document_title: Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100

question_text: who has had the most number 1 singles

question_tokens: who has had the most number 1 singles

text: First: The Beatles (20)[edit]

text: This section needs expansion with: all hit songs and related albums needed. You can help by adding to it. (July 2017)

text: English rock band The Beatles achieved a record holding 20 number one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart between 1964 and their split in 1970. Some of their hits include "Ticket To Ride", "Can't Buy Me Love", "A Hard Day's Night", "Let It Be", and "Hey Jude".

text: Second: Mariah Carey (18)[edit]

text: American singer, songwriter and producer Mariah Carey has achieved 18 number-one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart.

text: Carey's self-titled debut studio album produced four number-one songs. She achieved her first with "Vision of Love" in August 1990, which reached the peak for four weeks.[1] It was followed by "Love Takes Time" later that year in November for three weeks,[2] "Someday" in March 1991 for two weeks,[3] and "I Don't Wanna Cry" in May 1991 for two weeks.[4] "Emotions" became her fifth consecutive number-one song in October 1991.[5] This run of five consecutive number-ones means that Carey is the only artist in the history of the Hot 100 to have her first five single releases top the chart.[5] The streak broke when "Can't Let Go", released as the single following "Emotions", peaked at number two.[6] Carey's cover of the Jackson 5 song "I'll Be There" topped the chart for two weeks in August 1992,[7] and she collected two further chart toppers in 1993 when "Dreamlover" peaked atop the chart in September for eight weeks[8] and with "Hero" in December for four consecutive weeks.[9] [10]*

text: "Fantasy" became the first song to debut atop the Hot 100 by a female artist, and only the second song to debut at number-one after Michael Jackson's "You Are Not Alone", which did so only one month prior.[11] "One Sweet Day", a duet with Boyz II Men, became her tenth number-one song, spending a record-breaking 16 weeks at the peak of the Hot 100 chart, a record it still holds today.[12] It also debuted at number one, becoming her second single to do so and only the fourth instance on the Hot 100, following Jackson's "Your Are Not Alone", Carey's "Fantasy" and Whitney Houston's "Exhale (Shoop Shoop)".[13] "One Sweet Day" finished at number one on Billboard's Hot 100 songs of the decade chart.[12] "Always Be My Baby" became the singer's eleventh number-one in May 1996 for two weeks, tying her with Houston and Madonna for female artist with the most number-ones.[14][15] In September 1997, "Honey" became Carey's third single to debut atop the Hot 100, the most for any artist to date, and only the sixth song in history to do so.[13][16] It also meant that Carey broke with Houston for joint fifth place, and into joint fourth with Madonna.[16]

text: When "My All" peaked at number-one for one week in May 1998,[17] it meant that Carey became the first artist in the history of the chart to have two runs of five consecutive number-ones, first with "Vision of Love", "Love Takes Time", "Someday", "I Don't Wanna Cry" and "Emotions" in 1990/91, and again with "Fantasy", "One Sweet Day", "Always Be My Baby", "Honey" and "My All" between 1995–98.[5] The streak broke, however, when Carey's duet with Houston, "When You Believe", peaked at number 15.[6] "Heartbreaker" topped the chart for two weeks in October 1999,[18] extending her lead for female artist with the most number-ones, and only third to Elvis Presley (17) and The Beatles (20) overall.[19] "Thank God I Found You" became Carey's fifteenth number-one song in February 2000, meaning that Carey had charted a number-one single for eleven consecutive years starting with "Vision of Love" in 1990, a record she still holds.[17][20]

text: "We Belong Together" spent 14 weeks at number-one in 2005,[12] while "Don't Forget About Us" became her seventeenth chart topper, tying her with Presley.[21] "Touch My Body" became Carey's eighteenth number-one song on the Hot 100 in 2008, breaking her tie with Presley and placing her second for the most chart toppers in the history of the chart.[22] It also means that Carey is in fourth place for songwriters with the most-number ones, with 17, only behind Max Martin (21), John Lennon (26) and Paul McCartney (32).[23] Carey and Presley hold the record for having spent 79 weeks at number-one on the Billboard Hot 100.[12][24] Carey holds the record for solo artist with the most number-ones.[12]

text: Third: Rihanna (14)[edit]

text: Barbadian singer and songwriter Rihanna has achieved 14 number-one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, becoming the youngest artist to accomplish this record. Her first number-one was "SOS" in May 2006; spending three weeks atop the chart.[25][26][27] "Umbrella" became her second number-one in May 2007, selling 277,000 downloads in its first week, logging the highest digital sales debut since tracking of downloads began in 2003, jumping from number 44 to number-one.[28] It spent a total of seven weeks at the summit, and became the second most successful song of 2007, behind Beyoncé's "Irreplaceable".[29][30] On May 15, 2008, "Take a Bow" peaked at number one on the chart.[31] It logged the second highest debut week sales at the time, as Mariah Carey's song "Touch My Body" debuted with first week sales of 286,000 in April 2008, meaning that Rihanna occupied two of the top three debut week sales tally, along with "Umbrella", which debuted with 277,000 copies.[31]

text: When "Disturbia" became Rihanna's fourth number-one in August 2008, it tied her with Carey and Beyoncé for the most number-one songs by a female in the 2000–2009 decade.[32]

text: "Live Your Life", a song by T.I. featuring Rihanna, jumped seventy-nine positions from 80–1 on the Hot 100, becoming her fifth number-one and set a new record for largest leap to the peak (at the time).[33] It also sold 355,000 copies, besting Carey's sales of 286,000 with "Touch My Body".[33] "Rude Boy" became her sixth in March 2010, tying her in fifth position with Paula Abdul and Diana Ross for females with the most number-ones, only behind Janet Jackson (10), Whitney Houston (11), Madonna (12) and Carey (18).[34] It also became the eleventh song in the history of the Hot 100 to feature "boy" in the title to top the chart, meaning that a number-one with "boy" in the title had occurred in every decade since its inception in 1958.[34] Her collaboration with Eminem, "Love the Way You Lie", became Rihanna's seventh chart topper in July 2010 since she made her Hot 100 debut in June 2005, the most amongst all artists in this time span.[35]

text: In 2010 Rihanna released her fifth album Loud, which included three number one singles. Its lead single, "Only Girl (In the World)", reached number one,[36][37][38] as did the album's second single, "What's My Name?", featuring rapper Drake. The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 before "Only Girl (In the World)", the first time in the chart's history that an album's lead single reached number one after the second.[39] The third single, "S&M", reached number one on the Hot 100 following the release of its official remix featuring Britney Spears, becoming her tenth number one single, which tied her with Janet Jackson for fourth place among female soloists who have topped the chart. With only four years, eleven months, and two weeks between her first and tenth number one on the chart, Rihanna set a record as the solo artist with the fastest accumulation of ten chart toppers.[40] in 2011 Rihanna released the single, "We Found Love", it topped the Billboard Hot 100 for ten non-consecutive weeks, becoming Rihanna's longest-running number one single and the longest-running number one of 2011.[41][42]

text: In 2012 Rihanna released "Diamonds", which reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, her twelfth number one on the chart which tied her with Madonna and The Supremes as the artists' with the fourth most number ones on the chart's history.[43] A year later Eminem released his Rihanna-assisted single, "The Monster", which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, which marked Rihanna's thirteenth chart topper, tying her with Michael Jackson for the third most number ones in the chart's 55-year history.[44] Additionally, Rihanna became the fastest solo artist to achieve 13 chart-toppers, surpassing the previous record held by Mariah Carey (seven-years, eight-month and 19 days), with only The Beatles reaching 13 number ones more quickly.[45] In 2016, Rihanna's single, "Work" peaked at number one on the Hot 100 chart and became Rihanna's fourteenth number one song in the United States. Subsequently, she became the third artist with most number one songs on the chart following The Beatles with 20 and Carey with 18.[46]

text: Fourth: Michael Jackson (13)[edit]

text: American singer, songwriter and producer Michael Jackson achieved 13 number one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 between 1972 and 1995 prior to his death in June 2009. Jackson is also the first of two artists to gain five number-one singles from one album; the other being Katy Perry. In 1972, "Ben" topped the Hot 100 for a week, with Jackson becoming one of the youngest artists to have a number-one hit in America, at age 13. Jackson's fifth studio album Off the Wall contained two number-one hits "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" and "Rock with You". This was followed by "Billie Jean" and "Beat It" from the worldwide smash hit album Thriller and "Say Say Say", a duet with Paul McCartney", from the latter's Pipes of Peace album. Bad saw five number-one hits reach number-one from September 1987 to July 1988: "I Just Can't Stop Loving You", "Bad", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Man in the Mirror", and "Dirty Diana". Dangerous's lead single, "Black or White", reached number one within a month of its release and (along with "Billie Jean") becoming his longest reign at the top at seven consecutive weeks. Finally, his last number-one single "You Are Not Alone" debuted at number one, with Jackson becoming the first act in the Billboard Hot 100's 37-year history to do so.

text: Fifth: The Supremes and Madonna (12)[edit]

text: The Supremes[edit]

text: This section needs expansion with: details of songs and achievements. You can help by adding to it. (May 2016)

text: American female singing group The Supremes achieved 12 number one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 between 1964 and 1969. The first of which Where Did Our Love Go, featured on the album of the same name, became the first of five consecutive number one singles, a first for any female act and the group remains the only girl group to do so. Where Did Our Love Go was then followed by Baby Love and Come See About Me, making The Supremes the first group in Billboard history to have three singles from the same album reach the top position. The final two songs in the streak were Stop! In the Name of Love and Back in My Arms Again, featured on the album More Hits by The Supremes, made them one of the most successful pop acts of the 60's, rivalling that of the Beatles. Later, they scored another number one single with I Hear a Symphony, featured on the album of the same name, then another streak of four singles, You Can't Hurry Love featured on their number one album Supremes A' Go Go, a first for girl groups, You Keep Me Hangin' On and Love Is Here and Now You're Gone, both featured on the album The Supremes Sing Holland-Dozier-Holland, and finally The Happening, featured on their second number one album Diana Ross & the Supremes: Greatest Hits, a feat that would take decades for another girl group to match. Later on, as 'Diana Ross & The Supremes', the group would achieve two more number one hits, the controversial Love Child, on the album of the same name, controversial because of its theme of illegitimacy, and Someday We'll Be Together, featured on the album Cream of the Crop, which would become the last number one single of the 60's.

text: Madonna[edit]

text: American singer, songwriter and producer Madonna has achieved 12 number one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. "Like a Virgin" from the eponymous second studio album reached number one, despite considerable controversy, and stayed at the top for six consecutive weeks between December 1984 and January 1985. "Crazy for You" from the Vision Quest soundtrack topped the Billboard Hot 100 several months later. A year later, Madonna's third studio album True Blue saw three singles ("Live to Tell", "Papa Don't Preach", and "Open Your Heart") reached the top of the charts. In late 1987, "Who's That Girl" became Madonna's sixth number-one single in the United States. Like a Prayer saw its title track top the chart for three weeks in 1989. This was followed by "Vogue", "Justify My Love", and "This Used to Be My Playground" from her compilation albums and soundtrack albums between 1990 and 1992. In 1995, "Take a Bow" became Madonna's longest-running number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100, staying there for seven consecutive weeks. In 2000, Madonna received her twelfth (and currently, last) number-one single to date with "Music" topping the chart for four consecutive weeks.

text: Seventh: Whitney Houston (11)[edit]

text: American singer Whitney Houston achieved 11 number-one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart between 1985 and 1995 before her death in February 2012. Houston is notable for seven consecutive number-one singles, the only artist to achieve this feat. Whitney Houston spawned three number-one singles: "Saving All My Love for You", "How Will I Know", and "Greatest Love of All. Houston's 1987 album Whitney achieved four number-one singles: "I Wanna Dance with Somebody", "Didn't We Almost Have It All", "So Emotional", and "Where Do Broken Hearts Go".

text: These singles were followed by "I'm Your Baby Tonight" and "All the Man That I Need". In 1992, Houston saw the biggest hit of her career with a cover version of Dolly Parton's "I Will Always Love You" which topped the Hot 100 for 14 consecutive weeks (at the time, the longest reign at the top of the Billboard Hot 100), and later became the best-selling single by a female artist of all time. The single featuring in the film and soundtrack of The Bodyguard. In 1995, "Exhale (Shoop Shoop)" debuted at number one, making Houston the third artist to do so.

text: Eighth: Stevie Wonder and Janet Jackson (10)[edit]

text: Stevie Wonder[edit]

text: American singer, songwriter and producer Stevie Wonder has achieved 10 number-one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. His first number one was from the 1963 live recorded album The 12 Year Old Genius with single "Fingertips." He would not top the charts again until 1973, when Talking Book (1973, Tamla) produced two number-one hits, "Superstition" and "You Are the Sunshine of My Life." Later, his album Fulfillingness' First Finale would spawn yet another number-one hit, "You Haven't Done Nothin'", a scathing attack on then-President Richard Nixon. His next album, the critically acclaimed Songs in the Key of Life, produced two more number-one hits, "I Wish" and "Sir Duke." This was followed by "Ebony and Ivory", his collaboration with Paul McCartney, which would become Wonder's biggest Billboard Hot 100 hit, spending seven weeks at the summit. This was followed by his smash hits "I Just Called to Say I Love You" and "Part-Time Lover." His final song (to date) to hit number-one was the star-studded "That's What Friends Are For," the biggest hit of 1986. Due to Stevie Wonder's involvement, this would be the last number-one for anyone who had topped the charts prior to the British Invasion.

text: Janet Jackson[edit]

text: American singer, songwriter and producer Janet Jackson has achieved 10 number-one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Control (released A&M Records 1986), saw its third single, "When I Think of You" reach number-one. Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 (1989, A&M Records) saw four of its singles reaching number-one in three different years, in 1989, 1990, and 1991, the only album to do so in the history of the Billboard Hot 100. Then, janet. spawned two number-one hits "That's the Way Love Goes" and "Again"; the former is the longest run at number-one in Jackson's career. This was followed by "Together Again" from The Velvet Rope which topped the chart for two weeks in early 1998, after debuting at number nine in late December 1997; the song is Jackson's biggest hit worldwide, selling 6 million copies globally. The song "Doesn't Really Matter" reached number one; it is included on the soundtrack for the film Nutty Professor II: The Klumps. "All for You" reached number one for seven consecutive weeks in 2001, becoming one of the biggest hits of the year in the United States.

text: Pre-dating Hot 100[edit]

text: Elvis Presley (11 Pre-Hot 100 era and 6 On Billboard Hot 100)[edit]

text: American singer Elvis Presley achieved 17 number-one songs on Billboard Best Sellers In Stores and Hot 100 charts between 1956 and 1969 prior to his death in August 1977.[47][48] Elvis achieved 11 number one singles between 1956 and 1959 before the inception of the Billboard Hot 100. After its inception, he achieved 7 more number one singles totaling 80 weeks as well as 114 top 40 singles (twice as much as any other entertainer) in his entire career. His first number one record was "Heartbreak Hotel" in 1956 and his last being "Suspicious Minds" in 1969.[47] Billboard later changed its rules, announcing that Elvis' classic double sided number one hit single, Hound Dog / Don't Be Cruel would no longer be counted as two separate number ones, making it possible for Billboard to announce that Mariah Carey had surpassed Elvis Presley as the solo artist with the most No. 1 singles.


document_title: Heat escape lessening position

question_text: where should a person in the heat escape lessening place their hands

root

text: Heat escape lessening position

text: The heat escape lessening position (HELP) is a way to position oneself to reduce heat loss while immersed in cold water. It is taught as part of the curriculum in Australia, North America, and Ireland for lifeguard and boating safety training. It involves essentially positioning one's knees together and hugging them close to the chest using one's arms. Furthermore, groups of people can huddle together in this position to conserve body heat, offer moral support, and provide a larger target for rescuers.[1]

tag: p

text: The HELP is an attempt to reduce heat loss enough to lessen the effect of hypothermia. Hypothermia is essentially a condition where bodily temperature drops too low to perform normal voluntary or involuntary functions. Cold water causes "immersion hypothermia", which can cause damage to extremities or the body's core, including unconsciousness or death.[2]

text: The HELP reduces exposure of high heat loss areas of the body. Wearing a personal flotation device allows a person to draw their knees to their chest and arms to their sides, while still remaining able to breathe.


document_title: My Favorite Martian

question_text: who played mrs brown on my favorite martian

text: My Favorite Martian

text: Premise[edit]

text: A human-looking extraterrestrial in a one-man spaceship crash-lands near Los Angeles. The ship's pilot is, in fact, an anthropologist from Mars and is now stranded on Earth. Tim O'Hara, a young newspaper reporter for The Los Angeles Sun, is on his way home from Edwards Air Force Base (where he had gone to report on the flight of the X-15) back to Los Angeles when he spots the spaceship coming down. The rocket-powered aircraft had nearly hit the spaceship and caused it to crash.

text: Tim takes the Martian in as his roommate and passes him off as his Uncle Martin, who refuses to reveal any of his Martian traits to people other than Tim, to avoid publicity (or panic), and Tim agrees to keep Martin's identity a secret while the Martian attempts to repair his ship. Uncle Martin has various unusual powers: He can raise two retractable antennae from his head and become invisible, he is telepathic and can read and influence minds, he can levitate objects with the motion of his finger, he can communicate with animals, he can freeze people or objects, and he can speed himself (and other people) up to do work.

text: Ostensibly an inventor by trade, Martin also builds several advanced devices, such as a time machine that transports Tim and the Martian back to medieval England and other times and places, such as St. Louis in 1849 and the early days of Hollywood, and brings Leonardo da Vinci and Jesse James into the present. Another device he builds is a "molecular separator" that can take apart the molecules of a physical object, or rearrange them (a squirrel is made into a human). Another device can take memories and store them in pill form to "relearn" them later. Other devices create temporary duplicates, or levitate Martin and others without the need of his finger.

text: Tim and Uncle Martin live in a garage apartment owned by a congenial (and former WAVE as revealed in season one, episode one) but scatterbrained landlady, Mrs. Lorelei Brown, who often shows up when not wanted.  Martin and she have an awkward romance from time to time, but Martin never gets serious for fear of going home to Mars. She later dates a vain, cold-hearted, plain-clothes police officer, Detective Bill Brennan, who dislikes Uncle Martin and is highly suspicious of him.

text: "Martin O'Hara's" real name is Exigius 12½. Revealed in "We Love You, Miss Pringle", it was heard again when his real nephew, Andromeda (played by young actor Wayne Stam), crash-landed on Earth in the show's third season. Andromeda, originally devised to bring younger viewers to the aging show, disappeared without explanation after this single episode and was never referred to again. Andromeda was, however, a regular on the later animated series My Favorite Martians. Andromeda had a single antenna, which Martin explained was because his baby antennae had fallen out and only one adult antenna had come in so far.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ray Walston as Uncle Martin O'Hara (the Martian)
Bill Bixby as Tim O'Hara
Pamela Britton as Mrs. Lorelei Brown
J. Pat O'Malley as Mr. Burns, Tim's boss (first season)
Alan Hewitt as Detective Bill Brennan (second and third seasons)
Roy Engel as Police Captain (third season)

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Development[edit]

text: The series was produced by Jack Chertok Television in association with CBS. The show was originally syndicated by Wolper Pictures, then it moved to Telepictures, and later by successor-in-interest Warner Bros. Television Distribution. The Chertok Company retained ownership of all copyrights for the show as of early July 2013; Rhino Entertainment held U.S. video rights until August 2008. Australian entertainment company Umbrella Entertainment acquired rights for Australia and New Zealand and released seasons one-three (in full color) in 2007 and 2008 on DVD suitable for all region codes. Those rights together with streaming recently were acquired by Shock Video, which in November 2017 released a new complete box set using the restored show elements. In 2010, MPI Home Video acquired the rights to the series for home video. In 2018, Pidax Video Germany acquired both streaming and DVD rights for Germany and will begin to release the series in Germany under its German title Mein Onkel vom Mars; the release is expected sometime in 2018. As of early July 2013, Warner Bros. held domestic and international syndication rights for the series. Those rights have now returned to the Chertok trust.

text: Music[edit]

text: The theme music for the series was composed by George Greeley and performed on an Electro-Theremin by Paul Tanner, a former member of Glenn Miller's band. It was influential in Brian Wilson's engagement of Tanner in 1965 and 1966 to work with the Beach Boys on their landmark hit, "Good Vibrations". Greeley also scored the series; an album of his music from the first two seasons was released by La-La Land Records in 2007 (dedicated to the composer, who died while the album was being prepared).

text: Filming[edit]

text: The first two seasons were filmed in black-and-white (at Desilu), but the final season was shot in color (at MGM), resulting in minor changes in the set and the format of the show. In addition to the extraterrestrial powers indicated in the first two seasons, Martin was able to do much more in the final season, such as stimulating facial hair to provide Tim and himself with quick disguises, and levitating with his nose. Brennan's boss, the police chief, was involved in many episodes in the third season, generally as a device to humiliate the overzealous detective.

text: Comparsion to other shows[edit]

text: My Favorite Martian was produced at the same time as other situation comedies that featured characters who could do extraordinary things, as a parody of the standard family situation comedy. The show was an example of science-fiction comedy, differing from Bewitched and I Dream of Jeannie in that the central character was a man, and in that he relied on science and advanced technology rather than magic.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired137September 29, 1963 (1963-09-29)June 28, 1964 (1964-06-28)238September 27, 1964 (1964-09-27)June 27, 1965 (1965-06-27)332September 12, 1965 (1965-09-12)May 1, 1966 (1966-05-01)

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Season 1 (1963–64)[edit]

text: This section needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (October 2015)

text:
No. inseries

No. inseason

Title

Directed by

Written by

Original air date
11"My Favorite Martian"Sheldon LeonardJohn L. GreeneSeptember 29, 1963 (1963-09-29)
Covering the flight of an Air Force experimental aircraft, reporter Tim O'Hara discovers the wreckage of a small spaceship---and the surviving, genial Martian anthropologist who piloted it. (This was also the pilot for the series.)
22"The Matchmakers"Sidney MillerJohn L. Greene and Paul DavidOctober 6, 1963 (1963-10-06)
Watching his boss's dog for the weekend provides an unexpected romantic jolt for Tim when the dog takes a fancy to that owned by a girl who suddenly gives Tim a chance as a result.
63"There Is No Cure For The Common Martian"Sidney MillerJames KomackOctober 13, 1963 (1963-10-13)
Uncle Martin's cold wreaks havoc when he disappears upon every sneeze and his antennae are stuck in the "up" position.
84"Russians 'R' In Season"Alan RafkinJames KomackOctober 20, 1963 (1963-10-20)
After spying on him and discovering Uncle Martin, government agents think Tim is a Russian agent---forcing Uncle Martin to take a lie detector test.
45"Man or Amoeba"Alan RafkinJerry Seelen and Leo RifkinOctober 27, 1963 (1963-10-27)
Uncle Martin tries to convince Angela's stubborn teacher that the facts he gave her about life on Mars and other planets for a book report is true.
36"The Man on the Couch"Sidney MillerWilliam Blinn and Michael GleasonNovember 3, 1963 (1963-11-03)
Seeking comfort in cool air by sitting at the top of a water tower during a heat wave, Uncle Martin is mistaken for a suicidal jumper.
97"A Loaf of Bread, A Jug of Wine, and Peaches"Alan RafkinEarl BarretNovember 10, 1963 (1963-11-10)
Uncle Martin falls for an exotic dancer whose enchantment with his courtly ways enrage her policeman boyfriend.
148"The Awful Truth"Oscar RudolphArnold and Lois PeyserNovember 17, 1963 (1963-11-17)
When Uncle Martin gives Tim the ability to read minds for a full day, it helps Tim with a newspaper story but hurts him temporarily with his latest paramour.
159"Rocket To Mars"Leslie GoodwinsElroy Schwartz and Austin KalishDecember 1, 1963 (1963-12-01)
Before Uncle Martin can install a crucial new part on his damaged spaceship, a junk dealer picks it up by mistake.
1110"Raffles No.2"Oscar RudolphAustin Kalish and Elroy SchwartzDecember 8, 1963 (1963-12-08)
Martians lack fingerprints, and Uncle Martin needs one for his driver's license application---but he unwittingly borrows a print from a jewel thief.
1611"The Atom Misers"Leslie GoodwinsJames MenziesDecember 15, 1963 (1963-12-15)
Tim's assigned to a story about a teen physics prodigy Uncle Martin thinks can help him make an advanced material to continue repairing his spaceship.
1312"That Little Old Matchmaker, Martin"Oscar RudolphTerry RyanDecember 22, 1963 (1963-12-22)
Against his better judgment, Uncle Martin agrees to read the mind of a pretty but distant co-worker Tim's trying to woo.
713"How To Be A Hero Without Really Trying"Sidney MillerEd James and Seaman JacobsDecember 29, 1963 (1963-12-29)
A nosy boy (future Munsters co-star Butch Patrick) imagining he's from Mars helps Tim lure his comely adult sister on a picnic, where Uncle Martin has to help Tim rescue the boy from a high, unwieldy mountain side.
2014"Blood is Thicker Than the Martian"Oscar RudolphAl Martin and Bill KelsayJanuary 5, 1964 (1964-01-05)
Uncle Martin fears Tim's visiting cousin Harvey will expose him--until Harvey exposes a wounding flaw of his own.
1915"Poor Little Rich Cat"James KomackJames KomackJanuary 12, 1964 (1964-01-12)
Tim, Uncle Martin, and an estate lawyer try to thwart a shady couple trying to embezzle the six-figure fortune the wife's sister left her cat.
1716"Rx for Martin"James KomackJames KomackJanuary 19, 1964 (1964-01-19)
Mars in unusually close-to-Earth orbit means Uncle Martin might fly even his wounded spaceship home, but he sprains his ankle and must convince doctors he can manage.
2117"Going, Going, Gone"Oscar RudolphElroy Schwartz and Austin KalishFebruary 4, 1964 (1964-02-04)
Sunspots wreak havoc with Uncle Martin's metabolism and powers.
2218"Who Am I?"Leslie GoodwinsBen StarrFebruary 9, 1964 (1964-02-09)
An accidental blow to the head causes amnesia for Uncle Martin and panic for Tim and a doctor.
2319"Now You See It, Now You Don't"Leslie GoodwinsBen Gershman and Bill FreedmanFebruary 16, 1964 (1964-02-16)
Tim and Uncle Martin help a longtime museum curator prove to his board that a rare Egyptian piece he's just acquired isn't fake.
2420"My Nephew The Artist"Oscar RudolphBen StarrFebruary 23, 1964 (1964-02-23)
Uncle Martin's powers paint masterpieces in his bid to help Tim with household expenses, but Tim is believed to be their actual painter, arousing suspicion in the museum where they're displayed.
2621"Hitchhike to Mars"Oscar RudolphBill Freedman and Ben GershmanMarch 1, 1964 (1964-03-01)
Uncle Martin plans to hitch a ride aboard a rocket flight to Mars, assuming he and Tim can convince the rocket's superstitious builder not to change the mission plan.
2522"Uncle Martin's Broadcast"Oscar RudolphJames KomackMarch 8, 1964 (1964-03-08)
A mishap with Uncle Martin's broadcast transmission power gets himself and Tim in jail.
2823"An Old, Old Friend of the Family"Leslie GoodwinsJohn L. GreeneMarch 15, 1964 (1964-03-15)
A foreign leader visiting for key negotiations wants the press kept out, but Uncle Martin thinks Tim can get to him, anyway.
2724"Super-Duper Snooper"Leslie GoodwinsAl Martin and Bill KelsayMarch 22, 1964 (1964-03-22)
When Mrs. Brown takes a correspondence course in private investigation, Uncle Martin fears he's her first deep surveillance target.
3125"The Sinkable Mrs. Brown"Oscar RudolphAl Martin and Bill KelsayApril 5, 1964 (1964-04-05)
A shifty realtor tries to strong-arm Mrs. Brown into selling the house and full property. 2926"Martin and the Eternal Triangle"Oscar RudolphBen Gershman and Bill FreedmanApril 12, 1964 (1964-04-12)
A suspicious French clothier has eyes for Mrs. Brown, prompting Uncle Martin to try romancing her to thwart him.
3327"Danger! High Voltage!"Leslie GoodwinsBen Gershman and Bill FreedmanApril 19, 1964 (1964-04-19) 3428"If You Can't Lick Them"Oscar RudolphBlanche HanalisApril 26, 1964 (1964-04-26) 3229"Unidentified Flying Uncle Martin"Leslie GoodwinsJames KomackMay 3, 1964 (1964-05-03) 3530"How Are You Gonna Keep Them Down on the Pharmacy?"Leslie GoodwinsJames KomackMay 10, 1964 (1964-05-10) 3631"Miss Jekyll and Hyde"Oscar RudolphAl Martin and Bill KelsayMay 17, 1964 (1964-05-17) 3732"Who's Got The Power?"Leslie GoodwinsJames KomackMay 24, 1964 (1964-05-24) 3833"Oh, My Aching Antenna"Oscar RudolphTed Sherdeman and Jane KloveMay 31, 1964 (1964-05-31) 3934"The Disastro-nauts"Leslie GoodwinsBill Freedman and Ben GershmanJune 7, 1964 (1964-06-07) 4035"Shake Well and Don't Use"Oscar RudolphAl Martin and Bill KelsayJune 14, 1964 (1964-06-14)
536"A Nose for News"Alan RafkinWilliam Blinn and Michael GleasonJune 21, 1964 (1964-06-21)
1037"Uncle Martin's Wisdom Tooth"Oscar RudolphJames KomackJune 28, 1964 (1964-06-28)

text: Season 2 (1964–65)[edit]

text: This section needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (July 2018)

text:
No.

Title

Original air date
38"Dreaming Can Make It So"September 27, 1964 (1964-09-27) 39"The Memory Pill"October 4, 1964 (1964-10-04) 40"Three To Make Ready"October 11, 1964 (1964-10-11) 41"Nothing But The Truth"October 18, 1964 (1964-10-18) 42"Dial M for Martin"October 25, 1964 (1964-10-25) 43"Extra! Extra! Sensory Perception!"November 1, 1964 (1964-11-01) 44"My Uncle the Folk Singer"November 8, 1964 (1964-11-08) 45"The Great Brain Robbery"November 15, 1964 (1964-11-15) 46"Double Trouble"November 22, 1964 (1964-11-22) 47"Has Anybody Seen My Electro-Magnetic Neutron Converting Gravitator?"November 29, 1964 (1964-11-29) 48"Don't Rain on my Parade"December 6, 1964 (1964-12-06) 49"Night Life of Uncle Martin"December 13, 1964 (1964-12-13) 50"To Make a Rabbit Stew, First Catch a Martian"December 20, 1964 (1964-12-20) 51"Won't You Come Home, Uncle Martin, Won't You Come Home?"December 27, 1964 (1964-12-27) 52"The Case of the Missing Sleuth"January 3, 1965 (1965-01-03) 53"How're Things in Glocca Martin?"January 10, 1965 (1965-01-10) 54"Geshundheit, Uncle Martin"January 24, 1965 (1965-01-24) 55"Martin Report #1"January 31, 1965 (1965-01-31) 56"Uncle Martin and the Identified Flying Object"February 7, 1965 (1965-02-07) 57"A Martian Fiddles Around"February 14, 1965 (1965-02-14) 58"Humbug, Mrs. Brown"February 21, 1965 (1965-02-21) 59"Crash Diet"February 28, 1965 (1965-02-28) 60"Gone But Not Forgotten"March 7, 1965 (1965-03-07) 61"Stop or I'll Steam"March 14, 1965 (1965-03-14) 62"The Magnetic Personality and Who Needs It"March 21, 1965 (1965-03-21) 63"We Love You, Miss Pringle"March 28, 1965 (1965-03-28) 64"Uncle Baby"April 4, 1965 (1965-04-04) 65"Once Upon a Martian Mother's Day"April 11, 1965 (1965-04-11) 66"Uncle Martin's Bedtime Story"April 25, 1965 (1965-04-25) 67"006 3/4"May 2, 1965 (1965-05-02) 68"Never Trust a Naked Martian"May 9, 1965 (1965-05-09) 69"Martin's Favorite Martian"May 16, 1965 (1965-05-16) 70"The Martian's Fair Hobo"May 23, 1965 (1965-05-23) 71"A Martian's Sonata in Mrs. B's Flat"May 30, 1965 (1965-05-30) 72"The Green Eyed Martian"June 6, 1965 (1965-06-06) 73"El Señor from Mars"June 13, 1965 (1965-06-13) 74"Time Out for Martin"May 8, 1966 (1966-05-08) 75"Portrait in Brown"June 27, 1965 (1965-06-27)

text: Season 3 (1965–66)[edit]

text:
No. inseries

No. inseason

Title

Directed by

Written by

Original air date
761"Go West, Young Martian (1)"TBATBASeptember 12, 1965 (1965-09-12)
772"Go West, Young Martian (2)"TBATBASeptember 19, 1965 (1965-09-19)
783"Martin of the Movies"TBATBASeptember 26, 1965 (1965-09-26)
794"Keep Me From The Church on Time"TBATBAOctober 3, 1965 (1965-10-03)
805"I'd Rather Fight Than Switch"TBATBAOctober 10, 1965 (1965-10-10)
816"Tim, The Mastermind"TBATBAOctober 17, 1965 (1965-10-17)
827"Martin Goldfinger"TBATBAOctober 24, 1965 (1965-10-24)
838"Bottled Martin"TBATBAOctober 31, 1965 (1965-10-31) 849"Hate Me a Little"TBATBANovember 7, 1965 (1965-11-07) 8510"Girl in the Flying Machine"TBATBANovember 14, 1965 (1965-11-14) 8611"That Time Machine is Waking Up That Old Gang of Mine"TBATBANovember 21, 1965 (1965-11-21) 8712"Avenue "C" Mob"TBATBANovember 28, 1965 (1965-11-28) 8813"Tim and Tim Again"TBATBADecember 5, 1965 (1965-12-05) 8914"Lorelei Brown vs. Everybody"TBATBADecember 12, 1965 (1965-12-12) 9015"The O'Hara Caper"TBATBADecember 19, 1965 (1965-12-19) 9116"Who's Got A Secret?"TBATBADecember 26, 1965 (1965-12-26) 9217"Heir Today, Gone Tomorrow"TBATBAJanuary 2, 1966 (1966-01-02) 9318"Martin's Revoltin' Development"TBATBAJanuary 16, 1966 (1966-01-16) 9419"TV or Not TV"TBATBAJanuary 23, 1966 (1966-01-23) 9520"Man from Uncle Martin"TBATBAJanuary 30, 1966 (1966-01-30) 9621"Martin the Mannequin"TBATBAFebruary 6, 1966 (1966-02-06) 9722"Butterball"TBATBAFebruary 13, 1966 (1966-02-13) 9823"When a Martian Makes his Violin Cry"TBATBAFebruary 20, 1966 (1966-02-20)
9924"When You Get Back Home to Mars, Are You Going to Get It"TBATBAFebruary 27, 1966 (1966-02-27)
10025"Doggone Martin"TBATBAMarch 6, 1966 (1966-03-06)
10126"Virus M for Martin"TBATBAMarch 13, 1966 (1966-03-13)
10227"Our Notorious Landlady"TBATBAMarch 20, 1966 (1966-03-20) 10328"Martin Meets his Match"TBATBAMarch 27, 1966 (1966-03-27) 10429"Horse and Buggy Martin"TBATBAApril 3, 1966 (1966-04-03)
10530"Stop The Presses, I Want to Get Off"TBATBAApril 17, 1966 (1966-04-17)
10631"My Nut Cup Runneth Over"TBATBAApril 24, 1966 (1966-04-24)
10732"Pay The Man The $24"TBATBAMay 1, 1966 (1966-05-01)

text: Home media[edit]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Rhino Entertainment released the first two seasons on DVD in Region 1 in 2004–2005. The third season was never released, however the season 3 release from Umbrella Entertainment of Australia was released in North America on February 5, 2008, as an import. This release is classified as 'Region 0', thus making it viewable around the world to anyone with a region-free DVD player. Rhino also released a 3-DVD box of "The Best of My Favorite Martian" in 2007 comprising episodes 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 16, 18, 22, 24, 29, 31, 34 and 37.

text: In January 2010, it was announced that MPI Home Video had acquired the rights to the series in Region 1 (under license from Jack Chertok Productions).[3] It was announced at the time that they planned on releasing season 3 on DVD in the summer of 2010. However, this release never materialized and was postponed indefinitely.  It was subsequently released on October 30, 2012.[4]

text: MPI subsequently re-released season 1 on June 24, 2014.[5][6] and season 2 on December 23, 2014.[7]

text: On October 20, 2015, MPI Home Video will release My Favorite Martian- The Complete Series' on DVD in Region 1.[8]

text: In Region 4, Umbrella Entertainment has released all 3 seasons on DVD in Australia. These releases are all Region Free. The season 1 release includes special features such as audio commentary with Ann Marshall, a stills gallery, script, and interview with Ann Marshall. The season 3 release includes special features such as an unaired version of the pilot, behind the scenes home movies, interviews with Stan Frazen, Ted Rich, James Hulsey and Wayne Stam, audio commentary by James's Hulsey and Chertok historian and licensing manager Peter Greenwood.

text: scans of the original comic series, scripts and the shooting schedule.

text:
DVD name

Ep #

Release dates

Region 1

Region 4

The Complete 1st Season

37

September 7, 2004 June 24, 2014 (re-release)

March 1, 2008

The Complete 2nd Season

38

May 10, 2005 December 23, 2014 (re-release)

September 1, 2008

The Complete 3rd Season

32

October 30, 2012

November 3, 2007

The Complete Series

107

October 20, 2015

N/A

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: In its first season, My Favorite Martian did extremely well in the Nielsen ratings, ranking at #10.[9] However, by the end of the second season the show had dipped to #24.[9] Still, the series was doing well enough to be renewed for a third season. Ratings dipped even further in the third season due to redundant stories, usually involving Martin's time machine, and the series was canceled.

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: Animated series[edit]

text:
My Favorite Martians
Genre
AnimationVoices of
Howard Morris Jonathan Harris  Lane Scheimer Jane WebbCountry of origin
United StatesOriginal language(s)
EnglishNo. of seasons
1No. of episodes
16ProductionProducer(s)
Norm PrescottLou ScheimerRunning time
22–24 minutesDistributor
Warner Bros. Television DistributionReleaseOriginal network
CBSOriginal release
September 8 (1973-09-08) – December 22, 1973 (1973-12-22)ChronologyPreceded by
My Favorite Martian

text: An animated series, My Favorite Martians, was made by Filmation and was broadcast as part of the Saturday morning programming on CBS from September 8, 1973 to December 22, 1973 for a total of  sixteen episodes. The series features Tim, Martin, Mrs. Brown and Detective Brennan (Brennan is considerably different). To appeal to a younger audience, Uncle Martin is joined by his Martian nephew named Andromeda, nicknamed "Andy", who only has one antenna and thus lesser powers than Uncle Martin and did appear in one episode of the television series. The pair also have a Martian pet named Okey, a sort of bouncing sheepdog with antennae. Tim also had a niece of his own, named Katy, living with them. None of the characters were voiced by the original actors; Bixby was at the time committed to his latest project, The Magician, and Walston tried to distance himself from the role. As a result, Jonathan Harris voiced Martin and Jane Webb voiced Mrs. Brown.[10]

text: The cartoon utilized a number of scripts from what would have been season four of the live action show; as of early July 2013, Jack Chertok Television co-owned it, with the Chertok company retaining all merchandising rights to the show.

text: Distribution rights were held, as of April 2013, by Classic Media as part of their Filmation holdings.[citation needed]

text: Although those rights may now have reverted back to the  Chertok company as of 2018.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Original air date
1"Check-Up"September 8, 1973 (1973-09-08) 2"Life Style"September 15, 1973 (1973-09-15) 3"Home Schtick"September 22, 1973 (1973-09-22) 4"Wall to Wall Flower"September 29, 1973 (1973-09-29) 5"The Cleo Caper"October 6, 1973 (1973-10-06) 6"Robot Tailor"October 13, 1973 (1973-10-13) 7"Lonely Okie?"October 20, 1973 (1973-10-20) 8"Triple Trouble"October 27, 1973 (1973-10-27) 9"The Incredible Shrinking Ship"November 3, 1973 (1973-11-03) 10"My Favorite Neighbor"November 10, 1973 (1973-11-10) 11"Allergy"November 17, 1973 (1973-11-17) 12"Truant Teacher"November 24, 1973 (1973-11-24) 13"Love: Martian Style"December 1, 1973 (1973-12-01) 14"The Chump Who Cried Chimp"December 8, 1973 (1973-12-08) 15"Credibility Gap"December 15, 1973 (1973-12-15) 16"Garage Sale"December 22, 1973 (1973-12-22)

text: In other media[edit]

text: Feature film[edit]

text: The series was also remade as a feature film in 1999 starring Christopher Lloyd as the Martian and Jeff Daniels as Tim. This film was released and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. Ray Walston was featured in the film (both Bill Bixby and Pamela Britton had since died; the former in 1993 and the latter in 1974) and played another Martian who had been trapped on Earth since the time of the first series and wore a similar space suit from the series; his cover was now that of a Government investigator of unidentified flying objects. However, the premise was changed: Martians such as Lloyd's "Uncle Martin" are now non-humanoids with four arms, four legs, and three eyes who use a gumball (which they call "nerplex") to assume human form. The "nerplex" comes in a selection that will turn the person ingesting it into assorted life forms, including Martian, Venusian and one to "never use" (Venox 7).

text: Comics[edit]

text: The TV series was adapted into a comic strip by Dan Spiegle, distributed by Gold Key Comics. [11] It ran between 1963 and 1966 for nine issues.

text: Gerry Anderson's company Century 21 aquirered the rights to produce a weekly adaption than ran in their weekly newspaper like formatted comic TV21.

text: Unlike the Gold Key adaption the British comics would  later in their run featured Martin's nephew Andromeda.

text: Due to a lack of reference he was depicted as a chubby  freckled British  schoolboy.

text: The weekly adaption ran for two years (1965 -66) and was featured in three of the comics British Christmas annuals.

text: The comic rights returned to the Chertok company who licensed a reprint of the Gold Key produced by Hermes Press, and subsequently issued a special edition single issue reprint for the national national free comic book day.

text: That reprint is the only instance of a sixties television comic reprint to be used for this event. Subsequently during the event the books in almost every venue were the first to sell out.

text: The Chertok Company is actively looking to reprint the British comic adaption in a single volume for the first time.

text: However the TV21 Martian pages have been used as special features on the US MPI DVD release and the Australian release by Umbrella Entertainment.

text: And more recently on the Australia New Zealand release by Shock Entertainment.

text: Merchandising

text: During the show's initial run several products were produced resulting in a board game,a magic set,paint by numbers and springs with bells beanie hat.

text: In 2012 licensing resumed on the My Favorite Martian property resulting in a model kit and built up box version from Pegasus Hobbies.

text: Due to the success of the kit the Chertok company subsequently has extended the license to Pegasus Hobbies.

text: The Pegasus kit is in fact a props replica based on the Martian spaceships appearance in the episode Crash Diet where the ship was shrunk as part of the episode the initial version of the shrunk ship is in scale with the Pegasus model.

text: A still of Martin holding that scaled ship can be found on the back of the box for the fully assembled version.

text: A photoetched metal kit that gives modelers the  ability to uupgrade the cockpit detail.Was produced by the Paragrafix  Company who also for the first time created a scale version of the time suitcase the CCTBS together with Martin's flight log book in English and the show's Martian text.

text: Factory entertainment produced a shake ems version of both Uncle Martin and his spaceship.

text: A special edition black and white version of their Uncle Martin statue was used as a Comic Con exclusive by Factory entertainment.

text: In 2015 Greenlight collectibles produced a prototype My Favorite Martian boxed set featuring the second season Plymouth Fury as seen in the show it was not produced subsequently.

text: In November 2017 Zynga Entertainmart added My Favorite Martian to its cell phone game Black Diamond Casino which is now playing worldwide.


document_title: Armageddon (1998 film)

question_text: what is the name of the asteroid in armageddon

text: Armageddon (1998 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: A massive meteor shower destroys the orbiting Space Shuttle Atlantis and bombards a swath of land around the North Atlantic. NASA discovers through the Hubble Space Telescope that the meteors were debris propelled from the asteroid belt by a rogue asteroid roughly the size of Texas, christened "Dottie" by its discoverer. The asteroid will collide with Earth in 18 days, causing a second extinction event. NASA scientists, led by Dan Truman, plan to trigger a thermonuclear detonation at least 800 ft (244 m) inside the asteroid to split it in two, driving the pieces apart so both will fly past the Earth. NASA contacts Harry Stamper, considered the best deep-sea oil driller in the world, for assistance. Harry insists he will need his full team to help execute NASA's plan, and they agree to help but only after their list of unusual rewards are met.

text: NASA plans to launch two specialized Space Shuttle orbiters, the X-71s, Freedom and Independence, to increase the chances of success; the shuttles will refill with liquid oxygen from the 11-year-old Russian space station Mir (which is modified to have artificial gravity by rotating on itself) before making a slingshot maneuver around the Moon to approach the asteroid from behind. NASA puts Harry and his crew through a short and rigorous astronaut training program, while Harry's team re-outfit the mobile drillers, "Armadillos", for the job. During training, Truman and Harry are skeptical about the abilities of A.J. Frost, a hot-headed drill operator who has been dating Harry's daughter Grace against Harry's wishes.

text: The destruction of Shanghai by a meteorite forces the government to reveal the asteroid's existence, as well as their plan. The shuttles are launched and arrive at the space station, where its sole cosmonaut Lev Andropov helps with refueling. A major fire breaks out during the fueling process, forcing the crews, including Lev, to evacuate in the shuttles before the station explodes. The shuttles perform the slingshot around the Moon, but approaching the asteroid, the Independence's engines are destroyed by trailing debris, and it crash-lands on the asteroid. Grace, aware A.J. was aboard the Independence, is traumatized by this news, believing he was killed. Unknown to the others, A.J., Lev, and "Bear" (another of Harry's crew) survive the impact and head towards the Freedom target site in their Armadillo.

text: Freedom safely lands on the asteroid, but overshoots the target zone, landing on a much harder metallic field than planned, and their drilling quickly falls behind schedule. The military initiates a backup plan they call "secondary protocol", planning to remotely detonate the weapon at the asteroid's surface, despite Truman and Harry's insistence that it would be ineffective. Truman delays the military, while Harry convinces the shuttle commander Colonel Willie Sharp to disarm the remote trigger. Harry's crew continues to work, but in their haste, they accidentally hit a gas pocket, blowing their Armadillo into space and losing another man. As the world learns of the mission's apparent failure, another meteorite decimates most of Paris.

text: All seems lost until Independence's Armadillo arrives. With A.J. at the controls, they reach the required depth for the bomb. However, flying debris from the asteroid damages the triggering device, requiring someone to stay behind to manually detonate the bomb. The crew draw straws and A.J. is selected. As he and Harry exit the airlock, Harry rips off A.J.'s air hose and shoves him back inside, telling him that he is the son Harry never had and gives his blessing to marry Grace. Harry contacts Grace to bid his final farewell. After some last minute difficulties involving both the shuttle engines and the detonator, the Freedom moves to a safe distance and Harry triggers the detonation while his life flashes before his eyes. The bomb successfully splits the asteroid, avoiding the collision with Earth. Freedom safely returns to Earth, and the surviving crew are treated as heroes. A.J. and Grace get married, with photos of Harry and the other lost crew members present.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bruce Willis as Harry S. Stamper
Billy Bob Thornton as Dan Truman
Ben Affleck as A.J. Frost
Liv Tyler as Grace Stamper
Will Patton as Charles "Chick" Chapple
Steve Buscemi as Rockhound
William Fichtner as Colonel Willie Sharp
Owen Wilson as Oscar Choice
Michael Clarke Duncan as J. Otis "Bear" Kurleen
Peter Stormare as Lev Andropov
Ken Campbell as Max Lennert
Jessica Steen as Co-Pilot Jennifer Watts
Keith David as General Kimsey
Chris Ellis as Flight Director Walter Clark
Jason Isaacs as Dr. Ronald Quincy
Grayson McCouch as Gruber
Clark Brolly as Freddie Noonan
Marshall Teague as Colonel Davis

text: Production[edit]

text: In May 1998, Walt Disney Studios chairman Joe Roth expanded the film's budget by $3 million to include additional special effects scenes. This additional footage, incorporated two months prior to the film's release, was specifically added for the television advertising campaign to differentiate the film from Deep Impact which was released a few months before.[5]

text: According to Bruce Joel Rubin, writer of Deep Impact, a production president at Disney took notes on everything the writer said during lunch about his script and initiated Armageddon as a counter film at Disney.[6]

text: Nine writers worked on the script, five of whom are credited. In addition to Robert Roy Pool, Jonathan Hensleigh, Tony Gilroy, Shane Salerno and J.J. Abrams, the writers involved included Paul Attanasio, Ann Biderman, Scott Rosenberg and Robert Towne. Originally, it was Hensleigh’s script, based on Pool’s original, that had been given the green-light by Touchstone. Then-producer, Jerry Bruckheimer, hired the succession of scribes for rewrites and polishes.[7]

text: Music[edit]

text: Release[edit]

text: Prior to Armageddon's release, the film was advertised in Super Bowl XXXII at a cost of $2.6 million.[8]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Despite a mixed critical reception, a DVD edition of Armageddon was released by The Criterion Collection, a specialist film distributor of primarily arthouse films that markets what it considers to be "important classic and contemporary films" and "cinema at its finest". In an essay supporting the selection of Armageddon, film scholar Jeanine Basinger, who taught Michael Bay at Wesleyan University, states that the film is "a work of art by a cutting-edge artist who is a master of movement, light, color, and shape—and also of chaos, razzle-dazzle, and explosion". She sees it as a celebration of working men: "This film makes these ordinary men noble, lifting their efforts up into an epic event." Further, she states that in the first few moments of the film all the main characters are well established, saying, "If that isn't screenwriting, I don't know what is".[9] The film was also released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on standard edition Blu-ray disc in 2010 with only a few special features.[citation needed]

text: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster[edit]

text: Following the 2003 Columbia disaster, some screen captures from the opening scene where Atlantis is destroyed were passed off as satellite images of the disaster in a hoax.[10] Additionally, the American cable network FX, which had intended to broadcast Armageddon that evening, removed the film from its schedule and aired Aliens in its place.[11]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Armageddon was released on July 1, 1998 in 3,127 theaters in the United States and Canada. It ranked first at the box office with an opening weekend gross of $36 million. It grossed $201.6 million in the United States and Canada and $352.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $553.7 million.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Armageddon received mostly negative reviews from film critics, many of whom took issue with "the furious pace of its editing".[12] The film is on the list of Roger Ebert's most hated films.[13] In his original review, Ebert stated, "The movie is an assault on the eyes, the ears, the brain, common sense and the human desire to be entertained". On Siskel and Ebert, Ebert gave it a Thumbs Down. However, his co-host Gene Siskel gave it a Thumbs Up. Ebert went on to name Armageddon as the worst film of 1998 (though he was originally considering Spiceworld).[14] Todd McCarthy of Variety also gave the film a negative review, noting Michael Bay's rapid cutting style: "Much of the confusion, as well as the lack of dramatic rhythm or character development, results directly from Bay's cutting style, which resembles a machine gun stuck in the firing position for 2½ hours."[15] The film has a cumulative 39% "Rotten" rating on Rotten Tomatoes,[16] while achieving a 42% aggregate score on Metacritic. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[17]

text: In April 2013, in a Miami Herald interview to promote Pain & Gain, Bay was quoted as having said:

text: ...We had to do the whole movie in 16 weeks. It was a massive undertaking. That was not fair to the movie. I would redo the entire third act if I could. But the studio literally took the movie away from us. It was terrible. My visual effects supervisor had a nervous breakdown, so I had to be in charge of that. I called James Cameron and asked "What do you do when you're doing all the effects yourself?" But the movie did fine.[18]

text: Some time after the article was published, Bay changed his stance, claiming that his apology only related to the editing of the film, not the whole film,[19] and accused the writer of the article for taking his words out of context. The author of the article, Miami Herald writer Rene Rodriguez claimed: "NBC asked me for a response, and I played them the tape. I didn't misquote anyone. All the sites that picked up the story did."[20]

text: Scientific accuracy[edit]

text: In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Bay admitted that the film's central premise "that NASA could actually do something in a situation like this" was unrealistic. Additionally, near the end of the credits, there is a disclaimer stating, "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's cooperation and assistance does not reflect an endorsement of the contents of the film or the treatment of the characters depicted therein."[21]

text: The infeasibility of the H-bomb approach was published by four postgraduate physics students in 2011[22] and then reported by The Daily Telegraph in 2012:

text: A mathematical analysis of the situation found that for Willis's approach to be effective, he would need to be in possession of an H-bomb a billion times stronger than the Soviet Union's "Big Ivan", the biggest ever detonated on Earth. Using estimates of the asteroid's size, density, speed and distance from Earth based on information in the film, the postgraduate students from Leicester University found that to split the asteroid in two, with both pieces clearing Earth, would require 800 trillion terajoules of energy. In contrast, the total energy output of "Big Ivan", which was tested by the Soviet Union in 1961, was only 418,000 terajoules.[23][24]

text: In the commentary track, Ben Affleck says he "asked Michael why it was easier to train oil drillers to become astronauts than it was to train astronauts to become oil drillers, and he told me to shut the fuck up, so that was the end of that talk."[25]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film received four Academy Award nominations at the 71st Academy Awards, for Best Sound (Kevin O'Connell, Greg P. Russell and Keith A. Wester), Best Visual Effects, Best Sound Effects Editing, and Best Original Song ("I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" performed by Aerosmith).[26] The film received the Saturn Awards for Best Direction and Best Science Fiction Film (where it tied with Dark City). It was also nominated for seven Razzie Awards[27] including: Worst Actor (Bruce Willis), Worst Picture, Worst Director, Worst Screenplay, Worst Supporting Actress (Liv Tyler), Worst Screen Couple (Tyler and Ben Affleck) and Worst Original Song. Only one Razzie was awarded: Bruce Willis received the Worst Actor award for Armageddon, in addition to his appearances in Mercury Rising and The Siege, both released in the same year as this film.

text:
Award
Category
Winner/Nominee
Result
Ref.

Academy Awards
Best Sound Editing
George Watters II
Nominated
[28]

Best Visual Effects
Richard R. Hoover, Patrick McClung and John Frazier
Nominated

Best Original Song ("I Don't Want to Miss a Thing")
Diane Warren
Nominated

Best Sound Mixing
Kevin O'Connell, Greg P. Russell and Keith A. Wester
Nominated

Awards of the Japanese Academy
Outstanding Foreign Language Film
Armageddon
Nominated

ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards
Most Performed Songs from a Motion Picture
Diane Warren
Won
[29]

Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
Favorite Actor - Sci-Fi
Bruce Willis
Won

Favorite Actress - Sci-Fi
Liv Tyler
Nominated

Favorite Supporting Actor - Sci-Fi
Ben Affleck
Won

Billy Bob Thornton
Nominated

Favorite Soundtrack
Trevor Rabin and Harry Gregson-Williams
Nominated

BMI Film & TV Awards
Best Music
Trevor Rabin
Won

Cinema Audio Society Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Feature Film
Kevin O'Connell, Greg P. Russell and Keith A. Wester
Nominated
[30]

1999 Grammy Awards
Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television
Diane Warren
Nominated

19th Golden Raspberry Awards
Worst Actor
Bruce Willis
Won

Worst Director
Michael Bay
Nominated

Worst Original Song ("I Don't Want to Miss a Thing")
Diane Warren
Nominated

Worst Picture
Jerry Bruckheimer, Gale Anne Hurd, Michael Bay
Nominated

Worst Screen Couple
Ben Affleck and Liv Tyler
Nominated

Worst Screenplay
Jonathan Hensleigh and J. J. Abrams
Nominated

Worst Supporting Actress
Liv Tyler
Nominated

Golden Reel Awards
Best Sound Editing
Kevin O'Connell, Greg P. Russell and Keith A. Wester
Nominated

Best Sound Editing - Music
Bob Badami, Will Kaplan, Shannon Erbe, Mark Jan Wlodarkiewicz
Nominated

1998 Golden Satellite Awards
Best Original Song
Aerosmith
Won

Best Visual Effects
Richard R. Hoover, Pat McClung and John Frazier
Nominated

Golden Trailer Awards
Best Trailer

Nominated

1999 MTV Movie Awards
Best Action Sequence
Armageddon
Won

Best Performance - Male
Ben Affleck
Nominated

Best Performance - Female
Liv Tyler
Nominated

Best Movie
Armageddon
Nominated

Best Movie Song
Aerosmith
Won

Best On-Screen Duo
Ben Affleck and Liv Tyler
Nominated

Saturn Awards
Best Actor
Bruce Willis
Nominated

Best Costumes
Michael Kaplan, Magali Guidasci
Nominated

Best Director
Michael Bay
Won

Best Music
Trevor Rabin
Nominated

Best Science Fiction Film
Armageddon
Won (Tied with Dark City)

Best Special Effects
Richard R. Hoover, Pat McClung and John Frazier
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
Ben Affleck
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie Actor
Nominated

text: Merchandising[edit]

text: Revell and Monogram released two model kits inspired by the film's spacecraft and the Armadillos, in 1998. The first one, "Space Shuttle with Armadillo drilling unit", included an X-71, a small, rough Armadillo and a pedestal. The second one, "Russian Space Center", included the Mir, with the docking adapter seen in the film, and another pedestal.

text: In 2011, Fantastic Plastic released another X-71 kit, the "X-71 Super Shuttle", which's goal was to be more accurate than the Revell/Monogram kit[31].

text: Theme park attraction[edit]

text: Armageddon – Les Effets Speciaux is an attraction based on Armageddon at Walt Disney Studios Park located at Disneyland Paris.[32] The attraction simulates the scene in the movie in which the Russian Space Station is destroyed.[33] Michael Clarke Duncan ("Bear" in the film) is featured in the pre-show.[33]


document_title: List of countries by minimum driving age

question_text: how old must you be to drive in france

question_tokens: how old must you be to drive in france

text: Africa[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Algeria

18

 Cameroon

16[citation needed]

 Ethiopia

18[1]

 Egypt

18[2]

 Ghana

18[3]

 Kenya

18[4]

 Lesotho

18[5]

 Libya

18[citation needed]

 Mali

18[citation needed]

 Mauritania

18[citation needed]

 Mauritius

15 (autocycles), 17 (motorcycles), 18 (cars)[6]

 Mayotte

18[citation needed]

 Morocco

18[7][8]

 Mozambique

18[citation needed]

 Namibia

18[9]

 Niger

18[10]

 Nigeria

18[citation needed]

 Réunion (France)

18[citation needed]

 Senegal

18[citation needed]

 South Africa

17

The National Road Traffic act specifies that a driver needs to be 17 to legally obtain a license for all motor vehicles under 3500 kg. 17 years old may allow one to obtain a learners license, to drive while supervised by an already licensed driver who has had their license for more than a year. Yet to obtain an actual drivers license, the age is 18 years old.[11]

 Swaziland

18[5]

 Tanzania

18[12]

 Tunisia

18[13]

 Zambia

16[14]

 Zimbabwe

16[15]

text: Americas[edit]

text: North America[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Canada

16 in most provinces14 in Alberta

See also: Driving licence in Canada

 Mexico

15 (with parental supervision), 16 (with parental agreement), 18[16]

 United States

14–16 (for permit)14, 3 months – 17 (for restricted license)varies between states

See also: Driver's license in the United States

text: Central America[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Costa Rica

18[citation needed]

 El Salvador

15[citation needed]

 Guatemala

16 (with parental approval), 18[citation needed]

 Honduras

18[citation needed]

 Nicaragua

18[citation needed]

 Panama

16 (with approval), 18[17][18]

text: South America[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Argentina

17

21 is the minimum age to drive a truck, bus or emergency vehicle. 16 is the minimum age to drive a moped (without passengers)[19]

 Bolivia

18[20]

 Brazil

18[21]

Drivers have to be previously licensed in cat. 'B' for at least one year before applying for a professional license. 'C' category are usually for load trucks, 'D' for buses and trucks and 'E' for articulated vehicles.

 Chile

17 (with parental approval), 18,[22] 20 (professional license)[23]

 Colombia

16[24]

 Ecuador

18[25]

 French Guiana

18[citation needed]

 Guyana

17[26]

 Paraguay

18[citation needed]

 Peru

18[27]

 Suriname

18[citation needed]

 Uruguay

18[28]

 Venezuela

18[29]

text: Caribbean[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Anguilla

18[30]

 Bahamas

17[31]

 Cuba

18[32]

 Dominican Republic

16[citation needed]

 Guadeloupe

18[citation needed]

 Jamaica

18[citation needed]

 Martinique

18[citation needed]

 Netherlands Antilles

18[33]

 Puerto Rico

16 (with learner's permit)[34]

 Saint Barthélemy

18[citation needed]

 Saint Martin

18[citation needed]

 Trinidad and Tobago

17[citation needed]

 St. Kitts and Nevis

17(for permit),[35] 18 (for license)[36]

 US Virgin Islands

16 (with learner's permit), 18[37]

text: Asia[edit]

text: Middle East[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Bahrain

18[38]

 Iran

18[39]

 Iraq

16 for motorcycles18 for cars[citation needed]

 Israel

16y for motorcycles16y9months for cars[40]

 Jordan

18[41]

 Kuwait

18[42]

 Lebanon

18[citation needed]

 Oman

18[43]

 Palestine

18[44]

 Qatar

18[45]

 Saudi Arabia

18 for cars16 for motorcycles17 for temporary permit for cars

Women were prohibited from driving until September 2017.[46]

 Syria

18[47]

 United Arab Emirates

18[citation needed]

 Yemen

18[48]

text: South Asia[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Afghanistan

18[49]

 Bangladesh

18[50]

 India

16 for gearless bikes under 50 cc18 for geared bikes, cars and commercial vehicles20 for heavy vehicles[51]

   Nepal

18[citation needed]

 Pakistan

18[52]

 Sri Lanka

18[53]

text: East Asia[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 China

18[54]

 Hong Kong

18[55]

Special Administrative Region of China

 Japan

16 (motorcycles under 400cc)18 (Ordinary/Semi-Medium vehicle and motorcycles over 401cc)[56]

See also: Driving licence in Japan

 Macau

18[57]

Special Administrative Region of China

 South Korea

18 for motorbikes over 125cc16 for personal use vehicles including motorbikes under 125cc19 for commercial license

See also: Driving license in South Korea

 Taiwan

18[58]

text: Southeast Asia[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Brunei

18[59]

 Burma

18[citation needed]

 Cambodia

18[60]

 Indonesia

17[61][62]

 Laos

18[63]

 Malaysia

16 (Motorcycles/B2, B), 17 (Light Vehicles/D), 21 (Commercial Vehicles/E)[64]

 Philippines

16 (Student Permit); 18(non-professional & professional driver’s license)[65]

 Singapore

18[66]

 Thailand

15 (Motorcycles), 18 (Cars)[67][better source needed]

 Vietnam

18[68]

text: Europe[edit]

text: European driving licence area[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Austria

18 for cars15 for mopeds[69]

(17 with special training)

 Belgium

18[70]

See also: Driving licence in Belgium

 Bulgaria

18[71]

 Croatia

18[72]

 Cyprus

17

See also: Driving licence in Cyprus

 Czech Republic

18[citation needed]

 Denmark

17 for cars[73]15 for mopeds

The minimum age for driving a car without supervision is 18.

 Estonia

16 (14 for mopeds) [74]

Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.[74] Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Finland

18 for cars, but 16 [75]after 1.7.201815 for mopeds and micro cars[citation needed]

See also: Driving licence in Finland

 France

15[76]

Driving age for cars is 15[76] with supervision. Unrestricted licence available at 18[77]

 Germany

17[citation needed]

Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.Unrestricted licence available at 18.[78]

 Gibraltar

17[79]

 Greece

18[citation needed]

 Hungary

17[citation needed]

 Iceland

16[80][81]

Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.Unrestricted licence available at 17.

 Ireland

17[82][83][84]

16 for work vehicles, tractors etc. and mopeds <45 km/h

 Italy

17[85]

17 with supervision of a person under 65 years in possession of full A1/B1 licence.Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Latvia

18 for cars[citation needed]14 for mopeds

 Liechtenstein

18[citation needed]

 Lithuania

18[citation needed]

 Luxembourg

17[citation needed]

Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Malta

18[86]

 Netherlands

17 for cars16 for mopeds and tractors[87]

See also: Driving licence in the NetherlandsDriving age for cars is 17 with supervision.Driving lessons available at 16½.Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Norway

18 for cars16 for mopeds and light motorcycles

See also: Driving licence in Norway

 Poland

18[citation needed]

See also: Driving licence in Poland

 Portugal

18 for cars
16 for motorcycles[citation needed]

 Romania

18[citation needed]

 Slovakia

17[citation needed]

Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Slovenia

16 for cars and motorcycles[citation needed]

Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Spain

15 for mopeds and quads 16 for motorcycles up to 125cc  18 for general license
[88]

 Sweden

18 for cars[89]15/16 for mopeds and tractors

See also: Driving licence in SwedenDriving age for cars is 16 with supervision.Unrestricted licence available at 18.[90]

  Switzerland

18 for cars, 14 for mopeds and tractors [91]

 United Kingdom

17 (cars)
16 (mopeds and tractors) [92]

See also: Driving licence in the United Kingdom

text: Rest of Europe[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Albania

18[citation needed]

 Andorra

18[93]

 Armenia

18[94]

 Azerbaijan

18[95]

 Belarus

18[96]

16 - mopeds (AM), <125cc/11 kW motorcycles (A1);17 - <80 kW wheeled tractors and self-propelled machines (A) and all kinds of continuous tracked tractors, SPMs and bulldozers (C); 18 - all kinds of motorcycles (A), cars with light trailers and up to 8 passengers buses (B), trucks with light trailers (C), all kinds of wheeled tractors (B), SPMs (D), special vehicles (E) and <1m3 excavators (F); 21 - buses for more than 8 passengers(D), cars, trucks and buses with heavy trailers (BE, CE, DE), trams (F) and trolleybuses(I).[97]

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

18[98]

 Georgia

17[99]

 Guernsey

17[100]

 Isle of Man

16[101]

 Jersey

17[102]

 Kosovo

17[103]

 Macedonia

18 (16 with parental supervision)[104]

 Moldova

18[105]

 Monaco

18[106]

 Montenegro

18[107]

 Northern Cyprus

18

See also: Driving licence in Northern Cyprus

 Russia

18 (16 for motorcycles)[108]

 San Marino

18[109]

 Serbia

18 (17 with adult supervision)[110]

 Turkey

18 (cars)16 (mopeds and light-motorcycles)[111]

 Ukraine

18[112][113]

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 American Samoa

16[114]

 Australia

15y9months (ACT)
16 (All other states and territories)

See also: Driving licence in AustraliaLearner drivers may drive, under qualified supervision from the minimum age set in each state or territory.

 Fiji

17[115][116]

 Guam

16[117]

 Marshall Islands

18[118]

 New Zealand

16

See also: Driving licence in New ZealandThe minimum age to obtain a car or motorcycle learner licence which allows driving under supervision is 16. The minimum possible age to obtain a full licence, without any supervision or conditions, is 17½ years if a driver completes an advanced driving course.[119] Without an advanced driving course, the minimum age is 18, the same as a heavy vehicle licence.[120]

 Northern Mariana Islands

15y6months[121]

 Papua New Guinea

18[citation needed]

 Tonga

18[122]


document_title: Gemma Teller Morrow

question_text: what is gemma's boyfriends name in sons of anarchy

question_tokens: what is gemma 's boyfriends name in sons of anarchy

text: Gemma Teller Morrow

text: Biography[edit]

text: Gemma was born November 18, 1957 to Nate and Rose and is a native of Charming, California; her maiden name is Madock. According to Sheriff Wayne Unser, she left Charming when she was sixteen and returned "ten years later with a baby and a motorcycle club". She married John Teller, a Vietnam War veteran and founder of the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club, with whom she had two children: Jackson in 1978 and Thomas in 1984.[citation needed] Gemma has a scar on her chest which is explained when her grandson Abel has surgery. Gemma has a genetic heart disorder[1] from her mother's side which she passed on to her children - Thomas died in 1990 from complications of the disorder, and Abel nearly died from heart complications after his premature birth. After John was hit by a semi-truck and died in 1993, she quickly married John's friend Clay Morrow.

text: Sons of Anarchy[edit]

text: Season One[edit]

text: Gemma Teller Morrow is the queen of Charming and the matriarch of the Sons of Anarchy. A Machiavellian schemer and expert in psychological manipulation, Gemma is extremely protective of her son and grandson, and she longs for the day when Jax will, in her eyes, be ready to assume control over SAMCRO to ensure the organization's survival for another generation. She adores her husband, Clay, and does her best to make things work out his way. Many of SAMCRO's plans succeed because of Gemma's quiet intervention (e.g., finding out who raped the little girl at the carnival in the episode "Fun Town," and surveillance of L.O.A.N. in season two). She generally has a hostile attitude toward all of Jax's female friends and partners, including his ex-wife Wendy; his on-again, off-again girlfriend Tara (although Gemma later takes Tara under her wing); and the club "groupies" with whom he occasionally has sex. Her tough, but relatively classy, image includes hair highlights and a tattoo on her breast. Nord boss Ernest Darby has indicated that he had a prior romantic interest in her. She claims to be part Jewish "on the angry Russian side."

text: Season Two[edit]

text: Early in season Gemma is raped by Sons of Anarchy rival AJ Weston and two other unknown men wearing white masks. During the assault, Gemma is told to tell Clay that it will happen again if he does not end his dealings with minorities. Later, Gemma realizes Weston is one of her rapists, when she recognizes his tattoos. When her friend Unser finds her at the rape scene, Gemma demands that he not tell Clay or Jax about the rape so as not to play into AJ Weston and Ethan Zobelle's plans to get Clay and/or Jax to do something rash. Unser complies and further covers up the source of Gemma's injuries by crashing her car into a road divider and taking her to the hospital. The only other person whom Gemma confides in about the rape is Tara Knowles, Jax's girlfriend. Unser later realizes that Chief Deputy Hale is starting to become more involved with Zobelle and his people and tells Hale about Gemma's assault. This causes Hale to re-evaluate his dealing with Zobelle. The rape leaves Gemma with significant and visible emotional trauma, which causes problems in her marriage with Clay. She also feels somewhat paranoid that AJ might try to attack her again. Her paranoia is further compounded when someone from L.O.A.N. mails one of the rapists' white masks to her.

text: When Gemma learns of Jax's plans to become a Nomad, she tells him that she knows about the book her first husband, Jax's father John Teller, had written. She tells Jax  she believes John's death may not have been an accident, but rather a suicide. After asking Jax to reconsider his decision, she implores him to read a certain page in John's book, hoping it will give him guidance and perhaps change his mind. The book fails to make Jax decide to stay and when the vote needed to allow him to leave is taken, it passes. Upon learning that Jax still plans to become a Nomad, Gemma calls together her son, Tara, and husband Clay at her home and reveals, fairly graphically, the details of her assault and gang rape. As a result, Jax picks up the jacket patches he had removed from his vest after the vote, which indicates that Jax has decided to stay with SAMCRO. The following morning, feeling unwanted by Clay, Gemma comes on to an emotionally wrecked Tig, who reciprocates her advances, but stops when he sees a picture of Jax and Thomas at the beach as children. Later, Tig is guilt-ridden and proceeds to confess to Opie about Donna's murder. Then, outside the church where Unser's support group meets, Gemma is approached by the priest who runs the support group; he offers her advice to serve others in order to deal with her own self-loathing. Back at the garage, she runs into Chibs, who is distraught about his dealings with ATF agent Stahl. She comforts him and advises him to come clean with the club. After the club meeting, Tig tells Clay, at the end of the day, that Gemma thinks he does not want her anymore; Clay proceeds to the office and shows that he still wants Gemma. When the club goes on lock-down, Gemma looks after other families. She tells Tara she (Tara) does not have to take crap from anyone, because she is the old lady of the Vice President. Gemma has been teaching Tara, because she will one day be the queen of the club. Inspired by Gemma, Tara stands up to her supervisor at the hospital, assaulting her at one point when she calls Gemma a whore.

text: In the second-season finale, Gemma happens to come across Polly Zobelle. Wanting to get revenge and also do her part for SAMCRO, she follows Polly to Edmond Hayes' house. She sends Tara home and sneaks onto the property, where she finds a distraught Polly brandishing a gun. Polly attempts to shoot, so Gemma kills her in self-defense. She then discovers Edmond Hayes' body and ATF Agent Stahl, saying that both of them had a bloody day. Stahl offers to let her leave, but not before tossing her sidearm to Gemma, who catches it. Gemma instantly realizes Stahl's trick to get her fingerprints on the murder weapon, and flees. At a bus stop payphone, she calls Police Chief Wayne Unser for help. She is last seen fleeing Charming with Unser with no idea where to go.

text: Season Three[edit]

text: Gemma is still on the run at the beginning of Season 3. Tig is keeping her at a motel until Clay and SAMCRO can figure out a way to clear her name. Clay elects not to tell Gemma that Abel has been kidnapped, because he believes she already has enough to worry about.

text: While at the motel, Gemma reads her mother's obituary in a newspaper, which disturbs her. Gemma's poor relationship with her mother is reinforced when Opie gives Jax his condolences for the loss, and Jax dismisses it, stating that "he hardly knew her that well."

text: Eventually, Gemma convinces Tig to help her sneak away. They end up in Oregon, at the house of her father, a reverend who is suffering from late-stage Alzheimer's Disease. After an incident involving Tig and the Guatemalan caretaker, which results in Tig's being shot, Gemma requests Tara's assistance.

text: After the caretaker discovers that Gemma is wanted and that there is a hefty reward for her capture, Gemma ties her up in the basement of her father's home. Shortly thereafter, the caretaker escapes by overpowering Tara. The caretaker then attempts to overpower Gemma but is accidentally killed in struggle with Gemma and Tara.

text: Soon, Gemma makes the hard decision to move her father into an assisted living home. Gemma then breaks down, escapes in Tara's car, and contacts Agent Stahl.

text: Tara and Tig inform the club that Gemma has disappeared, and Jax realizes that she was heading home to be with Abel. However, upon returning home, Gemma discovers that Abel had been kidnapped. This aggravates her heart condition, and she ends up in the hospital. Gemma had made a deal to turn herself in to Stahl upon her return to Charming, in exchange for not receiving the death penalty for the murders of Edmund Hayes and Polly Zoebelle. However, Stahl reneges on the deal, informing Gemma that because she did not turn herself in at the agreed-upon time (because she was in the hospital), Gemma has violated the terms of the deal. Later, Jax secretly works out a deal with Stahl, wherein he will give Stahl information on the IRA and get her back in the good graces of the ATF, in exchange for help with his mother. (Stahl had been demoted and taken off the IRA case following the events at the end of season 2.) Stahl then supplies Jax with a statement for Gemma to give to the ATF, in which Gemma states the real events of the Hayes and Zoebelle shooting, except that Gemma fingered another ATF agent for the Edmund Hayes shooting.

text: In "Widening Gyre", Gemma finds out that John Teller had an affair in Belfast in the late 1980s, which produced a daughter. She makes up her mind to go to Belfast with Clay and Jax, and employs Tara's help in breaking out of police custody. After a tense standoff with Wayne Unser, Gemma successfully makes it to the airport with SAMCRO.

text: Once she and SAMCRO arrive in Belfast, the Sons are in danger of being deported to America. When they are all in the van, Gemma forces a SAMBEL (Sons of Anarchy Belfast) member to run the police off the road. After SAMCRO's release from police custody, they head to the SAMBEL clubhouse, where Gemma meets Maureen and Trinity Ashby. Gemma and Maureen talk privately later, and Maureen tells Gemma they should continue to keep the secret about John's being Trinity's father. However, Jax and Trinity are attracted to each other, and Gemma tells him that Trinity is his sister, after finding them in a compromising position.

text: The next day Gemma, Jax, and Opie go to the orphanage to get Abel. When they get there, they are under orders of Father Ashby, who tries to prevent them from taking Abel home by lying about knowing where Abel is. Gemma sees right through this, takes the baby hostage, and threatens to kill Ashby. When the Irish finally tell where Abel is, Gemma gives the baby back, and Jax goes to find him. When Jax returns without Abel, he tells his mother that neither he nor Abel belongs there, and Abel belongs with the other family. Gemma is enraged that Jax is willing to give up his own son and tells him Tara is pregnant. When father Ashby shows up, it is revealed that Sean Casey was tortured, and the priest tells them that Jimmy is now after Abel. Everyone, including Gemma, tries to get to the hotel to save Abel, only to find they are too late. After a deal is made between Jimmy and the True IRA, Abel returns home with his true family.

text: Once back in Charming, the club is trying to find Tara, and Gemma is struggling with the deal Jax made with Stahl. Gemma knows it does not matter how much the rest of the club loves him; if they find out he is ratting, they will kill him without hesitation. Jax is still confident that nothing will go wrong and promises her that everything and everyone will be all right. Gemma, still afraid, decides to take Stahl at gunpoint and force to kill the deal, warning that if Stahl doesn't end the deal she will turn herself in and tell where her previous statement really came from. She later greets Tara and hugs her for her safe return from Salazar.

text: In the season 3 finale, Gemma is still worried about the deal Jax made with Stahl. When she sees that the deal is still on, and Jax is giving up the head of the IRA, she tries to turn herself in, only to find out that it is too late, because Stahl already gave her statement clearing her of the killings. Gemma warns Stahl that someone will get hurt.

text: When Clay comes to see Gemma in jail, she tells him they can't look at Jax the same way they saw John Teller, because club has been in desperate times. At the end, she sees Jax arrive with Stahl and watches with sadness as Stahl sets up Jax to die at the hands of his own club, by exposing the deal they made. But Gemma gets some relief after Jax sends her a letter explaining that he was never a rat; the deal was a trap the entire club was in on, and the only reason they didn't tell her was to keep her from being an accessory if things went awry. At the end, it is strongly insinuated, via a letter John wrote his mistress Maureen, that Gemma and Clay are responsible for John Teller's death.

text: Season Four[edit]

text: At the beginning of season four, we see Gemma is continuing her duties as the Queen of SAMCRO. She is one of the first people, along with Tara, to welcome home the members of SAMCRO who had been in prison for fourteen months. She later visits Unser, who has sold his business and moved into a trailer in the woods. After she and Clay have sex to properly welcome him home, she tells him that Unser needs him and the club to go on living. Gemma later attends Opie's wedding. After the wedding, she goes to Jax's house to check on the boys and she finds a note that suggest Maureen Ashby gave John Teller's letter to Jax to read. The next day she tells Clay about what she found and he tells her not to worry about it. Later she discovers that Jax hadn't read them, but Tara has. She tells Tara that the letters will only hurt their family. But more piles on when Piney tells her about wanting the club to mule drugs. When she confronts Clay and tries to order him not to do it, he makes her know that she is not the boss of him. When the club goes to Tucson for the drug run, she confronts Piney about his beef with Clay and tells him to let it go before he gets himself killed, but he won't back down. In the next episode, Clay tells Gemma about the confrontation with Piney were Piney tells Clay he knows the truth about John Teller's death. She not only worries about the truth coming out, but also about Clay when he suggests killing Tara and Piney as they are they only other two people who know the truth. She talks him out of it. She later goes to Unser who she tells to get the letters as he too was involved in the murder of John by helping cover it up. Later, she goes to get the letters and discovers that Unser burned them. She shows the ashes to Clay, unaware that he read them.

text: Later in the season, Gemma discovers Piney's dead body and immediately knows it was Clay who killed him. She learns from Unser that Clay not only read the letters, but the ones he read were actually copies meaning Tara still has the originals. Unser wants to turn Clay in, but Gemma convinces him otherwise. Later she and Clay talk about the situation and she tells him that they will simply add Piney's death to their list of secrets and she will convince Tara to give her the letters. She makes Clay promise her that he will not hurt Tara.

text: The next day, Gemma sees Clay take money out of their safe and hours later someone tries to kidnap Tara. When Gemma confronts Clay, they end up fighting leaving Gemma badly beaten. Afterwards, Gemma realizes that Clay is beyond salvation and he has to die at the hand of the son. The next day, she learns that Jax and Tara are planning to leave SAMCRO and Charming. She also discovers that Wendy has returned and wants to be a part of Abel's life and confronts her. When Unser tells Opie what happened to Piney to get Opie to kill Clay she tells him to try to stop it, because she wants Jax to do it. Unser is unable to stop it and Clay ends up shot by Opie, but he survived. Gemma then convinces Tara to give her the letters. Once she has them she takes out the ones that implicates her and Unser and gives the rest to Jax. She tells Jax everything that Clay has done and then tells Jax to kill Clay and take his place at the head of the table as the President of SAMCRO. While Jax is reading the letters, Gemma and Tara talk and Tara lets her that she knew about Gemma's plan to keep them in Charming. When Jax comes out after reading the letters Tara gives Jax a way to kill Clay and tells him that once it is done to come take her and their sons out of Charming.  He promises that he will. Gemma is forced to watch her plan to have Jax become the next president fall apart. When she asks what Tara is doing, Tara tells her everything Gemma taught her. Tara then tells Gemma that Jax is hers. The same day Gemma sees Jax in the hospital coming out of Clay's room and tries to beg him to stay and Jax tells her that he is not leaving and that Clay won't hurt her again. When she goes into the room she sees that Clay is still alive. Later, Gemma burns the letters that implicate her in John's death and when the men are having church she sees Jax at the head of the table and Tara standing behind him.

text: Season Five[edit]

text: Gemma is now very independent from Clay as she is seen having sex with Nero Padilla in the very first scene, but it was later revealed that she had been consuming a great deal of alcohol and drugs, did not recall a thing from the previous night, tried to shoot Nero upon waking and had even given him a fake name. Later they officially introduce each other and she gives him her phone number. Once she arrives at her home she catches Clay digging through her belongings, claiming to be looking for a ring, then he asks for a moment of Gemma's time and after hearing him out, he tries to touch her and she drops him to the floor warning that he will never lay a hand on her again. She later organizes for SAMCRO to stay at Nero's day spa while they hide from the law in order to stop them from being alone and unprotected in prison, much against Tara's wishes, despite both Gemma and Jax explaining that if they were to go to prison they would most likely be attacked, if not killed. Clay, who still has feeling for her, comes over to pay Nero a visit; when Gemma arrives and sees Clay with an escort, she fights her. As a result, the police raid the brothel and gets everyone arrested. During the time Gemma is separated from Clay, she goes out and gets drunk and does drugs, one time, when Jax and Tara decide to go to the cabin to be alone, Jax insists that Gemma keep the boys, she agrees to do so, when she is driving, she drives under the influence of Marijuana and her vehicle goes off the road, injuring Abel in the process. When Jax and Tara hear the news, Tara believes that Gemma was driving stoned, but Clay lies saying that she was attacked instead; when Jax gets to the truth, he now knows that Gemma was driving stoned, as a result, they cut her out of their lives for good, however, Jax gives her a chance to get back into their lives by making her get back with Clay so he could get him to confess about a series of home invasions that he could possibly be behind to set up SAMCRO; Gemma is hesitant to go along with the idea but agrees to it, it also means shutting out Nero as well. Gemma's efforts to get Clay to confess seem worthwhile, after Clay confesses to SAMCRO that he was indeed behind the break ins, he is banished from SAMCRO once and for all, IRA boss, Galen O'Shay offers Clay to go to Belfast to oversee business deals for the true IRA, but on the condition that Gemma goes. Gemma slightly agrees to go along. As they are ready to leave, the police show up and arrest Clay for murdering Damon Pope, Gemma lies saying he went somewhere.

text: Season Six[edit]

text: When Gemma finds out Tara took Abel and Thomas, she thinks she went to the feds to make a deal, in truth, Jax surrenders himself over so Tara can be clear of the murder of Pam Toric. Gemma, in a fit of rage, kills her while Juice kills Eli Roosevelt to cover up the deed.

text: Season Seven[edit]

text: Gemma continues to feel guilt over killing Tara, she hides Juice from the club. While alone, she talks to herself as if she is having a conversation with Tara. When Jax is set free, she says that it was the Chinese that killed Tara, Jax starts an all out war with Henry Lin while Gemma continues to feed Jax lies. Abel is having difficulty with Tara's death, he overhears Gemma tell Thomas that she was sorry for killing her, he begins cutting himself as a result, when child services find out about the cuts, he says Gemma did it. Jax learns from Abel that Gemma killed Tara. Jax goes to Juice and gets the full truth about what happened. Gemma goes to her family home in Oregon. Wayne goes to Oregon to bring Gemma back. Jax arrives in Oregon and kills them both.

text: Mayans M.C.[edit]

text: Gemma appears in pilot episode, flashback scene set 8 years before.