document_title: Testing and inspection of diving cylinders

question_text: how long is a scuba tank hydro good for

question_tokens: how long is a scuba tank hydro good for

text: Intervals between inspections and tests[edit]

text: A cylinder is due to be inspected and tested at the first time it is to be filled after the expiry of the interval as specified by the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations, or as specified by national or international standards applicable in the region of use.[4][5]

text:
In the United States, an annual visual inspection is not required by the USA DOT, though they do require a hydrostatic test every five years. The visual inspection requirement is a diving industry standard based on observations made during a review by the National Underwater Accident Data Center.[6]
In European Union countries a visual inspection is required every 2.5 years, and a hydrostatic test every five years.[7][8]
In Norway a hydrostatic test (including a visual inspection) is required 3 years after production date, then every 2 years.
Legislation in Australia requires that cylinders are hydrostatically tested every twelve months.[9]
In South Africa a hydrostatic test is required every 4 years, and visual inspection every year. Eddy current testing of neck threads must be done according to the manufacturer's recommendations.[2]

tag: ul

text: Procedures for periodic inspections and tests[edit]

text: If a cylinder passes the listed procedures, but the condition remains doubtful, further tests can be applied to ensure that the cylinder is fit for use. Cylinders that fail the tests or inspection and cannot be fixed should be rendered unserviceable after notifying the owner of the reason for failure.[10][11]

text: Identification of cylinder and preparation for testing[edit]

text: Before starting work the cylinder must be identified from the labelling and permanent stamp markings, and the ownership and contents verified.[12][13]

text: Depressurisation and removal of cylinder valve[edit]

text: Before internal inspection the valve must be removed after depressurising and verifying that the valve is open. Cylinders containing breathing gases do not need special precautions  for discharge except that high oxygen fraction gases should not be released in an enclosed space because of the fire hazard. If the valve is blocked or stuck closed it may be necessary to release the pressure by removing the burst disc or drilling into the valve body below the valve seat. These operations require care to avoid injury.[14][15]

text: External visual inspection[edit]

text: Before inspection the cylinder must be clean and free of loose coatings, corrosion products and other materials which may obscure the surface. Foreign materials may be removed by brushing, controlled shot-blasting, water-jet cleaning chemical cleaning or other non-destructive methods. The method used must not remove a significant amount of cylinder material,[16] and steel cylinders may not be heated above 300°C.[17] Aluminium cylinders are even more restricted in the temperatures permitted, which are specified by the manufacturer.[18]

text: The cylinder is inspected for dents, cracks, gouges, cuts, bulges, laminations and excessive wear, heat damage, torch or electric arc burns, and corrosion damage. The cylinder is also checked for illegible, incorrect or unauthorised permanent stamp markings, and unauthorised additions or modifications. If the cylinder exceeds the rejection criteria for these items it is unsuitable for further service and will be made permanently unserviceable.[19][20]

text:
Typical rejection criteria include:
(to be added)

text: Internal visual inspection[edit]

text: Unless the cylinder walls are examined by ultrasonic methods, the interior must be visually inspected using sufficient illumination to identify any damage and defects, particularly corrosion. If the inner surface is not clearly visible it should be cleaned by approved method which does not remove a significant amount of wall material. Methods allowed include shot-blasting, water jet cleaning, flailing, steam or hot water jet, rumbling and chemical cleaning. The cylinder must be internally inspected after cleaning.[21][22]

text: Supplementary tests[edit]

text: When there is uncertainty whether a defect found during visual inspection meets the rejection criteria, additional tests may be applied, such as ultrasonic measurement of pitting wall thickness, or weight checks to establish total weight lost to corrosion.[23] Hardness tests on aluminium cylinders are done on the cylindrical body and must avoid making deep impressions.[24]

text: Cylinder neck inspection[edit]

text: While the valve is off, the threads of cylinder and valve must be checked to identify the thread type and condition. The threads of cylinder and valve must be of matching thread specification, clean and full form, undamaged and free of cracks, burrs and other imperfections. Tap marks[note 3] are acceptable and should not be confused with cracks. Other neck surfaces will also be examined  to be sure they are free from cracks. In some cases threads may be re-tapped, but if the threads are altered they must be checked with the appropriate thread gauges.[25][26]

text: Pressure test or ultrasonic examination[edit]

text: Ultrasonic inspection may be substituted for the pressure test, which is usually a hydrostatic test and may be either a proof test or a volumetric expansion test, depending on the cylinder design specification. Test pressure is specified in the stamp markings of the cylinder. The results of a correctly performed pressure test are final.[27][28]

text: Inspection of valve[edit]

text: Valves that are to be reused must be inspected and maintained to ensure they remain fit for service.[29][30]

text: The recommended practice for valve inspection and maintenance includes inspection, and where applicable correction of threads, cleaning of components, replacement of excessively worn and damaged parts, packing and safety devices, lubrication as applicable with approved lubricants for the gas service, checks for correct operation and sealing at intended operating pressure. Checks may be done with the valve fitted to the cylinder after inspection and testing, or before the valve is fitted.[31][32]

text: Gauging of threads may be mandatory to ensure the integrity of parallel threads. If the gauge exceeds the maximum gauge limit for taper threads, re-tapping may be considered at the discretion of the competent person.[33]

text: Final operations[edit]

text: The interior of the cylinder must be thoroughly dried immediately after cleaning or hydrostatic testing, and the interior inspected to ensure that there is no trace of free water or other contaminants.[34][35]

text: If the cylinder is repainted or plastic coated, the temperature must not exceed 300°C for steel cylinders,[36] or the temperature specified by the manufacturer for aluminium cylinders.[18]

text: Before fitting the valve the thread type must be checked to ensure that a valve with matching thread specification is fitted.[37] Fitting of valves should follow the procedures specified in ISO 13341 Transportable gas cylinders - Fitting of valves to gas cylinders.[38]

text: After the tests have been satisfactorily completed, a cylinder passing the test will be marked accordingly. Stamp marking will include the registered mark of the inspection facility and the date of testing (month and year).[39][40]

text: Records of a periodic inspection and test are made by the test station and kept available for inspection. These include:[41][42]

text: Identification of the cylinder:

text:
name of current owner;
cylinder serial number;
mass of cylinder;
name of the cylinder manufacturer;
manufacturer's serial number;
cylinder design specification;
cylinder water capacity or size;
date of test during manufacture.

text: Records of the tests and inspections:

text:
type of inspections and tests done;
test pressure;
date of the test;
whether the cylinder passed or failed the inspections and tests (giving reasons for failure);
identification stamp mark of the test station;
identification of tester;
details of any repairs made.

text: Rejection and rendering cylinder unserviceable[edit]

text: If a cylinder fails inspection or testing and cannot be recovered, the owner must be notified before making the empty cylinder unserviceable by crushing, burning a hole in the shoulder, irregular cutting of the neck or cylinder or bursting using a safe method. If the owner does not give permission they become legally responsible for any consequences.[43]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ This is a European requirement.

Jump up ^ This is a European requirement, a requirement of the US DOT, and a South African requirement.

Jump up ^ Machining marks left by the thread cutter, particularly on taper threads, but also possible on parallel threads.


document_title: Perseus

question_text: who does perseus save on his way home

question_tokens: who does perseus save on his way home

root

text: Perseus

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Because of the obscurity of the name Perseus and the legendary character of its bearer, most etymologists presume that it might be pre-Greek; however, the name of Perseus’ native city was Greek and so were the names of his wife and relatives. There is some idea that it descended into Greek from the Proto-Indo-European language. In that regard Robert Graves has proposed the only Greek derivation available. Perseus might be from the Greek verb, "πέρθειν" (perthein), “to waste, ravage, sack, destroy”, some form of which appears in Homeric epithets. According to Carl Darling Buck (Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin), the –eus suffix is typically used to form an agent noun, in this case from the aorist stem, pers-. Pers-eus therefore is a sacker of cities; that is, a soldier by occupation, a fitting name for the first Mycenaean warrior.

tag: p

text: The origin of perth- is more obscure. J. B. Hofmann lists the possible root as *bher-, from which Latin ferio, "strike".[2] This corresponds to Julius Pokorny’s *bher-(3), “scrape, cut.” Ordinarily *bh- descends to Greek as ph-. This difficulty can be overcome by presuming a dissimilation from the –th– in perthein; that is, the Greeks preferred not to say *pherthein. Graves carries the meaning still further, to the perse- in Persephone, goddess of death. John Chadwick in the second edition of Documents in Mycenaean Greek speculates about the Mycenaean goddess pe-re-*82, attested on the PY Tn 316 tablet (Linear B: 𐀟𐀩𐁚) and tentatively reconstructed as *Preswa:

text:
Greek mythology

Deities

Primordial
Titans

Olympians
Nymphs

Sea-deities
Earth-deities

Heroes and heroism

Heracles / Hercules (Labors)

Achilles
Hector (Trojan War)

Odysseus (Odyssey)

Jason
Argonauts (Golden Fleece)

Perseus (Medusa
Gorgon)

Oedipus (Sphinx)
Orpheus (Orphism)
Theseus (Minotaur)

Bellerophon (Pegasus
Chimera)

Daedalus (Labyrinth)

Atalanta
Hippomenes (Golden apple)

Cadmus (Thebes)
Aeneas (Aeneid)
Triptolemus (Eleusinian Mysteries)
Pelops (Ancient Olympic Games)
Pirithous (Centauromachy)
Amphitryon (Teumessian fox)
Narcissus (Narcissism)
Meleager (Calydonian Boar)
Otrera (Amazons)

Related

Satyrs
Centaurs
Dragons
Demogorgon

Religion in Ancient Greece
Mycenaean gods

 Greek mythology portal

v
t
e

tag: table

text: A Greek folk etymology connected the name of the Persian (Pars) people, whom they called the Persai. The native name, however, has always had an -a- in Persian. Herodotus[3] recounts this story, devising a foreign son, Perses, from whom the Persians took the name. Apparently the Persians [4] knew the story as Xerxes tried to use it to bribe the Argives during his invasion of Greece, but ultimately failed to do so.

text: Mythology[edit]

text: Origin at Argos[edit]

text: Perseus was the son of Zeus and Danaë, the daughter of Acrisius, King of Argos. Disappointed by his lack of luck in having a son, Acrisius consulted the oracle at Delphi, who warned him that he would one day be killed by his daughter's son. In order to keep Danaë childless, Acrisius imprisoned her in a bronze chamber, open to the sky, in the courtyard of his palace:[5] This mytheme is also connected to Ares, Oenopion, Eurystheus, and others. Zeus came to her in the form of a shower of gold, and impregnated her.[6] Soon after, their child was born; Perseus—"Perseus Eurymedon,[7] for his mother gave him this name as well" (Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica IV).

text: Fearful for his future, but unwilling to provoke the wrath of the gods by killing the offspring of Zeus and his daughter, Acrisius cast the two into the sea in a wooden chest.[8] Danaë's fearful prayer, made while afloat in the darkness, has been expressed by the poet Simonides of Ceos. Mother and child washed ashore on the island of Serifos, where they were taken in by the fisherman Dictys ("fishing net"), who raised the boy to manhood. The brother of Dictys was Polydectes ("he who receives/welcomes many"), the king of the island.

text: Overcoming the Gorgon[edit]

text: When Perseus was grown, Polydectes came to fall in love with the beautiful Danaë. Perseus believed Polydectes was less than honourable, and protected his mother from him; then Polydectes plotted to send Perseus away in disgrace. He held a large banquet where each guest was expected to bring a gift.[note 1] Polydectes requested that the guests bring horses, under the pretense that he was collecting contributions for the hand of Hippodamia, "tamer of horses". Perseus had no horse to give, so he asked Polydectes to name the gift; he would not refuse it. Polydectes held Perseus to his rash promise and demanded the head of the only mortal Gorgon,[9] Medusa, whose gaze turned people to stone. Ovid's account of Medusa's mortality tells that she had once been a woman, vain of her beautiful hair, who was raped by Poseidon in the Temple of Athena.[10] In punishment for the desecration of her temple, Athena had changed Medusa's hair into hideous snakes "that she may alarm her surprised foes with terror".[11]

text: Athena instructed Perseus to find the Hesperides, who were entrusted with weapons needed to defeat the Gorgon. Following Athena's guidance,[12] Perseus sought the Graeae, sisters of the Gorgons, to demand the whereabouts of the Hesperides, the nymphs tending Hera's orchard. The Graeae were three perpetually old women, who had to share a single eye. As the women passed the eye from one to another, Perseus snatched it from them, holding it for ransom in return for the location of the nymphs.[13] When the sisters led him to the Hesperides, he returned what he had taken.

text: From the Hesperides he received a knapsack (kibisis) to safely contain Medusa's head. Zeus gave him an adamantine sword (a Harpe) and Hades' helm of darkness to hide. Hermes lent Perseus winged sandals to fly, and Athena gave him a polished shield. Perseus then proceeded to the Gorgons' cave.

text: In the cave he came upon the sleeping Medusa. By viewing Medusa's reflection in his polished shield, he safely approached and cut off her head. From her neck sprang Pegasus ("he who sprang") and Chrysaor ("sword of gold"), the result of Poseidon and Medusa's meeting. The other two Gorgons pursued Perseus,[14] but, wearing his helm of darkness, he escaped. From here he proceeded to visit Atlas, king of Mauretania, who had refused him hospitality; in revenge Perseus turned him to stone.[15]

text: Marriage to Andromeda[edit]

text: On the way back to Seriphos Island, Perseus stopped in the kingdom of Aethiopia. This mythical Ethiopia was ruled by King Cepheus and Queen Cassiopeia. Cassiopeia, having boasted her daughter Andromeda equal in beauty to the Nereids, drew the vengeance of Poseidon, who sent an inundation on the land and a sea serpent, Cetus, which destroyed man and beast. The oracle of Ammon announced that no relief would be found until the king exposed his daughter Andromeda to the monster, and so she was fastened naked to a rock on the shore. Perseus slew the monster and, setting her free, claimed her in marriage.

text: Perseus married Andromeda in spite of Phineus, to whom she had before been promised. At the wedding a quarrel took place between the rivals, and Phineus was turned to stone by the sight of Medusa's head that Perseus had kept.[16] Andromeda ("queen of men") followed her husband to Tiryns in Argos, and became the ancestress of the family of the Perseidae who ruled at Tiryns through her son with Perseus, Perses.[17] After her death she was placed by Athena among the constellations in the northern sky, near Perseus and Cassiopeia.[note 2] Sophocles and Euripides (and in more modern times Pierre Corneille) made the episode of Perseus and Andromeda the subject of tragedies, and its incidents were represented in many ancient works of art.

text: As Perseus was flying in his return above the sands of Libya, according to Apollonius of Rhodes,[18] the falling drops of Medusa's blood created a race of toxic serpents, one of whom was to kill the Argonaut Mopsus. On returning to Seriphos and discovering that his mother had to take refuge from the violent advances of Polydectes, Perseus killed him with Medusa's head, and made his brother Dictys, consort of Danaë, king.

text: Oracle fulfilled[edit]

text: Perseus then returned his magical loans and gave Medusa's head as a votive gift to Athena, who set it on Zeus' shield (which she carried), as the Gorgoneion (see also: Aegis). The fulfillment of the oracle was told several ways, each incorporating the mythic theme of exile. In Pausanias[19] he did not return to Argos, but went instead to Larissa, where athletic games were being held. He had just invented the quoit and was making a public display of them when Acrisius, who happened to be visiting, stepped into the trajectory of the quoit and was killed: Thus the oracle was fulfilled. This is an unusual variant on the story of such a prophecy, as Acrisius' actions did not, in this variant, cause his death.

text: In the Bibliotheca,[20] the inevitable occurred by another route: Perseus did return to Argos, but when Acrisius learned of his grandson's approach, mindful of the oracle he went into voluntary exile in Pelasgiotis (Thessaly). There Teutamides, king of Larissa, was holding funeral games for his father. Competing in the discus throw Perseus' throw veered and struck Acrisius, killing him instantly. In a third tradition,[21] Acrisius had been driven into exile by his brother Proetus. Perseus turned the brother into stone with the Gorgon's head and restored Acrisius to the throne. Then, accused by Acrisius of lying about having slain Medusa, Perseus proves himself by showing Acrisius the Gorgon's head, thus fulfilling the prophecy.

text: Having killed Acrisius, Perseus, who was next in line for the throne, gave the kingdom to Megapenthes ("great mourning") son of Proetus and took over Megapenthes' kingdom of Tiryns. The story is related in Pausanias,[22] which gives as motivation for the swap that Perseus was ashamed to become king of Argos by inflicting death. In any case, early Greek literature reiterates that manslaughter, even involuntary, requires the exile of the slaughterer, expiation and ritual purification. The exchange might well have been a creative solution to a difficult problem; however, Megapenthes would have been required to avenge his father, which, in legend, he did, but only at the end of Perseus' long and successful reign.

text: King of Mycenae[edit]

text: The two main sources regarding the legendary life of Perseus—for he was an authentic historical figure to the Greeks— are Pausanias and the Bibliotheca. Pausanias[23] asserts that the Greeks believed Perseus founded Mycenae. He mentions the shrine to Perseus that stood on the left-hand side of the road from Mycenae to Argos, and also a sacred fountain at Mycenae called Persea. Located outside the walls, this was perhaps the spring that filled the citadel's underground cistern. He states also that Atreus stored his treasures in an underground chamber there, which is why Heinrich Schliemann named the largest tholos tomb the Treasury of Atreus.

text: Apart from these more historical references, the only accounts of him are from folk-etymology: Perseus dropped his cap or found a mushroom (both named myces) at Mycenae, or perhaps the place was named from the lady Mycene, daughter of Inachus, mentioned in a now-fragmentary poem, the Megalai Ehoiai.[24] For whatever reasons, perhaps as outposts, Perseus fortified Mycenae according to Apollodorus[25] along with Midea, an action that implies that they both previously existed. It is unlikely, however, that Apollodorus knew who walled in Mycenae; he was only conjecturing. In any case, Perseus took up official residence in Mycenae with Andromeda.

text: According to Hyginus, Fabulae 244, Megapenthes eventually killed Perseus, to avenge the death of his father.

text:
Regnal titles

Preceded by
Acrisius
King of Argos
Succeeded by
Megapenthes

Preceded by
Megapenthes
King of Tiryns
Succeeded by
Electryon

Preceded by
none
(founder)
King of Mycenae
Succeeded by
Electryon

text: Descendants[edit]

text: Perseus and Andromeda had seven sons: Perses, Alcaeus, Heleus, Mestor, Sthenelus, Electryon, and Cynurus, and two daughters, Gorgophone, and Autochthe. Perses was left in Aethiopia and became an ancestor of the Persians. The other descendants ruled Mycenae from Electryon to Eurystheus, after whom Atreus got the kingdom. However, the Perseids included the great hero, Heracles, stepson of Amphitryon, son of Alcaeus. The Heraclides, or descendants of Heracles, successfully contested the rule of the Atreids.

text: A statement by the Athenian orator, Isocrates[26] helps to date Perseus approximately. He said that Heracles was four generations later than Perseus, which corresponds to the legendary succession: Perseus, Electryon, Alcmena, and Heracles, who was a contemporary of Eurystheus. Atreus was one generation later, a total of five generations.

text:
[hide]DESCENDANTS OF PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA BEFORE THE TIME OF HERACLES TO THE AFTERMATH OF THE TROJAN WAR

Children
Perses
Alcaeus
Sthenelus
Heleus
Mestor
Electryon
Cynurus
Gorgophone
Autochthe

Grandchildren
Achaemenid Persians
Amphitryon, Anaxo, Perimede
Eurytheus, Alcyone, Medusa
-
Hippothoe
Alcmene, Stratobates, Anactor, Gorgophonus, Phylonomus, Celaeneus, Amphimachus, Lysinomus, Archelaus, Chirimachus, Licymnius
-
Aphareus, Leucippus, Tyndareus, Icarius
-

Third Generation Descendant
-
Iphicles; Melas, Argius, Oeonus
Admete, Perimedes, Alexander, Iphimedon, Eurybius, Mentor
-
Taphius
Heracles, Iphicles
-
Idas, Lynceus, Peisus; Phoebe, Hilaeira; Castor, Clytemnestra, Timandra, Phoebe, Philonoe; Penelope, Perileos, Thoas, Iphthime, Aletes, Imeusimus, Damasippus
-

Fourth Generation Descendant
-
Iolaus
-
-
Pterelaus
Heraclides, Iolaus

Mnesileos; Anogon; Cleopatra; Iphigenia, Electra, Orestes, Chrysothemis, Laodice, Aletes, Erigone, Helen; Ladocus; Telemachus, Poliporthes, Acusilaus, Italus
-

Fifth Generation Descendant
-
Leipephilene
-
-
Chromius, Tyrannus, Antiochus, Mestor, Chersidamas, Eueres, Comaetho
Leipephilene

Medon, Strophius; Tisamenus, Penthilus; Persepolis, Latinus, Poliporthes
-

text: On Pegasus[edit]

text: The replacement of Bellerophon as the tamer and rider of Pegasus by the more familiar culture hero Perseus was not simply an error of painters and poets of the Renaissance. The transition was a development of Classical times which became the standard image during the Middle Ages and has been adopted by the European poets of the Renaissance and later: Giovanni Boccaccio's Genealogia deorum gentilium libri (10.27) identifies Pegasus as the steed of Perseus, and Pierre Corneille places Perseus upon Pegasus in Andromède.[27] Modern representations of this image include sculptor Émile Louis Picault's 1888 sculpture Pegasus.

text: Argive genealogy in Greek mythology[edit]

text:
Argive genealogy in Greek mythology

v
t
e

Inachus

Melia

Zeus

Io

Phoroneus

Epaphus

Memphis

Libya

Poseidon

Belus

Achiroë

Agenor

Telephassa

Danaus

Pieria

Aegyptus

Cadmus

Cilix

Europa

Phoenix

Mantineus

Hypermnestra

Lynceus

Harmonia

Zeus

Polydorus

Sparta

Lacedaemon

Ocalea

Abas

Agave

Sarpedon

Rhadamanthus

Autonoë

Eurydice

Acrisius

Ino

Minos

Zeus

Danaë

Semele

Zeus

Perseus

Dionysus

Colour key:
     Male
     Female
     Deity


document_title: When Johnny Comes Marching Home

question_text: when johnny comes marching home union or confederate

text: When Johnny Comes Marching Home

text: Origins[edit]

text: The lyrics to "When Johnny Comes Marching Home" were written by the Irish-American bandleader Patrick Gilmore during the American Civil War. Its first sheet music publication was deposited in the Library of Congress on September 26, 1863, with words and music credited to "Louis Lambert"; copyright was retained by the publisher, Henry Tolman & Co., of Boston.[1] Why Gilmore chose to publish under a pseudonym is not clear, but popular composers of the period often employed pseudonyms to add a touch of romantic mystery to their compositions.[2] Gilmore is said to have written the song for his sister Annie as she prayed for the safe return of her fiancé, Union Light Artillery Captain John O'Rourke, from the Civil War,[3][4][5] although it is not clear if they were already engaged in 1863, as the two were not married until 1875.[6]

text: Gilmore later acknowledged that the music was not original but was, as he put it in an 1883 article in the Musical Herald, "a musical waif which I happened to hear somebody humming in the early days of the rebellion, and taking a fancy to it, wrote it down, dressed it up, gave it a name, and rhymed it into usefulness for a special purpose suited to the times."[7]

text: The melody was previously published around July 1, 1863, as the music to the Civil War drinking song "Johnny Fill Up the Bowl".[8] A color-illustrated, undated slip of Gilmore's lyrics, printed by his own Boston publisher, actually states that "When Johnny Comes Marching Home" should be sung to the tune of "Johnny Fill Up the Bowl".[9] The original sheet music for "Johnny Fill Up the Bowl" states that the music was arranged (not composed) by J. Durnal.[10] There is a melodic resemblance of the tune to that of "John Anderson, My Jo" (to which Robert Burns wrote lyrics to fit a pre-existing tune dating from about 1630 or earlier), and Jonathan Lighter has suggested a connection to the seventeenth-century ballad "The Three Ravens".[11]

text: "When Johnny Comes Marching Home" is also sung to the same tune as "Johnny I Hardly Knew Ye" and is frequently thought to have been a rewriting of that song. However, "Johnny I Hardly Knew Ye" was not published until 1867, and it originally had a different melody.[12]

text: "When Johnny Comes Marching Home" was immensely popular and was sung by both sides of the American Civil War.[13] It became a hit in England as well.[14]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: Quite a few variations on the song, as well as songs set to the same tune but with different lyrics, have appeared since "When Johnny Comes Marching Home' was popularized. The alleged larcenous tendencies of some Union soldiers in New Orleans were parodied in the lyrics "For Bales", to the same tune. A British version appeared in 1914, with the similar title, "When Tommy Comes Marching Home".

text:
The 1880 U.S. Presidential election campaign featured a campaign song called "If the Johnnies Get Into Power".[15]
Morton Gould's classical arrangement "American Salute" of the song (1943).
Harris, Roy (1934), When Johnny Comes Marching Home — An American Overture .
The Andrews Sisters, a "Swing Era" sister act sang an upbeat "swing" version in the 1940s.

text: Popular culture (after 1950)[edit]

text:
The children's songs "The Ants Go Marching" and "The Animals Went in Two by Two" ('Into the Ark')" re-used the tune and the refrain.[16]
The song was used in a 2013 Australian commercial for Volkswagen and a 2014 commercial for the Nissan Pathfinder.
British pop singer Adam Faith sang a version titled "Johnny Comes Marching Home," used over the opening and closing title credits for the British crime thriller Never Let Go (1960). This version was arranged and conducted by John Barry. Another version was released as a single, reaching #5 in the UK charts.
Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs (1961).
A French version (without vocals) "Johnny Revient d'la Guerre" was recorded by Bérurier Noir, on the album Macadam Massacre (1983).
The Pittsburgh Pirates organ player would play the song, each time second baseman Johnny Ray would come to bat.
In Finland the tune is known as "Kapteeni Koukku" (Captain Hook), a children's song with lyrics by Keijo Voudinmäki, and most recently recorded by the Finnish children's music band Hevisaurus on their album Jurahevin kuninkaat (fi).[17]
United States soccer fans sing the chorus to this song during matches as a patriotic hymn to support their national team.[18]
Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1960 album Sing Again with The Chipmunks.
The song or its melody has also been used in many movie soundtracks, including Cavalcade, 1933; Gone with the Wind, 1939 (a Confederate military band plays it in the background of a scene taking place in Atlanta); The Great Dictator, 1940; Yankee Doodle Dandy, 1942; Stalag 17, 1953 (it is sung by American prisoners of war); The Horse Soldiers, 1959 (the phrase "we'll all feel gay" is changed to "we'll all raise hell" when Johnny comes marching home); How The West Was Won, 1962; Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, 1964; Run, Man, Run, 1968; The Crazies, 1973; Monty Python and the Holy Grail, 1975; Born on the Fourth of July, 1989; Joe Versus the Volcano 1990; Die Hard with a Vengeance 1995; The Second Civil War, 1997; Antz, 1998; and The Majestic, 2001.
The Clash used the melody and some of the lyrics for their song "English Civil War" on the Give 'Em Enough Rope album.
Jacob Miller used the melody for his song "Peace Treaty", which was written for the One Love Peace Concert in Kingston, Jamaica, on April 22, 1978, to celebrate a peace treaty between the opposing leading parties.
The melody of When Johnny Comes Marching Home can be heard in the fade out of the song Out in the Fields by Gary Moore and Phil Lynott (1985) played on keyboard. The song has an anti-war theme.
A Galician Celtic folk music ensemble Luar na Lubre used the tune in the song "Os animais" on the 2007 Camiños da fin da terra album.
German EBM band Tyske Ludder recorded a version on their album Anonymous called March.
American singer Angel Snow's rendition of the song appears on the compilation album Divided & United: Songs of the Civil War
It is used as the ending theme for the OVA series, Black Lagoon: Roberta's Blood Trail.
The Fightin' Texas Aggie Band, the marching band of Texas A&M University, often plays an arrangement of the song as a field march.
An instrumental rendition was featured in the 2015 anime movie Girls und Panzer der Film.[19]

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: The original lyrics as written by Gilmore, are:[20]

text: "Johnny Fill Up the Bowl"[edit]

text: "Johnny Fill Up the Bowl", which provided the tune for "When Johnny Comes Marching Home", was a topical drinking song that commented on events in the American Civil War. It was frequently refitted with new words by soldiers and other publishers.[10]

text: A satirical variant of "Johnny Fill Up the Bowl", entitled "For Bales" or, more fully, "For Bales! An O'er True Tale. Dedicated to Those Pure Patriots Who Were Afflicted with "Cotton on the Brain" and Who Saw The Elephant, was published in New Orleans in 1864, by A. E. Blackmar.

text: Lyrics[edit]

text:
[1]
We all went down to New Orleans,
For Bales, for Bales;
We all went down to New Orleans,
For Bales, says I;
We all went down to New Orleans,
To get a peep behind the scenes,
"And we'll all drink stone blind,
Johnny fill up the bowl".

[2]
We thought when we got in the "Ring",
For Bales, for Bales;
We thought when we got in the "Ring",
For Bales, says I;
We thought when we got in the "Ring",
Greenbacks would be a dead sure thing,
"And we'll all drink stone blind,
Johnny fill up the bowl".

[3]
The "ring" went up, with bagging and rope,
For Bales, for Bales;
Upon the "Black Hawk" with bagging and rope,
For Bales, says I;
Went up "Red River" with bagging and rope,
Expecting to make a pile of "soap",
"And we'll all drink stone blind,
Johnny fill up the bowl".

[4]
But Taylor and Smith, with ragged ranks,
For Bales, for Bales;
But Taylor and Smith, with ragged ranks,
For Bales, says I;
But Taylor and Smith, with ragged ranks,
Burned up the cotton and whipped old Banks,
"And we'll all drink stone blind,
Johnny fill up the bowl".

[5]
Our "ring" came back and cursed and swore,
For Bales, for Bales;
Our "ring" came back and cursed and swore,
For Bales, says I;
Our "ring" came back and cursed and swore,
For we got no cotton at Grand Ecore,
"And we'll all drink stone blind,
Johnny fill up the bowl".

[6]
Now let us all give praise and thanks,
For Bales, for Bales;
Now let us all give praise and thanks,
For Bales, says I;
Now let us all give praise and thanks,
For the victory gained by General Banks,
"And we'll all drink stone blind,
Johnny fill up the bowl".[21]


document_title: Escape the Night

question_text: who is working with the evil in escape the night

text: Escape the Night

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows The Savant (Joey Graceffa) as he invites a number of guests, involved in their own respective characters varying each season, at a party which transports them into a historical era to survive the night and escape.[6][7] As the season progresses, the guests participate in challenges and puzzles, competing with each other to escape from the historical era by solving and completing them.[8] During each episode, a guest is eliminated via a fictional ″death″ for failing a challenge,[6] until one or more guests ultimately win and are sent back to the Modern World.[7][9]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
Name
Title
Eliminated
Cause of Death

Eva Gutowski
The Journalist
Winner
N/A

Oli White
The Big Game Hunter
Winner
N/A

Lele Pons
The Hustler
Episode 9
Electrocuted

Timothy DeLaGhetto
The Mobster
Episode 8
Shot in the head

Matt Haag
The Professor
Episode 7
Poisoned

Sierra Furtado
The Heiress
Episode 6
Killed during an exorcism

GloZell Green
The Jazz Singer
Episode 4
Choked to death

Justine Ezarik
The Gambler
Episode 3
Buried alive

Andrea Brooks
The Fixer
Episode 2
Asphyxiated by poison gas

Shane Dawson
The Renegade
Episode 1
Poisoned

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Paul Chirico as Arthur, head of staff. (Episodes 1-10)
Katia Hayes as Sarah, the maid. (Episodes 1-10)
David Hutchison as Marvin, the groundskeeper. (Episodes 2-10)

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
Name
Title
Eliminated
Cause of Death

Andrea Russett
The Mystic
Winner
N/A

Tyler Oakley
The Thespian
Winner
N/A

Alex Wassabi
The Novelist
Episode 9
Stabbed in the chest

Gabbie Hanna
The Vaudevillian
Episode 7
Heart ripped out

Tana Mongeau
The Saloon Girl
Episode 6
Slashed in the stomach with a sword

Liza Koshy
The Explorer
Episode 5
Throat slit

DeStorm Power
The Railroad Tycoon
Episode 4
Shot with a glowing arrow

Jesse Wellens
The Outlaw
Episode 3
Eaten by Jorogumo

Lauren Riihimaki
The Engineer
Episode 2
Eaten by vampires

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Eva Augustina as The Sorceress (Episodes 1-3, 5, 7, 9-10)
Lindsay Elston as Alison (Episodes 1-8)
AJ Martin as Jet Pack Girl (Episodes 7, 9, and 10)
Alisa Torres as Vera (Episodes 1-2 and 10)
Brad Coffey as Cash (Episodes 4 and 10)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In October 2015, YouTube announced YouTube Red, a paid subscription service that would allow streaming videos ad-free, downloading videos for offline usage, and present new exclusive original series for YouTube Red subscribers.[10][11] At the time of announcement, ten various series were announced for 2016, including the Untitled Joey Graceffa project,[12][13] which was set to be produced by Brian Graden Media.[5] The series began filming near Valencia, California.[7]

text: On June 15, 2016, Graceffa released the trailer for his original series entitled Escape the Night,[14] which was set and released on June 22, 2016 with two episodes going live.[15] When interviewed after production, Graceffa commented that the idea behind Escape the Night was inspired by an episode themed around murder mystery appearing on television show Lizzie McGuire,[16] and closely related to the 1985 film Clue.[7] Furthermore, Graceffa shared his experience with filming the series, expressing "It was a really fun concept to put together," additionally mentioning, "And it was an idea that started small and ended up into something much bigger."[5]

text: On October 17, 2016, it was announced by Susanne Daniels, global head of content for YouTube, at MIPCOM that Escape the Night would be renewed for a second season.[17] Later on October 31, 2016, Joey Graecffa via Twitter announced the cast of the second season and scheduled debut of the second season to be on June 22, 2017.[18][19]

text: Reception[edit]

text: On IMDb, the series currently holds a score of 5.9/10; based on 312 audience scores.[20] Common Sense Media's critical consensus reads, "Web celebs star in mediocre pseudo-reality horror series", while giving the show a rating of 2/5.[21]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
#
Title
Episode Length
Original Release Date

1
"An Invitation"
23:16
June 22, 2016 (2016-06-22)

In this episode, the guests arrive at the house and their dinner party meets with a tragic end (the death of a guest). They discover the house is evil and they must gather special artifacts to free themselves from it.

2
"The Ungodly Machine"
23:55
June 22, 2016 (2016-06-22)

The guests work through a mad scientist’s clues and end up facing his most evil creation, the “Ungodly Machine.”

3
"Buried Alive"
23:59
June 29, 2016 (2016-06-29)

The guests perform a seance to learn the location of a grave only to find one of them must be buried inside it.

4
"Mannequins"
23:48
July 6, 2016 (2016-07-06)

The guests uncover clues hidden inside macabre mannequin displays that represent a serial killers’ finest works.

5
"Freak Show"
24:08
July 13, 2016 (2016-07-13)

The guests must defeat the houses’ monstrous guardian by summoning the wicked circus he was stolen from.

6
"Did Someone Call For An Exorcist?"
23:50
July 20, 2016 (2016-07-20)

The guests exorcise a legion of evil spirits trapped in a young girl to free a former owner trapped in the house

7
"Mermaid Tails"
23:52
July 27, 2016 (2016-07-27)

The guests uncover secrets at the bottom of the pool to free a wicked mermaid who once owned the house.

8
"All Out War"
24:32
August 3, 2016 (2016-08-03)

The guests “go to war” in an attempt to uncover a stash of stolen WWI gold to free a former owner.

9
"Wicked Hallucinations"
24:03
August 10, 2016 (2016-08-10)

The guests find a mad man escaped from an asylum and must enter his violent and terrifying hallucinations in order to free him from the house. In the process, they discover who among them is in league with the evil of the house.

10
"Betrayal At The House On The Hill"
21:39
August 17, 2016 (2016-08-17)

The guests discover they have been betrayed by Arthur the Butler, a former confidence man, and must unravel clues while being hunted by him and the house staff.

11
"How to Kill a YouTuber"
19:51
August 24, 2016 (2016-08-24)

Relive "Escape the Night" with Joey Graceffa as he looks back on the top kills of the season.

12
"BTS Documentary: The Making of 'Escape the Night'"
23:56
August 24, 2016 (2016-08-24)

Take a look at the making of "Escape the Night" in this behind-the-scenes documentary.

text: Progress chart (Season 1)[edit]

text:
Progress Chart

Guest
Episode 1
Episode 2
Episode 3
Episode 4
Episode 5
Episode 6
Episode 7
Episode 8
Episode 9
Episode 10

Joey
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Escaped

Eva
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Escaped

Oli
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Escaped

Lele
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Timothy
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Matt
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Sierra
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

GloZell
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Justine
Safe
Safe
Dead

Andrea
Safe
Dead

Shane
Dead

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
#
Title
Episode Length
Original Release Date

1
"The Masquerade Part 1"
24:36
June 22, 2017 (2017-06-22)

Nine YouTubers travel through time to attend a Victorian ball at an estate like no other, and soon begin unlocking mysteries and discovering evil forces that are conspiring against them.

2
"The Masquerade Part 2"
26:32
June 22, 2017 (2017-06-22)

The guests must disguise themselves in the bloodiest of masquerades if they want to slay the king of vampires in order to get their first gem.

3
"Tangled Web"
24:21
June 28, 2017 (2017-06-28)

The Sorceress unleashes an evil spider on the guests and they must escape her dangerous web in order to save themselves and will have to send a boy toy to their death in order to receive their next gem.

4
"A Nation Divided"
24:12
July 5, 2017 (2017-07-05)

The guests are divided and must wage war against each other to see who will face the dark army in the final challenge where one will be executed to get the next gem.

5
"The Gingerbread Woman"
26:45
July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12)

When an evil Gingerbread Woman traps unsuspecting children in an oven, the guests must fight to free them before it’s too late and will then have to bake one of their own for a meat pie for the next gem.

6
"Endless Winter Night"
25:03
July 19, 2017 (2017-07-19)

The guests venture into a realm of fantasy in hopes of recovering the next gem, but first they must outmaneuver the Ice Witch and her wicked harpies and will have to betray one of their own for a gem.

7
"Automaton Love Story"
22:12
July 26, 2017 (2017-07-26)

The self-destruct system has been enabled in the estate and the guests must race against time to satisfy the horrifying demands of the system’s creator which is a heart of one of their own to receive their next gem.

8
"Full Moon Slaughter"
23:30
August 2, 2017 (2017-08-02)

It is now midnight and the guests find themselves being hunted by a most unexpected enemy -- werewolves and soon learn that they will go through a challenge to determen which one of them will be the werewolves next meal for a gem.

9
"The Dark Dimension"
26:07
August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09)

The guests must battle a horrifying demon and find their way into the dark dimension to recover the last gem.

10
"The Sorceress"
24:04
August 16, 2017 (2017-08-16)

The Sorceress unleashes a legion of villains on the last remaining guests, forcing them to literally run for their lives if they want to escape her spell.

11
"Monster's Ball"
21:47
August 23, 2017 (2017-08-23)

A behind-the-scenes look at the creation and design of some of Season Two’s most terrifying monsters.

12
"Behind the Scenes with Joey Graceffa"
25:41
August 30, 2017 (2017-08-30)

A behind-the-scenes look at the YouTubers and their all-night filming antics during Season Two.

text: Progress chart (Season 2)[edit]

text:
Progress Chart

Guest
Episode 1
Episode 2
Episode 3
Episode 4
Episode 5
Episode 6
Episode 7
Episode 8
Episode 9
Episode 10

Joey
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Revived

Andrea
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Escaped

Tyler
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Escaped

Alex
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Gabbie
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Tana
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Liza
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

DeStorm
Safe
Safe
Safe
Dead

Jesse
Safe
Safe
Dead

Lauren
Safe
Dead


document_title: Hermitian matrix

question_text: the diagonal elements of a harmitian matrix are

text: Hermitian matrix

text: Applications[edit]

text: Hermitian matrices are fundamental to the quantum theory of matrix mechanics created by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan in 1925.

text: Examples[edit]

text:
In this section, the conjugate transpose of matrix

A

{\displaystyle A}

 is denoted as

A

H

{\displaystyle A^{\text{H}}}

, the transpose of matrix

A

{\displaystyle A}

 is denoted as

A

T

{\displaystyle A^{\text{T}}}

 and conjugate of matrix

A

{\displaystyle A}

 is denoted as

A
¯

{\displaystyle {\overline {A}}}

.

text: See the following example:

text: The diagonal elements must be real, as they must be their own complex conjugate.

text: Well-known families of Pauli matrices, Gell-Mann matrices and their generalizations are Hermitian. In theoretical physics such Hermitian matrices are often multiplied by imaginary coefficients,[1][2] which results in skew-Hermitian matrices (see below).

text:
Here we offer another useful Hermitian matrix using an abstract example.
If a square matrix

A

{\displaystyle A}

 equals the multiplication of a matrix and its conjugate transpose, that is,

A
=
B

B

H

{\displaystyle A=BB^{\text{H}}}

, then

A

{\displaystyle A}

 is a Hermitian positive semi-definite matrix. Furthermore, if

B

{\displaystyle B}

 is row full-rank, then

A

{\displaystyle A}

 is positive definite.

text: Properties[edit]

text: This section needs expansion with: Proof of the properties requested. You can help by adding to it. (February 2018)

text: The entries on the main diagonal (top left to bottom right) of any Hermitian matrix are real.

text: A matrix that has only real entries is Hermitian if and only if it is symmetric. A real and symmetric matrix is simply a special case of a Hermitian matrix.

text: Every Hermitian matrix is a normal matrix. That is to say, AAH = AHA.

text: The finite-dimensional spectral theorem says that any Hermitian matrix can be diagonalized by a unitary matrix, and that the resulting diagonal matrix has only real entries. This implies that all eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix A with dimension n are real, and that A has n linearly independent eigenvectors. Moreover, a Hermitian matrix has orthogonal eigenvectors for distinct eigenvalues. Even if there are degenerate eigenvalues, it is always possible to find an orthogonal basis of ℂn consisting of n eigenvectors of A.

text: The sum of any two Hermitian matrices is Hermitian.

text: The inverse of an invertible Hermitian matrix is Hermitian as well.

text: The product of two Hermitian matrices A and B is Hermitian if and only if AB = BA.

text:
For an arbitrary complex valued vector v the product

v

H

A
v

{\displaystyle v^{\text{H}}Av}

 is real because of

v

H

A
v
=
(

v

H

A
v

)

H

{\displaystyle v^{\text{H}}Av=(v^{\text{H}}Av)^{\text{H}}}

. This is especially important in quantum physics where Hermitian matrices are operators that measure properties of a system e.g. total spin which have to be real.

text: The Hermitian complex n-by-n matrices do not form a vector space over the complex numbers, ℂ, since the identity matrix In is Hermitian, but i In is not. However the complex Hermitian matrices do form a vector space over the real numbers ℝ. In the 2n2-dimensional vector space of complex n × n matrices over ℝ, the complex Hermitian matrices form a subspace of dimension n2. If Ejk denotes the n-by-n matrix with a 1 in the j,k position and zeros elsewhere, a basis (orthonormal w.r.t. the Frobenius inner product) can be described as follows:

text:
If n orthonormal eigenvectors

u

1

,
…
,

u

n

{\displaystyle u_{1},\dots ,u_{n}}

 of a Hermitian matrix are chosen and written as the columns of the matrix U, then one eigendecomposition of A is

A
=
U
Λ

U

H

{\displaystyle A=U\Lambda U^{\text{H}}}

 where

U

U

H

=
I
=

U

H

U

{\displaystyle UU^{\text{H}}=I=U^{\text{H}}U}

 and therefore

text: Further properties[edit]

text: Additional facts related to Hermitian matrices include:

text:
The sum of a square matrix and its conjugate transpose

(
A
+

A

H

)

{\displaystyle (A+A^{\text{H}})}

 is Hermitian.

text:
The difference of a square matrix and its conjugate transpose

(
A
−

A

H

)

{\displaystyle (A-A^{\text{H}})}

 is skew-Hermitian (also called antihermitian). This implies that commutator of two Hermitian matrices is skew-Hermitian.

text: An arbitrary square matrix C can be written as the sum of a Hermitian matrix A and a skew-Hermitian matrix B:

text: The determinant of a Hermitian matrix is real:

text: Rayleigh quotient[edit]

text:
In mathematics, for a given complex Hermitian matrix M and nonzero vector x, the Rayleigh quotient[3]

R
(
M
,
x
)

{\displaystyle R(M,x)}

, is defined as:[4][5]

text:
For real matrices and vectors, the condition of being Hermitian reduces to that of being symmetric, and the conjugate transpose

x

H

{\displaystyle x^{\text{H}}}

 to the usual transpose

x

T

{\displaystyle x^{\text{T}}}

. Note that

R
(
M
,
c
x
)
=
R
(
M
,
x
)

{\displaystyle R(M,cx)=R(M,x)}

 for any non-zero real scalar

c

{\displaystyle c}

. Also, recall that a Hermitian (or real symmetric) matrix has real eigenvalues.

text:
It can be shown that, for a given matrix, the Rayleigh quotient reaches its minimum value

λ

min

{\displaystyle \lambda _{\min }}

 (the smallest eigenvalue of M) when

x

{\displaystyle x}

 is

v

min

{\displaystyle v_{\min }}

 (the corresponding eigenvector). Similarly,

R
(
M
,
x
)
≤

λ

max

{\displaystyle R(M,x)\leq \lambda _{\max }}

 and

R
(
M
,

v

max

)
=

λ

max

{\displaystyle R(M,v_{\max })=\lambda _{\max }}

.

text: The Rayleigh quotient is used in the min-max theorem to get exact values of all eigenvalues. It is also used in eigenvalue algorithms to obtain an eigenvalue approximation from an eigenvector approximation. Specifically, this is the basis for Rayleigh quotient iteration.

text:
The range of the Rayleigh quotient (for matrix that is not necessarily Hermitian) is called a numerical range (or spectrum in functional analysis). When the matrix is Hermitian, the numerical range is equal to the spectral norm. Still in functional analysis,

λ

max

{\displaystyle \lambda _{\max }}

 is known as the spectral radius. In the context of C*-algebras or algebraic quantum mechanics, the function that to M associates the Rayleigh quotient R(M, x) for a fixed x and M varying through the algebra would be referred to as "vector state" of the algebra.


document_title: Camilla Luddington

question_text: when did jo come into grey's anatomy

question_tokens: when did jo come into grey 's anatomy

text: Camilla Luddington

text: Early life[edit]

text: Luddington was born in Ascot, Berkshire, on 15 December 1983. She later attended the American School in England at Thorpe, Surrey. She moved to suburban Austin, Texas, United States when she was fourteen, and attended Westwood High School for one year.[1] She returned to England after one year, and completed her education at the American School in July 2002.[2]

text: When she was nineteen, Luddington enrolled in Susquehanna University[3] in Pennsylvania. However, she had not visited the university before she arrived as a student, and after six months she left and transferred to the New York Film Academy.[4] In 2003 she was part of the school's first one-year acting class program.[5] After training as an actor, Luddington then returned to England before moving to Los Angeles to pursue a career in acting.

text: Career[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text: Luddington had the lead role of Kate in William & Kate: The Movie (2011), then in 2013 she appeared in the film The Pact II, in which she played a crime scene cleaner.[6] In 2015, she joined the cast of The Healer as Cecilia, starring with Oliver Jackson-Cohen, Jonathan Pryce, and Jorge Garcia.[7]

text: Television[edit]

text: Luddington has worked mainly in the United States.[8] In February 2011, the Daily Mail described her as "on the path to fame and fortune after being cast as Kate Middleton" for a planned movie about the royal wedding of Kate and Prince William.[9] Luddington joined the cast of the Showtime comedy-drama series Californication for its fifth season, playing a nanny.[10] She also joined the cast of season five of the HBO vampire drama True Blood, as Claudette Crane, a faerie.[11] In July 2012, Luddington joined the cast of the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy as Dr. Jo Wilson, in a recurring role.[6] In June 2013 it was announced that she would be a series regular from season ten onward.[12] In October 2012, Luddington appeared on a Hallowe'en special of E!'s popular fashion programme Fashion Police, alongside a panel of Joan Rivers, Kelly Osbourne, George Kotsiopoulos, and Kris Jenner.[13]

text: Tomb Raider[edit]

text: In June 2012, Crystal Dynamics confirmed Luddington would voice Lara Croft in the video game Tomb Raider.[14][15][16][17] Luddington originally went into the audition for Lara thinking she was auditioning for a project called "Krypted" with a character called Sara.[18] In June 2014, it was revealed that a sequel was in production, titled Rise of the Tomb Raider, and Luddington confirmed on her Twitter account that she would be returning to voice and motion capture Lara in the new game.[19]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: In October 2016 Luddington announced that she was expecting a baby girl with fellow actor Matthew Alan.[20] Their daughter Hayden Alan was born on April 11, 2017.[21] In January 2018, she and Alan got engaged.[22]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2007
Couple of White Chicks at the Hairdresser, AA Couple of White Chicks at the Hairdresser
Receptionist 2

2009
Behaving Badly
Flight Attendant

2010
Pride and Prejudice and Zombies: Dawn of the Dreadfuls
Jane Bennet
Video short

2010
Filming of Shakey Willis, TheThe Filming of Shakey Willis
Brooke
Video short

2011
William & Kate: The Movie
Kate Middleton

2014
Pact 2, TheThe Pact 2
June Abbott

2016
Healer, TheThe Healer
Cecilia

2017
Justice League Dark
Zatanna
Animated

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2010
Forgotten, TheThe Forgotten
Emma Clark / Jane Doe
Episode: "Train Jane"

2010
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Claire
Episode: "Lost & Found"

2010
Days of Our Lives
Tiffany
1 episode

2010
Big Time Rush
Rebecca
Episode: "Big Time Concert"

2011
Defenders, TheThe Defenders
Talia
Episode: "Nevada v. Wayne"

2011
Accidentally in Love
Sandra
Movie

2011
William & Kate: The Movie
Catherine "Kate" Middleton
Movie

2011
Friends with Benefits
Woman
Episode: "The Benefit of Friends"

2012
Serving Time
Cammy
Episode: "Fresh Meet"

2012
Friend Me
Brandi
Unaired series

2012
Californication
Lizzie
10 episodes

2012
True Blood
Claudette
6 episodes

2012–
present
Grey's Anatomy
Dr. Josephine "Jo" Karev/Jo Wilson/Brooke Stadler
Recurring in season 9
Main role: season 10-present

2013
Tomb Raider: The Final Hours – A Story of Survival
Herself / Lara Croft
Movie

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2013
Tomb Raider
Lara Croft
(voice and motion capture)

2015
Infinite Crisis
Supergirl, The Construct
(announcer, voice)[23][24][25]

2015
Rise of the Tomb Raider
Lara Croft
(voice and motion capture)

2018
Shadow of the Tomb Raider
Lara Croft
(voice and motion capture)


document_title: List of UEFA club competition winners

question_text: who won the champions league the most times

text: List of UEFA club competition winners

text: Winners[edit]

text: By club[edit]

text: Real Madrid hold the record for the most overall titles, with 21 followed by Milan's 17 titles.[6][7] Spanish teams hold the record for the most wins in each of the three main UEFA club competitions: Real Madrid, with twelve European Cup/UEFA Champions League titles; Barcelona, with four Cup Winners' Cup titles; and Sevilla, with five UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League titles. Milan share the most Super Cup wins (five) with Barcelona, and the most Intercontinental Cup wins (three) with Real Madrid. German clubs Hamburg, Schalke 04 and Stuttgart, and Spanish club Villarreal are the record holders by titles won in the UEFA Intertoto Cup (twice each).

text: Juventus, Ajax, Bayern Munich, Chelsea and Manchester United are the only teams to have won all of UEFA's three main club competitions (European Cup/UEFA Champions League, Cup Winners' Cup, UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League). However, Juventus is the only team to have won every UEFA club competition, which additionally includes the Super Cup, the Intertoto Cup, and the Intercontinental Cup.[8]

text: The following table lists all the clubs that have won at least one UEFA club competition, and is updated as of 8 August 2017 (in chronological order).

text:
List of UEFA club competition winners

Club
Country
UCL
CWC
UEL
UIC
USC
IC
Total

Real Madrid
 Spain
12
0
2
0
4
3
21

Milan
 Italy
7
2
0
0
5
3
17

Barcelona
 Spain
5
4
0
0
5
0
14

Juventus
 Italy
2
1
3
1
2
2
11

Liverpool
 England
5
0
3
0
3
0
11

Ajax
 Netherlands
4
1
1
0
2
2
10

Bayern Munich
 Germany
5
1
1
0
1
2
10

Internazionale
 Italy
3
0
3
0
0
2
8

Manchester United
 England
3
1
1
0
1
1
7

Porto
 Portugal
2
0
2
0
1
2
7

Atlético Madrid
 Spain
0
1
2
0
2
1
6

Sevilla
 Spain
0
0
5
0
1
0
6

Anderlecht
 Belgium
0
2
1
0
2
0
5

Valencia
 Spain
0
1
1
1
2
0
5

Chelsea
 England
1
2
1
0
1
0
5

Parma
 Italy
0
1
2
0
1
0
4

Feyenoord
 Netherlands
1
0
2
0
0
1
4

Hamburg
 Germany
1
1
0
2
0
0
4

Nottingham Forest
 England
2
0
0
0
1
0
3

Aston Villa
 England
1
0
0
1
1
0
3

Tottenham Hotspur
 England
0
1
2
0
0
0
3

Dynamo Kyiv
 Soviet Union
 Ukraine
0
2
0
0
1
0
3

Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
1
1
0
0
0
1
3

Schalke 04
 Germany
0
0
1
2
0
0
3

Benfica
 Portugal
2
0
0
0
0
0
2

Borussia Mönchengladbach
 Germany
0
0
2
0
0
0
2

Aberdeen
 Scotland
0
1
0
0
1
0
2

Steaua București
 Romania
1
0
0
0
1
0
2

IFK Göteborg
 Sweden
0
0
2
0
0
0
2

KV Mechelen
 Belgium
0
1
0
0
1
0
2

PSV
 Netherlands
1
0
1
0
0
0
2

Red Star Belgrade
 Yugoslavia
 Serbia
1
0
0
0
0
1
2

Werder Bremen
 Germany
0
1
0
1
0
0
2

Lazio
 Italy
0
1
0
0
1
0
2

West Ham United
 England
0
1
0
1
0
0
2

Galatasaray
 Turkey
0
0
1
0
1
0
2

Paris Saint-Germain
 France
0
1
0
1
0
0
2

Villarreal
 Spain
0
0
0
2
0
0
2

VfB Stuttgart
 Germany
0
0
0
2
0
0
2

Marseille
 France
1
0
0
1
0
0
2

Zenit St. Petersburg
 Russia
0
0
1
0
1
0
2

Fiorentina
 Italy
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

Sporting CP
 Portugal
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

Celtic
 Scotland
1
0
0
0
0
0
1

Slovan Bratislava
 Czechoslovakia
 Slovakia
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

Manchester City
 England
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

Rangers
 Scotland
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

Magdeburg
 East Germany
 Germany
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

Eintracht Frankfurt
 Germany
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

Dinamo Tbilisi
 Soviet Union
 Georgia
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

Ipswich Town
 England
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

Everton
 England
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

Bayer Leverkusen
 Germany
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

Napoli
 Italy
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

Sampdoria
 Italy
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

Arsenal
 England
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

Real Zaragoza
 Spain
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

Bordeaux
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Strasbourg
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Guingamp
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Karlsruhe
 Germany
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Silkeborg
 Denmark
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Lyon
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Bastia
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Auxerre
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Bologna
 Italy
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Montpellier
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Celta de Vigo
 Spain
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Udinese
 Italy
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Twente
 Netherlands
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Málaga
 Spain
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Troyes
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Fulham
 England
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Perugia
 Italy
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Lille
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

CSKA Moscow
 Russia
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

Lens
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Newcastle United
 England
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Braga
 Portugal
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Shakhtar Donetsk
 Ukraine
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

text: By country[edit]

text: Spanish clubs are the most successful in UEFA competitions, with a total of 57 titles, and hold a record number of wins in the European Cup/UEFA Champions League (17), UEFA Super Cup (14), and UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa league (10).[7] Italian clubs have the most victories in the Intercontinental Cup (7). In third place, English clubs have secured 40 titles, including a record eight wins in the Cup Winners' Cup. French clubs, ranked sixth in UEFA competition titles, have won the Intertoto Cup the most times (12). Italian clubs are the only in European football history to have won the three main UEFA competitions in the same season (1989–90).[3]

text: The following table lists all the countries whose clubs have won at least one UEFA competition, and is updated as of 8 August 2017 (in chronological order).

text:
Key

UCL
European Cup or UEFA Champions League

CWC
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (defunct)

UEL
UEFA Cup or UEFA Europa League

UIC
UEFA Intertoto Cup (defunct)

USC
UEFA Super Cup

IC
Intercontinental Cup (defunct)

text:
List of UEFA club competition winners by country[a]

Nationality
UCL
CWC
UEL
UIC
USC
IC
Total

 Spain
17
7
10
5
14
4
57

 Italy
12
7
9
4
9
7
48

 England
12
8
8
4
7
1
40

 Germany*
7
4
6
8
1
3
29

 Netherlands
6
1
4
0
3
3
17

 France
1
1
0
12
0
0
14

 Portugal
4
1
2
1
1
2
11

 Belgium
0
3
1
0
3
0
7

 Scotland
1
2
0
0
1
0
4

 Soviet Union+
0
3
0
0
1
0
4

 Russia
0
0
2
0
1
0
3

 Romania
1
0
0
0
1
0
2

 Turkey
0
0
1
0
1
0
2

 Yugoslavia+
1
0
0
0
0
1
2

 Sweden
0
0
2
0
0
0
2

 East Germany+
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

 Czechoslovakia+
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

 Ukraine
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

 Denmark
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

text:
+ = National federation no longer exists.
* = Germany's record includes West Germany.


document_title: Rolls-Royce Limited

question_text: when was the first rolls royce car made

question_tokens: when was the first rolls royce car made

text: Rolls-Royce Limited

text: Motor Cars[edit]

text: In 1884 Henry Royce started an electrical and mechanical business. He made his first car, a two-cylinder Royce 10, in his Manchester factory in 1904. Henry Royce was introduced to Charles Rolls at the Midland Hotel, Manchester on 4 May of that year. Rolls was proprietor of an early motor car dealership, C.S.Rolls & Co. in Fulham.[3]

text: In spite of his preference for three- or four-cylinder cars, Rolls was impressed with the Royce 10, and in a subsequent agreement on 23 December 1904 agreed to take all the cars Royce could make. There would be four models:

text:
a 10 hp (7.5 kW), two-cylinder model selling at £395 (£40,000 in 2014),[4]
a 15 hp (11 kW) three-cylinder at £500 (£50,000 in 2014),[4]
a 20 hp (15 kW) four-cylinder at £650 (£60,000 in 2014),[4]
a 30 hp (22 kW) six-cylinder model priced at £890 (£90,000 in 2014),[4]

text: All would be badged as Rolls-Royces, and be sold exclusively by Rolls. The first Rolls-Royce car, the Rolls-Royce 10 hp, was unveiled at the Paris Salon in December 1904.

text: Rolls-Royce Limited was formed on 15 March 1906, by which time it was apparent that new premises were required for production of cars. After considering sites in Manchester, Coventry, Bradford and Leicester, it was an offer from Derby's council of cheap electricity that resulted in the decision to acquire a 12.7 acres (51,000 m2) site on the southern edge of that city. The new factory was largely designed by Royce, and production began in early 1908, with a formal opening on 9 July 1908 by Sir John Montagu. The investment in the new company required further capital to be raised, and on 6 December 1906 £100,000 of new shares were offered to the public. In 1907, Rolls-Royce bought out C.S. Rolls & Co.[5] (The non-motor car interests of Royce Ltd. continued to operate separately.)

text: Rolls-Royce 40/50[edit]

text: During 1906 Royce had been developing an improved six-cylinder model with more power than the Rolls-Royce 30 hp. Initially designated the 40/50 hp, this was Rolls-Royce's first all-new model.[6] In March 1908 Claude Johnson, Commercial Managing Director and sometimes described as the hyphen in Rolls-Royce,[7] succeeded in persuading Royce and the other directors that Rolls-Royce should concentrate exclusively on the new model, and all the earlier models were duly discontinued.[3]

text: The new 40/50 was responsible for Rolls-Royce's early reputation with over 6,000 built. Its chassis was used as a basis for the first British armoured car used in both world wars.

text: Rolls-Royce Eagle aero-engine[edit]

text: Aero-engine manufacture began in 1914 because the government requested it.[3] Rolls-Royce's Eagle, the first example was made in 1915, was the first engine to make a non-stop trans-Atlantic crossing by aeroplane when in June 1919 two Eagles powered the converted Vickers Vimy bomber on the transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown.

text: Springfield USA[edit]

text: In 1921 Rolls-Royce opened a new factory in Springfield, Massachusetts in the United States (to help meet demand) where a further 1,701 "Springfield Ghosts" were built. This factory operated for 10 years, closing in 1931. It was located at the former American Wire Wheel factory on Hendee Street, with the administration offices at 54 Waltham Ave.[8] Springfield was the earlier location for the Duryea Motor Wagon Company, the location where the first American gasoline-powered vehicle was built. Their first chassis was completed in 1921. Bodies were supplied by Rolls-Royce Custom Coachwork[citation needed] and by Brewster & Co. in Long Island City, New York.

text: Rolls-Royce Twenty[edit]

text: After the First World War, Rolls-Royce successfully avoided attempts to encourage British car manufacturers to merge. Faced with falling sales of the 40/50 (later known as Silver Ghost) Rolls-Royce introduced the smaller, cheaper Twenty in 1922, effectively ending the one-model policy followed since 1908.[3]

text: Rolls-Royce Phantom[edit]

text: After the introduction of the Phantom in 1925 the old 40/50 model was referred to as the Silver Ghost.

text: Bentley[edit]

text: In 1931 Rolls-Royce acquired Bentley, the small sports/racing car maker and potential rival,[3] after the latter's finances failed to weather the onset of the Great Depression. Rolls-Royce stopped production of the new big Bentley 8 Litre, which was threatening sales of their current Phantom, disposed of remaining Bentley assets and made use of just the Bentley name and its repute. After some years of development Rolls-Royce produced a new quite different ultra-civilised medium-size range of Bentleys advertising them as "the silent sports car". They were very much in the Rolls-Royce mould. From soon after World War II until 2002 standard Bentley and Rolls-Royce cars were often very nearly identical apart from the radiator grille and minor details.

text: In 1933, the colour of the Rolls-Royce radiator monogram was changed from red to black because the red sometimes clashed with the coachwork colour selected by clients, and not as a mark of respect for the death of Royce as is commonly stated.[citation needed]

text: Crewe[edit]

text: The British government built a shadow factory in Crewe in 1938 for Rolls-Royce where they could build their Merlin and Griffon aero engines. In 1946 car production was moved there for space to construct bodies and to leave space for aero engines at Derby. The site was bought from the government in 1973.[3] It is now Bentley Crewe

text: Second World War[edit]

text: In 1940 a contract was signed with the Packard Motor Car Company in Detroit, Michigan, for the production of Merlin aero engines in the USA.

text: Production focussed on aero engines but a variant of the Merlin engine, known as the Meteor, was developed for the Cromwell tank. The Meteor's development completed in 1943 the same team at the Belper foundry restarted work on an eight-cylinder car engine widening its uses and it became the pattern for the British Army's B range of petrol engines for post war combat vehicles[3] in particular in Alvis's FV600 range,[nb 2] Daimler's Ferret, Humber's Hornet and Pig and Austin's Champ.

text: Postwar diversification[edit]

text: Motor bodies[edit]

text: After the war, in 1946, Rolls-Royce and Bentley car production moved to Crewe where they began to assemble complete Bentley cars with body pressings made by Pressed Steel Company. Previously they had built only the chassis, leaving the bodies to specialist coach-builders. In 1939 Rolls-Royce brought one of the specialist coachbuilders completely in-house by buying the remaining capital of Park Ward Limited which since 1936 in conjunction with Rolls-Royce had been building short production runs of all-metal saloon bodies on Bentley chassis.

text: In 1959 Rolls-Royce bought coachbuilder H J Mulliner[3] and the two businesses were put together as H J Mulliner Park Ward.

text: Diesel engines Shrewsbury[edit]

text: Luxury cars did not fit with the new mood of postwar austerity. After starting design and development of what became their C series diesel engine range in 1948 Rolls-Royce began to produce diesel engines in 1951. By 1955 it provided diesel engines for automotive, railway, industrial, earth-moving and marine use.[3]

text: Sentinel (Shrewsbury) Limited was bought in 1956. Sentinel made machine tools and industrial locomotives. Rolls-Royce took over Sentinel's Shrewsbury factory for diesel engine production and all its diesel work was transferred there.[3]

text: West Riding manufacturer of diesel shunting locomotives, Thomas Hill (Rotherham) Limited, was added to the group in 1963.[3]

text: In 1973 when Shrewsbury activities were put under the umbrella of new owner, Rolls-Royce Motors, the range of diesel engines included:

text:
C range: 4, 6 and 8 cylinder engines with power output from 100 to 450 bhp. Used in generating sets, compressors etc., construction equipment, railway and other industrial purposes and marine propulsion.
Eagle: a modified version of the C range 6-cylinder engine named Eagle is used in heavy vehicles, their output 200 to 300 bhp.
D range: V engines with outputs from 400 to 750 bhp for generating sets, marine and railway applications.[3]

text: Aero engines[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1907, Charles Rolls, whose interests had turned increasingly to flying, tried unsuccessfully to persuade Royce and the other directors to design an aero engine. When World War I broke out in August 1914, Rolls-Royce (and many others) were taken by surprise. As a manufacturer of luxury cars, Rolls-Royce was immediately vulnerable, and Claude Johnson thought the bank would withdraw its overdraft facility on which Rolls-Royce depended at that time. Nevertheless, believing that war was likely to be short-lived the directors initially decided not to seek government work making aero engines. However, this position was quickly reversed and Rolls-Royce was persuaded by the War Office to manufacture fifty air-cooled V8 engines under licence from Renault.[5] Meanwhile, the Royal Aircraft Factory asked Rolls-Royce to design a new 200 hp (150 kW) engine. Despite initial reluctance they agreed, and during 1915 developed Rolls-Royce's first aero engine, the twelve-cylinder Eagle. This was quickly followed by the smaller six-cylinder Hawk, the 190 hp (140 kW) Falcon and, just before the end of the war, the larger 675 hp (503 kW) Condor.

text: Throughout World War I, Rolls-Royce struggled to build aero engines in the quantities required by the War Office. However, with the exception of Brazil Straker in Bristol Rolls-Royce resisted pressure to license production to other manufacturers, fearing that the engines' much admired quality and reliability would risk being compromised. Instead the Derby factory was extended to enable Rolls-Royce to increase its own production rates.[5] By the late 1920s, aero engines made up most of Rolls-Royce's business.

text: Henry Royce's last design was the Merlin aero engine, which was first flown in prototype form in 1935, although he had died in 1933. This was developed from the R engine, which had powered a record-breaking Supermarine S.6B seaplane to almost 400 mph (640 km/h) in the 1931 Schneider Trophy. The Merlin was a powerful supercharged V12 engine and was fitted into many World War II aircraft: the British Hawker Hurricane, Supermarine Spitfire, de Havilland Mosquito (twin-engine), Avro Lancaster (four-engine) (a development of the Avro Manchester with its unreliable Rolls-Royce Vulture engines), Vickers Wellington (twin-engine); it also transformed the American North American P-51 Mustang into a competitor for the best fighter of its time, its engine a Merlin engine built by Packard under licence. Over 160,000 Merlin engines were produced, including over 30,000 by the Ford Motor Company at Trafford Park, Manchester. During the war most Rolls-Royce flight testing of engines was carried out from Hucknall Aerodrome. The Merlin crossed over into military land-vehicle use as the Meteor powering the Centurion tank among others. Many Meteor engines used engine blocks and parts that failed requirements for high performance engines, but were suitable for use in the derated 480 kW (640 hp) Meteor.

text: Rolls-Royce came into jet turbines through an exchange of assets with Rover and in the post-World War II period Rolls-Royce made significant advances in gas turbine engine design and manufacture. The Dart and Tyne turboprop engines were particularly important, enabling airlines to cut times for shorter journeys whilst jet airliners were introduced on longer services. The Dart engine was used in Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy, Avro 748, Fokker F27 Friendship, Handley Page Herald and Vickers Viscount aircraft, whilst the more powerful Tyne powered the Breguet Atlantique, Transall C-160, Short Belfast, and Vickers Vanguard, and the SR.N4 hovercraft. Many of these turboprops are still in service.

text: Amongst the jet engines of this period was the RB163 Spey, which powers the Hawker Siddeley Trident, BAC One-Eleven, Grumman Gulfstream II and Fokker F28 Fellowship.

text: During the late 1950s and 1960s there was a significant rationalisation of all aspects of British aerospace and this included aero-engine manufacturers. In 1966 Rolls-Royce acquired Bristol Siddeley (which had resulted from the merger of Armstrong Siddeley and Bristol Aero Engines in 1959) and incorporated it as the Bristol Siddeley division. Bristol Siddeley, with its principal factory at Filton, near Bristol, had a strong base in military engines, including the Olympus, Viper, Pegasus (vectored thrust) and Orpheus. They were also manufacturing the Olympus 593 Mk610 to be used in Concorde in collaboration with SNECMA. They also had a turbofan project with SNECMA.

text: Leavesden Aerodrome, Watford was originally owned by the Ministry of Defence and used during World War II for the manufacture of Mosquito and Halifax aircraft. For a number of years, Rolls-Royce used the site for the manufacture of helicopter engines until the site closed in June 1993. The former Rolls-Royce factory at Watford is now known as the Leavesden Film Studios and has produced world-famous films, including the James Bond, Star Wars and Harry Potter series.

text: RB211 — the 1971 receivership and nationalisation[edit]

text: The amalgamations and disappearances of the 1950s and 1960s left a small number of major airframe manufacturers based in only a few countries. The competition for the very large contracts to supply their engines grew intense. Expensive research and development became vital. Real profits came from the maintenance contracts which might peak a whole human generation later. By the 1980s it was said that each generation of aero engines cost around 10 times that of its parent.[9]

text: At this time Rolls-Royce employed 80,000 people and it was Britain's 14th largest company in terms of manpower. It was generally known that problems had recently arisen requiring government support of the RB211 programme as one outcome of intense financial competition with Pratt & Whitney and General Electric[10] for the original RB211 contract.[11]

text: In the new year of 1971 financial problems caused largely by development of this new RB211 turbofan engine designed and developed for Lockheed Aircraft Corporation's new L-1011 TriStar led, after several government-provided cash subsidies, to the recognition Rolls-Royce had no resources left and it voluntarily entered receivership 4 February 1971.[12]

text: There were said to have been acrimonious telephone conversations between US president Richard Nixon and the British prime minister Edward Heath but these were subsequently denied. Responding to questions as to how the situation could have arisen the chief executive advised that in their calculations they were guided by the success of their estimates in the launching of their Spey engine.[13]

text: Had the government simply nationalised Rolls-Royce it would have been unable to avoid the obligations to Lockheed.[14]

text: The situation was handled in the usual manner with the assets being sold for cash, in this case to the government, leaving the massive liabilities to be dealt with by Rolls-Royce Limited using the funds realised by the sale. However the government would not fix a purchase price for the assets until the situation became clearer because without a continuing business many of them might be worthless.[15][nb 3][16] In the meantime the government would use the assets to continue the activities of the aero-engine, marine and industrial gas turbine and small engine divisions that were important to national defence, the collective programmes with other countries and to many air forces and civil airlines.[17] A new company (1971) was incorporated that May to purchase substantially the whole of the undertakings and assets of the four divisions of Rolls-Royce connected with gas turbine engines. The original company, Rolls-Royce Limited, was placed in liquidation on 4 October 1971.[3]

text: Asking their own government for support Lockheed warned that a switch to either Pratt & Whitney or General Electric engines would delay production by an extra six months and might force Lockheed into bankruptcy.[18]

text: The receiver negotiated with Lockheed which consented to waive damages allowing the plant to be shut down. The continuing support of the trade creditors was also achieved by the receiver in spite of threats to demand immediate payments in full and to withdraw supplies. The first asset sold was British Aircraft Corporation bought equally by Vickers and GEC. The receiver floated Rolls-Royce Motors in 1973.[14]

text: New board[edit]

text: The new owner, Rolls-Royce (1971) Limited, had among its board members Lord Cole (a former chairman of Unilever), Sir Arnold Weinstock (managing director of GEC), Hugh Conway (managing director Rolls-Royce Gas Turbines), Dr Stanley Hooker (Rolls-Royce Bristol), Sir William Cook (an adviser to the Minister of Defence), Sir St. John Elstub (managing director of Imperial Metal Industries), and Sir Charles Elworthy (former Chief of Defence Staff).[19]

text: Lockheed and Rolls-Royce take-off[edit]

text: The new aircraft with its three RB211 engines left USA for the first time and arrived in Paris on 1 June 1971.[20] At Palmdale California the L-1011 received its US Federal Aviation Administration's certificate of airworthiness on 14 April 1972, nine months late. On the day the chairman of Lockeed said ". . . we know that in airline service it (RB211) will prove itself to be one of the leading power plants in aviation history".[21]

text: The first airliner was delivered to Eastern Air Lines on 5 April 1972 but it had been beaten in the race to production by McDonnell Douglas's DC-10.

text: 1973 Rolls-Royce Motors[edit]

text: Rolls-Royce Motors Limited was incorporated on 25 April 1971, two and a half months after Rolls-Royce fell into receivership. Under the ownership of the receiver it began to trade in April 1971 manufacturing motor cars, diesel and petrol engines, coachwork and other items previously made by Rolls-Royce's motor car and diesel divisions and Mulliner Park Ward. It continued to take precision engineering work on sub-contracts. In June 1971 it acquired all the business and assets used by the motor car and diesel divisions of Rolls-Royce and Mulliner Park Ward. Rolls-Royce Motors' permitted uses of the various Rolls-Royce trade marks was very precisely defined[3]

text: At the end of 1972 Rolls-Royce Motors employees in the United Kingdom were 5,855 in the car division and 2,311 in the Diesel division, a total of 8,166 people.[3]

text: In May 1973 it was sold to Rolls-Royce Motors Holdings Limited in preparation for its public flotation.[3]

text: Car Division[edit]

text: At that time the Car Division as well as making cars and special coachwork carried out investment foundry work and the machining of aero-engine components and produced piston engines for light aircraft together with other petrol and multi-fuel engines. Both divisions carried out development work for H M Government.

text: The car division's headquarters were in Pym's Lane and Minshull New Road, Crewe, bespoke coachbuilding remained in Hythe Road and High Road Willesden London. The Crewe former shadow factory premises were bought from the Government at this time.[3]

text: Diesel Division[edit]

text: The Diesel Division made several types of diesel engine at its premises in Whitchurch Road, Shrewsbury as well as combustion equipment for aero turbine engines.[3]

text:
Motor Cars
Diesel engines
Aero turbine engine components and aircraft piston engines mainly for Rolls-Royce 1971
Other engines and products:

text: Flotation of Rolls-Royce Motors Holdings[edit]

text: In the event the flotation met with a disappointing public response and more than 80 percent of the issue was left in the hands of the underwriters.[22]

text: Vickers Limited merger[edit]

text: On 6 August 1980 the shareholders agreement to the merger of Rolls-Royce Motors Holdings and Vickers Limited became unconditional.[23]

text: Perkins[edit]

text: The Rolls-Royce diesel business was acquired from Vickers in 1984 by Perkins. Perkins further developed the Eagle Diesels into the Perkins TX series of engines.

text: 1977 Rolls-Royce drops (1971) from its name[edit]

text: The name of Rolls-Royce (1971) Limited was changed to Rolls-Royce Limited on 31 December 1977 the end of the company's financial year. The original Rolls-Royce Limited incorporated in 1906 and still in liquidation had been renamed Rolls-Royce Realisations Limited[nb 4] and had consented in March 1977 to the (1971) company being named Rolls-Royce Limited[24][25][26]

text: Limited was replaced by plc (public limited company) in the summer of 1986 so shares could be offered to the public and traded on sharemarkets.

text: 1987 privatisation[edit]

text: In April 1987 the government offered for sale all Rolls-Royce plc shares. The heavily advertised issue was a remarkable success.[27]

text: Rolls-Royce's was an exceptionally long term business. Before a civil aero engine went into service its development could take 4 to 6 years, military engines often longer. Production might then extend a further 50 years including the manufacture of spare parts required long after complete engine production ends.[26]

text: Customers[edit]

text: According to the prospectus published for the 1987 issue of shares to members of the public Rolls-Royce was by then one of only three enterprises outside USSR and China able to design develop and produce large gas turbine engines. At that time its engines were installed in the aircraft of more than 270 civil carriers and were used by 110 armed services and 700 operators of executive and corporate aircraft.[26]

text: In addition its turbines powered the naval vessels of 25 different nations. Over 175 industrial customers operated Rolls-Royce gas turbines for power generation, gas and oil pumping and other industrial purposes. Its single most important customer was the United Kingdom's government. In the preceding five years about 70 percent of production went outside the United Kingdom.[26]

text: Competition[edit]

text: Rolls-Royce's competitors were GE and Pratt & Whitney (UTC). Aero engines were then only a part of GE and UTC activities as major industrial groups.

text: Divisions and products[edit]

text: At that time Rolls-Royce was organised into five business groups:

text: major engines in 1987:

text: engines out of production but generating a significant demand for spares

text: major engines in 1987:

text: helicopter engines

text: missile engines

text: Products[edit]

text: Cars[edit]

text:
1904–06 10 hp
1905–05 15 hp
1905–08 20 hp
1905–06 30 hp
1905–06 V-8
1906–25 40/50 Silver Ghost
1922–29 Twenty
1925–29 40/50 Phantom
1929–36 20/25
1929–35 Phantom II
1936–38 25/30
1936–39 Phantom III
1938–39 Wraith
1946–59 Silver Wraith
1949–55 Silver Dawn with first factory bodies using panels pressed by Pressed Steel Company, Cowley
1950–56 Phantom IV
1955–65 Silver Cloud factory bodies using panels pressed by Pressed Steel Co.
1959–68 Phantom V
1965–80 Silver Shadow monocoque[28] integral body chassis wholly built by Rolls-Royce
1968–92 Phantom VI
1971– Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: Bentley Models (from 1933) – chassis only

text:
1933–37 Bentley 3½ L
1936–39 Bentley 4¼ L
1939–41 Bentley Mark V

text:
Standard saloons

Silver Dawn 1953

Silver Cloud 1956

Silver Shadow 1972

text:
Postwar Phantoms

Phantom IV limousine by Hooper 1953

Phantom V sedanca de ville by James Young 1961

Phantom VI limousine

Phantom VI limousine

text: Aircraft[edit]

text:
Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig
Rolls-Royce Mustang Mk.X