document_title: Jane the Virgin

question_text: who does jane from jane the virgin mary

question_tokens: who does jane from jane the virgin mary

text: Jane the Virgin

text: Premise[edit]

text: Set in Miami, the series details the surprising and dramatic events that take place in the life of Jane Gloriana Villanueva, a hard-working, religious, young, Venezuelan-American woman. Jane's vow to save her virginity until marriage becomes complicated when a doctor mistakenly artificially inseminates her during a checkup. To make matters worse, the biological father is a married man, a former playboy, and a cancer survivor who is not only the new owner of the hotel where Jane works, but was also her former teenage crush. In addition to adjusting to pregnancy and then motherhood, in the initial episodes Jane is faced with questions about her professional future and the daunting prospect of choosing between the father of her baby or her detective boyfriend. As the series evolves, the issues shift as her child grows into a toddler, her writing career moves forward, and her family members likewise develop independent plotlines.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Gina Rodriguez as Jane Gloriana Villanueva, a 23-year-old, religious young Latina who becomes pregnant after being artificially inseminated by mistake while being engaged to Michael. After meeting Rafael and hearing his situation, she agrees to carry the baby full term and turn over custody to him and his wife Petra, but only if she is sure her baby will be safe and loved with them. Jane breaks off the engagement with Michael due to him keeping secrets from her regarding the Solanos. But, as the pregnancy grows, Rafael and Jane start to have feelings for each other, but the relationship doesn’t last very long. Jane ends up having a baby boy named Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva. She marries Michael Cordero in the season two finale. In the tenth episode of season three, she becomes widowed when he dies from his gunshot wound. After trying to find a letter which Michael wrote her while he was alive, her ex-boyfriend Adam comes back into her life, bringing out her fun side, which had been hidden after giving birth. Adam soon leaves for a job offer. She later finds her feelings resurfacing for Rafael again. Executive producer Jennie Snyder Urman stated that Gina Rodriguez "was literally the third person that came in" during the casting.[8]
Jenna Ortega as Young Jane, at age 10, is the most frequent (21 chapters as of season 3) of the four younger "Janes" seen in flashbacks.
Andrea Navedo as Xiomara "Xo" Gloriana Villanueva, Jane's outgoing mother. She was only sixteen years old when she had Jane, which is why Jane would rather keep her virginity until marriage than make the same mistake her mother did. She is a dance teacher, but dreams of having a singing career. She marries Jane's father in the Season three finale. In the end of Season 4, she is diagnosed with breast cancer.
Catherine Toribio plays a younger Xiomara during some flashback sequences.
Justin Baldoni as Rafael Solano, the 31-year-old owner of the Marbella Hotel and the biological father of Jane's child, who has fallen out of love with his wife. As the series progresses, he develops growing feelings for Jane, and divorces Petra after discovering her affair. In season two, he has two daughters with Petra and, in season three, briefly goes to jail. In season four, he and Jane grow closer and it is thought he would propose.
Yael Grobglas as Petra Solano (birthname: Natalia Andel, later Natalia Dvoracek), Rafael's scheming wife and a member of a shady Czech crime family who got married to Rafael in order to steal his wealth, though over time she did fall in love with him. She later divorces Rafael and in Season 2, inseminates herself with Rafael's sperm and gives birth to their twin daughters, Anna and Ellie (formally Elsa but changed due to Petra hating the “Frozen” references). She is then convicted for the murder of her twin sister, causing her to meet her lawyer Jane. Lawyer Jane and Petra grow closer and then fall in love.
Ivonne Coll as Alba Gloriana Villanueva, Jane's pious maternal grandmother. She is highly religious, and encourages Jane to save her virginity until marriage. While she is able to speak English, she only speaks Spanish with her family, even when they address her in English. She was in the country illegally until she got her green card in season two. In season 4 she becomes a citizen of America. She falls in love with her boss Jorge. Jorge proposes to Alba, but she denies it. Soon she realizes that that was a mistake but Jorge had moved on. At the end of Season 4, Alba and Jorge get married to help him meet his mother who lives out of the country.
Brett Dier as Michael Cordero, Jr. (seasons 1–3, 5;[9] guest season 4), Jane's 29-year-old husband who was a detective. He is aware of Petra's affair, and blackmails her to ensure that her marriage remains intact, so that Jane will give the baby to them, however later he decides to support Jane's decision to keep the baby. He also dislikes Rafael due to Jane's, and eventually Rafael's, attraction to one another. He is the head detective in the hunt for Sin Rostro, a high-profile drug dealer who seems to be based in the Marbella Hotel, however he gets shot while searching for Sin Rostro, he later quits to become a lawyer. Jane and Michael get married in the season two finale. He apparently dies in season three by an aortic dissection caused by a gunshot. In the Season 4 finale, it is revealed that Michael is still alive.
Jaime Camil as Rogelio de la Vega, a self-involved, famous telenovela star and Jane's biological father. He is currently trying to gain a relationship with his newly discovered daughter. He also has feelings for Xiomara, who was his girlfriend in high school. He marries Xiomara in the season three finale. He desperately wants a child and has one with Darci Factor. They later have the child and named it Baby Michaelina de la Vega Factor.
Elias Janssen as Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva (season 4), Jane and Rafael's baby. Named after Jane's grandfather and Alba's husband, who died before Jane was born.
Aria Rose Garcia as toddler Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva. Joseph Sanders played the role in the third season.
Anthony Mendez (voice over) as the Latin Lover Narrator; Third-person omniscient.[10] The narration features both metanarration and metafiction.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Yara Martinez as Dr. Luisa Alver, Rafael's lesbian, neurotic, recovering alcoholic sister, and the doctor who accidentally artificially inseminated Jane. She later has a relationship with her step mother, Sin Rostro/Rose.
Bridget Regan as Rose, a former lawyer, former girlfriend of Luisa, and eventually stepmother of Luisa and Rafael who defends Luisa against the malpractice suit. She is later revealed to be the crime lord Sin Rostro, and is arrested in season three.
Megan Ketch as Susanna Barnett (season 2), Michael's partner who was in fact Rose in disguise. After being discovered, she shot Michael in the chest. Before this she has a relationship with Luisa.
Elisabeth Röhm as Eileen (season 3), the second woman whose identity Rose steals for the next three years. In the meantime, the real Eileen murdered Scott.
Mia and Ella Allan as Anna and Elsa Solano (season 2-present), Petra and Rafael's twin daughters as a result of Petra's artificial insemination.
Carlo Rota as Emilio Solano (season 1), Luisa's biological father and Rafael's adopted father. He is murdered by his wife, Rose.
Michael Rady as Lachlan Moore (seasons 1-2), Rafael's rival and Petra's former fiancé.
Diane Guerrero as Lina Santillan, Jane's best friend and co-worker.
Azie Tesfai as Detective Nadine Hansan (seasons 1-2), a police detective and rival, partner, and brief lover to Michael. She was killed taking a bullet that was meant for Michael, after she was revealed to be working with Sin Rostro.
Priscilla Barnes as Magda Andel, Petra's mother. She is confined to a wheelchair (but only pretends to be paraplegic) and she is Petra's co-conspirator in her plot to steal Rafael's hotel and wealth. While imprisoned, she was still working against Petra from inside; she is now out.
Yael Grobglas also portrays Anezka (seasons 2-4), Petra's long-lost twin sister who grew up with a rough life in the Czech Republic. At the end of the second season she drugs Petra and begins a scheme with Magda to impersonate Petra so they can gain controlling shares in the Marbella. She is then murdered by her sister, Petra.
Adam Rodriguez as Jonathan Chavez (season 2, 4), one of Jane's teachers at grad school and briefly her love interest. Later found out that he is known for affairs with students.
Alano Miller as Roman Zazo (season 1), Rafael's best friend and Petra's lover. He is believed to be murdered in the hotel, causing tension for everyone, including Petra and Rafael.
Miller also portrays Aaron Zazo (season 1), Roman's twin brother, who appears from "Chapter Fourteen" onwards investigating his brother's murder, is later revealed to be Roman; it was Aaron who was murdered. Roman is later killed, in self-defense, by Petra.
Shelly Bhalla as Krishna (season 2-present), Petra's assistant, formerly Rafael's assistant. She is believed to be blackmailing Petra in season 4, but it turns out that she was the one being blackmailed.
Ricardo Chavira as Bruce (season 3), Xiomara's boyfriend of three years who she becomes briefly engaged to, only to break things off due to her lingering feelings for Rogelio.
Justina Machado as Darci Factor (seasons 3-present), Rogelio's ex-girlfriend and the mother of her and Rogelio's daughter “Baby Michaelina de la Vega Factor”. She runs a matchmaking business.
Alfonso DiLuca as Jorge (seasons 3-present), Alba's love interest, later boyfriend. Then becomes her husband.
Johnny Messner as Chuck Chesser (seasons 3-present), the new owner of the rival hotel to the Marbella who serves as a new love interest for Petra.
Francisco San Martin as Fabian (seasons 3-4), Rogelio's costar on telenovela Los Viajes de Guillermo who has a brief fling with Jane.
Tyler Posey as Adam Alvaro (seasons 3-4), Jane's first love and later boyfriend, who is bisexual.
Rosario Dawson as Jane Ramos (season 4), Petra’s attorney and love interest.

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired122October 13, 2014 (2014-10-13)May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)222October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)May 16, 2016 (2016-05-16)320October 17, 2016 (2016-10-17)May 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)417October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)April 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)

text: Production[edit]

text: On June 27, 2013, American television network The CW announced that it was planning to release a new show based on the Venezuelan soap opera Juana La Virgen.[12] On February 23, 2014, Entertainment Weekly announced that Rodriguez would play the title role of Jane Villanueva.[13][14] On May 8, 2014, during The CW's 2014–2015 upfronts, the series was officially picked up.[15] On July 18, 2014, an extended trailer was released by The CW. On August 8, 2014, it was announced that White Collar's Bridget Regan and Azie Tesfai would join the series as respectively Rose, a former lawyer, and Detective Nadine Hansan, a police detective and rival to Dier's character.[16] On August 10, 2014, TVLine announced that Melrose Place and Emily Owens, M.D. actor Michael Rady would join the series as Lachlan.[17] Filming for season one commenced on July 28, 2014.[18] The show is filmed on soundstages in Los Angeles[18][19] and the pilot was filmed in Huntington Beach, California.[20] On October 21, 2014, the show was given a full season order.[21] On January 11, 2015, the show was renewed for a second season, set to air during the 2015–16 television season.[22] Its second season premiered on October 12, 2015.[23] On March 11, 2016, the show was renewed for a third season,[24] which premiered on October 17, 2016. On January 8, 2017, The CW renewed the series for a fourth season that premiered on October 13, 2017.[25][26] On April 2, 2018, The CW renewed the series for a fifth and final season, which will air in 2019.[27][28][29]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Jane the Virgin premiered on The CW on October 13, 2014, during the 2014–15 television season.[30] Unique to the CW, it is the network's only program to feature a Spanish language audio track on the second audio program channel; however, as many CW stations usually do not carry the SAP channel due to a lack of need, this is more limited than the major networks, which are required by the FCC to have a SAP channel for the Descriptive Video Service track, which as a minor network the CW is not required to carry.

text: The show premiered in Canada on Global TV and in Australia on Fox8 on December 1, 2014.[31] The first two seasons aired in the United Kingdom on E4.,[32] with the first-run episodes on UK Netflix from season 3 onwards.[33] Sony Channel broadcast the series throughout Southeast Asia as replacements of Sony Entertainment Television in the region (including BeTV in the Philippines). In Canada, new episodes are added each week to the streaming service Shomi, in addition to cable carriage by some providers of American CW affiliates (Chicago's WGN-TV, available as a superstation in Canada, carried the series' first two seasons until it ended its CW affiliation before the 2016-17 television season). The show premiered in New Zealand on July 24 on Prime.

text: In the Philippines, Jane the Virgin premiered on ABS-CBN on March 28, 2016, dubbed in Filipino.[34] The show replaced the local drama series You're My Home on a late-night timeslot, as part of the Primetime BIDA evening block.[35] Days before the premiere, a teaser showing Gina Rodriguez promoting the show was also released.[36] ABS-CBN only aired the first two seasons, locally editing and splitting the episodes into half-hour segments similar to the network's teleserye and anime programs. For a total of 74 modified episodes, the season-two finale aired on July 8, 2016.

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Season

Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes

Metacritic

1

100% (50 reviews)

80% (23 reviews)

2

100% (11 reviews)

87% (4 reviews)

3

100% (12 reviews)

-

4

100% (13 reviews)

-

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Jane the Virgin has received praise for its writing and Rodriguez's performance. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season of the show a "certified fresh" rating of 100% based on 50 reviews, with a rating average of 7.7 out of 10. The site's consensus states, "Jane the Virgin's dubious premise has become part of its unlikely charm – along with delightfully diverse writing and a knockout performance by Gina Rodriguez."[37] Metacritic, another review aggregator, gives the show a score of 80 out of 100, based on 23 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[38]

text: The second season also received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, the season holds a 87 out of 100, based on four reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[39] Rotten Tomatoes gave it a rating of 100% based on 11 reviews and a rating average of 9.7 out of 10. The site's consensus reads, "Jane the Virgin stays true to its over-the-top telenovela roots in season two while layering in more humor and increasingly complex storytelling."[40] Maureen Ryan of Variety praised the show, saying that the series "is envisioned, edited and curated with great deftness and economy, and the fact that it is so entertaining and accessible should not preclude it from being at the center of conversations about the best the medium has to offer."[41]

text: Critics' top ten lists[edit]

text:
show2014[42]

No. 3 TV Guide
No. 3 The Salt Lake Tribune
No. 6 TV.com
No. 7 Las Vegas Weekly
No. 8 Sioux City Journal
No. 10 Boston Globe
 – American Film Institute
 – Associated Press
 – Chicago Reader
 – Huffington Post
 – Los Angeles Times
 – Philadelphia Daily News
 – ScreenCrush

text:
show2015[43]

No. 3 Village Voice
No. 4 Vulture
No. 4 Slate
No. 5 The Salt Lake Tribune
No. 6 Las Vegas Weekly
No. 7 TV.com
 – Boob Tube Dude
 – Criticwire
 – Variety
 – The Week

text:
show2016[44]

No. 1 Variety
No. 2 Boob Tube Dude
No. 8 MTV
 – CNN

text:
show2017[45]

No. 6 Variety
No. 9 TV by the Numbers
No. 9 USA Today

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)

Episodes

First aired

Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers(millions)
18–49 rating(average)

Date

Viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

1
Monday 9:00 pm

22

October 13, 2014

1.61[46]

May 11, 2015

1.24[47]
2014–15
177
1.55
0.6[48]

2

22

October 12, 2015

1.06[49]

May 16, 2016

0.97[50]
2015–16
180
1.48
0.6[51]

3

20

October 17, 2016

1.09[52]

May 22, 2017

0.96[53]
2016–17
155
1.60
0.7[54]

4
Friday 9:00 pm

17

October 13, 2017

0.68[55]

April 20, 2018

0.58[56]
2017–18
193
1.23
0.5[57]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The show has been acknowledged by the People's Choice Awards, Golden Globe Awards, Critics' Choice Awards, the Primetime Emmy Awards, the Image Awards and the Television Critics Association as well as honored by the American Film Institute and the George Foster Peabody Awards.

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipients

Outcome

2014

America Film Institute Award[59]

AFI Television Program Of The Year

Jane the Virgin

Won

TV Guide Award

Favorite New Show

Jane the Virgin

Nominated

2015

People's Choice Award[60]

Favorite New TV Comedy

Jane the Virgin

Won

Golden Globe Award[61]

Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy

Jane the Virgin

Nominated

Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy

Gina Rodriguez

Won

Peabody Award[62]

Honoree

Jane the Virgin

Won

Critics' Choice Award[63]

Best Comedy Series

Jane the Virgin

Nominated

Best Actress in a Comedy Series

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series

Jaime Camil

Nominated

TV Line Performer of the Week[64]

Honoree

Jaime Camil ("Chapter Twelve")

Won

TV Line Performer of the Week[65]

Honoree

Gina Rodriguez ("Chapter Twenty")

Won

Teen Choice Award

Choice TV Actor: Comedy

Jaime Camil

Nominated

Choice TV Actress: Comedy

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

Choice TV: Breakout Show

Jane the Virgin

Nominated

Choice TV: Breakout Star

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

Choice TV: Liplock

Gina Rodriguez & Justin Baldoni

Nominated

Television Critics Association Award[66]

Outstanding New Program

Jane the Virgin

Nominated

Outstanding Achievement in Comedy

Jane the Virgin

Nominated

Individual Achievement in Comedy

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

Imagen Award

Best Primetime Television Program – Comedy

Jane the Virgin

Won

Best Actress – Television

Gina Rodriguez

Won

Best Supporting Actor – Television

Justin Baldoni

Nominated

Jaime Camil

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress – Television

Ivonne Coll

Nominated

Andrea Navedo

Won

Gold Derby Award

Best Comedy Series

Jane the Virgin

Nominated

Best Comedy Lead Actress

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

Breakthrough Performer

Gina Rodriguez

Won

EWwy Award

Best Comedy Series

Jane the Virgin

Won

Best Actress – Comedy

Gina Rodriguez

Won

Best Supporting Actor – Comedy

Jaime Camil

Nominated

Emmy Award[67]

Outstanding Narrator

Anthony Mendez

Nominated

Voice Arts Award

Outstanding Narration – TV or Film, Best Voice over

Anthony Mendez

Won

Gotham Award

Breakthrough Series – Long Form

Jane the Virgin

Nominated

Dorian Award

Campy TV Show of the Year

Jane the Virgin

Won

Online Film and Television Association Award

Best Actress

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

Best Guest Actress

Rita Moreno

Won

Maxwell Weinberg Award

Arpi KetendjianCBS Studios

Won

NHMC Impact Gala Award

Honoree

Gina Rodriguez

Won

HOLA Award

Breakthrough Performance

Andrea Navedo

Won

GiRL POWER Media Role Model Award

Honoree

Gina Rodriguez

Won

Honoree

Andrea Navedo

Won

Honoree

Ivonne Coll

Won

International Drama Award

Best Mini-Series

Jane the Virgin

Nominated

Best Actress

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

Best Director

Brad Silberling

Nominated

Paleyfest LA

Honoree

Jane the Virgin

Won

2016

Satellite Award[68]

Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy

Jane the Virgin

Nominated

Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

NAACP Image Award[69]

Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series

Jennie Snyder Urman

Nominated

Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series

Brad Silberling

Nominated

Golden Globe Award[70]

Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

Critics' Choice Award[71]

Best Comedy Series

Jane the Virgin

Nominated

Best Actress in a Comedy Series

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series

Jaime Camil

Nominated

TV Line Performer of the Week[72]

Honoree

Yael Grobglas ("Chapter Thirty-Six")

Nominated

Golden Reel Award

Best Sound Editing

Susan Ham, Sharyn Gersh

Nominated

GMS Award

Best Music Supervision

Kevin J. Edelman

Nominated

The Women's Image Award

Best Actress in a Comedy

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

Best Comedy Series

Jane the Virgin

Nominated

Outstanding Writing in a Series

Jennie Snyder Urman ("Chapter One: Pilot")

Nominated

Artios Award

Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Comedy

Alyson Silverberg, Jonathan Clay Harris

Nominated

Frijolywood Award /Frijoldeoro Award

Screenwriter in Comedy

Carolina Rivera

Won

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy  Series

Jaime Camil

Won

NHMC Impact Award

Outstanding Performance in a Comedy Series

Andrea Navedo

Won

Cine Award

Best Comedy Series

Jane the Virgin

Nominated

Best Actress in a Comedy Series

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor

Jaime Camil

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress

Ivonne Coll

Won

Young Artist Award

Best Performance in a TV Series

Madison Rojas

Nominated

Teen Choice Award

Choice TV: Comedy

Jane the Virgin

Nominated

Choice TV: Actor

Jaime Camil

Nominated

Choice TV: Actress

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

Emmy Award[73]

Outstanding Narrator

Anthony Mendez

Nominated

EWwy Award

Best Actress – Comedy

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor – Comedy

Jaime Camil

Nominated

Imagen Award

Best Primetime Television Program – Comedy

Jane the Virgin

Won

Best Actress – Television

Gina Rodriguez

Won

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series

Jaime Camil

Won

Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series

Andrea Navedo

Nominated

TV Line Performer of the Week[74]

Honoree

Gina Rodriguez ("Chapter Forty-Seven")

Won

2017

Golden Globe Award[75]

Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

People's Choice Award[76]

Favorite TV Comedy

Jane the Virgin

Nominated

Favorite TV Comedy Actress

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

Black Reel Award

Outstanding Actress, Comedy Series

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

MTV Award

Best American Story

Jane the Virgin

Nominated

Best Actor in a Show

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

GMS Award

Best Music Supervision

Kevin J. Edelman

Nominated

Teen Choice Award

Choice Comedy TV Show

Jane the Virgin

Nominated

Choice Comedy TV Actress

Gina Rodriguez

Nominated

Choice Comedy TV Actor

Jaime Camil

Nominated

Imagen Award

Best Primetime Television Program – Comedy

Jane the Virgin

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series

Jaime Camil

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series

Ivonne Coll

Nominated

2018

MTV Award

Best Kiss

Gina Rodriguez & Justin Baldoni

Nominated

Teen Choice Award[77]

Choice Comedy TV Show

Jane the Virgin

Nominated

Choice Comedy TV Actress

Gina Rodriguez

Won

Choice Comedy TV Actor

Jaime Camil

Won

Choice Liplock

Gina Rodriguez & Justin Baldoni

Nominated

text: Home media[edit]

text: Warner Home Entertainment originally released Season 1 on DVD, but poor sales caused a switch in distribution rights with CBS now releasing every season of Jane the Virgin as manufacture-on-demand Blu-ray and DVDs exclusively on Amazon going forward in addition to a manufacture-on-demand reissue of Season 1.

text:
Name

DVD

Blu-ray

No. ofepisodes

Features

Region 1

Region 2

Region 4

Region A

Region B

The Complete First Season

September 29, 2015[78]

March 1, 2017[79]

October 13, 2017[80]

22

Immaculate Creation – 'Behind the Scenes'
Getting to Know the Cast
Gag reel
Deleted scenes

The Complete Second Season

June 16, 2017[81]

March 1, 2017[82]

December 22, 2017[83]

22

The Complete Third Season

January 19, 2018[84]

September 6, 2017[85]

January 19, 2018[86]

20

Deleted scenes

The Complete Fourth Season

June 6, 2018[87]

17

text: Novel[edit]

text: A tie-in novel, based on the book Jane writes in the show, has been published. The story is a historical romance set in Miami during 1902.[88] In the series, the book's plot is inspired by the love story of Jane and Michael.

text:
Title
Published
Publisher

Snow Falling
November 14, 2017
Simon & Schuster


document_title: Data (word)

question_text: what is the plural of the word data

question_tokens: what is the plural of the word data

root

text: Data (word)

text: The word data has generated considerable controversy on whether it is a singular, uncountable noun, or should be treated as the plural of the now-rarely-used datum.

tag: p

text: Usage in English[edit]

text: In one sense, data is the plural form of datum. Datum actually can also be a count noun with the plural datums (see usage in datum article) that can be used with cardinal numbers (e.g. "80 datums"); data (originally a Latin plural) is not used like a normal count noun with cardinal numbers and can be plural with such plural determiners as these and many or as an uncountable noun with a verb in the singular form.[1] Even when a very small quantity of data is referenced (one number, for example) the phrase piece of data is often used, as opposed to datum. The debate over appropriate usage continues,[2][3][4] but "data" as a singular form is far more common.[5]

text: In English, the word datum is still used in the general sense of "an item given". In cartography, geography, nuclear magnetic resonance and technical drawing it is often used to refer to a single specific reference datum from which distances to all other data are measured. Any measurement or result is a datum, though data point is now far more common.[6]

text: Data is most often used as a singular mass noun in everyday usage.[7][8] Some major newspapers such as The New York Times use it either in the singular or plural. In the New York Times the phrases "the survey data are still being analyzed" and "the first year for which data is available" have appeared within one day.[9] The Wall Street Journal explicitly allows this usage in its style guide.[10] The Associated Press style guide classifies data as a collective noun that takes the singular when treated as a unit but the plural when referring to individual items ("The data is sound.", and "The data have been carefully collected.").[11]

text: In scientific writing data is often treated as a plural, as in These data do not support the conclusions, but the word is also used as a singular mass entity like information, for instance in computing and related disciplines.[12] British usage now widely accepts treating data as singular in standard English,[13] including everyday newspaper usage[14] at least in non-scientific use.[15] UK scientific publishing still prefers treating it as a plural.[16] Some UK university style guides recommend using data for both singular and plural use[17] and some recommend treating it only as a singular in connection with computers.[18] The IEEE Computer Society allows usage of data as either a mass noun or plural based on author preference,[19] while IEEE in the editorial style manual indicates to always use the plural form.[20] Some professional organizations and style guides[21] require that authors treat data as a plural noun. For example, the Air Force Flight Test Center specifically states that the word data is always plural, never singular.[22]


document_title: Abarca (surname)

question_text: where does the last name abarca come from

text: Abarca (surname)

text: Abarca is a Spanish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

text:
Agustín Abarca (1882–1953), Chilean painter
Carlos Abarca (born 1900), Chilean Olympic boxer
Cristián Abarca (born 1989), Chilean footballer
Joaquín Abarca (1780-1844), Spanish prelate
Josep Maria Abarca (born 1974), Spanish water polo player
Juan Abarca (born 1988), Chilean footballer
Luis Flores Abarca (born 1982), Chilean footballer
Maria de Abarca (died 1656), Spanish painter
Mariano Abarca (1958–2009)
Obdulia Torres Abarca (born 1961), Mexican Democratic Revolution party politician
Pedro Abarca (1619-1693), Spanish Jesuit theologian
Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, Count of Aranda (1718–1798), Spanish statesman and diplomat
Ricardo Abarca (born 1986), Mexican actor and singer
Ximena Abarca (born 1981), Chilean pop singer

tag: ul


document_title: List of National Basketball Association annual rebounding leaders

question_text: who has the highest rebound average in nba history

text: Key[edit]

text:
^
Denotes player who is still active in the NBA

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Player (X)
Denotes the number of times the player had been the
rebounding leader up to and including that season

G
Guard
F
Forward
C
Center

tag: table

text: Season leaders[edit]

text:
Season
Player
Pos.[a]
Team
Games
played
Offensive
rebounds
Defensive
rebounds
Total
rebounds
Rebounds
per game
References

1950–51
Schayes, DolphDolph Schayes*
F/C
Syracuse Nationals
66
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,080
16.36
[8][9]

1951–52
Foust, LarryLarry Foust
C
Fort Wayne Pistons
66
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
880
13.33
[8][10]

1951–52
Hutchins, MelMel Hutchins
C
Milwaukee Hawks
66
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
880
13.33
[8][11]

1952–53
Mikan, GeorgeGeorge Mikan*
C
Minneapolis Lakers
70
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,007
14.39
[8][12]

1953–54
Gallatin, HarryHarry Gallatin*
F/C
New York Knicks
72
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,098
15.25
[8][13]

1954–55
Johnston, NeilNeil Johnston*
C
Philadelphia Warriors
72
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,085
15.07
[8][14]

1955–56
Pettit, BobBob Pettit*
C
St. Louis Hawks
72
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,164
16.17
[8][15]

1956–57
Stokes, MauriceMaurice Stokes*
F
Rochester Royals
72
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,256
17.44
[8][16]

1957–58
Russell, BillBill Russell*
C
Boston Celtics
69
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,564
22.67
[8][17]

1958–59
Russell, BillBill Russell* (2)
C
Boston Celtics
70
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,612
23.03
[8][17]

1959–60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*[b]
C
Philadelphia Warriors
72
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,941
26.96
[8][18]

1960–61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (2)[c]
C
Philadelphia Warriors
79
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
2,149
27.20
[8][18]

1961–62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (3)
C
Philadelphia Warriors
80
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
2,052
25.65
[8][18]

1962–63
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (4)
C
San Francisco Warriors
80
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,946
24.32
[8][18]

1963–64
Russell, BillBill Russell* (3)
C
Boston Celtics
78
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,930
24.74
[8][17]

1964–65
Russell, BillBill Russell* (4)
C
Boston Celtics
78
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,878
24.08
[8][17]

1965–66
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (5)
C
Philadelphia 76ers
79
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,943
24.59
[8][18]

1966–67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (6)
C
Philadelphia 76ers
81
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,957
24.16
[8][18]

1967–68
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (7)
C
Philadelphia 76ers
82
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,952
23.80
[8][18]

1968–69
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (8)
C
Los Angeles Lakers
81
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,712
21.14
[8][18]

1969–70
Hayes, ElvinElvin Hayes*
C
San Diego Rockets
82
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,386
16.90
[8][19][20]

1970–71
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (9)
C
Los Angeles Lakers
82
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,493
18.21
[8][18][21]

1971–72
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (10)
C
Los Angeles Lakers
82
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,572
19.17
[8][18][22]

1972–73
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (11)
C
Los Angeles Lakers
82
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
1,526
18.61
[8][18][23]

1973–74
Hayes, ElvinElvin Hayes* (2)
F
Capital Bullets
81
7002354000000000000♠354
7003110900000000000♠1,109
1,463
18.06
[8][20][24]

1974–75
Unseld, WesWes Unseld*[d]
C/F
Washington Bullets
73
7002318000000000000♠318
7002759000000000000♠759
1,077
14.75
[8][25][26]

1975–76
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*
C
Los Angeles Lakers
82
7002272000000000000♠272
7003111100000000000♠1,111
1,383
16.87
[8][27][28]

1976–77
Walton, BillBill Walton*[e]
C/F
Portland Trail Blazers
65
7002211000000000000♠211
7002723000000000000♠723
934
14.37
[8][29][30]

1977–78
Robinson, Len "Truck"Len "Truck" Robinson
C/F
New Orleans Jazz
82
7002298000000000000♠298
7002990000000000000♠990
1,288
15.71
[8][31][32]

1978–79
Malone, MosesMoses Malone*
C
Houston Rockets
82
7002587000000000000♠587
7002857000000000000♠857
1,444
17.61
[8][33][34]

1979–80
Nater, SwenSwen Nater
C
San Diego Clippers
81
7002352000000000000♠352
7002864000000000000♠864
1,216
15.01
[8][35][36]

1980–81
Malone, MosesMoses Malone* (2)
C
Houston Rockets
80
7002474000000000000♠474
7002706000000000000♠706
1,180
14.75
[8][34][37]

1981–82
Malone, MosesMoses Malone* (3)
C
Houston Rockets
81
7002558000000000000♠558
7002630000000000000♠630
1,188
14.67
[8][34][38]

1982–83
Malone, MosesMoses Malone* (4)
C
Philadelphia 76ers
78
7002445000000000000♠445
7002749000000000000♠749
1,194
15.31
[8][34][39]

1983–84
Malone, MosesMoses Malone* (5)[f]
C
Philadelphia 76ers
71
7002352000000000000♠352
7002598000000000000♠598
950
13.38
[8][34][40]

1984–85
Malone, MosesMoses Malone* (6)
C
Philadelphia 76ers
79
7002385000000000000♠385
7002646000000000000♠646
1,031
13.05
[8][34][41]

1985–86
Laimbeer, BillBill Laimbeer
C
Detroit Pistons
82
7002305000000000000♠305
7002770000000000000♠770
1,075
13.11
[8][42][43]

1986–87
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*[g]
F
Philadelphia 76ers
68
7002390000000000000♠390
7002604000000000000♠604
994
14.62
[8][44][45]

1987–88
Cage, MichaelMichael Cage[h]
F/C
Los Angeles Clippers
72
7002371000000000000♠371
7002567000000000000♠567
938
13.03
[8][46][47]

1988–89
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*[i]
C
Houston Rockets
82
7002338000000000000♠338
7002767000000000000♠767
1,105
13.48
[8][51][52]

1989–90
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon* (2)
C
Houston Rockets
82
7002299000000000000♠299
7002850000000000000♠850
1,149
14.01
[8][52][53]

1990–91
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
C
San Antonio Spurs
82
7002335000000000000♠335
7002728000000000000♠728
1,063
12.96
[8][54][55]

1991–92
Rodman, DennisDennis Rodman*
F
Detroit Pistons
82
7002523000000000000♠523
7003100700000000000♠1,007
1,530
18.66
[8][56][57]

1992–93
Rodman, DennisDennis Rodman* (2)
F
Detroit Pistons
62
7002367000000000000♠367
7002765000000000000♠765
1,132
18.26
[8][57][58]

1993–94
Rodman, DennisDennis Rodman* (3)
F
San Antonio Spurs
79
7002453000000000000♠453
7002914000000000000♠914
1,367
17.30
[8][57][59]

1994–95
Rodman, DennisDennis Rodman* (4)[j]
F
San Antonio Spurs
49
7002274000000000000♠274
7002549000000000000♠549
823
16.80
[8][57][60]

1995–96
Rodman, DennisDennis Rodman* (5)[k]
F
Chicago Bulls
64
7002356000000000000♠356
7002596000000000000♠596
952
14.88
[8][57][61]

1996–97
Rodman, DennisDennis Rodman* (6)[l]
F
Chicago Bulls
55
7002320000000000000♠320
7002563000000000000♠563
883
16.05
[8][57][62]

1997–98
Rodman, DennisDennis Rodman* (7)
F
Chicago Bulls
80
7002421000000000000♠421
7002780000000000000♠780
1,201
15.01
[8][57][63]

1998–99[m]
Webber, ChrisChris Webber[n]
F/C
Sacramento Kings
42
7002149000000000000♠149
7002396000000000000♠396
545
12.98
[8][65][66]

1999–00
Mutombo, DikembeDikembe Mutombo*
C
Atlanta Hawks
82
7002304000000000000♠304
7002853000000000000♠853
1,157
14.11
[8][67][68]

2000–01
Mutombo, DikembeDikembe Mutombo* (2)[o]
C
Atlanta Hawks
Philadelphia 76ers
75
7002307000000000000♠307
7002708000000000000♠708
1,015
13.53
[8][68][69]

2001–02
Wallace, BenBen Wallace[p]
C/F
Detroit Pistons
80
7002318000000000000♠318
7002721000000000000♠721
1,039
12.99
[8][70][71]

2002–03
Wallace, BenBen Wallace (2)
C/F
Detroit Pistons
73
7002293000000000000♠293
7002833000000000000♠833
1,126
15.42
[8][71][72]

2003–04
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett
F/C
Minnesota Timberwolves
82
7002245000000000000♠245
7002894000000000000♠894
1,139
13.89
[8][73][74]

2004–05
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett (2)
F/C
Minnesota Timberwolves
82
7002247000000000000♠247
7002861000000000000♠861
1,108
13.51
[8][74][75]

2005–06
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett (3)[q]
F/C
Minnesota Timberwolves
76
7002214000000000000♠214
7002752000000000000♠752
966
12.71
[8][74][76]

2006–07
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett (4)[r]
F/C
Minnesota Timberwolves
76
7002183000000000000♠183
7002792000000000000♠792
975
12.83
[8][74][77]

2007–08
Howard, DwightDwight Howard^
C
Orlando Magic
82
7002279000000000000♠279
7002882000000000000♠882
1,161
14.16
[8][78][79]

2008–09
Howard, DwightDwight Howard^ (2)
C
Orlando Magic
79
7002336000000000000♠336
7002757000000000000♠757
1,093
13.84
[8][79]

2009–10
Howard, DwightDwight Howard^ (3)
C
Orlando Magic
82
7002284000000000000♠284
7002798000000000000♠798
1,082
13.20
[8][79]

2010–11
Love, KevinKevin Love^
F/C
Minnesota Timberwolves
73
7002330000000000000♠330
7002782000000000000♠782
1,112
15.23
[8][80]

2011–12[s]
Howard, DwightDwight Howard^ (4)
C
Orlando Magic
54
7002200000000000000♠200
7002585000000000000♠585
785
14.54
[8][79]

2012–13
Howard, DwightDwight Howard^ (5)[t]
C
Los Angeles Lakers
76
7002251000000000000♠251
7002694000000000000♠694
945
12.43
[8][79][82]

2013–14
Jordan, DeAndreDeAndre Jordan^
C
Los Angeles Clippers
82
7002331000000000000♠331
7002783000000000000♠783
1,114
13.59
[83]

2014–15
Jordan, DeAndreDeAndre Jordan^ (2)
C
Los Angeles Clippers
82
7002397000000000000♠397
7002829000000000000♠829
1,226
14.95
[84]

2015–16
Drummond, AndreAndre Drummond^
C
Detroit Pistons
81
7002395000000000000♠395
7002803000000000000♠803
1,198
14.79
[85]

2016–17
Whiteside, HassanHassan Whiteside^
C
Miami Heat
76
7002289000000000000♠289
7002782000000000000♠782
1,071
14.09
[86]

text: Multiple-time leaders[edit]

text:
Ranking
Player
Team
Times leader
Years

1
Wilt Chamberlain
Philadelphia Warriors/San Francisco Warriors (4) / Philadelphia 76ers (3) / Los Angeles Lakers (4)
11
1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973

2
Dennis Rodman
Detroit Pistons (2) / San Antonio Spurs (2) / Chicago Bulls (3)
7
1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998

3
Moses Malone
Houston Rockets (3) / Philadelphia 76ers (3)
6
1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985

4
Dwight Howard
Orlando Magic (4) / Los Angeles Lakers (1)
5
2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013

5
Kevin Garnett
Bill Russell
Minnesota Timberwolves
Boston Celtics
4
2004, 2005, 2006, 2007
1958, 1959, 1964, 1965

7
Elvin Hayes
DeAndre Jordan
Dikembe Mutombo
Hakeem Olajuwon
Ben Wallace
San Diego Rockets (1) / Capital Bullets (1)
Los Angeles Clippers
Atlanta Hawks (1) / Atlanta Hawks/Philadelphia 76ers (1)
Hoston Rockets
Detroit Pistons
2
1970, 1974
2014, 2015
2000, 2001
1989, 1990
2002, 2003

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The player's primary position is listed first.
Jump up ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all-time rookie record for total rebounds.[5]
Jump up ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all-time record for total rebounds and rebounds per game in a single season.[4][5]
Jump up ^ In the 1974–75 season, Bob McAdoo and Sam Lacey both had higher rebound totals (1,155 and 1,149 respectively) but they ranked fourth and third in rebounding average (14.1 and 14.2 respectively).[25]
Jump up ^ In the 1976–77 season, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Moses Malone, Artis Gilmore and Elvin Hayes all had higher rebound total (1,090, 1,072, 1,070 and 1,029 respectively) but they ranked second, third, fourth and sixth in rebounding average (13.3, 13.1, 13.0 and 12.5 respectively).[29]
Jump up ^ In the 1983–84 season, Bill Laimbeer and Buck Williams both had higher rebound totals (1,003 and 1,000 respectively) but they ranked fourth and second in rebounding average (12.2 and 12.3 respectively).[40]
Jump up ^ In the 1986–87 season, Charles Oakley and Buck Williams both had higher rebound totals (1,074 and 1,023 respectively) but they ranked second to third in rebounding average (13.1 and 12.5 respectively).[44]
Jump up ^ In the 1987–88 season, Charles Oakley had the highest rebound total (1,066) but was second in rebounding average (13.0).[46]
Jump up ^ When Olajuwon arrived in the United States, the University of Houston incorrectly spelled his first name "Akeem". He used that spelling until March 9, 1991, when he announced that he would add an H.[48][49][50]
Jump up ^ In the 1994–95 season, Dennis Rodman had only played in 49 games and ranked tenth in rebound total. Dikembe Mutombo had the highest total (1,029).[60]
Jump up ^ In the 1995–96 season, David Robinson had the highest rebound total (1,000) but was second in rebounding average (12.2).[61]
Jump up ^ In the 1996–97 season, Dikembe Mutombo and Ervin Johnson both had higher rebound totals (929 and 913 respectively) but they ranked second and fourth in rebounding average (11.6 and 11.1 respectively).[62]
Jump up ^ The 1998–99 season was shortened to 50 games due to the league's lockout.[64] The qualification of this season's rebounding title is to appear in at least 43 games (out of 50) or to have at least 488 rebounds.[3]
Jump up ^ In the 1998–99 season, Dikembe Mutombo, Danny Fortson and Tim Duncan all had higher rebound totals (610, 581, and 571 respectively) but they ranked third to fifth in rebounding average (12.2, 11.6 and 11.4 respectively).[65]
Jump up ^ In the 2000–01 season, Ben Wallace had the highest rebound total (1,052) but was second in rebounding average (13.2).[69]
Jump up ^ In the 2001–02 season, Tim Duncan had the highest rebound total (1,042) but was second in rebounding average (12.7).[70]
Jump up ^ In the 2005–06 season, Dwight Howard had the highest rebound total (1,022) but was second in rebounding average (12.5).[76]
Jump up ^ In the 2006–07 season, Dwight Howard had the highest rebound total (1,008) but was third in rebounding average (12.3).[77]
Jump up ^ The 2011–12 season was shortened to 66 games due to the league's lockout.[81] The qualification of this season's rebounding title is to appear in at least 57 games (out of 66) or to have at least 644 rebounds.[3]
Jump up ^ In the 2012–13 season, Ömer Aşık had the highest rebound total (956) but was third in rebounding average (11.7).[82]

tag: ol


document_title: Quartering Acts

question_text: when was the quartering act of 1774 passed

text: Quartering Acts

text: Quartering Act of 1765[edit]

text: General Thomas Gage, commander-in-chief of forces in British North America, and other British officers who had fought in the French and Indian War, had found it hard to persuade colonial assemblies to pay for quartering and provisioning of troops on the march. Therefore, he asked Parliament to do something. Most colonies had supplied provisions during the war, but the issue was disputed in peacetime. The Province of New York was their headquarters, because the assembly had passed an Act to provide for the quartering of British regulars, but it expired on January 2, 1764,[2] The result was the Quartering Act of 1765, which went far beyond what Gage had requested. No standing army had been kept in the colonies before the French and Indian War, so the colonies asked why a standing army was needed after the French had been defeated in battle.

text: This first Quartering Act[3] was given Royal Assent on May 15, 1765,[4] and provided that Great Britain would house its soldiers in American barracks and public houses, as by the Mutiny Act of 1765, but if its soldiers outnumbered the housing available, would quarter them in "inns, livery stables, ale houses, victualing houses, and the houses of sellers of wine and houses of persons selling of rum, brandy, strong water, cider or metheglin", and if numbers required in "uninhabited houses, outhouses, barns, or other buildings." Colonial authorities were required to pay the cost of housing and feeding these troops.

text: When 1,500 British troops arrived at New York City in 1766 the New York Provincial Assembly refused to comply with the Quartering Act and did not supply billeting for the troops. The troops had to remain on their ships. With its great impact on the city, a skirmish occurred in which one colonist was wounded following the Assembly's refusal to provide quartering. For failure to comply with the Quartering Act, Parliament suspended the Province of New York's Governor and legislature in 1767 and 1769, but never carried it out, since the Assembly soon agreed to contribute money toward the quartering of troops;[5] the New York Assembly allocated funds for the quartering of British troops in 1771. The Quartering Act was circumvented in all colonies other than Pennsylvania.

text: This act expired on March 24, 1776.

text: The Quartering Act of 1774 was known as one of the Coercive Acts in Great Britain, and as part of the intolerable acts in the colonies. This act applied to all colonies and stated that the British troops could live and eat in colonial homes without the owners' permission.

text: Quartering: in time of War[edit]

text: During the French and Indian War Britain had forcibly seized quarters in private dwellings.[6] In the American Revolutionary War, the New York Provincial Congress barracked Continental Army troops in private homes.[7] The Americans strongly opposed the quartering of British troops in their homes because the British Parliament had created the Mutiny Act under which the British army was supposed to be prohibited against quartering troops in private homes of citizens against their will. Although Parliament passed these laws in 1723, 1754, and 1756 the British Army ignored them in the Colonies. Because of this violation of their rights the colonies believed that liberty itself would be destroyed. Along with the fear of a loss of liberty, the colonists felt that the British army should be subordinate to civil authority since Parliament already stated that the army couldn’t force quartering through the Mutiny Act.[8]

text: With the growing worries of illegal quartering by the British, the Pennsylvania Assembly met and denied any quartering bill that guaranteed citizens could deny soldiers to stay in private homes. When the Assembly finally passed the quartering bill, the passage stating how soldiers could or could not be quartered in homes was omitted and it only outlined how the soldiers were to be quartered in public houses. That winter’s harsh conditions led the British commander, Col. Henry Bouquet, to order the colonists to quarter his troops in other places than just private homes. Bouquet felt his troops couldn’t survive the winter without better living conditions. Bouquet wrote a letter to the governor of Pennsylvania telling him to issue a warrant to allow the quartering of his troops in private homes. The governor issued the warrant but left it blank instead of directly listing what Col. Bouquet could or could not do. The Pennsylvania Assembly was outraged when they learned what their governor had done. But instead of asking for a veto on the warrant they asked for a review on how many troops could be quartered in a single home at a time. But the only response they received was that the king’s troops must and will be quartered. In response to this the Assembly met on a Sunday for the first time. There they wrote a letter to the governor asking why their constitutional rights were being violated when The British Parliament laws favored the colonists.[9]

text: In response to what was happening to the colonists, Benjamin Franklin opened up an Assembly meeting suggesting that soldiers could be quartered in public houses in the suburbs. This meant instead of the troops be directly in the city they would be in houses on the outskirts of the city on farms where they could potentially have more space. Governor Denny attended this Pennsylvania meeting and bluntly answered that the commander in chief had requested quartering for the troops in Philadelphia and if anybody had a problem with this then they should talk to Lord Loudoun. The committeemen brought to light that they felt Denny was siding with the British military when instead as governor he should work to protect the rights of the colonists. The ongoing quarrel between State Assembly, governor, and Lord Loudoun wasn’t a dispute between legislature and executive powers; but a contest for political liberty. The colonists had the same rights through British Parliament laws but they were not granted to them and instead threatened by bayonets for personal gain.[9]

text: In Albany, New York the mayor had allocated $1,000 for the building of barracks for Loudoun’s troops, but the barracks had not been built by the time the troops arrived. The mayor told Loudoun that he knew his rights and refused to let the troops be quartered in Albany. When the mayor stayed adamant on his beliefs of not allowing the troops to be quartered, Loudoun had them forcefully apply themselves in private homes.[9]

text: In an early August committee meeting in Boston, Massachusetts, the governor was able to get the committee to pass a bill to grant money for the building of barracks. These barracks would accommodate up to one thousand troops. The barracks were built and all that had to be done was convince Loudoun to obey the procedures set by parliament. Everything went smoothly until two recruiting officers complained to governor Pawnall of Massachusetts that they were denied quarters in Boston. The response was that it was illegal to quarter in private homes in Boston and the committeemen suggested that they stay at the newly built barracks at Castle William. The timing of this new meeting with Lord Loudoun was extremely unfortunate. He was currently suffering losses in northern New York while trying to hold off the French and Indians. When he heard of what happened with the committeemen he argued that the current military crisis made it acceptable to quarter troops in private homes. A bill was then brought to the governor to sign that said troops could be quartered in homes but innkeepers had the right to complain to a judge if they felt too many soldiers were there. Loudon was enraged with this and threatened to force troops upon civilians again. By the end of December, the Massachusetts legislature was able to get Loudoun to agree to quarter his troops at Castle William, which meant through the long process the colonists, were able to uphold their legal rights.[10]

text: On May 3, 1765 the British Parliament met and finally passed a Quartering Act for the Americans. The act stated that troops could only be quartered in barracks and if there wasn’t enough space in barracks then they were to be quartered in public houses and inns. If still not enough space then the governor and council were to find vacant space, but at no time was it legal to quarter troops in private homes.[11]

text: Modern relevance[edit]

text: A section of the United States Declaration of Independence listing the colonies' grievances against the King explicitly notes:

text:
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us.

text: The Third Amendment to the United States Constitution, expressly prohibited the military from peacetime quartering of troops without consent of the owner of the house. A product of their times, the relevance of the Acts and the Third Amendment has greatly declined since the era of the American Revolution, having been the subject of only one case in over 200 years,[citation needed] Engblom v. Carey in 1982.[citation needed]

text: The Quartering Act was one of the reasons for the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution[citation needed], which prohibits infringing on the right of the people to keep and bear arms. Standing armies were mistrusted, and the First Congress considered quartering of troops to have been one of the tools of oppression before and during the American revolution.[citation needed]


document_title: Top Gear (1977 TV series)

question_text: when did jeremy clarkson first present top gear

text: Top Gear (1977 TV series)

text: History[edit]

text: The original Top Gear started as a monthly television series produced by BBC Midlands, based at the Pebble Mill Studios, Birmingham and ran in its original format until the end of 2001. The thirty minute programmes had a magazine format, and were transmitted at first to viewers in the Midlands region only. Top Gear and its title were conceived by executive producer Derek Smith.[2] The programme covered motoring related issues, such as new car road tests, fuel economy, safety, the police, speeding, insurance, second hand cars and holiday touring.

text: The first programme was broadcast on 22 April 1977, on BBC 1 Midlands at 10:15pm.[3][4] It was presented by Angela Rippon and Tom Coyne, who was front man of the local evening news programme, Midlands Today. In the first edition, Angela Rippon drove from Shepherd's Bush in London, to the Pebble Mill studios in Birmingham, reporting on driving conditions en route. Other items covered in the first programme were speed traps, fuel economy, strange new road signs and an interview with the transport minister. There were nine programmes in that initial series.[2]

text: The BBC network took Top Gear[5][6] and it became a weekly thirty minute BBC Two programme on 13 July 1978. Derek Smith remained as executive producer, as did Angela Rippon as presenter along with co-presenter Barrie Gill. In the first network series, seven of the ten programmes were sub titled Rippon On The Road, featuring items such as holiday driving, police driver training, the MOT test and a search for a female rally driver. Other items in that series covered drink driving, traffic jams, rust and corrosion, tachographs in lorries, the Le Mans 24 Hour race and the Motor Show.

text: For the second network series, again of ten programmes, Angela Rippon continued as main presenter. Reporters included Mike Dornan, Judith Jackson and Barrie Gill. Subjects covered included child car safety, tyres, CB radio, weighing lorries and junior grass track racing. Each week Noel Edmonds tested new cars, while Alec Jones, chief instructor of the Institute of Advanced Motorists (IAM) set a driving problem. In one of the programmes, Noel Edmonds drove his Ford GT40 car round Silverstone.

text: In 1980, Noel Edmonds took over from Angela Rippon as presenter for two series. From 1980 on, a variety of reporters were regularly used in addition to the three main co presenters Sue Baker, Frank Page, and Chris Goffey. Other reporters included Gill Pyrah and Julia Bradbury. In 1981, William Woollard, formerly of BBC1's science series Tomorrow's World became the programme's main presenter. Phil Franklin and Brian Strachan joined the production team at this time.

text: The Top Gear team was also responsible for a number of other special programmes including coverage of the bi-annual British Motor Show, London Motorfair, and the Lombard RAC Rally. Its coverage of rallying was the only sport not controlled by BBC Sport in London for many years.

text: There continued to be two series a year through the 1980s of between seven and nine programmes each. In 1986, after Phil Franklin and executive producer Dennis Adams left the programme Tom Ross took over.

text: In the five years, Tom Ross ran the programme first as executive producer and then as editor[7] Jon Bentley (more recently a presenter on the Channel 5 technology show The Gadget Show) and Ken Pollock became the show's producers.

text: From 1986 to 1991, faced with repeated threats from various channel controllers from the BBC to cancel the programme, Top Gear embarked on subtle changes designed to raise its profile, increase its audience and cover a much wider range of motoring topics. In this period, many new presenters were added, including former Formula One driver Tiff Needell, Tom Boswell and rallying's Tony Mason.

text: Towards the end of 1988, Jeremy Clarkson, was introduced to the presenting list, coming from Performance Car Magazine.[8]

text: Top Gear Rally Report followed the Lombard RAC Rally each November, presented by William Woollard with Sue Baker, Barrie Gill, Steve Lee, Alan Douglas and Tony Mason. Between 1988 and 1991, the programme organised a Rally Quest competition each year in conjunction with Radio Times, to find a new rally driver with the prize being entry into that year's RAC Rally.[9]

text: Despite enduring criticism that it was overly macho, encouraged irresponsible driving behaviour[10] and ignored the environment, the show pulled in huge audiences regularly becoming BBC Two's most viewed programme with audiences over five million from 1988. New features introduced in these years were consumer issues, classic cars, motorbikes, and a wide range of motorsport.

text: It became hugely influential with motor manufacturers, since a critical word from the Top Gear team could have a severe negative effect on sales. One such example is the original Vauxhall Vectra, of which Clarkson said, "I know it's the replacement for the Cavalier. I know. But I'm telling you it's just a box on wheels."[11] However, even more critical statements never affected sales of the Toyota Corolla, and extreme praise did not help the Renault Alpine GTA/A610.

text: By the end of the spring season of 1991, the editor Tom Ross and the main presenter, William Woollard, left the show. The autumn season of 1991 saw former used car dealer Quentin Willson join the team, and later Michele Newman, who previously appeared on ITV's Pulling Power.

text: Other presenters of the era included Steve Berry, whose speciality was motorbikes, Janet Trewin, who typically presented hard hitting safety and consumer affairs pieces, and racing driver Vicki Butler-Henderson, who made a one off appearance in 1994, and started presenting the show full time from 1997. In 1999, journalist James May was introduced, and presented the show for its last two years, before transitioning to the new format for its second series in 2003.

text: Demise and relaunch[edit]

text: Following many well known presenters' departures during 1999 to 2000, the Top Gear audience fell from a peak of six million to under three million.[citation needed] In January 1999, following the departure of Clarkson, the programme was jointly presented by Quentin Willson and Kate Humble, who ran an ongoing test[clarification needed] throughout the programme between reports.[12] In July 1999, Brendan Coogan, who had joined in 1998, left the show one year later after being convicted of drunk driving.[13][14]

text: In 2000, Jason Barlow, from Channel 4's Driven, joined the existing line up for the final fifty three episodes.[15] The programme ran almost continuously between September 2000 to October 2001, and despite regularly being the most watched show on BBC Two, the channel decided the format needed to be dramatically refreshed. However, a special of Top Gear with Jason Barlow being the only remaining presenter — Vicki Butler-Henderson, Tiff Needell and Adrian Simpson having moved to Fifth Gear — was broadcast in 2002, with coverage of the 2002 Birmingham Motor Show from the NEC.

text: In December 2001, the show was cancelled by BBC bosses in London, only to be relaunched in a new one hour long, studio based format made by the BBC in London nearly one year later. In April 2002, however, Channel 5 launched Fifth Gear, a car show featuring many of the former Top Gear presenters, including Tiff Needell, Quentin Willson and Vicki Butler-Henderson. The show was produced by former Top Gear producer Jon Bentley. While most of the production team moved from the BBC to Channel 5 to create Fifth Gear.

text: Jason Barlow was still under contract to the BBC and went on to front the new programme Wrong Car, Right Car, which ran for two series and twenty three episodes. The name change to Fifth Gear was required, as in November 2001, the BBC would not relinquish the rights to the name of Top Gear (the corporation was publishing Top Gear Magazine).[16]

text: After the first series of Fifth Gear was completed, the BBC decided to relaunch Top Gear, but in a new studio based format as opposed to the magazine format used until the cancellation. The idea came from producer Andy Wilman and Jeremy Clarkson, who presented the relaunched show with Richard Hammond and Jason Dawe. James May replaced Dawe from the second series onwards of the current format. The pre cancellation show is referred to as "Old Top Gear", when mentioned on the new show due to the differences in style.

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: Top Gear was a title sponsor of the 1987 and 1988 Formula One "Winter Series", the 1990 and 1991 Historic Rally Championships and the 1992 and 1993 British Rally Championships.[9] Due to the success of the main show, other motoring shows on the BBC also carried the Top Gear name including coverage of the British Motor Show, a show dedicated to motorsport, presented by Tiff Needell, Top Gear Motorsport and the Lombard RAC Rally highlights show, presented by William Woollard, Sue Baker and Tony Mason, Top Gear Rally Report.

text: In September 1993, a spin off magazine, Top Gear Magazine, was launched, featuring articles and columns from the presenters and additional contributors. The magazine soon became the United Kingdom's best selling car magazine. During the 1990s, Top Gear had a radio spin off, the Top Gear Radio Show, presented by Steve Berry, and available on BBC Radio Five Live.[17] In 1991, when joyriding among British youths was at its peak, Top Gear featured a Joy Riding special.[18]

text: It included an interview with Tyneside woman Joan McVittie, who was actively involved in campaigns against joyriding[19] after her sixteen year old son Mark Wren was killed, when the stolen car in which he was passenger crashed in October 1990, prior the release of Kindergarten Cop.

text: Since the early 1990s, the annual Top Gear J. D. Power Top 100 survey has consulted thousands of residents within the United Kingdom on their car ownership satisfaction. For legal reasons concerning the non commercial nature of the BBC, the actual consultation is now restricted to the magazine format, although the results are still used on the show. The survey is now conducted by Experian.

text: The video game Top Gear, developed for the Super NES, was unrelated to the television series, and the BBC won a court case blocking its creators from obtaining a trademark for it.[9] After Top Gear's success in the late 1980s and early 1990s, a number of competing programmes were introduced, including Channel 4's driven, ITV's Pulling Power, Granada's Vroom Vroom and BBC World's India's Wheels. Some of the presenters on Driven would go on to present Top Gear.

text: Theme music[edit]

text: The show's opening theme music from the very first programme in 1977 was the Allman Brothers Band instrumental "Jessica" from the album Brothers and Sisters (1973), although remixed versions were used after 1999. For much of the series' lifespan, Elton John's instrumental "Out of the Blue" from the album Blue Moves (1976) played over the closing credits.

text: The opening and closing titles music were suggested to executive producer Derek Smith by his son Graham, who had the two albums at home. He played the tracks to his father and was asked to write down the details, so they could be sourced from the record library in the BBC.

text: Car of the Year[edit]

text: Each year, Top Gear announced its Car of the Year. Winners have included:

text:
1997 – Ford Puma 1.7
1998 – Ford Focus Mk1
1999 – Toyota Picnic
2000 – Fiat Multipla
2001 – Ford Mondeo
2002 – Range Rover

text: Note: The BMW Z3 M Coupé was voted "Driver's Car of the Year", and the Mercedes-Benz S500 was voted "Executive Car of the Year" for 2000.

text: In November 1987, the Audi Quattro officially became the Top Gear Car of the Decade.[20]

text: Car survey[edit]

text: From 1994, the magazine conducted a customer satisfaction survey that was published every April, to reveal how satisfying certain cars were to own. The results were announced on the programme, though the full details were only included in the magazine. The Toyota Corolla was winner of the first four surveys, with the Subaru Impreza winning the survey in 1998 and 1999, and the Subaru Legacy in 2000 and 2001.

text: The lowest ranking cars in the surveys were the Vauxhall Frontera in 1994, Ford Escort in 1995, Lada Samara in both 1996 and 1997, Vauxhall Vectra in 1998, Ford Galaxy in 1999, and the Vauxhall Sintra in 2000 and 2001.

text: In April 1998, Škoda was rated as the most satisfying brand of car in the survey, and these findings made the headlines — just a few years earlier, the brand had been the butt of many jokes about the sub standard design and quality of earlier cars. The Japanese manufacturers — particularly Subaru, Toyota, Honda and Mazda — also received high ratings in surveys of Top Gear.

text: Similar praise went to BMW, Hyundai, Kia, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volvo. In contrast, many marques received heavy criticism in the surveys — particularly Lada, Fiat, Vauxhall, Peugeot, Ford and Alfa Romeo.

text: CD releases[edit]

text:
Top Gear Classics – Turbo (1995)
Top Gear Classics – Baroque Busters (1995)
Top Gear Classics – Open Top Opera (1995)
Top Gear Classics – Motoring Moods (1995)

text: VHS releases[edit]

text:
1994 – Super Cars. Presented By Jeremy Clarkson And Tiff Needell (62 min).
1994 – Classic Cars. Presented By Quentin Willson (65 min).
1997 – Fast & Furious. Presented By Jeremy Clarkson And Tiff Needell (77 min).
1998 – Classic Cars: Aston Martin. Presented By Jeremy Clarkson (45 min).
1998 – Classic Cars: Porsche. Presented By Tiff Needell (45 min).
1998 – Classic Cars: Ferrari. Presented By Chris Goffey (45 min).
1998 – Classic Cars: Jaguar. Presented By Quentin Willson (45 min).
1999 – Top Gear: 21 Years. Presented By Kate Humble, preproduction/promotional release (29 min).
2000 – Fast & Furious II. Presented By Tiff Needell, With Clarkson, Willson And Butler-Henderson (72 min).


document_title: Arizona's 5th congressional district

question_text: who represents the arizona 5th district in the us house of representatives

text: Arizona's 5th congressional district

text: History[edit]

text: Arizona picked up a fifth district after the 1980 Census. It covered most of the southeastern portion of the state, though the bulk of its population was located in the eastern half of Tucson. It was a Republican-leaning swing district, though a Democrat won it when it was first contested in 1982 before giving way to a Republican in 1984.

text: After the 2000 census, this district essentially became the 8th District, while most of the Maricopa County portion of the old 6th District became the new 5th District. This version of the 5th covered all of Tempe and Scottsdale and portions of Chandler, Mesa and the Ahwatukee section of Phoenix. Although Republicans outnumbered Democrats by about 40,000 voters, the 5th District was considered far less conservative than other suburban Phoenix districts. George W. Bush received 54% of the vote in this district in 2004 and home state candidate John McCain narrowly won the district in 2008 with 51.70% of the vote while Barack Obama received 47.17%.

text: After the 2010 census, this district mostly became the 9th District, while the 5th was reconfigured to take in most of the East Valley. This area had previously been the 1st District from 1951 to 2003 and the 6th District from 2003 to 2013. Like its predecessors, this district is heavily Republican. Due to the heavy LDS presence in the cities of the East Valley, voters have elected fellow Mormons Matt Salmon and Andy Biggs to represent them.

text: Recent election results from statewide races[edit]

text:
Year

Office

Winner

2000

President

Bush 54 - 43%

2004

President

Bush 54 - 45%

2008

President

McCain 52 - 47%

2012

President

Romney 64 - 35%

2016

President

Trump 58 - 37%

text: List of representatives[edit]

text: Arizona began sending a fifth member to the House after the 1980 Census.

text:
Representative

Party

Years

Congress(es)

Electoral history

Description and Counties[3][4][5]

 James F. McNulty, Jr.

Democratic

January 3, 1983 –January 3, 1985

98

Lost re-election

Southeast Arizona, including parts of Tucson:Cochise, Greenlee, Graham (part), Pima (part), Pinal (part), Santa Cruz (part)

 Jim Kolbe

Republican

January 3, 1985 –January 3, 1993

99100101102

Redistricted to the 8th district

January 3, 1993 –January 3, 2003

103104105106107

Southeast Arizona, including parts of Tucson:Cochise, Graham (part), Pima (part), Pinal (part)

 J. D. Hayworth

Republican

January 3, 2003 –January 3, 2007

108109

Redistricted from the 6th districtLost re-election

Maricopa (part):Parts of Metro Phoenix

 Harry Mitchell

Democratic

January 3, 2007 –January 3, 2011

110111

Lost re-election

 David Schweikert

Republican

January 3, 2011 –January 3, 2013

112

Redistricted to the 6th district

 Matt Salmon

Republican

January 3, 2013 –January 3, 2017

113114

First elected in 2012

Maricopa (part):Southeastern parts of Metro Phoenix

 Andy Biggs

Republican

January 3, 2017 –

115

First elected in 2016

text: Recent election results[edit]

text:
Arizona’s 5th Congressional District House Election, 2002

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

±

Republican

J.D. Hayworth

103,870

61.17%

Democratic

Chris Columbus

61,559

36.25%

Libertarian

Warren Severin

4,383

2.58%

Majority

42,311

24.92%

Total votes

169,812

100.00

Republican hold

text:
Arizona’s 5th Congressional District House Election, 2004

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

±

Republican

J.D. Hayworth*

159,455

59.50%

Democratic

Elizabeth Rogers

102,363

38.19%

Libertarian

Michael Kielsky

6,189

2.31%

Majority

57,092

21.31%

Total votes

268,007

100.00

Republican hold

text:
Arizona’s 5th Congressional District House Election, 2006

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

±

Democratic

Harry Mitchell

101,838

50.41%

Republican

J.D. Hayworth*

93,815

46.44%

Libertarian

Warren Severin

6,357

3.15%

Majority

8,023

3.97%

Total votes

202,010

100.00

Democratic gain from Republican

text:
Arizona’s 5th Congressional District House Election, 2008

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

±

Democratic

Harry Mitchell*

149,033

53.16%

Republican

David Schweikert

122,165

43.57%

Libertarian

Warren Severin

9,158

3.27%

Majority

26,868

9.59%

Total votes

280,365

100.00

Democratic hold

text:
Arizona’s 5th Congressional District House Election, 2010

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

±

Republican

David Schweikert

110,374

52.00%

Democratic

Harry Mitchell*

91,749

43.23%

Libertarian

Nick Coons

10,127

4.77%

Majority

18,625

8.77%

Total votes

212,250

100.00

Republican gain from Democratic

text:
Arizona’s 5th Congressional District House Election, 2012

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

±

Republican

Matt J. Salmon

183,470

67.19%

Democratic

Spencer Morgan

89,589

32.81%

Majority

93,881

34.38%

Total votes

273,059

100.00

Republican hold

text:
Arizona’s 5th Congressional District House Election, 2014

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

±

Republican

Matt J. Salmon

124,867

69.58%

Democratic

James Woods

54,596

30.42%

Majority

70,271

39.2%

Total votes

179,463

100.00

Republican hold

text:
Arizona’s 5th Congressional District House Election, 2016

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

±

Republican

Andy Biggs

205,184

64.10%

Democratic

Talia Fuentes

114,940

35.90%

Majority

90,244

28.2%

Total votes

320,124

100

Republican hold

text: Living former Members[edit]

text: As of  January 2017[update], there are five former members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona's 5th congressional district that are currently living. The most recent representative to die was James F. McNulty, Jr. (1983-1985) on June 30, 2009.

text:
Representative

Term in office

Date of birth (and age)

Jim Kolbe

1985 - 2003

 (1942-06-28) June 28, 1942 (age 76)

J. D. Hayworth

2003 - 2007

 (1958-07-12) July 12, 1958 (age 60)

Harry Mitchell

2007 - 2011

 (1940-07-18) July 18, 1940 (age 78)

David Schweikert

2011 - 2013

 (1962-03-03) March 3, 1962 (age 56)

Matt Salmon

2013 - 2017

 (1958-01-21) January 21, 1958 (age 60)


document_title: Bella Swan

question_text: where does bella's mom live in twilight

question_tokens: where does bella 's mom live in twilight

text: Bella Swan

text: Concept and creation[edit]

text: The premise for both the Bella Swan character and the Twilight series originated in a dream Stephenie Meyer had in which an "average girl" and a "fantastically beautiful, sparkly ... vampire ... were having an intense conversation in a meadow in the woods." In this dream, the pair "were discussing the difficulties inherent in the facts that ... they were falling in love with each other while ... the vampire was particularly attracted to the scent of her blood, and was having a difficult time restraining himself from killing her."[1]

text: Meyer's original characters were unnamed; she took to calling the characters, who would later become Edward Cullen and Bella, 'he' and 'she' for the purpose of convenience as she, "didn't want to lose the dream." The name 'Isabella' was decided upon, Meyer explains, because "after spending so much time with [the character], I loved her like a daughter. ... Inspired by that love, I gave her the name I was saving for my daughter,... Isabella."[1]

text: Bella's positive reception at her new school in Forks, particularly her popularity with male characters, was modelled after Meyer's real life move from high school to college.[2] Meyer has said that there are similarities between Bella and the title character of Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre, a novel which she has cited as an influence on the Twilight Saga.[3]

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Twilight[edit]

text: Bella, who first appears in Twilight, is a 17-year-old girl, who moves out from her mother's home in Phoenix, Arizona, to live with her father, Charlie Swan, a police chief, in her birthplace of Forks, Washington. There, she is enrolled at Forks High School, where she becomes intrigued by a student, Edward Cullen. When Edward saves her life, he exhibits super-human qualities. Bella learns from her family friend Jacob Black that Quileute legends say the Cullen family are actually vampires.[4] Edward eventually admits to this truth, though his family hunts only animals, not humans, through moral choice.[5] Edward constantly warns Bella against being with him, perceiving her life to be at constant risk if she continues to associate with him, because the scent of her blood is more powerful to him than that of any other human he has ever met. Bella's love and confidence in Edward's restraint is such that his warnings go unheeded, and on an outing with the rest of the Cullen family, she becomes the target of a sadistic vampire, James. With his family's help, Edward is able to save Bella from James' predations, though Edward is still unwilling to change Bella into a vampire himself.[6]

text: New Moon[edit]

text: New Moon begins on Bella's eighteenth birthday. She dreams about looking much older than Edward Cullen, her boyfriend. During a birthday celebration at the Cullen residence, Bella gets a small paper cut while unwrapping a present. Edward's brother, Jasper, instinctively thirsting for her blood, launches an attack, though he is stopped. Edward realizes that his relationship with Bella is putting her in danger. In a misguided attempt to protect Bella, he convinces that he no longer loves her, and moves away with his family. Edward's departure results in Bella being depressed and isolated for months.

text: To appease her worried father, Bella attends a movie with her school friend, Jessica. While there, she carelessly approaches a group of dangerous-looking men outside a bar, and discovers she can hear Edward's voice when her adrenaline runs high. Desperate to hear his voice again, Bella continually seeks out danger; she convinces Jacob Black to repair two old motorcycle,s and teach her how to ride. Their friendship increases, and Jacob admits that he has romantic feelings for Bella, though she does not reciprocate them. When a vampire named Laurent tries to attack her, Bella is saved by a pack of wolves. Later, Bella learns that Jacob and other tribe members are shapeshifters, who assume a wolf form to protect humans from vampires. Bella also discovers that the vampire, Victoria, has returned to Forks, seeking to kill Bella to avenge her mate, James', death.

text: To hear Edward's voice, Bella attempts cliff-diving and nearly drowns, but she is saved by Jacob. Edward, after mistakenly being informed that Bella has committed suicide, travels to Volterra, Italy, to request the Volturi to destroy him. Alice returns to Forks and discovers Bella is still alive; she and Bella pursue Edward to Italy and successfully prevent him from showing himself in daylight to humans, an act that would result in his execution. The trio are taken to the Volturi. Because Bella knows about vampires, the Volturi would want to kill her, but Alice claims she has foreseen Bella becoming a vampire. Because most humans are unaware that vampires exist, the Volturi threaten to kill Bella if this does not happen soon. Upon returning home, Edward tells Bella that he never stopped loving her, and he only left Forks, because he thought it would protect her. He apologizes for his misguided action, and asks for her forgiveness, which Bella accepts. Bella, intent on becoming a vampire, decides that Edward's family should vote on her fate. All but Rosalie and Edward vote for her to be changed, but Edward agrees to change her himself if she will ever marry him.[7]

text: Eclipse[edit]

text: Eclipse continues the drama of Bella and Edward's relationship. Edward explains that he is reluctant to change Bella into a vampire, because he believes that vampires are soulless creatures, who have no place in heaven. Bella, whose opinion of marriage is jaded by her own parents' early divorce, agrees to marry Edward on the condition that he will make love with her while she is still human and then turn her into a vampire. He initially refuses, saying that he could easily lose control in the heat of the moment and unintentionally kill her. However, seeing how important it is to Bella, he agrees to try, but only after they are married.

text: The plot is driven by the machinations of the vampire Victoria, who first encountered Bella and the Cullens during the first novel, Twilight. Victoria, seeking to avenge her lover, James', death, hunts Bella while building a new vampire army. To combat this threat, a grudging truce is struck between the Cullen family, and the Native American shape-shifting wolf pack led by Sam Uley and Jacob Black, who pits himself against Edward as a love interest for Bella. Initially, Bella considers Jacob only as a friend but, despite her engagement to Edward, she shares a kiss with Jacob, and realizes that she loves him as well. Ultimately, Edward accepts Bella's love for Jacob, and successfully destroys Victoria. Bella acknowledges that Edward is the most important person in her life, agreeing to announce their engagement to her father.[8]

text: Breaking Dawn[edit]

text: Breaking Dawn begins with the wedding of Bella and Edward at the Cullen home in the outskirts of Forks. They spend their honeymoon on Isle Esme, a small island off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil that was given to Esme as a gift from Carlisle. They consummate their marriage, but their lovemaking sparks a conflict between the newlywed couple: Edward is horrified that he has bruised Bella, but she insists that she is fine and wants Edward to make love to her again. He vows not to do so again while she is still human. He eventually gives in. Afterwards, Bella becomes very sick, and realizes that she is pregnant with their child.

text: Edward is shocked and rushes Bella home to see Carlisle, who, as a doctor, confirms that she is expecting a child. As the pregnancy takes a toll on Bella's health, Edward tries to talk her into having an abortion to save her own life. However, Bella feels a bond with her unborn child, and insists on giving birth. Soon, Edward comes to love the baby as well, after he hears its thoughts, and learns that the baby loves Bella in return, and doesn't mean to hurt her.

text: Bella nearly dies giving birth, but Edward successfully delivers their baby girl, and then injects his venom into Bella, thus healing her wounds by turning her into a vampire. During Bella's transformation, Jacob imprints—an involuntary process in which a shape-shifter finds his soul mate—on the baby, Renesmee Cullen.

text: After a vampire named Irina mistakes Renesmee for an immortal vampire child (a creation that is forbidden in the vampire world), Alice foresees the Volturi will arrive to destroy the Cullen family as punishment for the alleged transgression. The Cullen family finds an array of vampire witnesses to observe the mortality of Renesmee. Bella soon discovers her ability to shield people from their mental thoughts and senses. Edward stands with Bella and their allies to convince the Volturi that Renesmee is not an immortal child, and poses no threat to their existence. Once the Volturi leave, Edward and Bella are finally free to live their lives in peace with their daughter forever, and stay with them.[9]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Physical appearance[edit]

text: Bella is describes as being petite, with a height of roughly 5'4", and a very translucent, frail complexion. She has thick long, wavy brown hair with a wide forehead, and a widows peak. Her eyes are described as being "chocolate brown" and widely spaced. She has a small thin nose, prominent cheekbones, lips a bit too full for her slim jawline, and thin eyebrows that are straighter than they are arched.

text: The scent of her negative O blood is incredibly attractive to vampires, described by Bree Tanner to be the "sweetest scent she'd ever smelled", though it is a thousand times more intense to Edward Cullen.

text: As for distinguishing features, Bella has a small crescent-shaped scar on her hand where she was bitten by James, a tracker vampire, in Twilight. The scar is described as being pale, always a few degrees colder than the rest of her body, and it shines like a vampire's skin when exposed to the sunlight. After Bella is changed into a vampire by Edward, she becomes extremely beautiful with even paler skin, straight waist-length hair, and crimson red eyes that will eventually turn gold after months of drinking animal blood. Her features are also heightened and perfected by the transformation.

text: Bella wears plain shirts and jeans everywhere she goes, as she lacks care in her appearance.

text: Personality[edit]

text: Bella is described as being clumsy, having a weak constitution, being nonathletic and hating anything physical. Bella is also described as a reclusive loner, shy, quiet, insecure, and very sensitive. She also cares for the rest of the Cullen family, her father Charlie and mother Renée, and her friend Jacob Black. She has a tendency to underestimate the people around her mainly because of her concerns for their safety.

text: Having learned to take care of her mother over the years and being naturally responsible, Bella had developed into a very mature person, especially for her age. Because she lacks any skill in anything noticeable or redeeming as a human, she mostly prefers to spend her free time reading classics from school.

text: When it comes to fashion, Bella isn't a girly girl. She hates dressing up, saying that makeup "is a pain" and that she feels uncomfortable in impractical, elegant clothes; however, Alice doesn't care what Bella thinks and continues to persuade her to dress up and look glamorous. She isn't materialistic and doesn't like spending money on luxurious items, as she stated to Edward in New Moon 'not to spend a dime on my birthday,' and that fast cars are unnecessary, saying that Edward gave her himself and anything else he gives her would throw their relationship off balance. She hates being singled out, and doesn't like her birthday being celebrated. She also has very negative views on teen marriage due to her parents' early experience, but learns to overcome them later.

text: She is an extremely private person who keeps her thoughts and feelings to herself and hates when someone tries to understand her, which is thought to be why Edward is unable to hear her thoughts. She is also known to be incredibly stubborn with her self, because of her determination to become a vampire in order to be with Edward forever. She is also said to possess poor acting skills. Ironically, she demonstrates good acting ability in Twilight when she makes her father believe that she has dumped Edward and is leaving Forks. She is a very shy and timid girl with a stiff uptight position, habit of biting her lip, which she shares with Kristen Stewart. Bella knits together her eyebrows when feeling strong emotions such as anxiety. As a human, Bella easily fainted at the sight or smell of blood, which she said smells like rust and salt in Twilight, though it changes after she became a vampire. Bella is also shown in Breaking Dawn, to have a good mood climate, and is able to run away from the smell of human blood when she goes on her first hunting trip as a vampire.

text: Bella has a sarcastic sense of humor, especially when she gets mad; Bella is almost always a very soft and forgiving person who is hard to anger. She is easily scared but can be surprisingly very brave, able to block painful thoughts and memories (hence her special vampire ability), and tends to come face-to-face with life-threatening danger head-on, even though she can get scared later. She puts Edward before herself and everybody and everything else, but several 'selfish' tendencies emerge (as when she asked Edward to stay with her instead of fighting vampires in Eclipse). Meyer has stated that Bella's "tragic flaw" in Eclipse is her lack of self-knowledge. This is most obviously illustrated in her consistent denial of any romantic feelings for Jacob Black, despite the fact that she later realizes that she is, indeed, in love with him.

text: Bella is also a very bad liar except to herself. According to Eclipse, Jacob and Edward saying that she's a terrible liar, are evidence to this. Besides, she also admits this throughout the whole saga, though she seemingly manages to lie to herself about her romantic feelings for Jacob.

text: In contrary to her fearful demeanor, Bella, according to Edward in Midnight Sun, has no sense of fear when she finds out Edward is a vampire. Instead of running away, as she should have, she decides to ask lots of questions with extreme curiosity. This makes Edward believe that it is not bad luck that follows her around, but that she has no sense of self-preservation. Bella isn't very rational nor sensible as she lacks common sense and street intelligence.

text: She hates anything cold and wet, even snow, which is why she initially hated to live in Forks. However, after meeting Edward, she found the town much more comfortable, even calling it "home". As a vampire, she also dislikes the idea of feeding on humans, but is glad to have found the strength she needed to protect her loved ones.

text: Bella inherited her mother's high perceptiveness to some degree, as she was able to guess Edward was a mind reader, the first human to do so. However, she was not able to guess that Edward was in love with her.

text: After being turned into a vampire, she describes having a much clearer view of the world. She is also very self-controlled, being able to ignore the scent of human blood on her first hunting trip. Bella's private mind that was able to repel some vampires' mental abilities while she was human evolved after she became a vampire; her skill strengthened, allowing her to shield herself and those around her from other vampires' mental gifts. By the end of Breaking Dawn, she is able to cast the shield away from herself. She is also described by Edward as "very graceful", even for a vampire, in comparison to her earlier clumsiness.

text: Film portrayal[edit]

text: In the film adaptations, Bella is portrayed by actress Kristen Stewart.[10] Meyer stated that she was "very excited" to see Stewart play the part and that she was "thrilled to have a Bella who has practice [in a vast array of film genres]", since, according to Meyer, Twilight has moments that fit into many genres.[11] Stewart wears contact lenses in the films in order to achieve a chocolate brown eye color as described in the books. Despite that exception, Stewart and Bella are very similar in personality, both reserved and inexpressive.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Bella has received a generally negative reception from critics. Publishers Weekly states that, after her transformation into a vampire, "it's almost impossible to identify with her" in Breaking Dawn.[12] Lilah Lohr of the Chicago Tribune compares Bella's character to the story of the Quileute wolves and describes it as "less satisfying."[13] During Twilight, Kirkus Reviews stated that "Bella's appeal is based on magic rather than character", but that her and Edward's "portrayal of dangerous lovers hits the spot".[14] In the review of New Moon, Kirkus Reviews said that Bella's personality was "flat and obsessive".[15] Laura Miller of salon.com said, in regards to Edward and Bella, "neither of them has much personality to speak of."[16] Entertainment Weekly's Jennifer Reese, in her review of Breaking Dawn noted, in regard to Bella, "You may wish she had loftier goals and a mind of her own, but these are fairy tales, and as a steadfast lover in the Disney Princess mold, Bella has a certain saccharine appeal", and that during Bella's pregnancy "she is not only hard to identify with but positively horrifying, especially while guzzling human blood to nourish the infant."[17] Washington Post journalist Elizabeth Hand noted how Bella was often described as breakable and that "Edward's habit of constantly pulling her onto his lap or having her ride on his back further emphasize her childlike qualities", continuing to write that "the overall effect is a weird infantilization that has repellent overtones to an adult reader and hardly seems like an admirable model to foist upon our daughters (or sons)."[18] Gina Dalfonzo, in an article posted on the National Review website, calls Bella "self-deprecating" before her transformation into a vampire, and afterwards she is "insufferably vain".[19] Dalfonzo also states that Bella gets what she wants and discovers her worth "by giving up her identity and throwing away nearly everything in life that matters."[19] Bella Swan was often compared to Katniss Everdeen on the publication of The Hunger Games.[20]