document_title: Football helmet

question_text: when did they stop using leather helmets in football

text: Football helmet

text: History[edit]

text: Invention[edit]

text: One of the first instances of football headgear dates to 1896 when Lafayette College halfback George "Rose" Barclay began to use straps and earpieces to protect his ears. It is not certain who invented the football helmet. Many sources give credit for the creation of the helmet to James Naismith, while other sources credit U.S. Naval Academy Midshipman Joseph M. Reeves (later to become the "Father of Carrier Aviation"), who had a protective device for his head made out of mole skin to allow him to play in the 1893 Army-Navy game. Reeves had been advised by a Navy doctor that another kick to his head would result in "instant insanity" or even death, so he commissioned an Annapolis shoemaker to make him a helmet out of leather.[1] Later, helmets were made of padded leather and resembled aviators' helmets or modern day scrum caps. At least in professional football, they were optional. Some National Football League players, notably Hall-of-Famer Bill Hewitt, played all or most of their careers without a helmet.

text: Early years[edit]

text: One innovation from the early 1900s period was hardened leather. 1917 marked the first time helmets were raised above the head in an attempt to direct blows away from the top of the head.[clarification needed] Ear flaps also had their downfall during this period as they had little ventilation and made it difficult for players to hear. The 1920s marked the first time that helmets were widely used in the sport of football. These helmets were made of leather and had some padding on the inside, but the padding was insufficient and provided little protection. In addition, they lacked face masks. As a result, injuries were very common. Early helmets also absorbed a lot of heat, making them very uncomfortable to wear.

text: In 1939, the Riddell Company of Chicago, Illinois started manufacturing plastic helmets because it felt that plastic helmets would be safer than those made of leather. Plastic was found to be more effective because it held its shape when full collision contact occurred on a play. These helmets were also much more comfortable and had more padding to cushion the head in an impact. Included with the plastic helmet came plastic face mask, which allowed the helmet to protect the entire head. By the mid-1940s, helmets were required in the NFL. They were still made of leather, but with improved manufacturing techniques had assumed their more familiar spherical shape. The NFL initially allowed either plastic or leather helmets, but in 1948 the league outlawed the plastic helmet, considering the hard-plastic material to be an injury risk. The NFL repealed this rule in 1949, and by 1950, the plastic helmet had become universal in that league.[2]

text: Introduction of advanced materials[edit]

text: By the 1950s, the introduction of polymers ended the leather helmet era. The last leather helmet manufacturer, MacGregor, ceased production of leather helmets in the mid-1960s. The NFL also recommended face masks for players in 1955,[3] reducing the number of broken noses and teeth, but also necessitating new rules prohibiting opposing players from grabbing the face mask. By varying accounts, either Pat Studstill or Garo Yepremian was the last to forgo the facemask; among non-kickers, Tommy McDonald was the last to do so.

text: Modern helmet components[edit]

text: Inflatable padding[edit]

text: According to Andrew Tucker, football helmets adequately protected players from catastrophic brain injuries, but helmet manufacturers were motivated to design helmets that decrease the risk of concussions. Vin Ferrara,{[4]} a former Harvard quarterback, accidentally discovered a new way to cushion football helmets. One night, Ferrara was looking for an aspirin when he saw a squirt bottle in his medicine cabinet. As he pumped it and then punched it, he realized that the bottle withstood the blows of different forces. Ferrara immediately came up with the idea to encase football helmets with a number of inflatable pockets in order to cushion the blows a football player receives and reduce concussions.

text: More recently, in 2003 Schutt sports introduced their football helmets which contained TPU, or thermoplastic urethane. They would argue that this helps cushion the head more than any other helmet in the market. Schutt also believes that TPU makes the helmet less prone to mold and easier overall to clean and keep sanitary.[5]

text: Visors[edit]

text: A more recent addition to the football helmet is the visor or eye shield, which is affixed to the face mask to protect players from glare or eye injuries, such as pokes. It is believed that the first player to use a protective visor Mark Mullaney of the NFL's Minnesota Vikings in 1984, in order to protect a healing eye injury. Top manufacturers of visors are Nike, Oakley, and Under Armour, with Leader being the first to come out with a visor/shield for former Chicago Bears quarterback Jim McMahon (who needed the visor because of a childhood eye injury).[citation needed] While Mullaney and McMahon's visors were tinted, most of the earlier visors were clear or smoked, but they are now offered in a variety of styles ranging from blue, gold, black, rainbow, silver, or amber. High-school and pee-wee leagues prohibit all but clear visors. This rule was enacted so that training staff and coaches can easily view a player's face and eyes in the case of a serious injury, to discern if the player is conscious.[citation needed] The NCAA banned the use of tinted visors for the same reason, and the NFL has followed suit as well. However, players with eye problems may still obtain special permission to wear tinted visors, some notable examples being LaDainian Tomlinson and Chris Canty.[6]

text: Sensors[edit]

text: Helmet shock data loggers and shock detectors monitor impacts a player receives, such as the force and direction of the impact. If the force recorded by the sensors is over 100 Gs, it signals a possible concussion.{[7]} Some players will experience up to 2,000 of these potential concussion blows each season.This data is then analyzed by doctors. New rules have been implemented which instruct that any player who has a particularly high reading of force needs to be taken off the field and examined before they can play another down.

text: Headsets[edit]

text: Two Ohio inventors devised a headset for Cleveland Browns coach Paul Brown so he could radio plays to his quarterback. It was banned shortly after its first use in 1956. The NFL approved use of headsets for all NFL teams in 1994.[8]

text: NFL rules state that all helmets equipped with headsets must have a visible green dot on the back. A few times in 2006, the holder on the field goal attempt was told to pull up and throw or run at the last second because of a change the coaches saw on the field. According to the NFL, this gave teams an "unfair advantage." The new rules let each team know who is wearing a headset and hearing the plays being called.[citation needed]

text: One-bar face masks[edit]

text: The one-bar face mask was once common but its use has been supplanted in professional and amateur sport. For example, it has been illegal in the National Football League since 2004, but a grandfather clause allowed players who wore the mask prior to 2004 to continue to do so for the remainder of their careers. No current professional player currently wears such a face mask; the last player to do so was Scott Player, who last played professionally in 2009.

text: Typically, by the mid-1980s only placekickers and punters in professional football in Canada and the United States wore the one-bar face mask, a notable exception being quarterback Joe Theismann.

text: The one-bar had two different variations. The standard one-bar was made from nylon or other hard plastic and was bolted to both side of the helmet just in front of the earholes. There was a "snub" version that did not extend as far out in front of the helmet as the standard.

text: Face masks for football helmets today are multibar. The multibar facemasks are typically constructed out of metal, such as titanium, stainless steel, or most commonly carbon steel. Each facemask is coated with Polyarmor G17, a powder coating that is resistant to impact and corrosion. The Polyarmor is a thermoplastic coating used on a number of surfaces. While some organizations purchase new face masks every season, others have their equipment reconditioned.

text: Recent designs[edit]

text: In 2002, American football equipment manufacturer Riddell released a new design of helmet called the Revolution.[9] The newer design was released in response to a study on concussions. In addition, Riddell has recently come out with a new design of helmets, the Riddell Speed Flex. This helmet came out in 2014.[10] This new helmet uses elements of Riddell's older helmets, the 360 and the Revolution, such as Side Impact Protection and All Points Quick Release face mask attachment system.[11]

text: In 2007, Schutt Sports announced the arrival of a next generation helmet, the Schutt ION 4D. This next generation design was in response to the demand for a safer football helmet. The design includes an integrated face guard. This new face guard design features shock absorbing "Energy Wedges" that reduce the force of impacts to the face guard. College teams wearing the helmet include Air Force, Penn State and Virginia.[12] Schutt has also distinguished between their varsity helmets and youth helmets. The varsity helmets from Schutt are made with polycarbonate, which is a very strong polymer designed to take bigger hits. The Schutt youth helmets however; are made from ABS, which is a lighter material, meant for kids who do not take as powerful of hits.[5]

text: Recently, a brand new type of helmet has come into play. Vicis is a new company that is producing helmets that have a softer outer layer. The softer layer absorbs more energy from impacts. In addition, the inside of the helmet also has a foam like substance which absorbs energy and improves comfort.[13]

text: Safety research and testing[edit]

text: NOCSAE certification[edit]

text: Rules in place for NFL, NCAA, and high school football require that all helmets be certified by the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment.[14][15][16] Reliance on NOCSAE certification has been criticized on numerous grounds, including that organization's control by equipment manufacturers causes a conflict of interest, testing data that focuses on skull fractures instead of concussions, and failure to take into account new research.[14][17][18]

text: The most common NOCSAE test is the drop test. This test uses a 13-pound dummy head full of sensors and a gelatin material. The head and helmet is dropped from a height of 60 at one of the six NOCSAE specified locations on the helmet. These locations include the front, rear, left side, right side, right boss, and left boss. The sensors in the dummy head measure the amount of force that the head experiences. The NOCSAE has certain regulations such as the peak severity index can never more than1200 SI. If a helmet fails to meet these requirements, they do not pass the NOCSAE drop test.[19][20]

text: Current research[edit]

text: There has been significant study/research regarding head injuries in football, as well as football helmet design in recent years. Kevin Guskiewicz, a professor at The University of North Carolina and a MacArthur Fellow, has for many years been researching concussions in football of all age groups.[21] He has been equipping UNC football helmets with accelerometers to measure impacts and concussions. Also, the NFL has awarded over $1.6 million in sports medical research, almost $1 million of which has been toward concussion prevention.[22] All this concussion prevention research has led football helmet manufacturers to develop safer products. A joint effort between Virginia Tech and Wake Forest has been testing current football helmets and giving them yearly ratings since 2011. On a scale out of 5 stars, only one helmet was awarded a 5 in 2011. In 2012, two additional helmet designs were awarded 5 stars.[23][24]

text: Controversies revolving around football helmets always regard their ability to decrease head/brain injury rates, including concussions. However, recent research has begun to assess the tests specifically employed to create the safest football equipment. In 2015, David Camarillo at Stanford conducted a study that suggested football helmet tests did not account for the delay between injury-causing brain movement and stress impact.[25]

text: Other research[edit]

text: Neuroscientists at Ohio State University launched baseballs from air cannons at football helmets in order to simulate a kick or blow to the head such as a tackle. It was found that the helmets could withstand 2,500 Newtons or about 562 pounds of force.

text: Vijay Gupta, a professor at UCLA, has done research and produced a special polymer that if added as a layer on the inside of football helmets can produce up to a 25% decrease in the g-forces a player would experience.[26] This reduction of forces would produce a similar amount of reduction of the probability of a player suffering a concussion from the same hits.

text: Logo display[edit]

text: National Football League[edit]

text: In 1948, the Los Angeles Rams were the first NFL team to put logos on their helmets; the basic "ram's horn" logo on the helmet has remained mostly the same, except for color, ever since. As of 2018 the Cleveland Browns are the last remaining NFL teams not using any form of primary logo on its helmets. The Pittsburgh Steelers are the only NFL team that puts its logo on only one side of the helmet (the right side), while the Cincinnati Bengals, after using a wordmark for a helmet logo into the 1980s, use a striping pattern instead of a logo.


document_title: US Open (tennis)

question_text: where was the us open tennis held before flushing meadows

root

text: US Open (tennis)

text: History[edit]

text: 1881–1914: Newport Casino[edit]

text: The tournament was first held in August 1881 on grass courts at the Newport Casino in Newport, Rhode Island. That year, only clubs that were members of the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA) were permitted to enter.[2] Richard Sears won the men's singles at this tournament, which was the first of his seven consecutive singles titles.[3]

tag: p

text: From 1884 through 1911, the tournament used a challenge system whereby the defending champion automatically qualified for the next year's final, where he would play the winner of the all-comers tournament. In 1915, the national championship was relocated to the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, Queens, New York City. The effort to relocate it to New York City began as early as 1911 when a group of tennis players, headed by New Yorker Karl Behr, started working on it.[4]

text: In the first years of the U.S. National Championship, only men competed and the tournament was known as the U.S. National Singles Championships for Men. In 1887, six years after the men's nationals were first held, the first U.S. Women's National Singles Championship was held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club. The winner was 17-year-old Philadelphian Ellen Hansell. This was followed by the introduction of the U.S. Women's National Doubles Championship in 1899 and the U.S. Mixed Doubles Championship in 1892. The women's tournament used a challenge system from 1888 through 1918, except in 1917. Between 1890 and 1906, sectional tournaments were held in the east and the west of the country to determine the best two doubles teams, which competed in a play-off for the right to compete against the defending champions in the challenge round.[5]

text: 1915–1977: West Side Tennis Club[edit]

text: In early 1915, a group of about 100 tennis players signed a petition in favor of moving the tournament. They argued that most tennis clubs, players, and fans were located in the New York City area and that it would therefore be beneficial for the development of the sport to host the national championship there.[6] This view was opposed by another group of players that included eight former national singles champions.[7][8] This contentious issue was brought to a vote at the annual USNLTA meeting on February 5, 1915, with 128 votes in favor of and 119 against relocation.[9][10][11]

text: From 1921 through 1923, the tournament was played at the Germantown Cricket Club in Philadelphia.[12] It returned to the West Side Tennis Club in 1924 following completion of the 14,000-seat Forest Hills Stadium.[5] Although many already regarded it as a major championship, the International Lawn Tennis Federation officially designated it as one of the world's major tournaments commencing in 1924.[citation needed]

text: At the 1922 U.S. National Championships, the draw seeded players for the first time to prevent the leading players from playing each other in the early rounds.[13][14]

text: Open era[edit]

text: The open era began in 1968 when professional tennis players were allowed to compete for the first time at the Grand Slam tournament held at the West Side Tennis Club. The previous U.S. National Championships had been limited to amateur players. Except for mixed doubles,[citation needed] all events at the 1968 national tournament were open to professionals. That year, 96 men and 63 women entered, and prize money totaled US$100,000. In 1970, the US Open became the first Grand Slam tournament to use a tiebreaker to decide a set that reached a 6–6 score in games. From 1970 through 1974, the US Open used a best-of-nine-point sudden-death tiebreaker before moving to the International Tennis Federation's (ITF) best-of-twelve points system.[3] In 1973, the US Open became the first Grand Slam tournament to award equal prize money to men and women, with that year's singles champions,John Newcombe and Margaret Court, receiving US$25,000 each.[3] Beginning in 1975, the tournament was played on clay courts instead of grass, and floodlights allowed matches to be played at night.

text: Since 1978: USTA National Tennis Center[edit]

text: In 1978, the tournament moved from the West Side Tennis Club to the larger and newly constructed USTA National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows, Queens, three miles to the north. The tournament's court surface also switched from clay to hard. Jimmy Connors is the only individual to have won US Open singles titles on three surfaces (grass, clay, and hard), while Chris Evert is the only woman to win US Open singles titles on two surfaces (clay and hard).[3]

text: The US Open is the only Grand Slam tournament that has been played every year since its inception.[15]

text: During the 2006 US Open, the complex was renamed to "USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center" in honor of Billie Jean King, a four-time US Open singles champion and women's tennis pioneer.[16]

text: From 1984 through 2015, the US Open deviated from traditional scheduling practices for tennis tournaments with a concept that came to be known as "Super Saturday": the men's and women's finals were played on the final Saturday and Sunday of the tournament respectively, and their respective semifinals were held one day prior. The Women's final was originally held in between the two men's semi-final matches; in 2001, the Women's final was moved to the evening so it could be played on primetime television, citing a major growth in popularity for women's tennis among viewers.[17] This scheduling pattern helped to encourage television viewership, but proved divisive among players because it only gave them less than a day's rest between their semi-finals and championship match.[18][19]

text: For five consecutive tournaments between 2007 through 2012, the men's final was postponed to Monday due to weather. In 2013 and 2014, the USTA intentionally scheduled the men's final on a Monday—a move praised for allowing the men's players an extra day's rest following the semifinals, but drew the ire of the ATP for further deviating from the structure of the other Grand Slams.[20][18] In 2015, the Super Saturday concept was dropped, and the US Open returned to a format similar to the other Grand Slams, with men's and women's finals on Saturday and Sunday. However, weather delays forced both sets of semifinals to be held on Friday that year.[21][19]

text: Grounds[edit]

text: The grounds of the US Open have 22 outdoor courts (plus 12 practice courts just outside the East Gate) consisting of four "show courts" (Arthur Ashe Stadium, Louis Armstrong Stadium, the Grandstand, and Court 17), 13 field courts, and 5 practice courts.

text: The main court is the 23,771-seat[22] Arthur Ashe Stadium, which opened in 1997. A US$180 million[23] retractable roof was added in 2016.[24] The stadium is named after Arthur Ashe, the African-American who won the men's singles title at the inaugural US Open in 1968, the Australian Open in 1970, and Wimbledon in 1975 and who was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1985. The next largest court is the 14,061-seat Louis Armstrong Stadium, which cost US$200 million to build and opened in 2018.[23] The 6,400-seat lower tier of this stadium is separately ticketed, reserved seating while the 7,661-seat upper tier is general admission and not separately ticketed.[23][25] The third largest court is the 8,125-seat Grandstand in the southwest corner of the grounds, which opened in 2016.[24] Court 17 in the southeast corner of the grounds is the fourth largest stadium. It opened with temporary seating in 2011 and received its permanent seating the following year.[26] It has a seating capacity of 2,800, all of which is general admission and not separately ticketed.[26] It is nicknamed "The Pit", partly because the playing surface is sunk 8 feet into the ground.[26][27] The total seating capacity for practice courts P1-P5 is 672 and for competition Courts 4–16 is 12,656, itemized as follows:[28]

text:
Courts 11 & 12: 1,704 each
Court 7: 1,494
Court 5: 1,148
Courts 10 & 13: 1,104 each
Court 4: 1,066
Court 6: 1,032
Court 9: 624
Courts 14 & 15: 502 each
Courts 8 & 16: 336 each

tag: ul

text: All the courts used by the US Open are illuminated, allowing matches and television coverage to extend into primetime. In 2001, the women's singles final was intentionally scheduled for primetime for the first time. CBS Sports president Sean McManus cited significant public interest in star players Serena Williams and Venus Williams and the good ratings performance of the 1999 women's singles final, which was pushed into primetime by rain delays.[17]

text: Surface[edit]

text: Since 1978, the US Open has been played on a hard court surface called Pro DecoTurf. It is a multi-layer cushioned surface and classified by the International Tennis Federation as medium-fast.[29] Each August before the start of the tournament, the courts are resurfaced.[30]

text: Since 2005, all US Open and US Open Series tennis courts have been painted a shade of blue (trademarked as "U.S. Open Blue") inside the lines to make it easier for players, spectators, and television viewers to see the ball.[31] The area outside the lines is still painted "U.S. Open Green".[31]

text: Player line call challenges[edit]

text: In 2006, the US Open introduced instant replay reviews of line calls, using the Hawk-Eye computer system. It was the first Grand Slam tournament to use the system. According to many experts,[who?] the system was implemented because of a controversial quarterfinal match at the 2004 US Open[citation needed] between Serena Williams and Jennifer Capriati, where important line calls went against Williams.[32] Instant replay was available only on the Arthur Ashe Stadium and Louis Armstrong Stadium courts through the 2008 tournament. In 2009, it became available on the Grandstand court.[citation needed] Starting in 2018, all competition courts are outfitted with Hawk-Eye and all matches in the main draws (Mens and Womens Singles and Doubles) follow the same procedure- each player is allowed 3 incorrect challenges per set, with one more being allowed in a tiebreak.

text: In 2007, JP Morgan Chase renewed its sponsorship of the US Open and, as part of the arrangement, the replay system was renamed to "Chase Review" on in-stadium video and television.[33]

text: Recent attendance[edit]

text:
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005

732,663
691,143
688,542
691,280
713,642
713,026
710,803
658,664
712,976
721,059
720,227
715,587
640,000
659,538

tag: table

text: Sources: US Open,[34] Record Attendance 2018,[35] City University of New York (CUNY)[36][37]

text: Prize money[edit]

text: The total prize money for the 2018 US Open is US$53 million. Of that amount, US$50,565,840 is for player base compensation and is divided as follows:[38]

text:
Event

W

F

SF

QF

4R

3R

2R

1R

Q3

Q2

Q1

Singles

3,800,000

1,850,000

925,000

475,000

266,000

156,000

93,000

54,000

30,000

16,000

8,000

Doubles*

700,000

350,000

166,400

85,275

N/A

46,563

27,876

16,500

N/A

N/A

N/A

Mixed Doubles*

155,000

70,000

30,000

15,000

N/A

N/A

10,000

5,000

N/A

N/A

N/A

text: * per team

text: The men's and women's singles prize money (US$40,912,000) accounts for 80.9 percent of total player base compensation, while men's and women's doubles (US$6,140,840), men's and women's singles qualifying (US$3,008,000), and mixed doubles (US$505,000) account for 12.1 percent, 5.9 percent, and 1.0 percent, respectively.[38] The prize money for the wheelchair draw amounts to a total of US$350,000. The singles winners of the men and women draws receive US$31,200 and the winner of the quad singles receives US$23,400.[39]

text: The United States Tennis Association in 2012 agreed to increase the US Open prize money to US$50,400,000 by 2017. As a result, the prize money for the 2013 tournament was US$33.6 million, a record US$8.1 million increase from 2012. The champions of the 2013 US Open Series also had the opportunity to add US$2.6 million in bonus prize money, potentially bringing the total 2013 US Open purse to more than US$36 million.[40] In 2014, the prize money was US$38.3 million.[41] In 2015, the prize money was raised to US$42.3 million.[42]

text: Ranking points[edit]

text: Ranking points for the men (ATP) and women (WTA) have varied at the US Open through the years but presently singles players receive the following points:

text:
Event

W

F

SF

QF

4R

3R

2R

1R

Singles

Men

2000

1200

720

360

180

90

45

10

Women[43]

2000

1300

780

430

240

130

70

10

Doubles

Men

2000

1200

720

360

180

90

0

–

Women

2000

1300

780

430

240

130

10

–

text: Champions[edit]

text: Past champions[edit]

text:
Men's singles[b]
Women's singles[c]
Men's doubles
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles

text: 2018 champions[edit]

text:
Novak Djokovic won the men's singles title. This was his third US Open singles title and fourteenth Grand Slam singles title.

Naomi Osaka won the women's singles title. This was her first Grand Slam title, becoming the first Japanese player to win the Grand Slam singles title.

Mike Bryan was part of the winning men's doubles team in 2018. This was his seventh US Open title, it was his eighteenth Grand Slam Men's Doubles title and twenty-second Grand Slam title overall.

Jack Sock was part of the winning men's doubles team in 2018. This was his second US Open title, it was his third Grand Slam Men's Doubles title, and fourth Grand Slam title overall.

Ashleigh Barty was part of the winning women's doubles team in 2018. This was her first Grand Slam doubles title by previously reaching the final in 2013.

CoCo Vandeweghe was part of the winning women's doubles team in 2018. This was her first Grand Slam doubles title.

Bethanie Mattek-Sands was part of the winning Mixed Doubles team in 2018. This was her third Mixed Doubles title and her second title at the US Open.

Jamie Murray was part of the winning Mixed Doubles team in 2018. This was his second US Open mixed doubles title, third US Open title overall, fourth Grand Slam mixed doubles title, and sixth Grand Slam title overall.

text:
Event

Champion

Runner-up

Score

Men's singles final

 Novak Djokovic

 Juan Martín del Potro

6–3, 7–6(7–4), 6–3

Women's singles final

 Naomi Osaka

 Serena Williams

6–2, 6–4

Men's doubles final

 Mike Bryan  Jack Sock

 Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo

6–3, 6–1

Women's doubles final

 Ashleigh Barty  CoCo Vandeweghe

 Tímea Babos  Kristina Mladenovic

3–6, 7–6(7–2), 7–6(8–6)

Mixed doubles final

 Bethanie Mattek-Sands Jamie Murray

 Alicja Rosolska Nikola Mektić

2–6, 6–3, [11–9]

text: Records[edit]

text:
Record

Era

Player(s)

Count

Years

Men since 1881

Most men's singles titles

Before 1968

 Richard Sears
7
1881–87

 William Larned
1901–02, 1907–11

 Bill Tilden
1920–25, 1929

Open Era

 Jimmy Connors
5
1974, 1976, 1978, 1982–83

 Pete Sampras
1990, 1993, 1995–96, 2002

 Roger Federer
2004–08

Most consecutivemen's singles titles

Before 1968

 Richard Sears
7
1881–87

Open Era

 Roger Federer
5
2004–08

Most men's doubles titles

Before 1968

 Richard Sears
6
1882–84, 1886–87 with James Dwight1885 with Joseph Clark

 Holcombe Ward
1899–1901 with Dwight F. Davis1904–06 with Beals Wright

Open Era

 Mike Bryan
6
2005, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 with Bob Bryan2018 with Jack Sock

Most consecutivemen's doubles titles

Before 1968

 Richard Sears
6
1882–87

Open Era

 Todd Woodbridge
2
1995–96

 Mark Woodforde
1995–96

Men with mostmixed doubles titles

All time

 Edwin P. Fischer
4
1894–96 with Juliette Atkinson1898 with Carrie Neely

 Wallace F. Johnson
1907 with May Sayers1909, 1911, 1915 with Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman

 Bill Tilden
1913–14 with Mary Browne1922–23 with Molla Mallory

 Bill Talbert
1943–46 with Margaret Osborne duPont

 Owen Davidson
1966 with Donna Floyd1967, 1971, 1973 with Billie Jean King

 Marty Riessen
1969–70, 1972 with Margaret Court1980 with Wendy Turnbull

 Bob Bryan
2003 with Katarina Srebotnik2004 with Vera Zvonareva2006 with Martina Navratilova2010 with Liezel Huber

Most titles (singles,men's doubles,mixed doubles) – Men

Before 1968

 Bill Tilden
16
1913–29 (7 singles,5 men's doubles,4 mixed doubles)

Open Era

 Bob Bryan
9
2003–14 (5 men's doubles,4 mixed doubles)

Women since 1887

Most women's singles titles

Before 1968

/ Molla Mallory
8
1915–18, 1920–22, 1926

Open Era

 Chris Evert
6
1975–78, 1980, 1982

 Serena Williams
1999, 2002, 2008, 2012–14

Most consecutive women'ssingles titles

Before 1968

/ Molla Mallory
4
1915–18

 Helen Jacobs
1932–35

Open Era

 Chris Evert
4
1975–78

Most women'sdoubles titles

Before 1968

 Margaret Osborne duPont
13
1941 with Sarah Palfrey Cooke1942–50, 1955–57 with Louise Brough

Open Era

 Martina Navratilova
9
1977 with Betty Stöve1978, 1980 with Billie Jean King1983–84, 1986–87 with Pam Shriver1989 with Hana Mandlíková1990 with Gigi Fernández

Most consecutive women'sdoubles titles

Before 1968

 Margaret Osborne duPont
10
1941 with Sarah Palfrey Cooke1942–50 with Louise Brough

Open Era

 Virginia Ruano Pascual
3
2002–04

 Paola Suárez
2002–04

Women with mostmixed doubles titles

Before 1968

 Margaret Osborne duPont
9
1943–46 with Bill Talbert1950 with Ken McGregor1956 with Ken Rosewall1958–60 with Neale Fraser

Open Era

 Margaret Court
3
1969–70, 1972 with Marty Riessen

 Billie Jean King
1971, 1973 with Owen Davidson1976 with Phil Dent

 Martina Navratilova
1985 with Heinz Günthardt1987 with Emilio Sánchez2006 with Bob Bryan

Most titles (singles,women's doubles, mixed doubles) –Women

Before 1968

 Margaret Osborne duPont
25
1941–60 (3 singles,13 women's doubles,9 mixed doubles)

Open Era

 Martina Navratilova
16
1977–2006 (4 singles,9 women's doubles,3 mixed doubles)

Miscellaneous

Youngest singles titlest

Men

 Pete Sampras

19 years and 1 month[44]

Women

 Tracy Austin

16 years and 8 months[44]

Oldest singles titlest

Men

 William Larned

38 years and 8 months[44]

Women

/ Molla Mallory

42 years and 5 months[44]

text: Media coverage[edit]

text:
The US Open's website allows viewing of live streaming video, but unlike other Grand Slam tournaments, does not allow watching video on demand. The site also offers live radio coverage.
Albania: Eurosport[45]
Algeria: beIN Media Group and Eurosport[45]
Andorra: Eurosport[45]
Angola: SuperSport[45]
Armenia: Eurosport[45]
Ascension Island: ESPN International[45]
Australia: ESPN International[45]
Austria: Eurosport and Österreichischer Rundfunk (ORF)[45]
Azerbaijan: Eurosport[45]
Bahrain: beIN Media Group[45]
Bangladesh: Star India[45]
Belarus: Eurosport[45]i
Belgium: Eurosport[45]
Benin: SuperSport[45]
Bhutan: Star India[45]
Bosnia-Herzegovnia: Eurosport[45]
Botswana: SuperSport[45]
Brunei: Fox Sports Asia has the exclusive right to broadcast the event from 2017 through 2021.[46][45]
Bulgaria: Eurosport[45]
Burkina Faso: SuperSport[45]
Burundi: SuperSport[45]
Cambodia: Fox Sports Asia[45] has the exclusive right to broadcast the event from 2017 through 2021.[46]
Cameroon: SuperSport[45]
Canada: The Sports Network (TSN) and Réseau des sports (RDS)[45]
Cape Verde: SuperSport[45]
Central African Republic: SuperSport[45]
Central America: ESPN International[45]
Chad: beIN Media Group and SuperSport[45]
China, People's Republic of: Fox Sports Asia (English-language only),[45]China Central Television (CCTV), and Tencent[45]
Comoros: SuperSport[45]
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: SuperSport[45]
Congo, Republic of the: SuperSport[45]
Croatia: Eurosport[45]
Cyprus: Eurosport[45]
Czech Republic: Eurosport[45]
Denmark: Eurosport[45]
Djibouti: beIN Media Group and SuperSport[45]
East Timor: Fox Sports Asia[45] has the exclusive right to broadcast the event from 2017 through 2021.[46]
Egypt: beIN Media Group and Eurosport]l[45]
Equatorial Guinea: SuperSport[45]
Eritrea: SuperSport[45]
Estonia: Eurosport[45]
Ethiopia: SuperSport[45]
Finland: Eurosport[45]
France: Eurosport[45]
Gabon: SuperSport[45]
Gambia, The: SuperSport[45]
Georgia: Eurosport[45]
Germany: Eurosport[45]
Ghana: SuperSport[45]
Greece: Eurosport[45]
Guinea: SuperSport[45]
Guinea-Bissau: SuperSport[45]
Hong Kong: Fox Sports Asia[45] has the exclusive right to broadcast the event from 2017 through 2021.[46]
Hungary: Eurosport[45]
Iceland: Eurosport[45]
India: Star India[45]
Indonesia: Fox Sports Asia[45] has the exclusive right to broadcast the event from 2017 through 2021.[46]
Iran: beIN Media Group[45]
Iraq: beIN Media Group[45]
Ireland: From 2018 through 2022, Amazon Prime Video[45] is broadcasting the US Open.[47]
Israel: Eurosport[45]
Italy: Eurosport[45]
Ivory Coast: SuperSport[45]
Japan: Wowow[45]
Jordan: beIN Media Group and Eurosport[45]
Kazakhstan: Eurosport[45]
Kenya: SuperSport[45]
Kosovo: Eurosport[45]
Kuwait: beIN Media Group[45]
Kyrgystan: Eurosport[45]
Laos: Fox Sports Asia[45] has the exclusive right to broadcast the event from 2017 through 2021.[46]
Latvia: Eurosport[45]
Lebanon: beIN Media Group and Eurosport[45]
Lesotho: SuperSport[45]
Liberia: SuperSport[45]
Libya: beIN Media Group and Eurosport[45]
Liechtenstein: Eurosport[45]
Lithuania: Eurosport[45]
Luxembourg: Eurosport[45]
Macau: Fox Sports Asia[45] has the exclusive right to broadcast the event from 2017 through 2021.[46]
Macedonia: Eurosport[45]
Madagascar: SuperSport[45]
Malawi: SuperSport[45]
Malaysia: Fox Sports Asia[45] has the exclusive right to broadcast the event from 2017 through 2021.[46]
Maldives: Star India[45]
Mali: SuperSport[45]
Malta: Eurosport[45]
Mauritania: beIN Media Group and SuperSport[45]
Mauritius: SuperSport[45]
Mayotte: SuperSport[45]
Mexico: ESPN International[45]
Moldova: Eurosport[45]
Monaco: Eurosport[45]
Mongolia: Fox Sports Asia[45] has the exclusive right to broadcast the event from 2017 through 2021.[46]
Montenegro: Eurosport[45]
Morocco: beIN Media Group and Eurosport[45]
Mozambique: SuperSport[45]
Myanmar: Fox Sports Asia[45] has the exclusive right to broadcast the event from 2017 through 2021.[46]
Namibia: SuperSport[45]
Nepal: Star India[45]
Netherlands: Eurosport[45]
New Zealand: ESPN International[45]
Niger: SuperSport[45]
Nigeria: SuperSport[45]
Norway: Eurosport[45]
Oman: beIN Media Group[45]
Pacific islands: ESPN International[45]
Pakistan: Star India[45]
Palestinian Territories: beIN Media Group[45]
Papua New Guinea: Fox Sports Asia[45] has the exclusive right to broadcast the event from 2017 through 2021.[46]
Philippines: Fox Sports Asia[45] has the exclusive right to broadcast the event from 2017 through 2021.[46]
Poland: Eurosport[45]
Portugal: Eurosport[45]
Puerto Rico: ESPN[45]
Qatar: beIN Media Group[45]
Reunion: SuperSport[45]
Romania: Eurosport[45]
Russia: Eurosport[45]
Rwanda: SuperSport[45]
San Marino: Eurosport[45]
Sao Tome & Principe: SuperSport[45]
Saudi Arabia: beIN Media Group[45]
Senegal: SuperSport[45]
Serbia: Eurosport[45]
Seychelles: SuperSport[45]
Sierra Leone: SuperSport[45]
Singapore: Fox Sports Asia[45] has the exclusive right to broadcast the event from 2017 through 2021.[46]
Slovakia: Eurosport[45]
Slovenia: Eurosport[45]
Socotra: SuperSport[45]
Somalia: beIN Media Group and SuperSport[45]
South Africa: SuperSport[45]
South America: ESPN International[45]
South Korea: Fox Sports Asia[45] has the exclusive right to broadcast the event from 2017 through 2021.[46]
South Sudan: SuperSport[45]
Spain: Eurosport[45]
Sri Lanka: Star India[45]
St. Helena and Asencion: SuperSport[45]
Sudan: beIN Media Group and SuperSport[45]
Swaziland: SuperSport[45]
Sweden: Eurosport[45]
Switzerland: Eurosport and Swiss Broadcasting Corporation[45]
Syria: beIN Media Group and Eurosport[45]
Taiwan: Fox Sports Asia[45] has the exclusive right to broadcast the event from 2017 through 2021.[46]
Tajikistan: Eurosport[45]
Tanzania: SuperSport[45]
Thailand: Fox Sports Asia[45] has the exclusive right to broadcast the event from 2017 through 2021.[46]
Togo: SuperSport[45]
Tunisia: beIN Media Group and Eurosport[45]
Turkey: Eurosport[45]
Turkmenistan: Eurosport[45]
Uganda: SuperSport[45]
Ukraine: Eurosport[45]
United Arab Emirates: beIN Media Group[45]
United Kingdom: From 2018 through 2022, Amazon Prime Video[45] is broadcasting the US Open.[47]
United States (including its Pacific territories): Tennis Channel.[45] ESPN[45] took full control of televising the event in 2015, ending CBS's 46-years of coverage.[48]
Uzbekistan: Eurosport[45]
Vatican State: Eurosport[45]
Vietnam: Fox Sports Asia[45] has the exclusive right to broadcast the event from 2017 through 2021.[46]
Yemen: beIN Media Group[45]
Zambia: SuperSport[45]
Zimbabwe: SuperSport[45]


document_title: A Cowgirl's Story

question_text: who plays savannah on a cowgirl's story

question_tokens: who plays savannah on a cowgirl 's story

text: A Cowgirl's Story

text:
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for films. Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.
Find sources: "A Cowgirl's Story" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
A Cowgirl's Story

Directed by
Timothy Armstrong

Produced by

Bailee Madison
Carlos De Mattos
Marcos De Mattos

Written by
Timothy Armstrong

Starring

Bailee Madison
Pat Boone
Chloe Lukasiak
Aidan Alexander
Froy Gutierrez
James C. Victor
Alicia Coppola

Cinematography
Matthias Saunders

Edited by
Tyler Purcell

Production
company

Cinemills Media
Rodeo Films
Bailee Madison Productions

Distributed by
Samuel Goldwyn Films

Release date

April 18, 2017 (2017-04-18)

Running time

98 minutes

Country
United States

Language
English

text: A Cowgirl's Story is a 2017 American family film written and directed by Timothy Armstrong and starring Bailee Madison, Chloe Lukasiak and Pat Boone. The film is sequel to Cowgirls 'n Angels (2012) and Cowgirls 'n Angels: Dakota's Summer (2014).

text: Plot[edit]

text: Seventeen year old Dusty Rhodes (Bailee Madison) goes to live with her grandfather (Pat Boone) because both of her Army parents are fighting in the Afghanistan war. Dusty attends a new high school where she makes friends with a group that includes Savanah (Chloe Lukasiak), a goth girl whose late father also served in the Army. Dusty convinces her new friends into forming an equestrian drill team that allows them to perform at rodeos and parades. Dusty's world is turned upside down by the war when her mother's helicopter is shot down in action and she goes missing. To cope with her fear and helplessness, Dusty enlists the help of her grandfather and friends to put on a special riding performance for her parents and all of the soldiers fighting overseas. The entire town turns out in support of the event, and it becomes an unforgettable experience for everyone.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bailee Madison as Dusty Rhodes
Pat Boone as Grandpa Rhodes
Chloe Lukasiak as Savanah Stocker
Aidan Alexander as Trevor
Froy Gutierrez as Jason
James C. Victor as Randall Rhodes
Alicia Coppola as Lt. Helen Rhodes


document_title: List of United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office

question_text: who is currently the longest serving supreme court justice

text:
13,358 days
William O. Douglas
from 1939 to 1975

12,614 days
Stephen Johnson Field
from 1863 to 1897

12,611 days
John Paul Stevens
from 1975 to 2010

12,570 days
John Marshall
from 1801 to 1835

12,447 days
Hugo Black
from 1937 to 1971

12,360 days
John Marshall Harlan
from 1877 to 1911

887 days
Howell Edmunds Jackson
from 1893 to 1895

801 days
Robert Trimble
from 1826 to 1828

563 days
John Rutledge
from 1790 to 1791 and in 1795

452 days
James F. Byrnes
from 1941 to 1942

7002208000000000000♠208 days
Neil Gorsuch
since 2017

163 days
Thomas Johnson
from 1792 to 1793

text: A total of 113 Justices have served on the Supreme Court of the United States, the highest judicial body in the United States. Justices have life tenure, and so they serve until they die in office, resign or retire, or are impeached and removed from office (which has never happened; the one impeached Justice was acquitted). The longest-serving member of the current court is Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy, with a term to date of 7004108520000000000♠10,852 days (29 years). For the 104 non-incumbent justices, the mean length of service was 6,112 days (16.7 years) with a standard deviation of 3,620 days (9.9 years). The median length of service was 5,740 days (15.7 years). Their period of service ranges from William O. Douglas's 13,358 days (36 years) on the Court to the 163-day tenure of Thomas Johnson.

text: A nominee who was confirmed by the United States Senate but declined to serve, such as Robert H. Harrison, or who died before taking his seat, such as Edwin M. Stanton, is not considered to have served as a Justice.[1][2] The Term Start date is the day the Justice took the oath of office,[1] with the Term End date being the date of the Justice's death, resignation, or retirement.[1] A highlighted row indicates that the Justice is currently serving on the Court.[3]

text: Justices[edit]

text:
*Chief Justice
†Term as Associate Justice and Chief Justice combined

text:
Rank by
length
of term
Justice
Term
in
days
Term Start[1]
Term End[1]

1
Douglas, William O.William O. Douglas
7004133580000000000♠13,358
000000001939-04-17-0000April 17, 1939
000000001975-11-12-0000November 12, 1975

2
Field, Stephen JohnsonStephen Johnson Field
7004126140000000000♠12,614
000000001863-05-20-0000May 20, 1863
000000001897-12-01-0000December 1, 1897

3
Stevens, John PaulJohn Paul Stevens
7004126110000000000♠12,611
000000001975-12-19-0000December 19, 1975
000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010

4
Marshall, JohnJohn Marshall*
7004125700000000000♠12,570
000000001801-02-04-0000February 4, 1801
000000001835-07-06-0000July 6, 1835

5
Black, HugoHugo Black
7004124470000000000♠12,447
000000001937-08-19-0000August 19, 1937
000000001971-09-17-0000September 17, 1971

6
Harlan, John MarshallJohn Marshall Harlan
7004123600000000000♠12,360
000000001877-12-10-0000December 10, 1877
000000001911-10-14-0000October 14, 1911

7
Brennan Jr., William J.William J. Brennan Jr.
7004123300000000000♠12,330
000000001956-10-16-0000October 16, 1956
000000001990-07-20-0000July 20, 1990

8
Rehnquist, WilliamWilliam Rehnquist*
7004122930000000000♠12,293†
000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972
000000002005-09-03-0000September 3, 2005†

9
Story, JosephJoseph Story
7004122730000000000♠12,273
000000001812-02-03-0000February 3, 1812
000000001845-09-10-0000September 10, 1845

10
Wayne, James MooreJames Moore Wayne
7004118600000000000♠11,860
000000001835-01-14-0000January 14, 1835
000000001867-07-05-0000July 5, 1867

11
McLean, JohnJohn McLean
7004114060000000000♠11,406
000000001830-01-11-0000January 11, 1830
000000001861-04-04-0000April 4, 1861

12
White, ByronByron White
7004113960000000000♠11,396
000000001962-04-16-0000April 16, 1962
000000001993-06-28-0000June 28, 1993

13
Washington, BushrodBushrod Washington
7004112520000000000♠11,252
000000001799-02-04-0000February 4, 1799
000000001829-11-26-0000November 26, 1829

14
Johnson, WilliamWilliam Johnson
7004110460000000000♠11,046
000000001804-05-07-0000May 7, 1804
000000001834-08-04-0000August 4, 1834

15
Kennedy, AnthonyAnthony Kennedy
7004108520000000000♠10,852
000000001988-02-18-0000February 18, 1988
000000002017-11-04-0000Incumbent

16
Scalia, AntoninAntonin Scalia
7004107320000000000♠10,732
000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986
000000002016-02-13-0000February 13, 2016

17
Holmes, Oliver WendellOliver Wendell Holmes
7004106270000000000♠10,627
000000001902-12-08-0000December 8, 1902
000000001932-01-12-0000January 12, 1932

18
Taney, Roger B.Roger B. Taney*
7004104250000000000♠10,425
000000001836-03-28-0000March 28, 1836
000000001864-10-12-0000October 12, 1864

19
Miller, Samuel FreemanSamuel Freeman Miller
7004103110000000000♠10,311
000000001862-07-21-0000July 21, 1862
000000001890-10-13-0000October 13, 1890

20
Catron, JohnJohn Catron
7004102560000000000♠10,256
000000001837-05-01-0000May 1, 1837
000000001865-05-30-0000May 30, 1865

21
Nelson, SamuelSamuel Nelson
7004101360000000000♠10,136
000000001845-02-27-0000February 27, 1845
000000001872-11-28-0000November 28, 1872

22
White, Edward DouglassEdward Douglass White*
7003992900000000000♠9,929†
000000001894-03-12-0000March 12, 1894
000000001921-05-19-0000May 19, 1921†

23
McKenna, JosephJoseph McKenna
7003984000000000000♠9,840
000000001898-01-26-0000January 26, 1898
000000001925-01-05-0000January 5, 1925

24
Van Devanter, WillisWillis Van Devanter
7003964700000000000♠9,647
000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911
000000001937-06-02-0000June 2, 1937

25
McReynolds, James ClarkJames Clark McReynolds
7003960800000000000♠9,608
000000001914-10-12-0000October 12, 1914
000000001941-01-31-0000January 31, 1941

26
Thomas, ClarenceClarence Thomas
7003950900000000000♠9,509
000000001991-10-23-0000October 23, 1991
000000002017-11-04-0000Incumbent

27
O'Connor, Sandra DaySandra Day O'Connor
7003889400000000000♠8,894
000000001981-09-25-0000September 25, 1981
000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006

28
Ginsburg, Ruth BaderRuth Bader Ginsburg
7003885200000000000♠8,852
000000001993-08-10-0000August 10, 1993
000000002017-11-04-0000Incumbent

29
Blackmun, HarryHarry Blackmun
7003882100000000000♠8,821
000000001970-06-09-0000June 9, 1970
000000001994-08-03-0000August 3, 1994

30
Marshall, ThurgoodThurgood Marshall
7003876500000000000♠8,765
000000001967-10-02-0000October 2, 1967
000000001991-10-01-0000October 1, 1991

31
Frankfurter, FelixFelix Frankfurter
7003861100000000000♠8,611
000000001939-01-30-0000January 30, 1939
000000001962-08-28-0000August 28, 1962

32
Clifford, NathanNathan Clifford
7003858600000000000♠8,586
000000001858-01-21-0000January 21, 1858
000000001881-07-25-0000July 25, 1881

33
Grier, Robert CooperRobert Cooper Grier
7003857500000000000♠8,575
000000001846-08-10-0000August 10, 1846
000000001870-01-31-0000January 31, 1870

34
Breyer, StephenStephen Breyer
7003849400000000000♠8,494
000000001994-08-03-0000August 3, 1994
000000002017-11-04-0000Incumbent

35
Duvall, GabrielGabriel Duvall
7003845300000000000♠8,453
000000001811-11-23-0000November 23, 1811
000000001835-01-14-0000January 14, 1835

36
Stewart, PotterPotter Stewart
7003829800000000000♠8,298
000000001958-10-14-0000October 14, 1958
000000001981-07-03-0000July 3, 1981

37
Brandeis, LouisLouis Brandeis
7003828800000000000♠8,288
000000001916-06-05-0000June 5, 1916
000000001939-02-13-0000February 13, 1939

38
Bradley, Joseph P.Joseph P. Bradley
7003797500000000000♠7,975
000000001870-03-23-0000March 23, 1870
000000001892-01-22-0000January 22, 1892

39
Fuller, MelvilleMelville Fuller*
7003793800000000000♠7,938
000000001888-10-08-0000October 8, 1888
000000001910-07-04-0000July 4, 1910

40
Stone, Harlan F.Harlan F. Stone*
7003772100000000000♠7,721†
000000001925-03-02-0000March 2, 1925
000000001946-04-22-0000April 22, 1946†

41
Gray, HoraceHorace Gray
7003755300000000000♠7,553
000000001882-01-09-0000January 9, 1882
000000001902-09-15-0000September 15, 1902

42
Cushing, WilliamWilliam Cushing
7003752700000000000♠7,527
000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790
000000001810-09-13-0000September 13, 1810

43
Thompson, SmithSmith Thompson
7003741300000000000♠7,413
000000001823-09-01-0000September 1, 1823
000000001843-12-18-0000December 18, 1843

44
Brewer, David JosiahDavid Josiah Brewer
7003738500000000000♠7,385
000000001890-01-06-0000January 6, 1890
000000001910-03-28-0000March 28, 1910

45
Day, William R.William R. Day
7003719600000000000♠7,196
000000001903-03-02-0000March 2, 1903
000000001922-11-13-0000November 13, 1922

46
Reed, Stanley FormanStanley Forman Reed
7003696500000000000♠6,965
000000001938-01-31-0000January 31, 1938
000000001957-02-25-0000February 25, 1957

47
Swayne, Noah HaynesNoah Haynes Swayne
7003693700000000000♠6,937
000000001862-01-27-0000January 27, 1862
000000001881-01-24-0000January 24, 1881

48
Todd, ThomasThomas Todd
7003685400000000000♠6,854
000000001807-05-04-0000May 4, 1807
000000001826-02-07-0000February 7, 1826

49
Souter, DavidDavid Souter
7003683800000000000♠6,838
000000001990-10-09-0000October 9, 1990
000000002009-06-29-0000June 29, 2009

50
Daniel, Peter VivianPeter Vivian Daniel
7003671600000000000♠6,716
000000001842-01-10-0000January 10, 1842
000000001860-05-31-0000May 31, 1860

51
Clark, Tom C.Tom C. Clark
7003650100000000000♠6,501
000000001949-08-24-0000August 24, 1949
000000001967-06-12-0000June 12, 1967

52
Burger, Warren E.Warren E. Burger*
7003630400000000000♠6,304
000000001969-06-23-0000June 23, 1969
000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986

53
Hughes, Charles EvansCharles Evans Hughes*
7003621400000000000♠6,214†
000000001910-10-10-0000October 10, 1910
February 24, 1930*
000000001916-06-10-0000June 10, 1916
June 30, 1941*

54
Butler, PiercePierce Butler
7003616200000000000♠6,162
000000001923-01-02-0000January 2, 1923
000000001939-11-16-0000November 16, 1939

55
Harlan II, John MarshallJohn Marshall Harlan II
7003602300000000000♠6,023
000000001955-03-28-0000March 28, 1955
000000001971-09-23-0000September 23, 1971

56
Livingston, Henry BrockholstHenry Brockholst Livingston
7003590100000000000♠5,901
000000001807-01-20-0000January 20, 1807
000000001823-03-18-0000March 18, 1823

57
Warren, EarlEarl Warren*
7003574000000000000♠5,740
000000001953-10-05-0000October 5, 1953
000000001969-06-23-0000June 23, 1969

58
Powell, Lewis FranklinLewis Franklin Powell
7003564900000000000♠5,649
000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972
000000001987-06-26-0000June 26, 1987

59
Brown, Henry BillingsHenry Billings Brown
7003562100000000000♠5,621
000000001891-01-05-0000January 5, 1891
000000001906-05-28-0000May 28, 1906

60
Chase, SamuelSamuel Chase
7003561300000000000♠5,613
000000001796-02-04-0000February 4, 1796
000000001811-06-19-0000June 19, 1811

61
Sutherland, GeorgeGeorge Sutherland
7003558600000000000♠5,586
000000001922-10-02-0000October 2, 1922
000000001938-01-17-0000January 17, 1938

62
Roberts, OwenOwen Roberts
7003553800000000000♠5,538
000000001930-06-02-0000June 2, 1930
000000001945-07-31-0000July 31, 1945

63
McKinley, JohnJohn McKinley
7003530500000000000♠5,305
000000001838-01-09-0000January 9, 1838
000000001852-07-19-0000July 19, 1852

64
Baldwin, HenryHenry Baldwin
7003520700000000000♠5,207
000000001830-01-18-0000January 18, 1830
000000001844-04-21-0000April 21, 1844

65
Davis, DavidDavid Davis
7003519800000000000♠5,198
000000001862-12-10-0000December 10, 1862
000000001877-03-04-0000March 4, 1877

66
Waite, MorrisonMorrison Waite*
7003513300000000000♠5,133
000000001874-03-04-0000March 4, 1874
000000001888-03-23-0000March 23, 1888

67
Peckham, Rufus WheelerRufus Wheeler Peckham
7003503900000000000♠5,039
000000001896-01-06-0000January 6, 1896
000000001909-10-24-0000October 24, 1909

68
Paterson, WilliamWilliam Paterson
7003492900000000000♠4,929
000000001793-03-11-0000March 11, 1793
000000001806-09-09-0000September 9, 1806

69
Jackson, Robert H.Robert H. Jackson
7003483800000000000♠4,838
000000001941-07-11-0000July 11, 1941
000000001954-10-09-0000October 9, 1954

70
Burton, Harold HitzHarold Hitz Burton
7003476000000000000♠4,760
000000001945-10-01-0000October 1, 1945
000000001958-10-13-0000October 13, 1958

71
Roberts, JohnJohn Roberts*
7003441900000000000♠4,419
000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005
000000002017-11-04-0000Incumbent

72
Alito, SamuelSamuel Alito
7003429500000000000♠4,295
000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006
000000002017-11-04-0000Incumbent

73
Blatchford, SamuelSamuel Blatchford
7003411300000000000♠4,113
000000001882-04-03-0000April 3, 1882
000000001893-07-07-0000July 7, 1893

74
Pitney, MahlonMahlon Pitney
7003394000000000000♠3,940
000000001912-03-18-0000March 18, 1912
000000001922-12-31-0000December 31, 1922

75
Strong, WilliamWilliam Strong
7003392800000000000♠3,928
000000001870-03-14-0000March 14, 1870
000000001880-12-14-0000December 14, 1880

76
Shiras Jr., GeorgeGeorge Shiras Jr.
7003378700000000000♠3,787
000000001892-10-10-0000October 10, 1892
000000001903-02-23-0000February 23, 1903

77
Murphy, FrankFrank Murphy
7003345200000000000♠3,452
000000001940-02-05-0000February 5, 1940
000000001949-07-19-0000July 19, 1949

78
Iredell, JamesJames Iredell
7003344800000000000♠3,448
000000001790-05-12-0000May 12, 1790
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79
Hunt, WardWard Hunt
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80
Wilson, JamesJames Wilson
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81
Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft*
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82
Chase, Salmon P.Salmon P. Chase*
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83
Sotomayor, SoniaSonia Sotomayor
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84
Campbell, John ArchibaldJohn Archibald Campbell
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85
Matthews, StanleyStanley Matthews
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86
Kagan, ElenaElena Kagan
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87
Vinson, Fred M.Fred M. Vinson*
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88
Sanford, Edward TerryEdward Terry Sanford
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89
Minton, ShermanSherman Minton
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90
Rutledge, Wiley BlountWiley Blount Rutledge
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91
Woods, William BurnhamWilliam Burnham Woods
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92
Cardozo, Benjamin N.Benjamin N. Cardozo
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93
Curtis, Benjamin RobbinsBenjamin Robbins Curtis
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94
Woodbury, LeviLevi Woodbury
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95
Clarke, John HessinJohn Hessin Clarke
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96
Blair, JohnJohn Blair
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97
Jay, JohnJohn Jay*
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98 (tie)
Lamar, Lucius Quintus CincinnatusLucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar
7003183200000000000♠1,832
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98 (tie)
Whittaker, Charles EvansCharles Evans Whittaker
7003183200000000000♠1,832
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100
Lamar, Joseph RuckerJoseph Rucker Lamar
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101
Barbour, Philip PendletonPhilip Pendleton Barbour
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102
Ellsworth, OliverOliver Ellsworth*
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103
Lurton, Horace HarmonHorace Harmon Lurton
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104
Moody, William HenryWilliam Henry Moody
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105
Moore, AlfredAlfred Moore
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106
Fortas, AbeAbe Fortas
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107
Goldberg, ArthurArthur Goldberg
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108
Jackson, Howell EdmundsHowell Edmunds Jackson
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109
Trimble, RobertRobert Trimble
7002801000000000000♠801
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110
Rutledge, JohnJohn Rutledge*
7002563000000000000♠563†
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July 1, 1795*
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December 28, 1795*

111
Byrnes, James F.James F. Byrnes
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112
Gorsuch, NeilNeil Gorsuch
7002208000000000000♠208
000000002017-04-10-0000April 10, 2017
000000002017-11-04-0000Incumbent

113
Johnson, ThomasThomas Johnson
7002163000000000000♠163
000000001792-08-06-0000August 6, 1792
000000001793-01-16-0000January 16, 1793


document_title: Gun laws in Texas

question_text: what is the legal age to carry a gun in texas

text: Gun laws in Texas

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes

State permit to purchase?
No
No

Firearm registration?
No
No

Owner license required?
No
No

Assault weapon law?
No
No

Magazine capacity restriction?
No
No

Carry license required?
No
Yes
GC Ch. 411.172[1]
Licensed carry of a handgun requires a "shall-issue" license, and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed. People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21, felons, fugitives, people who are "chemically dependent" or "incapable of exercising sound judgment", and those in arrears for taxes or child support.

Open carry?
Yes
Yes
PC 46.02
Long gun and black powder weapon (including handgun) open carry is not forbidden by law, unless in a manner "calculated to cause alarm."
Effective January 1, 2016, individuals with a handgun carry license will be permitted to carry openly, per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session. Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas will also be allowed to open carry under the new law.

Concealed carry on college campus?
No
Yes

May carry in parking lots, parking garages, outdoor walkways on campus.
Public four-year universities (as of August 1, 2016) and public two-year colleges (as of August 1, 2017) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well. Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as "gun free zones"; these will be subject to legislative analysis.

State preemption of local restrictions?
Yes
Yes
LGC §229.001.
State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership, transfer, storage, or licensing of firearms, ammunition, or accessories. Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms (such as for noise, nuisance or public safety), but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm.

NFA weapons restricted?
No
No
PC 46.01, PC 46.05
Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that "explosive weapons", "machine guns", "short-barrel firearms", and "firearm silencers", as defined in Section 46.01, be "registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice". Prior to May 22nd 2015, Section 46.05 called "registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act" a "defense to prosecution".[2]

Peaceable journey laws?
Yes
Yes
PC 46.02, PC 46.15
A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control. The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft, and 46.02, which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft, is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling, pursuant to said activities. 46.15(b)(2).

Castle doctrine/ stand your ground law?
Yes
Yes
PC 9.32
A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful, forceful intrusion into their dwelling, or to prevent an unlawful, forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling, or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson. There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be.

Background checks required for private sales?
No
No

text: Firearms possession[edit]

text: Texas has no laws regarding possession of "long-barreled firearms" or "long guns" (shotguns, rifles and similar) by persons 18 years or older with valid identification, or handguns by persons 21 years or older, without felony convictions; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law. NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions; no State regulations exist. Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden (preempted) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution, which gives the Texas Legislature (and it alone) the power to "regulate the wearing of arms, with a view to prevent crime".[4] Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute. Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof, but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force.

text: In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole, whichever is later. Under Texas Penal Code §§ 12.33, 46.04, the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,001.

text: Firearms carry[edit]

text: There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun (pre-1899 black powder weapons, and replicas of such, are not legally firearms in Texas).[5] However, if the firearm is displayed in a manner "calculated to cause alarm," then it is "disorderly conduct". Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas, except when the carrier was on property he/she owned or had lawful control over, was legally hunting, or was participating in some gun-related public event such as a gun show. However, the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly. The bill was signed into law on June 13, 2015, and took effect on January 1, 2016. A License to Carry (LTC) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public.

text: License to Carry[edit]

text: The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a "Concealed Handgun License" or CHL. This has changed on Jan 1. 2016 to LTC "License To Carry" and at the same time the laws changed to include "Open Carry". Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ("shall-issue") basis to all eligible, qualified applicants. Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states, not including Vermont (which is an "unrestricted" state and neither issues nor requires permits), most of these having some residency restrictions (the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state). Texas recognizes an additional 11 states' concealed-carry permits unilaterally; those states do not recognize Texas' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction, usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own.

text: The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met. For example, an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws (including an age restriction of 21), however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over. Additionally, a number of factors may make a person ineligible (temporarily or permanently) to obtain a license, including:

text:
felony convictions (permanent) and Class A or B misdemeanors (5 years, permanent in cases of domestic violence), including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication;
pending criminal charges (indefinite until resolved);
chemical or alcohol dependency (defined as 2 convictions for substance-related offenses in a 10-year period; 10-year ban from the date of the first conviction);
certain types of psychological diagnoses (indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission);
protective or restraining orders (indefinite until rescinded); or
defaults on taxes, student loans, child support and/or other governmental fees (indefinite until resolved).[6]

text: This last category, though having little to do with a person's ability to own a firearm, is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing; those who are delinquent or in default on State-regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State-issued license (including driver licenses), as an incentive to settle those debts.

text: "Information regarding any psychiatric, drug, alcohol, or criminal history" is required only from new users.[7] Renewals are required every five years, but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information.

text: An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC (formerly CHL) must take a State-set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours, covering topics such as applicable laws, conflict resolution, criminal/civil liability, and handgun safety, and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun.[6] The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1, 2017.[8] Such courses vary in cost, but are typically around $100–$125 for new applicants (usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition). They may then apply, providing a picture, fingerprints, other documentation, and a $40 application fee[9] (as of September 1, 2017; previously $140 and $70 for renewals), – active and discharged military are eligible for discounts – to the DPS, which processes the application, runs a federal background check, and if all is well, issues the permit. Permits are valid for five years, and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states (nonresidents may carry in all but four of those),[10] due to reciprocity agreements.[11] Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military (through one year after discharge), to $25 for military veterans.[12]

text: Restrictions on licensed carry[edit]

text: While a permitted resident of Texas (or a nonresident holding a recognized permit) is generally authorized to carry in most public places, there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations. These include:

text:
Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law. It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location, and possession of a State-issued concealed firearms permit is no defense. Such places commonly encountered include post offices, Federal courts, and offices of the IRS, FBI, Justice Department, Department of Energy, USDA, FDA, etc. A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas. However, Army Corps of Engineers properties (including all reservoir lakes and included park areas) are still off-limits.
Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03: "A person commits an offense if the person intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm, illegal knife, club, or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05(a): …on the physical premises of a school or educational institution, any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted, or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution, whether the school or educational institution is public or private, unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution [emphasis added]."[13] The age/grade level, funding type or for-profit status of the school does not matter. Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted; as defined by TPC 46.035(f)(3), "premises" refers only to a building or part of a building, and does not refer to driveways, streets, sidewalks, parking lots, parking garages, or privately owned vehicles.[12] Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1, 2017.[8]
Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event, unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm (i.e. a target shooting competition).
Businesses posting a compliant "51% sign" - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51% of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on-premises consumption (colloquially "bars", "nightclubs", "taverns", "saloons", etc.). A person with a CHL that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage, as required by the Government Code section 411.204. The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders, but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry, and a background containing a red "51%" to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to CHL holders.
Correctional facilities - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building generally termed a "jail" or "prison".
Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19, Code of Criminal Procedure, on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that: (A) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited; or (B) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited.
Courts or court offices - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal, state or federal court for official business. Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices, such as judges, attorneys, baliffs, and law enforcement officials.
Election polling places - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal, state and/or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway. This is significant, as a local business or other generally public building, which would normally not prohibit concealed carry, may offer their facilities for use as a polling place. A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs, even if the polls are not open at the time, and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote.
Racetracks - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack (horse or dog).
While intoxicated - CHL holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated (Penal Code 46.035.), defined as: (a) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug, a dangerous drug, a combination of two or more of those substances, or any other substance into the body; or (B) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more (Penal Code 49.01.)

text: 30.06 signage[edit]

text: TPC section 30.06 covers "Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun". It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed. It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage. As of January 1, 2016, the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor, unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor. This is a significant difference, in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years, this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor.

text: Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called "30.06 signs" or "30.06 signage".

text:
The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06, but CHL permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec. 30.06(c)(3)(B) is not binding. The law states a compliant sign must be:

In contrasting colors;
With block letters;
Having text 1" or greater in height;
Containing "identical" text to the following:

"Pursuant to Section 30.06, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a concealed handgun"[14]

In both English and Spanish;
Posted conspicuously and "clearly visible to the public".

Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility:

License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization, under TPS 46.035(b)(4).
An amendment in 2007 added paragraph (i) to the same section, stating that (b)(4) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice (oral or written communication, including posting of a sign, under TPC 30.06) of the prohibition.
But, a hospital may be a "teaching hospital" and considered a school, where firearms carry is prohibited, under TPC 46.03(a)(1).
It may also be a VA or military hospital, and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry.
All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204(b) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony. It is unknown, given the amendments to 46.035, whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying, as it would not constitute "effective notice under section 30.06" and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder.

Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing, inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property.

text: Open Carry[edit]

text: As of January 1, 2016, holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions. Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster.

text: Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license. New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns.

text: Exceptions to Open Carry

text:
Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway, street, sidewalk or walkway, parking lot, parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform[15]

text: 30.07 signage[edit]

text: This law took effect January 1, 2016, and covers the new Open Carry law. Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry.

text: TPC section 30.07 covers "Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun" This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun. An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor, unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor. The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property. (In both cases the sign must be "clearly visible to the public".)

text: The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property, or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner, or by written communication.

text: Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below, or a sign posted on the property.

text: Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following (30.07 notice):

text:
"Pursuant to section 30.07, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly"
Additionally, signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations:

Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish
Must appear in contrasting colors
Must be in block letters at least one inch in height
Must be "displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property"

text: Castle Doctrine[edit]

text: On March 27, 2007, Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law, making Texas a "Castle Doctrine" state which came into effect September 1, 2007.[17] Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who "unlawfully, and with force, enters or attempts to enter the dwelling", or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling, or who commits or attempts to commit a "qualifying" felony such as "aggravated kidnapping, murder, sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated robbery" (TPC 9.32(b)).

text: Stand Your Ground[edit]

text: Senate Bill 378 also contains a "Stand Your Ground" clause; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he/she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no "duty to retreat" before being justified in shooting. The "trier of fact" (the jury in a jury trial, otherwise the judge) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting (TPC 9.32(c,d)).

text: Civil Immunity[edit]

text: In addition, two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force. Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person, including the firing of a weapon.[18] Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used.[19] This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified, such as a bystander hit by an errant shot.

text: This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force. The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code.

text: Motorists Protection Act[edit]

text: Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature, a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit.[20] The bill revised Chapter 46, Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not "Unlawful Carry of a Weapon", as defined by the statute, for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control, or to carry while heading directly from the person's home to that car. However, lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers: (1) the weapon must not be in plain sight (in Texas law, "plain sight" and "concealed" are mutually exclusive opposing terms);[21] (2) the carrier cannot be involved in criminal activities, other than Class C traffic misdemeanors; (3) the carrier cannot be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm; and (4) the carrier cannot be a member of a criminal gang.[22][23]

text: Previous legislation (H.B. 823) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ("Non-Applicability") to include the "traveller assumption"; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was "travelling" under a pre-existing provision of 46.15, and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply, absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity, a member of a gang, or prohibited from possessing a firearm. However, attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption,[24] leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815.

text: National Firearms Act[edit]

text: Possession of destructive devices, automatic firearms (machine guns), short-barrel shotguns (SBS), short-barrel rifles (SBR), suppressors, smoothbore pistols and other such NFA-restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item(s) into the NFA registry. This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms, processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE.[25]


document_title: The Bells of St. Mary's

question_text: who played patsy in bells of st mary's

question_tokens: who played patsy in bells of st mary 's

text: The Bells of St. Mary's

text: Plot[edit]

text: The unconventional Father Charles "Chuck" O'Malley (Bing Crosby) is assigned to St. Mary's parish, which includes a run-down inner-city school building on the verge of being condemned. O'Malley is to recommend whether or not the school should be closed and the children sent to another school with modern facilities; but the sisters feel that God will provide for them.

text: They put their hopes in Horace P. Bogardus (Henry Travers), a businessman who has built a modern building next door to the school which they hope he will donate to them. Father O'Malley and the dedicated but stubborn Sister Superior, Mary Benedict (Ingrid Bergman), both wish to save the school, but their different views and methods often lead to disagreements. One disagreement involves a student (Richard Tyler) who is being bullied by another. A more serious one regards the promotion of an eighth-grade student, Patsy (Joan Carroll), whom the parish has taken in while her mother (Martha Sleeper) attempts to get back on her feet.

text: At one point, Sister Benedict contracts tuberculosis, and the physician recommends to Father O'Malley that she be transferred to a dry climate with non-parochial duties, but without telling her the reason. She assumes the transfer is because of her disagreements with O'Malley, and struggles to understand the reasons for the path set out for her. Right before Sister Benedict departs, Father O'Malley reveals the true reason for her temporary transfer.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bing Crosby as Father Chuck O'Malley
Ingrid Bergman as Sister Mary Benedict
Henry Travers as Horace P. Bogardus
William Gargan as Joe Gallagher
Ruth Donnelly as Sister Michael
Joan Carroll as Patricia "Patsy" Gallagher
Martha Sleeper as Mary Gallagher
Rhys Williams as Dr. McKay
Richard Tyler as Eddie Breen
Una O'Connor as Mrs. Breen
Edward Coch Jr. as Baby Jesus (uncredited)

text: Reception[edit]

text: Bosley Crowther of The New York Times felt that the film was too similar to Going My Way, and "although a plenteous and sometimes winning show, lacks the charm of its predecessor—and that comparison cannot be escaped."[3] Variety wrote: "Picture is packed with many simple scenes that tug at the heart and loosen the tears as directed by McCarey and played by the outstanding cast."[4] Harrison's Reports wrote: "As in Going My Way, which he also wrote, produced, and directed, Leo McCarey has proved again that great pictures do not require pretentious stories ... The acting of the entire cast is excellent. Crosby delights one with his ease and natural charm, and Miss Bergman will undoubtedly rise to new heights of popularity because of the effective way in which she portrays her role."[5] John McCarten of The New Yorker wrote derisively that "Mr. McCarey seems to view the Roman Catholic Church, which is quite a formidable and venerable organization, as a kind of settlement house where good works and jollity provide a lively substitute for religion ... Everything, of course, turns out quite happily, except, perhaps, for those captious souls who regard religion as an adult matter."[6]

text: The Bells of St. Mary's placed fourth on Film Daily's year-end nationwide poll of 559 critics naming the best films of 1946.[7]

text: Box Office[edit]

text: The film was enormously popular, earning receipts of $8 million in North America during its initial run,[8][9] making it the highest-grossing movie of 1945 in the USA.

text: It made a profit of $3,715,000, making it the most profitable film in the history of RKO.[10][11] Adjusted for inflation, it is considered the 50th highest-grossing film of all time.[12]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
"Aren't You Glad You're You?" (Jimmy Van Heusen / Johnny Burke) sung by Bing Crosby
"Adeste Fideles" sung by Bing Crosby and children's choir
"In the Land of Beginning Again" (George W. Meyer / Grant Clarke) sung by Bing Crosby
"O Sanctissima" sung by Bing Crosby
"It's Spring" ("Varvinda Friska" in Swedish) sung by Ingrid Bergman
"The Bells of St. Mary's" sung by Bing Crosby and choir [13]

text: Bing Crosby recorded four of the songs for Decca Records[14] and these were issued as singles as well as a 2-disc 78 rpm album titled Selections from The Bells of St. Mary's. “Aren't You Glad You're You” was in the Billboard charts for nine weeks with a peak position of #8. "In the Land of Beginning Again" and "The Bells of St. Mary's" both charted briefly also.[15] Crosby's songs were also included in the Bing's Hollywood series.

text: Awards[edit]

text: The film won the Academy Award for Best Sound, Recording (Stephen Dunn), and was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Bing Crosby), Best Actress in a Leading Role (Ingrid Bergman), Best Director, Best Film Editing, Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture, Best Music, Song (for Jimmy Van Heusen (music) and Johnny Burke (lyrics) for "Aren't You Glad You're You") and Best Picture.[16]

text: Bing Crosby's Academy Award nomination for his portrayal of Father Chuck O'Malley made him the first actor in history to receive two nominations for portraying the same character.[17]

text: Radio and TV adaptations[edit]

text:
There were two radio adaptations of The Bells of St. Mary's on The Screen Guild Theater radio program. Both starred Bing Crosby and Ingrid Bergman. They were broadcast on August 26, 1946[18] and October 6, 1947.[19]
A television adaptation on videotape of The Bells of St. Mary's was shown in 1959, starring Claudette Colbert, Marc Connelly, Glenda Farrell, Nancy Marchand, Barbara Myers, Robert Preston, and Charles Ruggles, and was directed by Tom Donovan.


document_title: Bandi Rajan Babu

question_text: who is the well known photographer of telangana

text: Bandi Rajan Babu

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text:
Bandi Rajan BabuBorn
9 February 1938Korutla, in the Karimnagar district of TelanganaDied
25 August 2011 (aged 73)Nationality
IndianOccupation
Photographer

text: Bandi Rajan Babu (9 February 1938 – 25 August 2011) was an Indian photographer,[1] known for his black and white pictures of tribal people. He also owned the Rajan School of Photography.[2]

text: Early life[edit]

text: Bandi Rajan Babu was born at Korutla, in the Karimnagar district of Telangana.  Starting his career as a lecturer at JNTU Fine Arts College, he went on to establish his own school and master the craft of ‘pictorial photography'. He was a Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain, an Associate of the Federation of International Photographic Art, France, and an Honorary Fellow of the AP State Akademi of Photography.

text: Rajan took to serious photography in 1960 after joining the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, and became a pictorial, fashion and glamour, industrial and advertising photographer.  He drew inspiration from Raja Triambak Raj Bahadur, the first one from  erstwhile Andhra Pradesh to be honoured with the status of Associate of Britain's Royal Photographic Society.  Rajan, who was on the faculty of JNTU, got his first international honour from Belgium, received the APRS honour in 1983, and followed it up with the Fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society in 1987.

text: Rajan Babu wanted to become a painter and he was all set to become one until given a Kodak. “One of my cousins presented me with a camera when I was in my seventh class and I casually clicked some photos that were appreciated by all and that was the seeding of a photographer in me. Later, when I joined the five-year diploma course in commercial art, I came across Raja Triambak Raj Bahadur, a pioneer in pictorial photography.  It was he who inspired me to wield the camera. And here I am today from a painter to a photographer."

text:
Starting his career as a lecturer in photography in Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, he later worked as a scientific photographer in International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics. He opened his studio in 1978 and has, thereafter, been one among the leading photographers in India.
Apart from winning a number of national and international awards he is the only Fellow of Royal Photographic Society from AP.

text: He also married and had three kids. He has 5 grand children.