document_title: A League of Their Own

question_text: when does a league of their own take place

text: A League of Their Own

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1988, Dottie Hinson (Geena Davis) attends the opening of the new All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame. She sees many of her former teammates and friends, prompting a flashback to 1943.

text: When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball, candy magnate and Cubs owner Walter Harvey (Garry Marshall) persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women's league. Ira Lowenstein (David Strathairn) is put in charge, and Ernie Capadino (Jon Lovitz) is sent out to recruit players. Capadino attends an industrial-league softball game in rural Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie, the catcher for a local dairy's team. Dottie turns down Capadino's offer, happy with her simple farm life while waiting for her husband Bob (Bill Pullman) to come back from the war. Her sister and teammate, Kit (Lori Petty), however, is desperate to get away and make something of herself. Capadino is not impressed by Kit's hitting performance, but agrees to take her along if she can change Dottie's mind. Dottie agrees, but only for her sister's sake.

text: Dottie and Kit head out to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout. There they meet a pair of New Yorkers, taxi dancer "All the Way" Mae Mordabito (Madonna) and her best friend, bouncer Doris Murphy (Rosie O'Donnell), along with soft-spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner (Bitty Schram), illiterate, shy left fielder Shirley Baker (Ann Cusack), pitcher/shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander (Freddie Simpson), gentle left field/relief pitcher Betty "Spaghetti" Horn (Tracy Reiner), homely second baseman Marla Hooch (Megan Cavanagh), who was scouted by Ernie, Dottie and Kit in Fort Collins, Colorado, first baseman Helen Haley (Anne Ramsay), and Saskatchewan native Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers (Renée Coleman). They and eight others are selected to form the Rockford Peaches, while 48 others are split among the Racine Belles, Kenosha Comets, and South Bend Blue Sox.

text: The Peaches are managed by Jimmy Dugan (Tom Hanks), a former marquee Cubs slugger who initially treats the whole thing as a joke. The league attracts little interest at first. With a Life magazine photographer in the stands, Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular. Dottie obliges when a ball is popped up behind home plate, catching it while doing a split. The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover. A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames, but the owners remain unconvinced. Due to Kit's and Dottie's sibling rivalry, Kit is traded to the Peaches' rival, the Racine Belles.

text: The Peaches end the season qualifying for the league's World Series. In the locker room, Jimmy gives Betty a telegram that informs her her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater. The grief-stricken Betty leaves the team. Later that evening, Dottie receives a surprise when Bob, who was serving in Italy, shows up, having been discharged from the Army. The following morning, Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob. Unable to persuade her to at least play in the World Series, he tells her she will regret her decision.

text: The Peaches and Belles meet in the World Series, which reaches a seventh and deciding game. Dottie, having reconsidered during the drive back to Oregon, is the catcher for the Peaches, while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles. With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth, Dottie drives in the go-ahead run. Kit is the final batter. Under immense pressure, she gets a hit and, ignoring the third base coach's sign to stop, scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie's hand. The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners' support. After the game, the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves.

text: Back in the present, Dottie is reunited with several other players, including Kit. The fates of several of the characters are revealed: Jimmy, Bob, and Evelyn have died, while Marla has been married to Nelson, a man she met in a bar, for over 40 years. The original Peaches sing a team song composed by Evelyn and pose for a group photo.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Rockford Peaches[edit]

text:
Geena Davis as Dorothy "Dottie" Hinson (#8, catcher/assistant manager)

Lynn Cartwright as Older Dottie

Tom Hanks as Jimmy Dugan (manager)
Madonna as "All the Way" Mae Mordabito (#5, center field)

Eunice Anderson as Older Mae

Lori Petty as Kit Keller (#23, pitcher)

Kathleen Butler as Older Kit

Rosie O'Donnell as Doris Murphy (#22, third base)

Vera Johnson as Older Doris

Anne Ramsay as Helen Haley (#15, first base)

Barbara Pilavin as Older Helen

Megan Cavanagh as Marla Hooch (#32, second base)

Patricia Wilson as Older Marla

Freddie Simpson as Ellen Sue Gotlander (#1, shortstop/pitcher)

Eugenia McLin as Older Ellen Sue

Tracy Reiner as Betty "Spaghetti" Horn (#7, left field/relief pitcher)

Betty Miller as Older Betty

Bitty Schram as Evelyn Gardner (#17, right field)
Renée Coleman (credited as Renee Coleman) – Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers (#18, left field/center field/catcher)

Shirley Burkovich as Older Alice

Ann Cusack as Shirley Baker (#11, left field)

Barbara Erwin as Older Shirley

Robin Knight as Linda "Beans" Babbitt (shortstop)
Patti Pelton as Marbleann Wilkinson (second base)
Kelli Simpkins as Beverly Dixon (#4, outfield)
Connie Pounds-Taylor as Connie Calhoun (Outfield)

text: On MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson, saying: "Demi Moore, I liked, but by the time we came around, she was pregnant."[3]

text: Others[edit]

text:
Jon Lovitz as Ernie Capadino, AAGPBL scout
David Strathairn as Ira Lowenstein, AAGPBL general manager

Marvin Einhorn as Older Ira

Garry Marshall as Walter Harvey, candy bar mogul and AAGPBL founder
Julie Croteau as Helen Haley (baseball double for Anne Ramsay)
Bill Pullman as Bob Hinson, Dottie's husband
Janet Jones as Racine pitcher
Téa Leoni as Racine first baseman
Don S. Davis as Charlie Collins, Racine coach
Eddie Jones as Dave Hooch, Marla's father
Justin Scheller as Stillwell Gardner, Evelyn's son

Mark Holton as Older Stillwell. He attends the Peaches' reunion at the Baseball Hall of Fame on behalf of his mother who had died.

Pauline Brailsford as Miss Cuthburt, Rockford chaperone

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Director Penny Marshall was inspired to make the film after viewing the 1987 documentary about the AAGPBL entitled "A League of their Own", on television. She had never heard of the league before, and contacted the film's creators Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson to collaborate with the scriptwriters Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz on producing a screenplay for 20th Century Fox.[4] Fox eventually passed on the script and Marshall signed with Sony Pictures, who were eager to produce the film.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Marshall and the casting directors undertook an exhaustive search for actors, preferring those with previous experience playing baseball. Open casting calls were held in Los Angeles, New York and Chicago.

text: Locations[edit]

text: Filming the game scenes involved many physical mishaps: Anne Ramsay (Helen Haley) broke her nose with a baseball mitt while trying to catch a ball and the huge bruise seen in the film on actress Renee Coleman's thigh was real.[5] Discussing the skirts they wore playing baseball in the film, Geena Davis said on MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, "Some of our real cast, from sliding into home, had ripped the skin off their legs. It was nutty."[6]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
A League of Their Own:
Music From The Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
June 30, 1992

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
43:44

Label
Columbia Records

Producer
Various

Singles from A League of Their Own

"This Used to Be My Playground"
Released: June 16, 1992
"Now and Forever"
Released: July 1992

text: A League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30, 1992. The album peaked at #159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25, 1992.[7] Although Madonna contributed "This Used to Be My Playground" to the film, featured over the closing credits, her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons.[8]

text:
"Now and Forever" – Performed by Carole King
"Choo Choo Ch'Boogie" – Performed by The Manhattan Transfer
"It's Only a Paper Moon" – Performed by James Taylor
"In a Sentimental Mood" – Performed by Billy Joel
"Two Sleepy People" – Performed by Art Garfunkel
"I Didn't Know What Time It Was" – Performed by James Taylor
"On the Sunny Side of the Street" – Performed by The Manhattan Transfer
"Flying Home" – Performed by Doc's Rhythm Cats
"Life Goes On" – Performed by Hans Zimmer
"The Final Game" – Performed by Hans Zimmer
"The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Song" – Performed by The Rockford Peaches

tag: ol

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was released on July 1, 1992, and grossed $13.2 million in its first weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Batman Returns. In its second weekend it dropped just 15%, making $11.5 million and finishing first. It ended up being a commercial success, making $107.5 million in the United States, and $24.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $132.4 million, against a production budget of $40 million budget.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 78% based on 60 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Sentimental and light, but still thoroughly charming, A League of Their Own is buoyed by solid performances from a wonderful cast."[9] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score 67 out of 100, based 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[10] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[11]

text: The film was well received by critics, who praised the cast and their performances.[12][13][14][15][16]

text: AFI lists[edit]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

Jimmy Dugan: "There's no crying in baseball!" – #54[17]

2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[18]
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:

Nominated Sports Film[19]

text: On December 19, 2012, it was announced that the film would be preserved as part of the United States National Film Registry.[20]

text: 20th anniversary[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: With 2012 marking the 20th year since the film's release, A League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray on October 16, 2012.

text: Forty-seven former players of the AAGPBL reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it. Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame, reminiscent of the film's final scene depicting members of the AAGPBL and family coming together to witness the honoring of the Women's Professional Baseball League. The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse.[21]

text: Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana, on June 6, 2012, where many of the film's game scenes were filmed. Bosse Field still retains many of the "Racine Belles" themes from the movie. The event included an outdoor screening of the film as well as a scene-setting display of cars featured in the film.[22] In addition to Bosse Field, the production used Huntingburg, Indiana's League Stadium, another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse that was renovated for the film.

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: A short-lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993, with Garry Marshall, Megan Cavanagh, Tracy Reiner, and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles. Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast.


document_title: The Little Rascals Save the Day

question_text: who played darla in the new little rascals 2014

root

text: The Little Rascals Save the Day

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the last day of school before summer vacation, Spanky, Alfalfa, Mary Ann, and Stymie try to leave early by having Buckwheat and Porky tell Miss Crabtree that they need to go home. Miss Crabtree agrees to let the four kids go, forcing them out of her surprise ice cream cake party for the class. The Rascals head over to Grandma Larson's bakery, and bump into Officer Kennedy along the way. Kennedy is dating Miss Crabtree, and the kids ask him why he hasn't proposed to her yet.

tag: p

text: Later, the kids head over to their tree house located next to Grandma's bakery to begin rehearsing for an upcoming talent show. The Rascals have their own band, which Spanky decides to call The International Silver String Submarine Band. The band plans on playing Sonny & Cher's "I Got You Babe" for the talent show but wind up sounding terrible. Alfalfa suggests making the performance better by getting Darla to sing the song with him.

text: During band practice, Grandma is asked to visit the local bank and leaves the kids in charge of her bakery. The Rascals are asked to prepare a red velvet cake, but they put too much yeast in, causing the inflating dessert to explode in the kitchen. Meanwhile, a bank officer informs Grandma that she owes the bank $10,000. If she is unable to pay the money in two weeks, she will lose her bakery. To make matters worse, Waldo Kaye's father wants to buy the bakery and replace it with a shopping mall. Waldo wants the kids' tree house for himself and ends up setting off the burglar alarm.

text: Spanky suggests the Rascals get jobs in order to help save Grandma's bakery. Porky, Buckwheat, Mary Ann and Stymie all offer their services in professional working environments but are turned away at each one. Spanky and Alfalfa get jobs as Mr. Kaye's caddies at the local country club, but the two are quickly kicked out of the club after Spanky interrupts Officer Kennedy's date with Miss Crabtree by accidentally hitting a golf ball at the policeman's forehead.

text: This doesn't stop Spanky, who still has a few tricks up his sleeve. He suggests a pet washing business, which quickly goes haywire after he mistakenly replaces a bottle of shampoo with one containing green dye. The fur of several pets turns green, including Darla's cat. Alfalfa tries to make up for it by offering Darla a ride to the library on his bicycle, but she instead decides to go with Waldo in his toy car. This gives Spanky the idea for the Rascals to build their own taxi cab. This business also ends poorly after Waldo cuts the car's brake wires, sending them down a steep hill and into a gazebo. Darla, who was riding in the taxi, once again leaves Alfalfa for Waldo. Officer Kennedy, who has constantly had his dates with Miss Crabtree interrupted by the Rascals, yells at the kids for ruining yet another attempt at proposing marriage to the schoolteacher. Angered that Kennedy doesn't like children, Miss Crabtree breaks up with him.

text: Spanky next decides to have Alfalfa get into the wrestling ring against the mysterious Masked Marvel. Porky is to play Alfalfa's opponent, but he accidentally spills the beans to Waldo. Waldo hires Butch and The Woim to stop Alfalfa from winning the wrestling match. Butch takes Porky's place in the ring and easily beats Alfalfa. To make matters worse, Waldo convinces Spanky to bet the money he had made from the match to him in the event that Alfalfa loses. Angered at their leader's poor decision and his bossy attitude, the rest of the gang turn against Spanky, but after a talk with Grandma, Spanky is able to rekindle his friendship with the others. The kids now begin rehearsing for the talent show, their last chance at earning the $10,000 for Grandma. Meanwhile, Miss Crabtree agrees to continue dating Officer Kennedy on the condition that he attends the kids' talent show with her. Kennedy reluctantly agrees.

text: At the talent show, the kids are up against several professional acts including a song-and-dance routine by Waldo and Darla, but Waldo continuously pushes Darla out of the spotlight and she eventually leaves him after he attempts to sabotage the International Silver String Submarine Band's performance. The band's rendition of "I Got You Babe" starts poorly and gradually gets fair, and gets even better when Darla arrives to sing with Alfalfa. The Rascals win the $10,000, Darla officially joins the kids' band (and becomes Alfalfa's girlfriend), Grandma's bakery is saved, and Miss Crabtree agrees to marry Officer Kennedy.

text: In a mid-credit sequence, Waldo gets a "tree house" from his Dad as promised, in the form of a miniature of their own huge mansion. When his Dad offers Waldo to christen it himself, Waldo proudly announces it a members-only place and strikes the bottle to one of its pillars. However, instead of the bottle, the pillar develops a crack, which then spreads throughout the house and within a moment, it shatters to dust. Waldo's Dad comments to a shocked Waldo, that he might still have the receipt.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Doris Roberts as Grandma
Greg Germann as Ray "Big Ray" Kaye
Lex Medlin as Officer Kennedy
Valerie Azlynn as Miss Crabtree
Jet Jurgensmeyer as Spanky
Drew Justice as Alfalfa
Jenna Ortega as Mary Ann
Connor Beaty as Stymie
Isaiah "Zay Zay" Fredericks as Buckwheat
Camden Gray as Porky
Eden Wood as Darla
Grant Palmer as Waldo
Chase Vacnin as Butch
Rio Mangini as Woim
Billy Johnston as Freckle-Faced Boy
Jim Blanchette as Customer #1
James Hallett as Golf Club Manager
French Stewart as Bank Officer
Bug Hall as Delivery Man/Ice Cream Man (Hall played Alfalfa in the 1994 film.)
Steve Monroe as Mailman
Brian Stepanek as Sergio
Mindy Sterling as Talent Coordinator
Robert Torti as TV Show Host Leo McCarey
Cathy Giannone as Customer #2
Dashell Zamm as McKibble the Magnificent
Jules as Petey

tag: ul

text: Notable themes[edit]

text: Many of the gags and subplots in the film were borrowed from the original Our Gang/Little Rascals shorts. These include:

text:
The "high-sign" originally appeared in the Little Rascals short Anniversary Trouble.
The kids getting themselves kicked out of school during a classroom party originally appeared in the Little Rascals short Teacher's Pet.
The main plot, involving saving Grandma's bakery, was borrowed from the Little Rascals film Helping Grandma.
The kids' band, The International Silver String Submarine Band, was original featured in the Little Rascals film Mike Fright. In a deleted scene, Spanky and Alfalfa interrupt Butch's trombone performance by eating lemons. This gag was also borrowed from Mike Fright.
The kids preparing a cake was borrowed from 1932's Birthday Blues. The sounds that the cake makes inside of the oven are also based on those made by the cake in Birthday Blues.
Spanky and Alfalfa getting jobs as caddies was the plot for the Little Rascals comedy Divot Diggers.
A parrot says, "Remarkable!", a nod to the Our Gang film Forgotten Babies. In a deleted scene, the parrot also says, "Yum, yum! Eat 'em up!", a nod to The Kid From Borneo.
The kids' handmade taxi, and the idea of it going down a steep hill were borrowed from Free Wheeling.
Alfalfa fighting the Masked Marvel, which turns out to be Butch, was originally featured in the Little Rascals comedy Came the Brawn.

text: The film features a handful of inside jokes for fans of both the original Little Rascals and the 1994 film adaptation. These include:

text:
The kids attend Robert McGowan Elementary School. Robert McGowan directed several of the original Little Rascals shorts between 1922 and 1933.
Miss Crabtree's first name is June, while Officer Kennedy's first name is Edgar. This is a nod to June Marlowe and Edgar Kennedy, the actors who portrayed Miss Crabtree and Officer Kennedy in the original Little Rascals shorts.
A marquee on a movie theater reads "Hal Roach Film Festival. Hal Roach was the producer creator of the Our Gang/Little Rascals series.
The talent show host is named Leo McCarey. McCarey worked on several of the original Little Rascals shorts.
Bug Hall, who portrayed Alfalfa in the 1994 film, cameos as an ice cream man. In a deleted scene, he suggests that Alfalfa reminds him of himself when he was younger.
The "figurine" on the cab is the same as the figurine on "Blur 2: The Sequel".


document_title: Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture

question_text: who won best supporting actress at golden globes

text: Winners and nominees[edit]

text:
Year
Actress
Character
Film

1943
Katina Paxinou
Pilar
For Whom the Bell Tolls †

1944
Agnes Moorehead
Baroness Aspasia Conti
Mrs. Parkington ‡

1945
Angela Lansbury
Sibyl Vane
The Picture of Dorian Gray ‡

1946
Anne Baxter
Sophie MacDonald
The Razor's Edge †

1947
Celeste Holm
Anne Dettrey
Gentleman's Agreement †

1948
Ellen Corby
Aunt Trina
I Remember Mama ‡

1949
Mercedes McCambridge
Sadie Burke
All the King's Men †

tag: table

text:
Year
Actress
Character
Film

1950
Josephine Hull
Veta Louise Simmons
Harvey †

Judy Holliday
Doris Attinger
Adam's Rib

Thelma Ritter
Birdie Kumen
All About Eve ‡

1951
Kim Hunter
Stella Kowalski
A Streetcar Named Desire †

Lee Grant
Shoplifter
Detective Story ‡

Thelma Ritter
Ellen McNulty
The Mating Season ‡

1952
Katy Jurado
Helen Ramirez
High Noon §

Mildred Dunnock
Señora Espejo
Viva Zapata!

Gloria Grahame
Rosemary Bartlow
The Bad and the Beautiful †

1953
Grace Kelly
Linda Nordley
Mogambo ‡

1954
Jan Sterling
Sally McKee
The High and the Mighty ‡

1955
Marisa Pavan
Rosa Delle Rose
The Rose Tattoo ‡

1956
Eileen Heckart
Hortense Daigle
The Bad Seed ‡

Mildred Dunnock
Aunt Rose Comfort
Baby Doll ‡

Marjorie Main
The Widow Hudspeth
Friendly Persuasion

Dorothy Malone
Marylee Hadley
Written on the Wind †

Patty McCormack
Rhoda Penmark
The Bad Seed ‡

1957
Elsa Lanchester
Miss Plimsoll
Witness for the Prosecution ‡

Mildred Dunnock
Miss Elsie Thornton
Peyton Place

Hope Lange
Selena Cross
Peyton Place ‡

Heather Sears
Esther Costello
The Story of Esther Costello

Miyoshi Umeki
Katsumi Kelly
Sayonara †

1958
Hermione Gingold
Madame Alvarez
Gigi §

Peggy Cass
Agnes Gooch
Auntie Mame ‡

Wendy Hiller
Pat Cooper
Separate Tables †

Maureen Stapleton
Fay Doyle
Lonelyhearts ‡

Cara Williams
Billy's Mother
The Defiant Ones ‡

1959
Susan Kohner
Sarah Jane (age 18)
Imitation of Life ‡

Edith Evans
Rev. Mother Emmanuel (Belgium)
The Nun's Story

Estelle Hemsley
Grandma 'Gram' Martin
Take a Giant Step

Juanita Moore
Annie Johnson
Imitation of Life ‡

Shelley Winters
Petronella Van Daan
The Diary of Anne Frank †

text:
Year
Actress
Character
Film

1960
Janet Leigh
Marion Crane
Psycho ‡

Ina Balin
Natalie Benzinger
From the Terrace

Shirley Jones
Lulu Bains
Elmer Gantry †

Shirley Knight
Reenie Flood
The Dark at the Top of the Stairs ‡

Mary Ure
Clara Dawes
Sons and Lovers ‡

1961
Rita Moreno
Anita
West Side Story †

Fay Bainter
Amelia Tilford
The Children's Hour ‡

Judy Garland
Irene Hoffman Wallner
Judgment at Nuremberg ‡

Lotte Lenya
Contessa
The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone ‡

Pamela Tiffin
Scarlett Hazeltine
One, Two, Three

1962
Angela Lansbury
Mrs. Iselin
The Manchurian Candidate ‡

Patty Duke
Helen Keller
The Miracle Worker †

Hermione Gingold
Eulalie Mackechnie Shinn
The Music Man

Shirley Knight
Heavenly Finley
Sweet Bird of Youth ‡

Susan Kohner
Martha Freud
Freud

Gabriella Pallotta
Rosalba Massimo
The Pigeon That Took Rome

Martha Raye
Lulu
Billy Rose's Jumbo

Kaye Stevens
Nurse Didi
The Interns

Jessica Tandy
Mrs. Adams
Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man

Tarita Teriipaia
Maimiti
Mutiny on the Bounty

1963
Margaret Rutherford
The Duchess of Brighton
The V.I.P.s †

Diane Baker
Emily Stratman
The Prize

Joan Greenwood
Lady Bellaston
Tom Jones

Wendy Hiller
Anna Berniers
Toys in the Attic

Linda Marsh
Thomna Sinnikoglou
America, America

Patricia Neal
won Academy Award for Best Actress [note 1]
Alma Brown
Hud †

Liselotte Pulver
Sonya
A Global Affair

Lilia Skala
Mother Maria
Lilies of the Field ‡

1964
Agnes Moorehead
Velma Cruther
Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte ‡

Elizabeth Ashley
Monica Winthrop
The Carpetbaggers

Grayson Hall
Judith Fellowes
The Night of the Iguana ‡

Lila Kedrova
Madame Hortense
Zorba the Greek (Alexis Zorbas) †

Ann Sothern
Sue Ellen Gamadge
The Best Man

1965
Ruth Gordon
Mrs. Clover / The Dealer
Inside Daisy Clover ‡

Joan Blondell
Lady Fingers
The Cincinnati Kid

Joyce Redman
Emilia
Othello ‡

Thelma Ritter
Bertha
Boeing (707) Boeing (707)

Peggy Wood
Mother Abbess
The Sound of Music ‡

1966
Jocelyne LaGarde
Queen Malama
Hawaii ‡

Sandy Dennis
Honey
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? †

Vivien Merchant
Lily
Alfie ‡

Geraldine Page
Margery Chanticleer
You're a Big Boy Now ‡

Shelley Winters
Ruby
Alfie

1967
Carol Channing
Muzzy Van Hossmere
Thoroughly Modern Millie ‡

Quentin Dean
Delores Purdy
In the Heat of the Night

Lillian Gish
Mrs. Smith
The Comedians

Lee Grant
Leslie Colbert
In the Heat of the Night

Prunella Ransome
Fanny Robin
Far from the Madding Crowd

Beah Richards
Mrs. Prentice
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner ‡

1968
Ruth Gordon
Minnie Castevet
Rosemary's Baby †

Barbara Hancock
Susan the Silent
Finian's Rainbow

Abbey Lincoln
Ivy Moore
For Love of Ivy

Sondra Locke
Mick Kelly
The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter ‡

Jane Merrow
Alys, Countess of the Vexin
The Lion in Winter

1969
Goldie Hawn
Toni Simmons
Cactus Flower †

Marianne McAndrew
Irene Molloy
Hello, Dolly!

Siân Phillips
Ursula Mossbank
Goodbye, Mr. Chips

Brenda Vaccaro
Shirley
Midnight Cowboy

Susannah York
Alice LeBlanc
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? ‡

text:
Year
Actress
Character
Film

1970
Karen Black
Rayette Dipesto
Five Easy Pieces ‡

Maureen Stapleton
Inez Guerrero
Airport ‡

Tina Chen
Nyuk Tsin
The Hawaiians

Lee Grant
Joyce Enders
The Landlord ‡

Sally Kellerman
Margaret O'Houlihan
M*A*S*H ‡

1971
Ann-Margret
Bobbie
Carnal Knowledge ‡

Ellen Burstyn
Lois Farrow
The Last Picture Show ‡

Cloris Leachman
Ruth Popper
The Last Picture Show †

Diana Rigg
Barbara Drummond
The Hospital

Maureen Stapleton
Karen Nash
Plaza Suite

1972
Shelley Winters
Belle Rosen
The Poseidon Adventure ‡

Marisa Berenson
Natalia Landauer
Cabaret

Jeannie Berlin
Lila Kolodny
The Heartbreak Kid ‡

Helena Kallianiotes
Jackie Burdette
Kansas City Bomber

Geraldine Page
Gertrude
Pete 'n' Tillie ‡

1973
Linda Blair
Regan MacNeil
The Exorcist ‡

Valentina Cortese
Severine
Day for Night (La nuit américaine) ‡

Madeline Kahn
Trixie Delight
Paper Moon ‡

Kate Reid
Claire
A Delicate Balance

Sylvia Sidney
Mrs. Pritchett
Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams ‡

1974
Karen Black
Myrtle Wilson
The Great Gatsby §

Beatrice Arthur
Vera Charles
Mame

Jennifer Jones
Lisolette Mueller
The Towering Inferno

Madeline Kahn
Elizabeth
Young Frankenstein

Diane Ladd
Flo Castleberry
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore ‡

1975
Brenda Vaccaro
Linda Riggs
Jacqueline Susann's Once Is Not Enough ‡

Ronee Blakley
Barbara Jean
Nashville ‡

Geraldine Chaplin
Opal
Nashville

Lee Grant
Felicia Karpf
Shampoo †

Barbara Harris
Albuquerque
Nashville

Lily Tomlin
Linnea Reese
Nashville ‡

1976
Katharine Ross
Mira Hauser
Voyage of the Damned §

Lee Grant
Lili Rosen
Voyage of the Damned ‡

Marthe Keller
Elsa Opel
Marathon Man

Piper Laurie
Margaret White
Carrie ‡

Bernadette Peters
Vilma Kaplan
Silent Movie

Shelley Winters
Fay Lapinsky
Next Stop, Greenwich Village

1977
Vanessa Redgrave
Julia
Julia †

Ann-Margret
Lady Booby
Joseph Andrews

Joan Blondell
Sarah Goode
Opening Night

Leslie Browne
Emilia Rodgers
The Turning Point ‡

Quinn Cummings
Lucy McFadden
The Goodbye Girl ‡

Lilia Skala
Rosa
Roseland

1978
Dyan Cannon
Julia Farnsworth
Heaven Can Wait ‡

Carol Burnett
Tulip Brenner
A Wedding

Maureen Stapleton
Pearl
Interiors ‡

Meryl Streep
Linda
The Deer Hunter ‡

Mona Washbourne
Aunt
Stevie

1979
Meryl Streep
Joanna Kramer
Kramer vs. Kramer †

Jane Alexander
Margaret Phelps
Kramer vs. Kramer ‡

Kathleen Beller
Elizabeth (Buffy) Koenig
Promises in the Dark

Candice Bergen
Jessica Potter
Starting Over ‡

Valerie Harper
Faye Medwick
Chapter Two

text:
Year
Actress
Character
Film

1980
Mary Steenburgen
Lynda Dummar
Melvin and Howard †

Lucie Arnaz
Molly Bell
The Jazz Singer

Beverly D'Angelo
Patsy Cline
Coal Miner's Daughter

Cathy Moriarty
Vicki LaMotta
Raging Bull ‡

Debra Winger
Sissy Davis
Urban Cowboy

1981
Joan Hackett
Toby Landau
Only When I Laugh ‡

Jane Fonda
Chelsea Thayer Wayne
On Golden Pond ‡

Kristy McNichol
Polly Hines
Only When I Laugh

Maureen Stapleton
Emma Goldman
Reds †

Mary Steenburgen
Mother
Ragtime

1982
Jessica Lange
Julie Nichols
Tootsie †

Cher
Sissy
Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean

Lainie Kazan
Belle Carroca
My Favorite Year

Kim Stanley
Lillian Farmer
Frances ‡

Lesley Ann Warren
Norma Cassady
Victor Victoria ‡

1983
Cher
Dolly Pelliker
Silkwood ‡

Barbara Carrera
Fatima Blush
Never Say Never Again

Tess Harper
Rosa Lee
Tender Mercies

Linda Hunt
Billy Kwan
The Year of Living Dangerously †

Joanna Pacuła
Irina Asanova
Gorky Park

1984
Peggy Ashcroft
Mrs. Moore
A Passage to India †

Drew Barrymore
Casey Brodsky
Irreconcilable Differences

Kim Basinger
Memo Paris
The Natural

Jacqueline Bisset
Yvonne Firmin
Under the Volcano

Melanie Griffith
Holly Body
Body Double

Christine Lahti
Hazel
Swing Shift ‡

Lesley Ann Warren
Gilda
Songwriter

1985
Meg Tilly
Sister Agnes
Agnes of God ‡

Sônia Braga
Leni Lamaison / Marta / Spider Woman
Kiss of the Spider Woman

Anjelica Huston
Maerose Prizzi
Prizzi's Honor †

Amy Madigan
Sunny
Twice in a Lifetime ‡

Kelly McGillis
Rachel Lapp
Witness

Oprah Winfrey
Sofia Johnson
The Color Purple ‡

1986
Maggie Smith
Charlotte Bartlett
A Room with a View ‡

Linda Kozlowski
Sue Charlton
Crocodile Dundee

Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio
Carmen
The Color of Money ‡

Cathy Tyson
Simone
Mona Lisa

Dianne Wiest
Holly
Hannah and Her Sisters †

1987
Olympia Dukakis
Rose Castorini
Moonstruck †

Norma Aleandro
Florencia
Gaby: A True Story ‡

Anne Archer
Beth Gallagher
Fatal Attraction ‡

Anne Ramsey
Mrs. Lift
Throw Momma from the Train ‡

Vanessa Redgrave
Peggy Ramsay
Prick Up Your Ears

1988
Sigourney Weaver
Katharine Parker
Working Girl ‡

Sônia Braga
Madonna Mendez
Moon Over Parador

Barbara Hershey
Mary Magdalene
The Last Temptation of Christ

Lena Olin
Sabina
The Unbearable Lightness of Being

Diane Venora
Chan Parker
Bird

1989
Julia Roberts
Shelby Eatenton Latcherie
Steel Magnolias ‡

Bridget Fonda
Mandy Rice-Davies
Scandal

Brenda Fricker
Mrs. Brown
My Left Foot †

Laura San Giacomo
Cynthia Bishop
Sex, Lies, and Videotape

Dianne Wiest
Helen Buckman
Parenthood ‡

text:
Year
Actress
Character
Film

1990
Whoopi Goldberg
Oda Mae Brown
Ghost †

Lorraine Bracco
Karen Hill
Goodfellas ‡

Diane Ladd
Marietta Fortune
Wild at Heart ‡

Shirley MacLaine
Doris Mann
Postcards from the Edge

Mary McDonnell
Stands With a Fist
Dances with Wolves ‡

Winona Ryder
Charlotte Flax
Mermaids

1991
Mercedes Ruehl
Anne Napolitano
The Fisher King †

Nicole Kidman
Drew Preston
Billy Bathgate

Diane Ladd
Mother
Rambling Rose ‡

Juliette Lewis
Danielle Bowden
Cape Fear ‡

Jessica Tandy
Ninny Threadgoode
Fried Green Tomatoes ‡

1992
Joan Plowright
Mrs. Fisher
Enchanted April ‡

Geraldine Chaplin
Hannah Chaplin
Chaplin

Judy Davis
Sally
Husbands and Wives ‡

Miranda Richardson
Ingrid Fleming
Damage ‡

Alfre Woodard
Chantelle
Passion Fish

1993
Winona Ryder
May Welland
The Age of Innocence ‡

Penelope Ann Miller
Gail
Carlito's Way

Anna Paquin
Flora McGrath
The Piano †

Rosie Perez
Carla Rodrigo
Fearless ‡

Emma Thompson
Gareth Peirce
In the Name of the Father ‡

1994
Dianne Wiest
Helen Sinclair
Bullets over Broadway †

Kirsten Dunst
Claudia
Interview with the Vampire

Sophia Loren
Isabella de la Fontaine
Prêt-à-Porter

Uma Thurman
Mia Wallace
Pulp Fiction ‡

Robin Wright
Jenny Curran
Forrest Gump

1995
Mira Sorvino
Linda Ash
Mighty Aphrodite †

Anjelica Huston
Mary
The Crossing Guard

Kathleen Quinlan
Marilyn Lovell
Apollo 13 ‡

Kyra Sedgwick
Emma Rae King
Something to Talk About

Kate Winslet
Marianne Dashwood
Sense and Sensibility ‡

1996
Lauren Bacall
Hannah Morgan
The Mirror Has Two Faces ‡

Joan Allen
Elizabeth Proctor
The Crucible ‡

Juliette Binoche
Hana
The English Patient †

Barbara Hershey
Madame Serena Merle
The Portrait of a Lady ‡

Marianne Jean-Baptiste
Hortense Cumberbatch
Secrets & Lies ‡

Marion Ross
Rosie Dunlop
The Evening Star

1997
Kim Basinger
Lynn Bracken
L.A. Confidential †

Joan Cusack
Emily Montgomery
In & Out ‡

Julianne Moore
Amber Waves
Boogie Nights ‡

Gloria Stuart
Rose Calvert
Titanic ‡

Sigourney Weaver
Janey Carver
The Ice Storm

1998
Lynn Redgrave
Hanna
Gods and Monsters ‡

Kathy Bates
Libby Holden
Primary Colors ‡

Brenda Blethyn
Mari Hoff
Little Voice ‡

Judi Dench
Queen Elizabeth I
Shakespeare in Love †

Sharon Stone
Gwen Dillon
The Mighty

1999
Angelina Jolie
Lisa Rowe
Girl, Interrupted †

Cameron Diaz
Lotte Schwartz
Being John Malkovich

Catherine Keener
Maxine Lund
Being John Malkovich ‡

Samantha Morton
Hattie
Sweet and Lowdown ‡

Natalie Portman
Ann August
Anywhere But Here

Chloë Sevigny
Lana Tisdel
Boys Don't Cry ‡

text:
Year
Actress
Character
Film

2000
Kate Hudson
Penny Lane
Almost Famous ‡

Judi Dench
Armande Voizin
Chocolat ‡

Frances McDormand
Elaine Miller
Almost Famous ‡

Julie Walters
Sandra Wilkinson
Billy Elliot ‡

Catherine Zeta-Jones
Helena Ayala
Traffic

2001
Jennifer Connelly
Alicia Nash
A Beautiful Mind †

Cameron Diaz
Julie Gianni
Vanilla Sky

Helen Mirren
Mrs. Wilson
Gosford Park ‡

Maggie Smith
Constance Trentham
Gosford Park ‡

Marisa Tomei
Natalie Strout
In the Bedroom ‡

Kate Winslet
Iris Murdoch
Iris ‡

2002
Meryl Streep
Susan Orlean
Adaptation. ‡

Kathy Bates
Roberta Hertzel
About Schmidt ‡

Cameron Diaz
Jenny Everdeane
Gangs of New York

Queen Latifah
Matron "Mama" Morton
Chicago ‡

Susan Sarandon
Mimi Slocumb
Igby Goes Down

2003
Renée Zellweger
Ruby Thewes
Cold Mountain †

Maria Bello
Natalie Belisario
The Cooler

Patricia Clarkson
Joy Burns
Pieces of April ‡

Hope Davis
Joyce Brabner
American Splendor

Holly Hunter
Melanie Freeland
Thirteen ‡

2004
Natalie Portman
Alice Ayres / Jane Jones
Closer ‡

Cate Blanchett
Katharine Hepburn
The Aviator †

Laura Linney
Clara McMillen
Kinsey ‡

Virginia Madsen
Maya Randall
Sideways ‡

Meryl Streep
Eleanor Shaw
The Manchurian Candidate

2005
Rachel Weisz
Tessa Quayle
The Constant Gardener †

Scarlett Johansson
Nola Rice
Match Point

Shirley MacLaine
Ella Hirsch
In Her Shoes

Frances McDormand
Glory Dodge
North Country ‡

Michelle Williams
Alma Beers Del Mar
Brokeback Mountain ‡

2006
Jennifer Hudson
Effie White
Dreamgirls †

Adriana Barraza
Amelia Hernandez
Babel ‡

Cate Blanchett
Sheba Hart
Notes on a Scandal ‡

Emily Blunt
Emily Charlton
The Devil Wears Prada

Rinko Kikuchi
Chieko Wataya
Babel ‡

2007
Cate Blanchett
Jude Quinn
I'm Not There ‡

Julia Roberts
Joanne Herring
Charlie Wilson's War

Saoirse Ronan
Briony Tallis
Atonement ‡

Amy Ryan
Helene McCready
Gone Baby Gone ‡

Tilda Swinton
Karen Crowder
Michael Clayton †

2008
Kate Winslet
won Academy Award for Best Actress [note 2]
Hanna Schmitz
The Reader †

Amy Adams
Sister James
Doubt ‡

Penélope Cruz
María Elena
Vicky Cristina Barcelona †

Viola Davis
Mrs. Miller
Doubt ‡

Marisa Tomei
Cassidy / Pam
The Wrestler ‡

2009
Mo'Nique
Mary Lee Johnston
Precious †

Penélope Cruz
Carla Albanese
Nine ‡

Vera Farmiga
Alex Goran
Up in the Air ‡

Anna Kendrick
Natalie Keener
Up in the Air ‡

Julianne Moore
Charley Miller
A Single Man

text:
Year
Actress
Character
Film

2010
Melissa Leo
Alice Eklund-Ward
The Fighter †

Amy Adams
Charlene Fleming
The Fighter ‡

Helena Bonham Carter
Queen Elizabeth
The King's Speech ‡

Mila Kunis
Lily / The Black Swan
Black Swan

Jacki Weaver
Janine "Smurf" Cody
Animal Kingdom ‡

2011
Octavia Spencer
Minny Jackson
The Help †

Bérénice Bejo
Peppy Miller
The Artist ‡

Jessica Chastain
Celia Foote
The Help ‡

Janet McTeer
Hubert Page
Albert Nobbs ‡

Shailene Woodley
Alexandra King
The Descendants

2012
Anne Hathaway
Fantine
Les Misérables †

Amy Adams
Peggy Dodd
The Master ‡

Sally Field
Mary Todd Lincoln
Lincoln ‡

Helen Hunt
Cheryl Cohen-Greene
The Sessions ‡

Nicole Kidman
Charlotte Bless
The Paperboy

2013
Jennifer Lawrence
Rosalyn Rosenfeld
American Hustle ‡

Sally Hawkins
Ginger
Blue Jasmine ‡

Lupita Nyong'o
Patsey
12 Years a Slave †

Julia Roberts
Barbara Weston-Fordham
August: Osage County ‡

June Squibb
Kate Grant
Nebraska ‡

2014
Patricia Arquette
Olivia Evans
Boyhood †

Jessica Chastain
Anna Morales
A Most Violent Year

Keira Knightley
Joan Clarke
The Imitation Game ‡

Emma Stone
Sam Thomson
Birdman ‡

Meryl Streep
The Witch
Into the Woods ‡

2015
Kate Winslet
Joanna Hoffman
Steve Jobs ‡

Jane Fonda
Brenda Morel
Youth

Jennifer Jason Leigh
Daisy Domergue
The Hateful Eight ‡

Helen Mirren
Hedda Hopper
Trumbo

Alicia Vikander
Ava
Ex Machina

2016
Viola Davis
Rose Maxson
Fences †

Naomie Harris
Paula Harris
Moonlight ‡

Nicole Kidman
Sue Brierley
Lion ‡

Octavia Spencer
Dorothy Vaughan
Hidden Figures ‡

Michelle Williams
Randi Chandler
Manchester by the Sea ‡

2017
Allison Janney
LaVona Golden
I, Tonya †

Mary J. Blige
Florence Jackson
Mudbound ‡

Hong Chau
Ngoc Lan Tran
Downsizing

Laurie Metcalf
Marion McPherson
Lady Bird ‡

Octavia Spencer
Zelda Fuller
The Shape of Water ‡

text: Multiple nominees[edit]

text:
2 nominations

Kim Basinger
Kathy Bates
Karen Black
Joan Blondell
Sonia Braga
Geraldine Chaplin
Jessica Chastain
Cher
Penélope Cruz
Viola Davis
Judi Dench
Jane Fonda
Hermione Gingold
Ruth Gordon
Barbara Hershey
Anjelica Huston
Madeline Kahn
Shirley Knight
Shirley MacLaine
Ann-Margret
Frances McDormand
Helen Mirren
Julianne Moore
Agnes Moorehead
Geraldine Page
Natalie Portman
Vanessa Redgrave
Winona Ryder
Lilia Skala
Maggie Smith
Mary Steenburgen
Marisa Tomei
Brenda Vaccaro
Lesley Ann Warren
Sigourney Weaver
Michelle Williams

3 nominations

Amy Adams
Cate Blanchett
Cameron Diaz
Mildred Dunnock
Nicole Kidman
Thelma Ritter
Julia Roberts
Octavia Spencer
Dianne Wiest
Diane Ladd

4 nominations

Kate Winslet
Shelley Winters

5 nominations

Lee Grant
Maureen Stapleton
Meryl Streep

text: Multiple winners[edit]

text:
Karen Black
Ruth Gordon
Angela Lansbury
Agnes Moorehead
Meryl Streep
Kate Winslet


document_title: List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

question_text: what is the first state in the us

question_tokens: what is the first state in the us

text: List of U.S. states[edit]

text:
State
Date
(admitted or ratified)
Formed from

1
 Delaware
000000001787-12-07-0000December 7, 1787[8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Delaware[b]

2
 Pennsylvania
000000001787-12-12-0000December 12, 1787[10]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Pennsylvania

3
 New Jersey
000000001787-12-18-0000December 18, 1787[11]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of New Jersey

4
 Georgia
000000001788-01-02-0000January 2, 1788[8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Georgia

5
 Connecticut
000000001788-01-09-0000January 9, 1788[12]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Connecticut

6
 Massachusetts
000000001788-02-06-0000February 6, 1788[8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Massachusetts Bay

7
 Maryland
000000001788-04-28-0000April 28, 1788[8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Maryland

8
 South Carolina
000000001788-05-23-0000May 23, 1788[8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of South Carolina

9
 New Hampshire
000000001788-06-21-0000June 21, 1788[8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of New Hampshire

10
 Virginia
000000001788-06-25-0000June 25, 1788[8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Virginia

11
 New York
000000001788-07-26-0000July 26, 1788[13]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of New York

12
 North Carolina
000000001789-11-21-0000November 21, 1789[14]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of North Carolina

13
 Rhode Island
000000001790-05-29-0000May 29, 1790[8]
(ratified)
Crown Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

14
 Vermont
000000001791-03-04-0000March 4, 1791[15]
(admitted)
Vermont !Vermont Republic[c]

15
 Kentucky
000000001792-06-01-0000June 1, 1792[16]
(admitted)
Virginia (District of Kentucky: Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln counties[d])

16
 Tennessee
000000001796-06-01-0000June 1, 1796[18]
(admitted)
Southwest Territory

17
 Ohio
000000001803-03-01-0000March 1, 1803[19][e]
(admitted)
Northwest Territory (part)

18
 Louisiana
000000001812-04-30-0000April 30, 1812[21]
(admitted)
Orleans !Territory of Orleans

19
 Indiana
000000001816-12-11-0000December 11, 1816
(admitted)
Indiana Territory

20
 Mississippi
000000001817-12-10-0000December 10, 1817[22]
(admitted)
Mississippi Territory

21
 Illinois
000000001818-12-03-0000December 3, 1818[23]
(admitted)
Illinois Territory (part)

22
 Alabama
000000001819-12-14-0000December 14, 1819[24]
(admitted)
Alabama Territory

23
 Maine
000000001820-03-15-0000March 15, 1820[25]
(admitted)
Massachusetts (District of Maine[f])

24
 Missouri
000000001821-08-10-0000August 10, 1821[26]
(admitted)
Missouri Territory (part)

25
 Arkansas
000000001836-06-15-0000June 15, 1836[27]
(admitted)
Arkansas Territory

26
 Michigan
000000001837-01-26-0000January 26, 1837[28]
(admitted)
Michigan Territory

27
 Florida
000000001845-03-03-0000March 3, 1845
(admitted)
Florida Territory

28
 Texas
000000001845-12-29-0000December 29, 1845
(admitted)
Texas !Republic of Texas

29
 Iowa
000000001846-12-28-0000December 28, 1846
(admitted)
Iowa Territory (part)

30
 Wisconsin
000000001848-05-29-0000May 29, 1848[29]
(admitted)
Wisconsin Territory (part)

31
 California
000000001850-09-09-0000September 9, 1850[30]
(admitted)
Unorganized !unorganized territory (part)

32
 Minnesota
000000001858-05-11-0000May 11, 1858[31]
(admitted)
Minnesota Territory (part)

33
 Oregon
000000001859-02-14-0000February 14, 1859
(admitted)
Oregon Territory (part)

34
 Kansas
000000001861-01-29-0000January 29, 1861[32]
(admitted)
Kansas Territory (part)

35
 West Virginia
000000001863-06-20-0000June 20, 1863[33]
(admitted)
Virginia (Trans-Allegheny region counties[g])

36
 Nevada
000000001864-10-31-0000October 31, 1864
(admitted)
Nevada Territory

37
 Nebraska
000000001867-03-01-0000March 1, 1867
(admitted)
Nebraska Territory

38
 Colorado
000000001876-08-01-0000August 1, 1876[36]
(admitted)
Colorado Territory

39[h]
  North Dakota
000000001889-11-02-0000November 2, 1889[38][i]
(admitted)
Dakota Territory (part)

40
 South Dakota
000000001889-11-02-0000November 2, 1889[38][i]
(admitted)
Dakota Territory (part)

41
 Montana
000000001889-11-08-0000November 8, 1889[39]
(admitted)
Montana Territory

42
 Washington
000000001889-11-11-0000November 11, 1889[40]
(admitted)
Washington Territory

43
 Idaho
000000001890-07-03-0000July 3, 1890
(admitted)
Idaho Territory

44
 Wyoming
000000001890-07-10-0000July 10, 1890
(admitted)
Wyoming Territory

45
 Utah
000000001896-01-04-0000January 4, 1896[41]
(admitted)
Utah Territory

46
 Oklahoma
000000001907-11-16-0000November 16, 1907[42]
(admitted)
Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory

47
 New Mexico
000000001912-01-06-0000January 6, 1912
(admitted)
New Mexico Territory

48
 Arizona
000000001912-02-14-0000February 14, 1912
(admitted)
Arizona Territory

49
 Alaska
000000001959-01-03-0000January 3, 1959
(admitted)
Alaska !Territory of Alaska

50
 Hawaii
000000001959-08-21-0000August 21, 1959
(admitted)
Hawaii !Territory of Hawaii

text: Articles of Confederation ratification dates[edit]

text: The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles of Confederation for ratification by the individual states on November 15, 1777. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. On March 4, 1789, the general government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the present Constitution.[43]

text:
State
Date

13 !1
 Virginia
000000001777-12-16-0000December 16, 1777

12 !2
 South Carolina
000000001778-02-05-0000February 5, 1778

08 !3
 New York
000000001778-02-06-0000February 6, 1778

11 !4
 Rhode Island
000000001778-02-09-0000February 9, 1778

01 !5
 Connecticut
000000001778-02-12-0000February 12, 1778

03 !6
 Georgia
000000001778-02-26-0000February 26, 1778

06 !7
 New Hampshire
000000001778-03-04-0000March 4, 1778

10 !8
 Pennsylvania
000000001778-03-05-0000March 5, 1778

05 !9
 Massachusetts
000000001778-03-10-0000March 10, 1778

09 !10
 North Carolina
000000001778-04-05-0000April 5, 1778

07 !11
 New Jersey
000000001778-11-19-0000November 19, 1778

02 !12
 Delaware
000000001779-02-01-0000February 1, 1779

04 !13
 Maryland
000000001781-02-02-0000February 2, 1781


document_title: Rivalry (economics)

question_text: when is a good or service considered to be rival in nature

text: Rivalry (economics)

text: In economics, a good is said to be rivalrous or rival if its consumption by one consumer prevents simultaneous consumption by other consumers.[1], or if consumption by one party reduces utility/ability to use to another. A good is considered non-rivalrous or non-rival if, for any level of production, the cost of providing it to a marginal (additional) individual is zero.[2] A good can be placed along a continuum ranging from rivalrous to non-rivalrous. The same characteristic is sometimes referred to as subtractable or non-subtractable.[3]

text: Most tangible goods, both durable and nondurable, are rival goods. A hammer is a durable rival good. One person's use of the hammer presents a significant barrier to others who desire to use that hammer at the same time. However, the first user does not "use up" the hammer, meaning that some rival goods can still be shared through time. An apple is a nondurable rival good: once an apple is eaten, it is "used up" and can no longer be eaten by others. Non-tangible goods can also be rivalrous. Examples include the ownership of radio spectra and domain names. In more general terms, almost all private goods are rivalrous.

text: In contrast, non-rival goods may be consumed by one consumer without preventing simultaneous consumption by others. Most examples of non-rival goods are intangible. Broadcast television is an example of a non-rival good; when a consumer turns on a TV set, this does not prevent the TV in another consumer's house from working. The television itself is a rival good, but television broadcasts are non-rival goods. Other examples of non-rival goods include a beautiful scenic view, national defense, clean air, street lights, and public safety (police and law courts). More generally, most intellectual property is non-rival. In fact, certain types of intellectual property become more valuable as more people consume them (anti-rival). For example, the more people use a particular language, the more valuable that language becomes.

text: Non-rivalry does not imply that the total production costs are low, but that the marginal production costs are zero. In reality, few goods are completely non-rival as rivalry can emerge at certain levels. For instance, road (or internet) use is non-rival up to a certain capacity, after which congestion means that each additional user decreases speed for others. For that, recent economic theory views rivalry as a continuum, not as a binary category,[4] where many goods are somewhere between the two extremes of completely rival and completely non-rival. A perfectly non-rival good can be consumed simultaneously by an unlimited number of consumers.

text: Goods that are both non-rival and non-excludable are called public goods. It is generally accepted by mainstream economists that the market mechanism will under-provide public goods, so these goods have to be produced by other means, including government provision.


document_title: Me and Earl and the Dying Girl

question_text: what is earl's last name in me and earl and the dying girl

question_tokens: what is earl 's last name in me and earl and the dying girl

text: Me and Earl and the Dying Girl

text: Plot[edit]

text: Greg Gaines is a senior at Benson High School. A social loner, he navigates high school life by gaining everyone's acquaintance but staying clear of any particular clique. His only real friend is Earl Jackson, though Greg will only (cautiously) claim that they are coworkers. Greg and Earl, a fellow student from a poor and broken family, have been friends since childhood. The two spend most of their time making films together. Greg and Earl keep their filming ventures a secret from their peers, fearing ridicule for their mediocre projects.

text: One day, Greg's mother tells him that his childhood friend, Rachel Kushner, is diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia. Greg's mother wants him to rekindle their friendship and make her feel better. Although Greg had only befriended Rachel to try to get closer to her more attractive friend, Leah Katzenberg, he realizes that he cannot argue with his mother and calls her. This leads to an awkward conversation between the two. Greg is ready to give up, but his mother forces him to meet up with Rachel. Eventually, Greg and Rachel start spending more time with each other.

text: One day at school, Greg gets a text from Rachel saying that she would be starting chemotherapy the next day. Although he and Earl are accidentally on drugs at that moment, they make it to Rachel's, where Greg introduces her to Earl. The three go out for ice-cream, and Earl invites Rachel to watch some of their films. Greg is furious but does not stop him.

text: At school, Greg begins to fall back in his studies and soon comes close to failing all of his subjects. He is pressured by his parents to seriously apply to a college, but Greg is unsure of which one to choose. He discusses it with Rachel, who tells him that he should apply to a film school. Meanwhile, word gets around Benson High that Greg and Rachel have become close. Madison Hartner, Greg's long-time crush, comes to hear of his films from Rachel and persuades him to make a movie for Rachel. Greg and Earl come up with different ideas (including documentary footage, confessionals, and puppetry), and the end result, entitled Rachel the Film, is a mashup of everything they try out. To Greg's horror, the film is shown to the entire school during an assembly. Upset by this, Greg stops going to school altogether and scratches all the DVDs of his films.

text: A few days after the screening, Rachel dies. Greg goes to Earl to talk about it and finds out that he too destroyed his copies of their movies, and is done with film-making for good. Greg tells him that he would be applying to film school instead of college. Earl is opposed to this, saying that Rachel's death shouldn't be affecting his future plans.

text: In the epilogue, Greg reveals that he wrote the book as an explanation to his prospective college, the University of Pittsburgh, about why he fell back on schoolwork during his last school year. After his conversation with Earl, he had decided to retire from film-making, but on writing down his experience, decides that he shouldn't. He realizes that he was always unhappy because he was trying to be someone he wasn't, but was content when he was just himself. He makes up his mind to apply to film school within the next six months. The book ends with him wondering if he should put Rachel in his next film.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The book has a 3.6/5 rating on Goodreads[3] and 4/5 rating on the Barnes & Nobles website.[2]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: An adaptation based on the novel was filmed in Pittsburgh beginning June 2014, directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon, with an adapted screenplay by the author, and starring Thomas Mann, Olivia Cooke, RJ Cyler, Connie Britton, Nick Offerman, Molly Shannon, and Jon Bernthal.[4][5] The film premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival, where it won both the Audience award (Dramatic) and the Grand Jury Prize (Dramatic).[6]


document_title: List of leaders of the Soviet Union

question_text: who was the leader of the soviet union in 1967 and 1968

text: List of leaders of the Soviet Union

text: Summary[edit]

text:
This article is part of a series on thePolitics of the Soviet Union

Leadership[show]
Leaders
President (listVice President)
Collective leadership
State Council
Presidential Council

Communist Party[show]
Congress
Central Committee
History

General Secretary

Politburo
Secretariat
Orgburo

Legislature[show]
Congress of Soviets(Central Executive Committee)

Supreme Soviet
Soviet of the Union
Soviet of Nationalities
Presidium

Congress of People's Deputies
Speaker
1989 Legislative election

Governance[show]
Constitution

Official names
1924
1936
1977

Government
Ministries
State Committees
Executive Officer

Premiership
Cabinets
Council of People's Commissars
Council of Ministers
Cabinet of Ministers

Judiciary[show]
Law
Supreme Court
Military Collegium
People's Court
Procurator General

Ideology[show]
Soviet democracy
Marxism–Leninism
LeninismStalinismKhrushchevism
De-Stalinization

Society[show]
Economy
Agriculture
Consumer goods
Five-Year Plan
Kosygin reform
New Economic Policy
Science and technology
Era of Stagnation
Material balance planning
Transport

Culture

Demographics
Education
Family
Phraseology
Religion

Repression
Censorship
Censorship of images
Great Purge
Gulag system
Collectivization
Human rights
Ideological repression
Suppressed research
Political abuse of psychiatry
Political repression
Population transfer
Propaganda
Red Terror

Other countries
Atlas
vte

text: Vladimir Lenin was voted the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union (Sovnarkom) on 30 December 1922 by the Congress of Soviets.[11] At the age of 53, his health declined from effects of two bullet wounds, later aggravated by three strokes which culminated with his death in 1924.[12] Irrespective of his health status in his final days, Lenin was already losing much of his power to Joseph Stalin.[13] Alexei Rykov succeeded Lenin as Chairman of the Sovnarkom and although he was de jure the most powerful person in the country, the Politburo of the Communist Party began to overshadow the Sovnarkom in the mid-1920s. By the end of the decade, Rykov merely rubber stamped the decisions predetermined by Stalin and the Politburo.[14]

text: Stalin's early policies pushed for rapid industrialisation, nationalisation of private industry[15] and the collectivisation of private plots created under Lenin's New Economic Policy.[16] As leader of the Politburo, Stalin consolidated near-absolute power by 1938 after the Great Purge, a series of campaigns of political murder, repression and persecution.[17] Nazi German troops invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941,[18] but by December the Soviet Army managed to stop the attack just shy of Moscow. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union launched a counter-attack on Nazi Germany which finally succeeded in 1945.[19] Stalin died in March 1953[20] and his death triggered a power struggle in which Nikita Khrushchev after several years emerged victorious against Georgy Malenkov.[21]

text: Khrushchev denounced Stalin on two occasions, first in 1956 and then in 1962. His policy of de-Stalinisation earned him many enemies within the party, especially from old Stalinist appointees. Many saw this approach as destructive and destabilising. A group known as Anti-Party Group tried to oust Khrushchev from office in 1957, but it failed.[22] As Khrushchev grew older, his erratic behavior became worse, usually making decisions without discussing or confirming them with the Politburo.[23] Leonid Brezhnev, a close companion of Khrushchev, was elected First Secretary the same day of Khrushchev's removal from power. Alexei Kosygin became the new Premier and Anastas Mikoyan kept his office as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. On the orders of the Politburo, Mikoyan was forced to retire in 1965 and Nikolai Podgorny took over the office of Chairman of the Presidium.[24] The Soviet Union in the post-Khrushchev 1960s was governed by a collective leadership.[25] Henry A. Kissinger, the American National Security Advisor, mistakenly believed that Kosygin was the leader of the Soviet Union and that he was at the helm of Soviet foreign policy because he represented the Soviet Union at the 1967 Glassboro Summit Conference.[26] The "Era of Stagnation", a derogatory term coined by Mikhail Gorbachev, was a period marked by low socio-economic efficiency in the country and a gerontocracy ruling the country.[27] Yuri Andropov (aged 68 at the time) succeeded Brezhnev in his post as General Secretary in 1982. In 1983, Andropov was hospitalised and rarely met up at work to chair the politburo meetings due to his declining health. Nikolai Tikhonov usually chaired the meetings in his place.[28] Following Andropov's death fifteen months after his appointment, an even older leader, 72 year old Konstantin Chernenko, was elected to the General Secretariat. His rule lasted for little more than a year until his death thirteen months later on 10 March 1985.[29]

text: At the age of 54, Mikhail Gorbachev was elected to the General Secretariat by the Politburo on 11 March 1985.[30] In May 1985, Gorbachev publicly admitted the slowing down of the economic development and inadequate living standards, being the first Soviet leader to do so while also beginning a series of fundamental reforms. From 1986 to around 1988, he dismantled central planning, allowed state enterprises to set their own outputs, enabled private investment in businesses not previously permitted to be privately owned and allowed foreign investment, among other measures. He also opened up the management of and decision-making within the Soviet Union and allowed greater public discussion and criticism, along with a warming of relationships with the West. These twin policies were known as perestroika (literally meaning "reconstruction", but it varies) and glasnost ("openness" and "transparency"), respectively.[31] The dismantling of the principal defining features of Soviet Communism in 1988 and 1989 in the Soviet Union led to the unintended consequence of the Soviet Union breaking up after the failed August coup of 1991 led by Gennady Yanayev.[32]

text: List of leaders[edit]

text: The following list includes only those persons who held the top leadership position of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) from its founding in 1922 until the party's demise as the official "leading power" of the Union in 1991 and in the few months aftwerward, lead the government. † denotes leaders who died in office.

text:
Name(Birth–Death)

Portrait

Period

Congress

Notes

Vladimir Lenin(1870–1924)[33]

30 December 1922[33]↓21 January 1924†[13]

11th–12th Congress

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom) and informal leader of the Bolsheviks since their inception.[33] Lenin was leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) from 1917 and leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1922 until his death.[34]

Joseph Stalin(1878–1953)[13]

21 January 1924[13]↓5 March 1953†[35]

13th–19th Congress

General Secretary from 3 April 1922 until the post of General Secretary was abolished in October 1952.[36][incomplete short citation] Stalin initially ruled as part of a Triumvirate with Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev until this broke down in April 1925. Stalin served as Premier from 6 May 1941 until his death on 5 March 1953.[35] Stalin also held the post of the Minister of Defence from 19 July 1941 until 3 March 1947 and Chairman of the State Defense Committee during the Great Patriotic War[37] and became the only officer to hold the office of People's Commissar of Nationalities from 1921–1923.[38]

Georgy Malenkov(1902–1988)[39]

5 March 1953[39][40]↓8 September 1953

19th Congress

Succeeded to all of Stalin's titles, but he was forced to resign most of them within a month.[41] Malenkov through the office of Premier was locked in a power struggle against Khrushchev.[42]

Nikita Khrushchev(1894–1971)[43]

8 September 1953↓14 October 1964[44]

20th–22nd Congress

Served as the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (from September 1953) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 27 March 1958 to 14 October 1964. While vacationing in Abkhazia, Khrushchev was called by Leonid Brezhnev to return to Moscow for a special meeting of the Presidium to be held on 13 October 1964. At the most fiery session since the so-called "anti-party group" crisis of 1957, he was fired from all his posts. He was largely left in peace in retirement, but he was made a "non-person" to the extent that his name was removed even from the thirty-volume Soviet Encyclopedia.[45] He died in 1971. He was seen overseas as a reformer of a "petrified structure"[46][incomplete short citation] and described his main contribution as removing the fear that Stalin had brought,[47] but many of his reforms were later reversed.

Leonid Brezhnev(1906–1982)[44]

14 October 1964[44]↓10 November 1982†[48]

23rd–26th Congress

Served as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. Brezhnev was later renamed General Secretary[23] and was co-equal with premier Alexei Kosygin until the 1970s. To consolidate his power, he later assumed the title of Chairman of the Presidium.[24] At his death in 1982, he received a state funeral.

Yuri Andropov(1914–1984)[49]

10 November 1982[49]↓9 February 1984†[50]

—

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party[26] and Chairman of the Presidium from 16 June 1983 until 9 February 1984.[51]

Konstantin Chernenko(1911–1985)[52](de jure)

9 February 1984[52]↓10 March 1985†

—

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party[53] and Chairman of the Presidium from 11 April 1984 to 10 March 1985.[54]

Mikhail Gorbachev(1931–)[55]

As Gen. Secretary:10 March 1985[23]↓19 August 1991[56]As President:21 August 1991[23]↓26 December 1991[56]

27th–28th Congress

Served as General Secretary from 11 March 1985[54] and resigned on 24 August 1991,[57] Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1 October[53] 1988 until the office was renamed to the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet on 25 May 1989 to 15 March 1990[54] and President of the Soviet Union from 15 March 1990[58] to 25 December 1991.[59] The day following Gorbachev's resignation as President, the Soviet Union was formally dissolved.[56]

Gennady Yanayev(1937–2010)(usurper)

19 August 1991↓21 August 1991

—

Tried to seize power during the two days of the failed 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt with the State Committee on the State of Emergency.

text: List of troikas[edit]

text: On four occasions—the 2–3 year period between Vladimir Lenin's incapacitation and Joseph Stalin's dictatorship; the three months immediately following Stalin's death; the interval between Nikita Khrushchev's fall and Leonid Brezhnev's consolidation of power; and the ailing Konstantin Chernenko's tenure as General Secretary—a form of collective leadership known as the troika ("triumvirate")[60] governed the Soviet Union, with no single individual holding leadership alone.[24][40][61]

text:
Members(Birth–Death)

Tenure

Notes

May 1922[62]↓April 1925[63]

When Vladimir Lenin suffered his first stroke in May 1922, a troika was established to govern the country in his place, although Lenin briefly returned to the leadership from 2 October 1922 until a severe stroke on 9 March 1923 ended Lenin's political career. The troika consisted of Lev Kamenev, Joseph Stalin and Grigory Zinoviev. The troika broke up in April 1925, when Kamenev and Zinoviev found themselves in a minority over their belief that socialism could only be achieved internationally. Zinoviev and Kamenev joined forces with Leon Trotsky's Left Opposition in early 1926.[63] Later, Kamenev, Zinoviev and Trotsky would all be murdered on Stalin's orders.

Lev Kamenev(1883–1936)[64]

Joseph Stalin(1878–1953)[13]

Grigory Zinoviev(1883–1936)[65]

13 March 1953[40]↓26 June 1953[66]

This troika consisted of Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria and Vyacheslav Molotov[67] and ended when Malenkov and Molotov joined Nikita Khrushchev in the arrest and execution of Beria.[43]

Lavrentiy Beria(1899–1953)[40]

Georgy Malenkov(1902–1988)[40]

Vyacheslav Molotov(1890–1986)[40]

14 October 1964[44]↓16 June 1977[24]

Following Khruschev's ouster, a troika took power consisting of Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary, Alexei Kosygin as Premier and Nikolai Podgorny who ascended to the post of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet on 9 December 1965. During Brezhnev's gradual consolidation of power, the troika was dissolved when he succeeded Podgorny in 1977 as Presidium Chairman.[24] However, the collective leadership continued to exist in a different shape after Podgorny's ouster in the party leadership throughout the rest of Brezhnev's rule.[68]

Leonid Brezhnev(1906–1982)[44]

Alexei Kosygin(1904–1980)[44]

Nikolai Podgorny(1903–1983)[44]

13 February 1984[69] ↓20 December 1984[70]

Despite succeeding Yuri Andropov as General Secretary, Konstantin Chernenko was unable to secure full control over the regime's apparatus due to his poor health[71] and lack of a mandate from the nomenklatura.[72] This resulted in a collective leadership giving Defense Minister Dmitry Ustinov and Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko a monopoly over the Soviet Union's military and foreign policy respectively [73] while leaving Chernenko in charge of the nation's domestic policies.[74] From this point forward, these three figures dominated Politburo decision-making until Ustinov's death in December 1984.

Konstantin Chernenko(1911–1985)[52]

Andrei Gromyko(1909–1989) [75]

Dmitry Ustinov(1908–1984) [76]

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
#

Leaders

Date of birth

Age at ascension(first term)

Time in office(total)

Age at retirement(last term)

Date of death

Longevity

1

Lenin, VladimirVladimir Lenin

18700422April 22, 1870(April 22, 1870)

52 25252 years, 252 days

01 0221 years, 22 days

53 27453 years, 274 days

19240121January 21, 1924

7004196310000000000♠19,63153 years, 274 days

2

Stalin, JosephJoseph Stalin

18781218December 18, 1878(December 18, 1878)

45 03445 years, 34 days

29 04329 years, 43 days

74 07774 years, 77 days

19530305March 5, 1953

7004271050000000000♠27,10574 years, 77 days

3

Malenkov, GeorgyGeorgy Malenkov

19020108January 8, 1902(January 8, 1902)

51 05651 years, 56 days

01 3401 years, 340 days

53 03153 years, 31 days

19880114January 14, 1988

7004314170000000000♠31,41786 years, 6 days

4

Khrushchev, NikitaNikita Khrushchev

18940415April 15, 1894(April 15, 1894)

60 29960 years, 299 days

09 2499 years, 249 days

70 18270 years, 182 days

19710911September 11, 1971

7004282720000000000♠28,27277 years, 149 days

5

Brezhnev, LeonidLeonid Brezhnev

19061219December 19, 1906(December 19, 1906)

57 30057 years, 300 days

18 02718 years, 27 days

75 32675 years, 326 days

19821110November 10, 1982

7004277200000000000♠27,72075 years, 326 days

6

Andropov, YuriYuri Andropov

19140615June 15, 1914(June 15, 1914)

68 15068 years, 150 days

01 0891 years, 89 days

69 23969 years, 239 days

19840209February 9, 1984

7004254410000000000♠25,44169 years, 239 days

7

Chernenko, KonstantinKonstantin Chernenko

19110924September 24, 1911(September 24, 1911)

72 14272 years, 142 days

01 0261 years, 26 days

73 16773 years, 167 days

19850310March 10, 1985

7004268310000000000♠26,83173 years, 167 days

8

Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev

19310302March 2, 1931(March 2, 1931)

54 00954 years, 9 days

06 2876 years, 287 days

60 29860 years, 298 days

Living

7004320170000000000♠32,0177004320170000000000♠87 years, 240 days (living)

9

Yanayev, GennadyGennady Yanayev

19370826August 26, 1937(August 26, 1937)

53 35853 years, 358 days

00 0020 years, 2 days

53 36053 years, 360 days

20100924September 24, 2010

7004266920000000000♠26,69273 years, 29 days


document_title: Immigration to Australia

question_text: what percentage of australia's population is foreign born

question_tokens: what percentage of australia 's population is foreign born

text: Immigration to Australia

text: Immigration history of Australia[edit]

text: The first migration of humans to the continent took place around 50,000 years ago via the islands of Maritime Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea as part of the early history of human migration out of Africa.[1]

text: Penal transportation[edit]

text: European migration to Australia began with the British convict settlement of Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788. The First Fleet comprised 11 ships carrying 775 convicts and 645 officials, members of the crew, marines, and their families and children. The settlers consisted of petty criminals, second-rate soldiers and a crew of sailors. There were few with skills needed to start a self-sufficient settlement, such as farmers and builders, and the colony experienced hunger and hardships. Male settlers far outnumbered female settlers. The Second Fleet arrived in 1790 bringing more convicts. The conditions of the transportation was described as horrific and worse than slave transports. Of the 1,026 convicts who embarked, 267 (256 men and 11 women) died during the voyage (26%); a further 486 were sick when they arrived of which 124 died soon after. The fleet was more of a drain on the struggling settlement than of any benefit. Conditions on the Third Fleet, which followed on the heels of the Second Fleet in 1791, were a bit better. The fleet comprised 11 ships. Of the more than 2000 convicts brought onto the ships, 173 male convicts and 9 female convicts died during the voyage. Other transport fleets bringing further convicts as well as freemen to the colony would follow. By the end of the penal transportation in 1868, approximately 165,000 people had entered Australia as convicts.

text: Gold rush and population growth[edit]

text: The Gold rush era, beginning in 1851, led to an enormous expansion in population, including large numbers of British and Irish settlers, followed by smaller numbers of Germans and other Europeans, and Chinese. This latter group were subject to increasing restrictions and discrimination, making it impossible for many to remain in the country. With the Federation of the Australian colonies into a single nation, one of the first acts of the new Commonwealth Government was the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, otherwise known as the White Australia policy, which was a strengthening and unification of disparate colonial policies designed to restrict non-White settlement. Because of opposition from the British government, an explicit racial policy was avoided in the legislation, with the control mechanism being a dictation test in a European language selected by the immigration officer. This was selected to be one the immigrant did not know; the last time an immigrant passed a test was in 1909. Perhaps the most celebrated case was Egon Erwin Kisch, a left-wing Czechoslovakian journalist, who could speak five languages, who was failed in a test in Scottish Gaelic, and deported as illiterate.

text: The government also found that if it wanted immigrants it had to subsidise migration. The great distance from Europe made Australia a more expensive and less attractive destination than Canada and the United States. The number of immigrants needed during different stages of the economic cycle could be controlled by varying the subsidy. Before federation in 1901, assisted migrants received passage assistance from colonial government funds. The British government paid for the passage of convicts, paupers, the military and civil servants. Few immigrants received colonial government assistance before 1831.[6]

text:
Period
Annual average assisted immigrants[6]

1831–1860
18,268

1861–1900
10,087

1901–1940
10,662

1941–1980
52,960

text: With the onset of the Great Depression, the Governor-General proclaimed the cessation of immigration until further notice, and the next group to arrive were 5000 Jewish refuge families from Germany in 1938. Approved groups such as these were assured of entry by being issued with a Certificate of Exemption from the Dictation Test.

text: Post-war immigration to Australia[edit]

text: After World War II Australia launched a massive immigration program, believing that having narrowly avoided a Japanese invasion, Australia must "populate or perish". Hundreds of thousands of displaced Europeans migrated to Australia and over 1,000,000 British subjects immigrated under the Assisted Passage Migration Scheme, colloquially becoming known as Ten Pound Poms.[7] The scheme initially targeted citizens of all Commonwealth countries; after the war it gradually extended to other countries such as the Netherlands and Italy. The qualifications were straightforward: migrants needed to be in sound health and under the age of 45 years. There were initially no skill restrictions, although under the White Australia Policy, people from mixed-race backgrounds found it very difficult to take advantage of the scheme.[8]

text: In the 1970s, multiculturalism largely displaced cultural selectivity in immigration policy.

text:
Period
Migration Programme [9]

2002–03
108,070

2003-2004
114,360

2004-2005
120,060

2005
142,933

2006
148,200

2007
158,630

2008
171,318

2011
185,000

2012
190,000

text: Current immigration programs[edit]

text: Migration program[edit]

text: There are a number of different types of Australian immigration, classed under different categories of visa:[citation needed]

text:
Skilled Occupation visas - Australian working visas are most commonly granted to highly skilled workers. Candidates are assessed against a points-based system, with points allocated for certain standards of education. These visas are often sponsored by individual States, which recruit workers according to specific needs. Visas may also be granted to applicants sponsored by an Australian business. The most popular form of sponsored working visa is the 457 visa set in place in 1996.
Student visas - The Australian Government actively encourages foreign students to study in Australia. There are a number of categories of student visa, most of which require a confirmed offer from an educational institution.
Family visas - Visas are often granted on the basis of family ties in Australia. There are a number of different types of Australian family visas, including Contributory Parent visas and Spouse visas.

text: Employment and family visas can often lead to Australian citizenship; however, this requires the applicant to have lived in Australia for at least four years with at least one year as a permanent resident.

text: Investor visas - Foreign investors could invest the business or fund in Australia to acquire the Permanent Residential of Australia, after 4 years (including the year which acquire the visa), they need to take the exam and make a declaration in order to be a citizen of Australia. [10]

text: Claims have been made that Australia's migration program is in conflict with anti age-discrimination legislation and there have been calls to remove or amend the age limit of 50 for general skilled migrants.[11]

text: Humanitarian program[edit]

text: Australia grants two types of visa under its humanitarian program:[12]

text:
refugee-category visas for refugees under the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees
Special Humanitarian Programme (SHP) visas for persons who are subject to substantial discrimination amounting to gross violation of their human rights in their home country

text: The cap for visas granted under the humanitarian program was 13,750 for 2015-16,[13] plus an additional 12,000 visas available for refugees from the conflicts in Syria and Iraq.[14]

text: Migration and settlement services[edit]

text: A number of migration assistance and settlement support services are provided by the Australian Government and the community:

text: The Adult Migrant English Program is available to eligible migrants from the humanitarian, family and skilled visa streams and provides free English language courses for those who do not have functional English. Up to 510 hours of English language courses are provided in the first five years of settlement in Australia.

text: The Department of Immigration and Citizenship operates a 24-hour, seven days a week telephone interpreting service called the Translating and Interpreting Service National, which facilitates contact between non-English speakers and interpreters, enabling access to government and community services.[citation needed]

text: The Settlement Grants Program provides funding to assist humanitarian entrants and migrants settle in Australia and participate equitably in Australian society as soon as possible after arrival. The program is targeted to deliver settlement services to humanitarian entrants, family migrants with low levels of English proficiency and dependants of skilled migrants in rural and regional areas with low English proficiency.[citation needed]

text: The Australian Cultural Orientation program provides practical advice and the opportunity to ask questions about travel to and life in Australia to refugee and humanitarian visa holders who are preparing to settle in Australia. The program is delivered overseas over five days before the visa holder begins his or her journey.[citation needed]

text: Refugee and humanitarian visa holders are also eligible to receive on arrival settlement support through the Humanitarian Settlement Services program, which provides intensive settlement support and equips individuals with the skills and knowledge to independently access services beyond the initial settlement period.[citation needed]

text: The Immigration Advice and Application Assistance Scheme provides professional assistance, free of charge, to disadvantaged visa applicants, to help with the completion and submission of visa applications, liaison with the department, and advice on complex immigration matters. It also provides migration advice to prospective visa applicants and sponsors.[citation needed]

text: In response to the needs of asylum seekers, the Asylum Seeker Assistance Scheme was created in 1992 to address Australia’s obligations under the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. The scheme is administered by the Australian Red Cross under contract to the Department of Immigration and Citizenship. It provides financial assistance to asylum seekers in the community who satisfy specific eligibility criteria, and also facilitates access to casework assistance and other support services for asylum seekers through the Australian Red Cross.[15]

text: Migration Alliance, a not-for-profit organisation, was established in 2009 to connect migrants with migration agents and settlement services via an online Australian immigration portal.[citation needed]

text: There are also a variety of community-based services that cater to the needs of newly arrived migrants, refugees, asylum seekers, some of which receive funding from the Commonwealth Government, such as Migrant Resource Centres.

text: Country of birth of Australian residents[edit]

text: At the 2016 census, 26% of the Australian resident population, or 6,163,667 people, were born overseas.[16] The Australian resident population consists of people who were born in the following countries:

text:
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics (2016 census)
[18]

Country of birth
Estimated resident population[a]

 Australia
15,615,531

 England
907,570

 New Zealand
518,466

 Mainland China
509,555

 India
455,389

 Philippines
236,400

 Vietnam
219,355

 Italy
174,042

 South Africa
162,449

 Malaysia
138,364

 Scotland
119,417

 Sri Lanka
109,849

 Germany
102,595

 South Korea
98,776

 Greece
93,743

 Hong Kong
86,886

 United States
86,125

 Lebanon
78,653

 Ireland
74,888

 Indonesia
73,213

 Netherlands
70,172

 Iraq
67,352

 Thailand
66,229

 Pakistan
61,913

 Fiji
61,469

 Iran
58,112

 Singapore
54,939

 Nepal
54,754

text: Jump up ^ Only countries with 50,000 or more are listed here.

text: Among the States, there are some differences in settlement patterns, as demonstrated in the statistics compiled at the 2006 Census:[19]

text:
New South Wales has the largest population, and the largest foreign born population, in Australia (1,544,023). Certain nationalities are highly concentrated in this state: 74.5% of Lebanese-born, 63.1% of Iraqi-born, 63.0% of South Korean-born, 59.4% of Fijian-born and 59.4% of Chinese-born Australian residents live in New South Wales.
Victoria, the second most populous state, also has the second largest number of overseas-born persons (1,161,984). 50.6% of Sri Lankan-born, 50.1% of Turkish-born, 49.4% of Greek-born and 41.6% of Italian-born Australian residents live in Victoria.
Western Australia, with 528,827 overseas-born residents has the highest proportion of its population being foreign-born. The state attracts 29.6% of all Singapore-born Australian residents, and is narrowly behind New South Wales in having the largest population of British-born Australian residents.
Queensland had 695,525 overseas-born residents, and attracted the greatest proportion of persons born in Papua New Guinea (52.4%) and New Zealand (38.2%).

text: Impacts and concerns[edit]

text: There is a range of views in the Australian community on the composition and level of immigration, and on the possible effects of varying the level of immigration and population growth.

text: In 2002, a CSIRO population study commissioned by the former Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, outlined six potential dilemmas associated with immigration-driven population growth. These included: the absolute numbers of aged continuing to rise despite high immigration off-setting ageing and declining birth-rates in a proportional sense; a worsening of Australia's trade balance due to more imports and higher consumption of domestic production; increased greenhouse gas emissions; overuse of agricultural soils; marine fisheries and domestic supplies of oil and gas; and a decline in urban air quality, river quality and biodiversity.[20]

text: Environment[edit]

text: Some Environmental movements believe that as the driest inhabited continent, Australia cannot continue to sustain its current rate of population growth without becoming overpopulated. The Sustainable Population Australia (SPA) argues that climate change will lead to a deterioration of natural ecosystems through increased temperatures, extreme weather events and less rainfall in the southern part of the continent, thus reducing its capacity to sustain a large population even further.[21] The Australia Institute has concluded that Australia’s population growth has been one of the main factors driving growth in domestic greenhouse gas emissions.[22] It concluded that the average emissions per capita in the countries that immigrants come from is only 42 percent of average emissions in Australia, finding that as immigrants alter their lifestyle to that of Australians, they increase global greenhouse gas emissions.[22] The Institute calculated that each additional 70,000 immigrants will lead to additional emissions of 20 million tonnes of greenhouse gases by the end of the Kyoto target period (2012) and 30 million tonnes by 2020.[23]

text: Housing and infrastructure[edit]

text: A number of economists, such as Macquarie Bank analyst Rory Robertson, assert that high immigration and the propensity of new arrivals to cluster in the capital cities is exacerbating the nation's housing affordability problem.[24] According to Robertson, Federal Government policies that fuel demand for housing, such as the currently high levels of immigration, as well as capital gains tax discounts and subsidies to boost fertility, have had a greater impact on housing affordability than land release on urban fringes.[25]

text: The Productivity Commission in its 2004 Inquiry Report No. 28, First Home Ownership, concluded: "Growth in immigration since the mid-1990s has been an important contributor to underlying demand, particularly in Sydney and Melbourne."[26] The Reserve Bank of Australia in its submission to the same Productivity Commission report stated that "rapid growth in overseas visitors such as students may have boosted demand for rental housing".[26] However, the Commission found that "the ABS resident population estimates have limitations when used for assessing housing demand. Given the significant influx of foreigners coming to work or study in Australia in recent years, it seems highly likely that short-stay visitor movements may have added to the demand for housing. However, the Commissions are unaware of any research that quantifies the effects."[26]

text: Some individuals and interest groups have also argued that immigration causes overburdened infrastructure.[27][28]

text: Employment[edit]

text: Australia maintains a list of skilled occupations that are currently acceptable for immigration to Australia.[29]

text: In 2009, following the global financial crisis, the Australian government reduced its immigration target by 14%, and the permanent migration program for skilled migrants was reduced to 115,000 people for that financial year.[30] In 2010-2011, the migration intake was adjusted so that 67.5% of the permanent migration program would be for skilled migrants, and 113 725 visas were granted.[31]

text: In 2013, Monash University academics published a report which contended that Australia's immigration program was harming the job prospects of young Australians, with policymakers tending to "underestimate the scale of the recent migrant challenge for local youth who are seeking employment."[32]

text: According to Graduate Careers Australia, there have been some declines in full-time employment between 2012–2015 for recent university graduates of various degrees, including dentistry, computer science, architecture, psychology, and nursing.[33] In 2014, a number of the professional associations for some of these fields criticised the immigration policy for skilled migrants, contending that these policies have contributed to difficulties for local degree holders in obtaining full-time employment.[34][35][35][36][37][38][39] In 2016, the Department of Health forecast a shortfall in nurses of approximately 85,000 by 2025 and 123,000 by 2030.[40]

text: Economic growth and aging population[edit]

text: Another element in the immigration debate is a concern to alleviate adverse impacts arising from Australia's aging population. The former Federal Treasurer, Peter Costello has said that Australia is underpopulated due to a low birth rate, and that negative population growth will have adverse long-term effects on the economy as the population ages and the labour market becomes less competitive.[41] To avoid this outcome the government increased immigration to fill gaps in labour markets and introduced a subsidy to encourage families to have more children.[citation needed] However, opponents of population growth such as Sustainable Population Australia do not accept that population growth will decline and reverse, based on current immigration and fertility projections.[42]

text: There is debate over whether immigration can slow the ageing of Australia's population. In a research paper entitled Population Futures for Australia: the Policy Alternatives, Peter McDonald claims that "it is demographic nonsense to believe that immigration can help to keep our population young."[43] However, according to Creedy and Alvarado (p. 99),[44] by 2031 there will be a 1.1 per cent fall in the proportion of the population aged over 65 if net migration rate is 80,000 per year. If net migration rate is 170,000 per year, the proportion of the population aged over 65 would reduce by 3.1 per cent. As of 2007 during the leadership of John Howard, the net migration rate was 160,000 per year.[45]

text: According to the Commonwealth Treasury, immigration can reduce the average age of the Australian population: "The level of net overseas migration is important: net inflows of migrants to Australia reduce the rate of population ageing because migrants are younger on average than the resident population. Currently, around 85 per cent of migrants are aged under 40 when they migrate to Australia, compared to around 55 per cent for the resident population."[46] Ross Gittins, an economics columnist at Fairfax Media, has said that the Government's focus on skilled migration has in fact reduced the average age of migrants. "More than half are aged 15 to 34, compared with 28 per cent of our population. Only 2 per cent of permanent immigrants are 65 or older, compared with 13 per cent of our population."[47] Because of these statistics, Gittens claims that immigration is slowing the ageing of the Australian population and that the "net benefit to the economy is a lot more clear-cut."

text: Robert Birrell, director of the Centre for Population and Urban Research at Monash University, has argued: "It is true that a net migration intake averaging around 180,000 per year will mean that the proportion of persons aged 65 plus to the total population will be a few percentage points lower in 2050 than it would be with a low migration intake. But this ‘gain’ would be bought at the expense of having to accommodate a much larger population. These people too, will age, thus requiring an even larger migration intake in subsequent years to look after them."[48]

text: In July 2005 the Productivity Commission launched a commissioned study entitled Economic Impacts of Migration and Population Growth,[49] and released an initial position paper on 17 January 2006[50] which states that the increase of income per capita provided by higher migration (50 percent more than the base model) by the 2024–2025 financial year would be $335 (0.6%), an amount described as "very small." The paper also found that Australians would on average work 1.3 percent longer hours, about twice the proportional increase in income.[51]

text: Using regression analysis, Addison and Worswick found in a 2002 study that "there is no evidence that immigration has negatively impacted on the wages of young or low-skilled natives." Furthermore, Addison's study found that immigration did not increase unemployment among native workers. Rather, immigration decreased unemployment.[52] However, in 2005 the Productivity Commission concluded that higher immigration levels would result in lower wage growth for existing Australian residents.[53] On the impact of immigration on unemployment levels, the Commission said: "The conclusion that immigration has not caused unemployment at an aggregate level does not imply that it cannot lead to higher unemployment for specific groups. Immigration could worsen the labour market outcomes of people who work in sectors of the economy that have high concentrations of immigrant workers."

text: Gittins claims there is considerable opposition to immigration in Australia by "battlers" because of the belief that immigrants will steal jobs. Gittins claims though that "it's true that immigrants add to the supply of labour. But it's equally true that, by consuming and bringing families who consume, they also add to the demand for labour – usually by more."[47] Overall, Gittins has written that the "economic case for rapid population growth though immigration is surprisingly weak," noting the diseconomies of scale, infrastructure costs and negative environmental impacts associated with continued immigration-driven population growth.[54]

text: Robert Birrell has asserted that high immigration levels are being used by the Federal Government to stimulate aggregate economic growth, but that per capita growth is more important to Australians.[48] Birrell concluded that high migration does not benefit existing residents, because it dilutes the benefit that can accrue from the export of non-renewable resources which form a large part of the Australian economy. As well, Birrell argues that a slowdown in labour force growth would require employers to pay greater attention to training, wages and conditions of workers.[48]

text: Social cohesion[edit]

text: Robert Birrell has argued that immigration is creating social divisions and risks long-term national unity.[48] Anthropologist and ethologist Frank Salter has argued that immigration is creating "ethnic stratification" in Australian society.[55]

text: Politics and public debate[edit]

text: Over the last decade, leaders of the major Federal political parties have demonstrated support for high level immigration (including John Howard, Peter Costello and Kim Beazley[56][56]). There was, overall, an upward trend in the number of immigrants to Australia over the period of the Howard Government (1996–2007). The Rudd Labor Government (elected 2007) increased the quota again once in office.[57] In 2010, both major parties continue to support high immigration, with former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd advocating a 'Big Australia'; and Opposition Leader Tony Abbott stating in a 2010 Australia Day speech that: "My instinct is to extend to as many people as possible the freedom and benefits of life in Australia".[58]

text: In 2003, economist Ross Gittins, a columnist at Fairfax Media, said former Prime Minister John Howard had been "a tricky chap " on immigration, by appearing "tough" on illegal immigration to win support from the working class, while simultaneously winning support from employers with high legal immigration.[59] In 2006, the Labor Party under Kim Beazley took a stance against the importation of increasingly large numbers of temporary skilled migrant workers by employers, arguing that this is simply a way for employers to drive down wages.[56]

text: Anti-immigration policies were a major part of the One Nation Party, formed by Pauline Hanson in the late 1990s.

text: Australia's policies concerning refugees and asylum have also been highly controversial and the subject of much debate.