document_title: Age of candidacy

question_text: how old do you have to be to be prime minister of australia

text: Age of candidacy

text: Controversies[edit]

text: The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Many youth rights groups view current age of candidacy requirements as unjustified age discrimination.[2] Occasionally people who are younger than the minimum age will run for an office in protest of the requirement or because they don't know that the requirement exists. On extremely rare occasions, young people have been elected to offices they do not qualify for and have been deemed ineligible to assume the office.

text: In 1934, Rush Holt of West Virginia was elected to the Senate of the United States at the age of 29. Since the U.S. Constitution requires senators to be at least 30, Holt was forced to wait until his 30th birthday, six months after the start of the session, before being sworn in.[3]

text: In 1954, Richard Fulton won election to the Tennessee Senate. Shortly after being sworn in, Fulton was ousted from office because he was only 27 years old at the time. The Tennessee State Constitution required that senators be at least 30.[4] Rather than hold a new election, the previous incumbent, Clifford Allen, was allowed to resume his office for another term. Fulton went on to win the next State Senate election in 1956 and was later elected to the US House of Representatives where he served for 10 years.

text: In South Carolina, two Senators aged 24 were elected, but were too young according to the State Constitution: Mike Laughlin in 1969 and Bryan Dorn (later a US Congressman) in 1941. They were seated anyway.[5]

text: On several occasions, the Socialist Workers Party (USA) has nominated candidates too young to qualify for the offices they were running for. In 1972, Linda Jenness ran as the SWP presidential candidate, although she was only 31 at the time. Since the U.S. Constitution requires that the President and Vice President be at least 35 years old, Jenness was not able to receive ballot access in several states in which she otherwise qualified.[6] Despite this handicap, Jenness still received 83,380 votes.[7] In 2004, the SWP nominated Arrin Hawkins as the party's vice-presidential candidate, although she was only 28 at the time. Hawkins was also unable to receive ballot access in several states due to her age.[8]

text: Reform efforts[edit]

text: In the United States, many groups have attempted to lower age of candidacy requirements in various states. In 1994, South Dakota voters rejected a ballot measure that would have lowered the age requirements to serve as a State Senator or State Representative from 30 to 18. In 1998, however, they approved a similar ballot measure that reduced the age requirements for those offices from 25 to 21. In 2002, Oregon voters rejected a ballot measure that would have reduced the age requirement to serve as a State Representative from 21 to 18.

text: During the early 2000s, the British Youth Council and other groups successfully campaigned to lower age of candidacy requirements in the United Kingdom.[9] The age of candidacy was reduced from 21 to 18 in England, Wales and Scotland on 1 January 2007,[10] when section 17 of the Electoral Administration Act 2006 entered into force.[11]

text: In various countries[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia a person must be aged 18 or over to stand for election to public office at federal, state or local government level.

text: The youngest ever member of the House of Representatives was 20-year-old Wyatt Roy elected in the 2010 federal election after the Electoral Act 1918 was amended (in 1973) to reduce the age of candidacy for that office from 21 to 18.[citation needed]

text: Austria[edit]

text: In Austria, a person must be 18 years of age or older to stand in elections to the European Parliament or National Council.[12] The Diets of regional Länder are able to set a minimum age lower than 18 for candidacy in elections to the Diet itself as well as to municipal councils in the Land.[13] In presidential elections the candidacy age is 35.

text: Belgium[edit]

text: Any Belgian who has reached the age of 21 years can stand for election for the Chamber of Representatives, can become a member of the Senate, or can be elected in one of the regional parliaments.[citation needed] This is regulated in the Constitution and in the Special Law on the Reform of the Institutions.

text: Belize[edit]

text: According to the Constitution of Belize, a person must be at least 18 years old to be elected as a member of the House of Representatives and must be at least 30 to be Speaker of the House. A person must be at least 18 years old to be appointed to the Senate and must be at least 30 to be President or Vice-President of the Senate. As only members of the House of Representatives are eligible to be appointed Prime Minister, the Prime Minister must be at least 18 years old. A person must also be at least 18 years old to be elected to a village council.[14]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: The Brazilian Constitution (Article 14, Section 3 (VI)) defines 35 years as the minimum age for someone to be elected President, Vice-President or Senator; 30 years for state Governor or Vice-Governor; 21 for Federal or State Deputy, Mayor or Vice-Mayor; and 18 for city Councilman.[15]

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada (other than Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, the Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Saskatchewan) a person must be aged 19 or over (18 in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, the Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Saskatchewan) to stand for election to public office. However, to be appointed to the Senate, one must be at least 30 years of age, must possess land worth at least $4,000 in the province for which he or she is appointed, and must own real and personal property worth at least $4,000, above his or her debts and liabilities.[citation needed]

text: Chile[edit]

text: In Chile the minimum age required to be elected President of the Republic is 35 years on the day of the election. Before the 2005 reforms the requirement was 40 years, and from 1925 to 1981 it was 30 years. For senators it is 35 years (between 1981 and 2005 it was 40 years) and for deputies it is 21 years (between 1925 and 1970 it was 35 years).[16]

text: China[edit]

text: In China the minimum age to be elected as president or vice-president is 45.[17]

text: Cyprus[edit]

text: In Cyprus the minimum age to be elected president is 35 years.

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: In the Czech Republic, a person must be at least 18 years old to be elected in local elections. A person must be at least 21 years old to be elected to the lower house of the Czech Parliament or to the European Parliament and 40 years old to be a member of the upper house (Senate) of the Parliament[18] or the President of the Czech Republic.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: In Denmark, any adult 18 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected in any public election.

text: Estonia[edit]

text: In Estonia, any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected in local elections, and 21 years or older in parliamentary elections. The minimum age for the President of Estonia is 40.[19]

text: France[edit]

text: In France, any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected to the lower house of Parliament, and 24 years or older for the Senate. The minimum age for the President of France is 18.

text: Germany[edit]

text: In Germany, any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected in national, regional or local elections. The only exception is the Landtag election in Hesse where a minimum age of 21 is required.[20] The minimum age for the President is 40.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: In Hong Kong a person must be at least 21 to be candidate in a district council or Legislative Council election. A person must be at least 40 to be candidate in the Chief Executive election, and also at least 40 to be candidate in the election for the President of the Legislative Council from among the members of the Legislative Council.

text: India[edit]

text: In India a person must be at least:

text:
35 to be the President or Vice President, Governor and Lieutenant-Governor of the States as specified in the Constitution of India
30 to be a member of Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament of India) and a Vidhan Parishad (the upper house of a State Legislature, in those states where the legislature is bicameral.)
25 to be the Prime Minister, Lok Sabha Speaker, Union Minister, Chief Minister, Vidhan Sabha Speaker, Minister in the State Governments. Additionally, to be a member of Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament of India) and a Vidhan Sabha (the lower house a State Legislature in the States of India.)
21 to be the Mayor, Chairman, Head and a Member (Members are variously called Corporators/Councillors/Ward Members according to the type of their respective local bodies) of a Nagar Nigam (Municipal Corporation), Nagar Palika (Municipal Council), Nagar Panchayat (Town Committee), Gram Sabha (Village Council) and Gram Panchayat (Village Committee) respectively.

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: In Indonesia a person must be at least:

text:
35 to be President or Vice President as specified in the Constitution of Indonesia
30 to be Governor or Lieutenant Governor, as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act
25 to be Regent, Vice Regent, Mayor, or Deputy Mayor, as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act
21 to be Senator or Representative in both national and local parliament, as specified in the 2008 Election Act

text: Israel[edit]

text: In Israel one must be at least 21 to become a member of the Knesset (Basic Law: The Knesset section 6(a)) or a municipality. When the Prime Minister was directly elected, one must have been a member of the Knesset who is at least 30 to be a candidate for Prime Minister. Every Israeli Citizen (including minors) can be appointed as a Government Minister, or elected as President of Israel, but the latter role is mostly ceremonial and elected by the Parliament.

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy, a person must be at least 50 to be President of the Republic, 40 to be a Senator, and 25 to be a Deputy, as specified in the 1947 Constitution of Italy. 18 years of age is sufficient, however, to be elected member of the Council of Regions, Provinces, and Municipalities (Communes).

text: Iran[edit]

text: In Iran a person must be at least 21 years old to run for president.[21]

text: Iraq[edit]

text: The Iraqi constitution states that a person must be at least 40 years old to run for president[22] and 35 years old to be Prime Minister.[23] The Iraqi Election Law No. 45 of 2013 states that a person must be 30 years old to run for the House of Representatives.[24] There are proposals by various MP's to amend the Law and reduce the age from 30 to 25.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: The 1937 Constitution of Ireland requires the President to be at least 35 and members of the Oireachtas (legislature) to be 21.[25][26] Members of the European Parliament for Ireland must also be 21.[26][27] Members of local authorities must be 18, reduced from 21 in 1973.[26][28] The 1922–37 Constitution of the Irish Free State required TDs (members of the Dáil, lower house) to be 21,[29] whereas Senators had to be 35 (reduced to 30 in 1928).[30] The Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015 proposes to lower the presidential age limit to 21.[31] However, this proposal was rejected by 73% of the voters.

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan a person must be at least:[32]

text:
25 to be the Member of parliament of the House of Representatives with Japanese nationality, to be the Member of metropolitan, prefecture, city, town, or village with valid vote rights, or to be the Mayor
30 to be the Governor, or to be the Member of parliament of the House of Councillors with Japanese nationality. See also House of Peers (Japan).

text: South Korea[edit]

text: In South Korea, a person must be at least 40 years old to be President. A person must be at least 25 years old to be the member of the National Assembly or to be Mayor or Governor.[33]

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: In Malaysia, any citizen 21 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected to the Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Undangan Negeri. Minimum age for the Senator is 30 by constitution.

text: Mexico[edit]

text: In Mexico, a person must be at least 35 to be President, 25 to be a Senator, or 21 to be a Congressional Deputy, as specified in the 1917 Constitution of Mexico.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: In the Netherlands, any adult 18 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected in any public election.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: In New Zealand the minimum age to be Prime Minister of New Zealand is 18 years old. Citizens and permanent residents who are enrolled as an elector are eligible to be a candidate for election as a Member of Parliament.[citation needed]

text: Nigeria[edit]

text: In Nigeria, a person must be at least 40 years of age to be elected President or Vice President, 35 to be a Senator or State Governor, and 30 to be a Representative in parliament.

text: Norway[edit]

text: In Norway, any adult can become a candidate and be elected in any public election, from the calendar year that he or she turns 18 years.

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: In Pakistan, a person must be at least 45 years old to be President. A person must be at least 25 years old to be a member of the provincial assembly or national assembly.[citation needed]

text: Philippines[edit]

text:
Ages of candidacy in the Philippines

Type of candidate
Minimum age

President and Vice President
40

Senator
35

Regional governor
35

Member of the House of Representatives
25

Provincial-level elected official
23

City-level elected official
21

Municipal-level elected official
21

Member of the regional legislative assembly
21

Barangay-level elected official
18

Member of youth councils
18-24

text: Poland[edit]

text:
Ages of candidacy in Poland

Type of candidate
Minimum age

President
35

Senator
30

Mayor/Wójt
25

Poseł
21

Member of the European Parliament
21

Councillor
18

text: Portugal[edit]

text:
Ages of candidacy in Portugal

Type of candidate
Minimum age
References

President
35
[34]

Parliament
18
[35]

text: Singapore[edit]

text: In Singapore a person must be at least 45 years old to run for president.[36]

text: South Africa[edit]

text: Section 47, Clause 1 of the 1996 Constitution of South Africa states that "Every citizen who is qualified to vote for the National Assembly is eligible to be a member of the Assembly", defaulting to Section 46 which "provides for a minimum voting age of 18 years" in National Assembly elections; Sections 106 and 105 provide the same for provincial legislatures.

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: In Switzerland, any citizen aged 18 or over can become a candidate and be elected in any federal election.

text: Thailand[edit]

text: In Thailand the minimum age to be elected to the National Assembly is 35 years.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: The 1876 constitution set the age for parliamentary elections as 30. This remained unchanged until 13 October 2006, when it was lowered to 25 through a constitutional amendment. In 2017, it was further lowered to 18, the same as the voting age.[37]

text: The Prime Minister of Turkey has to be a member of the parliament, hence it has the same requirements as parliamentary eligibility. The age of candidacy for the President is 18. Due to new laws being voted in as said Prime Minister is related to parliament and in order to be in parliament you have to be 18 and the government of Turkey said that 18 will be the age for when you can run for prime minister.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, a person must be aged 18 or over in Northern Ireland, England, and Wales, and 16 or over in Scotland to stand in elections to all parliaments, assemblies, and councils at the European, UK, devolved, or local level. This age requirement also applies in elections to any individual elective public office; the main example is that of an elected mayor, whether of London or a local authority. There are no higher age requirements for particular positions in public office. Candidates are required to be aged 18 on both the day of nomination and the day of the poll. This was reduced from 21 by the Electoral Administration Act 2006.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, a person must be aged 35 or over to be President or Vice President, 30 or over to be a Senator, and 25 or over to be a Representative, as specified in the U.S. Constitution. Most states in the U.S. also have age requirements for the offices of Governor, State Senator, and State Representative.[38] Some states have a minimum age requirement to hold any elected office (usually 21 or 18).

text: Venezuela[edit]

text: In Venezuela, a person must be at least 30 to be President or Vice President,[39] 21 to be a deputy for the National Assembly [40] and 25 to be the Governor of a state.[41]

text: Comparison chart[edit]

text:
Country
President
Vice President
Prime Minister
Upper house
Lower house
References

Armenia
40
-
25
-
25
[42][43]

Australia
-
-
18
18
18

Austria
35
-

18
[44]

Belgium
-
-

21
21

Belize
-
-
18
18
18
[45]

Brazil
35
35

35
21
[46]

Canada
-
-

30

Chile
35

35
21
[47]

China
45
45

Cyprus
35

Czech Republic
40

40
21
[48]

Denmark
-
-
18
-
18

Estonia
40

-
21
[49]

France
18

24
18

Germany
40

18
18
[50]

Hong Kong

21

India
35
35
25
30
25

Indonesia
35
35

21
21

Israel

30
-
21

Italy
50

40
25

Iran
21

[51]

Iraq
40

35
-
30
[52][53][54]

Ireland
35

30
21
[55][26][26][56][26][57][58]

Japan

30
25
[59]

South Korea
40

25
[60]

Malaysia

30
21

Mexico
35

25
21

Netherlands
-
-
18
18
18

New Zealand
-
-
18

Nigeria
40
40

35
30

Norway
-
-
18
-
18

Pakistan
40

25
25

Philippines
40
40

35
25

Poland
35
-

30
21

Portugal
35

-
18
[61][62]

Singapore
45

South Africa

18

Switzerland

18

Thailand

35

Turkey
40

30

30
[63]

United Kingdom
-
-

18

United States
35
35
-
30
25
[64]

Venezuela
30
30

-
21


document_title: West Coast offense

question_text: who runs a west coast offense in the nfl

root

text: West Coast offense

text: History and use of the term[edit]

text: The term "West Coast offense", as it is now commonly used, derives from a remark made by then-New York Giants coach Bill Parcells after the Giants defeated the San Francisco 49ers 17-3 in the 1985 playoffs. Parcells, a believer in tough defense over finesse-oriented offense, scornfully derided the 49ers' offense with the statement, "What do you think of that West Coast Offense now?"[1] In 1993, a Bernie Kosar quotation used to describe the 1993 Dallas Cowboys' offense as 'West Coast offense' was publicized by Sports Illustrated writer Paul Zimmerman ("Dr. Z"). Originally Kosar had meant a comparison to the "Air Coryell" system used by west coast teams in the 1970s, the San Diego Chargers and Oakland Raiders. A reporter mistakenly applied Kosar's quotation about the Air Coryell system to the 1980s-era attack of Walsh's San Francisco 49ers.[2] Initially, Walsh resisted having the term misapplied to his own distinct system (Zimmerman noted that an article so misapplying the term led to an upset Walsh phone call to Zimmerman – "He called me up....(saying) that wasn't his offense."), but the moniker stuck. Now the term is commonly used to refer to a range of pass-oriented offenses that may not be closely related to either the Air Coryell system or Walsh's pass-strategy. Despite the "West Coast" name, the true origins of the offense go back to Paul Brown, legendary coach of the Cleveland Browns and Cincinnati Bengals. Under Brown's tenure, Bill Walsh was tasked with coming up with an offense better suited for quarterback Virgil Carter, who had a relatively weak arm. What Walsh would devise is system based on precise, horizontal stretch-based passes. This system countered for Carter's weak arm, as it allowed the ball to be thrown to intermediate routes-the theory being that the receiver will make up the total yardage. After leaving the Bengals, Bill Walsh implemented his ball-control, high percentage pass game in San Francisco to great success. The West Coast offense was then passed on by Walsh's disciples, and its principles still remain in use today.

tag: p

text: Vertical[edit]

text: Bernie Kosar used the term to describe the offense formalized by Sid Gillman with the AFL Chargers in the 1960s and later by Don Coryell's St. Louis Cardinals and Chargers in the 1970s and 1980s. Al Davis, an assistant under Gillman, also carried his version to the Oakland Raiders, where his successors John Rauch, John Madden, and Tom Flores continued to employ and expand upon its basic principles. This is the "West Coast offense" as Kosar originally used the term. However, it is now commonly referred to as the "Air Coryell" timed system, and instead the term West Coast offense is usually used to describe Bill Walsh's system.

text: The offense uses a specific naming system, with the routes for [wide receiver]s and tight ends receiving three digit numbers, and routes for backs having unique names. For example, a pass play in 3 digit form might be "Split Right 787 check swing, check V". (see Offensive Nomenclature). This provides an efficient way to communicate many different plays with minimal memorization. Conversely, the Walsh "West Coast offense" could in theory have more freedom, since route combinations are not limited by 0-9 digits, but at the price of much more memorization required by the players.

text: NFL teams that used Sid Gillman's Vertical offense[edit]

text:
Start
End
Team
Head coach
Offensive coordinator

1957
1959
Los Angeles Rams
Sid Gillman

1960
1968
Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers
Sid Gillman

1963
1965
Oakland Raiders
Al Davis

1966
1968
Oakland Raiders
John Rauch

1969
1970
Buffalo Bills
John Rauch

1974
—
Houston Oilers
Sid Gillman

1979
1987
Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders
Tom Flores

1992
1994
Seattle Seahawks
Tom Flores
Larry Kennan

2006
—
Oakland Raiders
Art Shell
John Shoop and Tom Walsh

tag: table

text: Walsh's West Coast offense[edit]

text: Walsh formulated what has become popularly known as the West Coast offense during his tenure as assistant coach for the Cincinnati Bengals from 1968 to 1975, while working under the tutelage of mentor Paul Brown. Bengals quarterback Virgil Carter would be the first player to successfully implement Walsh's system,[4] leading the NFL in pass completion percentage in 1971. Ken Anderson later replaced Carter as Cincinnati's starting QB, and was even more successful. In his 16-year career in the NFL, Anderson made four trips to the Pro Bowl, won four passing titles, was named NFL MVP in 1981, and set what was then the record for completion percentage in a single season in 1982 (70.66%).

text: Walsh installed a modified version of this system when he became head coach of the San Francisco 49ers. Walsh's 49ers won three Super Bowls during this period, behind the passing abilities of legendary quarterback Joe Montana. As a result, Walsh's version has come to be known as the "West Coast offense". Montana thrived for many years as the starting QB for the 49ers. He captured 4 Super Bowl titles (three of them under Walsh), 3 Super Bowl MVP awards, and 2 AP NFL MVP titles while in San Francisco in the 1980s. Montana and Walsh have both been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

text: Walsh's coaching tree[edit]

text: Several of Walsh's coordinators went on to successfully implement his West Coast Offense system.

text: George Seifert succeeded Walsh as San Francisco's head coach in 1989, and won two Super Bowls with the 49ers; once with Joe Montana at quarterback in 1989, and later with fellow Hall of Famer Steve Young in 1994.

text: Mike Holmgren won a Super Bowl with the Green Bay Packers in 1996 behind the quarterbacking of 3-time NFL MVP Brett Favre, and then returned to the Super Bowl in 1997 where they lost to the Denver Broncos, who were coached by Mike Shanahan. Holmgren later became head coach of the Seattle Seahawks where they played in the Super Bowl in the 2005 season. One of Holmgren's assistants, Jon Gruden, went on to win a Super Bowl with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the 2002 season. Another one-time member of Holmgren's coaching staff, Andy Reid, has successfully utilized the West Coast offense during his tenure as a head coach for both the Philadelphia Eagles and Kansas City Chiefs. From 1999-2012, Reid served as Eagles head coach. From 2001-2004, Philadelphia made 4 consecutive appreances in the NFC Championship Game under Reid's watch (The Eagles would reach the NFC title game again in the 2008 season), with the Eagles reaching Super Bowl XXXIX following the 2004 season. Since 2013, he has served as head coach of the Chiefs. Kansas City has made the playoffs 3 of the 4 seasons he's been the head coach.

text: Paul Hackett would leave Walsh's staff shortly after the Super Bowl winning season in 1981, taking the position of Offensive Coordinator for the Dallas Cowboys. Hackett would then teach his version of Walsh's offense to several coaches, including the current Green Bay Packers head coach Mike McCarthy. McCarthy would go on to win a Super Bowl himself with the use of the West Coast Offense in 2010.

text: Mike Shanahan won two Super Bowls with the Denver Broncos in 1997 & 1998, utilizing the leadership and passing skills of quarterback John Elway. Shanahan's run-heavy variation of the offense, under the leadership of offensive coordinator Gary Kubiak, is also known for utilizing previously unheralded running backs, including 1998 NFL MVP Terrell Davis, and developing them into league-leading rushers behind small, yet powerful, Zone Blocking offensive lines. Hall of Fame players from the Broncos' Super Bowl-winning teams in '97 & '98 include Elway, Davis, and tight end Shannon Sharpe.

text: Gary Kubiak has had a stellar career as an NFL head coach in his own right. Kubiak served as the head coach of the Houston Texans from 2006-2013. After serving as the Baltimore Ravens' offensive coordinator in 2014, he became head coach of the Broncos in the 2015 season, and won Super Bowl 50.

text: College origins[edit]

text: LaVell Edwards and Dewey Warren created an offensive system similar to the West Coast offense at Brigham Young University (BYU) in 1973.[5]

text: One reason for the success of this version of the offense was in its simplicity. Norm Chow said the offenses had around 12 basic pass plays and 5 basic run plays which were run from a variety of formations, with only some plays tagged for extra versatility, so that the players knew the offense by the second day of practice.

text: The highpoint of the BYU offense was a NCAA Division I-A national football championship in 1984 and a Heisman Trophy for Ty Detmer in 1990. BYU broke over 100 NCAA records for passing and total offense during Edwards' tenure. Several coaches and players associated with BYU's football program had success with this offense at BYU and elsewhere, including Virgil Carter, Mike Holmgren, Andy Reid, Brian Billick, Ted Tollner, Doug Scovil, Norm Chow, Jim McMahon, Steve Young, Ty Detmer, and Steve Sarkisian.

text: The University of Washington Huskies were among the first of the Pac-10 teams and in 1970, under coach Jim Owens and quarterback Sonny Sixkiller, used the "Sixkiller" variation of Coryell's West Coast offense with great success. Years later in 2002, under coach Keith Gilbertson and quarterback Cody Pickett, the Huskies ran a variation of Walsh's West Coast offense to a conference championship and a top four passing attack averaging 352.4 yards per game.[6] Today, the West Coast offense no longer only resides on the west coast, but can be found in schools across the nation, including Boise State,[7] and Vanderbilt.[8] Former Pittsburgh and Stanford head coach Walt Harris also used a variation of the West Coast offense during his stint at Pittsburgh.

text: Theory[edit]

text: The popular term "West Coast Offense" is more of a philosophy and an approach to the game than it is a set of plays or formations. Traditional offensive thinking argues that a team must establish its running game first, which will draw the defense in and open up vertical passing lanes downfield; i.e., passing lanes that run perpendicular to the line of scrimmage.

text: Bill Walsh's West Coast Offense differs from traditional offense by emphasizing a short, horizontal passing attack to help stretch out the defense, thus opening up options for longer running plays and longer passes that can achieve greater gains. The West Coast Offense as implemented under Walsh features precisely run pass patterns by the receivers that make up about 65% to 80% of the offensive scheme. With the defense stretched out, the offense is then free to focus the remaining plays on longer throws of more than 14 yards and mid to long yard rushes.

text: Desired outcome[edit]

text: Walsh's West Coast Offense attempts to open up running and passing lanes for the backs and receivers to exploit, by causing the defense to concentrate on short passes. Since most down and distance situations can be attacked with a pass or a run, the intent is to make offensive play calling unpredictable and thus keep the defense's play "honest", forcing defenders to be prepared for a multitude of possible offensive plays rather than focusing aggressively on one likely play from the offense.

text: Beyond the basic principle of passing to set up the run, there are few rules that govern Walsh's West Coast Offense. Originally the offense used two split backs, giving it an uneven alignment in which five players aligned to one side of the ball and four players aligned on the other side (with the quarterback and center directly behind the ball). This imbalance forced defenses to abandon their own favored, conventional formations. Although Walsh-influenced teams now commonly use formations with more or fewer than two backs, the offense's unevenness is still reflected in its pass protection philosophy and continues to distinguish it from single back passing offenses. Throughout the years, coaches have added to, adjusted, modified, simplified, and enhanced Bill Walsh's original adaptation of the Paul Brown offense. Formations and plays vary greatly, as does play calling.

text: Another key part of the Walsh implementation was "pass first, run later", It was Walsh's intention to gain an early lead by passing the ball, then run the ball on a tired defense late in the game, wearing them down further and running down the clock. The San Francisco 49ers, under both Bill Walsh and George Seifert, often executed this strategy very effectively.

text: Another key element in Walsh's attack was the three step dropback instead of traditional seven step drops or shotgun formations. The three step drop helped the quarterback get the ball out faster resulting in far fewer sacks. "WCO" plays unfold quicker than in traditional offenses and are usually based on timing routes by the receivers. In this offense the receivers also have reads and change their routes based on the coverages presented to them. The quarterback makes three reads and if no opportunity is available after three reads, the QB will then check off to a back or tight end. Five step and even 7 step dropbacks are now implemented in modern-day WCO's because defensive speed has increased since the 80's. Some modern WCO's have even used shotgun formations (e.g. Green Bay '06-present, Atlanta '04-'06, Philadelphia '04-present).

text: Typical plays[edit]

text: The majority of West Coast Offense routes occur within 15 yards of the line of scrimmage. 3-step and 5-step drops by the quarterback take the place of the run and force the opposing defense to commit their focus solely on those intermediate routes. Contrary to popular belief, the offense also uses the 7-step drop for shallow crosses, deep ins and comebacks. For instance, past Michigan Wolverines offenses utilized the 5- and 7-step drops about 85% of the time with West Coast pass schemes implemented by then-Quarterbacks Coach Scot Loeffler. Because of the speed of modern defenses, only utilizing the 3- and 5-step pass game would be ineffective since the defense could squat and break hard on short-to-intermediate throws with no fear of a down field pass.

text: The original West Coast Offense of Sid Gillman uses some of the same principles (pass to establish the run, quarterback throws to timed spots), but offensive formations are generally less complicated with more wideouts and motion. The timed spots are often farther down field than in the Walsh-style offense, and the system requires a greater reliance on traditional pocket passing.

text: Another aspect that makes the West Coast offense one of the most difficult to master is that it requires a deeper connection between quarterback and receiver, and an ability to communicate mid-play. On any given route, a receiver has as many as three options; a hitch, a slant and a fly, depending on what the defense is showing. The quarterback is responsible for recognizing the defense and the reaction of the receiver to it and adjusting the route if needed. This explains the communication mistakes that commonly occur on West Coast offensive plays where the quarterback throws to a spot that the receiver is running away from.

text: Scripted plays[edit]

text: A Walsh innovation was scripting the first 15 offensive plays of the game. Walsh went as far as to script the first 25 plays but most teams stop at 15. Since the offensive team knew that the first 15 plays would be run as scripted no matter what, they could practice those plays to perfection, minimizing mistakes and penalties. By ignoring situational play-calling and increasing the game tempo, scripted plays also served to confuse the defense and induce early penalties. Executing these plays successfully could establish momentum and dictate the flow of the game. It also gave the coaching staff an opportunity to run test plays against the defense to gauge their reactions in game situations. Later in the game, an observed tendency in a certain situation by the opposing defense could be exploited.

text: Requirements and disadvantages[edit]

text: The West Coast offense requires a quarterback who throws extremely accurately, and often blindly, very close to opposing players. In addition, it requires the quarterback to be able to quickly pick the best one of five receivers to throw to, certainly much more quickly than in previously used systems. Often, the quarterback has no time to think about the play and must act robotically, executing the play exactly as instructed by the offensive coordinator, who calls the plays for him.

text: This is in contrast to the roles quarterbacks were required to perform in other systems, which were to be an adept game manager with a strong arm. Many people reasoned that Johnny Unitas, a strong-armed field general would not have fared well in being subservient to the offensive coordinator, and that his long but sometimes wobbly passes would not have worked in the West Coast system. The West Coast offense caused a split still evident today among quarterbacks; those who were more adept at the West Coast style: Joe Montana, Steve Young, Brett Favre, Tom Brady, Matt Hasselbeck; and those more in tune with the old style: Dan Marino, Jim Kelly, and Peyton Manning. Rich Gannon is a good example of a quarterback who fared better in one system than the other. Gannon struggled in the old style system but found great success with the Oakland Raiders and the West Coast system run by head coaches Jon Gruden and Bill Callahan.

text: The West Coast offense requires sure-handed receivers who are comfortable catching in heavy traffic, and the system downplays speedy, larger receivers who are covered easily in short yardage situation. One result has been the longevity of receivers in the West Coast system such as Jerry Rice, because familiarity with the system and clear signalling is of greater importance than systems that require a receiver to "stretch the field" where any loss of speed is a major liability. "WCO" systems also rely on agile running backs that catch the ball as often as they run. Roger Craig was a leading receiver for the 49ers for many years and was a 1,000 yard rusher and 1,000 yard receiver in the 1985 season. Finally, receivers must follow precise, complicated routes as opposed to improvisation, making meticulous, intelligent players more valued than independent, pure athletes. Jerry Rice's unique skill-set made him a reliable and durable asset in both Walsh's and Seifert's versions of the West Coast Offense, and he was able to break numerous NFL receiving records over the course of his career. Rice, who earned induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2010, recorded 1,549 receptions, 22,895 receiving yards, and 208 total touchdowns, more than any other NFL player in all three categories.

text: Another aspect of the West Coast offense is the use of fast running quarterbacks. In blitz or short-yardage situations, many of the West Coast offense's strengths are negated by defenses blocking running and passing lanes. A running quarterback can compensate by acting as a runner himself, paralyzing an overly aggressive defense. Quarterbacks such as Randall Cunningham and Michael Vick have been successful runners in this offense, as well as other notable scrambling quarterbacks such as Jake Plummer, Donovan McNabb, Aaron Rodgers, Russell Wilson and Colin Kaepernick.

text: College teams that used the West Coast offense[edit]

text:
1977–1978 Stanford – Coached by Bill Walsh
1989–1991 Stanford – Coached by Dennis Green
1992–1994 Stanford – Coached by Bill Walsh
1995–1997 Stanford – Offense coordinated by Dana Bible
1996 California – Coached by Steve Mariucci
1999–2006 Boston College – Offense coordinated by Dana Bible
2004–2007 Auburn – Offense coordinated by Al Borges
2004–2005 UCLA – Offense coordinated by Tom Cable
2004–2008 Mississippi State University – Coached by Sylvester Croom
2004–2007 Nebraska – Coached by Bill Callahan
2007–2012 North Carolina State University – Offense coordinated by Dana Bible
2008–2011 Texas A&M – Coached by Mike Sherman
2009–2010 San Diego State University – Offense coordinated by Al Borges
2011–2013 University of Louisville – Offense coordinated by Shawn Watson
2014 Vanderbilt – Offense coordinated by Karl Dorrell
2015 University of Georgia – Offense coordinated by Brian Schottenheimer
2013–present San Diego State University – Offense coordinated by Bob Toledo Retired replaced by: Jeff Horton
2014–present Wyoming – Offense coordinated by Brent Vigen
2014–present Alabama – Offense coordinated by Lane Kiffin

tag: ul

text: NFL teams that used the West Coast offense[edit]

text:
Start
End
Team
Head coach
Offensive coordinator

1979
1988
San Francisco 49ers
Bill Walsh

1984
1991
Cincinnati Bengals
Sam Wyche
Bruce Coslet

1988
—
Los Angeles Raiders
Mike Shanahan

1989
—
Cleveland Browns
Bud Carson
Marc Trestman

1989
1996
San Francisco 49ers
George Seifert
Mike Holmgren, Mike Shanahan, and Marc Trestman

1990
1993
New York Jets
Bruce Coslet

1992
1998
Green Bay Packers
Mike Holmgren
Sherman Lewis

1992
2000
Minnesota Vikings
Dennis Green
Jack Burns, Brian Billick, Ray Sherman, and Sherman Lewis

1992
1995
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Sam Wyche

1993
1996
Chicago Bears
Dave Wannstedt
Ron Turner

1993
1994
Denver Broncos
Wade Phillips
Jim Fassel

1993
1997
Kansas City Chiefs
Marty Schottenheimer
Paul Hackett

1995
2008
Denver Broncos
Mike Shanahan
Gary Kubiak and Rick Dennison

1995
1997
Philadelphia Eagles
Ray Rhodes
Jon Gruden

1996
—
Arizona Cardinals
Vince Tobin
Jim Fassel

1997
1999
Cincinnati Bengals
Bruce Coslet
Ken Anderson

1997
2003
New York Giants
Jim Fassel
Jim Skipper and Sean Payton

1997
2002
San Francisco 49ers
Steve Mariucci
Marty Mornhinweg and Greg Knapp

1998
2000
Arizona Cardinals
Vince Tobin
Marc Trestman

1998
—
Carolina Panthers
Dom Capers
Gil Haskell

1998
2001
Oakland Raiders
Jon Gruden
Bill Callahan

1999
2007
Baltimore Ravens
Brian Billick
Matt Cavanaugh, Jim Fassel, and Rick Neuheisel

1999
—
Carolina Panthers
George Seifert
Gil Haskell

1999
2012
Philadelphia Eagles
Andy Reid
Rod Dowhower, Brad Childress and Marty Mornhinweg

1999
2008
Seattle Seahawks
Mike Holmgren
Mike Sherman and Gil Haskell

2000
2005
Green Bay Packers
Mike Sherman
Tom Rossley

2000
2004
New Orleans Saints
Jim Haslett
Mike McCarthy

2000
2010
Tennessee Titans
Jeff Fisher
Mike Heimerdinger and Norm Chow

2001
2002
Detroit Lions
Marty Mornhinweg
Maurice Carthon

2001
2005
New York Jets
Herman Edwards
Paul Hackett and Mike Heimerdinger

2002
—
Dallas Cowboys
Dave Campo
Bruce Coslet

2002
2003
Oakland Raiders
Bill Callahan
Marc Trestman

2002
2008
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Jon Gruden
Bill Muir

2003
2005
Detroit Lions
Steve Mariucci
Sherman Lewis, Greg Olson, and Ted Tollner

2003
2004
Jacksonville Jaguars
Jack Del Rio
Bill Musgrave

2004
2006
Arizona Cardinals
Dennis Green
Alex Wood, Keith Rowen, and Mike Kruczek

2004
2006
Atlanta Falcons
Jim L. Mora
Greg Knapp

2005
2009
Chicago Bears
Lovie Smith
Ron Turner

2005
—
San Francisco 49ers
Mike Nolan
Mike McCarthy

2006
present
Green Bay Packers
Mike McCarthy
Jeff Jagodzinski, Joe Philbin, Tom Clements, and Edgar Bennett

2006
2013
Houston Texans
Gary Kubiak
Troy Calhoun, Mike Sherman, Kyle Shanahan, and Rick Dennison

2006
2007
Kansas City Chiefs
Herman Edwards
Mike Solari

2006
2010
Minnesota Vikings
Brad Childress
Darrell Bevell

2007
—
Atlanta Falcons
Bobby Petrino
Hue Jackson

2007
2008
Oakland Raiders
Lane Kiffin
Greg Knapp

2007
—
San Francisco 49ers
Mike Nolan
Jim Hostler

2008
2009
Buffalo Bills
Dick Jauron
Turk Schonert and Alex Van Pelt

2008
—
Detroit Lions
Rod Marinelli
Jim Colletto

2008
2010
Oakland Raiders
Tom Cable
Greg Knapp and Hue Jackson

2008
2009
Washington Redskins
Jim Zorn
Sherman Smith

2009
2010
St. Louis Rams
Steve Spagnuolo
Pat Shurmur

2009
—
Seattle Seahawks
Jim L. Mora
Greg Knapp

2009
2011
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Raheem Morris
Greg Olson

2010
present
Seattle Seahawks
Pete Carroll
Jeremy Bates and Darrell Bevell

2010
2013
Washington Redskins
Mike Shanahan
Kyle Shanahan

2011
present
Cincinnati Bengals
Marvin Lewis
Jay Gruden and Hue Jackson

2011
2012
Cleveland Browns
Pat Shurmur
Brad Childress

2011
2012
Denver Broncos
John Fox
Mike McCoy

2011
2013
Minnesota Vikings
Leslie Frazier
Bill Musgrave

2011
—
Oakland Raiders
Hue Jackson
Al Saunders

2011
2014
San Francisco 49ers
Jim Harbaugh
Greg Roman

2012
2013
Miami Dolphins
Joe Philbin
Mike Sherman

2012
2014
Oakland Raiders
Dennis Allen
Greg Knapp and Greg Olson

2013
2014
Chicago Bears
Marc Trestman
Aaron Kromer

2013
2014
New York Jets
Rex Ryan
Marty Mornhinweg

2014
—
Oakland Raiders
Tony Sparano
Greg Olson

2014
2015
Cleveland Browns
Mike Pettine
Kyle Shanahan and John DeFilippo

2014
2015
New York Giants
Tom Coughlin
Ben McAdoo

2015
—
San Francisco 49ers
Jim Tomsula
Geep Chryst

2013
present
Indianapolis Colts
Chuck Pagano
Pep Hamilton and Rob Chudzinski

2013
present
Jacksonville Jaguars
Gus Bradley
Jedd Fisch and Greg Olson

2013
present
Kansas City Chiefs
Andy Reid
Doug Pederson, Brad Childress, and Matt Nagy

2014
present
Baltimore Ravens
John Harbaugh
Gary Kubiak and Marc Trestman

2014
2016
Washington Redskins
Jay Gruden
Sean McVay

2015
present
Atlanta Falcons
Dan Quinn
Kyle Shanahan, Steve Sarkisian

2015
2016
Buffalo Bills
Rex Ryan
Greg Roman

2015
2016
Denver Broncos
Gary Kubiak
Rick Dennison

2015
present
Oakland Raiders
Jack Del Rio
Bill Musgrave

2016
present
New York Giants
Ben McAdoo
Mike Sullivan

2016
present
Philadelphia Eagles
Doug Pederson
Frank Reich

2017
present
San Francisco 49ers
Kyle Shanahan


document_title: Technical foul

question_text: who has most technical fouls in nba history

text: Technical foul

text: Infractions[edit]

text: Many infractions can result in the calling of a technical foul. One of the most common is the use of profane language toward an official or another player. This can be called on either players who are currently active in the play of the game, or seated on a team's bench. It can also be assessed to a coach or another person associated with the team in an official capacity such as a trainer or an equipment manager. Additionally, coaches or players can be assessed a technical foul for disputing an official's call too vehemently, with or without the use of profanity. This verbal unsporting technical foul may be assessed regardless of whether the ball is dead or alive.

text: Other offenses can result in technical fouls, such as:

text:
Allowing players to lock arms in order to restrict the movement of an opponent (usually a team technical)
Baiting or taunting an opponent
Disrespectfully addressing or contacting an official or gesturing in such a manner as to indicate resentment
Faking being fouled (flopping)
Fighting or threatening to fight
Goaltending a free throw
Grasping either basket during pre-game or halftime warm-ups during the time of the officials' jurisdiction, including attempting to dunk or stuff a dead ball (whether successful or not) prior to or during the game or during any intermission of the game. Beginning in 2015–16, dunking is permitted during warmup periods in NCAA play, although hanging on the rim remains illegal.
Illegal substitution or entering the game at an impermissible time
Intentionally hanging on the basket at any time (except to prevent an injury)
Kicking or striking the basketball at any time using the foot (in an unsportsmanlike manner; unintentional kicking is a violation only)
Knowingly attempting a free throw or accepting a foul to which the player was not entitled
Lifting or jumping onto a teammate to gain a height advantage
Remaining out of bounds to gain an advantage
Removing the jersey or pants within the visual confines of the playing area
Use of television monitoring or replay equipment, computers, or electronics such as megaphones for coaching purposes during the game
Using tobacco or smokeless tobacco

text: Violations of the rules for delaying the game (in the NBA, NCAA, and NFHS) usually incur a team warning for a first offense, followed by a team technical, or sometimes a player technical, if the same team delays a second time, to include:

text:
Going out of bounds during an opponent's throw-in without contact (warning, then a technical foul), or touching an opposing thrower-in (intentional foul on the violator in NFHS, and is the warning for being out-of-bounds) or the ball (a technical on the offender in NFHS, and is the warning for being out-of-bounds) as it is held entirely in out-of-bounds
Huddling at the foul line for an excessive time (warning, then a technical in NFHS)
Not being ready to start play after a time-out, or to begin a quarter or half, or to shoot a free throw(s) at such times (a special protocol, known as the "resumption-of-play procedure", is used in NFHS, where violations instead of technicals are initially called in some such situations)
Refusing to immediately pass the ball to the nearer official when a whistle blows
Failing as the free thrower to be in the free-throw semicircle when the official is ready to administer the free throw (unless the resumption-of-play procedure is in effect in NFHS, supra)
Throwing the ball into the stands or otherwise preventing a ball from being made live promptly after a made goal to allow one's team to set up on defense (if a blatantly unsportsmanlike act, a technical foul against the player; otherwise, a warning to that team and team technicals thereafter). This includes throwing the ball to an official when such act is not required—such would likely incur a warning. In addition, throwing the ball at an opponent's head may also be considered a technical foul.

text: and more technical issues, such as:

text:
Beginning the game with a starting player not so designated
Failure to supply the scorer with names and numbers of team players prior to the start of the scheduled contest, or at least 10 minutes prior to the contest in some jurisdictions
Having too many players on the court, or too few (NBA; NCAA and NFHS if intentional)
If the coach leaves his box, especially to argue. There are times when a coach may go to the scorer's table to correct a game error.
Failing, as the coach, to replace a disqualified player within the allotted time (charged to the coach)
(NBA only) playing a "scratched" player (a rule adopted in 2005 where up to two "scratches" are permissible on a 14-man roster)
Refusing to occupy the proper bench
Remaining in or returning to the game after being disqualified

In the NBA, a player may not be ejected if assessed a seventh or subsequent personal foul because of being forced to remain in the game because there are no eligible players on the bench. Each such extra personal foul, though, also includes a technical foul penalty.

Requesting an excess time-out
Uniform violations, including illegal insignia or numbers; having 2 or more players with the same number; or having the wrong number for a player in the official scorebook

text: Until 2001, the NBA also had a unique rule, the illegal defense, which was designed to stop defenders from dropping back into a zone and thus preventing drives to the basket. The penalty, after a warning, was a technical foul charged to the offending team and one shot for the offense, except that if the first violation occurred within 24 seconds of the end of a period, the technical was assessed without warning.

text: Beginning with the 2001–02 season, the NBA changed the illegal defense rule to the "defensive 3-second rule," which prohibits a defender from being in the shooting lane for three seconds, unless guarding an opponent within arm's reach (or the man with the ball, regardless of distance). The penalty is the same as it was for an illegal defense, except that no warning is issued. The WNBA implemented this rule in 2013.

text: Additionally, home teams can be assessed technical fouls resulting from their partisans' misconduct for excessive use of artificial noise, the playing of music by their band, or for dangerous offenses such as throwing items (particularly ice or coins) onto the court.

text: Usually a fight or lesser altercation between players results in a "double technical", in which a technical foul is issued to both players involved. If any player leaves the team bench during a fight, he can be charged with a technical foul and ejected, as can any coach that does so without the beckoning of an official. Rules against fighting vary from high school to college to the (W)NBA, but all levels penalize severely for such conduct, to include suspensions and (in the [W]NBA) heavy fines. NFHS and NCAA require the automatic ejection of bench personnel leaving the team area during a fight, whether or not these players actually participate in the fight.

text: Beginning with the 2010–11 season, the NBA began to crack down on general complaining. Technical fouls can now be issued for the following:[1]

text:
Making aggressive gestures anywhere on the court
Disagreement in which a player demonstrates how he was fouled
Running toward an official to complain about a call
Excessive inquiries about a call

text: Penalty[edit]

text: In college basketball, NFHS, and lower divisions, the penalty for technical fouls has increased over the years. Initially, the opposing team was awarded one free throw. This later increased to one free throw and possession of the ball. For a while, "bench technicals" assessed on a non-active player, assistant coach, or anyone else on the team bench were considered more serious and resulted in the award of two shots. (Coaches have their own technical fouls, although they may be ejected and/or suspended if they have a mix of technicals totaling two or three fouls, depending on seriousness.)

text: Today, high school basketball (NFHS in the United States) provides for two free throws and possession of the ball at the division line opposite the scorer's table, regardless of circumstances, for a technical foul. International basketball provides a similar penalty. Before the 2015–16 season, college basketball awarded two shots for all technical fouls, with the ball then put in play at the point of interruption (POI), the spot and circumstances where play was stopped for the technical. Since 2015–16, the NCAA awards only one free throw for so-called "Class B" technicals, such as hanging on the rim or delay of game; "Class A" technical fouls still result in two free throws. In the [[WNBA and NBA, the penalty remains one free throw for the opposing team, with play resuming from the point of interruption. The shot clock is reset to 14 seconds if it read less than such at the time of the foul. The team awarded the foul shots for a technical may select the player(s) to shoot them (this rule differs slightly from level to level and internationally), as opposed to personal fouls, where the player fouled, unless injured, must shoot his own foul shots.

text: In the WNBA and NBA, technical fouls are split into two classes, unsportsmanlike and non-unsportsmanlike. A player assessed an unsportsmanlike technical foul is fined, and accumulating sixteen unsportsmanlike technical fouls during the regular season will result in a one-game suspension.[2] For every two technical fouls received thereafter during that regular season, the player or coach's suspension increases by one game.[2] Penalties for unsportsmanlike technical fouls are even higher for playoff games. Players and coaches will be fined for every unsportsmanlike technical foul they receive. Those who accumulate seven unsportsmanlike technical fouls will be suspended for one game. For every two unsportsmanlike technical fouls received thereafter, the player or coach's next suspension increases by one game.[3]

text: Non-unsportsmanlike conduct technical fouls are defined per NBA Rule 12, Section V, Paragraph c, and none count towards a fine, ejection or suspension. These fouls are assessed for excessive time-outs, defensive three seconds, scratched player dressing and playing, excessive personal fouls because team is out of players, shattering backboards, or delay of game. An offensive player who intentionally hangs on the backboard, unless it is legal for safety reasons, is fined $500 but is only assessed a non-unsportsmanlike conduct technical foul.

text: Notable instances[edit]

text: One of the most famous technical fouls ever assessed was called on Chris Webber of the University of Michigan late in the 1993 NCAA championship game. Down by two points to North Carolina with only seconds remaining, Webber called a time-out when Michigan had none left. The resulting excessive time-out technical foul, for which North Carolina guard Donald Williams made both foul shots, ended any hopes Michigan had of claiming the championship.

text: In what has been called the greatest game ever played,[4] Game 5 of the 1976 NBA Finals between the Phoenix Suns and Boston Celtics, the Suns found themselves one point down with one second left in double overtime, no time-outs remaining and possession of the ball under their defensive basket after a John Havlicek bucket. Faced with the near-impossibility of sinking an 80-foot desperation shot, Suns guard Paul Westphal hit upon an unusual solution. He intentionally called a time-out the Suns did not have. While this gave the Celtics a free throw, which Jo Jo White successfully converted to increase the lead to two, it gave the Suns possession at halfcourt, and enabled Gar Heard to sink an 18-footer as time expired to force a third overtime. NBA rules were changed the following year to prevent a repeat occurrence.

text: An instance where many technical fouls could have been called, but were not (instead, the game was abandoned, a remedy available to the officials when too many players would have or have been disqualified or ejected for the game to continue, or when a team continually commits technical fouls in order to make a travesty of proceedings), was the Pacers–Pistons brawl involving players and spectators on November 19, 2004, in an NBA game between the Indiana Pacers and Detroit Pistons. Ron Artest of the Pacers and Ben Wallace of the Pistons began scuffling after Artest fouled Wallace hard. This escalated into a brawl where players from both teams became involved, and grew worse after Artest retreated to the scorer's table and was hit by a cup thrown by a spectator. Artest and several teammates and opponents then ran into the stands and fought with fans. Had technical fouls been formally assessed, the result would likely have been the ejection of both teams' entire squads (except for Pistons player Tayshaun Prince, who was the only player from either team to remain on the bench for the entire incident). In the end, nine players were suspended for a total of 146 games, including Artest for the remainder of the season.[5]

text: In a 2007 game against the Dallas Mavericks, San Antonio's Tim Duncan was charged a technical foul by referee Joe Crawford for laughing at him while sitting on the bench ("gesturing in such a manner as to indicate resentment," as indicated above). As he had already picked up a technical foul on the previous play, also while sitting on the bench, this led to his ejection. Upon further review it was determined that this technical foul was inconsistent with the league's game management, and NBA commissioner David Stern suspended Crawford for the rest of the season. Duncan was fined $25,000 for the incident.[6]

text: The most technical fouls ever charged to a team in a single professional game is 6 (all in the second half), to Aris Thessaloniki in a game against Olympiacos of the Greek A1 League on February 10, 2008.

text: Rasheed Wallace holds the record for the most technical fouls received during one season in the NBA. In the 2000–01 season, he received 41 technical fouls in 80 regular season and postseason games played. Wallace also holds the all-time mark for most technical fouls by a player in a career with 317, a record previously held by Dennis Rodman.[7][8]

text: There have been a few instances in the NBA when a team's entire bench has either been injured or fouled out, and one of the five remaining eligible players fouls out, resulting in the technical foul that effectively acts as a bonus free throw situation. The Atlanta Hawks' Cliff Levingston (fouled out, but one of the five remaining players was ejected) and the Los Angeles Lakers' Robert Sacre (fouled out) have both taken advantage[clarification needed] of the disqualified player rule. Under NBA Rule 3-I-a (player fouls out) and 3-I-b (player injured or ejected), the player was assessed with a technical foul for remaining in the game or returning to the game after fouling out.


document_title: St. John's Medical College

question_text: ranking of st john's medical college bangalore

question_tokens: ranking of st john 's medical college bangalore

text: St. John's Medical College

text: History[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Catholic Church in India had long felt the need of adding a Medical College to the many educational and social welfare institutions through which, over the years, it had served the country. However, the complexities of such a venture involved delayed its active consideration until the proposal was pursued by the Catholic Bishop's Conference of India. At the request of the C.B.C.I., the late Archbishop of Madras, Louis Mathias, prepared and presented a report in 1954, in which he reviewed the total requirements of the project. In 1956, Archbishop Mathias, with the aid of medical and financial experts, submitted a comprehensive scheme to the Conference and in September 1960, the C.B.C.I. took the decision to establish a Medical College, with an attached hospital at Bangalore.

text: Pope John XXIII agreed to the college being called after his Patron, St. John the Baptist, as a mark of his personal interest in the project, and of his approval of its aims and ideals. The college was, accordingly named St. John's Medical College and opened in temporary premises at Bangalore in July 1963.

text: In the course of their Joint Pastoral issued in connection with the XXXVIII International Eucharistic Congress, held in Bombay in 1964, the Catholic Bishops of India announced their choice of the College Project as the Chief Memorial of the Congress. This choice received the warm approval of Pope Paul VI, which was conveyed by him in a special message addressed to Valerian Cardinal Gracias, the then President of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of India and President of the CBCI Society for Medical Education. The Pope has also established a scholarship in the College in his own name, to be awarded each year to the best all round student completing the MBBS course.

text: The cornerstone of the project was blessed by Pope Paul VI, at Bombay during the principal function of the Eucharistic Congress, held on December 3, 1964, at which he officiated. It was laid at the project site on July 27, 1965 by Shri V.V. Giri, the then Governor of Karnataka, and later, President of India. On the completion of the buildings, the College was dedicated to the cause of Medical Education, Research and Care, on September 29, 1968, at a ceremony presided over by the late President of India, Dr. Zakir Hussain.

text: Prior to the completion of these buildings, the College was located in the premises of St. Mary's Industrial School and Orphanage, which were made available by Archbishop Thomas Pothacamury of Bangalore for the teaching of pre clinical and para clinical subjects.

text: St. Martha's Hospital run by the Sisters of the Good Shepherd Congregation was affiliated to the College for Clinical Teaching. The Hospital was extended and suitably equipped for the purpose. This hospital provided a practical example of the spirit of service and sacrifice, which the College strives to make its own and carry beyond itself, to the homes of the patients and the community, both in the urban and in the rural areas. The affiliation of this Hospital to the College was discontinued from 1983.

text: Campus: In June 1968, five years after its establishment, the College moved to its permanent campus on a 140 acres (57 ha) site situated in the periphery of the city of Bangalore. During the first phase of construction, the following were completed: the teaching centre (housing the pre-clinical and para clinical departments and lecture theaters); four blocks of students' hostel; and some residences for the teaching staff.

text: St. John's Medical College Hospital: The construction work of the second phase consisting of an 800-bed hospital, Nurses' hostel and residences of Staff was started in April 197 1. The out patient departments were opened on December 8, 1975. Thereafter, the in patient departments were opened gradually. When the third phase of construction was completed in 1987, the campus had all the required facilities. A beautiful auditorium, with 1100 seats, was added in 1996 as a memorial of the Silver Jubilee of the Institution. At present St. John's Medical College Hospital has 1200 in patient beds, distributed among the Departments of General Medicine, General Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Cardio-thoracic Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Ophthalmology, Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Dental Surgery, Genito-urinary Surgery, ENT diseases, Nephrology, Orthopedics, Intensive Care, Cardiac Care, Cardiology, Neurology, Neuro Surgery, Gastroenterology, Radiology, Radioimmunoassay and Haemo Dialysis. This is the teaching hospital of the College. CT and MRI Scans and Radio Therapy are now made available in the campus. The College of Nursing is situated in the College & Hospital Sector. Started as a School of Nursing on July 1, 1980, it was raised to the status of a College of Nursing on September 25, 1989 and conducts courses in General Nursing & Midwifery, Basic B.Sc., Post Certificate B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Nursing Courses in Medical Surgery, Community Health, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology.

text: Academic Divisions[edit]

text: In December 1994, the Institution was renamed as St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences and it comprises the following Institutes:

text:
St. John's Medical College
St. John's Medical College Hospital
St. John's Research Institute
St. John's College of Nursing
St. John's Institute of Health Management and Para Medical Studies

text: Rankings[edit]

text:
University and college rankingsMedical - IndiaIndia Today (2017)[1]
14Outlook India (2017)[2]
4The Week (2017)[3]
15

text: St. John's Medical College was ranked 14th among medical colleges in India in 2017 by India Today,[1] 15th by The Week[3] and 4th in India by Outlook India.[2]