document_title: Artificial heart

question_text: who introduced the use of artificial heart for surgery

text: Artificial heart

text: History[edit]

text: Origins[edit]

text: A synthetic replacement for the heart remains a long-sought "holy grail" of modern medicine. The obvious benefit of a functional artificial heart would be to lower the need for heart transplants, because the demand for organs always greatly exceeds supply (rather necessary for transplant are normally unfit for transfer).

text: Although the heart is conceptually a pump, it embodies subtleties that defy straightforward emulation with synthetic materials and power supplies. Consequences of these issues include severe foreign-body rejection and external batteries that limit mobility. These complications limited the lifespan of early human recipients to hours or days.

text: Early development[edit]

text: The first artificial heart was made by the Soviet scientist Vladimir Demikhov in 1937. It was transplanted to a dog.

text: On July 2, 1952, 41-year-old Henry Opitek, suffering from shortness of breath, made medical history at Harper University Hospital at Wayne State University in Michigan. The Dodrill-GMR heart machine, considered to be the first operational mechanical heart, was successfully used while performing heart surgery.[1][2]

text: Forest Dewey Dodrill, working closely with Matthew Dudley, used the machine in 1952 to bypass Henry Opitek's left ventricle for 50 minutes while he opened the patient's left atrium and worked to repair the mitral valve. In Dodrill's post-operative report, he notes, "To our knowledge, this is the first instance of survival of a patient when a mechanicaly heart mechanism was used to take over the complete body function of maintaining the blood supply of the body while the heart was open and operated on."[3]

text: A heart–lung machine was first used in 1953 during a successful open heart surgery. John Heysham Gibbon, the inventor of the machine, performed the operation and developed the heart–lung substitute himself.

text: Following these advances, scientific interest for the development of a solution for heart disease developed in numerous research groups worldwide.

text: Early designs of total artificial hearts[edit]

text: In 1949, a precursor to the modern artificial heart pump was built by doctors William Sewell and William Glenn of the Yale School of Medicine using an Erector Set, assorted odds and ends, and dime-store toys. The external pump successfully bypassed the heart of a dog for more than an hour.[4]

text: Paul Winchell invented an artificial heart with the assistance of Henry Heimlich (the inventor of the Heimlich Maneuver) and held the first patent for such a device. The University of Utah developed a similar apparatus around the same time, but when they tried to patent it, Winchell's heart was cited as prior art. The university requested that Winchell donate the heart to the University of Utah, which he did. There is some debate as to how much of Winchell's design Robert Jarvik used in creating Jarvik's artificial heart. Heimlich states, "I saw the heart, I saw the patent and I saw the letters. The basic principle used in Winchell's heart and Jarvik's heart is exactly the same.[5]" Jarvik denies that any of Winchell's design elements were incorporated into the device he fabricated for humans which was successfully implanted into Barney Clark in 1982.

text: On December 12, 1957, Willem Johan Kolff, the world's most prolific inventor of artificial organs, implanted an artificial heart into a dog at Cleveland Clinic. The dog lived for 90 minutes.

text: In 1958, Domingo Liotta initiated the studies of TAH replacement at Lyon, France, and in 1959–60 at the National University of Córdoba, Argentina. He presented his work at the meeting of the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs held in Atlantic City in March 1961. At that meeting, Liotta described the implantation of three types of orthotopic (inside the pericardial sac) TAHs in dogs, each of which used a different source of external energy: an implantable electric motor, an implantable rotating pump with an external electric motor, and a pneumatic pump.[6][7]

text: In 1964, the National Institutes of Health started the Artificial Heart Program, with the goal of putting a man-made heart into a human by the end of the decade.[8] The purpose of the program was to develop an implantable artificial heart, including the power source, to replace a failing heart.[9]

text: In February 1966, Adrian Kantrowitz rose to international prominence when he performed the world's first permanent implantation of a partial mechanical heart (left ventricular assist device) at Maimonides Medical Center.[10]

text: In 1967, Kolff left Cleveland Clinic to start the Division of Artificial Organs at the University of Utah and pursue his work on the artificial heart.

text:
In 1973, a calf named Tony survived for 30 days on an early Kolff heart.
In 1975, a bull named Burk survived 90 days on the artificial heart.
In 1976, a calf named Abebe lived for 184 days on the Jarvik 5 artificial heart.
In 1981, a calf named Alfred Lord Tennyson lived for 268 days on the Jarvik 5.

tag: ol

text: Over the years, more than 200 physicians, engineers, students and faculty developed, tested and improved Kolff's artificial heart. To help manage his many endeavors, Kolff assigned project managers. Each project was named after its manager. Graduate student Robert Jarvik was the project manager for the artificial heart, which was subsequently renamed the Jarvik 7.

text: In 1981, William DeVries submitted a request to the FDA for permission to implant the Jarvik 7 into a human being. On December 2, 1982, Kolff implanted the Jarvik 7 artificial heart into Barney Clark, a dentist from Seattle who was suffering from severe congestive heart failure. Clark lived for 112 days tethered to an external pneumatic compressor, a device weighing some 400 pounds (180 kg), but during that time he suffered prolonged periods of confusion and a number of instances of bleeding, and asked several times to be allowed to die.[11]

text: First clinical implantation of a total artificial heart[edit]

text: On April 4, 1969, Domingo Liotta and Denton A. Cooley replaced a dying man's heart with a mechanical heart inside the chest at The Texas Heart Institute in Houston as a bridge for a transplant. The man woke up and began to recover. After 64 hours, the pneumatic-powered artificial heart was removed and replaced by a donor heart. However thirty-two hours after transplantation, the man died of what was later proved to be an acute pulmonary infection, extended to both lungs, caused by fungi, most likely caused by an immunosuppressive drug complication.[12]

text: The original prototype of Liotta-Cooley artificial heart used in this historic operation is prominently displayed in the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History "Treasures of American History" exhibit in Washington, D.C.[13]

text: First clinical applications of a permanent pneumatic total artificial heart[edit]

text: The first clinical use of an artificial heart designed for permanent implantation rather than a bridge to transplant occurred in 1982 at the University of Utah. Artificial kidney pioneer Willem Johan Kolff started the Utah artificial organs program in 1967.[14] There, physician-engineer Clifford Kwan-Gett invented two components of an integrated pneumatic artificial heart system: a ventricle with hemispherical diaphragms that did not crush red blood cells (a problem with previous artificial hearts) and an external heart driver that inherently regulated blood flow without needing complex control systems.[15] Independently, Paul Winchell designed and patented a similarly shaped ventricle and donated the patent to the Utah program.[16] Throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, veterinarian Donald Olsen led a series of calf experiments that refined the artificial heart and its surgical care. During that time, as a student at the University of Utah, Robert Jarvik combined several modifications: an ovoid shape to fit inside the human chest, a more blood-compatible polyurethane developed by biomedical engineer Donald Lyman, and a fabrication method by Kwan-Gett that made the inside of the ventricles smooth and seamless to reduce dangerous stroke-causing blood clots.[17] On December 2, 1982, William DeVries implanted the artificial heart into retired dentist Barney Bailey Clark (born January 21, 1921), who survived 112 days with the device, dying on March 23, 1983. Bill Schroeder became the second recipient and lived for a record 620 days.

text: Contrary to popular belief and erroneous articles in several periodicals, the Jarvik heart was not banned for permanent use. Today, the modern version of the Jarvik 7 is known as the SynCardia temporary Total Artificial Heart. It has been implanted in more than 1,350 people as a bridge to transplantation.

text: In the mid-1980s, artificial hearts were powered by dishwasher-sized pneumatic power sources whose lineage went back to Alfa Laval milking machines. Moreover, two sizable catheters had to cross the body wall to carry the pneumatic pulses to the implanted heart, greatly increasing the risk of infection. To speed development of a new generation of technologies, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute opened a competition for implantable electrically powered artificial hearts. Three groups received funding: Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio; the College of Medicine of Pennsylvania State University (Penn State Hershey Medical Center) in Hershey, Pennsylvania; and AbioMed, Inc. of Danvers, Massachusetts. Despite considerable progress, the Cleveland program was discontinued after the first five years.

text: Polymeric trileaflet valves ensure unidirectional blood flow with a low pressure gradient and good longevity. State-of-the-art transcutaneous energy transfer eliminates the need for electric wires crossing the chest wall.

text: First clinical application of an intrathoracic pump[edit]

text: On July 19, 1963, E. Stanley Crawford and Domingo Liotta implanted the first clinical Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) at The Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas, in a patient who had a cardiac arrest after surgery. The patient survived for four days under mechanical support but did not recover from the complications of the cardiac arrest; finally, the pump was discontinued, and the patient died.

text: First clinical application of a paracorporeal pump[edit]

text: On April 21, 1966, Michael DeBakey and Liotta implanted the first clinical LVAD in a paracorporeal position (where the external pump rests at the side of the patient) at The Methodist Hospital in Houston, in a patient experiencing cardiogenic shock after heart surgery. The patient developed neurological and pulmonary complications and died after few days of LVAD mechanical support. In October 1966, DeBakey and Liotta implanted the paracorporeal Liotta-DeBakey LVAD in a new patient who recovered well and was discharged from the hospital after 10 days of mechanical support, thus constituting the first successful use of an LVAD for postcardiotomy shock.

text: First VAD patient with FDA approved hospital discharge[edit]

text: In 1990 Brian Williams was discharged from the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), becoming the first VAD patient to be discharged with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval.[19] The patient was supported in part by bioengineers from the University of Pittsburgh's McGowan Institute.[19][20]

text: Total artificial heart prototypes[edit]

text: POLVAD[edit]

text: Since 1991, the Foundation for Cardiac Surgery Development (FRK) in Zabrze, Poland has been working on developing an artificial heart. Nowadays, the Polish system for heart support POLCAS consists of the artificial ventricle POLVAD-MEV and the three controllers POLPDU-401, POLPDU-402 and POLPDU-501. Presented devices are designed to handle only one patient. The control units of the 401 and 402 series may be used only in hospital due to its big size, method of control and type of power supply. The control[21] unit of 501 series is the latest product of FRK. Due to its much smaller size and weight, it is significantly more mobile solution. For this reason, it can be also used during supervised treatment conducted outside the hospital.

text: In June 1996, a 46-year-old man received a total artificial heart implantation done by Jeng Wei at Cheng-Hsin General Hospital[22] in the Republic of China (Taiwan). This technologically advanced pneumatic Phoenix-7 Total Artificial Heart was manufactured by a Taiwanese dentist Kelvin K. Cheng, a Chinese physician T. M. Kao and colleagues at the Taiwan TAH Research Center in Tainan, Republic of China (Taiwan). With this experimental artificial heart, the patient's BP was maintained at 90-100/40-55 mmHg and cardiac output at 4.2–5.8 L/min.[23] The patient then received the world's first successful combined heart and kidney transplantation after bridging with a total artificial heart.[24]

text: Abiomed AbioCor[edit]

text: The first AbioCor to be surgically implanted in a patient was on July 3, 2001. [25] The AbioCor is made of titanium and plastic with a weight of 0,9 kg (two pounds), and its internal battery can be recharged with a transduction device that sends power through the skin.[25] The internal battery lasts for a half-hour, and a wearable external battery pack lasts for four hours.[26] The FDA announced on September 5, 2006, that the AbioCor could be implanted for humanitarian uses after the device had been tested on 15 patients.[27] It is intended for critically ill patients who cannot receive a heart transplant.[27] Some limitations of the current AbioCor are that its size makes it suitable for only about 50% of the male population, and its useful life is only 1–2 years.[28]

text: SynCardia[edit]

text: SynCardia is a company based in Tucson, Arizona which currently has two separate models available. It is available in a 70cc and 50cc size. The 70 cc is used for biventricular heart failure in adult men, while the 50cc is for children and women.[29] As good results with the TAH as a bridge to heart transplant accumulated, a trial of the CardioWest TAH (developed from the Jarvik 7 and now marketed as the Syncardia TAH) was initiated in 1993 and completed in 2002.[30] As of 2014, more than 1,250 patients have received SynCardia artificial hearts.[31][32][31] The device requires the use of the Companion 2 hospital driver or the Freedom portable driver to power the heart with pulses of air. The drivers also monitor blood flow for each ventricle.[33]

text: MagScrew[edit]

text: Another U.S. team has a prototype called the 2005 MagScrew Total Artificial Heart. Teams in Japan and South Korea are also racing to produce similar devices.[34][35][36][37]

text: Abiomed AbioCor II[edit]

text: By combining its valved ventricles with the control technology and roller screw developed at Penn State, AbioMed has designed a smaller, more stable heart, the AbioCor II. This pump, which should be implantable in most men and 50% of women with a life span of up to five years,[28] had animal trials in 2005, and the company hoped to get FDA approval for human use in 2008.[38]

text: Carmat bioprosthetic heart[edit]

text: On October 27, 2008, French professor and leading heart transplant specialist Alain F. Carpentier announced that a fully implantable artificial heart would be ready for clinical trial by 2011 and for alternative transplant in 2013. It was developed and would be manufactured by him, biomedical firm CARMAT SA,[39] and venture capital firm Truffle Capital. The prototype used embedded electronic sensors and was made from chemically treated animal tissues, called "biomaterials", or a "pseudo-skin" of biosynthetic, microporous materials.[40]

text: According to a press-release by Carmat dated December 20, 2013, the first implantation of its artificial heart in a 75-year-old patient was performed on December 18, 2013 by the Georges Pompidou European Hospital team in Paris (France).[41] The patient died 75 days after the operation.[42]

text: In Carmat's design, two chambers are each divided by a membrane that holds hydraulic fluid on one side. A motorized pump moves hydraulic fluid in and out of the chambers, and that fluid causes the membrane to move; blood flows through the other side of each membrane. The blood-facing side of the membrane is made of tissue obtained from a sac that surrounds a cow's heart, to make the device more biocompatible. The Carmat device also uses valves made from cow heart tissue and has sensors to detect increased pressure within the device. That information is sent to an internal control system that can adjust the flow rate in response to increased demand, such as when a patient is exercising.[43] This distinguishes it from previous designs that maintain a constant flow rate.

text: The Carmat device, unlike previous designs, is meant to be used in cases of terminal heart failure, instead of being used as a bridge device while the patient awaits a transplant.[44] At 900 grams it weighs nearly three times the typical heart and is targeted primarily towards obese men. It also requires the patient to carry around an additional Li-Ion battery. The projected lifetime of the artificial heart is around 5 years (230 million beats).[45]

text: Frazier-Cohn[edit]

text: On 12 March 2011, an experimental artificial heart was implanted in 55-year-old Craig Lewis at The Texas Heart Institute in Houston by Drs. O. H. Frazier and William Cohn. The device is a combination of two modified HeartMate II pumps that is currently undergoing bovine trials.[46]

text: Frazier and Cohn are on the board of the BiVACOR company that develops an artificial heart.[47][48] BiVACOR has been tested as a replacement for a heart in a sheep.[49][50]

text: So far, only one person has benefited from Frazier and Cohn's artificial heart. Craig Lewis was suffering from amyloidosis in 2011 when his heart gave out and doctors pronounced that he had only 12 to 24 hours to live. After obtaining permission from his family, Frazier and Cohn replaced his heart with their device. Lewis survived for another 5 weeks after the operation; he eventually succumbed to liver and kidney failure due to his amyloidosis, after which his family asked that his artificial heart be unplugged.[51]

text: Soft Artificial Heart[edit]

text: On 10 July 2017, Cohrs and colleagues presented a new concept of a soft total artificial heart in the Journal of Artificial Organs.[52] The heart was developed in the Functionals Materials Laboratory at ETH Zurich.[53] The soft artificial heart (SAH) was created from silicone with the help of 3D printing technology. The SAH is a silicone monoblock. It weighs 390g, has a volume of 679 cm^3 and is operated through pressurized air. "Our goal is to develop an artificial heart that is roughly the same size as the patient’s own one and which imitates the human heart as closely as possible in form and function" says Cohrs in an interview.[54] The SAH fundamentally moves and works like a real heart but currently only beats for 3000 beats.[55]

text: Others[edit]

text: A centrifugal pump[56][57] or an axial-flow pump[58][59] can be used as an artificial heart, resulting in the patient being alive without a pulse.

text: A centrifugal artificial heart which alternately pumps the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation, causing a pulse has been described.[60]

text: Researchers have constructed a heart out of foam. The heart is made out of flexible silicone and works with an external pump to push air and fluids through the heart. It currently cannot be implanted into humans, but it is a promising start for artificial hearts.[61]

text: Hybrid assistive devices[edit]

text: Patients who have some remaining heart function but who can no longer live normally may be candidates for ventricular assist devices (VAD), which do not replace the human heart but complement it by taking up much of the function.

text: The first Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) system was created by Domingo Liotta at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston in 1962.[62]

text: Another VAD, the Kantrowitz CardioVad, designed by Adrian Kantrowitz boosts the native heart by taking up over 50% of its function.[63] Additionally, the VAD can help patients on the wait list for a heart transplant. In a young person, this device could delay the need for a transplant by 10–15 years, or even allow the heart to recover, in which case the VAD can be removed.[63] The artificial heart is powered by a battery that needs to be changed several times while still working.

text: The first heart assist device was approved by the FDA in 1994, and two more received approval in 1998.[64] While the original assist devices emulated the pulsating heart, newer versions, such as the Heartmate II,[65] developed by The Texas Heart Institute of Houston, provide continuous flow. These pumps (which may be centrifugal or axial flow) are smaller and potentially more durable and last longer than the current generation of total heart replacement pumps. Another major advantage of a VAD is that the patient keeps the natural heart, which may still function for temporary back-up support if the mechanical pump were to stop. This may provide enough support to keep the patient alive until a solution to the problem is implemented.

text: In August 2006, an artificial heart was implanted into a 15-year-old girl at the Stollery Children's Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta. It was intended to act as a temporary fixture until a donor heart could be found. Instead, the artificial heart (called a Berlin Heart) allowed for natural processes to occur and her heart healed on its own. After 146 days, the Berlin Heart was removed, and the girl's heart functioned properly on its own.[66] On December 16, 2011 the Berlin Heart gained U.S. FDA approval. The device has since been successfully implanted in several children including a 4-year-old Honduran girl at Children's Hospital Boston.[67]

text: Several continuous-flow ventricular assist devices have been approved for use in the European Union, and, as of August 2007, were undergoing clinical trials for FDA approval.

text: In 2012, a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine compared the Berlin Heart to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and concluded that "a ventricular assist device available in several sizes for use in children as a bridge to heart transplantation [such as the Berlin Heart] was associated with a significantly higher rate of survival as compared with ECMO."[68] The study's primary author, Charles D. Fraser, Jr., surgeon in chief at Texas Children's Hospital, explained: "With the Berlin Heart, we have a more effective therapy to offer patients earlier in the management of their heart failure. When we sit with parents, we have real data to offer so they can make an informed decision. This is a giant step forward." [69]

text: Suffering from end-stage heart failure, former Vice President Dick Cheney underwent a procedure in July 2010 to have a VAD implanted at INOVA Fairfax Hospital, in Fairfax Virginia. In 2012, he received a heart transplant at age 71 after 20 months on a waiting list.


document_title: List of VeggieTales characters

question_text: who plays the voice of jr in veggie tales

question_tokens: who plays the voice of jr in veggie tales

root

text: List of VeggieTales characters

text: Primary characters[edit]

text: Bob the Tomato[edit]

text: Bob the Tomato (introduced 1992) is usually the "straight man" in his partnership with Larry the Cucumber, as they introduce many of the stories at the beginning and wrap-up the Biblical lesson at the end of most of the shows. He also plays many character roles in the story segments, some of which are in contrast to his more mature persona, which Phil Vischer called "my inner Mr. Rogers".[1] He first appeared in 1993 in Big Idea's first video, Where's God When I'm S-Scared?. In it, he and Larry set the opening format which has largely become a VeggieTales standard, where a letter is read from a viewer by the duo on a kitchen counter (which serves as a sort of stage). In this show, Bob played himself in the first of the two 15-minute segment titled "Tales from the Crisper", comforting frightened Junior Asparagus with the cheerful song, "God is Bigger." The end of this episode started a running gag in which Bob is annoyed by the "What We Have Learned" end-of-episode song, impatiently waiting until it is over so that he can ask Qwerty what they've learned.

tag: p

text: He is voiced by VeggieTales co-creator Phil Vischer.

text: Larry the Cucumber[edit]

text: Larry the Cucumber (introduced 1991) partners with his best friend Bob as the wacky companion hosting the videos. In the pre-2015 theme song, he plays a sousaphone while Bob and other characters sing it. Larry is often cast as the central character in videos with one of his central roles is as the host of the short, recurring musical segment entitled Silly Songs with Larry, in which Larry performs humorous musical numbers of various style and content. The Silly Song segment, typically placed in the middle of the video, immediately became a very popular staple of VeggieTales entertainment. Larry also has several other recurring roles including: "Minnesota Cuke" (a parody of Indiana Jones); "Elliot"/"Buccaneer Larry", one of The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything; and the comical "superhero" LarryBoy in both computer-animated and traditionally animated adventures. Larry was also the star of his own short-lived animated series, 2002's Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures.

text: Larry was first used by Vischer to make a short film called "Mr. Cuke's Screen Test" in 1991 and this film inspired Vischer and Mike Nawrocki to create VeggieTales. Larry's on-screen debut was in Big Idea's first video, Where's God When I'm S-Scared? In this first episode, he was the source of most of the jokes, including physical gags and silly dialogue. The video also featured the first Silly Song in which Larry wore an oversized cowboy hat and sang "The Water Buffalo Song." Larry is the only character to have made an appearance in every single VeggieTales episode (to date).

text: One of the most notable differences between the Larry of Where's God When I'm S-Scared? and more recent videos is the range of his voice. While Nawrocki has always performed Larry's voice, early shows were voiced with a broad vocal range, from Nawrocki's natural tenor to well above. Starting with Are You My Neighbor?, that range was limited in scope to the upper range and included a slight lisp, giving Larry a more youthful and sillier sound. Gradually, Larry's speech became more normal, at about the time of the making of the video King George and the Ducky.

text: Larry is one of the only Veggies to have spoken about, and to have been seen with his family. He talks about his Aunt Ruth in Dave and the Giant Pickle's Silly Song, "I Love My Lips" and about a cousin in Josh and the Big Wall's Silly Song, "Song of the Cebu". In Duke and the Great Pie War, he introduces his three brothers, named Bob, Mark, and Steve, who perform the "What We Have Learned" song.

text: Larry is voiced by VeggieTales co-creator Mike Nawrocki.

text: Junior Asparagus[edit]

text: Junior Asparagus (introduced 1993) is one of the co-stars of the VeggieTales series and is a 5-year-old typical child. Junior has taken a lead role in several videos, including Where's God When I'm S-Scared?, Dave and the Giant Pickle, Lyle the Kindly Viking, and Lord of the Beans. He is also a member of the boy band "Boyz in the Sink", along with Larry, Mr. Lunt, and Jimmy Gourd, which have appeared in several Silly Songs. Junior is also seen at various times with his parents, Dad and Mom Asparagus.

text: In the initial episodes, Junior was as much a main character as Bob or Larry, having a starring role in at least one segment in every episode - even appearing alongside Bob on the sink counter (in place of Larry) in Josh and the Big Wall and Abe and the Amazing Promise. As the series has evolved, his role has become less pronounced such that Esther... The Girl Who Became Queen would become the first episode in which Junior did not make an appearance. However, Junior continues to be featured prominently with leading roles in such movies as Pistachio – The Little Boy That Woodn't and The Little Drummer Boy.

text: Junior is voiced by Lisa Vischer (the wife of Phil Vischer) in the video releases, and by Tress MacNeille in the VeggieTales in the House series.

text: Archibald Asparagus[edit]

text: Archibald Asparagus (introduced 1992) appears in a stereotypical role of a stuffy, classically-educated "adult" contrasting with the rest of his co-stars. Archibald has a monocle, a red bowtie, and an Oxford English accent.

text: Archibald first appeared in Where's God When I'm S-Scared?, where he played King Darius in the Daniel and the Lion's Den segment. This episode also coined his on-going dialogue with Larry the Cucumber about his Silly Songs being "too silly". He has also appeared in other Silly Songs including singing, The Biscuit of Zazzamarandabo. Archibald has a recurring role as Larry-Boy's butler and was featured as the title character in Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie.

text: Archibald is voiced by VeggieTales co-creator Phil Vischer.

text: Laura Carrot[edit]

text: Laura Carrot (introduced 1995) is a 6-year-old carrot and is Junior's best friend. She first appeared in Are You My Neighbor? and got her first major role in Rack, Shack and Benny. She is usually used when there is a child female lead including playing the title characters. For example, Princess and the Popstar.

text: Laura Carrot has been voiced by Kristin Blegen, Megan Murphy, and Keri Pisapia in the videos, and Tress MacNeille in the VeggieTales in the House series.

text: Mr. Lunt[edit]

text: Mr. Lunt (introduced 1995) is a decorative gourd[2] with a Spanish accent who grew up in New Jersey. He often appears as Mr. Nezzer's assistant and they were both introduced in Rack, Shack & Benny and the pair were typically used as the video's bad guys in early VeggieTales episodes. Mr. Lunt also regularly appears as Pirate Lunt/Sedgewick, one of "The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything", and as a member of the boy band, the "Boyz in the Sink". In addition to his "Boyz" songs, Mr. Lunt has gotten two of his own Silly Songs ("His Cheeseburger" & "Doughnuts for Benny"). A notable feature is his lack of eyes and thus must use the brim of a hat or his eyebrows for expression.

text: Mr. Lunt is voiced by Phil Vischer.

text: Jimmy and Jerry Gourd[edit]

text: Jimmy and Jerry Gourd (introduced 1995) are gourd brothers who appear as a secondary comic dual. While Bob and Larry can be considered animated versions of Abbott and Costello, Jimmy (the orange gourd) and Jerry (the yellow gourd) might more closely resemble Tweedledee and Tweedledum. The pair debuted together in Are You My Neighbor? which established that they love to eat. Jimmy is a reoccurring member of the boy band "Boyz in the Sink". Jerry appeared with Mr. Lunt in the Love Song " His Cheeseburger" (furthering his reputation as loving to eat). Alongside Mr. Lunt, Jimmy did musical commentary in Sweetpea Beauty: A Girl After God's Own Heart.

text: Jimmy and Jerry are voiced respectively by Phil Vischer and Mike Nawrocki.

text: Madame Blueberry[edit]

text: Madame Blueberry (introduced 1998) is a blueberry with a French accent who first appeared as the title character in Madame Blueberry. Her name and the theme of this video are both obvious allusions to the tale of Madame Bovary and as such Madame Blueberry was early on cast as a vain character. Although a blueberry, she is similar in size to Bob the Tomato and slightly larger than the similarly-sized-in-real-life French Peas. Madame Blueberry has a reoccurring role as the Mayor of Bumblyburg in the Larry-Boy videos.

text: Madame Blueberry was voiced in the direct-to-video series by Megan Moore Burns in 1998, by Gail Bock from 1999-2002, by Jackie Ritz from 2002-2009, and Megan Murphy from 2005 to the present. She is voiced by Tress MacNeille in the VeggieTales in the House series.

text: Petunia Rhubarb[edit]

text: Petunia Rhubarb (introduced 2005) is a red-headed rhubarb who is often seen with Larry as his love interest or female co-star. Her first appearance was in Duke and the Great Pie War playing the part of Princess Petunia, the scorned "Ruth" figure waiting to be redeemed by Larry's "Boaz". Petunia has a reoccurring role in the Larryboy videos and has also sung alongside Larry in the Silly Song, "Where Have All The Staplers Gone?" on the video Pistachio - The Little Boy That Woodn't.

text: Petunia Rhubarb is voiced by Cydney Trent for the direct-to-video series and by Tress MacNeille in VeggieTales in the House.

text: Pa Grape[edit]

text: Pa Grape (introduced 1994) is, as his name suggests, an elderly looking grape with glasses and a stereo-typical Jewish accent. Pa made his first appearance in God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?! as the father of the "Grapes of Wrath." Pa Grape has a reoccurring role as the captain of the "Pirates Who Don't Do Anything,"/George appearing alongside Larry and Mr. Lunt. Pa Grape is typically cast as a wise, fatherly figure such as Jesse in Dave and the Giant Pickle, Little Joe's father in The Ballad of Little Joe, cousin Mordecai in Esther... The Girl Who Became Queen and the angel sent to guide Gideon in Gideon: Tuba Warrior.

text: Pa Grape is voiced by Phil Vischer.

text: Mr. Nezzer[edit]

text: Mr. Nezzer (introduced 1995) is a zucchini who made his debut in Rack, Shack & Benny as "Nebby K. Nezzer" (an allusion to Nebuchadnezzar, the King of Babylon) the owner of a chocolate bunny factory who creates an idol that he wants everyone to worship. In The Toy That Saved Christmas, Mr. Nezzer plays Nebby's brother "Wally P. Nezzer", again with side-kick and chief trouble-maker Mr. Lunt. In The Star of Christmas and An Easter Carol, he is "Ebenezer Nezzer" (an allusion to Ebenezer Scrooge) who owns a theater and an Easter egg factory respectively. In addition to his roles as the villain, Mr. Nezzer usually appears as the leader in VeggieTales videos such as his role as the King Xerxes of Persia character in Esther... The Girl Who Became Queen, Olaf the lead Viking in Lyle the Kindly Viking, and the Mayor of Dodgeball City in The Ballad of Little Joe and Moe and the Big Exit.

text: Mr. Nezzer is voiced by Phil Vischer.

text: The French Peas[edit]

text: Headed by Jean-Claude and Philippe, the French Peas (introduced 1996) are a group of Monty Python-esque green peas with broken French accents who debuted playing the Philistines in Dave and the Giant Pickle. The Peas, before they shrunk to a regular pea size, are often portrayed as villains, albeit agitating ones as opposed to menacing. Like the French soldiers in Monty Python and the Holy Grail, the French Peas often torment passersby with strange, nonsensical threats, as seen in Josh and the Big Wall!, which fits their overall "yapping little dog" personas. The pair narrate the episode Madame Blueberry, calling it a French folk tale. The French Peas should not be confused with the more ordinary peas (see below) who frequently appear as background characters. Philippe and Jean-Claude also have another brother, Christophe, who appears infrequently.

text: Jean-Claude and Philippe are voiced respectively by Mike Nawrocki and Phil Vischer. Christophe is voiced by Chris Olsen, a former animator. Numerous other voice actors have played other French Peas including animator Brian K. Roberts.

text: Qwerty[edit]

text: Qwerty (introduced 1993) is the desktop computer seen on the kitchen counter which Bob and Larry use to read the Bible verse at the end of each show. Qwerty's name is derived from the first six letters that appear on a standard English keyboard. Though Qwerty is not alive per se, it does have certain anthropomorphic characteristics, including responsory noises and voice activation. In every episode, Bob says "We're over here by Qwerty to talk about what we learned today..." to which voices start to sing the "What We Learned Today" song. Qwerty is not always perfect. As in the first episode "Where's God When I'm S-Scared?", where it accidentally posts a meatloaf recipe instead of a verse, after which its screen droops into a frown shape. And in the second episode "God Wants Me to Forgive Them?" Qwerty is shown playing the video game Pong. According to Phil Vischer, the original design for Qwerty was an Intel 80386 model computer. Qwerty was slightly updated in Abe and the Amazing Promise, giving two verses instead of one, and got a more "life-changing" update in the episode Pistachio - The Little Boy That Woodn't as it now has its own voice. The design of the new update, including a black screen rather than the original blue, is reminiscent of an Apple iMac.

text: Qwerty is voiced by Mike Nawrocki.

text: Secondary characters[edit]

text: The Scallions[edit]

text: The Scallions (introduced 1993) are a trio of often devious green onions who are led by their tallest member (simply called Scallion #1). Along with Mr. Nezzer and Mr. Lunt, the Scallions are among the most consistent antagonists in VeggieTales. They debuted as The Wisemen opposite Larry's "Daniel" in the second act of the video Where's God When I'm S-Scared? (Daniel in the Lions' Den) and later appeared in Are You My Neighbor? as a trio of bandits that hold-up Larry in "The Story of Flibber-O-Loo". In the Silly Songs "The Yodeling Veterinarian Of The Alps", "Listen", and "A Helping Hand", they (along with Frankencelery) perform as a barbershop quartet that narrates the songs. Occasionally, one of The Scallions will make a solo appearance: Scallion #1 appeared as a salesman to sell his new "Forgive-O-Matic" device in God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?!, and Scallion #3 appeared as the Milk Money Bandit of Bumblyburg in LarryBoy and the Rumor Weed. None of the Scallions have actual names, which Scallion #1 laments at the end of the Silly Song "High Silk Hat" from Lyle the Kindly Viking ("I've been around since show one and I still don't have a name").

text: Scallion #1 is voiced by Phil Vischer, Scallion #2 is voiced by Mike Nawrocki, and Scallion #3 has been voiced by Mike Sage, Brian K. Roberts, and Mike Nawrocki.

text: Dad and Mom Asparagus[edit]

text: Junior's father, Dad Asparagus, (introduced 1993) first appeared in Where's God When I'm S-Scared?. He often appears opposite Junior whenever a video requires a father figure. Seen less often, Junior's Mother, Mom Asparagus (introduced 1992), appears in the traditional mother role supporting Junior and also debuted in Where's God When I'm S-Scared?.

text:
Dad Asparagus was voiced by Dan Anderson in the direct-to-video prior to "VeggieTales in the House" and by Rob Paulsen since VeggieTales in the House.
Mom Asparagus has been voiced at times by G. Bock, Pamela Thomas and Lisa Vischer in the videos prior to the "VeggieTales in the House" series and by Tress MacNeille from the VeggieTales in the House series onwards.

text: Scooter[edit]

text: Scooter (introduced 1995), a carrot with a Scottish accent, first appeared as the engineer of the "USS Applepies" (a spoof of Scotty from the original Star Trek television series) in "The Gourds Must Be Crazy" section of Are You My Neighbor? Scooter is seen as an Israelite in Josh and the Big Wall! and as Horatio the baker in Lyle the Kindly Viking and has a recurring role as a police officer in the Larry-Boy episodes. He returned as the USS Applepies' engineer in the video Veggies In Space: The Fennel Frontier.

text: Scooter is voiced by Jim Poole.

text: Mabel and Penelope[edit]

text: Mabel and Penelope (introduced 1993) are a pear and an asparagus respectively. The pair's first appearance was in Where's God When I'm S-Scared? as King Darius's maidservants. The pair is frequently seen together as secondary female characters such as wives to Mr. Nezzer and Jimmy Gourd in Lyle, The Kindly Viking.

text: Mabel and Penelope are voiced respectively by Pamela Thomas and Gail Bock.

text: Phil Winkelstein[edit]

text: Phil Winkelstein (introduced 1993) first appears in Where's God When I'm S-Scared? as Frankencelery, the star of the veggie horror film of the same name. Hailing from Toledo, Ohio, Winkelstein is a mild-mannered celery stalk with a high-pitched voice who resembles the classic Frankenstein's monster, sporting purple eyelids, cervical electrodes, black hair, and a unibrow, outside of his acting career. Winkelstein also sings the bass part of the barbershop quartet with The Scallions in The Yodeling Veterinarian of the Alps, "Listen" from "Larry Learns to Listen", and "A Helping Hand" from "Bob Lends a Helping Hand". He also appeared as a background citizen of Bumblyburg in Larry-Boy and the Fib from Outer Space!.

text: Phil Winkelstein is voiced by Mike Nawrocki.

text: The Green Onions[edit]

text: The Green Onions (introduced 1996) consist of daughter Annie, her two parents, and Grandpa George. Grandpa George was the first Green Onion to be seen and made his debut in Rack, Shack, and Benny as the postman/episode narrator and has similar reoccurring roles as a narrator of VeggieTales episodes. Annie first appeared in The Toy That Saved Christmas, alongside Grandpa George who reprises his postman role, where it is revealed that they are related. Annie's parents first appeared, alongside Annie, in Madame Blueberry playing poor French green onions.

text: Annie Onion has been voiced by: Shelby Vischer, Phil Vischer's daughter; Allie Nawrocki, Mike Nawrocki's daughter; and is currently voiced by Maggie Roberts, Brian Roberts's daughter. Annie's parents are voiced by Phil and Lisa Vischer. Grandpa George is voiced by Mike Nawrocki.

text: Miss Achmetha[edit]

text: Miss Achmetha (introduced 2000) is a green onion who made her first appearance singing the song Lost Puppies in Esther... The Girl Who Became Queen. Miss Achmetha is known for her constantly twitching eye, her somewhat confused or annoyed demeanor, and her accordion, which she sometimes plays during her singing roles. She also appears in speaking and non-speaking parts in Silly Songs including "SUV", "High Silk Hat", and "Bellybutton".

text: Miss Achmetha is voiced by Charlotte Jackson and Marin Miller.

text: Khalil[edit]

text: Khalil (introduced 2002) is a half worm, half caterpillar who first appeared in Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie as a rug salesman and foil/conscience to Jonah. He was then heard to voice Lutfi in the fanciful "flannel-graph" of Saint Patrick, the opening element of the episode Sumo of the Opera. He also has a reoccurring role in the "Boyz in the Sink" Silly Songs.

text: Khalil is voiced by Tim Hodge.

text: Ichabeezer[edit]

text: Ichabeezer (introduced 2014) is the grumpy zucchini neighbor to Bob and Larry in the VeggieTales in the House series on Netflix. Ichabeezer is used on the Netflix series in essentially the same manner as Mr. Nezzer is in the video series - as either the gruff, semi-villain or as the vaguely simple-minded authority figure in the stories.

text: Ichabeezer is voiced by Rob Paulsen.

text: Minor characters[edit]

text: Lovey Asparagus[edit]

text: Lovey Asparagus (introduced 1994) is an asparagus like her husband and first appeared in Larry's Lagoon as "Lovey." She returned soon after as the Flibbian doctor in The Story of Flibber-o-loo. She is usually cast alongside Archibald in a supporting role and is differentiated from Mom Asparagus by a British accent similar to Archibald's.

text: Archibald's Wife is voiced by G. Bock.

text: The Peas[edit]

text: Not to be confused with the French Peas, the Peas (introduced 1995) consist of Percy Pea, Li'l Pea, and other peas that are only seen in a group of other Veggies as background characters. The Peas first appear as background characters in Rack, Shack, and Benny. They also star as the monks alongside Pa Grape in Lyle the Kindly Viking. In Dave and the Giant Pickle and Josh and the Big Wall, Percy and other peas appear as the Israelites. The entire family is seen in The Toy That Saved Christmas where Percy and Li'l Pea receive their first speaking parts. Percy and Li'l Pea see their largest roles in Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space!, Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed and "Bully Trouble" (from Minnesota Cuke and the Search of Sampson's Hairbrush).

text: Phil Vischer voices Percy Pea. Leslie Benodin (1996–1999) and Mike Nawrocki voice Li'l Pea (1999–present).

text: Grandma Gourd[edit]

text: Grandma Gourd (introduced 2004) is a yellow gourd who has appeared in several episodes as a minor / background character. Grandma Gourd first appeared in Sumo of the Opera as a woman beating the Italian Scallion (Larry the Cucumber) over the head with her cane and had several other non-speaking roles in subsequent episodes. Her roles became slightly larger starting in 2010 with a minor speaking part in Pistachio - The Little Boy That Woodn't as a bookseller, as Mrs. Josephson in It's a Meaningful Life, as Miss Lewis in Robin Good and The Not-So-Merry Men and as Old Mother Hubbard (Goldilocks (Laura Carrot)'s mother) in "The Good Egg of Gooseville" portion of the Little House That Stood.

text: Grandma Gourd is voiced by Keri Pisapia.

text: Tom Grape[edit]

text: Tom Grape (introduced 1994) is Pa Grape's son. Tom made his first appearance in God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?! along with the rest of his family. His only other appearances have been in Dave and the Giant Pickle and Josh and the Big Wall, both times alongside his father, Pa Grape. His sister, Rosie, and mother, Ma Grape, have not made an appearance since their debut episode.

text: Tom Grape is voiced by Phil Vischer.

text: Charlie Pincher[edit]

text: Charlie Pincher (introduced 2002) is an old scallion who first appeared in The Star of Christmas and is frequently cast as a hermit or oddball character. He has appeared in such videos as The Ballad of Little Joe, Lord of the Beans, Moe and the Big Exit, and Abe and the Amazing Promise.

text: Charlie Pincher is voiced by Tim Hodge.

text: The Peach[edit]

text: The Peach (introduced 1995) first appears in the Silly Song Where is My Hairbrush? and is only ever referred to by the rest of the cast as "the peach". He later appeared in the Oh, Santa! Silly Song in which he played an IRS agent. The running joke about The Peach is that he, unlike most of the other characters, has hair. He was thus the obvious choice to play Samson in Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Samson's Hairbrush, however he is seen only in still pictures throughout the episode. His most recent appearance in a speaking role was as a mall employee in Merry Larry and the True Light of Christmas.

text: The Peach is voiced by Mike Nawrocki.

text: Don Gourdon[edit]

text: Don Gourdon (introduced 2005) is one of the schoolyard bullies who is around Junior Asparagus' age. He first appeared in Bully Trouble and later appeared in LarryBoy and the Bad Apple and The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's.

text: Don Gourdon is voiced by Brian K. Roberts.

text: Apollo Gourd[edit]

text: Apollo Gourd (introduced in 2001) is a massive yellow gourd who first appears in a non-speaking part in the Silly Song Larry's High Silk Hat in Lyle the Kindly Viking wearing a "Gourd's Gym" tank top shirt (a parody of the then-popular "God's Gym" shirts which in turn were a parody of Gold's Gym). His next appearances were as King Twistomer of Ninevah in Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie, as himself in Sumo of the Opera, and as Big Jim in Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue.

text: Apollo Gourd is voiced by Phil Vischer.

text: Goliath[edit]

text: Goliath (introduced 1996) is a gigantic pickle who is much larger than any other vegetable in the show. He first appeared as the "Goliath" figure alongside the French Peas in Dave and the Giant Pickle looking for an Israelite to fight. He also appeared in Madame Blueberry, on a background poster in which he is fighting the Fib from Larry-Boy and the Fib From Outer Space in a wrestling match, and in Josh and the Big Wall as the dad of a giant-pickle family that scared the Israelites out of the Promised Land.

text: Goliath is voiced by Phil Vischer.

text: Ellen[edit]

text: Ellen (introduced 2008), debuted in The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie, as Mr Lunt (Buccaneer Sedgewick)'s girlfriend. She has also been seen as Linda in It's a Meaningful Life and as Mama Bear in "The Good Egg of Gooseville" story of "The Little House That Stood".

text: Ellen is voiced by Keri Pisapia.

text: Art Bigotti[edit]

text: Asparagus by nature, Art Bigotti (introduced 1997) is a bowling champion. Although he has yet to have an individual speaking part and has only appeared in one video, as part of the Silly Song High Silk Hat, Art Bigotti has been mentioned in several episodes including when Junior Asparagus unintentionally breaks his dad's rare "Art Bigotti limited edition collector's plate" in Larry-Boy and the Fib from Outer Space!.

text: Libby Asparagus[edit]

text: Libby Asparagus (introduced 2012) is Junior Asparagus' little sister and debuted as a character in the opening story, "Lenny and the Lost Birthday", in Robin Good and His Not-So-Merry Men. She is also seen as Ermengarde in The Penniless Princess and as Little Bo Peep in "The Good Egg of Gooseville" story of The Little House That Stood.

text: Libby Asparagus is voiced by Megan Murphy.

text: Sara Crewe[edit]

text: Sara Crewe (introduced 2012) is a rhubarb who played the title character, and daughter of Larry the Cucumber, in The Penniless Princess. She was also in Merry Larry and the True Light of Christmas as Christina.

text: Sara Crewe is voiced by Anna Grace Stewart.

text: Palmy the Palm Tree[edit]

text: Palmy (introduced in 1994) is a palm tree who congratulates Bob the Tomato, Larry the Cucumber, Archie Asparagus, Lovey Asparagus and Mike Asparagus for their forgiveness and sings The Forgiveness Song for them.

text: Palmy's voiced by Jeff Morrow IV, but not the other Jeff Morrow who was born in 1907 as Irving Morrow and later passed away in 1993.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ From Veggie to Jelly: A Interview with Phil Vischer - Idol Chatter, Interview, March 30, 2009
Jump up ^ http://www.philvischer.com/ask-phil/

text:
[hide]

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VeggieTales

Created by Phil Vischer and Mike Nawrocki
Big Idea Entertainment, LLC.

Feature films

Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie (2002)
The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie (2008)

Episodes

Where's God When I'm S-Scared? (1993)
God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?! (1994)
Are You My Neighbor (1995)
Rack, Shack & Benny (1995)
Dave and the Giant Pickle (1996)
Josh and the Big Wall! (1997)
Madam Blueberry (1998)
King George and the Ducky (2000)
Esther... The Girl Who Became Queen (2000)
Lyle the Kindly Viking (2001)
The Ballad of Little Joe (2003)
An Easter Carol (2004)
A Snoodle's Tale (2004)
Sumo of the Opera (2004)
Duke and the Great Pie War (2005)
Lord of the Beans (2005)
Sheerluck Holmes and Golden Ruler (2006)
Gideon: Tuba Warrior (2006)
Moe and the Big Exit (2007)
The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's (2007)
Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue (2008)
Abe and the Amazing Promise (2009)
Pistachio - The Little Boy That Woodn't (2010)
Sweetpea Beauty: A Girl After God's Own Heart (2010)
It's a Meaningful Life (2010)
Twas The Night Before Easter (2011)
Princess and the Popstar (2011)
Robin Good and His Not-So-Merry Men (2012)
The Penniless Princess (2012)
The Little House That Stood (2013)
MacLarry and the Stinky Cheese Battle (2013)
Veggies in Space: The Fennel Frontier (2014)
Celery Night Fever (2014)
Beauty and the Beet (2014)
Noah's Ark (2015)

Christmas

The Toy That Saved Christmas (1996)
The Star of Christmas (2002)
Saint Nicholas: A Story of Joyful Giving (2009)
The Little Drummer Boy (2011)
Merry Larry and the True Light of Christmas (2013)

Larryboy

Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space! (1997)
Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed (1999)
Larry-Boy and the Bad Apple (2006)
The League of Incredible Vegetables (2012)

Silly Songs with Larry

Very Silly Songs! (1997)
The End of Silliness? (1998)
The Ultimate Silly Song Countdown (2001)

Minnesota Cuke

Minnesota Cuke and the Search of Samson's Hairbrush (2005)
Minnesota Cuke and the Search of Noah's Umbrella (2009)

Other

Jonah Sing-Along Songs and More! (2002)
The Wonderful World of Auto-Tainment! (2003)
Bob and Larry's How to Draw! (2004)
Video games

Spin-offs

Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures (2002–03)
VeggieTales in the House (2014–16)
VeggieTales in the City (2017)

Lists

Compilation videos
Characters
Musical albums

Crew

Phil Vischer
Mike Nawrocki
Tim Hodge
Kurt Heinecke
Ron Smith

tag: table

text: VeggieTales

tag: ul

text: Articles needing additional references from December 2011All articles needing additional referencesWikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2012All articles needing style editingWikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from May 2012All articles that are excessively detailedArticles with multiple maintenance issues


document_title: Rapso

question_text: who is considered to be the mother of rapso

text: Rapso

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Rapso

Stylistic origins

Soca
calypso
hip hop

Cultural origins
1970s, Trinidad and Tobago

Typical instruments

Bass
drums
guitar
vocals

Other topics

Music of Trinidad and Tobago

text:
Music of Trinidad and Tobago

General topics

Related articles

Genres

Calypso
Cariso
Chutney
Chutney parang
Chutney Soca
Extempo
Groovy soca
Kaiso
Parang
Parang soca
Pichakaree
Rapso
Soca
Steelpan
Steelband soca

Media and performance

Music media

Music television

Synergy TV
Tempo Networks
Trinidad and Tobago Entertainment Network (TTEN)

Nationalistic and patriotic songs

National anthem
Forged from the Love of Liberty

Regional music

Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Aruba and the Dutch Antilles
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Bonaire
Cayman Islands
Cuba
Curaçao
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guyana
Haiti
Jamaica
Louisiana
Martinique
Montserrat
Panama
Puerto Rico
St Kitts and Nevis
St Lucia
St Vincent and Grenadines
Suriname
Turks and Caicos
Virgin Islands

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text: Rapso is a form of Trinidadian music that grew out of the social unrest of the 1970s. Black Power and unions grew in the 1970s, and rapso grew along with them. The first recording was Blow Away by Lancelot Layne in 1970. Six years later, Cheryl Byron (founder of the New York City based Something Positive Dance Company) was scorned when she sang rapso at a calypso tent; she is now called the "Mother of Rapso".

text: It has been described as "de power of de word in the riddim of de word". Though often described as a fusion of native soca and calypso with American hip hop, rapso is uniquely Trinidadian.

text: History[edit]

text: Rapso music is itself an evolution of the chantwell or griot tradition of African music in the diaspora. It is called "the poetry of Calypso" and "the Power of the Word in the rhythm of the Word". Rapso is the poetic "rap" form of Trinbagonian music—the next evolutionary step of Calypso and Soca music. It also has origins in the oral tradition elements of the performances of traditional masquerade characters in Trinidad Carnival.

text: Traditional masquerade characters, such as the Midnight Robber, Pierrot Grenade, and the Wild Indians, each have particular forms of poetic and musical speeches that echoed ancient African masking and poetic traditions. Rapso borrowed many of the rhythmic and performance elements of these forms.

text: The first wave of rapso music occurred in the late 1960s with the invention of rapso by its pioneer Lancelot Layne. The second wave occurred in the late 1970s with Cheryl Byron who was the first woman to perform this brand of music in calypso tents, and mushroomed in the early '80s with the work of Brother Resistance and the Network Rhythm Band, alongside other artists such as Brother Cetewayo and Brother Book. This wave mainstreamed rapso music in Trinidad and Tobago and World Music.

text: The third wave of rapso occurred with the advent of young groups including Kindred, Homefront and Boyz 'N The Road in the early 1990s. They were part of a musical movement entitled the "Kiskadee Karavan" that was led by millionaire Robert Amar, who invested his money in the unleashing of the young musical genius of Trinidad and Tobago. The Karavan revolutionised Trinidad’s music by taking "traditional" forms such as the rapso and giving it modern production and promotional methods to take the music to stadiums in the native Trinidad and Tobago. This opportunity uncovered many talents on the ground, and created a series of anthemic musical singles. The song "This Trini Could Flow" by super-group Kindred took Rapso into the 21st century and firmly entrenched the music as a form comparable to hip-hop and dancehall.

text: Modern Rapso music can be described today as the Trinbagonian equilevent of what we know as American Rap music as groups like Boyz 'N The Road produce and chant to beats and rthythms more heavily influenced by the modern American Hip-Hop music culture fused with R&B and Jazz, as opposed to the traditional or "Roots" Rapso (with Calypso and Soca music). Nonetheless, traditional Rapso continues to live on as super-group Kindred and 3 Canal maintain the balance with the Calypso and Soca music influences.

text: Calypso influence on rap[edit]

text: The basic elements of hip-hop—boasting raps, rival posses, uptown throwdowns, and political commentary—were all present in Trinidadian music as long ago as the 1800s, though they did not reach the form of commercial recordings until the 1920s and 30s. Calypso—like other forms of music—continued to evolve through the 50s and 60s. When rock steady and reggae bands looked to make their music a form of national and even international Black resistance, they took Calypso's example. Calypso itself, like Jamaican music, moved back and forth between the predominance of boasting and toasting songs packed with 'slackness' and sexual innuendo and a more topical, political, 'conscious' style.

text: Terminology[edit]

text: The term rapso was not invented until 1980, when the revolutionary Network Riddum Band with its two chantelles Brother Resistance and Brother Shortman released Busting Out. Initially dominated by the children of the Black Power movement, changes came in the 1990s with the younger artistes adopting the art form, most significantly the bands Kindred, Homefront, 3 Canal and Ataklan.

text:
[hide]

v
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Soca music

Genres

Soca music
Rapso
Chutney soca
Parang soca

Related topics

Music of Trinidad and Tobago
Carnival
Trinidadian English
Disco1
Caribbean music in (Canada, the United Kingdom)
International Soca Monarch
Reggae/Soca Music Awards

1 Berry, Mick & Gianni, Jason (2003). "The Drummer's Bible: How to Play Every Drum Style from Afro-Cuban to Zydeco", p.67: "Disco incorporates stylistic elements of Rock, Funk and the Motown sound while also drawing from Swing, Soca, Merengue and Afro-Cuban styles", ISBN 1884365329, 9781884365324

text: Rapso

text: Articles lacking sources from July 2013All articles lacking sources


document_title: The Secret Life of Pets

question_text: who plays the bunny in secret life of pets

text: The Secret Life of Pets

text: Plot[edit]

text: A Jack Russell Terrier named Max lives with his owner Katie in a Manhattan apartment. While she is at work during the day, he hangs out with other pets in the building: tabby cat Chloe, pug Mel, dachshund Buddy, and budgerigar Sweet Pea. One day, Katie adopts Duke, a large mongrel from the pound, leaving Max jealous because of her divided focus on Duke. Enraged by Max's attitude towards him, Duke tries to abandon Max in an alley, but they are both attacked by cats led by Sphynx cat Ozone who removes both dogs' collars and leaves them to be caught by Animal Control. Duke fears that he will be killed if he goes back to the pound. When Gidget, a white Pomeranian who is (not so) secretly in love with Max, discovers that he is missing, she decides to find him.

text: Max and Duke are rescued by a white rabbit named Snowball, the leader of "The Flushed Pets"—a gang of sewer-dwelling animals who hate humans because their owners mistreated them. After Max and Duke pretend to despise humans as much as they do by saying they killed their owners, the Flushed Pets invite them to join. Before they can prove their loyalty by allowing a one-fanged viper to bite them, Snowball learns from the cats that Max and Duke are domesticated. The two dogs escape the sewers and board a ferry to Brooklyn, inadvertently killing the viper in the process. Snowball vows to kill them and leads the Flushed Pets after them.

text: Meanwhile, Gidget recruits a red-tailed hawk named Tiberius to find Max, but he mistakenly locates Ozone, whom Gidget coerces into telling what he knows about the dogs. They then enlist Mel, Buddy, Chloe, guinea pig Norman and Sweet Pea. On the way, they meet Pops, an old Basset Hound who helps Gidget and the pets find Max. Meanwhile, Max and Duke raid a sausage factory for food. Then, Gidget and her team encounter Snowball, who vows to kill them as well, and Norman is captured as the rest of Gidget's team flees.

text: In the meantime, Duke tells Max about his previous owner, Fred, an elderly man who adopted him as a puppy and loved spending time with him. One day, Duke got lost while chasing a butterfly and was caught by Animal Control, but Fred never came to claim him. Max convinces him to visit Fred's house in a nearby neighborhood, confident Fred will still love him and take him back. When they arrive at Fred's house, they learn from the resident cat Reginald that Fred has died. Heartbroken, Duke accuses Max of attempting to get rid of him and barks at the new homeowners who have just returned to the house and called Animal Control. The handlers catch Max, but Duke interferes long enough for Max to escape and ends up being captured instead.

text: While trying to rescue Duke as he follows the Animal Control van, Max is attacked by Snowball who tries to kill him. However, when his gang is captured, Snowball realizes that he and Max must work together to rescue them. They drive a city bus into the van on the Brooklyn Bridge, stopping traffic. The Flushed Pets encircle Max, unaware of his partnership with Snowball, but Gidget and her team save him. Upon seeing Gidget using her kung-fu fighting skills, and Max starts to fall in love with her. The van gets stuck in scaffolding and the Flushed Pets escape. As soon as Max gets the keys to Duke's cage, the van plummets into the East River with him inside. Max is unable to free Duke, so Snowball jumps into the river to retrieve the keys, allowing them to escape the sinking van.

text: The entire group returns to the apartment block by pig-driven taxi. Max expresses his love for Gidget, who returns his affection. Snowball and the Flushed Pets then come up with a new plan to annihilate all humans, but a little girl named Molly arrives and adopts Snowball and the remaining Flushed Pets return to the sewers. At first, Snowball resists, but gives in and lets himself become a domesticated pet. The other pets return to their homes and embrace their owners, and Max and Duke finally reunite with Katie, sparking a true friendship.

text: Buddy and Mel show up in costume at a party in poodle Leonard's apartment. Leonard's owner returns and Tattoo crashes to the floor on the chandelier.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Louis C.K. as Max, a Jack Russell Terrier.[7]
Eric Stonestreet as Duke, a large, brown, shaggy mongrel.[7]
Kevin Hart as Snowball, a white rabbit.[7]
Jenny Slate as Gidget, a white Pomeranian and Max's love interest.
Ellie Kemper as Katie, Max and Duke's friendly owner.[1][8]
Lake Bell as Chloe, an obese and apathetic grey tabby cat who is one of Max's friends.[8]
Dana Carvey as Pops, an elderly Basset Hound who is paralyzed in his back legs.[9]
Hannibal Buress as Buddy, a laid-back dachshund and one of Max's friends.[8][10]
Bobby Moynihan as Mel, a hyperactive pug and one of Max's friends.
Steve Coogan as Ozone, a Cockney-accented Sphynx cat.

Coogan also voices Reginald, a malevolent Himalayan cat.

Albert Brooks as Tiberius, a curmudgeonly red-tailed hawk.[8][10]
Chris Renaud as Norman, a guinea pig who keeps getting lost trying to find his apartment.
Michael Beattie as Tattoo, a slow-witted tattooed pig who is one of the Flushed Pets.
Sandra Echeverría as Maria, a character from the La Pasión de la Pasión telenovela that Gidget watches.
Jaime Camil as Fernando, a character from the La Pasión de la Pasión telenovela that Gidget watches.
Kiely Renaud as Molly, a little girl who adopts Snowball.

text: Production[edit]

text: Renaud first became involved with the project in 2012, while he was still working on Despicable Me 2.[11] At that time, Illumination's CEO Chris Meledandri pitched him an idea on a film about what pets do when their caretakers are away.[11] While Renaud found the premise interesting he and his team did not know what form the story would take, with them at one point considering making it a murder mystery, before deciding to make something "that was a bit more relatable" [12]

text: The team used Jean-Jacques Sempé as an influence in designing the environment and attention was specifically paid to keep the designs "very vertically oriented"[11] In keeping with the tradition of old WB cartoons, the owners faces are almost never seen.[11] The home of the Flushed Pets was created to "hint at the darker side" of pet ownership "without, hopefully, getting too heavy.[11] as well as to explore "this whole mythology in New York of the world that’s unseen, " while still maintaining the pet theme.[11] The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination Mac Guff.[13]

text: Music and soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Secret Life of Pets (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album by Alexandre Desplat

Released
July 1, 2016 (2016-07-01)

Recorded
2016

Genre

Film score
Jazz
Classical

Length
51:31

Label
Back Lot Music

Producer
Dominique Lemonnier

Alexandre Desplat soundtrack chronology

Florence Foster Jenkins
(2016)Florence Foster Jenkins2016
The Secret Life of Pets
(2016)
The Light Between Oceans
(2016)The Light Between Oceans2016

text: The original score for the film was composed by Alexandre Desplat.[14] The soundtrack was released on July 1, 2016 by Back Lot Music.[15]

text: All music composed by Alexandre Desplat, except "We Go Together" by The Sausage Factory Singers.

text:
showTrack listing

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Meet the Pets"
2:37

2.
"Katie's Leaving"
0:55

3.
"Meet Duke"
3:36

4.
"Fetch Me a Stick"
3:09

5.
"Telenovela Squirrels"
1:24

6.
"Hijack!"
2:00

7.
"Gidget Meets Tiberius"
4:56

8.
"Initiation Time"
1:01

9.
"Rooftop Route"
1:27

10.
"The Viper"
1:49

11.
"You Have an Owner?"
3:04

12.
"Good Morning Max"
1:21

13.
"Sewer Chase"
1:09

14.
"Who's With Me?"
1:21

15.
"Me Like What Me See"
0:54

16.
"Traveling Bossa"
1:56

17.
"Flushed Out To Brooklyn"
2:47

18.
"Sausages!"
1:13

19.
"Duke's Old House / Captured"
3:03

20.
"Brooklyn Bridge Showdown"
2:34

21.
"Rescuing Duke"
2:46

22.
"Wet But Handsome / Blue Taxi"
1:24

23.
"Max and Gidget"
1:36

24.
"Welcome Home"
1:57

25.
"We Go Together" (originally from Grease)
1:24

Total length:
51:31

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was originally scheduled to be released on February 12, 2016, but was pushed back to July 8, 2016.[2] It was released in 2D, 3D, and IMAX 3D using DMR.[16][better source needed] The Secret Life of Pets premiered at the 2016 Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 16, 2016, and was screened at VidCon.[17] The film is accompanied by a Despicable Me short film entitled Mower Minions.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Secret Life of Pets was released on Digital HD on November 22, 2016, and on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, Ultra HD Blu-ray, and DVD on December 6, 2016. In addition to the short film Mower Minions which was released theatrically with the feature film, the releases also include two short films: Norman Television and Weenie.[18]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Secret Life of Pets grossed $368.4 million in Canada and the U.S. and $507.1 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $875.5 million against a production budget of $75 million.[4] Its international takings helped push Universal Pictures [International] past $1 billion for the tenth consecutive year[19] and aided Illumination Entertainment to pass the $4 billion mark for the first time since 2010.[20]

text: It is the fifth-highest-grossing original worldwide film of all time (behind Avatar, Zootopia, The Lion King, and Finding Nemo),[21] the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2016,[22] the twelfth-highest-grossing animated film of all time, and the 51st-highest-grossing film of all time. Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $374.6 million when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it the most profitable release of 2016.[23]

text: North America[edit]

text: In Canada and the United States, the film was projected to gross around $70 million in its opening weekend with some predictions going as high as $100 million.[24][25][26] It received the widest release for an animated film as well as for a PG-rated film (breaking Shrek Forever After's record) and the seventh-widest of all time overall across 4,370 theaters, the widest release since The Dark Knight Rises.[25][27][28][29] It made $5.3 million from Thursday night previews in 3,009 theaters which is the second-biggest of all time for Illumination behind only Minions ($6.2 million), and the third biggest of all time for an animated film behind Finding Dory ($9.2 million) and Minions.[26][30] This was followed by a record-breaking $38.5 million opening day gross (including previews), the biggest for an original film.[31][32] In its opening weekend, it exceeded expectations and grossed $104.4 million, finishing first at the box office.[33] Its debut is the sixth-biggest for an animated film, the sixth highest weekend debut in July, and the fourth-biggest opening weekend for Universal Pictures.[34] It also set the record for the largest opening for an original film, eclipsing the $90.4 million debut of Inside Out.[35][36]

text: In its second weekend, the film made $50.8 million (-51.3%) while maintaining the top spot, despite facing stiff competition with newcomer Ghostbusters.[37] Although it slipped into second place when overtaken by Star Trek Beyond in its third weekend, it was still able to fend off the two other new releases—Lights Out and Ice Age: Collision Course—by earning another $29.6 million.[38] It passed $300 million on its twenty-sixth day—the same day it crossed $400 million worldwide[39]—becoming the seventh film of 2016,[40] the seventh Universal Pictures film (the first for the year),[41] and the twelfth animated film overall to reach the benchmark.[42]

text: Outside North America[edit]

text: Internationally, The Secret Life of Pets received a scattered release from June to September in a total of 69 markets, and faced competition from other animated films such as Finding Dory and Ice Age: Collision Course in the course of its release.[43][44][45] In total, it had number-one openings in 45 markets and recorded the biggest opening for an original animated film in 17 territories, and the No. 1 animated film of 2016 to date in 13 markets.[20][46] It topped the international box office in its ninth weekend after earning $43.8 million in 53 markets (dethroning Suicide Squad).[47] However, this wasn't the film's biggest single weekend gross. Its biggest weekend gross was actually in its seventh weekend when it grossed $69.3 million. It opened at No. 3 behind Suicide Squad ($133.3 million) and the Chinese film Time Raiders ($64.6 million) that weekend.[48]

text: It was released in the United Kingdom and Norway two weeks ahead of its U.S. release, where it grossed a combined total of $14.1 million in the two markets.[43] Prior to its official debut in the UK and the Republic of Ireland on June 24, the film had two days' worth of previews on June 18 and 19 from which it made £3.63 million ($5.2 million) in two days. This figure was later counted in the film's official opening weekend.[49] It went on to score the fourth-biggest original animation opening weekend ever there, with £9.58 million ($13.4 million) from 592 theaters, trailing behind Inside Out, Monsters, Inc., and Up. Excluding previews, its total three-day opening was $8.1 million.[50][51] This was amidst Brexit and despite facing competition from Independence Day: Resurgence.[43][52] The film held off extremely well in its second and third weekend falling just 20% and 24%, earning £4.47 million ($6.1 million) and £3.62 million ($4.8 million) respectively despite facing some competitions.[53][54] It has topped the box office for three consecutive weekends and has grossed total of $41 million there.[55] In Norway, it took the number one spot as well, with $778,000.[43] It scored the biggest animation opening of 2016 and the second-biggest of all time overall in both Taiwan ($2 million)—behind Madagascar, and Hong Kong ($1.9 million)—behind Inside Out.[44]

text: In Argentina, the film had a record-breaking number-one debut with $4 million from 195 screens—the biggest opening weekend ever for an animated film and the second-biggest opening ever for any film (behind Furious 7). Similarly, Chile also recorded the second-biggest animated opening ever with $1.7 million (behind Minions). Colombia also opened at No. 1 with a huge $1.5 million.[56] In Mexico, other than opening at No. 1, it posted the biggest original animated opening of all time with $7.6 million, surpassing the studio's own previous record holder Inside Out.[45] Also in Russia, it scored the biggest original animated opening and the second-biggest ever for an animated film behind Minions with $16.3 million, although this included $6.4 million five days' worth of previews.[47] It went on to become the highest-grossing film of the summer that year.[57] In Japan, the film opened on August 11—the date of Japan's first Mountain Day national holiday—with Toho-Towa distributing, and earned $4.6 million on 370,000 admissions for its two-day opening weekend dethroning Shin Godzilla off the top spot. The cumulative total for the four-day holiday (August 11–14) was $9.7 million.[19][58] Similarly, it had number-one debuts in Germany ($7.1 million), France ($5.9 million), Australia ($5.6 million), Italy ($5.1 million), Brazil ($4.4 million), Spain ($4.5 million), Poland ($1.7 million), Singapore ($1.3 million), Belgium ($1.2 million), Denmark ($1.2 million), Indonesia ($1.1 million), the Philippines ($1 million), and South Africa ($463,000). In Germany, it scored the best animation opening since Minions.[45][59][60][61][62][63][64][65] It topped the box office in Israel for five straight weekends and in Australia, Russia and Spain for three weekends.[45][47][61][63] In Japan, the film was the highest-grossing foreign release of the weekend, holding the top spot for four consecutive weekends.[60]

text: In China—the world's second-biggest film market—the film opened on a Tuesday, earning a modest $5.2 million on its opening day. To Sunday, it achieved a six-day opening of $29.3 million and $15.5 million for the weekend alone (Friday to Sunday), with per screen averages over $500 per screen per day. In both instances, it was behind the local film Time Raiders.[59][66][67] In South Korea, despite debuting in fifth place, it had an opening of $6.9 million.[59] Elsewhere, it grossed $2.7 million in the Netherlands, $1.2 million in Sweden and in Hungary, it scored the biggest opening of the year with $738,000,[59] and also in Portugal ($965,000), Latvia ($224,000),[47] and South Africa.[64]

text: In terms of total earnings, its biggest markets are China ($58 million), United Kingdom and Ireland ($47.2 million), Japan ($41.6 million) and Russia ($34.2 million).[19][47][68] It became the third-highest-grossing film of all time in Russia (behind Avatar and Zootopia)[61] and the highest-grossing film of 2016 in Spain.[20][62]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 75% based on 208 reviews with an average rating of 6.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Fast-paced, funny, and blessed with a talented voice cast, The Secret Life of Pets offers a beautifully animated, cheerfully undemanding family-friendly diversion."[69] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 61 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[70] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[71]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three out of four stars and called it "an animated fluffball—a sort of Toy Story with pets does everything to drive you crazy and ends up being totally irresistible."[72] Scott Tobias, writing for NPR, characterized the film's concept as "Toy Story but with house pets," highlighting the film's "thinly distinguished characters" and "gloppy sentimentality."[73] Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three out of four stars and said "In much the same way that the smash Zootopia demonstrated that creatures of different culture and class and species are better off when they come together, The Secret Life of Pets is a testament to teamwork and friendship and fixing the rifts that divide us. Let the fur—and the warm, fuzzy feelings—fly."[74]

text: However, some critics disliked the film's unexpected similarities with Pixar's Toy Story.[75] Matthew Parkinson of The Escapist compared the plots of both films and wrote that "The Secret Life of Pets feels like one of those hour-long ripoffs you'd see on a children's television network."[76] Ethan Anderton of the website /Film criticised the film's characterisation, and noted that the relationship between Max and Duke was akin to "Woody and Buzz Lightyear all over again."[77]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Annie Awards
February 4, 2017
Outstanding Achievement, Character Design in an Animated Feature Production
Eric Guillon
Nominated
[78]

Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated Feature Production
Alexandre Desplat

British Academy Children's Awards
November 20, 2016
BAFTA Kids' Vote
The Secret Life of Pets
[79][80]

Cinema Audio Society
February 18, 2017
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Animated
David Acord, Jason Butler, Gary A. Rizzo, Carlos Sotolongo and Frank Wolf
[81]

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
November 17, 2016
Best Original Score – Animated Film
Alexandre Desplat
Won
[82][83]

International Film Music Critics Association
21 February 2017
Best Original Score for a Comedy Film
Nominated
[84]

2017 Kids' Choice Awards
March 11, 2017
Favorite Animated Movie
The Secret Life of Pets
[85]

Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie
Kevin Hart

Favorite Villain
Won

Most Wanted Pet

NAACP Image Awards
February 11, 2017
Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance
Nominated
[86]

People's Choice Awards
January 18, 2017
Favorite Family Movie
The Secret Life of Pets
[87]

Favorite Animated Movie Voice
Kevin Hart

Producers Guild of America
January 28, 2017
Best Animated Motion Picture
Janet Healy and Chris Meledandri
[88]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In August 2016, it was announced that there would be a sequel with director Chris Renaud, producers Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy, and writer Brian Lynch, with a release date of July 13, 2018.[89] On January 25, 2017, its release date was pushed back to July 3, 2019.[90] On August 15, 2017, its release date was moved forward to June 7, 2019.[6] On November 10, 2017, it was announced that Louis C.K. would not be reprising his role as Max after being accused of, and having admitted to, inappropriate sexual conduct with five women.[91] In April 2018, it was announced that Patton Oswalt will replace C.K. as Max while Hart, Stonestreet, Slate, Kemper, Bell, Carvey, Buress and Moynihan will return. Additional casting includes Tiffany Haddish, Nick Kroll, Pete Holmes and Harrison Ford.[92]


document_title: Queensland cricket team

question_text: when did qld first win the sheffield shield

text: Queensland cricket team

text: History[edit]

text: 1824 to 1926/27[edit]

text: The first European settlement in Queensland was a penal colony established at Redcliffe in 1824, which moved to Brisbane the following year. Free settlers first arrived in 1842.

text: The earliest evidence of cricket being played in Queensland is in 1857, two years prior to separation from New South Wales and statehood. A match between Brisbane and Ipswich was held in 1859 while in 1860 a Toowoomba team played Dalby. By 1862 there were also teams in Warwick, Maryborough, Gayndah, Gympie, Rockhampton and the Lockyer Valley.[1]

text: Queensland's first inter-colonial (i.e. representative) match was in 1864 when their XXII was beaten by a New South Wales XI.[2] In 1875, Queensland recorded their first victory when their XVIII beat the NSW XI. That victory was a catalyst for the formation of the Queensland Cricket Association in 1876.[1] Queensland was finally granted first-class status in 1892/93, winning its inaugural first-class match against NSW in that season by 14 runs.[3] Queensland rarely played more than two inter-colonial matches per season from 1892/93, with generally one match (and often both) against New South Wales. The tyranny of distance and non-professional status of the players severely limited opportunities for more first-class competition during this period.

text: The Sheffield Shield competition commenced in 1892/93 but Queensland's initial applications for admission were refused.[2] Despite their minimal first-class exposure, Queensland still produced four Australian Test players prior to their Sheffield Shield debut, though none played more than six Tests. The first was the colourful Arthur Coningham who played his only Test in 1895. Remarkably, he took a wicket with his very first delivery[4] (it was also the first ball of the Test). He also scored Queensland's initial first-class century, 151 against NSW.[5]

text: 1910/11 was a very successful season as Queensland recorded three first-class wins for the first time, beating NSW home and away and Victoria in Melbourne in their only three games of the summer.[6]

text: 1926/27 to 1963/64[edit]

text: Queensland was finally admitted to the Sheffield Shield in 1926/27 and had a successful debut year, defeating NSW in their first ever Shield match and also eventual winners SA in their only meeting. Like most new teams the side struggled to maintain that level of performance and finished last in the (then) four-team competition 15 times in its first 19 seasons. However the decision to include Queensland quickly paid off with the emergence of regular Test players such as Bill Brown, Don Tallon, Percy Hornibrook and Ron Oxenham. Brisbane hosted its first Test match in 1928/29 when Australia met England at the Exhibition Ground.

text: By the early 1950s Queensland had a very competitive side and was regularly finishing in the top three of the (now) five team Shield following Western Australia's admission in 1946/47. In 1956/57 they finished an agonising one point behind winners NSW.[7] More Australian players were produced, including Ron Archer, Wally Grout, Ken 'Slasher' Mackay and Peter Burge. Another highlight of this period was the dramatic Tied Test between Australia and the West Indies at the Gabba in 1960/61.

text: 1964/65 to 1972/73[edit]

text: This period was undoubtedly Queensland's worst era, finishing last eight times in nine Shield seasons. Rock bottom was reached in 1967/68 when the side failed to win a single game. The QCA decided to recruit high-profile interstate players to revive the team's fortunes. Greg Chappell was vice-captain of South Australia under brother Ian and was lured north for the 1973/74 season with the promise of the Queensland captaincy. Emerging pace bowler Jeff Thomson followed the next year.

text: 1973/74 to 1993/94[edit]

text: The addition of Chappell and Thomson to a side containing players such as Sam Trimble, Martin Kent, Tony Dell and Geoff Dymock had an immediate impact. Queensland gained four seconds and a third over the next five seasons, as well as winning the domestic one day cup in 1975/76, Queensland's first piece of silverware.

text: The Queensland teams of the 1980s were even stronger, featuring many outstanding cricketers, both "home-grown" like Craig McDermott, Carl Rackemann and Ian Healy and others attracted from interstate or overseas such as Vivian Richards, Allan Border, Kepler Wessels and Ian Botham. Queensland were runners up five times in seven seasons[8] in the 1980s (including a heartbreaking one wicket loss to NSW in 1984/85), and won the one-day trophy three more times in this period, but that first Shield win was still elusive.

text: 1994/95 to date[edit]

text: The 68-year wait finally came to an end in the 1994/95 season when Stuart Law led Queensland to their inaugural Sheffield Shield win after finishing last the previous year.

text: Since their breakthrough win, Queensland has enjoyed a golden era winning the competition a further six times (including three consecutive seasons from 1999/2000 to 2001/02) and also finishing as runners-up six times. Their most recent title, a victory over the Tasmanian Tigers in 2011–12 saw the Bulls win by 7 wickets in one of the most closely contested finals of recent times. Since a final was introduced to the Sheffield Shield competition in the 1982/83 cricket season the Queensland Bulls have contested 18 out of 30 finals. Since Tasmania were admitted in 1977/78, the Bulls have finished in sixth (i.e. last) just twice.

text: Colours and mascot[edit]

text: The primary club colour of Queensland Bulls is Maroon, which represents the state colour of Queensland. The secondary club colour is Gold, with additional contrasting colour of white.

text: The "Bulls" mascot and nickname were adopted at the commencement of the 1993/94 season.

text: Home grounds[edit]

text: The side plays most of its home games at the Brisbane Cricket Ground, generally referred to as "the Gabba", a contraction of the suburb name of Woolloongabba in which it is located. Matches are occasionally played at Allan Border Field in Albion, Brisbane and Cazaly's Stadium in Cairns. 28 first-class games and two Tests were played at the Exhibition Ground between 1893 and 1931.

text: Current squad[edit]

text: Players with international caps are listed in bold.

text:
No.
Name
Nat
Birth date
Batting Style
Bowling Style
Notes

Batsmen

4
Usman Khawaja

(1986-12-18) 18 December 1986 (age 31)
Left-handed
Right-arm medium
Cricket Australia contract, Captain

9
Marnus Labuschagne

(1994-06-22) 22 June 1994 (age 23)
Right-handed
Right-arm leg break

15
Joe Burns

(1989-09-06) 6 September 1989 (age 28)
Right-handed
Right-arm medium

25
Sam Truloff

(1993-03-24) 24 March 1993 (age 24)
Right-handed
Right-arm leg break

44
Charlie Hemphrey

(1989-08-31) 31 August 1989 (age 28)
Right-handed
Right-arm off break

47
Sam Heazlett

(1995-09-12) 12 September 1995 (age 22)
Left-handed
Left-arm off break

50
Chris Lynn

(1990-10-04) 4 October 1990 (age 27)
Right-handed
Slow left-arm orthodox

66
Peter Forrest

(1985-11-15) 15 November 1985 (age 32)
Right-handed
Right-arm medium

94
Matt Renshaw

(1996-03-28) 28 March 1996 (age 21)
Left-handed
Right-arm off break
Cricket Australia contract

–
Bryce Street

–
Left-handed
Right-arm medium
Rookie contract

All-rounders

31
Ben Cutting

(1987-01-30) 30 January 1987 (age 30)
Right-handed
Right-arm fast-medium

20
Michael Neser

(1990-03-29) 29 March 1990 (age 27)
Right-handed
Right-arm medium-fast

24
Jack Wildermuth

(1993-09-01) 1 September 1993 (age 24)
Right-handed
Right-arm medium-fast

52
Jason Floros

(1990-11-24) 24 November 1990 (age 27)
Left-handed
Right-arm off break

–
James Bazley

(1995-04-08) 8 April 1995 (age 22)
Right-handed
Right-arm medium

–
Max Bryant

(1999-10-03) 3 October 1999 (age 18)
Right-handed
Right-arm medium
Rookie contract

–
Harry Wood

–
Right-handed
Right-arm fast-medium
Rookie contract

Wicket-keepers

59
James Peirson

(1992-10-13) 13 October 1992 (age 25)
Right-handed
—

–
Lachlan Pfeffer

(1991-04-08) 8 April 1991 (age 26)
Left-handed
—

Bowlers

14
Peter George

(1986-10-16) 16 October 1986 (age 31)
Right-handed
Right-arm fast-medium

16
Mark Steketee

(1994-01-17) 17 January 1994 (age 24)
Right-handed
Right-arm fast-medium

21
Cameron Gannon

(1989-01-23) 23 January 1989 (age 28)
Right-handed
Right-arm fast-medium

22
Mitchell Swepson

(1993-10-04) 4 October 1993 (age 24)
Right-handed
Right-arm leg break

35
Brendan Doggett

(1994-04-03) 3 April 1994 (age 23)
Right-handed
Right-arm fast-medium

58
Luke Feldman

(1984-08-01) 1 August 1984 (age 33)
Right-handed
Right-arm fast-medium

64
Billy Stanlake

(1994-11-04) 4 November 1994 (age 23)
Right-handed
Right-arm fast-medium
Cricket Australia contract

–
Nathan Rimmington

(1982-11-11) 11 November 1982 (age 35)
Right-handed
Right-arm fast-medium
Not contracted

–
Xavier Bartlett

(1998-12-17) 17 December 1998 (age 19)
Right-handed
Right-arm fast-medium
Rookie contract

–
Matthew Kuhnemann

(1996-09-20) 20 September 1996 (age 21)
Left-handed
Slow left-arm orthodox
Rookie contract

–
Jack Prestwidge

–
Right-handed
Right-arm fast-medium
Rookie contract

text: Source(s): Cricinfo, Queensland Bulls

text: Test players[edit]

text: Queensland has produced more than 50 players who have represented Australia in Test matches,[9] while a number of Test players from other countries have played for the team. For a fuller list of players, see Queensland cricketers.

text:
Andy Bichel
Allan Border
Carl Rackemann
Ian Botham
Bill Brown
Peter Burge
Greg Chappell
Eddie Gilbert +
Wally Grout
Wes Hall
Ryan Harris
Matthew Hayden
Ian Healy
Graeme Hick
Trevor Hohns
Alec Hurwood
Mitchell Johnson
Michael Kasprowicz
Stuart Law
Ray Lindwall
Martin Love
Colin McCool
Craig McDermott
Ken Mackay
Viv Richards
Greg Ritchie
Andrew Symonds
Don Tallon
Jeff Thomson
Shane Watson
Usman Khawaja
Joe Burns
Matt Renshaw

text: + Not a Test player

text: Titles[edit]

text: Sheffield Shield[edit]

text: 7 titles:

text:
1994/95
1996/97
1999/2000
2000/01
2001/02
2005/06
2011/12

text: Domestic One-Day Cup[edit]

text: 10 titles:

text:
1975/76
1980/81
1981/82
1988/89
1995/96
1997/98
2006/07
2008/09
2012/13
2013/14

text: First-class records[edit]

text: Batting records[edit]

text: Most runs for Queensland[10]

text:
Player
Runs
Career

Martin Love
10297
1992/93 – 2008/09

Stuart Law
9920
1988/89 – 2003/04

Jimmy Maher
9889
1993/94 – 2007/08

Sam Trimble
9465
1959/60 – 1975/76

Matthew Hayden
8831
1991/92 – 2007/08

Allan Border
7661
1980/81 – 1995/96

text: Highest individual score:

text: Martin Love 300* vs Victoria in 2003/04

text: Most centuries:

text: Martin Love 28

text: Most runs in a season:

text: Stuart Law 1204 runs in 1990/91

text: Highest partnership:

text: Kepler Wessels and Robbie Kerr 388 vs in 1982/83

text: Highest team score:

text: 900-6d vs Victoria in 2005/06

text: Bowling records[edit]

text: Most wickets for Queensland[11]

text:
Player
Wickets
Average

Michael Kasprowicz
498
1989/90 – 2007/08

Andy Bichel
463
1992/93 – 2007/08

Carl Rackemann
425
1979/80 – 1995/96

Jeff Thomson
349
1974/75 – 1985/86

Craig McDermott
329
1983/84 – 1995/96

Geoff Dymock
309
1971/72 – 1981/82

text: Most wickets in a season:

text: Michael Kasprowicz 64 wickets in 1995/96

text: Most wickets in an innings:

text: Peter Allan 10–61 vs Victoria in 1965/66

text: Most wickets in a match:

text: Peter Allan 13–110 vs NSW in 1968/69