remarked: "A lot of people have told me along the way that my style and the music I do ... is unmarketable. But the only reason I'm successful is because I have stayed true to myself."[16]

text: Shortly after her performance on America's Got Talent, cinematographer Devin Graham contacted her in hopes of collaborating on a YouTube video together. They agreed to shoot a music video for her song, "Spontaneous Me". It was filmed the week of May 9, 2011. The video boosted Stirling's popularity, and she began making music videos for her YouTube channel regularly. Stirling's YouTube channel, Lindseystomp, which she created in 2007 and which is named after her first band Stomp on Melvin, is the main repository for her music videos. During 2011, the channel rapidly gained popularity and has over 1.7 billion total views and over 10 million subscribers, as of November 2017[update].[29] Her music is featured on Pandora, Spotify, and Last.FM.[30] Stirling also created a second YouTube channel, LindseyTime, in September 2012, in which she posts videos related to her life, vlogs, behind-the-scenes content, etc.

text: Stirling has experimented in combining violin playing with hip hop and dubstep.[31] Stirling's collaborations with other musicians and singers have included Shaun Barrowes ("Don't Carry It All" – The Decemberists), Jake Bruene and Frank Sacramone ("Party Rock Anthem" – LMFAO), Tay Zonday ("Mama Economy"), Peter Hollens ("Skyrim", "A Thousand Years", "Game of Thrones" and "Star Wars"), Lzzy Hale ("Shatter Me"), Alisha Popat ("We Found Love"), John Allred ("Tomb"), Amiee Proal ("A Thousand Years"), Megan Nicole ("Starships"), The Piano Guys ("Mission Impossible"), Debi Johanson ("River Flows in You", "Phantom of the Opera"), Sam Tsui ("Heads Up"), Tyler Ward ("I Knew You Were Trouble", Thrift Shop"), Kurt Hugo Schneider ("Pokemón Dubstep Remix" and "A Thousand Years"), John Legend ("All of Me"), Chester See ("I Knew You Were Trouble"), and Pentatonix ("Radioactive", "Papaoutai").[32] She has also collaborated with the Salt Lake Pops orchestra and Alex Boye.[33] Stirling's eponymous debut album was released on September 18, 2012 in conjunction with a North American tour that same month.

text: In December 2012, YouTube announced that Stirling's song, "Crystallize", was the No. 8 top-viewed video of 2012 with over 42 million views.[34]

text: 2013–2014: First World Tour and Shatter Me[edit]

text: On April 22, 2013, it was announced that Lady Gaga's manager (Troy Carter) signed a deal with Stirling after being impressed by her rise in the media. "By looking at the numbers, automatically you could see this girl knew how to move the needle and understood YouTube was a venue to engage fans both online and offline," Carter said. Stirling, who had previously refused to work with other management companies explained her new deal with Carter: "But with Atom Factory, they were up to date on current things and trying new stuff all the time, and I felt so creatively alive when I met with them."[35]

text: On June 21, Stirling received her first golden certification for her album, Lindsey Stirling, in Germany[36] and in the next month, she earned golden certifications from Switzerland and Austria. On August 2, 2013, Billboard announced that Stirling's studio album had sold more than 158,000 copies in the United States and that she was the second best-selling artist on the Classical Crossover charts in 2013, behind Andrea Bocelli's album Passione.[37]

text: In June 2013, she performed at Miss Switzerland,[38] and in July, she joined Nathan Pacheco, The Orchestra at Temple Square and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir at the 21,000-seat LDS Conference Center in Salt Lake City, UT for their annual Pioneer Day concert.[39] Stirling also announced her first ever tour dates in Australia, South Korea and Japan. Stirling's YouTube channel reached three million subscribers on August 31[40] and on September 4, after almost a year of touring, she completed her first world tour with her last appearance in London. On September 12, Stirling performed at the Dreamball 2013 charity gala at Ritz Carlton in Berlin, Germany.[41][42] Two weeks later, Stirling announced on her official website that she had started making her second album.[43]

text: In October 2013, Stirling announced that she would take part in season three of Dance Showdown, a dance competition web series created by DanceOn in which the winner is awarded $50,000 USD.[44] Stirling was the second of three finalists, but she did not win the fifty thousand dollars despite receiving critical acclaim on her three performances with her partner Anze Skrube. One of the three judges, Laurieann Gibson, classified her second performance as "one of the best" in Dance Showdown and the last one as the best she had ever seen.

text: Almost a year after its official release, Stirling's self-titled studio album was re-released on October 29, 2013, as an exclusive deluxe version featuring newly recorded versions and remixes of her best-known songs such as "Crystallize", "Elements", and "Transcendence". Target carried four bonus tracks while all other retailers had two additional tracks.[45] Stirling sold 10,000 copies of her extended-version album in the first week of sales, which was a record for her, and her album as it peaked from No. 79 to No. 23, becoming its highest position in Billboard 200.[46] Days before, she had performed on Conan on October 24.

text: On November 3, 2013, Stirling and Pentatonix's version of "Radioactive" won a YouTube Music Award in the category Response of the Year. Stirling also performed during the live-streamed event.[7][47] On December 16, Stirling announced the first tour dates in Canada and U.S. on her 2014 World Tour;[48] some pre-sales were sold out after the first day of selling[49] and the first concert to be sold out was in Portland, Oregon on January 29.[50]

text: Stirling appeared on several Billboard 2013 year-end charts; notably, No. 3 on Classical Album Artists,[51] No. 2 on Classical Albums,[52] and No. 3 on Dance/Electronic Albums (both for Lindsey Stirling).[53]

text: At the beginning of 2014, Stirling's self-titled album hit gold on Poland,[54] received its first platinum certification in Germany[55] and later on in Austria.[56] Stirling received her first RIAA gold certification on February 4 for her hit single "Crystallize".[57] On February 26 Stirling released for the first time her debut album in France which entered in number 17 selling 4,900 copies in its first week of sales.[58] On March 5, Stirling performed three concerts at the El Plaza Condesa in Mexico City, being her first time to do so in Latin America.

text: In 2014, Stirling was nominated for the Echo music award in two categories: Crossover National/International and Newcomer International,[59] receiving the Crossover National/International award on March 28.

text: On March 12, 2014, Stirling posted a video announcing her second studio album, Shatter Me, would be released in May.[60] She also created a PledgeMusic account where consumers could buy her new album, signed or not, and also exclusive items, such as signed posters, personalized video and even Skype calls with Stirling herself. At the end of the first day, the signed Shatter Me CD was already sold out.[61] On March 25, Stirling officially released her first single from Shatter Me, entitled "Beyond the Veil", along with its accompanying music video.[62] On April 3, Stirling posted that she collaborated with Owl City for his fifth album. The song, "Beautiful Times", was released on April 8.[63]

text: On April 23, 2014, Stirling released the second single of her upcoming album: "Shatter Me". The song, the album's title track, accumulated 1.3 million views its first day online.[64] The album was released in the U.S. on April 29 and in Europe on May 2. In the U.S., the album sold 56,000 copies in its first week and reached No. 2 on the Billboard 200, becoming Stirling's biggest sales week ever.[65] In Europe, Shatter Me was also a commercial success as it reached the Top 5 in Sweden and Germany and also peaking the first position in Austria. On May 18, Stirling assisted to the Billboard Music Awards where her debut album had been nominated in the category "Top Electronic/Dance Album". Stirling also performed her first single "Beyond the Veil" during the ceremony.[66]

text: On May 13, 2014, Stirling performed in San Diego, the first show of her second world tour, which consisted of 77 shows in total, 48 in North America and 29 in Europe. This world Tour was in support of her new album Shatter Me and the crew consisted of Jason Gaviati and Drew Steen (which had been part of her First World Tour) plus the adding of two new dancers: Stephen Jones and Pter Styles[67] and the choreographer Anže Škrube.[68]

text: On July 2, Billboard posted that Stirling's second studio album Shatter Me had been the third dance/electronic album with most sales in the first half of the year (119,000) only behind Daft Punk's Random Access Memories and Lady Gaga's Artpop. In the same chart, Stirling's debut studio album was at sixth place with 108,000 copies sold in the first half of 2014.[69] On July 27 Stirling's hit single Crystallize reached 100 million views, being Stirling's first music video in doing so.[70] Six days later, on August 2, Stirling posted on her Twitter account that she had been nominated for her first ever Teen Choice award.[71] On August 6, Stirling came back after four years to America's Got Talent to perform as host, along with Lzzy Hale their single "Shatter Me".[72]

text: In August, it was revealed that Stirling would be part of two collaborations. The first one was revealed on August 13, and was about Stirling collaborating for a second time with the a cappella group Pentatonix for their third studio album PTX, Vol. III on the song "Papaoutai", by Stromae.[73] The second collaboration was revealed nine days later, on August 22, when it was announced Stirling had been part of a song with singer Jessie J for her upcoming album Sweet Talker.[74] On September 29, Stirling announced she would be joining tenor Andrea Bocelli for his UK and Ireland Tour in November 2014.[75] On October 4, Stirling started the European leg of her second world tour by performing in Finland, on support of her album Shatter Me.[76] On November 24, Stirling extended her tour to the year of 2015 by adding dates in North America and Oceania.[77] That same day Stirling performed at The Today Show to promote her album by performing "Roundtable Rival".[78] On December 5, Stirling performed at the Video Game Awards.[79]

text: On the 2014 Year-End Billboard Charts, Stirling peaked the categories of Classical Albums with Shatter Me[80] and the Classical Album Artist.[81] Her second studio album also appeared tenth in the year-end charts of independent albums[82] and fourth in Dance/Electronic Albums.[83] Stirling had the second position in the Dance/Electronic Album Artists[84] and fifth in the charts of independent artist[85] and Top dance/electronic artists.[86]

text: 2015–present: The Only Pirate at the Party, Brave Enough, and Dancing with the Stars[edit]

text: On January 9, 2015, Stirling was featured on the Forbes list '30 Under 30' as one of the few musicians featured in the top thirty of recognized celebrities under the age of thirty.[87] On the same day Billboard announced that Shatter Me and Lindsey Stirling had reached the first and second position as the best-selling dance-electronic albums in 2014.[88] On February 7, 2015, Stirling performed at the Grammy Foundation's 17th annual Legacy Concert.[89] A few days later, Stirling announced that public television would be airing her shows from London under the name Lindsey Stirling: Live from London, starting in March.[90] It was later noted that the shows would also air in the U.S.[91]

text: On March 2, it was announced that Stirling had won a YouTube Music Award among other forty-nine artists. The fifty selected artists were the ones with biggest growth in views, subscribers and engagement over the last six months. This is Stirling's second YouTube Music Award.[92] On March 23, the 2015 YouTube Music Awards were broadcast online, with thirteen selected artists releasing original music videos. Stirling released the music video for "Take Flight".[93] On March 26, Stirling participated in the 2015 Echo Music Awards, where she won the category of "Best Crossover Act" for the second consecutive year.[94] Stirling also performed at the Echo Awards with artist Andreas Bourani.[95] On April 7, the 2015 Billboard Music Awards nominees were announced and Stirling was mentioned in two categories: Top Dance/Electronic Artist and Top Dance/Electronic Album, for her album Shatter Me.[96] Stirling won the latter category, her first Billboard Music Award.[97] On May 4, a single from Marina Kaye'e Fearless album was released under the title Sounds Like Heaven, featuring Stirling.[98] A day later a collaboration between Stirling and Joy Enriquez was released on iTunes.[99]

text: On July 1, while being interviewed by Billboard in New York, Stirling announced that when her current tour finished in August she would begin work on her third studio album: "As soon as we finish this tour, mid-August, I'm just gonna jump straight into the studio, it's pretty exciting and it's also terrifying to start thinking about a new album again. But I'm honestly so excited to see where it goes. I have a lot of ideas on directions it could go, and I'm really excited to see which way it could go. But the truth is, I don't know where it's going!"[100]

text: In its July 22 issue, Variety magazine ranked Stirling eleventh on its Digital Star Ranking, which ranks the top twelve stars in the digital world. It was also estimated that Stirling's annual Ad Income was $364,000.[101] On August 8, 2015, Stirling released her first video album under the name "Lindsey Stirling: Live from London", which included part of her Shatter Me World Tour (The Music Box World Tour)".

text: In late December 2015, Stirling earned her first US Billboard Hot 100 entry with "Hallelujah" debuting at number 81 on the issue dated January 9, 2016 and peaking at number one on the Hot Christian Songs Chart, being her first single in doing so as well.[102]

text: In January 2016, Stirling's autobiography was released under the name of The Only Pirate at the Party, which would later reach the tenth position at The New York Times hardcover nonfiction best-seller list.[103][104] Three days later, a collaboration between Stirling and the Swedish DJ/producer Otto Knows was released under the title "Dying for You", with its official video premiering on February 1.[105]

text: In June 2016, Stirling announced her new studio album Brave Enough, which was set to be released on August 19, 2016. Shortly after, she uploaded a new music video "The Arena" to her main channel.[106] Upon its release, Brave Enough debuted at number one on the US Dance/Electronic Albums chart and number 5 on the Billboard 200, where it peaked.

text: In August 2016, Stirling performed in the opening ceremony of The International 2016, a Dota 2 tournament which had the biggest prize pool in eSports history.[107]

text: In September 2017, Stirling was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on season 25 of Dancing with the Stars. She was paired with professional dancer Mark Ballas.[108] Stirling and Ballas finished in second place.[109]

text: Autobiography[edit]

text: On June 21, 2015, Stirling announced that over the course of two and a half years, she had completed an autobiography, The Only Pirate at the Party, published by Gallery Books.[110] Co-authored by Brooke S. Passey, Stirling's sister, the book was released on January 12, 2016, and was listed at #10 on The New York Times hardcover nonfiction best-seller list for January 31, 2016.[103][104]

text: The title for The Only Pirate at the Party owed its origin to Stirling's diagnosis of cross-dominance in the second grade, for which an eye patch was prescribed. She was uncomfortable with the treatment until she began pretending she was a pirate. Stirling became intrigued by the pirate lifestyle, and said:

text: Pirates don't take orders or ask permission,... They do what they want. Allow me to clarify. If your mom asks you to do the dishes, do not pull out your pirate attitude. But if someone tells you you’re not good enough, says your dreams are too lofty, or claims there is no room in showbiz for a dancing violinist — well then, by all means, pull out your eye patch, my friend, and take to the high seas.[111]

text: Philanthropy[edit]

text: On October 1, 2013, Stirling teamed with the non-profit Atlanta Music Project to help spread appreciation of music to children who might not otherwise have the chance. The Atlanta Music Project's mission was "to inspire social change by providing Atlanta's under-served youth the opportunity to learn and perform music in orchestras and choirs." For this, Stirling made available two limited edition Lindsey Stirling/The Power of Music shirts. The money collected from the sale of those shirts went directly to the Atlanta Music Project with the combined goal of raising enough to provide music training for 50 children.[112]

text: On March 22, 2014, Stirling joined Cirque du Soleil for the second annual One Night for One Drop in Las Vegas.[113] The non-profit organization presented the show in the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino in celebration of World Water Day, a day which encourages people to conserve water resources in an effort to make clean water accessible to all.[114]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Stirling attended Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah to study film making.[15] She later served as a missionary in New York City for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).[115][116] A story she wrote about her mission was later published in the compilation Do Not Attempt in Heels: Mission Stories and Advice from Sisters Who've Been There.[117] Stirling returned to Provo in 2009 to continue studying at BYU. She then moved back to Arizona, in December 2012, to be with her family. In August 2015, she graduated from the BYU Marriott School of Management with a Bachelor of Science degree in recreation management.[118] She resides in Los Angeles.[119]

text: For a short time she dated film maker Devin Graham, who had attended the same university and church.[120] The two began dating shortly after the filming of "Crystallize" and Graham moved to Utah.[121][122] The two have since ended their professional and personal relationship.[122]

text: Stirling has publicly spoken about her battle with anorexia. She discovered her disorder while working for a treatment center for troubled girls. Stirling said in an interview with Good Morning America that her song "Shatter Me" was "actually my story of overcoming my eating disorder".[123] The cover art of the album is a reference to her struggle which showcases a "seemingly perfect-looking ballerina standing in the middle of a cracked glass globe".[124] In 2013, Stirling was featured by the LDS Church in its I'm a Mormon campaign in which she spoke openly about how her faith helped in her battle during high school and college.[15][121] On November 25, 2014, she performed and answered questions in a live world broadcast to LDS youth.[125] A one-hour video recording of the event was featured on the LDS.org home page.[126]

text: Stirling has a sister, Brooke Passey.[103]

text: Touring band members[edit]

text:
Drew Steen – Drums, percussion (2012–present)[127]
Kit Nolan – Keyboards, guitars,[128] and samples (2015–present)

text: Former[edit]

text: Jason Gaviati – Keyboards, samples (2012–15);[127] Gaviati died on November 21, 2015.[129]

text: Discography[edit]

text:
Lindsey Stirling (2012)
Shatter Me (2014)
Brave Enough (2016)
Warmer in the Winter (2017)

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2015
Breaking Through
Phelba[130]

2017
Lindsey Stirling: Brave Enough
Herself
Documentary

Dancing with the Stars
Herself
Contestant on season 25

text: Tours[edit]

text: 2012–2013 Tour[edit]

text: Stirling's first tour lasted almost a year with 122 dates around North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. The Lindsey Stirling Tour began three days before the CD release of her first album, Lindsey Stirling. Her tour began in 2012 with dates in North America within the United States and Canada. At the beginning of 2013, Stirling continued her tour in Europe as a "test tour". Her official European leg kicked off in Russia on May 22, 2013. In August 2013, she continued her tour, adding dates around Asia and Australia.[131] Finishing her tour, Stirling added a last date in the UK on September 4, 2013. The shows were a success in that 46 dates were sold out, and on Ticketmaster.com the audience gave a rating to the tour of 4.8 out of 5 stars.[132]

text: 2014–2015 Tour[edit]

text: In 2014 and 2015, Stirling played the Shatter Me World Tour and The Music Box Tour. The 2014 North and European American leg of Lindsey Stirling's tour consisted of her performing 77 shows over a five-month time span. For 2015, Stirling did 67 shows over five continents. Stirling toured around North America, Europe, Asia, Oceania and South America, being her first time to present a show on this continent. In December 2014, it was confirmed that more than 200,000 people had attended Stirling's shows, more than half of them being from the European continent.[131][citation needed]

text: 2016–2017 Tour[edit]

text: After taking 9 months off to record a new album, Brave Enough, which was released on August 19, 2016, Stirling returned to touring. Her mid-2016 "Summer Tour" consisted of more than 20 dates throughout North America, including several popular music festivals in the USA and Canada, ending in early August 2016. After a couple of weeks, Stirling then started her tour in support of her Brave Enough album. Stirling continued throughout Europe and Latin America with her last show in Guadalajara, Mexico.[133]

text: 2017 Christmas Tour[edit]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Work
Lost to
Result
Ref

2014
Billboard Music Awards
Top Dance/Electronic Album
Lindsey Stirling
Daft Punk
Nominated
[13]

2015
Top Dance/Electronic Artist
Shatter Me
Calvin Harris
Nominated
[134]

Top Dance/Electronic Album
N/A
Won
[134]

2017
Top Dance/Electronic Album
Brave Enough
N/A
Won
[13]

Top Dance/Electronic Artist
Lindsey Stirling
The Chainsmokers
Nominated
[13]

2014
German Echo Music Awards
Newcomer International
Lindsey Stirling
Beatrice Egli
Nominated
[135]

Best Crossover Act
Lindsey Stirling
N/A
Won
[136]

2015
Best Crossover Act
Shatter Me
N/A
Won
[137]

2014
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Web Star: Music
Shatter Me
Shawn Mendes
Nominated
[138]

2015
Choice Web Star: Music
Shatter Me
Shawn Mendes
Nominated
[139]

2013
Streamy Awards
Best Choreography
Lindsey Stirling
N/A
Won
[140]

2014
Best Musical Artist
Lindsey Stirling
N/A
Won
[141]

2015
Best Collaboration
Pentatonix and Lindsey Stirling
Nice Peter, EpicLLOYD, Grace Helbig, and Hannah Hart
Nominated
[142]

Best Original Song
"Take Flight"
Alessia Cara
Nominated
[142]

2016
Best Cover Song
"Hallelujah" by Leonard Cohen
N/A
Won
[143]

2013
YouTube Awards
Response of the Year
"Radioactive" (with Pentatonix)
N/A
Won
[144]

2015
Artist of the Year
Lindsey Stirling
N/A
Won
[145]

2016
Shorty Awards
Best YouTube Musician
Lindsey Stirling
N/A
Won
[146]


document_title: Ace (tennis)

question_text: who has served the most aces in tennis history

root

text: Ace (tennis)

text: Professional singles records[edit]

text: Aces have been officially recorded by the top-level professional tennis circuits since 1991,[4] so these records start at that time.

tag: p

text: Only main draw singles matches are included here.

text: ATP Tour[edit]

text: Goran Ivanišević holds the record for most aces in a tournament with 213 en route to winning the 2001 Wimbledon title,[5] which broke his own record of 206 when he was runner-up in 1992.[6] He also has the most in a single season with 1,477 in 1996.[7]

text: Ivo Karlović has the most career aces with 12,622.[8] He also has the most in a best-of-three-set match with 45 at Halle in 2015.[9] Two weeks later, during Wimbledon, he became the only player to hit at least 40 aces in three consecutive matches.[5]

text: Roger Federer hit 50 aces in the 2009 Wimbledon final, the record for a Grand Slam final.[10] He is also second on the career list.[8]

text:
#
Player
W/L
Opponent
Round
Event
Sets

113
 John Isner
W
 Nicolas Mahut
1R
2010 Wimbledon
5

103
 Nicolas Mahut
L
 John Isner

78
 Ivo Karlović
L
 Radek Štěpánek
SF
2009 Davis Cup
5

75
 Ivo Karlović
W
 Horacio Zeballos
1R
2017 Australian Open
5

61
 Ivo Karlović
W
 Lu Yen-Hsun
1R
2016 US Open
5

56
 Albano Olivetti
L
 Matthew Barton
1R
2016 Wimbledon
5

55
 Ivo Karlović
L
 Lleyton Hewitt
1R
2009 French Open
5

53
 Ivo Karlović
W
 Alexandr Dolgopolov
2R
2015 Wimbledon
5

 Ivo Karlović
W
 Yūichi Sugita
2R
2018 Australian Open
5

52
 John Isner
L
 Feliciano López
3R
2014 Wimbledon
4

 Ivo Karlović
L
 Andreas Seppi
3R
2018 Australian Open
5

tag: table

text:
#
Player
Years

5
 John Isner
2010, 12, 15–17

4
 Goran Ivanišević
1994, 96–98

 Ivo Karlović
2007, 14–16

2
 Milos Raonic
2012, 14

1
 Pete Sampras
1993

 Andy Roddick
2004

 Kevin Anderson
2015

text:
Most in a one-week tournament: 144 – John Isner at the 2007 Legg Mason Tennis Classic[4][11]
Most consecutive: 10 – Sam Querrey against James Blake at 2007 Indianapolis[11][12][13]
5 consecutive aces when down love-40: Boris Becker against Andriy Medvedev and John Isner against Jiří Veselý[11]

tag: ul

text: WTA Tour[edit]

text: Serena Williams holds the record for most aces in a tournament with 102 en route to winning the 2012 Wimbledon title.[14]

text: Karolína Plíšková has the most aces in a single season with 530 in 2016,[15] which broke her own record of 517 in 2015.[16]

text:
#
Player
W/L
Opponent
Round
Year
Event
Sets
Result

31
 Kristýna Plíšková
L
 Monica Puig
2R
2016
Australian Open
3
6–4, 6–7(6–8), 7–9

27
 Sabine Lisicki
W
 Belinda Bencic
2R
2015
Birmingham
2
6–1, 7–6(7–4)

24
 Kaia Kanepi
W
 Lucie Šafářová
1R
2008
Tokyo
3
4–6, 6–3, 6–4

 Serena Williams
W
 Victoria Azarenka
SF
2012
Wimbledon
2
6–3, 7–6(8-6)

23
 Serena Williams
W
 Zheng Jie
3R
2012
Wimbledon
3
6–7(5–7), 6–2, 9–7

 Kristýna Plíšková
L
 Océane Dodin
1R
2016
Linz
3
7–6(7-2), 5–7, 3–6

22
 Brenda Schultz
W
 Iva Majoli
QF
1994
Birmingham
3
6–4, 5–7, 6–0

 Meghann Shaughnessy
W
 Nicole Vaidišová
F
2005
Memphis
2
7–6, 7–6

 Alicia Molik
L
 Venus Williams
QF
2007
Tokyo
2
6–7(4–7), 3–6

21
 Michaëlla Krajicek
L
 Camila Giorgi
2R
2015
's-Hertogenbosch
3
7–6(7–2), 2–6, 4–6

 Naomi Broady
W
 Jelena Ostapenko
2R
2016
Auckland
3
4–6, 7–6(7–4), 7–5

 Karolína Plíšková
W
Dominika Cibulková
SF
2017
Qatar
3
6–4, 4–6, 6–3

 Naomi Broady
W
 Carol Zhao
1R
2018
Monterrey
3
6–3, 6–7(5–7), 6–2


document_title: 1993 Michigan Wolverines football team

question_text: who was u of m quarterback in 1993

question_tokens: who was u of m quarterback in 1993

text: 1993 Michigan Wolverines football team

text: Schedule[edit]

text:
Date
Time
Opponent#
Rank#
Site
TV
Result
Attendance

September 4
3:30 p.m.
Washington State*
No. 3/3
Michigan Stadium • Ann Arbor, Michigan
ABC
W 41–14
105,512

September 11
12:00 p.m.
No. 11/10 Notre Dame*
No. 3/2
Michigan Stadium • Ann Arbor, Michigan (Rivalry)
ABC
L 23–27
106,851

September 25
12:30 p.m.
Houston*
No. 8/9
Michigan Stadium • Ann Arbor, Michigan

W 42–21
104,196

October 2
12:30 p.m.
Iowa
No. 8/10
Michigan Stadium • Ann Arbor, Michigan
ESPN
W 24–7
105,423

October 9
3:30 p.m.
at Michigan State
No. 9/10
Spartan Stadium • East Lansing, Michigan (Paul Bunyan Trophy)
ABC
L 7–17
78,311

October 16
12:00 p.m.
at No. 7/7 Penn State
No. 18/17
Beaver Stadium • University Park, Pennsylvania
ABC
W 21–13
96,719

October 23
3:30 p.m.
Illinois
No. 13/14
Michigan Stadium • Ann Arbor, Michigan
ABC
L 21–24
106,385

October 30
12:30 p.m.
at No. 21/20 Wisconsin
No. 24/23
Camp Randall Stadium • Madison, Wisconsin
ESPN
L 10–13
77,745

November 6
1:00 p.m.
Purdue

Michigan Stadium • Ann Arbor, Michigan

W 25–10
104,326

November 13
12:30 p.m.
at Minnesota

Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome • Minneapolis (Little Brown Jug)
ESPN
W 58–7
43,603

November 20
12:00 p.m.
No. 5/5 Ohio State

Michigan Stadium • Ann Arbor, Michigan (The Game)
ABC
W 28–0
106,867

January 1, 1994
11:00 a.m.
vs. NC State*
No. 23/22
Tampa Stadium • Tampa, Florida (Hall of Fame Bowl)
ESPN
W 42–7
64,597

*Non-conference game. Homecoming. #Rankings from AP Poll / Coaches' Poll released prior to game. All times are in Eastern Time.

text: Statistical achievements[edit]

text: Wheatley was the repeat Big Ten scoring champion with an 8.4 points per game average in all games, although he lost the conference games title to Purdue's Mike Alstott.[1]

text: The team led the Big Ten in passing efficiency for conference games (155.2), although Wisconsin won the title for all games.[2] The team earned the fourth of four consecutive and six 1990s Big Ten rushing defense statistical championships for all games by holding opponents to 108.0 yards per game.[3] The team also earned the third of five consecutive and six 1990s Big Ten rushing defense statistical championships for conference games by holding opponents to 103.0 yards per game.[3] The team led the Big Ten Conference in scoring defense for conference games (11.4 points per game) and all games (13.3).[4]

text: Todd Collins established the school record for single-season pass attempts (296), eclipsing Jim Harbaugh's 1986 total of 277 and broken by Brian Griese in 1997.[5]

text: Roster[edit]

text:
1993 Michigan Wolverines football team roster

Players
Coaches

Offense

Pos.
#
Name
Class

WR
1
Alexander, DerrickDerrick Alexander
57.0 !Sr

RB
21
Biakabutuka, TimTim Biakabutuka
1.0 !Fr

QB
10
Collins, ToddTodd Collins
5.0 !Jr

WR
9
Hayes, MercuryMercury Hayes
3.0 !So

T
77
Jenkins, TrezelleTrezelle Jenkins
5.0 !Jr

T
69
Runyan, JonJon Runyan
3.0 !So

QB
16
Riemersma, JayJay Riemersma
5.0 !Jr

WR
18
Toomer, AmaniAmani Toomer
3.0 !So

RB
6
Wheatley, TyroneTyrone Wheatley
5.0 !Jr

Defense

Pos.
#
Name
Class

CB
22
Law, TyTy Law
3.0 !So

LB
36
Morrison, SteveSteve Morrison
57.0 !Sr

LB
45
Vanderbeek, MikeMike Vanderbeek
3.0 !So

Special teams

Pos.
#
Name
Class

K
19
Hamilton, RemyRemy Hamilton
1.0 !Fr

Head coach

Gary Moeller

Coordinators/assistant coaches

Legend

(C) Team captain
(S) Suspended
(I) Ineligible

 Injured
 Redshirt

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text:
Captain: Buster Stanley, Ricky Powers
Academic All-American: Marc Milia (second team)[6]
All-Conference: Tyrone Wheatley, Buster Stanley, Ty Law
Most Valuable Player: Buster Stanley
Meyer Morton Award: Todd Collins
John Maulbetsch Award: Chuck Winters
Frederick Matthei Award: Tyrone Wheatley
Arthur Robinson Scholarship Award: Marc Milia
Dick Katcher Award: Buster Stanley
Hugh Rader Jr. Award: Joe Marinaro
Robert P. Ufer Award: Walter Smith
Roger Zatkoff Award: Gannon Dudlar

text: Coaching staff[edit]

text:
Head coach: Gary Moeller
Assistant coaches: Cam Cameron, Lloyd Carr, Mike DeBord, Bill Harris, Jim Herrmann, Fred Jackson, Greg Mattison, Les Miles, Bobby Morrison
Trainer: Paul Schmidt
Manager: Joe Allore, Kevin Brickner, Steve Connelly, Joel Gerring, Andy Riegler, Mark Mattesi, Marty Rice, Lance Satterthwaite, Michael Weiskopf


document_title: House of Cards (U.S. TV series)

question_text: where is house of cards filmed white house

question_tokens: where is house of cards filmed white house

text: House of Cards (U.S. TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)

2
13
February 14, 2014 (2014-02-14)

3
13
February 27, 2015 (2015-02-27)

4
13
March 4, 2016 (2016-03-04)

5
13
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text: Francis "Frank" Underwood, a power-hungry Democratic congressman from South Carolina and House majority whip, celebrates the election of President Garrett Walker, whose campaign he assisted to get himself appointed Secretary of State. However, Underwood soon learns that he is no longer being considered for the position. Chief of Staff Linda Vasquez tells Underwood that the president wants him to promote his agenda in Congress and will not honor their agreement. Inwardly seething, Underwood quickly gains control of his anger and hides his disappointment to present himself as a helpful lieutenant to Walker and his agenda. In reality, Underwood begins an elaborate plan behind the president's back, with the ultimate goal of gaining power for himself.

text: Frank's wife Claire runs an NGO, the Clean Water Initiative, which she uses to cultivate her own power and influence, yet its ultimate purpose remains unknown. Despite the success of the operation, Claire seeks to expand its scope to the international stage, often utilizing Frank's connections to push the organization to new heights. It is clear from the outset that Claire shares both her husband's cold-hearted, ruthless pragmatism and lust for power, and they frequently scheme together to ensure the success of each other's ventures. They both work with Remy Danton, a corporate lobbyist and former Underwood staffer, to secure funds for their operations and expand their influence.

text: Underwood begins a highly intricate plan to obtain a cabinet position, acquiring pawns he can manipulate in his power play. Underwood begins a symbiotic, and ultimately sexual, relationship with Zoe Barnes, an ambitious young political reporter, secretly feeding her damaging stories about his political rivals to sway public opinion as needed. Meanwhile, he manipulates Peter Russo, a troubled alcoholic and congressman from Pennsylvania, into helping him undermine Walker's pick for Secretary of State, Senator Michael Kern. Underwood eventually has Kern replaced with his own choice, Senator Catherine Durant. Underwood also uses Russo in a plot to end a teachers' strike and pass an education bill, which improves Underwood's standing with Walker.

text: Because the new vice president is the former governor of Pennsylvania, a special election is to be held for his successor. Underwood helps Russo get clean and props up his candidacy, but later uses call girl Rachel Posner to break his sobriety and trigger his public downfall shortly before the election. Distraught, Russo decides to make amends for his failure by coming clean to the press about his role in Underwood's schemes. In response, Frank kills Russo by leaving him passed out in a closed garage with Russo's car running, causing him to die of carbon monoxide poisoning. With the special election in chaos, Underwood convinces the vice president to step down and run for his old position of governor – leaving the vice presidency open to Underwood, as was his plan all along.

text: Walker appears to have other plans, however. Underwood ends up vetting a surprising choice for vice president: Missouri billionaire Raymond Tusk. He later finds out that Tusk has been secretly appraising Underwood for vice president and is a longtime advisor and friend of Walker; it was Tusk who convinced Walker to break his original agreement to appoint Underwood. Tusk explains he will influence Walker to nominate Underwood if he agrees to perform one unspecified favor for him that will benefit Tusk's financial interests. Underwood, after some thought, counter-proposes to Tusk that they work together to fulfil both their interests, which Tusk accepts. Meanwhile, after Underwood ends their affair, Zoe begins piecing together clues about Underwood's various plots. The season ends when Underwood is offered the nomination for vice president, which he accepts.

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text: With Frank on the verge of being sworn in as vice president, Zoe and two colleagues, Lucas Goodwin and Janine Skorsky, continue to look into his schemes, and ultimately locate Rachel. As a protective measure, Frank's aide Doug Stamper brings Rachel to a safe house while Frank lures Zoe to a Metro station and, unseen by witnesses or security cameras, pushes her in front of an oncoming train. Zoe's death compels Janine to abandon the investigation, but galvanizes Lucas to continue the search alone. Lucas solicits the help of a hacker to retrieve Frank's text history. However, the hacker, Gavin Orsay, actually works for Doug and frames Lucas for cyberterrorism. Later, Gavin uses Rachel to extort Doug. Fearing potential harm and Doug's growing obsession with her, Rachel hits Doug with a brick and leaves him for dead.

text: After Frank begins his vice presidential duties, Claire becomes close with the First Lady, and they support a bill to reform the military's prosecution of sexual assault, after Claire reveals in an interview that she had an abortion after being raped in college by a man who has just been commissioned as a general. (Claire lies by conflating two events; a sexual assault by the college classmate and an abortion she had several years later). She learns Walker's marriage is strained and offers the First Lady the aid of a spiritual advisor and marriage counselor.

text: Though Tusk wields major influence over Walker, Frank aims to drive a wedge between them. He meets Xander Feng, a Chinese businessman and ally of Tusk's, to engage in back-channel negotiations which Frank intentionally scuttles at the expense of Tusk's credibility. This leads to a trade war with China and a spike in U.S. energy prices. Tusk openly opposes Walker's efforts to deal with the crisis and begins having a tribal casino funnel money into Republican PACs in retaliation. When Frank discovers that Feng is the source of the funneled money, he gets Feng to end his partnership with Tusk in exchange for a lucrative bridge contract.

text: The Justice Department discovers that Doug was videotaped at the casino and investigates the White House's ties to Feng and Tusk. Seeking to establish trust with the special prosecutor, Frank manipulates Walker into volunteering his travel records, which reveal his visits to a marriage counselor and raise questions about whether the illicit donations were discussed. Wishing to avoid public disclosure of his personal issues, Walker has the White House Counsel coach the counselor, which the special prosecutor interprets as witness tampering. As the House Judiciary Committee begins drafting articles of impeachment, both Walker and Frank offer Tusk a presidential pardon in exchange for implicating each other. Tusk sides with Walker at first, leaving Frank no other option than to regain the president's trust as a friend. Walker calls off his deal with Tusk as a sign of friendship to Frank, leading Tusk to testify that Walker knew about the deal with China. With Walker forced to resign, Frank is sworn in as president.

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text: Six months into his presidency, Frank begins by pushing for a new jobs program called America Works. Because funding for America Works requires cutting into social programs, Frank faces immense opposition from his own party. Determined to leave a legacy and not be a "placeholder" president, Underwood makes ambitious moves to run in the 2016 presidential election, where he faces off against Heather Dunbar in the Democratic primaries. This decision is a reversal of his previous pledge not to run for the presidency.

text: Meanwhile, Doug recovers from his injuries, but Frank refuses to reinstate him as his chief of staff. Doug appears to switch sides and begins working for Dunbar's campaign. Gavin helps Doug track down Rachel in exchange for lifting the ban on his passport; the findings he delivers are of a body reported as a Jane Doe but with fingerprints matching Rachel's. Distraught by the news, Doug suffers a relapse, which Frank blames on Dunbar. When Gavin reveals that Rachel is really alive, Doug brutalizes him into divulging her location. Doug finds Rachel living under a false identity in New Mexico, drives her into the desert, and eventually kills her too. He returns to work as Frank's Chief of Staff after Remy resigns.

text: Meanwhile, Claire is named the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and faces a crisis in the Jordan Valley, which pits Frank against Russian president Viktor Petrov. When Petrov has an American gay rights activist arrested in Russia, the Underwoods persuade him to secure a release. However, Petrov demands that the activist apologize on Russian television, leading the activist to kill himself while being visited by Claire. Later, after Russian troops are killed in the Jordan Valley, Petrov convinces Frank to remove Claire as ambassador in exchange for a peaceful resolution. Claire resigns, giving the reason that she wants to be more active in Frank's campaign.

text: Throughout the season, a writer named Thomas Yates follows the Underwoods. He is hired by Frank to write a biography that Frank plans to use to promote America Works. Yates, a fiction writer with a dark past of his own, decides to put a different spin on the book and writes less about Frank and more about his marriage with Claire. Yates reads Frank a prologue that Frank does not understand at first, but agrees is a decent beginning. By the end of the season, Yates has the first chapter written and Frank, not liking the direction the book is taking, fires Yates. By the season finale, tensions between the Underwoods reach a point where Claire states her intent to leave Frank.

text: Season 4 (2016)[edit]

text: Claire relocates to Dallas and runs for Congress in her home district. The incumbent, Doris Jones, plans to retire and endorse her daughter Celia as her successor. Claire offers them federal funding for a key Planned Parenthood clinic in exchange for stepping down, but they refuse the offer. Frank desperately seeks to get Claire back by his side as he loses ground in key primary states. He succeeds after promising not to sabotage her campaign in Texas, but he later blocks her congressional bid by publicly endorsing Celia Jones in his State of the Union address. Frank and Claire travel to South Carolina for the primary, but a series of scandals casts Frank in a bad light and causes him to narrowly lose the state to Dunbar. Frank discovers that Claire had been leaking information to Dunbar, and she threatens to continue unless he names her as his running mate. Frank refuses.

text: Lucas is released from prison and seeks revenge against Frank. He approaches Dunbar and explains his story, but she turns him away. Desperate, he attempts to assassinate Frank, wounding the president in the abdomen and killing bodyguard Edward Meechum, but not before Meechum kills Lucas. While Frank remains comatose, Donald Blythe is sworn in as acting president. Blythe is indecisive during a critical military situation involving Russia, and turns to Claire for guidance on foreign policy. Claire goes against Frank’s wishes by convincing Blythe to involve China in the ensuing dispute and secure a meeting with Petrov, where she brokers an ambitious peace deal single-handedly. While Frank remains incapacitated, Doug decides to go after Dunbar by leaking information about her secret meeting with Lucas prior to the assassination attempt. Dunbar denounces the allegations as a smear campaign, in a move that is widely panned and leads to her suspending her presidential bid. Frank recovers and resumes his position as president, agreeing to put Claire on the ticket for the upcoming election.

text: Tom Hammerschmidt, Zoe and Lucas's former editor, digs deeper into the latter's claims of Frank's misdeeds. He approaches Remy and, with his help, starts to piece together Frank's corruption. Tom also meets with Walker, convincing him to help by appealing to his anger for being forced to resign. Danton and Jackie Sharp also decide to go on the record against Frank to lend credibility to the story.

text: An American family is kidnapped in Tennessee by two supporters of a radical Islamist group called the Islamic Caliphate Organization (ICO), who agree to negotiate only with the ambitious Republican nominee, Governor Will Conway. Frank invites Conway to the White House to assist in the negotiations as a publicity stunt, and Conway helps buy critical time in locating the suspects. However, tensions between the Conways and Underwoods lead to the governor ending his role in the crisis. Frank and Claire allow the kidnappers to speak to the deposed leader of ICO, Yusuf al Ahmadi, after successfully obtaining the release of two of the hostages. Instead of defusing the situation as he agreed, al Ahmadi urges the kidnappers to kill the remaining hostage and broadcast the killing to the public.

text: Meanwhile, Hammerschmidt publishes his story and threatens to end Frank's campaign weeks before the election. Claire urges Frank to use a heavier hand in the situation, and they decide to fight back by creating chaos. Frank addresses the public declaring that the nation is at total war, ordering the full force of the military be used to combat global terrorism regardless the cost. The season ends with Frank and Claire watching the live execution of the hostage together, and Claire breaking the fourth wall for the first time by looking into the camera along with Frank.

text: Season 5 (2017)[edit]

text: In the weeks before the 2016 election, Frank uses ICO as a pretext to enacting martial law in urban areas and consolidating polling places in key states. Done mainly through back channels with Democratic governors, this is officially done in the name of safety, but is actually done to disenfranchise rural Republican voters. To keep the strategy of fear going, Doug blackmails hacker Aidan Macallan into launching a massive cyberattack on the NSA, slowing down internet traffic and wiping out hundreds of thousands of files. The Underwood Administration pins the attack on ICO.

text: On Election Day, the result hinges on Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Ohio. Contrary to the Underwoods' desired plans, the early returns seem to favor Conway. Underwood's political machine stages a terrorist attack in Knoxville, which is pinned on a local suspected ICO sympathizer. With Pennsylvania secured by Conway and Ohio seeming to swing his way, Frank unofficially calls Conway directly to concede. However, this is merely a tactic to put Conway off guard, as the Underwoods contact Ohio's governor and convince him to close the polls early on the pretense of a terrorist threat. Ohio and Tennessee refuse to certify the election, and neither candidate reaches the requisite number of electoral votes.

text: Nine weeks after the unresolved election, the Twelfth Amendment is invoked, with the vote being put up to members of Congress. During a meeting with the Congressional Black Caucus, cracks begin to appear in Conway's facade as he loses his cool. In spite of this, Frank's own baggage and 12% approval rating only allows him a tie with Conway in the House, while Claire manages to secure the Senate vote, becoming acting president. In light of the tie, Claire orders a special election for Ohio and Tennessee. Meanwhile, Jane Davis, a low-ranking Commerce Department official who has a wide-ranging network of connections and influence, begins working closely with the Underwoods.

text: As a private citizen for the time being, Frank attends a meeting of powerful men at a secret society known as Elysian Fields, in an effort to secure their influence for votes in the upcoming special election. Meanwhile, Conway has a mental breakdown on his private plane due to feeling that the election was stolen from him. Eventually, this and other leaks from his campaign are slowly dripped to the media in a manner that seems unconnected to the Underwoods. Seeing that his candidate is losing, Conway's campaign manager, Mark Usher, switches sides to the Underwoods. The Underwood ticket wins both Ohio and Tennessee, and Frank is sworn in as president and Claire as vice president.

text: Meanwhile, Hammerschmidt continues to investigate Zoe's death, and is given information by an unknown leaker within the White House. Major document dumps are made available to Hammerschmidt, which, among other charges, prompts an impeachment hearing against Frank. In response, the Underwoods set up extensive surveillance on all White House personnel. Eventually, the leaker makes a voice-modulated call to Hammerschmidt, implicating Doug in Zoe's murder. The Underwoods convince Doug to take the fall for killing Zoe, and the leaker is revealed to be Frank himself.

text: The leaks are revealed to be part of Frank's master plan to resign the presidency to Claire, believing his thirst for power can be better achieved in the private sector, working alongside his wife's presidency. Frank, concerned about Durant's intention to testify at the impeachment hearing, pushes her down a short flight of stairs upon accepting her resignation, hospitalizing her. Claire poisons Yates with an overdose of Gelsemium provided to her by Jane, concerned that he knows too much. Finally, contractors working for the Underwoods eliminate LeAnn by ramming her car off the road into a guard rail. Frank resigns, and the two await the proper moment for Claire to pardon him. This comes in the form of a military special operations unit finding and taking out the leader of ICO, which moves media focus away from Frank. Standing in the Oval Office, Claire appears to reconsider pardoning Frank, and ignores multiple concerned calls from him regarding the matter. The season ends with Claire ignoring Frank's call, then breaking the fourth wall to tell the viewers, "My turn."

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Kevin Spacey as Francis J. "Frank" Underwood, Democrat from South Carolina's 5th congressional district who is House Majority Whip in season one, Vice President of the United States in season two, and the 46th President of the United States in seasons three to five.
Robin Wright as Claire Underwood, Frank's wife who runs the Clean Water Initiative, a non-governmental organization, in season one before giving it up to become Second Lady of the United States in season two. She then becomes United States Ambassador to the United Nations in season three and First Lady of the United States in seasons three to five, Acting President of the United States briefly in season five before becoming Vice President of the United States and then permanently 47th President of the United States at the end of the season.
Kate Mara as Zoe Barnes, a reporter for The Washington Herald (and later Slugline). She forms an intimate relationship with Frank Underwood, her political informant, who in turn uses her as a mouthpiece to leak stories to the press and irk his political rivals.
Corey Stoll as Peter Russo, a Democratic congressman from Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district and recovering addict.
Michael Kelly as Douglas "Doug" Stamper, Underwood's unwaveringly loyal chief of staff and confidant. He is temporarily replaced by Remy Danton as Chief of Staff after his injury for most of season 3 but returns as his new chief of staff at the end of the season.
Kristen Connolly as Christina Gallagher, a congressional staffer and personal assistant to President Walker, and lover to Peter Russo.
Sakina Jaffrey as Linda Vasquez, President Walker's White House Chief of Staff.
Sandrine Holt as Gillian Cole, the leader of a grass-roots organization called World Well that provides clean water to developing countries.
Constance Zimmer as Janine Skorsky, a reporter for The Washington Herald.
Michel Gill as Garrett Walker, 45th President of the United States, former Governor of Colorado. He trusts Underwood as a close adviser and lieutenant, but remains blind to his machinations.
Sebastian Arcelus as Lucas Goodwin, an editor at The Washington Herald and later Zoe's boyfriend.
Mahershala Ali as Remy Danton, a lawyer for Glendon Hill and lobbyist who works for natural gas company SanCorp in season one and Raymond Tusk in season two. He worked in Underwood's congressional office as Communications Director prior to the series, and after severing ties with Tusk, serves as Underwood's chief of staff for most of season 3 until quitting at the end of the season.
Boris McGiver as Tom Hammerschmidt, editor-in-chief of The Washington Herald. He opens an investigation into the secret dealings of Frank and his inner circle in Season 4.
Nathan Darrow as Edward Meechum, a member of the U.S. Capitol Police and the Underwoods' bodyguard and driver.
Rachel Brosnahan as Rachel Posner, a prostitute trying to make a better life for herself using Stamper.
Molly Parker as Jacqueline "Jackie" Sharp, a Democratic congresswoman from California who succeeded Frank as Majority Whip. She also briefly ran for the Democratic nomination for President in season 3.
Gerald McRaney as Raymond Tusk, a billionaire businessman with a wide network of influence, although he prefers to live modestly.
Jayne Atkinson as Catherine "Cathy" Durant, a Democratic Senator from Louisiana and Secretary of State.
Jimmi Simpson as Gavin Orsay, a computer hacker turned reluctant FBI informant, who works secretly with Doug Stamper in exchange for help escaping the country.
Mozhan Marnò as Wall Street Telegraph reporter Ayla Sayyad. She is assigned to the White House and does freelance investigative reporting.
Elizabeth Marvel as Heather Dunbar, a lawyer and Solicitor General of the US in the Walker Administration. She runs against Underwood for the Democratic nomination.
Derek Cecil as Seth Grayson, a political operative who becomes Press Secretary for Vice President Underwood through blackmail.
Paul Sparks as Thomas Yates, a successful author whom Frank asks to write a book about the America Works jobs program. He stays on as a speech writer and Claire's lover.
Joel Kinnaman as Will Conway, Republican Governor of New York and Nominee for President of the United States running against Frank.
Kim Dickens as Kate Baldwin, chief political reporter of the Wall Street Telegraph. She replaces Sayyad at the White House after Seth Grayson dismisses Sayyad for protocol violations.
Lars Mikkelsen as Viktor Petrov, the President of Russia.[8]
Neve Campbell as LeAnn Harvey, a Texas-based political consultant Claire hires to run her Congressional campaign. She later becomes the Campaign Manager for the Underwoods for the 2016 Election.
Campbell Scott as Mark Usher, Conway's Campaign Manager. He later joins the Underwood's inner circle as a "Special Adviser".
Patricia Clarkson as Jane Davis, Deputy Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade. She is very well connected and able to successfully negotiate back channel dealings for the Underwoods.
Dominique McElligott as Hannah Conway, wife of New York Governor and Republican presidential nominee Will Conway.
Korey Jackson as Sean Jeffries, a young reporter at the Washington Herald working under Hammerschmidt.
Damian Young as Aidan Macallan, a data scientist and NSA contractor who is friends with LeAnn Harvey.
James Martinez as Alex Romero, a Democratic Congressman who leads the House Intelligence Committee's investigation into Frank's alleged abuse of power.

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception[edit]

text:
The world of 7:30 on Tuesday nights, that's dead. A stake has been driven through its heart, its head has been cut off, and its mouth has been stuffed with garlic. The captive audience is gone. If you give people this opportunity to mainline all in one day, there's reason to believe they will do it.
“
”

 — David Fincher[9]

tag: div

text: Independent studio Media Rights Capital, founded by Mordecai Wiczyk and Asif Satchu, producer of films such as Babel, purchased the rights to House of Cards with the intention to create a series.[10] While finishing production on his 2008 film The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, David Fincher's agent showed him House of Cards, a BBC miniseries starring Ian Richardson.[10] Fincher was interested in producing a potential series with Eric Roth.[10] Fincher said that he was interested in doing television because of its long-form nature,[11] adding that working in film does not allow for complex characterizations the way that television allows.[11] "I felt for the past ten years that the best writing that was happening for actors was happening in television. And so I had been looking to do something that was longer form," Fincher stated.[11]

text: MRC approached different networks about the series, including HBO, Showtime and AMC, but Netflix, hoping to launch its own original programming, outbid the other networks.[12] Ted Sarandos, Netflix's Chief Content Officer, looked at the data of Netflix users' streaming habits and concluded that there was an audience for Fincher and Spacey.[13] "It looked incredibly promising," he said, "kind of the perfect storm of material and talent."[10] In finding a writer to adapt the series, Fincher stated that they needed someone who could faithfully translate parliamentary politics to Washington."[10] Beau Willimon, who has served as an aide to Charles Schumer, Howard Dean and Hillary Clinton,[14] was hired and completed the pilot script in early 2011.[10] Willimon saw the opportunity to create an entirely new series from the original and deepen its overall story.[10]

text:
This is the future, streaming is the future. TV will not be TV in five years from now...everyone will be streaming.
“
”

 — Beau Willimon[15]

text: The project was first announced in March 2011, with Kevin Spacey attached to star and serve as an executive producer.[16] Fincher was announced as director for the first two episodes, from scripts by Willimon. Netflix ordered 26 episodes to air over two seasons.[17]

text: Spacey called Netflix's model of publishing all episodes at once a "new perspective."[15] He added that Netflix's commitment to two full seasons gave the series greater continuity. "We know exactly where we are going," he said.[15] In a speech at the Edinburgh International Television Festival, he also noted that while other networks were interested in the show, they all wanted a pilot, whereas Netflix – relying solely on their statistics – ordered the series directly.[18] In January 2016, show creator, executive producer and showrunner Beau Willimon's departure following season 4 was announced.[19]

text: Casting[edit]

text:
I was lucky to get into film at a time that was very interesting for drama. But if you look now, the focus is not on the same kind of films that were made in the 90s. When I look now, the most interesting plots, the most interesting characters, they are on TV.
“
”

 — Kevin Spacey[15]

text: Fincher stated that every main cast member was their first choice.[11] In the first read through, he said "I want everybody here to know that you represent our first choice — each actor here represents our first choice for these characters. So do not fuck this up."[11] Spacey, whose last regular television role was in the series Wiseguy, which ran from 1987 until 1990, responded positively to the script. He then played Richard III at The Old Vic, which Fincher said was "great training."[11] Spacey supported the decision to release all of the episodes at once, believing that this type of release pattern will be increasingly common with television shows. He said, "When I ask my friends what they did with their weekend, they say, 'Oh, I stayed in and watched three seasons of Breaking Bad or it's two seasons of Game of Thrones."[20] He was officially cast on March 18, 2011.[16] Robin Wright was approached by Fincher to star in the series when they worked together in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo.[11] She was cast as Claire Underwood in June 2011.[21] Kate Mara was cast as Zoe Barnes in early February 2012.[22] Mara's sister, Rooney, worked with Fincher in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, and when Kate Mara read the part of Zoe, she "fell in love with the character" and asked her sister to "put in a word for me with Fincher." The next month, she got a call for an audition.[23]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Locations[edit]

text: Principal photography for the first season began in January 2012[24] in Harford County, Maryland, on the Eastern seaboard of the United States.[25] Filming of exterior scenes in 2013 centered primarily in and around the city of Baltimore, Maryland, which is about 40 miles northeast of Washington, D.C.

text: Among the numerous exteriors filmed in Baltimore, but set in Washington, D.C., are: Francis and Claire Underwood's residence, Zoe Barnes' apartment, Freddy’s BBQ Rib Joint, The Clean Water Initiative building where Claire works, The Washington Herald offices, the Washington Opera House, the Secretary of State's building, Hotel Cotesworth, The Georgetown Hotel, Werner's Bar, Tio Pepe's, the DuPont Circle Bar, as well as scenes set in other locations, including Peter Russo's campaign rally in Pennsylvania and The Sentinel (military academy)’s Francis J. Underwood Library and Waldron Hall in South Carolina.[26]

text: Most of the interior scenes in House of Cards are filmed in a large industrial warehouse,[27] which is located in Joppa, Maryland, also in Harford County, which is about 17 miles north east of Baltimore.[27][28] The warehouse is used for the filming of some of the most iconic scenes of the series, such as the full-scale reconstruction of most of the West Wing of the White House, including the Oval Office,[29] the Congressional offices and corridors, the large 'Slugline' open-plan office interior, and domestic interiors such as the large townhouse rooms of the Underwood residence and a large loft apartment.[27] Extensive filming for season 5 was also done at the Maryland Historical Society in Mount Vernon, Baltimore.

text: The series uses green screen to augment the live action, inserting views of outdoor scenes in windows and broadcast images on TV monitors, often in post-production. The Production Designer, Steve Arnold, also describes in detail the use of a three-sided green screen to insert street scenes outside car windows, with synchronized LED screens above the car (and out of camera shot), that emit the appropriate light onto the actors and parts of the car, such as window frames: "All the driving in the show, anything inside the vehicle is done on stage, in a room that is a big three-sided green screen space. The car does not move, the actors are in the car, and the cameras are set up around them. We have very long strips of LED monitors hung above the car. We had a camera crew go to Washington, D.C. to drive around and shoot plates for what you see outside when you’re driving. And that is fed into the LED screens above the car. So as the scene is progressing, the LED screens are synched up to emit interactive light to match the light conditions you see in the scenery you’re driving past (that will be added in post). All the reflections on the car windows, the window frames and door jambs is being shot while we’re shooting the actors in the car. Then in post the green screens are replaced with the synced up driving plates, and it works really well. It gives you the sense of light passing over the actors’ faces, matching the lighting that is in the image of the plate".[27]

text: In June 2014, filming of three episodes in the UN Security Council chamber was vetoed by Russia at the last minute.[30] However the show was able to film in other parts of the UN Building.[31] In August 2014, the show filmed a "mock-motorcade scene" in Washington, D.C.[31] In December 2014, the show filmed in Espanola, Santa Fe, and Las Vegas, New Mexico.[32][33]

text: Tax credits[edit]

text: According to the Maryland Film Office, the state provided millions in tax credits to subsidize the production costs.

text:
For season 1, the company received a final tax credit of $11.6 million. Production costs were $63 million, more than 1,800 Maryland businesses were involved, and nearly 2,200 Marylanders were hired with a $138 million economic impact.[34]
For season 2, the company was reported to expect to get a tax credit of about $15 million because filming costs were more than $55 million. There were nearly 2,000 Maryland businesses benefitting from the production and more than 3,700 Marylanders were hired with a $120 million estimated economic impact.[34]
For season 3, the company filed a letter of intent to film, and estimated costs and economic impact similar to season 2.[34] Under the 2014 formula, "the show would qualify for up to $15 million in tax credits."[34]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: In Australia, where Netflix was not available prior to 2015, the series was broadcast on Showcase, premiering May 7, 2013. Australian subscription TV provider Foxtel, and owner of Showcase, offered the entire first season to Showcase subscribers via their On Demand feature on Foxtel set top boxes connected to the internet, as well as through their Xbox 360, Internet TV, and mobile (Foxtel Go) services. Although the entire season was made available, it maintained its weekly timeslot on Showcase.[35] Season two returned to Showcase on February 15, 2014. As with season one, the entire season was made available on demand to Showcase subscribers while also retaining a weekly timeslot.[36] The series has also been made available to non Foxtel subscribers through Apple's Apple TV service. Prior to Netflix's Australian launch on March 28, 2015,[37] Netflix renounced Showcase's rights to House of Cards,[38] with season 3 premiering on Netfix at launch.[39]

text: In New Zealand, where Netflix was unavailable prior to 2015, season 1 premiered on TV3 in early 2014 followed immediately by season 2.[40] Netflix launched in New Zealand on March 24, 2015, and unlike Australia (which had Netflix launch on the same day) where House of Cards season 3 was available at launch,[37] the series was unavailable and the premiere date and network of season 3 is unknown.[41]

text: In India, where Netflix was unavailable prior to January 2016, House of Cards premiered on February 20, 2014, on Zee Café.[42] Seasons 1 and 2 were aired back–to–back.[43] The channel aired all 13 episodes of season 3 on March 28 and 29, 2015. This marked the first time that an English-language general entertainment channel in India aired all episodes of the latest season of a series together. The move was intended to satisfy viewers' urge to binge watch the season.[44] Although Netflix launched in India in January 2016, House of Cards was not available on the service until March 4, 2016.[45] All episodes of season 4 had their television premiere on Zee Café on March 12 and 13, 2016.[46]

text: House of Cards was acquired by Canadian superstation CHCH for broadcast beginning September 13, 2017, making the program available throughout Canada on cable and free-to-air in CHCH's broadcast region, which includes portions of the United States.[47]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Season 1 was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in region 1 on June 11, 2013,[48] season 2 was released on June 17, 2014,[49] season 3 was released on July 7, 2015,[50] and season 4 was released on July 5, 2016.[51]

text:
Season
Volume/Chapters
DVD Releases
Blu-ray Releases

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
Region A
Region B

The Complete First Season
Volume One
Chapters 1–13

June 11, 2013

June 10, 2013

June 27, 2013

June 11, 2013

June 10, 2013

The Complete Second Season
Volume Two
Chapters 14–26

June 17, 2014

June 16, 2014

June 19, 2014

June 17, 2014

June 16, 2014

The Complete Third Season
Volume Three
Chapters 27–39

July 7, 2015

June 29, 2015

August 6, 2015

July 7, 2015

June 29, 2015

The Complete Fourth Season
Volume Four
Chapters 40–52

July 5, 2016

July 4, 2016

July 7, 2016

July 5, 2016

July 4, 2016

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

1
85% (34 reviews)
76 (25 reviews)

2
88% (40 reviews)
80 (25 reviews)

3
77% (48 reviews)
76 (24 reviews)

4
87% (30 reviews)
76 (17 reviews)

5
72% (25 reviews)
60 (11 reviews)

text: Season 1[edit]

text: The first season received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds a rating of 85%, based on 34 reviews, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The site's consensus reads, "Bolstered by strong performances — especially from Kevin Spacey — and surehanded direction, House of Cards is a slick, engrossing drama that may redefine how television is produced."[52] On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 76 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[53][54]

text: USA Today critic Robert Bianco praised the series, particularly Spacey's and Wright's lead performances, stating "If you think network executives are nervous, imagine the actors who have to go up against that pair in the Emmys."[55] Tom Gilatto of People Weekly lauded the first two episodes, calling them "cinematically rich, full of sleek, oily pools of darkness."[53] In The Denver Post, critic Joanne Ostrow said the series is "Deeply cynical about human beings as well as politics and almost gleeful in its portrayal of limitless ambition." She added: "House of Cards is a wonderfully sour take on power and corruption."[56]

text: Writing in The New York Times, critic Alessandra Stanley noted that the writing in the series sometimes fails to match the high quality of its acting: "Unfortunately Mr. Spacey’s lines don’t always live up to the subtle power of his performance; the writing isn’t Shakespeare, or even Aaron Sorkin, and at times, it turns strangely trite." Nevertheless, she lauded House of Cards as an entertainment that "revels in the familiar but always entertaining underbelly of government."[57] Andrew Davies, the writer of the original UK TV series, stated that Spacey's character lacks the "charm" of Ian Richardson's,[58] while The Independent praised Spacey's portrayal as a more "menacing" character, "hiding his rage behind Southern charm and old-fashioned courtesy."[59] Randy Shaw, writing for The Huffington Post, criticized House of Cards for glorifying "union bashing and entitlement slashing within a political landscape whose absence of activist groups or anyone remotely progressive resembles a Republican fantasy world".[60] Critics such as Time television critic James Poniewozik and Hank Stuever of The Washington Post compare the series to Boss.[61][62] Like the UK show and novel of the same name many critics have noted that it is heavily influenced by both Macbeth and Richard III,[63][64][65] In addition, some critics find elements of Othello, such as Iago's bitter ire.[66]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: The second season received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the season has a rating of 88%, based on 40 reviews, with an average rating of 8.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "House of Cards proves just as bingeworthy in its second season, with more of the strong performances, writing, and visual design that made the first season so addictive".[67] On Metacritic the season has a score of 80 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[68]

text: But as the season progressed, reviews became more mixed.[69] Jen Chaney of Vulture wrote that the second season "felt kind of empty" and that "the closest it came to feeling emotionally rich was when it focused on Claire."[70] At the end of the second season, Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote that show is a "A ridiculous political potboiler that takes itself too seriously"; he gave the overall season a C-.[71]

text: Season 3[edit]

text: The third season received mostly positive reviews, although many critics noted it felt repetitive. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 77%, based on 48 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's consensus reads, "Season three introduces intriguing new political and personal elements to Frank Underwood's character, even if it feels like more of the same for some."[72] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 76 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[73]

text: Negative reviews came from Nick Gillespie of The Daily Beast who accused the writers of "descending into prosaic moralism" in season 3 and asserts that it deviates from the show's original intent,[74] and Michael Wolff of USA Today plainly asserts that "the third season of House of Cards is no good...not just no good, but incompetent, a shambles, lost."[75] IndieWire named the season one of the most disappointing shows of 2015.[76]

text: Season 4[edit]

text: The fourth season received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 87%, based on 30 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "House of Cards retains its binge-worthiness by ratcheting up the drama, and deepening Robin Wright's role even further."[77] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 76 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[78]

text: Ben Travers of IndieWire had a positive response to season four, calling it an upgrade from what he perceived as a "messy and unsatisfying melodramatic" third season, writing that "House of Cards is aiming at authenticity, and–for what feels like the first time–consistently finding it."[79]

text: Todd Van DerWerff of Vox had a mixed review to season four, criticizing the repetitive and predictable nature of the series, writing: "There's no such mystery with House of Cards, where you know exactly what will happen as surely as you do on NCIS. Obstacles will present themselves, but Frank (the hammy Kevin Spacey) and Claire (the almost perfect Robin Wright) Underwood will overcome. What you see is what you get."[80]

text: The choice to have Frank and Claire run as running mates was highly criticized by some reviewers. Jonathan Holmes of Radio Times wrote that "there are limits to the stupidity viewers are willing to accept, and with season four [House of Cards] may have stepped over the line. Claire demanding her selection as Frank’s running mate is stupid. Moronic. It turns a canny political operator into a ham-brained fish-eyed jar-opener."[81] Spencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic wrote that "in moments like this it’s good to remember that Cards really, fundamentally is a stupid TV show instead of a particularly cunning comment on political reality."[82]

text: Season 5[edit]

text: The fifth season received mixed to positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 72% based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "House of Cards enjoys a confident return to form this season, though its outlandish edge is tempered slightly by the current political climate."[83] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 60 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[84]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: For its first season, House of Cards received nine nominations for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2013, to become the first original online-only web television series to receive major nominations.[85] Among House of Cards' nine nominations, "Chapter 1" received four nominations for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards and 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards becoming the first webisode (online-only episode) of a television series to receive a major Primetime Emmy Award nomination: Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for David Fincher. This episode also received several Creative Arts Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series, Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series, and Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Original Dramatic).[85][86] Although Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series is not a category that formally recognizes an episode, Spacey submitted "Chapter 1" for consideration to earn his nomination.[87] At the Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Award presentation, "Chapter 1" and Eigil Bryld earned the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series, making "Chapter 1" the first Emmy-awarded webisode.[88][89] At the Primetime Emmy Awards ceremony, Fincher won for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for directing the pilot episode "Chapter 1" in addition to the pair of Creative Arts Emmy Awards, making "Chapter 1" the first Primetime Emmy-awarded webisode.[90] None of the Emmy awards were considered to be in major categories.[91]

text: For the 71st Golden Globe Awards, House of Cards received four nominations.[92] Among those nominations was Wright for Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama for her portrayal of Claire Underwood, which she won. In so doing she became the first actress to win a Golden Globe Award for an online-only web television series.[93][94][95]

text: For its second season, House of Cards received 13 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, Kevin Spacey for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, Robin Wright for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series, Kate Mara for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series, and Reg E. Cathey for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series.[96] At the 72nd Golden Globe Awards, the series was nominated for Best Drama Series and Wright was nominated for Best Drama Actress, while Spacey won for Best Drama Actor.


document_title: Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues

question_text: who wrote the song good time charlie got the blues

text: Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues

text:
"Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues"

Single by Danny O'Keefe

from the album O'Keefe

B-side
"The Valentine Pieces"

Released
August 1972

Genre
Country

Length
3:01

Label
Signpost

Songwriter(s)
Danny O'Keefe

Producer(s)
Ahmet Ertegün

Danny O'Keefe singles chronology

"Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues"
(1972)
"The Road"
(1972)

"Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues"
(1972)
"The Road"
(1972)

text: "Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues" is a song written and performed by Danny O'Keefe.

text: It was first recorded by O'Keefe in 1967, but not released. It was recorded by The Bards and released in 1968 as the b-side to the song "Tunesmith" on Parrot Records. The Bards were a band from Moses Lake, Washington.[1] The song was recorded by O'Keefe for his self-titled debut album in 1971.[2] The following year he re-recorded it (with a slower, more downbeat arrangement) for his second album, O'Keefe.[3] The second version was issued as a single, reaching number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, number 5 on the adult contemporary chart, and #63 on the country chart.[4] The song was also covered by Mel Tormé, especially for a 1986 episode of NBC's Night Court entitled "Leon, We Hardly Knew Ye".

text: It was covered by numerous artists. A cover by Leon Russell peaked at number 63 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1984.[5]

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1972)
Peak
position

Canada RPM Top Singles[6]
19

US Billboard Hot 100[7]
9

US Billboard Adult Contemporary
5

US Cash Box Top 100
10

text: Selected list of recorded versions[edit]

text:
The Bards (1968) on Parrot Records
Danny O'Keefe (1971), on the album Danny O'Keefe
Dwight Yoakam
Willie Nelson
Waylon Jennings
Mike Farris
Elvis Presley
Leon Russell
Chris Hillman
Earl Klugh on his 1978 album Magic in Your Eyes
Rita Wilson
Charlie Rich (1980), on the album Once a Drifter
Jerry Lee Lewis and Leon Russell[8]
Holly Cole, from the album Night (2012)
Harry Manx (2008), from the album Live at the Glenn Gould Studio
Mel Tormé, (1986), for a Night Court episode entitled "Leon, We Hardly Knew Ye".
Conway Twitty (1977), on the album Play,Guitar Play
Nat Stuckey (1973), on the album Take Time To Love Her
Marco T (2001), on the album Marco T. Country Colombian edition

text: Shooter Jennings (2016), on the album "BCR Mixtape 2016".


document_title: Declaration of war by the United States

question_text: when was the last war declared by congress

text: Declaration of war by the United States

text: History[edit]

text: The United States has formally declared war against foreign nations five separate times, each upon prior request by the President of the United States. Four of those five declarations came after hostilities had begun.[2] James Madison reported that in the Federal Convention of 1787, the phrase "make war" was changed to "declare war" in order to leave to the Executive the power to repel sudden attacks but not to commence war without the explicit approval of Congress.[3] Debate continues as to the legal extent of the President's authority in this regard. Public opposition to American involvement in foreign wars, particularly during the 1930s, was expressed as support for a Constitutional Amendment that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war.[4] Several Constitutional Amendments, such as the Ludlow Amendment, have been proposed that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war.

text: After Congress repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in January 1971 and President Richard Nixon continued to wage war in Vietnam, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution (Pub.L. 93–148) over the veto of Nixon in an attempt to rein in some of the president's claimed powers. The War Powers Resolution proscribes the only power of the president to wage war which is recognized by Congress.

text: Declarations of war[edit]

text: Formal[edit]

text: The table below lists the five wars in which the United States has formally declared war against eleven foreign nations.[5] The only country against which the United States has declared war more than once is Germany, against which the United States has declared war twice (though a case could be made for Hungary as a successor state to Austria-Hungary).

text: In World War II, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Germany and Italy, led respectively by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, declared war on the United States, and the U.S. Congress responded in kind.[6][7]

text:
War
Declaration
Opponent(s)
Date of declaration
Votes
President
Result

Senate
House

War of 1812
Declaration of War upon the U.K.
 United Kingdom
June 18, 1812
19–13
79–49
James Madison
Treaty of Ghent (December 24, 1814)

Mexican–American War
"An Act providing for the Prosecution of the existing War between the United States and the Republic of Mexico."[8]
 Mexico
May 13, 1846
40–2
173–14
James K. Polk
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848)

Spanish–American War
Declaration of War upon Spain
 Spain
April 25, 1898
42–35
310–6
William McKinley
Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898)

World War I
Declaration of War upon Germany
 Germany
April 6, 1917
82–6
373–50
Woodrow Wilson
Treaty of Berlin (August 25, 1921)

Declaration of War upon Austria-Hungary[9][10]
 Austria-Hungary
December 7, 1917
74–0
365–1
1921 U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty (August 24, 1921), 1921 U.S.-Hungarian Peace Treaty (August 29, 1921)

World War II
Declaration of War upon Japan
 Japan
December 8, 1941
82–0
388–1
Franklin D. Roosevelt
V-J Day, Japanese Instrument of Surrender (September 2, 1945), Treaty of San Francisco (September 8, 1951)

Declaration of War upon Germany
 Germany
December 11, 1941
88–0
393–0
V-E Day, German Instrument of Surrender (May 8, 1945), Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (September 12, 1990), Treaty of Vienna with Austria (May 15, 1955)

Declaration of War upon Italy
 Italy
90–0
399–0
Paris Peace Treaty (February 10, 1947)

Declaration of War upon Bulgaria
 Bulgaria
June 5, 1942
73–0
357–0

Declaration of War upon Hungary[9]
 Hungary
360–0

Declaration of War upon Romania[9]
 Romania
361–0

text: Undeclared wars[edit]

text: Military engagements authorized by Congress[edit]

text: In other instances, the United States has engaged in extended military combat that was authorized by Congress.

text:
War or conflict
Opponent(s)
Initial authorization
Votes
President
Result

Senate
House

Quasi-War
 France
An Act further to protect the commerce of the United States
July 9, 1798
18–4

John Adams
Treaty of Mortefontaine

First Barbary War
 Morocco
 Tripolitania

February 6, 1802[11]

Thomas Jefferson
War ended 1805

Second Barbary War
 Algiers
May 10, 1815[12]

James Madison
War ended 1816

Enforcing 1808 slave trade ban; naval squadron sent to African waters to apprehend illegal slave traders
 Slave traders and pirates
"Act in addition to the acts prohibiting the Slave Trade" 1819

James Monroe
1822 first African-American settlement founded in Liberia, 1823 U.S. Navy stops anti-trafficking patrols

Redress for attack on U.S. Navy's USS Water Witch
 Paraguay
1858.[13]

James Buchanan

Mexican Revolution

United States occupation of Veracruz

 Mexico
H.J.R. 251, 38 Stat. 770
April 22, 1914

337–37
Woodrow Wilson
Force withdrawn after six months. However, the Joint Resolution was likely used to authorize the Pancho Villa Expedition. In the Senate, "when word reached the Senate that the invasion had gone forward before the use-of-force resolution had been approved, Republicans reacted angrily" saying it was a violation of the Constitution, but eventually after the action had already started, a resolution was passed after the action to "justify" it since Senators did not think it was a declaration of war.[14][15]

Russian Civil War

Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

 Commune of Estonia
 Far Eastern Republic
 Latvia
 Mongolian People's Party
 Russia
 Ukraine

1918[16]

Woodrow Wilson

Lebanon crisis of 1958
 Lebanese Opposition

 Al-Mourabitoun
 Lebanese Communist Party
 Progressive Socialist Party

H.J. Res. 117, Public Law 85-7, Joint Resolution "To promote peace and stability in the Middle East", March 9, 1957[17]
72–19
355–61
Dwight D. Eisenhower
U.S. forces withdrawn, October 25, 1958

Vietnam War

Laotian Civil War

Cambodian Civil War

 China
National United Front of Kampuchea

 Khmer Rouge
 Khmer Rumdo
 Khmer Việt Minh

 North Korea
 North Vietnam
 Pathet Lao
 South Vietnam

Việt Cộng

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, August 7, 1964
88–2
416–0
Lyndon B. Johnson
U.S. forces withdrawn under terms of the Paris Peace Accords signed January 27, 1973

Multinational Force in Lebanon
Shia and Druze militias; Syria
S.J.Res. 159
Pub.L. 98–119
September 29, 1983
54–46
253–156
Ronald W. Reagan
Forces withdrawn in 1984

Persian Gulf War
 Iraq
H.J.Res. 77
January 12, 1991.
52–47
250–183
George H.W. Bush
The United Nations Security Council drew up terms for the cease-fire, April 3, 1991

War in Afghanistan

Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan
Operation Freedom's Sentinel

al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen

Yemeni Civil War

Somali Civil War

Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

War in North-West Pakistan

Moro conflict

Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines

Iraqi Civil War

Operation Inherent Resolve

Syrian Civil War

Operation Inherent Resolve

Second Libyan Civil War

 Afghanistan

Quetta Shura

Taliban

Haqqani network
Mullah Dadullah Front

 al-Qaeda

055 Brigade
Al-Nusra Front

Khorasan group

al-Qaeda Emirate in Yemen

Aden-Abyan Islamic Army
Islamic Jihad of Yemen

al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula

Ansar al-Sharia

al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent
Lashkar al-Zil

 Harakat Ahrar al-Sham al-Islamiyya
 Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
 Islamic Jihad Union
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
Jamaat-ul-Ahrar
Jundallah
Lashkar-e-Islam
 Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
 Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi
 Turkistan Islamic Party
 Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan

 High Council of the Islamic Emirate
 Fidai Mahaz

 al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
 Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia
 Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahedeen
 Hizbul Islam
 Islamic Courts Union
 Jabhatul Islamiya
 Mu'askar Anole
 Ras Kamboni Brigades

 Abu Sayyaf
 Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters
 Islamic State
 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
 Maute group
 Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao

S.J. Res. 23
September 14, 2001
98–0
420–1
George W. Bush

Iraq War[18]
 Iraq
H.J. Res. 114,
March 3, 2003
77–23
296–132
George W. Bush
Ba'athist Iraqi government deposed April 2003. U.S. combat operations ended August 31, 2010. War ended December 15, 2011. Destabilization of Iraq and emergence of ISIL in the region 2011–present.[19]

text: Military engagements authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by Congress[edit]

text: In many instances, the United States has engaged in extended military engagements that were authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by appropriations from Congress.

text:
Military engagement
Opponent(s)
Initial authorization
President
Result

Korean War
 China
 North Korea
 Soviet Union

UNSCR 84, 1950
Harry S. Truman
Korean Armistice Agreement,[20] 1953

Multinational Force in Lebanon
Shia militias, Druze militias, Syria
UNSCR 425, 1978
UNSCR 426, 1978

Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan
U.S. forces withdrew in 1984

Persian Gulf War
 Iraq
UNSCR 678, 1990
George H. W. Bush
UNSCR 689, 1991

Bosnian War
 Republika Srpska
UNSCR 770, 1992
UNSCR 776, 1992
UNSCR 836, 1993
Bill Clinton
Reflagged as IFOR in 1995, Reflagged as SFOR in 1996, Completed in 2004

Second Liberian Civil War
Peacekeeping
UNSCR 1497, 2003
George W. Bush
U.S. forces are withdrawn in 2003 after the UNMIL is established.

Haitian coup d'état
UNSCR 1529, 2004
UNSCR 1542, 2004

2004

First Libyan Civil War

2011 military intervention in Libya

Operation Odyssey Dawn
Operation Unified Protector

 Libya
UNSCR 1973, 2011
Barack Obama
Debellation of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, October 31, 2011

text: Other undeclared wars[edit]

text:
Military engagement
Opponent(s)
President
Result

American Revolutionary War
 Great Britain

Quebec
Loyalists

German auxiliaries

 Hesse-Kassel
 Hesse-Hanau
 Hanover
 Waldeck
 Brunswick
 Ansbach
 Anhalt-Zerbst

Native Americans[21]

 Iroquois Confederacy

None
Peace of Paris

text: On at least 125 occasions, the President has acted without prior express military authorization from Congress.[22] These include instances in which the United States fought in the Philippine–American War from 1898–1903, in Nicaragua in 1927, as well as the NATO bombing campaign of Yugoslavia in 1999, and the 2017 missile strikes on Syria.

text: The United States' longest war was fought between approximately 1840 and 1886 against the Apache Nation. During that entire 46-year period, there was never more than 90 days of peace.[citation needed]

text: The Indian Wars comprise at least 28 conflicts and engagements. These localized conflicts, with Native Americans, began with European colonists coming to North America, long before the establishment of the United States. For the purpose of this discussion, the Indian Wars are defined as conflicts with the United States of America. They begin as one front in the American Revolutionary War in 1775 and had concluded by 1918. The United States Army still maintains a campaign streamer for Pine Ridge 1890–1891 despite opposition from certain Native American groups.[23]

text: The American Civil War was not an international conflict under the laws of war, because the Confederate States of America was not a government that had been granted full diplomatic recognition as a sovereign nation by other sovereign states.[24][25] The CSA was recognized by the United States government as a belligerent power, a different status of recognition that authorized Confederate warships to visit non-U.S. ports. This recognition of the CSA's status as a belligerent power did not impose any duty upon the United States to recognize the sovereignty of the Confederacy, and the United States never did so.

text: The War Powers Resolution[edit]

text: In 1973, following the withdrawal of most American troops from the Vietnam War, a debate emerged about the extent of presidential power in deploying troops without a declaration of war. A compromise in the debate was reached with the War Powers Resolution. This act clearly defined how many soldiers could be deployed by the President of the United States and for how long. It also required formal reports by the President to Congress regarding the status of such deployments, and limited the total amount of time that American forces could be deployed without a formal declaration of war.

text: Although the constitutionality of the act has never been tested, it is usually followed, most notably during the Grenada Conflict, the Panamanian Conflict, the Somalia Conflict, the Persian Gulf War, and the Iraq War[clarification needed]. The only exception was President Clinton's use of U.S. troops in the 78-day NATO air campaign against Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War.[citation needed] In all other cases, the President asserted the constitutional authority to commit troops without the necessity of Congressional approval, but in each case the President received Congressional authorization that satisfied the provisions of the War Powers Act.

text: On March 21, 2011, a number of lawmakers expressed concern that the decision of President Barack Obama to order the U.S. military to join in attacks of Libyan air defenses and government forces exceeded his constitutional authority because the decision to authorize the attack was made without Congressional permission.[26] Obama explained his rationale in a two-page letter, stating that as commander in chief, he had constitutional authority to authorize the strikes, which would be limited in scope and duration, and necessary to prevent a humanitarian disaster in Libya.