document_title: Counter-Reformation

question_text: who was a leader in reforming the catholic church

question_tokens: who was a leader in reforming the catholic church

text: Counter-Reformation

text: Precursors[edit]

text: The 14th, 15th and 16th centuries saw a spiritual revival in Europe, in which the question of salvation became central. This became known as the Catholic Reformation. Several theologians[who?] harkened back to the early days of Christianity and questioned their spirituality. Their debates expanded across most of the Western Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries, whilst secular critics[who?] also examined religious practice, clerical behavior and the Church's doctrinal positions. Several varied currents of thought were active, but the ideas of reform and renewal were led by the clergy.[citation needed]

text: The reforms decreed at Lateran V (1512–1517) had only a small effect.[citation needed] Some doctrinal positions got further from the Church's official positions,[citation needed] leading to the break with Rome and the formation of Protestant denominations. Even so, conservative and reforming parties still survived within the Catholic Church even as the Protestant Reformation spread. Protestants decisively broke from the Catholic Church in the 1520s. The two distinct dogmatic positions within the Catholic Church solidified in the 1560s. The Catholic Reformation became known as the Counter-Reformation, defined as a reaction to Protestantism rather than as a reform movement. Historian Henri Daniel-Rops says:

text: The term, however, though common, is misleading: it cannot rightly be applied, logically or chronologically, to that sudden awakening as of a startled giant, that wonderful effort of rejuvenation and reorganization, which in a space of thirty years gave to the Church an altogether new appearance. ... The so-called 'counter-reformation' did not begin with the Council of Trent, long after Luther; its origins and initial achievements were much anterior to the fame of Wittenberg. It was undertaken, not by way of answering the 'reformers,' but in obedience to demands and principles that are part of the unalterable tradition of the Church and proceed from her most fundamental loyalties.[5]

text: The regular orders made their first attempts at reform in the 14th century. The 'Benedictine Bull' of 1336 reformed the Benedictines and Cistercians. In 1523, the Camaldolese Hermits of Monte Corona were recognized as a separate congregation of monks. In 1435, Saint Francis of Paola founded the Poor Hermits of Saint Francis of Assisi, who became the Minim Friars. In 1526, Matteo de Bascio suggested reforming the Franciscan rule of life to its original purity, giving birth to the Capuchins, recognized by the pope in 1619.[6] This order was well-known to the laity and play an important role in public preaching. To respond to the new needs of evangelism, clergy formed into religious congregations, taking special vows but with no obligation to assist in a monastery's religious offices. These regular clergy taught, preached and took confession but were under a bishop's direct authority and not linked to a specific parish or area like a vicar or canon.[6]

text: In Italy, the first congregation of regular clergy was the Theatines founded in 1524 by Gaetano and Cardinal Caraffa. This was followed by the Somaschi Fathers in 1528, the Barnabites in 1530, the Ursulines in 1535, the Jesuits, canonically recognised in 1540, the Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca in 1583, the Camillians in 1584, the Adorno Fathers in 1588, and finally the Piarists in 1621. In 1524,[clarification needed] a number of priests in Rome began to live in a community centred on Philip Neri. The Oratorians were given their institutions in 1564 and recognized as an order by the pope in 1575. They used music and singing to attract the faithful.[7]

text: Council of Trent[edit]

text: Pope Paul III (1534–1549) is considered the first pope of the Counter-Reformation,[2] and he also initiated the Council of Trent (1545–1563), a commission of cardinals tasked with institutional reform, addressing contentious issues such as corrupt bishops and priests, the sale of indulgences, and other financial abuses.

text: The Council upheld the basic structure of the Medieval Church, its sacramental system, religious orders, and doctrine. It rejected all compromise with the Protestants, restating basic tenets of the Roman Catholic faith. The Council upheld salvation appropriated by grace through faith and works of that faith (not just by faith, as the Protestants insisted) because "faith without works is dead", as the Epistle of St. James states (2:22-26).

text: Transubstantiation, according to which the consecrated bread and wine are held to have been transformed really and substantially into the body, blood, soul and divinity of Christ, was also reaffirmed, as were the traditional seven Sacraments of the Catholic Church. Other practices that drew the ire of Protestant reformers, such as pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, the use of venerable images and statuary, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary were strongly reaffirmed as spiritually commendable practices.

text: The Council, in the Canon of Trent, officially accepted the Vulgate listing of the Old Testament Bible, which included the deuterocanonical works (also called the Apocrypha by Protestants) on a par with the 39 books customarily found in the Masoretic Text. This reaffirmed the previous Council of Rome and Synods of Carthage (both held in the 4th century AD), which had affirmed the Deuterocanon as Scripture.[8] The Council also commissioned the Roman Catechism, which served as authoritative Church teaching until the Catechism of the Catholic Church (1992).

text: While the traditional fundamentals of the Church were reaffirmed, there were noticeable changes to answer complaints that the Counter-Reformers were, tacitly, willing to admit were legitimate. Among the conditions to be corrected by Catholic reformers was the growing divide between the clerics and the laity; many members of the clergy in the rural parishes, after all, had been poorly educated. Often, these rural priests did not know Latin and lacked opportunities for proper theological training. Addressing the education of priests had been a fundamental focus of the humanist reformers in the past.

text: Parish priests were to be better educated in matters of theology and apologetics, while Papal authorities sought to educate the faithful about the meaning, nature and value of art and liturgy, particularly in monastic churches (Protestants had criticised them as "distracting"). Notebooks and handbooks became more common, describing how to be good priests and confessors.

text: Thus, the Council of Trent attempted to improve the discipline and administration of the Church. The worldly excesses of the secular Renaissance Church, epitomized by the era of Alexander VI (1492–1503), intensified during the Reformation under Pope Leo X (1513–1522), whose campaign to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter's Basilica by supporting use of indulgences served as a key impetus for Martin Luther's 95 Theses. The Catholic Church responded to these problems by a vigorous campaign of reform, inspired by earlier Catholic reform movements that predated the Council of Constance (1414–1417): humanism, devotionalism, legalism and the observantine tradition.

text: The Council, by virtue of its actions, repudiated the pluralism of the secular Renaissance that had previously plagued the Church: the organization of religious institutions was tightened, discipline was improved, and the parish was emphasized. The appointment of Bishops for political reasons was no longer tolerated. In the past, the large landholdings forced many bishops to be "absent bishops" who at times were property managers trained in administration. Thus, the Council of Trent combated "absenteeism", which was the practice of bishops living in Rome or on landed estates rather than in their dioceses. The Council of Trent also gave bishops greater power to supervise all aspects of religious life. Zealous prelates, such as Milan's Archbishop Carlo Borromeo (1538–1584), later canonized as a saint, set an example by visiting the remotest parishes and instilling high standards.

text: Religious orders[edit]

text: New religious orders were a fundamental part of the reforms. Orders such as the Capuchins, Discalced Carmelites, Discalced Augustinians, Augustinian Recollects, Cistercian Feuillants, Ursulines, Theatines, Barnabites, Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri and especially Jesuits worked in rural parishes and set examples of Catholic renewal.

text: The Theatines undertook checking the spread of heresy and contributed to a regeneration of the clergy. The Capuchins, an offshoot of the Franciscan order notable for their preaching and for their care for the poor and the sick, grew rapidly. Capuchin-founded confraternities took special interest in the poor and lived austerely. Members of orders active in overseas missionary expansion expressed the view that the rural parishes often needed Christianizing as much as the heathens of Asia and the Americas.

text: The Ursulines focused on the special task of educating girls,[9] the first order of women to be dedicated to that goal.[10] Devotion to the traditional works of mercy exemplified the Catholic Reformation's reaffirmation of the importance of both faith and works and salvation through God's grace and repudiation of the maxim sola scriptura emphasized by Protestants sects. Not only did they make the Church more effective, but they also reaffirmed fundamental premises of the Medieval Church.

text: The Jesuits were the most effective of the new Catholic orders. An heir to the devotional, observantine, and legalist traditions, the Jesuits organized along military lines. The worldliness of the Renaissance Church had no part in their new order. Loyola's masterwork Spiritual Exercises showed the emphasis of handbooks characteristic of Catholic reformers before the Reformation, reminiscent of devotionalism. The Jesuits became preachers, confessors to monarchs and princes, and humanist educators.[11]

text: According to Adventist minister Le Roy Froom, forced to self-justify their position by unflattering prophetic figures and epithets utilized by Protestant Bible scholars of the Papacy,[clarification needed] Jesuits Francisco Ribera and Luis De Alcasar utilized two counter-interpretations of these selfsame prophecies, Futurism and Preterism.[dubious – discuss] These were devised to deflect the strength of Protestant Reformation teachings and to shift the use of the Antichrist and analogous prophecies away from the pope and out of the Middle Ages. It is said that Froom argued these methods left an enduring mark upon history.[11] Their efforts are largely credited[according to whom?] with stemming Protestantism in Poland, Bohemia, Hungary, southern Germany, France, and the Spanish Netherlands. Froom said,

text: "In Germany, Switzerland, France, Den- mark, Sweden, England, and Scotland there had been simulta- neous and impressive declarations by voice and pen that the Papacy was the specified Antichrist of prophecy. The symbols of Daniel, Paul, and John were applied with tremendous effect. Hundreds of books and tracts impressed their contention upon the consciousness of Europe.. Indeed, it gained so great a hold upon the minds of men that Rome, in alarm, saw that she must successfully counteract this identification of Antichrist with the Papacy, or lose the battle."

text: Jesuits participated in the expansion of the Church in the Americas and Asia, by their missionary activity. Loyola's biography contributed to an emphasis on popular piety that had waned under political popes such as Alexander VI and Leo X. After recovering from a serious wound, he took a vow to "serve only God and the Roman pontiff, His vicar on Earth." The emphasis on the Pope is a reaffirmation of the medieval papalism, while the Council of Trent defeated Conciliarism, the belief that general councils of the church collectively were God's representative on Earth rather than the Pope. Taking the Pope as an absolute leader, the Jesuits contributed to the Counter-Reformation Church along a line harmonized to Rome.

text: Politics: the Netherlands[edit]

text: When the Calvinists took control of various parts of the Netherlands in the Dutch Revolt, the Catholics led by Philip II of Spain fought back. The king sent in Alexander Farnese as Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592.

text: Farnese led a successful campaign 1578–1592 against the Dutch Revolt, in which he captured the main cities in the south Spanish – Belgium and returned them to the control of Catholic Spain.[12] He took advantage of the divisions in the ranks of his opponents between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons, using persuasion to take advantage of the divisions and foment the growing discord. By doing so he was able to bring back the Walloon provinces to an allegiance to the king. By the treaty of Arras in 1579, he secured the support of the 'Malcontents', as the Catholic nobles of the south were styled.

text: The seven northern provinces as well as Flanders and Brabant, controlled by Calvinists, responded with the Union of Utrecht, where they resolved to stick together to fight Spain. Farnese secured his base in Hainaut and Artois, then moved against Brabant and Flanders. City after city fell: Tournai, Maastricht, Breda, Bruges and Ghent opened their gates.

text: Farnese finally laid siege to the great seaport of Antwerp. The town was open to the sea, strongly fortified, and well defended under the leadership of Marnix van St. Aldegonde. Farnese cut off all access to the sea by constructing a bridge of boats across the Scheldt. The city surrendered in 1585 as 60,000 Antwerp citizens (60% of the pre-siege population) fled north. All of the southern Netherlands was once more under Spanish control.

text: In a war composed mostly of sieges rather than battles, he proved his mettle. His strategy was to offer generous terms for surrender: there would be no massacres or looting; historic urban privileges were retained; there was a full pardon and amnesty; return to the Catholic Church would be gradual.[13]

text: Meanwhile, Catholic refugees from the North regrouped in Cologne and Douai and developed a more militant, Tridentine identity. They became the mobilizing forces of a popular Counter-Reformation in the South, thereby facilitating the eventual emergence of the state of Belgium.[14]

text: Spiritual movements[edit]

text:
The Battle of Lepanto

Artist
Paolo Veronese

Year
1571

Medium
Oil on canvas

Dimensions
169 cm × 137 cm (67 in × 54 in)

Location
Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice, Italy

text: The Catholic Reformation was not only a political and Church policy oriented movement, but it also included major figures such as Ignatius of Loyola, Teresa of Ávila, John of the Cross, Francis de Sales, and Philip Neri, who added to the spirituality of the Catholic Church. Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross were Spanish mystics and reformers of the Carmelite Order, whose ministry focused on interior conversion to Christ, the deepening of prayer, and commitment to God's will. Teresa was given the task of developing and writing about the way to perfection in her love and unity with Christ. Her publications, especially her autobiography The Life of Theresa of Jesus, had multiple effects. Thomas Merton called John of the Cross the greatest of all mystical theologians.[15]

text: An important clarification about the word "mystical" is necessary. When one considers its definition or the nature of "mysticism", a common misunderstanding exists that if one is to become a mystic they are required to seclude themselves physically from the outside world to have this kind of experience. Although such seclusion can, indeed, be the only apostolate (vocation) to which some are called to a life of prayer, there are others who have dual apostolates. In fact, John of the Cross himself served as both confessor/spiritual director within the confines of the cloistered communities that he and Teresa of Ávila worked vigorously to establish, but he also literally helped to build a number of those convents and monasteries. It is true that Ignatius of Loyola and Francis de Sales were called to a more active spirituality or apostolate, but their vocations were not "the opposite" of Teresa of Jesus and John of the Cross as this article previously indicated. Returning to Ignatius of Loyola, "to see God in all things" was a typical expression of Ignatius and a main theme of his Spiritual Exercises.[16]

text: The spirituality of Filippo Neri, who lived in Rome at the same time as Ignatius, was practically oriented, too, but totally opposed to the Jesuit approach. Said Filippo, "If I have a real problem, I contemplate what Ignatius would do ... and then I do the exact opposite". As a recognition of their joint contribution to the spiritual renewal within the Catholic reformation, Ignatius of Loyola, Filippo Neri, and Teresa of Ávila were canonized on the same day, March 12, 1622.

text: The Virgin Mary played an increasingly central role in Catholic devotions. The victory at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 was accredited to the Virgin Mary and signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions.[17] During and after the Catholic Reformation, Marian piety experienced unforeseen growth with over 500 pages of mariological writings during the 17th century alone.[18] The Jesuit Francisco Suárez was the first theologian to use the Thomist method on Marian theology. Other well-known contributors to Marian spirituality are Lawrence of Brindisi, Robert Bellarmine, and Francis of Sales.

text: The sacrament of penance was transformed from a social to a personal experience; that is, from a public community act to a private confession. It now took place in private in a confessional. It was a change in its emphasis from reconciliation with the Church to reconciliation directly with God and from emphasis on social sins of hostility to private sins (called "the secret sins of the heart").[19]

text: Baroque art[edit]

text: The Catholic Church was a leading arts patron across much of Europe. The goal of much art in the Counter-Reformation, especially in the Rome of Bernini and the Flanders of Peter Paul Rubens, was to restore Catholicism's predominance and centrality. This was one of the drivers of the Baroque style that emerged across Europe in the late sixteenth century. In areas where Catholicism predominated, architecture[20] and painting,[21] and to a lesser extent music, reflected Counter-Reformation goals.[22]

text: The Council of Trent proclaimed that architecture, painting and sculpture had a role in conveying Catholic theology. Any work that might arouse "carnal desire" was inadmissible in churches, while any depiction of Christ's suffering and explicit agony was desirable and proper. In an era when some Protestant reformers were destroying images of saints and whitewashing walls, Catholic reformers reaffirmed the importance of art, with special encouragement given to images of the Virgin Mary.[23]

text: Decrees on art[edit]

text:
The Last Judgment

Artist
Michelangelo

Year
1537–1541

Type
Fresco

Dimensions
1370 cm × 1200 cm (539.3 in × 472.4 in)

Location
Sistine Chapel, Vatican City

text: The Last Judgment, a fresco in the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo (1534–41), came under persistent attack in the Counter-Reformation for, among other things, nudity (later painted over for several centuries), not showing Christ seated or bearded, and including the pagan figure of Charon. Italian painting after 1520, with the notable exception of the art of Venice, developed into Mannerism, a highly sophisticated style striving for effect, that concerned many churchmen as lacking appeal for the mass of the population. Church pressure to restrain religious imagery affected art from the 1530s and resulted in the decrees of the final session of the Council of Trent in 1563 including short and rather inexplicit passages concerning religious images, which were to have great impact on the development of Catholic art. Previous Catholic councils had rarely felt the need to pronounce on these matters, unlike Orthodox ones which have often ruled on specific types of images.

text: The decree confirmed the traditional doctrine that images only represented the person depicted, and that veneration to them was paid to the person, not the image, and further instructed that:

text: ... every superstition shall be removed ... all lasciviousness be avoided; in such wise that figures shall not be painted or adorned with a beauty exciting to lust ... there be nothing seen that is disorderly, or that is unbecomingly or confusedly arranged, nothing that is profane, nothing indecorous, seeing that holiness becometh the house of God.

text: And that these things may be the more faithfully observed, the holy Synod ordains, that no one be allowed to place, or cause to be placed, any unusual image, in any place, or church, howsoever exempted, except that image have been approved of by the bishop ...[24]

text: Ten years after the decree Paolo Veronese was summoned by the Holy Office to explain why his Last Supper, a huge canvas for the refectory of a monastery, contained, in the words of the Holy Office: "buffoons, drunken Germans, dwarfs and other such scurrilities" as well as extravagant costumes and settings, in what is indeed a fantasy version of a Venetian patrician feast.[25] Veronese was told that he must change his painting within a three-month period – in fact he just changed the title to The Feast in the House of Levi, still an episode from the Gospels, but a less doctrinally central one, and no more was said.[26]

text: The number of such decorative treatments of religious subjects declined sharply, as did "unbecomingly or confusedly arranged" Mannerist pieces, as a number of books, notably by the Flemish theologian Molanus, Saint Charles Borromeo and Cardinal Gabriele Paleotti, and instructions by local bishops, amplified the decrees, often going into minute detail on what was acceptable. Much traditional iconography considered without adequate scriptural foundation was in effect prohibited, as was any inclusion of classical pagan elements in religious art, and almost all nudity, including that of the infant Jesus.[27]

text: According to the great medievalist Émile Mâle, this was "the death of medieval art",[28] but it paled in contrast to the Iconclasm present in some Protestant circles and did not apply to secular paintings. Some Counter Reformation painters and sculptors include Titian, Tintoretto, Federico Barocci, Scipione Pulzone, El Greco, Peter Paul Rubens, Guido Reni, Anthony van Dyck, Bernini, Zurbarán, Rembrandt and Bartolomé Esteban Murillo.

text: Church music[edit]

text:
Part of a series on

Reformation

Ninety-five Theses

Precursors[show]

Arnold of Brescia and Arnoldists
Peter Waldo and Waldensians
Girolamo Savonarola
John Wycliffe and Lollardy
William Tyndale
Jan Hus and Hussites

Beginning[show]

Ninety-five Theses
Diet of Worms
Luther Bible
Iconoclasm
Magisterials
Radicals

Contributing factors[show]

Western Schism
Avignon Papacy
Bohemian Reformation
Northern Renaissance
Humanism
Johann Reuchlin
German mysticism
Johannes Gutenberg and his printing press
Erasmus
Propaganda
Art

Theologies of seminal figures[show]

Theology of Martin Luther
Theology of Huldrych Zwingli
Theology of John Calvin

Protestant Reformers[show]

Martin Luther
Philip Melanchthon
Huldrych Zwingli
John Calvin
Martin Bucer
Theodore Beza
Heinrich Bullinger
Peter Martyr Vermigli
William Farel
John Knox
Roger Williams
Thomas Müntzer
Balthasar Hubmaier
Andreas Karlstadt
Menno Simons
Thomas Cranmer
Richard Hooker
Many others

Major political leaders[show]

Henry VIII of England
Elizabeth I of England
Oliver Cromwell
James VI and I
William the Silent
Gaspard II de Coligny
Henry IV of France
Jeanne d'Albret
Stephen Bocskai
Gabriel Bethlen
Gustav II Adolf
Frederick V, Elector Palatine
Philip I of Hesse
Frederick III, Elector of Saxony
John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony

By location[show]

Germany
Switzerland (Geneva/Zürich)
England
Scotland
Netherlands
Czech Lands
Slovakia
Hungary
Romania
Slovenia
Denmark–Norway and Holstein
Sweden and Finland
Iceland
Estonia and Latvia
Austria
France
Italy
Poland-Lithuania
Ireland

Political and religious conflicts[show]

Thirty Years' War
French Wars of Religion
Eighty Years' War
War of the Three Kingdoms
German Peasants' War
Wars of Kappel
Schmalkaldic War

Opposition[show]

Catholic Church
Council of Trent
Anti-Protestantism
Criticism of Protestantism
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Conclusion[show]

Peace of Westphalia
Rise of Pietism
No end thesis

Commemoration[show]

Reformation Day
Reformation Wall
Lutheran commemorations
Anglican commemorations

Protestantism

v
t
e

text: Reforms before the Council of Trent[edit]

text: The Council of Trent is believed to be the apex of the Counter-Reformation's influence on church music in the 16th century. However, the council's pronouncements on music were not the first attempt at reform. The Catholic Church had spoken out against a perceived abuse of music used in the mass before the Council of Trent ever convened to discuss music in 1562. The manipulation of the Credo and using non-liturgical songs was addressed in 1503, and secular singing and the intelligibility of the text in the delivery of psalmody in 1492.[29] The delegates at the Council were just a link in the long chain of church clergy who had pushed for a reform of the musical liturgy reaching back as far as 1322.[30]

text: Probably the most extreme move at reform came late in 1562 when, instructed by the legates, Egidio Foscarari (bishop of Modena) and Gabriele Paleotti (archbishop of Bologna) began work on reforming religious orders and their practices involving the liturgy.[31] The reforms prescribed to the cloisters of nuns, which included omitting the use of an organ,[clarification needed] prohibiting professional musicians, and banishing polyphonic singing, were much more strict than any of the Council's edicts or even those to be found in the Palestrina legend.[32]

text: Fueling the cry for reform from many ecclesial figures was the compositional technique popular in the 15th and 16th centuries of using musical material and even the accompanying texts from other compositions such as motets, madrigals, and chansons. Several voices singing different texts in different languages made any of the text difficult to distinguish from the mixture of words and notes. The parody mass would then contain melodies (usually the tenor line) and words from songs that could have been, and often were, on sensual subjects.[33] The musical liturgy of the church was being more and more influenced by secular tunes and styles. The Council of Paris, which met in 1528, as well as the Council of Trent were making attempts to restore the sense of sacredness to the church setting and what was appropriate for the mass. The councils were simply responding to issues of their day.[34]

text: Reforms during the 22nd session[edit]

text: The Council of Trent met sporadically from December 13, 1545 to December 4, 1563 to reform many parts of the Catholic Church. The 22nd session of the council, which met in 1562, dealt with church music in Canon 8 in the section of "Abuses in the Sacrifice of the Mass" during a meeting of the council on September 10, 1562.[35]

text: Canon 8 states that "Since the sacred mysteries should be celebrated with utmost reverence, with both deepest feeling toward God alone, and with external worship that is truly suitable and becoming, so that others may be filled with devotion and called to religion: ... Everything should be regulated so that the Masses, whether they be celebrated with the plain voice or in song, with everything clearly and quickly executed, may reach the ears of the hearers and quietly penetrate their hearts. In those Masses where measured music and organ are customary, nothing profane should be intermingled, but only hymns and divine praises. If something from the divine service is sung with the organ while the service proceeds, let if first be recited in a simple, clear voice, lest the reading of the sacred words be imperceptible. But the entire manner of singing in musical modes should be calculated not to afford vain delight to the ear, but so that the words may be comprehensible to all; and thus may the hearts of the listeners be caught up into the desire for celestial harmonies and contemplation of the joys of the blessed."[36]

text: Canon 8 is often quoted as the Council of Trent's decree on church music, but that is a glaring misunderstanding of the canon; it was only a proposed decree. In fact, the delegates at the Council never officially accepted canon 8 in its popular form but bishops of Granada, Coimbra, and Segovia pushed for the long statement about music to be attenuated and many other prelates of the Council joined enthusiastically.[37] The only restrictions actually given by the 22nd session was to keep secular elements out of the music, making polyphony implicitly allowed.[38] The issue of textual intelligibility did not make its way into the final edicts of the 22nd session but were only featured in preliminary debates.[39] The 22nd session only prohibited "lascivious" and "profane" things to be intermingled with the music but Paleotti, in his Acts, brings to equal importance the issues of intelligibility.[40]

text: The idea that the Council called to remove all polyphony from the church is widespread, but there is no documentary evidence to support that claim. It is possible, however, that some of the Fathers had proposed such a measure.[41] The emperor Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor has been attributed to be the "saviour of church music" because he said polyphony ought not to be driven out of the church. But Ferdinand was most likely an alarmist and read into the Council the possibility of a total ban on polyphony.[42] The Council of Trent did not focus on the style of music but on attitudes of worship and reverence during the mass.[43]

text: Saviour-Legend[edit]

text: The crises regarding polyphony and intelligibility of the text and the threat that polyphony was to be removed completely, which was assumed to be coming from the Council, has a very dramatic legend of resolution. The legend goes that Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (ca. 1525/26–1594), a church musician and choirmaster in Rome, wrote a mass for the Council delegates in order to demonstrate that a polyphonic composition could set the text in such a way that the words could be clearly understood and that was still pleasing to the ear. Palestrina's Missa Papae Marcelli (Mass for Pope Marcellus) was performed before the Council and received such a welcoming reception among the delegates that they completely changed their minds and allowed polyphony to stay in use in the musical liturgy. Therefore, Palestrina came to be named the "saviour of church polyphony". This legend, though unfounded, has long been a mainstay of histories of music.[44] The saviour-myth was first spread by an account by Aggazzari and Banchieri in 1609 who said that Pope Marcellus was trying to replace all polyphony with plainsong.[45] Palestrina's "Missa Papae Marcelli" was, though, in 1564, after the 22nd session, performed for the Pope while reforms were being considered for the Sistine Choir.

text: The Pope Marcellus Mass, in short, was not important in its own day and did not help save church polyphony.[46] What is undeniable is that despite any solid evidence of his influence during or after the Council of Trent, no figure is more qualified to represent the cause of polyphony in the Mass than Palestrina.[47] Pope Pius IV upon hearing Palestrina's music would make Palestrina, by Papal Brief, the model for future generations of Catholic composers of sacred music.[48]

text: Reforms following the Council of Trent[edit]

text: Like his contemporary Palestrina, the Flemish composer Jacobus de Kerle (1531/32–1591) was also credited with giving a model of composition for the Council of Trent. His composition in four-parts, Preces, marks the "official turning point of the Counter Reformation's a cappella ideal."[49] Kerle was the only ranking composer of the Netherlands to have acted in conformity with the Council.[50] Another musical giant on equal standing with Palestrina, Orlando di Lasso (1530/32–1594) was an important figure in music history though less of a purist than Palestrina.[51] He expressed sympathy for the Council's concerns but still showed favor for the "Parady chanson Masses."[52]

text: Despite the dearth of edicts from the Council regarding polyphony and textual clarity, the reforms that followed from the 22nd session filled in the gaps left by the Council in stylistic areas. In the 24th session the Council gave authority to "Provincial Synods" to discern provisions for church music.[53] The decision to leave practical application and stylistic matters to local ecclesiastical leaders was important in shaping the future of Catholic church music.[54] It was left then up to the local church leaders and church musicians to find proper application for the Council's decrees.[55]

text: Though originally theological and directed towards the attitudes of the musicians, the Council's decrees came to be thought of by church musicians as a pronouncement on proper musical styles.[56] This understanding was most likely spread through musicians who sought to implement the Council's declarations but did not read the official Tridentine pronouncements. Church musicians were probably influenced by order from their ecclesiastical patrons.[57] Composers who reference the Council's reforms in prefaces to their compositions do not adequately claim a musical basis from the Council but a spiritual and religious basis of their art.[58]

text: The Cardinal Archbishop of Milan, Charles Borromeo, was a very important figure in reforming church music after the Council of Trent. Though Borromeo was an aide to the pope in Rome and was unable to be in Milan, he eagerly pushed for the decrees of the Council to be quickly put into practice in Milan.[59] Borromeo kept in contact with his church in Milian through letters and eagerly encouraged the leaders there to implement the reforms coming from the Council of Trent. In one of his letters to his vicar in the Milan diocese, Nicolo Ormaneto of Verona, Borromeo commissioned the master of the chapel, Vincenzo Ruffo (1508–1587), to write a mass that would make the words as easy to understand as possible. Borromeo also suggested that if Don Nicola, a composer of a more chromatic style, was in Milan he too could compose a mass and the two be compared for textural clarity.[60] Borromeo was likely involved or heard of the questions regarding textual clarity because of his request to Ruffo.

text: Ruffo took Borromeo's commission seriously and set out to compose in a style that presented the text so that all words would be intelligible and the textual meaning be the most important part of the composition. His approach was to move all the voices in a homorhythmic manner with no complicated rhythms, and to use dissonance very conservatively. Ruffo's approach was certainly a success for textual clarity and simplicity, but if his music was very theoretically pure it was not an artistic success despite Ruffo's attempts to bring interest to the monotonous four-part texture.[61] Ruffo's compositional style which favored the text was well in line with the Council's perceived concern with intelligibility. Thus the belief in the Council's strong edicts regarding textual intelligibility became to characterize the development of sacred church music.

text: The effects of the Council of Trent and the counter-reformation also paved the way for Ruthenian Orthodox Christians to return to full communion with the Roman Catholic Church while preserving their Byzantine tradition. Pope Clement VIII received the Ruthenian bishops into full communion on February 7, 1596.[62] Under the Treaty of the Union of Brest, Rome recognized the Ruthenians' continued practice of Byzantine liturgical tradition, married clergy, and consecration of bishops from within the Ruthenian Christian tradition. Moreover, the treaty specifically exempts Ruthenians from accepting the Filioque clause and Purgatory as a condition for reconciliation.[63]

text: The Council of Trent brought about other changes in music: most notably developing the Missa brevis, Lauda and "Spiritual Madrigal" (Madrigali Spirituali).

text: Calendrical studies[edit]

text: More celebrations of holidays and similar events raised a need to have these events followed closely throughout the dioceses. But there was a problem with the accuracy of the calendar: by the sixteenth century the Julian calendar was almost ten days out of step with the seasons and the heavenly bodies. Among the astronomers who were asked to work on the problem of how the calendar could be reformed was Nicolaus Copernicus, a canon at Frombork (Frauenburg). In the dedication to De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543), Copernicus mentioned the reform of the calendar proposed by the Fifth Council of the Lateran (1512–1517). As he explains, a proper measurement of the length of the year was a necessary foundation to calendar reform. By implication, his work replacing the Ptolemaic system with a heliocentric model was prompted in part by the need for calendar reform.

text: An actual new calendar had to wait until the Gregorian calendar in 1582. At the time of its publication, De revolutionibus passed with relatively little comment: little more than a mathematical convenience that simplified astronomical references for a more accurate calendar.[64] Physical evidence suggesting Copernicus's theory regarding the Earth's motion was literally true promoted the apparent heresy against the religious thought of the time. As a result, Galileo Galilei was placed under house arrest, served in Rome, Siena, Arcetri, and Florence, for publishing writings, said to be "vehemently suspected of being heretical", and his opponents condemned heliocentric theory and temporarily banned its teaching in 1633.[65]

text: Areas affected[edit]

text: The Counter-Reformation succeeded in diminishing Protestantism in Poland, France, Italy, Ireland, and the vast lands controlled by the Habsburgs including Austria, southern Germany, Bohemia (now the Czech Republic), the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium), Croatia, and Slovenia. Noticeably, it failed to succeed completely in Hungary, where a sizeable Protestant minority remains to this day, though Catholics still are the largest Christian denomination.

text: Major figures[edit]

text:
Pius III (1503)
Paul III (1534–1549)
Julius III (1550–55)
Paul IV (1555–59)
Pius IV (1559–65)
St. Pius V (1566–72)
Gregory XIII (1572–85)
Sixtus V (1585–90)
St. Philip Neri
St. Ignatius of Loyola
St. Teresa of Ávila
St. John of the Cross
St. Francis de Sales
St. Charles Borromeo
Philip II of Spain (1527–1598)
Mary I of England (1553–1558)
Sigismund the Old of Poland (1467–1548)
Sigismund II Augustus of Poland (1520–1572)
Péter Pázmány (1570–1637)


document_title: List of NCAA Division I men's basketball champions

question_text: who won the men's college basketball championship last year

question_tokens: who won the men 's college basketball championship last year

root

text: Championship games[edit]

text:
Legend for "Championship games" table below

Indicator
Meaning

*
Game was decided in an overtime period

Game was decided in a third overtime period

Score
Each score is linked to an article about that particular championship game, when available

Year
Each year is linked to an article about that particular NCAA Tournament

tag: table

text:
Championship games, by year, showing winners and losers, final scores and venues

Year
Winning team
Winning head coach
Score
Losing team
Losing head coach
Venue
City
Ref.

1939
Oregon
Hobson, HowardHoward Hobson
046.3 !46–33
Ohio State
Olsen, HaroldHarold Olsen
Patten Gymnasium
Evanston, Illinois
[17]

1940
Indiana
McCracken, BranchBranch McCracken
060.3 !60–42
Kansas
Allen, PhogPhog Allen
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[18]

1941
Wisconsin
Foster, BudBud Foster
039 !39–34
Washington State
Friel, JackJack Friel
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[19]

1942
Stanford
Dean, EverettEverett Dean
053.2 !53–38
Dartmouth
Cowles, O. B.O. B. Cowles
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[20]

1943
Wyoming
Shelton, EverettEverett Shelton
046.2 !46–34
Georgetown
Ripley, ElmerElmer Ripley
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[21]

1944
Utah
Peterson, VadalVadal Peterson
042 !42–40*
Dartmouth
Brown, EarlEarl Brown
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[22][23]

1945
Oklahoma A&M
Iba, HenryHenry Iba
049 !49–45
NYU
Cann, HowardHoward Cann
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[24]

1946
Oklahoma A&M
Iba, HenryHenry Iba
043 !43–40
North Carolina
Carnevale, BenBen Carnevale
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[25]

1947
Holy Cross
Julian, DoggieDoggie Julian
058.1 !58–47
Oklahoma
Drake, BruceBruce Drake
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[26]

1948
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
058.2 !58–42
Baylor
Henderson, BillBill Henderson
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[27]

1949
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
046.1 !46–36
Oklahoma A&M
Iba, HenryHenry Iba
Hec Edmundson Pavilion
Seattle, Washington
[28]

1950
CCNY
Holman, NatNat Holman
071.2 !71–68
Bradley
Anderson, ForddyForddy Anderson
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[29]

1951
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
068.3 !68–58
Kansas State
Gardner, JackJack Gardner
Williams Arena
Minneapolis, Minnesota
[30]

1952
Kansas
Allen, PhogPhog Allen
080.3 !80–63
St. John's
McGuire, FrankFrank McGuire
Hec Edmundson Pavilion
Seattle, Washington
[31]

1953
Indiana
McCracken, BranchBranch McCracken
069 !69–68
Kansas
Allen, PhogPhog Allen
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[32]

1954
La Salle
Loeffler, KenKen Loeffler
092.2 !92–76
Bradley
Anderson, ForddyForddy Anderson
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[33]

1955
San Francisco
Woolpert, PhilPhil Woolpert
077.3 !77–63
La Salle
Loeffler, KenKen Loeffler
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[34]

1956
San Francisco
Woolpert, PhilPhil Woolpert
083.2 !83–71
Iowa
O'Connor, BuckyBucky O'Connor
McGaw Hall
Evanston, Illinois
[35]

1957
North Carolina
McGuire, FrankFrank McGuire
054.1 !54–53
Kansas
Harp, DickDick Harp
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[36]

1958
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
084.3 !84–72
Seattle
Castellani, JohnJohn Castellani
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[37]

1959
California
Newell, PetePete Newell
071.1 !71–70
West Virginia
Schaus, FredFred Schaus
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[38]

1960
Ohio State
Taylor, FredFred Taylor
075.4 !75–55
California
Newell, PetePete Newell
Cow Palace
Daly City, California
[39][40]

1961
Cincinnati
Jucker, EdEd Jucker
070 !70–65*
Ohio State
Taylor, FredFred Taylor
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[41]

1962
Cincinnati
Jucker, EdEd Jucker
071.4 !71–59
Ohio State
Taylor, FredFred Taylor
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[42]

1963
Loyola Chicago
Ireland, GeorgeGeorge Ireland
060.1 !60–58*
Cincinnati
Jucker, EdEd Jucker
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[43]

1964
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
098 !98–83
Duke
Bubas, VicVic Bubas
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[44]

1965
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
091 !91–80
Michigan
Strack, DaveDave Strack
Memorial Coliseum
Portland, Oregon
[45]

1966
Texas Western
Haskins, DonDon Haskins
072.2 !72–65
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
Cole Field House
College Park, Maryland
[46]

1967
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
079 !79–64
Dayton
Donoher, DonDon Donoher
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[47]

1968
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
078.2 !78–55
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
Sports Arena
Los Angeles, California
[48]

1969
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
092.3 !92–72
Purdue
King, GeorgeGeorge King
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[49]

1970
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
080.2 !80–69
Jacksonville
Williams, JoeJoe Williams
Cole Field House
College Park, Maryland
[50]

1971
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
068.2 !68–62
Villanova[a]
Kraft, JackJack Kraft
Astrodome
Houston, Texas
[51]

1972
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
081.2 !81–76
Florida State
Durham, HughHugh Durham
Memorial Sports Arena
Los Angeles, California
[52]

1973
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
087 !87–66
Memphis State
Bartow, GeneGene Bartow
St. Louis Arena
St. Louis, Missouri
[53]

1974
North Carolina State
Sloan, NormNorm Sloan
076.3 !76–64
Marquette
McGuire, AlAl McGuire
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro, North Carolina
[54]

1975
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
092.1 !92–85
Kentucky
Hall, Joe B.Joe B. Hall
San Diego Sports Arena
San Diego, California
[55]

1976
Indiana
Knight, BobBob Knight
086 !86–68
Michigan
Orr, JohnnyJohnny Orr
Spectrum
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
[56]

1977
Marquette
McGuire, AlAl McGuire
067 !67–59
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
Omni Coliseum
Atlanta, Georgia
[57]

1978
Kentucky
Hall, Joe B.Joe B. Hall
094 !94–88
Duke
Foster, BillBill Foster
The Checkerdome
St. Louis, Missouri
[58]

1979
Michigan State
Heathcote, JudJud Heathcote
075.3 !75–64
Indiana State
Hodges, BillBill Hodges
Special Events Center
Salt Lake City, Utah
[59]

1980
Louisville
Crum, DennyDenny Crum
059 !59–54
UCLA[a]
Brown, LarryLarry Brown
Market Square Arena
Indianapolis, Indiana
[60]

1981
Indiana
Knight, BobBob Knight
063.2 !63–50
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
Spectrum
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
[61]

1982
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
063.1 !63–62
Georgetown
Thompson, JohnJohn Thompson
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[62]

1983
North Carolina State
Valvano, JimJim Valvano
054.2 !54–52
Houston
Lewis, GuyGuy Lewis
University Arena
Albuquerque, New Mexico
[63]

1984
Georgetown
Thompson, JohnJohn Thompson
084.2 !84–75
Houston
Lewis, GuyGuy Lewis
Kingdome
Seattle, Washington
[64]

1985
Villanova
Massimino, RollieRollie Massimino
066 !66–64
Georgetown
Thompson, JohnJohn Thompson
Rupp Arena
Lexington, Kentucky
[65]

1986
Louisville
Crum, DennyDenny Crum
072.1 !72–69
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
Reunion Arena
Dallas, Texas
[66]

1987
Indiana
Knight, BobBob Knight
074 !74–73
Syracuse
Boeheim, JimJim Boeheim
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[67]

1988
Kansas
Brown, LarryLarry Brown
083.1 !83–79
Oklahoma
Tubbs, BillyBilly Tubbs
Kemper Arena
Kansas City, Missouri
[68]

1989
Michigan
Fisher, SteveSteve Fisher
080.1 !80–79*
Seton Hall
Carlesimo, P. J.P. J. Carlesimo
Kingdome
Seattle, Washington
[69]

1990
UNLV
Tarkanian, JerryJerry Tarkanian
103 !103–73
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
McNichols Sports Arena
Denver, Colorado
[70]

1991
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
072.2 !72–65
Kansas
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
Hoosier Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana
[71]

1992
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
071.5 !71–51
Michigan[a]
Fisher, SteveSteve Fisher
Metrodome
Minneapolis, Minnesota
[72]

1993
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
077.2 !77–71
Michigan[a]
Fisher, SteveSteve Fisher
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[73]

1994
Arkansas
Richardson, NolanNolan Richardson
076.1 !76–72
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
Charlotte Coliseum
Charlotte, North Carolina
[74]

1995
UCLA
Harrick, JimJim Harrick
089.1 !89–78
Arkansas
Richardson, NolanNolan Richardson
Kingdome
Seattle, Washington
[75]

1996
Kentucky
Pitino, RickRick Pitino
076.2 !76–67
Syracuse
Boeheim, JimJim Boeheim
Continental Airlines Arena
East Rutherford, New Jersey
[76]

1997
Arizona
Olson, LuteLute Olson
084.1 !84–79*
Kentucky
Pitino, RickRick Pitino
RCA Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana
[77]

1998
Kentucky
Smith, TubbyTubby Smith
078.1 !78–69
Utah
Majerus, RickRick Majerus
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
[78]

1999
Connecticut
Calhoun, JimJim Calhoun
077.1 !77–74
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
Tropicana Field
St. Petersburg, Florida
[79]

2000
Michigan State
Izzo, TomTom Izzo
089.2 !89–76
Florida
Donovan, BillyBilly Donovan
RCA Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana
[80]

2001
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
082.3 !82–72
Arizona
Olson, LuteLute Olson
Metrodome
Minneapolis, Minnesota
[81]

2002
Maryland
Williams, GaryGary Williams
064 !64–52
Indiana
Davis, MikeMike Davis
Georgia Dome
Atlanta, Georgia
[82]

2003
Syracuse
Boeheim, JimJim Boeheim
081.1 !81–78
Kansas
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[83]

2004
Connecticut
Calhoun, JimJim Calhoun
082.2 !82–73
Georgia Tech
Hewitt, PaulPaul Hewitt
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
[84]

2005
North Carolina
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
075.1 !75–70
Illinois
Weber, BruceBruce Weber
Edward Jones Dome
St. Louis, Missouri
[85]

2006
Florida
Donovan, BillyBilly Donovan
073 !73–57
UCLA
Howland, BenBen Howland
RCA Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana
[86]

2007
Florida
Donovan, BillyBilly Donovan
084.2 !84–75
Ohio State
Matta, ThadThad Matta
Georgia Dome
Atlanta, Georgia
[87]

2008
Kansas
Self, BillBill Self
075.2 !75–68*
Memphis[a]
Calipari, JohnJohn Calipari
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
[88]

2009
North Carolina
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
089.3 !89–72
Michigan State
Izzo, TomTom Izzo
Ford Field
Detroit, Michigan
[89]

2010
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
061 !61–59
Butler
Stevens, BradBrad Stevens
Lucas Oil Stadium
Indianapolis, Indiana
[90]

2011
Connecticut
Calhoun, JimJim Calhoun
053.1 !53–41
Butler
Stevens, BradBrad Stevens
Reliant Stadium
Houston, Texas
[91]

2012
Kentucky
Calipari, JohnJohn Calipari
067.1 !67–59
Kansas
Self, BillBill Self
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[92]

2013
Louisville (Vacated)[93]
Pitino, RickRick Pitino
067.1 !82–76
Michigan
Beilein, JohnJohn Beilein
Georgia Dome
Atlanta, Georgia
[94]

2014
Connecticut
Ollie, KevinKevin Ollie
060.2 !60–54
Kentucky
Calipari, JohnJohn Calipari
AT&T Stadium
Arlington, Texas
[95]

2015
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
068.1 !68–63
Wisconsin
Ryan, BoBo Ryan
Lucas Oil Stadium
Indianapolis, Indiana
[96]

2016
Villanova
Jay Wright
077.1 !77–74
North Carolina
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
NRG Stadium
Houston, Texas
[97]

2017
North Carolina
Roy Williams
071.3 !71–65
Gonzaga
Mark Few
University of Phoenix Stadium
Glendale, Arizona
[98]

2018
Villanova
Jay Wright
077.1 !79–62
Michigan
Beilein, JohnJohn Beilein
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
[99]

text: Multiple champions[edit]

text:
Teams with multiple championships

Team
Wins
Years won

UCLA
11
1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1995

Kentucky
8
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1978, 1996, 1998, 2012

North Carolina
6
1957, 1982, 1993, 2005, 2009, 2017

Duke
5
1991, 1992, 2001, 2010, 2015

Indiana
5
1940, 1953, 1976, 1981, 1987

Connecticut
4
1999, 2004, 2011, 2014

Kansas
3
1952, 1988, 2008

Louisville
3
1980, 1986, 2013*

Villanova
3
1985, 2016, 2018

Michigan State
2
1979, 2000

Cincinnati
2
1961, 1962

Florida
2
2006, 2007

North Carolina State
2
1974, 1983

Oklahoma State[b]
2
1945, 1946

San Francisco
2
1955, 1956

text:
Coaches with multiple championships

Team
Wins
Years won

Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
10
1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975

Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
5
1991, 1992, 2001, 2010, 2015

Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
4
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958

Calhoun, JimJim Calhoun
3
1999, 2004, 2011

Knight, BobBob Knight
3
1976, 1981, 1987

Williams, RoyRoy Williams
3
2005, 2009, 2017

Crum, DennyDenny Crum
2
1980, 1986

Donovan, BillyBilly Donovan
2
2006, 2007

Iba, HenryHenry Iba
2
1945, 1946

Jucker, EdEd Jucker
2
1961, 1962

McCracken, BranchBranch McCracken
2
1940, 1953

Smith, DeanDean Smith
2
1982, 1993

Woolpert, PhilPhil Woolpert
2
1955, 1956

Wright, JayJay Wright
2
2016, 2018

text: Louisville won the 2013 National Championship, however the NCAA Committee on Infractions vacated the title in 2018

tag: ul

text: Champions by conference status[edit]

text: Champions by conference at the time of tournaments[edit]

text:
Championships by conference membership at the time of tournaments

Conference
Wins
Years won
Ref(s)

Pac-12 Conference !Pac-12 Conference (1915–current)
15
1939, 1942, 1959, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1995, 1997
[17][38][100][101][102]

Atlantic Coast Conference !Atlantic Coast Conference (1953–current)
14
1957, 1974, 1982, 1983, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2017
[103][104][105][106][107]

Southeastern Conference !Southeastern Conference (1932–current)
11
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1978, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2006, 2007, 2012
[108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118]

Big Ten Conference !Big Ten Conference (1896–current)
10
1940, 1941, 1953, 1960, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1987, 1989, 2000
[119]

Big East Conference !Big East Conference (1979–current)
8
1984, 1985, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2011, 2016, 2018
[94][120][121][122]

Independents
6
1944, 1947, 1954, 1963, 1966, 1977
[46][123][124][125][126][127]

Missouri Valley Conference !Missouri Valley Conference (1907–current)
4
1945, 1946, 1961, 1962
[128][129][130][131]

Big Eight Conference !Big 8 Conference (1907–1996)
2
1952, 1988
[31][68]

Metro Conference !Metro Conference (1975–1995)
2
1980, 1986
[132]

West Coast Conference !West Coast Conference (1952–current)
2
1955, 1956
[133]

American Athletic Conference !American Athletic Conference (2014–current)
1
2014
[95]

Big Twelve Conference !Big 12 Conference (1994–current)
1
2008
[134]

Big West Conference !Big West Conference (1969–current)
1
1990
[135]

Metropolitan New York Conference !Metropolitan New York Conference (1933–1963)
1
1950
[136]

Mountain States Conference !Mountain States Conference (1938–1962)
1
1943
[137]

text: Championships by current conference membership[edit]

text:
Championships by current conference membership

Conference
Wins
Years won
Ref(s)

Atlantic Coast Conference !Atlantic Coast Conference
16
1957, 1974, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2017
[138][139]

Pac-12 Conference !Pac-12 Conference
16
1939, 1942, 1944, 1959, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1995, 1997
[140][141]

Southeastern Conference !Southeastern Conference
11
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1978, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2006, 2007, 2012
[142]

Big Ten Conference !Big Ten Conference
11
1940, 1941, 1953, 1960, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1987, 1989, 2000, 2002
[143]

American Athletic Conference
6
1961, 1962, 1999, 2004, 2011, 2014
[144][145][146]

Big Twelve Conference !Big 12 Conference
5
1945, 1946, 1952, 1988, 2008
[147][148][149]

Big East Conference
5
1977, 1984, 1985, 2016, 2018
[150][151]

Mountain West Conference !Mountain West Conference
2
1943, 1990
[152][153]

West Coast Conference !West Coast Conference
2
1955, 1956
[154]

Atlantic 10 Conference !Atlantic 10 Conference
1
1954
[155]

City University of New York Athletic Conference !City University of New York Athletic Conference
1
1950
[156]

Conference USA !Conference USA
1
1966
[157]

Missouri Valley Conference !Missouri Valley Conference
1
1963
[158]

Patriot League !Patriot League
1
1947
[159]

text: Championships by state[edit]

text:
Championships by state

State
Wins
Years won

California
15
1942, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1995

North Carolina
13
1957, 1974, 1982, 1983, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2017

Kentucky
11
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1978, 1980, 1986, 1996, 1998, 2012, 2013*

Indiana
5
1940, 1953, 1976, 1981, 1987

Connecticut
4
1999, 2004, 2011, 2014

Pennsylvania
4
1954, 1985, 2016, 2018

Ohio
3
1960, 1961, 1962

Kansas
3
1952, 1988, 2008

Michigan
3
1979, 1989, 2000

Oklahoma
2
1945, 1946

Wisconsin
2
1941, 1977

New York
2
1950, 2003

Florida
2
2006, 2007

Oregon
1
1939

Wyoming
1
1943

Utah
1
1944

Massachusetts
1
1947

Illinois
1
1963

Texas
1
1966

Washington, D.C.
1
1984

Nevada
1
1990

Arkansas
1
1994

Arizona
1
1997

Maryland
1
2002

text: Indicates vacated by NCAA


document_title: United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest

question_text: where did the uk finish in the eurovision song contest

text: History[edit]

text: 1950s to 1970s[edit]

text: It was alleged that the United Kingdom were expected to take part in the first contest in 1956, and that they missed the submission deadline and therefore could not take part. This was later revealed by the EBU in January 2017 to be a mythical fact created by fans of the contest.[1] The EBU further went on to explain that the Festival of British Popular Song, a contest created by the BBC for the United Kingdom, was the inspiration that brought in format changes to the contest elements from the Eurovision Song Contest 1957 onwards.[1] Patricia Bredin was the first performer to represent the UK at Eurovision, finishing seventh in 1957. The UK was the first choice to stage the third contest in 1958, however following a failure to get an agreement from various artistic unions, the BBC withdrew their bid in the summer of 1957 and the UK did not enter for the second and last time to date.[2]

tag: p

text: At their second attempt in the contest in 1959, the UK achieved the first of their record fifteen runner-up positions, when Pearl Carr and Teddy Johnson sang "Sing, Little Birdie". The UK would achieve four more second-place finishes with Bryan Johnson in 1960, The Allisons in 1961, Matt Monro in 1964 and Kathy Kirby in 1965, before eventually winning for the first time in 1967. Sandie Shaw was already a successful performer, having twice topped the UK singles chart and she comfortably won in Vienna with "Puppet on a String", which became her third UK number one and topped the charts all around Europe. In 1968, another successful performer was selected to represent the UK with the song "Congratulations". In London, Cliff Richard gave the UK their sixth second-place finish, losing to Spain's Massiel. "Congratulations" remains one of only two non-winning UK Eurovision songs to top the UK charts. The UK's second victory was provided by the Scottish singer Lulu, who won with the song "Boom Bang-a-Bang" in 1969, in a four-way tie with France, Spain and the Netherlands. Another established performer, she had reached the US #1 spot with "To Sir with Love" in 1967.

text: Having finished second on three further occasions in the 1970s, with Mary Hopkin in 1970, The New Seekers in 1972 and The Shadows in 1975. The UK achieved their third victory in 1976 with Brotherhood of Man and "Save Your Kisses for Me", who won with 164 points, which would remain the highest points total for ten years. In 1977, the UK finished second for the tenth time represented by singer-songwriters Lynsey de Paul and Mike Moran.

text: 1980s and 1990s[edit]

text: The UK's fourth victory came in 1981, with Bucks Fizz and "Making Your Mind Up". The group was created especially for the UK televised selection contest, "A Song for Europe" (a programme which in later years would be renamed to "Making Your Mind Up"). At Eurovision in Dublin, they defeated Germany's Lena Valaitis by four points. The group went on to continued success, with 13 UK top 40 hits over the next five years. This would be the last UK win for 16 years, although the country continued to be competitive at the contest with four more second-place results during this time. In 1988, Scott Fitzgerald lost to Celine Dion, who was representing Switzerland, by just one point. In 1989, Live Report lost out to Yugoslavia by seven points. Michael Ball in 1992, also finished second, behind Linda Martin of Ireland. The 1993 entry, Sonia, had already had 10 UK top 30 hits, including a 1989 number one with "You'll Never Stop Me Loving You", when she was selected to represent the UK in Millstreet. With one country left to vote, (Malta) Ireland's Niamh Kavanagh led Sonia by 11 points. By the time it got to the announcement of the 12 points, neither the UK or Ireland had been mentioned. If the UK had received the 12, they would have won by one point. In the end Ireland received the top marks and won by 23 points. Despite only finishing eighth in the 1996 contest, Gina G went on to huge success with her entry "Ooh Ah Just a Little Bit", which became only the second non-winning UK entry to top the UK Singles chart. It also reached the US top 20 and received a Grammy nomination. The UK's fifth victory finally came in 1997, when Katrina and the Waves, famous for their 1980s hit "Walking on Sunshine", comfortably won the contest with the song "Love, Shine a Light". They scored 227 points, which would remain the highest points total of the pre semi-final era.  At the 1998 contest in Birmingham, Imaani achieved the UK's 15th second-place finish and 20th top two result, with the song "Where Are You?", losing to Israel's Dana International. The UK, as of 2018, has not finished in the top two since.

text: 21st century[edit]

text: The UK has fared less well in the contest in the 21st century. Since girl-group Precious finished 12th in 1999, the UK has failed to reach the top ten in all but two of the last 19 contests (1999–2017) – the exceptions being Jessica Garlick, who finished joint third in 2002 with the song "Come Back" (the UK's only top three result of the century), and Jade Ewen. Ewen in particular, was praised for ending the country's poor run of results for much of the decade, by finishing fifth in 2009 with the song "It's My Time", written by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Diane Warren. In 2003, the UK finished last for the first time with the duo Jemini, who received the infamous "nul points". This remains the only time the UK has failed to score a single point. The country has finished last on two further occasions, with Andy Abraham, who received 14 points in 2008 and Josh Dubovie, who received 10 points in 2010.

text: In 2011, the BBC chose the boy band Blue to represent the UK, they finished 11th with 100 points. In 2012, the UK were facing calls to quit the contest when the UK entry, Engelbert Humperdinck, finished 25th (out of 26) with only 12 points.[3] However, the UK confirmed their participation in the 2013 contest, with the Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler, most famous for her 1983 US and UK number one hit "Total Eclipse of the Heart", who would perform the song "Believe in Me".[4] In Malmo, she finished 19th with 23 points.[5] She went on to win two internationally voted Eurovision Song Contest radio awards for Best Female Singer and Best Song.[6]

text: In 2014, the BBC internally selected unknown singer Molly Smitten-Downes, through BBC Introducing, which supports new and unsigned acts. She represented the UK in Copenhagen under her artist name Molly. In the final, she performed the song "Children of the Universe", which she co-wrote with Anders Hansson and finished in 17th place with 40 points, having been regarded as one of the favourites to win the contest.[7] In October 2014, Guy Freeman stated that the BBC are still engaging with record companies and the BBC Introducing platform in order to find an entry for the 2015 contest via the internal selection process, but announced that in addition, for the first time since 2008, they are giving the general public the option to submit an entry for consideration.[8][9] Ultimately, the entry for 2015 came through open submission, with the song "Still in Love with You" performed by the duo Electro Velvet.[10] The song finished in 24th place, with only five points, the UK's worst performance in terms of points tally since the infamous nul points of 2003. The performance was widely deplored by viewers and openly mocked on social media,[11] with the British media putting increasing pressure on the BBC to change its selection policy for future contests.

text: On 30 September 2015, the BBC confirmed the national selection show would return in 2016.[12] Six acts competed in the national final on 26 February and the winner was selected entirely through a public vote, consisting of televoting and online voting. "You're Not Alone" performed by Joe and Jake won the national final broadcast live on BBC Four.[13] At the final they came 24th with 62 points in total.[14] Of these only 8 were from the public vote, the second lowest public score, following 0 to the Czech Republic. In spite of the latest disappointing result, the BBC announced that the national final format would be retained for 2017.[15] Six acts again participated in the final, which was held on 27 January 2017. It was broadcast on BBC Two as opposed to BBC Four the previous year, and the winner was determined by a combination of scores from a professional jury and televoting (including votes cast online). Former X Factor contestant Lucie Jones won the show and earned the right to represent the UK at the 2017 contest in Kiev, with the song "Never Give Up on You", becoming the 60th UK Eurovision entry.[16][17] The song won praise by many fans across Europe for its impressive staging, and finished a respectable 15th in the final with a combined score of 111 points, placing 10th in the jury vote with 99 points and 20th in the televote with 12 points.[18]

text: United Kingdom and the "Big Four/Five"[edit]

text: In 1999, a rule change allowed the United Kingdom, along with France, Germany and Spain, to automatically qualify for the Eurovision Song Contest final (irrespective of their recent scores and without entering a semi-final), due to being the biggest financial contributors to the EBU.[19] Due to their untouchable status in the contest, these countries became known as the "Big Four" (which became the "Big Five" in 2011 following the return of Italy to the contest).[20]

text: In 2008, it was rumoured that the "Big Four" would lose their automatic qualification, and would have to compete in the semi-finals for the first time.[21] However, it was announced by the EBU that this would not be the case and the four countries would still automatically qualify for the final of the 2009 contest without having to enter a semi-final,[22] and this has remained as of 2018.

text: In 2008, the BBC defended using money from TV licence fee payers for the contest when Liberal Democrat MP Richard Younger-Ross had tabled a Commons motion which called on the corporation to withdraw its £173,000 funding for the annual contest. That same year, former Eurovision commentator Sir Terry Wogan claimed that the show is "no longer a music contest" after the result was announced.[23]

text: Since the introduction of the Big Four/Five, the United Kingdom and Germany have both finished last in the contest three times. The United Kingdom also has the fewest top ten results of the Big Five in the 21st century, but has achieved more top five results than Spain, having reached the top five in 2002 and 2009, while Spain has not reached the top five since the 1995 contest.

text: National selection ("You Decide")[edit]

text: As well as broadcasting the contest each year, the BBC also organises the selection process for the entry with a televised national final (historically titled A Song For Europe). The process has varied between selecting both performer and song, or just the song, with the artist being selected internally.

text: For most years the public has been able to vote for the winner, in the past with postcard voting, where the viewers sent postcards with their vote to the BBC, but more recently televoting and online. In 2009 and 2010, the singer was chosen by a public vote and the song internally selected. From 2011 to 2015, there was no televised selection, and both the artist and song were selected internally by the BBC. This resulted in the national selection process being suspended; however, this returned in 2016, re-titled Eurovision: You Decide, with viewers once again choosing which song to enter into the contest. Since 2017, the votes from a professional jury panel have been combined with the public vote to select the winner.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Year[24]

Language

Performer(s)

Song

Final

Points

Semi

Points

1957

English

Patricia Bredin

"All"

7

6

No semi-finals

1958

Did not participate

1959

English

Pearl Carr & Teddy Johnson

"Sing, Little Birdie"

2

16

1960

English

Bryan Johnson

"Looking High, High, High"

2

25

1961

English

The Allisons

"Are You Sure?"

2

24

1962

English

Ronnie Carroll

"Ring-A-Ding Girl"

4

10

1963

English

Ronnie Carroll

"Say Wonderful Things"

4

28

1964

English

Matt Monro

"I Love the Little Things"

2

17

1965

English

Kathy Kirby

"I Belong"

2

26

1966

English

Kenneth McKellar

"A Man Without Love"

9

8

1967

English

Sandie Shaw

"Puppet on a String"

1

47

1968

English

Cliff Richard

"Congratulations"

2

28

1969

English

Lulu

"Boom Bang-a-Bang"

1

18

1970

English

Mary Hopkin

"Knock, Knock Who's There?"

2

26

1971

English

Clodagh Rodgers

"Jack in the Box"

4

98

1972

English

The New Seekers

"Beg, Steal or Borrow"

2

114

1973

English

Cliff Richard

"Power to All Our Friends"

3

123

1974

English

Olivia Newton-John

"Long Live Love"

4

14

1975

English

The Shadows

"Let Me Be the One"

2

138

1976

English

Brotherhood of Man

"Save Your Kisses for Me"

1

164

1977

English

Lynsey de Paul & Mike Moran

"Rock Bottom"

2

121[a]

1978

English

Co-Co

"The Bad Old Days"

11

61

1979

English

Black Lace

"Mary Ann"

7

73

1980

English

Prima Donna

"Love Enough for Two"

3

106

1981

English

Bucks Fizz

"Making Your Mind Up"

1

136

1982

English

Bardo

"One Step Further"

7

76

1983

English

Sweet Dreams

"I'm Never Giving Up"

6

79

1984

English

Belle and the Devotions

"Love Games"

7

63

1985

English

Vikki Watson

"Love Is"

4

100

1986

English

Ryder

"Runner in the Night"

7

72

1987

English

Rikki

"Only the Light"

13

47

1988

English

Scott Fitzgerald

"Go"

2

136

1989

English

Live Report

"Why Do I Always Get it Wrong?"

2

130

1990

English

Emma

"Give a Little Love Back to the World"

6

87

1991

English

Samantha Janus

"A Message to Your Heart"

10

47

1992

English

Michael Ball

"One Step Out of Time"

2

139

1993

English

Sonia

"Better the Devil You Know"

2

164

1994

English

Frances Ruffelle

"Lonely Symphony (We Will Be Free)"

10

63

1995

English

Love City Groove

"Love City Groove"

10

76

1996

English

Gina G

"Ooh Aah... Just a Little Bit"

8[b]

77

3

153

1997

English

Katrina and the Waves

"Love Shine a Light"

1

227

No semi-finals

1998

English

Imaani

"Where Are You?"

2

166[c]

1999

English

Precious

"Say It Again"

12

38

2000

English

Nicki French

"Don't Play That Song Again"

16

28

2001

English

Lindsay

"No Dream Impossible"

15

28

2002

English

Jessica Garlick

"Come Back"

3

111

2003

English

Jemini

"Cry Baby"

26

0

2004

English

James Fox

"Hold On to Our Love"

16

29

Member of the "Big 4"

2005

English

Javine Hylton

"Touch My Fire"

22

18

2006

English

Daz Sampson

"Teenage Life"

19

25

2007

English

Scooch

"Flying the Flag (for You)"

22

19

2008

English

Andy Abraham

"Even If"

25

14

2009

English

Jade Ewen

"It's My Time"

5

173

2010

English

Josh Dubovie

"That Sounds Good to Me"

25

10

2011

English

Blue

"I Can"

11

100

Member of the "Big 5"

2012

English

Engelbert Humperdinck

"Love Will Set You Free"

25

12

2013

English

Bonnie Tyler

"Believe in Me"

19

23

2014

English

Molly

"Children of the Universe"

17

40

2015

English

Electro Velvet

"Still in Love with You"

24

5

2016

English

Joe and Jake

"You're Not Alone"

24

62

2017

English

Lucie Jones

"Never Give Up on You"

15

111

2018

English

SuRie

"Storm"

24

48

text: ^  During the voting sequence of the live show, several errors were made in the announcement of the scores, which were then adjusted after the broadcast. Both Greece and France duplicated scores, awarding the same points to multiple countries. From the Greek scores, the UK, Netherlands, Austria & Finland all had 1 point deducted after the contest and from the French scores, Austria, Germany, Israel, Italy & Portugal all had 1 point deducted. None of the adjustments affected the placing of any of the songs.The result had the UK losing 1 point from their broadcast total of 122 to a corrected score of 121.^  Spain originally gave its 6 points to Poland. After the broadcast, it was announced the Spanish voting spokesperson had wrongly pronounced 'Holland' instead of 'The Netherlands', which the voting moderator had assumed was 'Poland'. The mistake was corrected and the Dutch score was increased by 6 points, moving the nation above the UK into 7th place and demoting the UK to 8th.^  Spain originally gave its 12 points to Israel and 10 to Norway. After the broadcast it was announced that Spanish broadcaster wrongly tallied the votes and Germany should have got the top mark - 12 points - instead of being snubbed, as it happened. The mistake was corrected and so Germany was placed 7th over Norway. Israel and Norway both received 2 points less than originally and Croatia, Malta, Portugal, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Belgium, Estonia and Turkey all received one point less than indicated during the broadcast.

tag: ol

text: Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest[edit]

text: Even though the United Kingdom was entered twice into Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest with Cliff Richard's 1968 runner up entry "Congratulations" and Brotherhood of Man's 1976 winning song "Save Your Kisses for Me", the BBC decided not to participate in airing the event or taking part in the voting for the greatest Eurovision Song of the past fifty years, but instead aired an hour-long special programme entitled Boom Bang-a-Bang: 50 Years of Eurovision hosted by Terry Wogan looking back at the best and the worst; songs, fashions, contests, hosts and hostesses that have occurred at the Eurovision over the past fifty years.

text:
Year

Artist

Language

Title

Final

Points

Semi

Points

Place (1968 & 1976)

Points (1968 & 1976)

1968

Cliff Richard

English

"Congratulations"

Failed to qualify

8

105

2

28

1976

Brotherhood of Man

English

"Save Your Kisses for Me"

5

230

5

154

1

164

text: Voting history[edit]

text: As of 2018, the United Kingdom's voting history is as follows:

text:
Most points given in the grand finals only

Rank

Country

Points

1

 Ireland

253

2

 Sweden

209

3

 Germany

171

4

  Switzerland

156

5

 Israel

135

Most points given in the semis and finals

Rank

Country

Points

1

 Ireland

322

2

 Sweden

249

3

 Israel

180

4

 Germany

171

5

 Lithuania

169

Most points received

Rank

Country

Points

1

 Ireland

249

2

  Switzerland

206

3

 France

195

4

 Austria

189

5

 Germany

187

text: Hostings[edit]

text: The United Kingdom has hosted the Eurovision Song Contest a record eight times. The United Kingdom stepped in and hosted the contest for the Netherlands in 1960, France in 1963, Monaco in 1972 and Luxembourg in 1974 due to winning countries financial and capacity issues. In four occasions (1968, 1977, 1982 and 1998) the UK got the right to host because of a victory. The BBC offered to joint host the 1996 contest in Belfast, Northern Ireland with Irish broadcaster RTÉ if Ireland were to win for a fourth year in a row.[citation needed].

text: In 2015, London hosted Eurovision Song Contest's Greatest Hits, an event to commemorate the 60th anniversary, which was recorded for television on 31 March 2015 and was shown in 26 countries, starting with the UK and Ireland on 3 April 2015.[25]

text:
Year

Location

Venue

Presenters

1960

London

Royal Festival Hall

Katie Boyle

1963

BBC Television Centre

1968

Royal Albert Hall

1972

Edinburgh

Usher Hall

Moira Shearer

1974

Brighton

Brighton Dome

Katie Boyle

1977

London

Wembley Conference Centre

Angela Rippon

1982

Harrogate

Harrogate International Centre

Jan Leeming

1998

Birmingham

National Indoor Arena

Ulrika Jonsson and Terry Wogan

text: Eurovision Song Contest's Greatest Hits[edit]

text:
Year

Location

Venue

Presenters

2015

London

Eventim Apollo

Petra Mede and Graham Norton

text: AP Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Song

Performer(s)

Final result

Points

Host City

2004

Composer Award

"Hold Onto Our Love"

James Fox

16th

29

Istanbul

text: Commentators and spokespersons[edit]

text: Over the years BBC commentary has been provided by several experienced radio and television presenters, including Tom Fleming, David Vine, David Jacobs, Dave Lee Travis, Pete Murray, John Dunn and Michael Aspel. However Terry Wogan provided BBC TV commentary every year from 1980 to 2008.[26] It was confirmed on 12 August 2008 that Terry Wogan would no longer present the Eurovision Song Contest for the UK. The BBC Radio 2 DJ, who had fronted the BBC's coverage for 37 years, said it was "time for someone else to take over".[27] He was replaced in 2009 by Graham Norton for the final. Norton has continued in the role ever since.

text: The final of the contest has been broadcast by BBC One (previously BBC Television Service and BBC TV) since the first contest in 1956, the first live colour transmission of the contest in the United Kingdom was the Eurovision Song Contest 1970, the first high definition broadcast of the contest began in 2007 when the contest was simulcast on BBC HD. The final is also broadcast on radio, initially on BBC Light Programme until the 1967 contest. From 1968 it was broadcast on BBC Radio 1, moving to BBC Radio 2 from the 1974 contest where it has remained ever since (except for 1983–1985).  Between 1963 and 1976 and from 1980 until 1985 the contest was also broadcast on BFBS Radio. From 2004 to 2015 both semi-finals were broadcast on BBC Three. Since BBC Three became an online only channel in February 2016, semi-final coverage is now broadcast on BBC Four.[28]

text: In the 1998 Contest, hosted in Birmingham, Terry Wogan acted as both commentator and on-stage presenter (together with Ulrika Jonsson). In the 1980 Contest, each song was introduced by a presenter from the national country, the United Kingdom entry being introduced by Noel Edmonds.

text: For most contests, a spokesperson has delivered the results of the national jury, or in recent years the results of the televoting, awarding points to the entries on behalf of his or her country. The exceptions were the contests held in 1971–1973 when votes were cast by two jury members present at the contest venue, appearing at the end of the contest to confirm their scores.

text: No British-born broadcaster has either presented or commentated on the live television final for over thirty years, the last being Jan Leeming in 1982.

text:
Year(s)

Final television commentator

Radio commentator

Spokesperson

Semi-final television commentator

Semi-final second television commentator

Online/BFBS commentator

1956
Wilfrid Thomas
Unknown
UK did not participate
No semi-finals
No semi-finals
N/A

1957
Berkeley Smith
Tom Sloan
David Jacobs

1958
Peter Haigh
UK did not participate

1959
Tom Sloan
Pete Murray
Pete Murray

1960
David Jacobs
Nick Burrell-Davis

1961
Tom Sloan
Michael Aspel

1962
David Jacobs
Peter Haigh
Alex Macintosh

1963
Michael Aspel
TBC

1964
Tom Sloan
TBC
Ian Fenner

1965
David Gell
Alastair Burnet[citation needed]

1966
John Dunn
Michael Aspel

1967
Rolf Harris
Richard Baker
Thurston Holland

1968
N/A
Pete Murray

1969
Michael Aspel
Colin-Ward Lewis
John Russell

1970
David Gell
Tony Brandon

1971
Dave Lee Travis
Terry Wogan
N/A

1972
Tom Fleming
Pete Murray
Terry James

1973
Terry Wogan
Richard Astbury*

1974
David Vine
Terry Wogan
Colin-Ward Lewis

1975
Pete Murray
Ray Moore

1976
Michael Aspel

1977
Pete Murray
Colin Berry
N/A

1978
Terry Wogan
Ray Moore

1979
John Dunn

1980
Terry Wogan
Steve Jones
Ray Moore
Andrew Pastona

1981
Ray Moore
Colin Berry
N/A

1982

1983
Not broadcast on BBC Radio
Richard Nankivell

1984

1985

1986
Ray Moore
N/A

1987

1988
Ken Bruce

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998
Ken Bruce

1999
Colin Berry

2000

2001

2002

2003
Lorraine Kelly

2004
Paddy O'Connell
No dual commentator

2005
Cheryl Baker

2006
Fearne Cotton

2007
Sarah Cawood

2008
Carrie Grant
Caroline Flack

2009
Graham Norton
Duncan James
Sarah Cawood

2010
Scott Mills

2011
Alex Jones
Scott Mills
Sara Cox

2012
Scott Mills

2013
Ana Matronic

2014
Laura Whitmore
Ana Matronic

2015
Nigella Lawson
Mel Giedroyc

2016[29]
Richard Osman
N/A

2017
Katrina Leskanich

2018
Mel Giedroyc
Rylan Clark-Neal

text: It has to be assumed that Terry Wogan's commentary was taken by BFBS in 1975 since Terry says in his BBC Radio 2 commentary "Richard Astbury sends his apologies to BFBS listeners - technical difficulties".

text: Additionally, from 2004–2010, Paddy O'Connell commentated on the semi-final shows. In 2007, 2009 and 2010 he was also joined by Sarah Cawood. In 2008 he was joined by Caroline Flack. In recent years, the dual-commentator format during the semi-finals has allowed for the broadcaster to incorporate additional segments, interviews and live viewer interaction, during the programmes live airing.[30]

text: In 2011, O'Connell was replaced by Scott Mills who provided the commentary from London, while Sara Cox provided interaction from the venue. Cox and Mills both provided commentary again in 2012 from the venue. In 2013, Cox was replaced by Ana Matronic[31] and Matronic was replaced in 2014 by Laura Whitmore.[32] Mel Giedroyc replaced Whitmore as co-commentator in 2015.[33] In 2014, Matronic provided commentary for the second semi-final of the 2014 Contest on BBC Radio 2 Eurovision, a temporary station which was broadcast on DAB radio over four days, as well as the BBC Radio 2 website. She continued this role in 2015.[34] In 2018, Rylan Clark-Neal will take over Giedroyc's role as co-commentator alongside Mills.[35]

text: Conductors[edit]

text: All conductors are listed by their birthplace flags but are all British. UK flag included if unknown.

text:
Eric Robinson (1957, 1959–1960, 1963, 1965) (musical director in 1960, 1963)
 Harry Robinson (1961)
 Wally Stott (1962)
 Harry Rabinowitz (1964, 1966)
 Ken Woodman (1967)
 Norrie Paramor 1968 (also musical director)
 Johnny Harris (1969)
 Johnny Arthey (1970–71)
 Malcolm Lockyer (1972) (musical director, but did not conduct any entry)
 David Mackay (1972–73)
 Nick Ingman (1974)
 Alyn Ainsworth (1975–76, 1978, 1990)
 Ronnie Hazlehurst (1977, 1982, 1987–89, 1991–92) (musical director in 1974, 1977, 1982)
 Ken Jones (1979)
 John Coleman (1980–81, 1983–85)
 Nigel Wright (1993)
 Michael Reed (1994)
 Mike Dixon (1995)
 Ernie Dunstall (1996)
 Don Airey (1997)
 Martin Koch (musical director in 1998)
 James McMillan (1998)

text: Prior to 1999, the UK entry was performed without orchestral accompaniment in 1986.[36]

text: Separate entrants[edit]

text: For several years the Scottish National Party (SNP) has campaigned for a place in Eurovision for Scotland but had been rejected numerous times because Scotland is represented as a part of the British entry and is represented by the BBC.[37]

text: On 11 February 2008 the EBU stated that a Scottish broadcaster could apply for EBU membership, but under the current rules could not enter the Eurovision Song Contest as the BBC currently has exclusive rights to represent the entire United Kingdom.[37]  It was announced in late May 2008 that the UK would be participating in the 2009 Contest and, therefore, Scotland was not represented in 2009 as a separate entrant.[38]

text: Scotland could be represented by STV, ITV Border or BBC Scotland. MEP Alyn Smith has said in the European Parliament: "Other small countries have done it [entered the competition] and I will be happy to help any of the broadcasting companies through the progress."[39][40][41][42]

text: In 2011 the European Broadcasting Union stated that there was nothing to prevent Scotland from submitting its own entry, although STV stated that there were no current plans for a separate entry.[42]

text: If Scotland were to participate it is unknown whether or not England, Wales and Northern Ireland would show any interest in entering the Eurovision Song Contest independently as well, although S4C (the Welsh language media channel) has expressed an interest and, in addition, already holds a yearly national song contest called "Cân i Gymru" (Song for Wales).[43] S4C also considered a bid for the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2008 but decided not to go ahead.[44] In 2009 MEP for Wales Jillian Evans stated her interest in securing Wales a place in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010, Wales could be represented by either BBC Cymru Wales, ITV Wales & West or S4C. There is a small campaign in Northern Ireland for a separate entrant and it could be represented by UTV or BBC Northern Ireland.[45] There are no plans currently for England to enter separately.

text: However, to date, these proposed changes have not occurred, and the United Kingdom still participates in the Eurovision Song Contest as a single entrant. It was unknown what would happen if Scotland were to become an independent country. However, on 25 November 2013, the Scottish Government released a referendum blueprint which detailed plans for the transfer of BBC Scotland into the Scottish Broadcasting Service (SBS) and joining the EBU, as well as partaking in competitions, including Scottish entries in the Eurovision Song Contest.[46][47] However, the referendum result on 18 September 2014 was to remain part of the United Kingdom, and the aforementioned BBC retains exclusive rights to represent the United Kingdom, including Scotland.[48]

text: Since 2006, the Gibraltarian national broadcaster Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) has been attempting to gain EBU membership and thus participate independently in the Eurovision Song Contest. However GBC cannot obtain EBU membership due to the British Overseas Territory not being independent from the United Kingdom. Gibraltar has broadcast the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 and the final of the 2006 edition.[49]

text: Photogallery[edit]

text:
Ronnie Carroll in Luxembourg (1962)

Kathy Kirby in Naples (1965)

Brotherhood of Man in The Hague (1976)

Scooch in Helsinki (2007)

Andy Abraham in Belgrade (2008)

Jade Ewen in Moscow (2009)

Josh Dubovie in Oslo (2010)

Blue in Düsseldorf (2011)

Bonnie Tyler in Malmö (2013)

Molly in Copenhagen (2014)

Electro Velvet in Vienna (2015)

Joe and Jake in Stockholm (2016)

Lucie Jones in Kiev (2017)

SuRie in Lisbon (2018)