document_title: List of U.S. states and territories by area

question_text: what's the biggest state in united states

question_tokens: what 's the biggest state in united states

text: Area by state/territory[edit]

text:
Total area[2]
Land area[2]
Water[2]

State/territory
Rank
sq mi
km²
Rank
sq mi
km²
% land
Rank
sq mi
km²
% water

 Alaska
7000100000000000000♠1
665,384.04
1,723,337
7000100000000000000♠1
570,640.95
1,477,953
7001857600000000000♠85.76%
7000100000000000000♠1
94,743.10
245,384
7001142400000000000♠14.24%

 Texas
7000200000000000000♠2
268,596.46
695,662
7000200000000000000♠2
261,231.71
676,587
7001972600000000000♠97.26%
7000800000000000000♠8
7,364.75
19,075
7000274000000000000♠2.74%

 California
7000300000000000000♠3
163,696.32
423,972
7000300000000000000♠3
155,779.22
403,466
7001951600000000000♠95.16%
7000600000000000000♠6
7,915.52
20,501
7000484000000000000♠4.84%

 Montana
7000400000000000000♠4
147,039.71
380,831
7000400000000000000♠4
145,545.80
376,962
7001989800000000000♠98.98%
7001260000000000000♠26
1,493.91
3,869
7000102000000000000♠1.02%

 New Mexico
7000500000000000000♠5
121,590.30
314,917
7000500000000000000♠5
121,298.15
314,161
7001997600000000000♠99.76%
7001490000000000000♠49
292.15
757
6999240000000000000♠0.24%

 Arizona
7000600000000000000♠6
113,990.30
295,234
7000600000000000000♠6
113,594.08
294,207
7001996500000000000♠99.65%
7001480000000000000♠48
396.22
1,026
6999350000000000000♠0.35%

 Nevada
7000700000000000000♠7
110,571.82
286,380
7000700000000000000♠7
109,781.18
284,332
7001992800000000000♠99.28%
7001360000000000000♠36
790.65
2,048
6999720000000000000♠0.72%

 Colorado
7000800000000000000♠8
104,093.67
269,601
7000800000000000000♠8
103,641.89
268,431
7001995700000099999♠99.57%
7001440000000000000♠44
451.78
1,170
6999430000000000000♠0.43%

 Oregon
7000900000000000000♠9
98,378.54
254,799
7001100000000000000♠10
95,988.01
248,608
7001975700000099999♠97.57%
7001200000000000000♠20
2,390.53
6,191
7000243000000000000♠2.43%

 Wyoming
7001100000000000000♠10
97,813.01
253,335
7000900000000000000♠9
97,093.14
251,470
7001992600000000000♠99.26%
7001370000000000000♠37
719.87
1,864
6999740000000000000♠0.74%

 Michigan
7001110000000000000♠11
96,713.51
250,487
7001220000000000000♠22
56,538.90
146,435
7001584600000000000♠58.46%
7000200000000000000♠2
40,174.61
104,052
7001415400000000000♠41.54%

 Minnesota
7001120000000000000♠12
86,935.83
225,163
7001140000000000000♠14
79,626.74
206,232
7001915900000000000♠91.59%
7000900000000000000♠9
7,309.09
18,930
7000841000000000000♠8.41%

 Utah
7001130000000000000♠13
84,896.88
219,882
7001120000000000000♠12
82,169.62
212,818
7001967900000000000♠96.79%
7001170000000000000♠17
2,727.26
7,064
7000321000000000000♠3.21%

 Idaho
7001140000000000000♠14
83,568.95
216,443
7001110000000000000♠11
82,643.12
214,045
7001988900000000000♠98.89%
7001330000000000000♠33
925.83
2,398
7000111000000000000♠1.11%

 Kansas
7001150000000000000♠15
82,278.36
213,100
7001130000000000000♠13
81,758.72
211,754
7001993700000000000♠99.37%
7001420000000000000♠42
519.64
1,346
6999630000000000000♠0.63%

 Nebraska
7001160000000000000♠16
77,347.81
200,330
7001150000000000000♠15
76,824.17
198,974
7001993200000099999♠99.32%
7001410000000000000♠41
523.64
1,356
6999680000000000000♠0.68%

 South Dakota
7001170000000000000♠17
77,115.68
199,729
7001160000000000000♠16
75,811.00
196,350
7001983100000000000♠98.31%
7001290000000000000♠29
1,304.68
3,379
7000169000000000000♠1.69%

 Washington
7001180000000000000♠18
71,297.95
184,661
7001200000000000000♠20
66,455.52
172,119
7001932100000099999♠93.21%
7001110000000000000♠11
4,842.43
12,542
7000679000000000000♠6.79%

  North Dakota
7001190000000000000♠19
70,698.32
183,108
7001170000000000000♠17
69,000.80
178,711
7001976000000000000♠97.60%
7001240000000000000♠24
1,697.52
4,397
7000240000000000000♠2.40%

 Oklahoma
7001200000000000000♠20
69,898.87
181,037
7001190000000000000♠19
68,594.92
177,660
7001981300000000000♠98.13%
7001300000000000000♠30
1,303.95
3,377
7000187000000000000♠1.87%

 Missouri
7001210000000000000♠21
69,706.99
180,540
7001180000000000000♠18
68,741.52
178,040
7001986100000000000♠98.61%
7001320000000000000♠32
965.47
2,501
7000138990000099999♠1.39%

 Florida
7001220000000000000♠22
65,757.70
170,312
7001260000000000000♠26
53,624.76
138,887
7001815500000000000♠81.55%
7000300000000000000♠3
12,132.94
31,424
7001184500000000000♠18.45%

 Wisconsin
7001230000000000000♠23
65,496.38
169,635
7001250000000000000♠25
54,157.80
140,268
7001826900000000000♠82.69%
7000400000000000000♠4
11,338.57
29,367
7001173109999900000♠17.31%

 Georgia
7001240000000000000♠24
59,425.15
153,910
7001210000000000000♠21
57,513.49
148,959
7001967800000000000♠96.78%
7001220000000000000♠22
1,911.66
4,951
7000322000000000000♠3.22%

 Illinois
7001250000000000000♠25
57,913.55
149,995
7001240000000000000♠24
55,518.93
143,793
7001958700000000000♠95.87%
7001190000000000000♠19
2,394.62
6,202
7000413000000000000♠4.13%

 Iowa
7001260000000000000♠26
56,272.81
145,746
7001230000000000000♠23
55,857.13
144,669
7001992600000000000♠99.26%
7001450000000000000♠45
415.68
1,077
6999740000000000000♠0.74%

 New York
7001270000000000000♠27
54,554.98
141,297
7001300000000000000♠30
47,126.40
122,057
7001863800000000000♠86.38%
7000700000000000000♠7
7,428.58
19,240
7001136200000099999♠13.62%

 North Carolina
7001280000000000000♠28
53,819.16
139,391
7001290000000000000♠29
48,617.91
125,920
7001903400000000000♠90.34%
7001100000000000000♠10
5,201.25
13,471
7000966000000000000♠9.66%

 Arkansas
7001290000000000000♠29
53,178.55
137,732
7001270000000000000♠27
52,035.48
134,771
7001978500000000000♠97.85%
7001310000000000000♠31
1,143.07
2,961
7000215000000000000♠2.15%

 Alabama
7001300000000000000♠30
52,420.07
135,767
7001280000000000000♠28
50,645.33
131,171
7001966100000000000♠96.61%
7001230000000000000♠23
1,774.74
4,597
7000339000000000000♠3.39%

 Louisiana
7001310000000000000♠31
52,378.13
135,659
7001330000000000000♠33
43,203.90
111,898
7001824800000000000♠82.48%
7000500000000000000♠5
9,174.23
23,761
7001175200000000000♠17.52%

 Mississippi
7001320000000000000♠32
48,431.78
125,438
7001310000000000000♠31
46,923.27
121,531
7001968900000000000♠96.89%
7001250000000000000♠25
1,508.51
3,907
7000311000000000000♠3.11%

 Pennsylvania
7001330000000000000♠33
46,054.35
119,280
7001320000000000000♠32
44,742.70
115,883
7001971500000000000♠97.15%
7001280000000000000♠28
1,311.64
3,397
7000285000000000000♠2.85%

 Ohio
7001340000000000000♠34
44,825.58
116,098
7001350000000000000♠35
40,860.69
105,829
7001911500000000000♠91.15%
7001140000000000000♠14
3,964.89
10,269
7000885000000000000♠8.85%

 Virginia
7001350000000000000♠35
42,774.93
110,787
7001360000000000000♠36
39,490.09
102,279
7001923200000099999♠92.32%
7001150000000000000♠15
3,284.84
8,508
7000768000000000000♠7.68%

 Tennessee
7001360000000000000♠36
42,144.25
109,153
7001340000000000000♠34
41,234.90
106,798
7001978400000000000♠97.84%
7001350000000000000♠35
909.36
2,355
7000216000000000000♠2.16%

 Kentucky
7001370000000000000♠37
40,407.80
104,656
7001370000000000000♠37
39,486.34
102,269
7001977200000000000♠97.72%
7001340000000000000♠34
921.46
2,387
7000227990000099999♠2.28%

 Indiana
7001380000000000000♠38
36,419.55
94,326
7001380000000000000♠38
35,826.11
92,789
7001983700000000000♠98.37%
7001390000000000000♠39
593.44
1,537
7000162990000000000♠1.63%

 Maine
7001390000000000000♠39
35,379.74
91,633
7001390000000000000♠39
30,842.92
79,883
7001871800000000000♠87.18%
7001120000000000000♠12
4,536.82
11,750
7001128200000000000♠12.82%

 South Carolina
7001400000000000000♠40
32,020.49
82,933
7001400000000000000♠40
30,060.70
77,857
7001938800000000000♠93.88%
7001210000000000000♠21
1,959.79
5,076
7000612000000000000♠6.12%

 West Virginia
7001410000000000000♠41
24,230.04
62,756
7001410000000000000♠41
24,038.21
62,259
7001992100000099999♠99.21%
7001500000000000000♠50
191.83
497
6999790000000000000♠0.79%

 Maryland
7001420000000000000♠42
12,405.93
32,131
7001420000000000000♠42
9,707.24
25,142
7001782500000000000♠78.25%
7001180000000000000♠18
2,698.69
6,990
7001217500000000000♠21.75%

 Hawaii
7001430000000000000♠43
10,931.72
28,313
7001470000000000000♠47
6,422.63
16,635
7001587500000000000♠58.75%
7001130000000000000♠13
4,509.09
11,678
7001412500000000000♠41.25%

 Massachusetts
7001440000000000000♠44
10,554.39
27,336
7001450000000000000♠45
7,800.06
20,202
7001739000000000000♠73.90%
7001160000000000000♠16
2,754.33
7,134
7001261000000000000♠26.10%

 Vermont
7001450000000000000♠45
9,616.36
24,906
7001430000000000000♠43
9,216.66
23,871
7001958400000000000♠95.84%
7001460000000000000♠46
399.71
1,035
7000416000000000000♠4.16%

 New Hampshire
7001460000000000000♠46
9,349.16
24,214
7001440000000000000♠44
8,952.65
23,187
7001957600000000000♠95.76%
7001470000000000000♠47
396.51
1,027
7000424000000000000♠4.24%

 New Jersey
7001470000000000000♠47
8,722.58
22,591
7001460000000000000♠46
7,354.22
19,047
7001843100000000000♠84.31%
7001270000000000000♠27
1,368.36
3,544
7001156900000000000♠15.69%

 Connecticut
7001480000000000000♠48
5,543.41
14,357
7001480000000000000♠48
4,842.36
12,542
7001873500000000000♠87.35%
7001380000000000000♠38
701.06
1,816
7001126500000000000♠12.65%

 Delaware
7001490000000000000♠49
2,488.72
6,446
7001490000000000000♠49
1,948.54
5,047
7001782900000000000♠78.29%
7001400000000000000♠40
540.18
1,399
7001217100000000000♠21.71%

 Rhode Island
7001500000000000000♠50
1,544.89
4,001
7001500000000000000♠50
1,033.81
2,678
7001669200000000000♠66.92%
7001430000000000000♠43
511.07
1,324
7001330800000000000♠33.08%

 District of Columbia
7002100000000000000♠
68.34
177
7002100000000000000♠
61.05
158
7001893300000000000♠89.33%
7002100000000000000♠
7.29
19
7001106700000000000♠10.67%

 Puerto Rico
7002100000000000000♠
5,324.84
13,791
7002100000000000000♠
3,423.78
8,868
7001643000000000000♠64.30%
7002100000000000000♠
1,901.07
4,924
7001357000000000000♠35.70%

 Northern Mariana Islands
7002100000000000000♠
1,975.57
5,117
7002100000000000000♠
182.33
472
7000923000000000000♠9.23%
7002100000000000000♠
1,793.24
4,644
7001907700000000000♠90.77%

 United States Virgin Islands
7002100000000000000♠
732.93
1,898
7002100000000000000♠
134.32
348
7001183309999999999♠18.33%
7002100000000000000♠
598.61
1,550
7001816700000000000♠81.67%

 American Samoa
7002100000000000000♠
581.05
1,505
7002100000000000000♠
76.46
198
7001131600000000000♠13.16%
7002100000000000000♠
504.60
1,307
7001868400000000000♠86.84%

 Guam
7002100000000000000♠
570.62
1,478
7002100000000000000♠
209.80
543
7001367700000000000♠36.77%
7002100000000000000♠
360.82
935
7001632300000000000♠63.23%

 Minor Outlying Islands[3][a]
7002100000000000000♠
16.00
41
7002100000000000000♠
16.00
41
—
7002100000000000000♠
—
—
—

 Contiguous United States
Total
3,120,426.47
8,081,867
7002100000000000000♠
2,954,841.42
7,653,004
7001946900000000000♠94.69%
7002100000000000000♠
165,584.6
428,862
7000530990000099999♠5.31%

 50 states and D.C.
Total
3,796,742.23
9,833,517
7002100000000000000♠
3,531,905.43
9,147,593
7001930200000000000♠93.02%
7002100000000000000♠
264,836.79
685,924
7000698000000000000♠6.98%

 All U.S. territory
Total
3,805,943.26
9,857,348
7002100000000000000♠
3,535,948.12
9,158,064
7001929100000000000♠92.91%
7002100000000000000♠
269,995.13
699,284
7000709000000000000♠7.09%

text: Area by division[edit]

text: All divisions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau.

text:
Total area[2]
Land area[2]
Water[2]

Division
Rank
sq mi
km²
Rank
sq mi
km²
% land
Rank
sq mi
km²
% water

East North Central
7000500000000000000♠5
301,368.57
780,541
7000600000000000000♠6
242,902.44
629,114

7000200000000000000♠2
58,466.13
151,427

East South Central
7000700000000000000♠7
183,403.89
475,014
7000700000000000000♠7
178,289.83
461,769

7000900000000000000♠9
5,114.60
13,247

Middle Atlantic
7000800000000000000♠8
109,331.89
283,168
7000800000000000000♠8
99,223.32
256,987

7000600000000000000♠6
10,108.57
26,181

Mountain
7000200000000000000♠2
863,564.63
2,236,622
7000200000000000000♠2
855,766.98
2,216,426

7000800000000000000♠8
7,797.65
20,196

New England
7000900000000000000♠9
71,987.96
186,448
7000900000000000000♠9
62,668.46
162,311

7000700000000000000♠7
9,299.50
24,086

Pacific
7000100000000000000♠1
1,009,687.00
2,615,077
7000100000000000000♠1
895,286.33
2,318,781

7000100000000000000♠1
114,400.67
296,296

South Atlantic
7000600000000000000♠6
292,990.46
758,842
7000500000000000000♠5
265,061.97
686,507

7000300000000000000♠3
27,928.49
72,334

West North Central
7000300000000000000♠3
520,355.80
1,347,715
7000300000000000000♠3
507,620.08
1,314,730

7000500000000000000♠5
12,735.72
32,985

West South Central
7000400000000000000♠4
444,052.01
1,150,089
7000400000000000000♠4
425,066.01
1,100,916

7000400000000000000♠4
18,986.00
49,174

text: Area by region[edit]

text: All regions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau.

text:
Total area[2]
Land area[2]
Water[2]

Region
Rank
sq mi
km²
Rank
sq mi
km²
% land
Rank
sq mi
km²
% water

Midwest
7000300000000000000♠3
821,724.38
2,128,256
7000300000000000000♠3
750,522.52
1,943,844

7000200000000000000♠2
71,201.86
184,412

Northeast
7000400000000000000♠4
181,319.85
469,616
7000400000000000000♠4
161,911.78
419,350

7000400000000000000♠4
19,408.07
50,267

South
7000200000000000000♠2
920,446.37
2,383,945
7000200000000000000♠2
868,417.82
2,249,192

7000300000000000000♠3
52,028.55
134,753

West
7000100000000000000♠1
1,873,251.63
4,851,699
7000100000000000000♠1
1,751,053.31
4,535,207

7000100000000000000♠1
122,198.32
316,492

text:
U.S. states by total area

U.S. states by land area

U.S. states by water area

U.S. states by water percentage

Alaska is the largest state by total area, land area, and water area. It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world.[citation needed]

The area of Alaska is 7001180000000000000♠18% of the area of the United States and 7001210000000000000♠21% of the area of the contiguous United States

The second largest state, Texas, is only 7001400000000000000♠40% of the total area of the largest state, Alaska

Rhode Island is the smallest state by total area and land area

San Bernardino County is the largest county in the contiguous U.S. and is larger than each of the nine smallest states; it is larger than the four smallest states combined.

Michigan is second (after Alaska) in water area, and first in water percentage

Florida is mostly a peninsula, and has the third largest water area and seventh largest water area percentage


document_title: List of The Closer characters

question_text: who played brenda's mom on the closer

question_tokens: who played brenda 's mom on the closer

root

text: List of The Closer characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Name
Played by
Occupation/Status
Seasons

Brenda Leigh Johnson
Kyra Sedgwick
LAPD Deputy Chief, Major Crimes Division
1 – 7

Will Pope
J. K. Simmons
LAPD Assistant Chief for Operations (Seasons 1–6) Interim Chief of Police (Season 7)
1 – 7

David Gabriel
Corey Reynolds
LAPD Detective II
1 – 7

Louie Provenza
G. W. Bailey
LAPD Lieutenant II
1 – 7

Russell Taylor
Robert Gossett
LAPD Commander
1 – 7

Andy Flynn
Tony Denison
LAPD Lieutenant I
1 – 7

Michael Tao
Michael Paul Chan
LAPD Lieutenant I
1 – 7

Julio Sanchez
Raymond Cruz
LAPD Detective II
1 – 7

Irene Daniels
Gina Ravera
LAPD Detective II
1 – 4

Francis "Buzz" Watson
Phillip P. Keene
LAPD Civilian Surveillance Coordinator
1 – 7

Fritz Howard
Jon Tenney
FBI Special Agent, LAPD Liaison
1 – 7

Sharon Raydor
Mary McDonnell
LAPD Captain, Force Investigation Division
5 – 7

tag: table

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Los Angeles Police Department[edit]

text:
Deputy Chief (later Chief) Thomas "Tommy" Delk (Courtney B. Vance): Initially an LAPD Deputy Chief in charge of handling matters relating to terrorism, he is Brenda's main rival for the position of Chief of Police.  Upon selection for the position, Delk offers Brenda Pope's job as Assistant Chief of Operations, which she declines — supporting Pope to fight to stay in the position. Delk's unexpected death puts departmental changes on hold.
Detective Ross (Conan McCarty): A Robbery Homicide detective whose loyalties are with Commander Taylor.

tag: ul

text: Family[edit]

text:
Willie Rae Johnson (Frances Sternhagen): Brenda’s mother. Willie Rae was the buffer between Brenda and her father, and her enthusiasm for Brenda's work at times embarrassed Brenda.  Despite this, she and Brenda had a close, loving relationship. She dies near the end of Season 7.
Clay Johnson (Barry Corbin): Brenda's father.  Clay is often hurt by Brenda's neglect of the family, but loves her unconditionally, as she does him.
Charleen "Charlie" Johnson (Sosie Ruth Bacon): Brenda's problematic 16-year-old niece, brought to LA by Willie Rae, who hopes Brenda and Fritz will help straighten her out.
Claire Howard (Amy Sedaris):  Fritz' colorful sister, and now Brenda's sister-in-law.  A self-described intuitionist, and an adherent to a number of alternative practices, she "assisted" the MCD with one of their cases.

text: Los Angeles County Coroner's Office[edit]

text:
Dr. Crippen (James L. Avery): The original medical examiner who Brenda and her team most commonly dealt with (seasons 1 to early 3). He was initially annoyed by Brenda’s attitude, much like the rest of the police department. He sustains a serious foot injury and is replaced by Dr. Morales.
Dr. Fernando Morales (Jonathan Del Arco): A Deputy Medical Examiner for the Los Angeles County Coroner's Office, who took over (season 3) following Dr. Crippen's injury. Though sarcastic and rude in demeanor, with an occasionally morbid sense of humor, he is passionate about his work. Morales is openly gay, and at times will serve as a resource regarding the gay community.[1] He occasionally jokingly flirts with Sergeant Gabriel. While Morales' full name is not known during the Closer and the first three seasons of Major Crimes, it's mentioned in Rusty Beck's video blog where he is interviewed. In the Major Crimes episode Dead Drop, Morales' father visits from Uruguay and its revealed that Morales is from a family of police officers, is the only one to take a different path and has lied about his role in the investigations for years to make his father proud. Privately, Morales' father confides that he knows the truth and is proud of his son regardless.
Terrence Hynes (Robert Clendenin): A socially inept LA County Coroner's Forensics Support Technician with an odd sense of humor. Hynes is responsible for preparing a body to be brought to the Coroner's office for autopsy, and for assisting the Medical Examiner.  He is pursuing medical studies during early seasons, and last appears as Dr. Hynes, a medical examiner for the Los Angeles County Coroner's Office, in season 5.
Coroner's Investigator Kendall (Ransford Doherty): A field operative who is charged with examining the body at the crime scene, and transporting it to the LA County Coroner's office. In the Major Crimes episode Intersection, Kendall is personally affected by a car-on-bicycle homicide because he recently lost a cousin in the same manner.

text: Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office[edit]

text:
Deputy DA Martin Garnett (James Patrick Stuart): A Deputy District Attorney for Los Angeles County, charged with making decisions about whether Brenda's cases will go to court.  He and Brenda have an often-difficult working relationship.
Deputy DA Andrea Hobbs (Kathe Mazur) A Deputy District Attorney for Los Angeles County, charged with making decisions about whether Brenda's cases will go to court.  Like Garnett, she can bump heads with Brenda at times, but tends to have a better working relationship with her.

text: Others[edit]

text:
Tom Blanchard (Ray Wise): Brenda and Pope’s lawyer on separate occasions. He is an adept, high-profile lawyer, aware of his own power and willing to use it. He is the keeper of a gift Will once gave to Brenda, although he has not revealed the exact nature of this gift.
Gavin Q. Baker (Mark Pellegrino) Brenda's flamboyant attorney in the Turrell Baylor lawsuit.  A former City Attorney for Los Angeles, Gavin is astute, clever and brutally honest.
Peter Goldman (Curtis Armstrong): Lawyer representing the Turrell Baylor family, who subsequently is on a mission to destroy Brenda's reputation. Subsequently appears in the five part episode Hindsight of the spinoff series Major Crimes.
Ricardo Ramos (Stephen Martines): Reporter from the Los Angeles Times, who occasionally observes or assists with LAPD cases.  There is some tension between the MCD and Ramos following his articles suggesting preference for wealthy white victims in the choice of cases.
Bill Croelick (Jason O'Mara): A sociopathic murder suspect with an obsession with fire, who first appears in season 1 when he is exonerated for murder. Prior to that, he had been on trial for a similar murder, but was found not guilty. He reappears in season 4 and assists Brenda with a case, after which he promises to leave her jurisdiction and never return.
Phillip Stroh (Billy Burke): A criminal defense lawyer who specializes in defending accused sex offenders, he first appears as the attorney for a suspected rapist, and demands access to all of the LAPD's evidence against his client in exchange for the name of the man's partner. As it turns out, Stroh himself was the partner, and used this tactic to ascertain that there was no evidence connecting him to the crime. Brenda becomes obsessed with proving Stroh's guilt, and he is finally arrested in the series finale after he breaks into her home and attempts to murder her and a witness to one of his crimes, Rusty Beck (Graham Patrick Martin). Reappears in the spinoff Major Crimes, primarily in the show's final episodes By Any Means parts one through four where the Major Crimes detectives work to take Stroh down once and for all. At the end of Major Crimes, Stroh is shot dead by Rusty Beck though Lieutenant Provenza takes credit to protect Rusty.


document_title: Energy level

question_text: who said electrons occupy specific energy levels or shells

text: Energy level

text: Explanation[edit]

text: Quantized energy levels result from the relation between a particle's energy and its wavelength. For a confined particle such as an electron in an atom, the wave function has the form of standing waves. Only stationary states with energies corresponding to integral numbers of wavelengths[clarification needed] can exist; for other states the waves interfere destructively[clarification needed], resulting in zero probability density. Elementary examples that show mathematically how energy levels come about are the particle in a box and the quantum harmonic oscillator.

tag: p

text: History[edit]

text: The first evidence of quantization in atoms was the observation of spectral lines in light from the sun in the early 1800s by Joseph von Fraunhofer and William Hyde Wollaston. The notion of energy levels was proposed in 1913 by Danish physicist Niels Bohr in the Bohr theory of the atom. The modern quantum mechanical theory giving an explanation of these energy levels in terms of the Schrödinger equation was advanced by Erwin Schrödinger and Werner Heisenberg in 1926.

text: Atoms[edit]

text: Intrinsic energy levels[edit]

text: In the formulas for energy of electrons at various levels given below in an atom, the zero point for energy is set when the electron in question has completely left the atom, i.e. when the electron's principal quantum number n = ∞. When the electron is bound to the atom in any closer value of n, the electron's energy is lower and is considered negative.

text: Orbital state energy level: atom/ion with nucleus + one electron[edit]

text: Assume there is one electron in a given atomic orbital in a hydrogen-like atom (ion). The energy of its state is mainly determined by the electrostatic interaction of the (negative) electron with the (positive) nucleus. The energy levels of an electron around a nucleus are given by :

text: (typically between 1 eV and 103 eV), where R∞ is the Rydberg constant, Z is the atomic number, n is the principal quantum number, h is Planck's constant, and c is the speed of light. For hydrogen-like atoms (ions) only, the Rydberg levels depend only on the principal quantum number n.

text: This equation is obtained from combining the Rydberg formula for any hydrogen-like element (shown below) with E = h ν = h c / λ assuming that the principal quantum number n above = n1 in the Rydberg formula and n2 = ∞ (principal quantum number of the energy level the electron descends from, when emitting a photon). The Rydberg formula was derived from empirical spectroscopic emission data.

text: An equivalent formula can be derived quantum mechanically from the time-independent Schrödinger equation with a kinetic energy Hamiltonian operator using a wave function as an eigenfunction to obtain the energy levels as eigenvalues, but the Rydberg constant would be replaced by other fundamental physics constants.

text: Electron-electron interactions in atoms[edit]

text: If there is more than one electron around the atom, electron-electron-interactions raise the energy level. These interactions are often neglected if the spatial overlap of the electron wavefunctions is low.

text: For multi-electron atoms, interactions between electrons cause the preceding equation to be no longer accurate as stated simply with Z as the atomic number. A simple (though not complete) way to understand this is as a shielding effect, where the outer electrons see an effective nucleus of reduced charge, since the inner electrons are bound tightly to the nucleus and partially cancel its charge. This leads to an approximate correction where Z is substituted with an effective nuclear charge symbolized as Zeff that depends strongly on the principal quantum number.

text: In such cases, the orbital types (determined by the azimuthal quantum number ℓ) as well as their levels within the molecule affect Zeff and therefore also affect the various atomic electron energy levels. The Aufbau principle of filling an atom with electrons for an electron configuration takes these differing energy levels into account. For filling an atom with electrons in the ground state, the lowest energy levels are filled first and consistent with the Pauli exclusion principle, the Aufbau principle, and Hund's rule.

text: Fine structure splitting[edit]

text: Fine structure arises from relativistic kinetic energy corrections, spin–orbit coupling (an electrodynamic interaction between the electron's spin and motion and the nucleus's electric field) and the Darwin term (contact term interaction of s shell[which?] electrons inside the nucleus). These affect the levels by a typical order of magnitude of 10−3 eV.

text: Hyperfine structure[edit]

text: This even finer structure is due to electron–nucleus spin–spin interaction, resulting in a typical change in the energy levels by a typical order of magnitude of 10−4 eV.

text: Energy levels due to external fields[edit]

text: Zeeman effect[edit]

text: There is an interaction energy associated with the magnetic dipole moment, μL, arising from the electronic orbital angular momentum, L, given by

text: with

text: Additionally taking into account the magnetic momentum arising from the electron spin.

text: Due to relativistic effects (Dirac equation), there is a magnetic momentum, μS, arising from the electron spin

text: with gS the electron-spin g-factor (about 2), resulting in a total magnetic moment, μ,

text: The interaction energy therefore becomes

text: Stark effect[edit]

text: Molecules[edit]

text: Chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule form because they make the situation more stable for the involved atoms, which generally means the sum energy level for the involved atoms in the molecule is lower than if the atoms were not so bonded. As separate atoms approach each other to covalently bond, their orbitals affect each other's energy levels to form bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals. The energy level of the bonding orbitals is lower, and the energy level of the antibonding orbitals is higher. For the bond in the molecule to be stable, the covalent bonding electrons occupy the lower energy bonding orbital, which may be signified by such symbols as σ or π depending on the situation. Corresponding anti-bonding orbitals can be signified by adding an asterisk to get σ* or π* orbitals. A non-bonding orbital in a molecule is an orbital with electrons in outer shells which do not participate in bonding and its energy level is the same as that of the constituent atom. Such orbitals can be designated as n orbitals. The electrons in an n orbital are typically lone pairs. [3] In polyatomic molecules, different vibrational and rotational energy levels are also involved.

text: Roughly speaking, a molecular energy state, i.e. an eigenstate of the molecular Hamiltonian, is the sum of the electronic, vibrational, rotational, nuclear, and translational components, such that:

text: where Eelectronic is an eigenvalue of the electronic molecular Hamiltonian (the value of the potential energy surface) at the equilibrium geometry of the molecule.

text: The molecular energy levels are labelled by the molecular term symbols.

text: The specific energies of these components vary with the specific energy state and the substance.

text: In molecular physics and quantum chemistry, an energy level is a quantized energy of a bound quantum mechanical state.

text: Energy level diagrams[edit]

text: There are various types of energy level diagrams for bonds between atoms in a molecule.

text: Energy level transitions[edit]

text: Electrons in atoms and molecules can change (make transitions in) energy levels by emitting or absorbing a photon (of electromagnetic radiation), whose energy must be exactly equal to the energy difference between the two levels. Electrons can also be completely removed from a chemical species such as an atom, molecule, or ion. Complete removal of an electron from an atom can be a form of ionization, which is effectively moving the electron out to an orbital with an infinite principal quantum number, in effect so far away so as to have practically no more effect on the remaining atom (ion). For various types of atoms, there are 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc. ionization energies for removing the 1st, then the 2nd, then the 3rd, etc. of the highest energy electrons, respectively, from the atom originally in the ground state. Energy in corresponding opposite quantities can also be released, sometimes in the form of photon energy, when electrons are added to positively charged ions or sometimes atoms. Molecules can also undergo transitions in their vibrational or rotational energy levels. Energy level transitions can also be nonradiative, meaning emission or absorption of a photon is not involved.

text: If an atom, ion, or molecule is at the lowest possible energy level, it and its electrons are said to be in the ground state. If it is at a higher energy level, it is said to be excited, or any electrons that have higher energy than the ground state are excited. Such a species can be excited to a higher energy level by absorbing a photon whose energy is equal to the energy difference between the levels. Conversely, an excited species can go to a lower energy level by spontaneously emitting a photon equal to the energy difference. A photon's energy is equal to Planck's constant (h) times its frequency (f) and thus is proportional to its frequency, or inversely to its wavelength (λ).[3]

text: since c, the speed of light, equals to f λ[3]

text: Correspondingly, many kinds of spectroscopy are based on detecting the frequency or wavelength of the emitted or absorbed photons to provide information on the material analyzed, including information on the energy levels and electronic structure of materials obtained by analyzing the spectrum.

text: An asterisk is commonly used to designate an excited state. An electron transition in a molecule's bond from a ground state to an excited state may have a designation such as σ → σ*, π → π*, or n → π* meaning excitation of an electron from a σ bonding to a σ antibonding orbital, from a π bonding to a π antibonding orbital, or from an n non-bonding to a π antibonding orbital. [3] [4] Reverse electron transitions for all these types of excited molecules are also possible to return to their ground states, which can be designated as σ* → σ, π* → π, or π* → n.

text: A transition in an energy level of an electron in a molecule may be combined with a vibrational transition and called a vibronic transition. A vibrational and rotational transition may be combined by rovibrational coupling. In rovibronic coupling, electron transitions are simultaneously combined with both vibrational and rotational transitions. Photons involved in transitions may have energy of various ranges in the electromagnetic spectrum, such as X-ray, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, or microwave radiation, depending on the type of transition. In a very general way, energy level differences between electronic states are larger, differences between vibrational levels are intermediate, and differences between rotational levels are smaller, although there can be overlap. Translational energy levels are practically continuous and can be calculated as kinetic energy using classical mechanics.

text: Higher temperature causes fluid atoms and molecules to move faster increasing their translational energy, and thermally excites molecules to higher average amplitudes of vibrational and rotational modes (excites the molecules to higher internal energy levels). This means that as temperature rises, translational, vibrational, and rotational contributions to molecular heat capacity let molecules absorb heat and hold more internal energy. Conduction of heat typically occurs as molecules or atoms collide transferring the heat between each other. At even higher temperatures, electrons can be thermally excited to higher energy orbitals in atoms or molecules. A subsequent drop of an electron to a lower energy level can release a photon, causing a possibly colored glow.

text: An electron farther from the nucleus has higher potential energy than an electron closer to the nucleus, thus it becomes less bound to the nucleus, since its potential energy is negative and inversely dependent on its distance from the nucleus.[5]

text: Crystalline materials[edit]

text: Crystalline solids are found to have energy bands, instead of or in addition to energy levels. Electrons can take on any energy within an unfilled band. At first this appears to be an exception to the requirement for energy levels. However, as shown in band theory, energy bands are actually made up of many discrete energy levels which are too close together to resolve. Within a band the number of levels is of the order of the number of atoms in the crystal, so although electrons are actually restricted to these energies, they appear to be able to take on a continuum of values. The important energy levels in a crystal are the top of the valence band, the bottom of the conduction band, the Fermi level, the vacuum level, and the energy levels of any defect states in the crystal.


document_title: House of Horrors

question_text: who played in the movie house of horrors

text: House of Horrors

text: Plot[edit]

text: Struggling sculptor Marcel De Lange (Martin Kosleck) is depressed about events in his life, and decides to commit suicide. Just as he's about to kill himself, he sees a madman, known as "The Creeper" (Rondo Hatton), in the process of drowning, and saves him. Taking the disfigured man into his care, he makes him the subject of his next sculpture and calls it his best creation. When critics denigrate Marcel's work, he has the Creeper start killing them. Marcel becomes obsessed with Joan, a beautiful female reporter who believes the deaths are related. When Marcel invites her over and she sees Marcel's sculpture of The Creeper, she suspects that Marcel knows the killer. Later, Marcel decides that Joan knows too much and commands The Creeper to kill her. The Creeper is reluctant to do, however, when he discovers that Marcel plans to turn him over to the police. The Creeper kills Marcel, and is about to kill Joan when he is shot by the police.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Rondo Hatton as The Creeper
Martin Kosleck as Marcel De Lange
Robert Lowery as Steven Morrow
Virginia Grey as Joan Medford
Bill Goodwin as Lieutenant Larry Brooks
Alan Napier as F. Holmes Harmon
Howard Freeman as Hal Ormiston
Virginia Christine as Lady of the Streets
Joan Shawlee as Stella McNally

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2018)

text: Author and film critic Leonard Maltin awarded the film two out of four stars, criticizing the script as "laughable" and moderate acting, calling it "[a] Slightly below average horror meller."[2]


document_title: Trolls (film)

question_text: who does the voice of bridget in the movie trolls

text: Trolls (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Trolls are small creatures who live in an almost perpetual state of happiness, singing, dancing and hugging all day long. However, they are discovered by the Bergens, large creatures who never feel happy, but discover that they can feel happy for a moment, if they devour a Troll. Every year, the Bergens put the Trolls and their tree in a cage, and hold an annual festival, called Trollstice, in which each Bergen gets its feeling of happiness, by eating a Troll. However, the Trolls, led by their King Peppy, with his baby daughter, Princess Poppy, escape through underground tunnels on the day that young Prince Gristle would eat his first Troll. Furious, Gristle's father King Gristle Sr. banishes his Chef who was in charge of the Trollstice preparation.

text: 20 years later, Poppy, throws a big party to celebrate the Trolls' escape, despite the fears and warnings of the grey troll, Branch, that loud parties will attract the Bergens. Branch's fears become true when Chef sees the fireworks and captures a number of Trolls. Poppy is among the Trolls who manage to hide, but discovers that none of the other Trolls dare to venture to Bergen Town to rescue their friends. She initially goes by herself, but is later accompanied by the reluctant Branch, who thinks she will not make it if she goes alone.

text: Once they reach Bergen Town, Poppy and Branch find out that Bergen Town will be holding Trollstice that night and witness Creek, one of the Troll hostages, apparently get eaten by the now King Gristle, but Poppy remains hopeful that Creek survived. Poppy and Branch discover that the rest of the Troll captives are being guarded by a scullery maid named Bridget. While attempting to free the Trolls, they discover that Bridget is in love with Gristle and strike a deal with her: If she frees their friends and lets them get close to Gristle to confirm if Creek is alive, they will help her get a date with Gristle.

text: While setting her up for the date, Branch refuses to sing and triggers a big argument with Poppy, revealing that, as a child, he caused his grandmother to be killed after Chef found him because of his singing, and blamed himself since, causing his color to turn from blue to grey. After Poppy comforts him, Branch reluctantly agrees to help Bridget and the trolls, but he still won't sing. Bridget, disguised as Lady Glitter Sparkles by the Trolls, gets her date with Gristle at a roller rink and arcade restaurant, and Gristle asks her to be his "plus one" at Trollstice, revealing Creek being held captive in the jewel that decorates the king's mantle.

text: When they get back to Bridget's room, Bridget asks them if they can help her disguise as Lady Glitter Sparkles at Trollstice, but they tell her that she can't always be someone she isn't, causing Bridget to cry. The Trolls leave and attempt to rescue Creek from Gristle's room and steals his jewel, but discover that it is empty. The Trolls are then captured by Chef and are shocked to discover that Creek had agreed to sell out the rest of the Trolls to the Bergens in exchange for not being eaten himself. Creek returns to the Troll village where using Poppy's cowbell, he lures Peppy and the other Trolls out of hiding, letting them be captured by Chef and the other Bergen cooks, who lie in ambush. With all the Trolls captured and soon to be eaten, Poppy loses hope as she and all the other Trolls turn grey.

text: Hating to see her so despondent, Branch sings for Poppy to cheer her up, and (through the song) confesses his love for her and restores not only Poppy's color, much to Poppy's surprise, but his own color and the colors of all of the Trolls and the two trolls fell in love together. Just before being served, the Trolls are rescued by Bridget who wants them to flee while she is ready to sacrifice herself for them. However, Poppy does not want to abandon her Bergen friend. Together with Branch and her friends, Poppy reveals to the Bergens that Bridget was Lady Glitter Sparkles, and for that, it is not necessary to eat Trolls as the feeling, that Bridget and Gristle had on their date was happiness too so, The Trolls invite the Bergen to sing and dance with them, making them feel happy.

text: Chef, refusing to accept the peace, tries to kill Poppy and Branch, but is knocked into a serving cart that is sent rolling out of Bergen Town on fire with Creek in her pouch. The Trolls and Bergens agree to live in peace, and Poppy is crowned as the new Queen of the Trolls. And at the new troll tree, Poppy and her new boyfriend, Branch share a romantic hug. In the mid-credits scene, the serving cart with Chef and Creek on it stops on a hill in the middle of nowhere. Chef tries to eat Creek, but the hill opens to reveal the mouth of a giant monster and the pair fall into it and get eaten.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Anna Kendrick as Princess Poppy, the princess and later queen of the Trolls and Branch's love interest.

Iris Dohrn voices a baby Poppy.

Justin Timberlake as Branch, a paranoid, disgruntled Troll survivalist and Poppy's love interest.

Liam Henry voices a younger Branch.

Zooey Deschanel as Bridget, a kind-hearted Bergen who works as a scullery maid to the Bergen Chef and has feelings for Gristle.[13]
Christopher Mintz-Plasse as Prince Gristle, the prince (later king) of the Bergens. He is Bridget's love interest.[13]
Christine Baranski as Chef, a mean-spirited Bergen who is in charge of Troll preparation.[13]
Russell Brand as Creek, a Troll with a positive personality and zen-like wisdom later revealed to be a coward and traitor willing to sell out all the trolls just so he won't be eaten.[13][14]
Gwen Stefani as DJ Suki, the Trolls' resident disk jockey.[13][15]
James Corden as Biggie, a chubby, friendly Troll.[13][16]
Jeffrey Tambor as King Peppy, the king of the Trolls.[13]
Ron Funches as Cooper, a giraffe-like Troll.[13][17]
Icona Pop as Satin and Chenille, twin trolls who are joined by their hair and love fashion.[13][18]
Kunal Nayyar as Guy Diamond, a glittery silver Troll with a highly Auto-Tuned voice, who is always naked.[13][19]
Walt Dohrn as Mr. Dinkles, Biggie's pet worm.[13] Dohrn also voices Smidge, Fuzzbert, Cloud Guy, Tunnel Troll and Wedgie Bergen #2.
John Cleese as King Gristle Sr., Gristle's father and the ruler of the Bergens at the start of the film.[13]
GloZell as Grandma Rosiepuff, an elderly Troll and Branch's late grandmother.[20] In the UK version, newsreader Susanna Reid voices the character and in the Australian version, Dami Im voices the character.[21]
Meg DeAngelis as Moxie Dewdrop, a dancing Troll.[20] Noodlerella voices the character in the UK version.
Ricky Dillon as Aspen Heitz, a Troll skitterboarder.[20]
Kandee Johnson as Mandy Sparkledust, a Troll who designs and repairs all the treasures of Troll Town.[20]
Quvenzhané Wallis as Harper, a Troll artist who paints with her hair.[13]
Mike Mitchell as Darius, Vinny the Phone, Captain Starfunkle, Spider, Wedgie Bergen #1, Chad, Card
Grace Helbig as Cookie Sugarloaf, one of the trolls.
Curtis Stone as Todd
Rhys Darby as Bibbly

text: Production[edit]

text: DreamWorks announced plans for a film based on the Troll toyline as early as 2010. This version was to be written by Adam Wilson and his wife Melanie[22] By 2012, Chloë Grace Moretz had already been cast in the female lead role and Jason Schwartzman was reported to have been offered the male lead.[23] In September 2012, 20th Century Fox and DreamWorks Animation announced that the film with the working title Trolls would be released on June 5, 2015, with Anand Tucker set to direct the film, written by Wallace Wolodarsky and Maya Forbes.[1]

text: By April 2013, DreamWorks Animation had acquired the intellectual property for the Trolls franchise from the Dam Family and Dam Things. Having "big plans for the franchise," DreamWorks Animation became the exclusive worldwide licensor of the merchandise rights, except for Scandinavia, where Dam Things remains the licensor.[24] In May 2013, the film was pushed back for a year to November 4, 2016.[25] The same month, DreamWorks Animation announced that Mike Mitchell and Erica Rivinoja has been hired as a director and screenplay writer to "reimagine" the film as a musical comedy, which will present the origin of the Trolls' colorful hair.[26] On June 16, 2014, Anna Kendrick joined the cast to voice Poppy, a princess.[27] On September 15, 2015, Deadline.com reported that Justin Timberlake will voice a character named Branch.[9] Timberlake previously worked with DreamWorks Animation as the voice of Arthur "Artie" Pendragon in Shrek the Third in 2007. The full cast announced their respective roles via announcements on Twitter on January 6, 2016.[28]

text: Music[edit]

text: Justin Timberlake served as an executive producer for the film's music and released the original song "Can't Stop the Feeling!" on May 6, 2016.[29] The song reached No. 1 in the official charts of 17 countries, including the United States and Canada. Timberlake along with the film cast, with guest appearances from Earth, Wind & Fire and Ariana Grande, contributed to the soundtrack.[30] The soundtrack album was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America[31] and the Australian Recording Industry Association.[32]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film's world premiere took place at the BFI London Film Festival on October 8, 2016, and was theatrically released on November 4, 2016, in the United States by 20th Century Fox.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Trolls was released on Digital HD on January 24, 2017, and on DVD and Blu-ray on February 7, 2017.[33] The film topped the home video sales chart for two consecutive weeks.[34][35]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Trolls grossed $153.7 million in the US and Canada and $190.9 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $344.6 million, against a budget of $125 million.[6]

text: In the United States and Canada, Trolls was released alongside Doctor Strange and Hacksaw Ridge, and was projected to gross $35–40 million from 4,060 theaters in its opening weekend.[36] On its first day, the film grossed $12.3 million (including $900,000 made from Thursday night previews). It went on to open to $46.5 million, finishing second at the box office behind Doctor Strange.[37]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 74% based on 132 reviews; the average rating is 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Trolls brings its instantly recognizable characters to the big screen in a colorful adventure that, while geared toward the younger set, isn't without rewards for parents."[38] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score 56 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[39] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[40]

text: Lindsey Bahr of Associated Press gave the film a positive review and said, "Ultimately, the 'get happy' moral of the story, while trite compared to something like Inside Out, is sufficiently sweet enough for its audience. Did you expect more from a piece of candy?"[41] Bill Zwecker of Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four and said, "You simply will walk out — or perhaps dance out — of the theater feeling very happy yourself."[42] Andy Webster of The New York Times said, "Exuberant, busy and sometimes funny, DreamWorks Animation's Trolls is determined to amuse."[43]

text: The Hollywood Reporter called the film "an admittedly vibrant-looking but awfully recognizable animated musical comedy concoction."[3] Alonso Duralde of TheWrap said the film "combines the barely-there characterization and irritating cutesiness of The Smurfs with the hideous character design and awful pop covers of Strange Magic."[44] Betsy Bozdech of Common Sense Media gave the movie 4 stars. She said, "Make no mistake: Kids are going to love this movie. Trolls is cute, it's colorful, it has tons of catchy songs, and the messages are positive and easy to understand (happiness is inside everyone, if you know where/how to find it, and you shouldn't have to change who you are to get someone to like you)."[45]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Academy Awards
February 26, 2017
Best Original Song
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" – Max Martin, Shellback and Justin Timberlake
Nominated
[46]
[47]

Annie Awards
February 4, 2017
Outstanding Achievement, Character Design in an Animated Feature Production
Tim Lamb and Craig Kellman
Nominated
[48]

Outstanding Achievement, Production Design in an Animated Feature Production
Kendal Cronkhite and Tim Lamb
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production
Claire Morrissey
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement, Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production
Zooey Deschanel
Nominated

Billboard Music Awards
May 21, 2017
Top Soundtrack/Cast Album
Trolls: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Nominated
[49]

Critics' Choice Awards
December 11, 2016
Best Animated Feature
Trolls
Nominated
[50]

Best Song
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" – Max Martin, Shellback and Justin Timberlake
Nominated

Golden Globe Awards
January 8, 2017
Best Original Song
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" – Max Martin, Shellback and Justin Timberlake
Nominated
[51]

Grammy Awards
February 12, 2017
Best Song Written for Visual Media
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" – Max Martin, Shellback and Justin Timberlake
Won
[52]

Guild of Music Supervisors Awards
February 16, 2017
Best Song/Recording Created for a Film
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" – Max Martin, Shellback and Justin Timberlake
Nominated
[53]

Hollywood Film Awards
November 6, 2016
Hollywood Song Award
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" by Justin Timberlake
Won
[54]

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
November 17, 2016
Best Song Written for an Animated Film
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" – Max Martin, Shellback and Justin Timberlake
Won
[55]
[56]

Best Soundtrack From a Movie
Trolls: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Nominated

Outstanding Music Supervision – Film
Justin Timberlake
Nominated

iHeartRadio Music Awards
March 5, 2017
Best Song from a Movie
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" by Justin Timberlake
Nominated
[57]

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
March 11, 2017
Favorite Animated Movie
Trolls
Nominated
[58]

Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie
Justin Timberlake and Anna Kendrick
Nominated

Favorite Frenemies
Justin Timberlake and Anna Kendrick
Nominated

Favorite Soundtrack
Trolls: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Nominated

Satellite Awards
February 19, 2017
Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature
Trolls
Nominated
[59]

Best Original Song
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" – Max Martin, Shellback and Justin Timberlake
Nominated

Saturn Awards
June 28, 2017
Best Animated Film
Trolls
Nominated
[60]

St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association
December 18, 2016
Best Soundtrack
Trolls
Nominated
[61]

Teen Choice Awards
July 31, 2016
Choice AnTEENcipated Movie
Trolls
Nominated
[62]

Choice Music: Song from a Movie or TV Show
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" by Justin Timberlake
Nominated

text: Regarding music award shows, only film-related categories are included on this list.

text: Franchise[edit]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On February 28, 2017, Universal Pictures, the studio's new distributor and parent company since 2016, and DreamWorks Animation announced that a sequel titled Trolls 2 would be released on April 10, 2020, with Kendrick and Timberlake reprising their roles.[10] On October 4, 2017, the release date for the sequel was moved up to February 14, 2020, as Fast & Furious 9 took its original April 10, 2020 slot. Along with the new release date, it was announced that Walt Dohrn will be returning to direct and Gina Shay will return to produce the sequel.[63]

text: Television special[edit]

text: Trolls Holiday is a half-hour[64] television special that will air fall of 2017 on NBC.[65] Set after the film, The queen of the trolls, Poppy, realizes that the Bergens have no holidays to celebrate. She enlists her boyfriend, Branch and their friends (the Snack Pack) to show their best friend Bridget and other Bergens the importance of holidays. Anna Kendrick, Justin Timberlake, Zooey Deschanel, Christopher Mintz-Plasse and James Corden will reprise their roles from the film. It will be directed by Joel Crawford and written by Josh Bycel & Jonathan Fener.[64]

text: Animated series[edit]

text: An animated series based on the film is in development for Netflix.[66]


document_title: Timeline of pancreatic cancer

question_text: when was the first case of pancreatic cancer discovered

text: Timeline of pancreatic cancer

text: Big picture[edit]

text:
Year/period
Key developments

18th century
First description of pancreatic cancer in western medical literature.

19th century
First manifestation of pancreatic cancer as a disease entity. First pancreaticoduodenectomy is attempted.

20th century
Pancreaticoduodenectomy improves early in the century and becomes successful. Allen Whipple popularizes pancreaticoduodenectomy in the 1940s. In the 1970s tobacco use is found to cause pancreatic cancer. Chemotherapy drugs are released towards the end of the century in the United States.

2000s
Researchers begin to use CT scan and endoscopic imaging to screen for pancreatic tumors. The pancreatic cancer genome is mapped.[1]

Recent years
Pancreatic cancer remains an invariably deadly disease without any improvements in patient outcome over the last two decades.[2] Pancreatic cancer is the twelfth most common cancer in the world, with 338,000 new cases diagnosed in 2012.[3]

text: Full timeline[edit]

text:
Year/period
Type of event
Event
Location

1761
Development
Italian anatomist Giovanni Battista Morgagni is attributed with the first known description of pancreatic cancer in his publication De Sedibus Et Causis Morborum Per Anatomen Indagatis Libri Quinque.[4]

1858
Development
American physician Jacob Mendez Da Costa describes the first microscopic diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, manifesting pancreatic cancer as a true disease entity.[4]

1898
Development
Italian surgeon Alessandro Codivilla performs the first reported attempt at a pancreaticoduodenectomy for a tumor involving the head of the pancreas (the patient did not survive the postoperative period).[4]

1906
Development
Scottish embryologist John Beard proposes that pancreatic proteolytic digestive enzymes represent the body's main defense against cancer, and that enzyme therapy would be useful as a treatment for all types of cancer.[5]

1909
Development
German surgeon Walter Kausch first describes the pancreaticoduodenectomy procedure.[6]

1914
Achievement
German surgeon Georg Hirschel performs the first successful pancreaticoduodenectomy in one stage.[4]

1937
Achievement
American physician Alexander Brunschwig performs the first successful pancreaticoduodenectomy in two stages for pancreatic cancer.[7]

1940
Development
American surgeon Allen Whipple performs a successful one-stage pancreaticoduodenectomy, being the first to popularize the procedure (today also called Whipple procedure). His major surgical operation involves the removal of the head of the pancreas, the duodenum, the proximal jejunum, gallbladder, and often the distal stomach.  This operation is performed to treat cancerous tumours of the head of the pancreas, malignant tumors involving the common bile duct, duodenal papilla or ampulla of Vater, or duodenum near the pancreas, some precancerous lesions, some cases of pancreatitis with or without a definitive cause, and rarely, severe trauma.[8]
United States

1942
Achievement
First successful total pancreatectomy is performed at Mayo Clinic, for an insulinoma.[9]
Rochester, Minnesota, US

1944
Discovery
First report of tuberculosis mimicking pancreatic cancer.[10]

1947
Discovery
First recognition of a causative relationship between the subcutaneous adiponecrosis and pancreatic cancer.[11]

1951
Development
First performance of resection and reconstruction of the superior mesenteric vein for pancreatic cancer at University of Minnesota.[12]
Minnesota, US

1955
Development
Researchers first describe the clinical features of a gastrinoma (a tumor in the pancreas or duodenum).[13]

1958
Development
Researchers first describe the persistent watery diarrhea and hypokalemia associated with a pancreatic islet-cell tumor.[13]

1963
Development
The first case of pancreatic cancer with skeletal metastases is described.[14]
Russia

1967
Discovery
Study shows that more than half of patients with pancreatic cancer have psychological symptoms occurring as early as 43 months before physical symptoms.[15]

1979
Discovery
Researchers discover biomarker CA 19-9 (commonly for diagnosis and management of patients with pancreatic cancer).[16]

1981
Treatment
Researchers discover that adding fluorouracil to standard radiation boosts one year survival from 10 percent to 40 percent for patients with locally advanced inoperable pancreatic cancer.[1]

1981
Discovery
Study at University of Maryland Medical Center links environmental exposure to pancreatic cancer. Researchers discover that male victims are more often employed in the dry-cleaning business or in occupations involving close exposure to gasoline. They also find that women at risk of PC are more likely to smoke cigarettes, have uterine tumors and have had ovaries removed or have miscarriages.[17]
Baltimore, Maryland, US

1985
Treatment
Chemotherapy plus radiation are found to be effective as adjuvant therapy for patients with earlier stage of pancreatic cancer.[1]

1992
Development
Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of a pancreatic mass is first described. Today it is the preferred method to sample pancreatic mass lesions.[18]

1993
Development
Researchers show that a vaccine composed of tumor cells irradiated and genetically modified to produce immune system growth factor GM-CSF could induce potent, specific, and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity in mice. This work leads to the therapeutic cancer vaccine  GVAX.[19]
United States

1994
Discovery
Study finds that longtime cigarette smokers double their risk of pancreatic cancer.[20]
United States

1996
Treatment
Gemcitabine is approved for pancreatic cancer that has spread to nearby organs or to distant parts of the body, after clinical trial demonstrates that it modestly extends survival compared to fluorouracil, the previous standard of care.[1]

1998
Development
First description of pancreatic stellate cells (star-shaped cells that play an essential role in pancreatic fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer).[2]

1999
Organization
The Lustgarten Foundation for Pancreatic Cancer Research is established as a non-profit organization with the mission of advancing scientific and medical research related to the diagnosis, treatment, cure and prevention of pancreatic cancer.[21]
Bethpage, New York, US

2004
Treatment
The European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer (ESPAC) finds that adjuvant use (after surgery) of fluorouracil more than doubles 5 year survival for patients with early pancreatic cancer.[1]

2005
Treatment
United States FDA approves targeted drug erlotinib after trial finds that adding it to standard gemcitabine chemotherapy extends the lives of patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer, compared to gemcitabine alone.[1]
United States

2007
Development
First description of pancreatic cancer stem cells. Since then, a number of cancer cells with distinct functional features (including self-renewal and exclusive in vivo tumorigenicity) emerges.[22]

2007–2008
Treatment
Two important studies demonstrate that adjuvant (post-surgery) treatment with gemcitabine, further extends survival for patients with early pancreatic cancer.[1]

2008
Study
The pancreatic cancer genome is mapped. 63 genetic abnormalities are identified, along 12 key "pathways" that are present in the vast majority of pancreatic tumors.[1]

2009
Organization
The Pancreatic Cancer Action is established as a non-profit organization whose mission is to raise awareness of pancreatic cancer.[23]
Hampshire UK

2010
Treatment
Major trial shows that initial treatment with FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy extends survival by nearly five months in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, compared with standard gemcitabine treatment.[1]

2013
Treatment
Study shows that combination of two chemotherapy drugs protein-bound paclitaxel and gemcitabine is more effective than standard single drug therapy for people with metastatic pancreatic cancer.[1]

2014

United States FDA designates GVAX given with another immunotherapy, CRS-207, as a “Breakthrough Therapy” for pancreatic cancer.[19]
United States


document_title: Allied leaders of World War I

question_text: name the ruler of russia during first world war

text: Allied leaders of World War I

text: Russian Empire[edit]

text:
Nicholas II[2] – last Czar of Russia, titular King of Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland. His rule ended with the Russian Revolution. Nicholas was killed on 17 July 1918.
Alexander Kerensky[3] − Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government
Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich[4] – Commander-in-chief and viceroy in the Caucasus
Alexander Samsonov[5] – Commander of the Russian Second Army for the invasion of East Prussia
Paul von Rennenkampf[6] – Commander of the Russian First Army for the invasion of East Prussia
Nikolay Ivanov[7] – Commander of the Russian army on the Southwestern Front, responsible for much of the action in Galicia
Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich - Chief of the Imperial Russian Air Service
Aleksei Brusilov[8] – Commander of the south, then provisional Commander-in-Chief after the Tsar's abdication
Nikolai Yudenich - commander of the Russian forces in the Caucasus Campaign

text: Russian SFSR[edit]

text: Vladimir Lenin[9] − Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR

text: France[edit]

text:
Raymond Poincaré[10] – President of France, 1913–1920
Rene Viviani – Prime Minister of France 1914-1915
Joseph Joffre[11] – Commander-in-Chief of the French Army and Marshal of France
Ferdinand Foch[12] – Commander-in-Chief of the French Army and Marshal of France, "Generalissimo of the Allied Armies" from spring 1918
Robert Nivelle[13] – Commander-in-Chief of the French Army
Philippe Pétain[14] – Commander-in-Chief of the French Army and Marshal of Italy
Maurice Sarrail - commander of the French forces in the Macedonian Front

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
H. H. Asquith – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (until 1916)[15]
David Lloyd George – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (from 1916 to 1922)
Douglas Haig – Commander-in-Chief of the BEF (1915–1918)
Sir John French - Commander-in-Chief of the BEF (1914–1915) and Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces (1915-1918)
John Jellicoe – Commanding officer of the Grand Fleet (1914–1916), First Sea Lord (1916–1917)
Winston Churchill – First Lord of the Admiralty (from 1911 to 1915)
Horatio Herbert Kitchener – Secretary of State for War (5 August 1914 – 5 June 1916)
Sir David Henderson - Director-General of Military Aeronautics (1 September 1913 – 18 October 1917)
George Milne - Commander of the British forces at Doiran
Reginald Wingate - commander of the British forces in the Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition
Edmund Allenby - commander of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force

text: Australia[edit]

text:
Andrew Fisher – Prime Minister of Australia (to 27 October 1915)
Billy Hughes – Prime Minister of Australia (from 27 October 1915)
Edward Millen – Minister for Defence (to 17 September 1914)
George Pearce – Minister for Defence (from 17 September 1914)
Jens Jensen – Minister for the Navy (to 17 February 1917)
Joseph Cook – Minister for the Navy (from 17 February 1917)

text: Canada[edit]

text: Robert Borden – Prime Minister of Canada (1911 to 1920)

text: China[edit]

text: Duan Qirui – Premier of the Republic of China (1916-18).

text: Serbia[edit]

text:
Peter I[16] – King of Serbia
Crown Prince Alexander – Regent, Commander-in-Chief
Nikola Pašić – Prime Minister
Radomir Putnik - Field Marshal and commander-in-chief of the Serbian Army
Stepa Stepanovic - General in the Serbian Army

text: Belgium[edit]

text:
Albert I of Belgium[17] – King of the Belgians
Charles de Broqueville – Prime Minister (17 June 1911 – 1 June 1918)
Gérard Cooreman – Prime Minister (1 June 1918 – 21 November 1918)
Gérard Leman - Belgian general in the Battle of Liege

text: Italy[edit]

text:
Victor Emmanuel III[18] – King of Italy
Vittorio Orlando - Prime Minister of Italy at the end of the war.
Luigi Cadorna – Commander-in-Chief of the Italian army
Armando Diaz – Chief of General Staff of the Italian army
Luigi Amedeo – Commander-in-Chief of the Adriatic Fleet of Italy
Maurizio Moris - Head of Italian military aviation
Ernesto Mombelli - Italian commander in Macedonia
Alfredo Acton - Chief of Staff of the Italian Navy

text: Romania[edit]

text:
Ferdinand I - King of Romania
Constantin Prezan – Chief of the General Staff of Romania
Alexandru Averescu – Prime Minister of Romania and Marshal in the Romanian Army

text: United States of America[edit]

text:
Woodrow Wilson[19] – President of the United States
Thomas R. Marshall[20] – Vice President of the United States
John J. Pershing[21] – Commander of the American Expeditionary Force
Newton D. Baker - Secretary of War
William Sims - commander of all American naval forces in Europe

text: Josephus Daniels - Secretary of the Navy

text: Japan[edit]

text:
Emperor Taishō[22] – Emperor of Japan
Ōkuma Shigenobu – Prime Minister of Japan (16 April 1914 – 9 October 1916)
Terauchi Masatake – Prime Minister of Japan (9 October 1916 – 29 September 1918)
Hara Takashi – Prime Minister of Japan (29 September 1918 – 4 November 1921)

text: Brazil[edit]

text:
Venceslau Brás – President of Brazil
Pedro Frontin – Brazilian Admiral
Dr. Nabuco Gouveia – Chief of the Brazilian Medical Delegation

text: Greece[edit]

text:
Constantine I – King of Greece 1913 - 1917
Eleftherios Venizelos – Prime Minister
Pavlos Kountouriotis – Admiral
Panagiotis Danglis - General in the Army

text: Siam[edit]

text:
Rama VI – King of Siam
Chao Phraya Bodindechanuchit – Minister of Defence
Chakrabongse Bhuvanath – Supreme Commander Siamese Expeditionary Forces
Phraya Bijai Janriddhi – Commander of Siamese Expeditionary Forces in Western Front

text: Portugal[edit]

text:
Afonso Costa - Prime Minister of Portugal
Bernardino Machado - President of Portugal
Fernando Tamagnini de Abreu e Silva - commander-in-chief of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps
Jose Norton de Matos - commander-in-chief of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps


document_title: List of unrelegated association football clubs

question_text: teams to never be relegated from premier league

question_tokens: teams to never be relegated from premier league

text: List of unrelegated association football clubs

text: Historical considerations[edit]

text: More often than not, football clubs have played in more than one top-tier competition. It is therefore possible that teams relegated at one point in their history, but have not done so in the competition in which they currently compete. This is the case for multiple teams in countries where football was played in regional leagues prior to the creation of a unified national league. In such countries, a national champion was previously declared by means of a play-off tournament between teams that qualified through their regional tournaments. In Germany, for instance, seven teams have never been relegated from the Bundesliga (some joining more recent), but three of them found themselves expelled from the older Oberligen. Only Hamburg has played continuously in the top tier of the German football system since the end of World War I.[1] In the Netherlands, football used to be organised in regional competitions as well. The unified Eredivisie was born in 1956, and four teams have continuously played at this highest national level since then.[2]

text: Even before the establishment of regional competitions, football was played in league systems. The very first football championships in Europe were often organised on a local level. Taking these smaller competitions into account, Austria Wien and Rapid Wien can claim to have played at the highest possible level since competition began in Austria in 1911.[1] At that time however, the only organised football was played in the league of Lower Austria,[3] which was then located in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and only teams from Vienna took part.[4] Later, Austrian teams competed in the German football system for several years, which made it possible for Rapid Wien to become German champion in 1941.[5] The current Austrian Bundesliga was only established in 1974,[6] and to this point a total of five teams never relegated from that competition.[7]

text: In Greece and Turkey, competitive football was organised in even smaller leagues. In both countries, city-leagues were the highest level for quite some time.[8][9] In 1959, a unified Hellenic championship was founded, and Olympiacos, Panathinaikos and PAOK have played in every season of it.[1] However, these teams were already high-flyers in the preceding city-leagues. The same applies to Beşiktaş, Fenerbahçe and Galatasaray in Turkey.[1]

text: In Russia, football too was first played at city-level. The St. Petersburg Football League was established in 1901, and its Moscowian counterpart followed in 1909. Many years later, in 1936, the Soviet Top League was formed. This competition ceased to exist when the Soviet Union fell, and new leagues were formed in the fifteen successor states. As a result, many teams entered a top division for the first time in their history. In Estonia, for example, the new Meistriliiga was composed of clubs that never participated in the top flight before.[10][11] As these are relatively new competitions, many clubs can claim to have never been relegated from the top-level. But only Dynamo Kyiv and Dinamo Tbilisi have always played at the highest possible level.[1] On the other hand, Dynamo Moscow has played in every season of the Soviet Top League but was relegated in 2015–16 Russian Premier League season.

text: Besides the Soviet, also the Czechoslovak and Yugoslav football leagues split into multiple competitions in the early 90’s. A total of eight teams have not been relegated from the national championships of the Czech Republic[12] and Slovakia,[13] but no team managed to achieve this in Czechoslovak times. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, football became divided alongside ethnic lines and competition was held in three different leagues, before the establishment of a national division in 2000. In Kosovo, a national league also exists, although not it was not recognised by UEFA or FIFA until 2016. In all, three clubs - Red Star Belgrade, Partizan Belgrade and Dinamo Zagreb - play at the highest level since the creation of socialist Yugoslavia. And Hajduk Split have never relegated since they first played in the championship of the now long gone Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.[1] But many more teams never relegated from their current national championships.

text: In still many other instances, new top-tier leagues were created to replace existing national championships. In England, six teams have been present in every season of the Premier League, which was founded in 1992.[14] None of them however had an uninterrupted run in the preceding First Division.[15] Thus, a great number of teams can claim to have never been relegated from these newer competitions. In Scotland, only Celtic and Aberdeen[16] have never been relegated. Rangers were liquidated in 2012 and were subsequently placed in the fourth tier of the Scottish football league system.[1] Similarly, Cliftonville, Glentoran and Linfield have the unique distinction of having played at the top flight in Northern Ireland for 125 years,[1] but five more teams have been present in every season of the NIFL Premiership, which was only established in 2008.[17]

text: There are however leagues that have been running for a long time. Not surprising, fewer clubs manage to stay on top the longer a competition runs. The Spanish Primera División was born in 1929, and only Athletic Bilbao, FC Barcelona and Real Madrid have been present ever since. The same year the Italian Serie A became a round-robin tournament, and only Inter Milan has continuously played at the highest level from that moment forward - even doing so since 1909. And finally, no team that plays in the Swiss Super League – established in 1897 – has not been relegated at one point in their history.[1]

text: Unrelegated for three quarters of a century[edit]

text: This table lists all clubs that have continuously played at the highest level for 75 years or more until their first relegation. Taken into account are all the leagues that formed the highest level at the time each club played in them. Competitions that were organised on sub-regional levels are excluded though. This is the reason no clubs from Greece or Turkey are listed, as in those countries football was played in city-level competitions up until 1959.

text: The large number of Brazilian football clubs on this list can be explained by the fact that these clubs were dominant in the relatively small state leagues, which formed the highest tier of competition in Brazil for more than half a century. The Taça Brasil, which existed between 1959 and 1968, is not considered a top-tier tournament for the purpose of this list, as it was a knockout competition between the different state champions, and no team took part in every edition.

text: As of 2018[update], the majority of the teams listed below continue to play at the top, although a few have ended their uninterrupted spell. Note also that some teams have been relegated (and promoted back) before the start of their record spell.

text:
Club
First year of spell
Last year of spell
Duration (years)
Competition(s)

 Cliftonville F.C.
1890
–
128
Football League, Premier League & NIFL Premiership (116 seasons in total)

 Glentoran F.C.
1890
–
128
Football League, Premier League & NIFL Premiership (116 seasons in total)

 Linfield F.C.
1890
–
128
Football League, Premier League & NIFL Premiership (116 seasons in total)

 Celtic F.C.
1890
–
128
Football League, Premier League & Premiership (120 seasons in total)

 Rangers F.C.
1890
2012
122
Football League & Premier League (115 seasons in total)

 Lisburn Distillery F.C.
1890
1995
105
Football League (94 seasons in total)

 Heart of Midlothian F.C.
1890
1977
87
Football League (80 seasons in total)

 Sparta Rotterdam
1893
2002
109
Eerste Klasse West & Eredivisie

 Peñarol
1900
–
118
Primera División

 Juventus F.C.
1900
2006
106
Italian Football Championship[18]

 A.C. Milan*
1900
1980
80
Italian Football Championship[18]

 Club Nacional de Football
1901
–
117
Primera División

 Ferencvárosi TC
1901
2006
105
Nemzeti Bajnokság

 Aberdeen F.C.
1905
–
113
Football League, Premier League & Premiership (103 seasons in total)[16][19]

 Club Guaraní
1906
–
112
Primera División

 Club Olimpia
1906
–
112
Primera División

 Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas
1906
2002
96
Campeonato Carioca, Taça de Prata & Série A

 Club Libertad
1906
1998
92
Primera División

 Fluminense FC
1906
1997
91
Campeonato Carioca, Taça de Prata & Série A

 Inter Milan
1909
–
109
Italian Football Championship[18]

 Sport Club Internacional
1909
2016
107
Campeonato Gaúcho, Taça de Prata & Série A

 Club Atlético River Plate
1909
2011
102
Primera División

 FK Austria Wien
1911
–
107
1. Klasse, Gauliga Ostmark, Staatsliga, Nationalliga & Bundesliga

 SK Rapid Wien
1911
–
107
1. Klasse, Gauliga Ostmark, Staatsliga, Nationalliga & Bundesliga

 Glenavon F.C.
1911
2004
93
Football League & Premier League (82 seasons in total)

 Clube de Regatas do Flamengo
1912
–
106
Campeonato Carioca, Taça de Prata & Série A

 Újpest FC
1912
–
106
Nemzeti Bajnokság

 Club Atlético Independiente
1912
2013
101
Primera División

 Boca Juniors
1913
–
105
Primera División

 Cerro Porteño
1913
–
105
Primera División

 Sport Club Corinthians Paulista****
1913
2007
94
Campeonato Paulista, Taça de Prata & Série A

 Clube Atlético Mineiro
1915
2005
90
Campeonato Mineiro, Taça de Prata & Série A

 Santos FC***
1916
–
102
Campeonato Paulista, Taça de Prata & Série A

 Budapest Honvéd FC
1916
2003
87
Nemzeti Bajnokság

 Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras
1916
2002
86
Campeonato Paulista, Taça de Prata & Série A

 AFC Ajax
1917
–
101
Eerste Klasse West & Eredivisie

 Hamburger SV
1919
–
99
Norddeutsche Fußballmeisterschaft, Gauliga Nordmark, Oberliga Nord & Bundesliga

 Arsenal F.C.
1919
–
99
Football League First Division, Premier League

 Standard Liège
1921
–
97
Pro League

 Cruzeiro Esporte Clube
1921
–
97
Campeonato Mineiro, Taça de Prata & Série A

 Bohemian F.C.**
1921
–
97
League of Ireland

 Feyenoord
1921
–
97
Eerste Klasse West & Eredivisie

 CR Vasco da Gama
1921
2008
87
Campeonato Carioca, Taça de Prata & Série A

 Al Ahly SC
1922
–
96
Cairo League, Egyptian Premier League

 Shamrock Rovers F.C.
1922
2005
83
League of Ireland

 HNK Hajduk Split
1923
–
95
Yugoslav First League & Prva HNL

 Valur
1923
1999
76
Úrvalsdeild

 Ards F.C.
1923
1998
75
Football League (68 seasons in total - only became champions once)

 Portadown F.C.
1924
2008
84
Football League & Premier League (77 seasons in total)

 PSV Eindhoven
1926
–
92
Eerste Klasse Zuid & Eredivisie

 Club Universitario de Deportes
1928
–
90
Primera División

 Athletic Bilbao
1928
–
90
Primera División

 FC Barcelona
1928
–
90
Primera División

 Real Madrid C.F.
1928
–
90
Primera División

 KF Tirana
1929
2017
88
Kategoria Superiore

 Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.
1931
–
87
Palestine League, Israeli League, Liga Alef, Liga Leumit & Premier League

 Colo-Colo
1933
–
85
Campeonato Nacional

 S.L. Benfica
1934
–
84
Primeira Liga

 FC Porto
1934
–
84
Primeira Liga

 Sporting Clube de Portugal
1934
–
84
Primeira Liga

 APOEL FC
1934
–
84
First Division

 São Paulo FC***
1930
–
88
Campeonato Paulista, Taça de Prata & Série A

 FC Dinamo Tbilisi
1936
–
82
Soviet Top League & Umaglesi Liga

 FC Dynamo Moscow
1936
2016
80
Soviet Top League & Football Championship

 FC Dynamo Kyiv
1936
–
82
Soviet Top League & Premier League

 PFC Levski Sofia
1937
–
81
State Football Championship & A Group

 Hibernians F.C.
1937
–
81
Premier League

text:
*AC Milan withdrew from the 1908 Italian Championship.
**Bohemians were relegated in 1911 from the (now Northern) Irish League, but returned in 1912 and stayed there until 1920 to form the Irish Free State (now Republic of Ireland) League, from which they have never been relegated.
***Santos withdrew from the 1920 Paulistão, São Paulo withdrew from the 1935 Paulistão and both from the 1979 Brasileirão.
****Corinthians and São Paulo withdrew from the 1979 Brasileirão.

text: Source: RSSSF and RSSSF Brasil

text: Unrelegated from current national top level[edit]

text: This is a list of football clubs which have never been relegated from their current national top-level league and have played at least ten seasons at this level. The year before the name of each team indicates when they began their uninterrupted run. Clubs that are in bold are founding members of their current league.

text: Primera División - Argentina[1]

text:
1913: Boca Juniors
2002: Arsenal de Sarandí

text: Premier League - Armenia[20]

text:
1992: FC Shirak
2000: FC Mika
2000: Ulisses FC
2001: FC Pyunik

text: Bundesliga - Austria[7]

text:
1974: FK Austria Wien
1974: SK Rapid Wien
1974: SK Sturm Graz*

text: *Sturm Graz relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the Bundesliga.

text: Premyer Liqası - Azerbaijan[1]

text:
1992: Neftchi PFK*
1992: Qarabağ FK
1999: Inter Baku PIK

text: *Neftchi relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the Premyer Liqası.

text: Vysheyshaya Liga - Belarus[21]

text:
1992: FC Dinamo Brest
1992: FC Dinamo Minsk*
1992: FC Neman Grodno
1992: FC Shakhtyor Soligorsk
1998: FC BATE Borisov

text: *Dinamo Minsk relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the Vysheyshaya Liga.

text: Primera División - Bolivia

text:
1977: The Strongest
1977: Oriente Petrolero
1977: Bolívar*

text: *Bolívar relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the Primera División.

text: Premijer Liga - Bosnia and Herzegovina[22]

text:
2000: NK Čelik Zenica*
2000: FK Sarajevo*
2000: NK Široki Brijeg
2000: FK Željezničar Sarajevo*
2000: HŠK Zrinjski Mostar**

text:
*These teams relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the Premijer Liga.
**Zrinjski played in the wartime league of the Independent State of Croatia. Between 1945 and 1992, they were banned by the Yugoslav communist government.

text: Série A - Brazil[1][15]

text:
1987: Cruzeiro Esporte Clube
1987: Clube de Regatas do Flamengo
1987: Santos FC
1987: São Paulo FC
2014: Associação Chapecoense de Futebol

text: Parva Liga - Bulgaria[1]

text: 1937: Levski Sofia

text: Campeonato Nacional - Chile[1]

text: 1933: Colo-Colo

text: Categoría Primera A - Colombia[1]

text:
1948: Atlético Nacional
1948: Independiente Santa Fe
1948: Millonarios F.C.

text: Prva HNL - Croatia[1]

text:
1991: GNK Dinamo Zagreb
1991: HNK Hajduk Split
1991: NK Osijek*
1991: HNK Rijeka*
1997: NK Slaven Belupo

text: *Osijek and Rijeka relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the Prva HNL.

text: First Division - Cyprus[1]

text:
1934: APOEL FC*
1953: AC Omonia*
1957: Apollon Limassol

text: *Before 1974, APOEL and Omonia played in the Greek top-level league when they became Cypriot champion.

text: First League - Czech Republic[12]

text:
1993: AC Sparta Prague*
1993: SK Slavia Prague*
1993: FC Slovan Liberec
1994: FK Baumit Jablonec*
1996: FK Teplice*

text: *These teams relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the First League.

text: Superligaen - Denmark[23]

text:
1991: AaB Fodbold*
1991: Brøndby IF
1992: F.C. Copenhagen**
2000: FC Midtjylland**
2002: FC Nordsjælland

text:
*AaB relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the Superligaen.
**Copenhagen and Midtjylland are the successors of clubs that have relegated from a top-tier league.

text: Serie A - Ecuador[1]

text: 1957: Barcelona Sporting Club

text: Premier League - Egypt[1]

text:
1948: Al Ahly SC
1948: Zamalek SC

text: Premier League - England[2][15]

text:
1992: Arsenal FC*
1992: Chelsea F.C.*
1992: Everton F.C.*
1992: Liverpool FC*
1992: Manchester United*
1992: Tottenham Hotspur*

text: *These teams relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the Premier League.

text: Meistriliiga - Estonia[10]

text:
1992: FC Flora
1992: JK Narva Trans
1999: FC Levadia Tallinn

text: Veikkausliiga - Finland[1]

text: 2005: IFK Mariehamn

text: Ligue 1 - France[2]

text: 1974: Paris Saint-Germain F.C.*

text: *In 1972 PSG split into two. The professional branch continued to play at the highest level under the name Paris FC, while the other section kept the name PSG but assumed amateur status. Two years later, the latter section promoted back to the top tier, while Paris FC relegated to the second level.[24]

text: Umaglesi Liga - Georgia[25]

text:
1990: FC Dinamo Tbilisi
1995: FC Sioni Bolnisi

text: Bundesliga - Germany[1]

text:
1963: Hamburger SV
1965: FC Bayern München*
1979: Bayer 04 Leverkusen*
1997: VFL Wolfsburg*

text: *These teams relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the Bundesliga.

text: Premier League - Ghana[1]

text:
1958: Asante Kotoko SC
1958: Accra Hearts of Oak SC
1986: Ashanti Gold SC

text: Superleague - Greece[1]

text:
1959: Olympiacos F.C.
1959: Panathinaikos F.C.
1959: PAOK FC
1989: Skoda Xanthi F.C.

text: Liga Nacional - Honduras[1]

text:
1965: C.D. Marathón
1965: F.C. Motagua
1965: Club Deportivo Olimpia
1965: Real C.D. España
1965: C.D.S. Vida

text: League of Ireland - Ireland[1]

text:
1921: Bohemian F.C.*
1951: St Patrick's Athletic F.C.

text: *Bohemians relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the League of Ireland.

text: Premier League - Israel

text: 1931: Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.

text: Serie A - Italy[15][26]

text: 1909: Inter Milan

text: *Internazionale was not relegated in 1922 because won two salvation play-offs after Compromesso Colombo, an arbitration award proposed by former La Gazzetta dello Sport director Emilio Colombo that healed the splitting of Italian football into two separate associations (FIGC and CCI or Confederazione Calcistica Italiana). Without this Compromesso Colombo Inter should have been playing only a salvation play-off[27]

text: Ligue 1 - Ivory Coast[1]

text: J1 League - Japan[28]

text:
1993: Kashima Antlers*
1993: Yokohama F. Marinos*

text: *These teams relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the J1 League.

text: Premier League - Kazakhstan[29]

text:
1992: FC Irtysh Pavlodar
1992: FC Shakhter Karagandy
2001: FC Atyrau

text: Kyrgyzstan League - Kyrgyzstan[30]

text:
2003: FC Abdish-Ata Kant
1999: FC Dordoi Bishkek

text: Virslīga - Latvia[31]

text: 1997: FK Ventspils

text: A Lyga - Lithuania[32]

text: 2003: FK Šiauliai

text: 1. MFL - Macedonia[1]

text:
1992: FK Vardar*
1998: FK Rabotnički*

text: *Vardar and Rabotnički relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the 1. MFL.

text: Malaysia Super League - Malaysia[1]

text: 1982: Perak TBG F.C.*

text: *Before 1982, Malaysian football competitions were organized on a knockout basis and there was no league with promotion or relegation at the time.

text: Premier League - Malta[1]

text:
1946: Hibernians F.C.
1946: Valletta F.C.

text: Liga MX - Mexico[1]

text:
1943: Club América
1943: C.D. Guadalajara
1953: Deportivo Toluca F.C.
1962: Club Universidad Nacional
1964: Cruz Azul
1988: Santos Laguna

text: Divizia Națională - Moldova[33]

text:
1992: FC Zimbru Chișinău*
1998: FC Sheriff Tiraspol
2002: FC Dacia Chișinău

text: *Zimbru Chișinău relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the Divizia Națională.

text: Eredivisie - Netherlands[2]

text:
1956: AFC Ajax*
1956: PSV Eindhoven*
1956: Feyenoord**
1970: FC Utrecht***

text:
*These teams relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the Eredivisie.
**In 1917 a new regional top-tier, the Eerste klasse West B, was created under pressure from clubs in the second tier, including Feyenoord. However, this league was considered inferior to the other regional top-tier competitions.[34] After only two years, the Eerste klasse West B was abolished and replaced by the Overgangsklasse, an intermediate level between the first and second tier. In 1921, Feyenoord finally entered the top flight.[35]
***VV DOS played in every season of the Eredivisie before merging into FC Utrecht in 1970.

text: Eliteserien - Norway[1]

text: 1975: Lillestrøm SK

text: Primera División - Paraguay

text:
1906: Club Guaraní[citation needed]
1906: Club Olimpia[citation needed]
1913: Cerro Porteño[citation needed]

text: Primera División - Peru[1]

text:
1928: Club Universitario de Deportes*
1955: Sporting Cristal[36]

text: *In 1947, Universitario finished in last place, but refused to play a relegation playoff.[37]

text: Primeira Liga - Portugal[1]

text:
1934: S.L. Benfica
1934: FC Porto
1934: Sporting Clube de Portugal

text: Liga I - Romania[1]

text:
1947: FC Dinamo București
1947: FC Steaua București

text: Football Championship - Russia[1]

text:
1992: PFC CSKA Moscow*
1992: FC Lokomotiv Moscow*
1992: FC Spartak Moscow*
2003: FC Rubin Kazan

text: *These teams relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the Football Championship.

text: Jameel League - Saudi Arabia[38]

text:
1976: Al-Hilal FC
1976: Ittihad FC
1976: Al-Nassr FC
1976: Al-Ahli Saudi FC

text: Premiership - Scotland[19]

text: The Scottish Premier League existed between 1998 and 2013, when it was replaced by the Scottish Premiership. As of 2016[update], four teams have played in every season of both competitions without being relegated.

text:
Aberdeen F.C.
Celtic F.C.
Kilmarnock F.C.*
Motherwell F.C.*

text: SuperLiga - Serbia[39]

text:
1946: FK Partizan*
1946: Red Star Belgrade*
1987: FK Vojvodina

text: *These teams were never relegated since their creation in 1945. Before 2006 they played in the predecessor leagues of the SuperLiga, the Yugoslav First League and the First League of Serbia and Montenegro. At their creation, the two teams replaced the pre-1945, also unrelegated teams, of BSK Belgrade and SK Jugoslavija.

text: Super Liga - Slovakia[13]

text: 1997: MFK Ružomberok

text: 1. SNL - Slovenia[40]

text:
1991: NK Celje
1991: ND Gorica
1991: NK Maribor*

text: *Maribor relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the 1. SNL.

text: Primera División - Spain[1]

text:
1928: Athletic Bilbao
1928: FC Barcelona
1928: Real Madrid C.F.

text: Tajik League - Tajikistan[41]

text:
1992: CSKA Pomir Dushanbe*
1992: Regar-TadAZ Tursunzoda
1992: Vakhsh Qurghonteppa
1997: FK Khujand

text: *Pomir Dushanbe relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the Tajik League.

text: Thai League - Thailand[42]

text: 1996/97: BEC Tero Sasana F.C.*

text: *Name changed to Police Tero F.C. after merger with Police United from 2017 season.

text: CLP-1 - Tunisia[1]

text:
1955: Club Africain
1955: Espérance Sportive de Tunis*
1955: Étoile Sportive du Sahel*
1955: CS Sfaxien

text: *Although ES Sahel and ES Tunis did not relegate, they did not participate in 1961-62 and 1970–71, respectively.

text: Süper Lig - Turkey[1]

text:
1959: Beşiktaş J.K.
1959: Fenerbahçe S.K.
1959: Galatasaray S.K.
1974: Trabzonspor

text: Ýokary Liga - Turkmenistan[43]

text:
1992: Balkan FK
1992: Merw FK
1994: Şagadam FK

text: Premier League - Ukraine[1]

text:
1992: FC Dynamo Kyiv
1992: FC Shakhtar Donetsk*
1996: FC Vorskla Poltava

text: *Both teams relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the Premier League.

text: UAE Arabian Gulf League - United Arab Emirates

text:
1974: Al Ain FC
1974: Al-Nasr Dubai SC
1974: Al-Wasl F.C.
1974: Al Wahda FC

text: Primera División - Uruguay[1]

text:
1900: Peñarol
1901: Nacional

text: Uzbek League - Uzbekistan[44]

text:
1992: Navbahor Namangan
1992: Neftchi FK
1992: Pakhtakor Tashkent FK*
1997: FC Nasaf
1998: PFK Metallurg Bekabad
2000: Qizilqum Zarafshon

text: *Pakhtakor Tashkent relegated from a top-tier league prior to the establishment of the Uzbek League.

text: Primera División - Venezuela

text: 1975: Deportivo Táchira

text: Premier League - Wales[1]

text:
1992: Aberystwyth Town F.C.
1992: Bangor City F.C.
1992: Newtown A.F.C.
1993: The New Saints F.C.
1996: Carmarthen Town A.F.C.