document_title: Forensic anthropology

question_text: who was the scientist that expanded the use of relative bone lengths to a more reliable method

text: Forensic anthropology

text: Modern uses[edit]

text: Today, forensic anthropology is a well established discipline within the forensic field. Anthropologists are called upon to investigate remains and to help identify individuals from bones when other physical characteristics which could be used to identify a body no longer exist. Forensic anthropologists work in conjunction with forensic pathologists to identify remains based on their skeletal characteristics. If the victim is not found for a lengthy period of time or has been eaten by scavengers, flesh markers used for identification would be destroyed, making normal identification difficult if not impossible. Forensic anthropologists can provide physical characteristics of the person to input into missing person databases such as that of the National Crime Information Center in the US[2] or INTERPOL's yellow notice database.[3]

text: In addition to these duties, forensic anthropologists often assist in the investigation of war crimes and mass fatality investigations. Anthropologists have been tasked with helping to identify victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks[4] as well as plane crashes such as the Arrow Air Flight 1285 disaster[5] and the USAir Flight 427 disaster where the flesh had been vaporized or so badly mangled that normal identification was impossible.[6] Anthropologists have also helped identify victims of genocide in countries around the world, often long after the actual event. War crimes anthropologists have helped investigate include the Rwandan Genocide[7] and the Srebrenica Genocide.[8] Organizations such as the Forensic Anthropology Society of Europe, the British Association for Forensic Anthropology, and the American Society of Forensic Anthropologists continue to provide guidelines for the improvement of forensic anthropology and the development of standards within the discipline.

text: History[edit]

text: Early history[edit]

text: The use of anthropology in the forensic investigation of remains grew out of the recognition of anthropology as a distinct scientific discipline and the growth of physical anthropology. The field of anthropology began in the United States and struggled to obtain recognition as a legitimate science during the early years of the twentieth century.[9] Earnest Hooton pioneered the field of physical anthropology and became the first physical anthropologist to hold a full-time teaching position in the United States.[10] He was an organizing committee member of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists along with its founder Aleš Hrdlička. Hooton's students created some of the first doctoral programs in physical anthropology during the early 20th century.[11] In addition to physical anthropology, Hooton was a proponent of criminal anthropology.[12] Now considered a pseudoscience, criminal anthropologists believed that phrenology and physiognomy could link a person's behavior to specific physical characteristics. The use of criminal anthropology to try to explain certain criminal behaviors arose out of the eugenics movement, popular at the time.[13] It is because of these ideas that skeletal differences were measured in earnest eventually leading to the development of anthropometry and the Bertillon method of skeletal measurement by Alphonse Bertillon. The study of this information helped shape anthropologists' understanding of the human skeleton and the multiple skeletal differences that can occur.

text: Another prominent early anthropologist, Thomas Wingate Todd, was primarily responsible for the creation of the first large collection of human skeletons in 1912. In total, Todd acquired 3,300 human skulls and skeletons, 600 anthropoid skulls and skeletons, and 3,000 mammalian skulls and skeletons.[13] Todd's contributions to the field of anthropology remain in use in the modern era and include various studies regarding suture closures on the skull and timing of teeth eruption in the mandible. Todd also developed age estimates based on physical characteristics of the pubic symphysis. Though the standards have been updated, these estimates are still used by forensic anthropologists to narrow down an age range of skeletonized remains.[14] These early pioneers legitimized the field of anthropology, but it was not until the 1940s, with the help of Todd's student, Wilton M. Krogman, that forensic anthropology gained recognition as a legitimate subdiscipline.

text: The growth of forensic anthropology[edit]

text: During the 1940s, Krogman was the first anthropologist to actively publicize anthropologists' potential forensic value, going as far as placing advertisements in the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin informing agencies of the ability of anthropologists to assist in the identification of skeletal remains. This period saw the first official use of anthropologists by federal agencies including the FBI. During the 1950s, the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps employed forensic anthropologists in the identification of war casualties during the Korean War.[12] It was at this time that forensic anthropology officially began. The sudden influx of available skeletons for anthropologists to study, whose identities were eventually confirmed, allowed for the creation of more accurate formulas for the identification of sex, age,[15] and stature[16] based solely on skeletal characteristics. These formulas, developed in the 1940s and refined by war, are still in use by modern forensic anthropologists.

text: The professionalization of the field began soon after, during the 1950s and 1960s. This move coincided with the replacement of coroners with medical examiners in many locations around the country.[12] It was during this time that the field of forensic anthropology gained recognition as a separate field within the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and the first forensic anthropology research facility and body farm was opened by William M. Bass.[17] Public attention and interest in forensic anthropology began to increase around this time as forensic anthropologists started working on more high-profile cases. One of the major cases of the era involved anthropologist Charles Merbs who helped identify the victims murdered by Ed Gein.[18]

text: Methods[edit]

text: One of the main tools forensic anthropologists use in the identification of remains is their knowledge of osteology and the various differences that occur within the human skeleton. During the course of an investigation, anthropologists are often tasked with helping to determinate an individual's sex, stature, age, and ancestry. To do this, anthropologists must be aware of how the human skeleton can differ between individuals.

text: Determination of sex[edit]

text: Depending on which bones are present, sex can be determined by looking for distinctive sexual dimorphisms. When available, the pelvis is extremely useful in the determination of sex and when properly examined can achieve sex determination with a great level of accuracy.[19] The examination of the pubic arch and the location of the sacrum can help determine sex.

text: However, the pelvis is not always present, so forensic anthropologists must be aware of other areas on the skeleton that have distinct characteristics between sexes. The skull also contains multiple markers that can be used to determine sex. Specific markers on the skull include the temporal line, the eye sockets, the supraorbital ridge,[20] as well as the nuchal lines, and the mastoid process.[21] In general, male skulls tend to be larger and thicker than female skulls, and to have more pronounced ridges.[22]

text: It is important for forensic anthropologists to take into account all available markers in the determination of sex due to the differences that can occur between individuals of the same sex. For example, it is possible that a female may have a slightly more narrow than normal pubic arch. It is for this reason that anthropologists usually classify sex as one of five possibilities: male, may be male, indeterminate, may be female, or female.[23] In addition, forensic anthropologists are generally unable to make a sex determination unless the individual was an adult at the time of death. The sexual dimorphisms present in the skeleton begin to occur during puberty and are not fully pronounced until after sexual maturation.[24]

text: Determination of stature[edit]

text: The estimation of stature by anthropologists is based on a series of formulas that have been developed over time by the examination of multiple different skeletons from a multitude of different regions and backgrounds. Stature is given as a range of possible values, in centimeters, and typically computed by measuring the bones of the leg. The three bones that are used are the femur, the tibia, and the fibula.[25] In addition to the leg bones, the bones of the arm, the humerus, ulna, and radius can be used.[26] The formulas that are used to determine stature rely on various information regarding the individual. Sex, ancestry, and age should be determined before attempting to ascertain height, if possible. This is due to the differences that occur between populations, sexes, and age groups.[27] By knowing all the variables associated with height, a more accurate estimate can be made. For example, a male formula for stature estimation using the femur is 2.32 × femur length + 65.53 ± 3.94 cm. A female of the same ancestry would use the formula, 2.47 × femur length + 54.10 ± 3.72 cm.[28] It is also important to note an individual's approximate age when determining stature. This is due to the shrinkage of the skeleton that naturally occurs as a person ages. After age 30, a person loses approximately one centimeter of their height every decade.[25]

text: Determination of age[edit]

text: The determination of an individual's age by anthropologists depends on whether or not the individual was an adult or a child. The determination of the age of children, under the age of 21, is usually performed by examining the teeth.[29] When teeth are not available, children can be aged based on which growth plates are sealed. The tibia plate seals around age 16 or 17 in girls and around 18 or 19 in boys. The clavicle is the last bone to complete growth and the plate is sealed around age 25.[30] In addition, if a complete skeleton is available anthropologists can count the number of bones. While adults have 206 bones, the bones of a child have not yet fused resulting in a much higher number.

text: The aging of adult skeletons is not as straightforward as aging a child's skeleton as the skeleton changes little once adulthood is reached.[31] One possible way to estimate the age of an adult skeleton is to look at bone osteons under a microscope. New osteons are constantly formed by bone marrow even after the bones stop growing. Younger adults have fewer and larger osteons while older adults have smaller and more osteon fragments.[30] Another potential method for determining the age of an adult skeleton is to look for arthritis indicators on the bones. Arthritis will cause noticeable rounding of the bones.[32] The degree of rounding from arthritis coupled with the size and number of osteons can help an anthropologist narrow down a potential age range for the individual.

text: Determination of ancestry[edit]

text: The determination of an individual's ancestry is typically grouped into three historical groups, Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid. However, the use of these classifications is becoming much harder as the rate of interancestrial marriages increases and markers become less defined.[33] By measuring distances between landmarks on the skull as well as the size and shape of specific bones anthropologists can use a series of equations to estimate ancestry. Typically, the maxilla is used to help anthropologists determine an individual's ancestry due to the three basic shapes, hyperbolic, parabolic, and rounded, belonging to the three historical ancestries, Negroid, Caucasoid, and Mongoloid respectively.[34] In addition to the maxilla, the zygomatic arch and the nasal opening have been used to narrow down possible ancestry.[35] A program called FORDISC has been created that will calculate the most likely ancestry using complex mathematical formulas.[36] This program is continually updated with new information from known individuals to maintain a database of current populations and their respective measurements.

text: Other markers[edit]

text: Anthropologists are also able to see other markers present on the bones. Past fractures will be evident by the presence of bone remodeling. The examination of any fractures on the bones can potentially help determine cause of death as well by determining if a fracture occurred ante-mortem (before death), peri-mortem (at the time of death), or post-mortem (after death). Ante-mortem fractures will show signs of healing while peri- and post-mortem fractures will not. Peri-mortem fractures will usually appear clean while post-mortem breaks will appear brittle.[37] Diseases such as bone cancer might be present in bone marrow samples and can help narrow down the list of possible identifications.

text: Subfields[edit]

text: Forensic archaeology[edit]

text: Forensic archaeologists employ their knowledge of proper excavation techniques to ensure that remains are recovered in a controlled and forensically acceptable manner.[38] When remains are found partially or completely buried the proper excavation of the remains will ensure that any evidence present on the bones will remain intact. The difference between forensic archaeologists and forensic anthropologists is that where forensic anthropologists are trained specifically in human osteology and recovery of human remains, forensic archaeologists specialize more broadly in the processes of search and discovery.[39] In addition to remains, archaeologists are trained to look for objects contained in and around the excavation area. These objects can include anything from wedding rings to potentially probative evidence such as cigarette butts or shoe prints.[40] Their training extends further to observing context, association and significance of objects in a crime scene and drawing conclusions that may be useful for locating a victim or suspect.[41] A forensic archaeologist must also be able to utilize a degree of creativity and adaptability during times when crime scenes can not be excavated using traditional archaeological techniques. For example, one particular case study was conducted on the search and recovery of the remains of a missing girl who was found in a septic tank underground. This instance required unique methods unlike those of a typical archeological excavation in order to exhume and preserve the contents of the tank.[39]

text: Forensic archaeologists are involved within three main areas. Assisting with crime scene research, investigation, and recovery of evidence and/or skeletal remains is only one aspect.

text: Processing scenes of mass fatality or incidents of terrorism (i.e. homicide, mass graves and war crimes, and other violations of human rights) is a branch of work that forensic archaeologists are involved with as well.[39]

text: Forensic archaeologists can help determine potential grave sites that might have been overlooked. Differences in the soil can help forensic archaeologists locate these sites. During the burial of a body, a small mound of soil will form from the filling of the grave. The loose soil and increasing nutrients from the decomposing body encourages different kinds of plant growth than surrounding areas. Typically, grave sites will have looser, darker, more organic soil than areas around it.[42] The search for additional grave sites can be useful during the investigation of genocide and mass graves to search for additional burial locations.

text: One other implement to the career of a forensic archaeologist is teaching and research. Educating law enforcement, crime scene technicians and investigators, as well as undergraduate and graduate students is a critical part of a forensic archaeologist’s career in order to spread knowledge of proper excavation techniques to other forensic personnel and to increase awareness of the field in general. Crime scene evidence in the past has been compromised due to improper excavation and recovery by untrained personnel. Forensic anthropologists are then unable to provide meaningful analyses on retrieved skeletal remains due to damage or contamination.[43] Research conducted to improve archaeological field methods, particularly to advance nondestructive methods of search and recovery are also important for the advancement and recognition of the field.

text: There is an ethical component that must be considered. The capability to uncover information about victims of war crimes or homicide may present a conflict in cases that involve competing interests. Forensic archaeologists are often contracted to assist with the processing of mass graves by larger organisations that have motives related to exposure and prosecution rather than providing peace of mind to families and communities. These projects are at times opposed by smaller, human rights groups who wish to avoid overshadowing memories of the individuals with their violent manner(s) of death. In cases like these, forensic archaeologists must practice caution and recognize the implications behind their work and the information they uncover.[44]

text: Forensic taphonomy[edit]

text: The examination of skeletal remains often takes into account environmental factors that affect decomposition. Forensic taphonomy is the study of these postmortem changes to human remains caused by soil, water, and the interaction with plants, insects, and other animals.[45] In order to study these effects, body farms have been set up by multiple universities. Students and faculty study various environmental effects on the decomposition of donated cadavers. At these locations, cadavers are placed in various situations and their rate of decomposition along with any other factors related to the decomposition process are studied. Potential research projects can include whether black plastic causes decomposition to occur faster than clear plastic or the effects freezing can have on a dumped body.[46]

text: Forensic taphonomy is divided into two separate sections, biotaphonomy and geotaphonomy. Biotaphonomy is the study of how the environment affects the decomposition of the body. Specifically it is the examination of biological remains in order to ascertain how decomposition or destruction occurred.[47] This can include factors such as animal scavenging, climate, as well as the size and age of the individual at the time of death. Biotaphonomy must also take into account common mortuary services such as embalming and their effects on decomposition.[48]

text: Geotaphonomy is the examination of how the decomposition of the body affects the environment. Geotaphonomy examinations can include how the soil was disturbed, pH alteration of the surrounding area, and either the acceleration or deceleration of plant growth around the body.[47] By examining these characteristics, examiners can begin to piece together a timeline of the events during and after death. This can potentially help determine the time since death, whether or not trauma on the skeleton was a result of peri or post-mortem activity, as well as if scattered remains were the result of scavengers or a deliberate attempt to conceal the remains by an assailant.[48]

text: Education[edit]

text: Individuals looking to become forensic anthropologists first obtain a bachelor's degree in anthropology from an accredited university. During their studies they should focus on physical anthropology as well as osteology. In addition it is recommended that individuals take courses in a wide range of sciences such as biology, chemistry, anatomy, and genetics.[49]

text: Once undergraduate education is completed the individual should proceed to graduate level courses. Typically, forensic anthropologists obtain doctorates in physical anthropology and have completed coursework in osteology, forensics, and archaeology. It is also recommended that individuals looking to pursue a forensic anthropology profession get experience in dissection usually through a gross anatomy class as well as useful internships with investigative agencies or practicing anthropologists.[1] Once educational requirements are complete one can become certified by the forensic anthropology society in the region. This can include the IALM exam given by the Forensic Anthropology Society of Europe[50] or the certification exam given by the American Board of Forensic Anthropology.[51]

text: Typically, most forensic anthropologists perform forensic casework on a part-time basis, however there are individuals who work in the field full-time usually with federal or international agencies. Forensic anthropologists are usually employed in academia either at a university or a research facility.[52]

text: Ethics[edit]

text: Like other forensic fields, forensic anthropologists are held to a high level of ethical standards due to their work in the legal system. Individuals who purposefully misrepresent themselves or any piece of evidence can be sanctioned, fined, or imprisoned by the appropriate authorities depending on the severity of the violation. Individuals who fail to disclose any conflict of interests or who fail to report all of their findings, regardless of what they may be, can face disciplinary actions.[53] It is important that forensic anthropologists remain impartial during the course of an investigation. Any perceived bias during an investigation could hamper efforts in court to bring the responsible parties to justice.[54]

text: In addition to the evidentiary guidelines forensic anthropologists should always keep in mind that the remains they are working with were once a person. If possible, local customs regarding dealing with the dead should be observed and all remains should be treated with respect and dignity.

text: Notable forensic anthropologists[edit]

text:
Name
Notable for
Ref

Sue Black
Founding member of the British Association for Human Identification. Director of both the Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification and the Leverhulme Centre for Forensic Science at the University of Dundee.
[55]

Karen Ramey Burns
Worked in the investigation of genocides as well as the identification of victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and Hurricane Katrina.
[56]

Michael Finnegan
Worked on the identification of Jesse James.
[57]

Richard Jantz
Co-developer of FORDISC.
[58]

Ellis R. Kerley
Worked on the identification of Josef Mengele as well as the victims of the Jonestown mass suicide.
[59]

William R. Maples
Worked on the identification of Czar Nicholas II and other members of the Romanov family as well as the examination of President Zachary Taylor's remains for arsenic poisoning.
[60]

Fredy Peccerelli
Founder and director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation.
[61]

Kathy Reichs
Inspiration for Temperance "Bones" Brennan of the television show Bones. Also the author of 19 books to date. Most on the subject of forensic anthropology.
[62]

Clyde Snow
Worked on the identification of King Tutankhamun and the victims of the Oklahoma City bombing as well as the investigation into the murder of John F. Kennedy.
[63]

Mildred Trotter
Created statistical formulas for the calculation of stature based on human long bones through the examination of Korean War casualties.
[64]

Kewal Krishan
Advancement of forensic anthropology in India.
[65]


document_title: Ode (poem)

question_text: who said we are the music makers and the dreamers of dreams

root

text: Ode (poem)

text: Ode is a poem written by the English poet Arthur O'Shaughnessy and first published in 1873.[1] It is often referred to by its first line We are the music makers.

tag: p

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Ode (O'Shaughnessy)

tag: table

text: The Ode is the first poem in O'Shaughnessy's collection Music and Moonlight (1874). It has nine stanzas, although it is commonly believed to be only three stanzas long. The opening stanza is:

text: The phrase "movers and shakers" originates here.

text: The poem has been set to music, or alluded to, many times:

text:
Edward Elgar's The Music Makers, Op. 69, uses the entire poem.
The Hungarian composer Zoltán Kodály also made a setting for and dedicated to Merton College, Oxford on the occasion of its 700th anniversary in 1964.

tag: ul

text: Cultural references and parodies[edit]

text:
In the feature film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, after Willy Wonka (Gene Wilder) states that "The snozzberries taste like snozzberries!", Veruca Salt responds in an arrogant tone, "Snozzberries? Who ever heard of a snozzberry?" Willy Wonka grabs her cheeks, pulls her face towards him and gently replies, "We are the music makers, and we are the dreamers of dreams."

The line is played during the 89th Academy Awards In Memoriam section, when Gene Wilder is honored.
A sample of Willy Wonka's line appears at the beginning of Bassnectar's album Motions of Mutation.
Wonka's line is played at the beginning of Bastille's cover of "Dreams" by Fleetwood Mac.
The track "Nephatiti" from 808 State's album Ex:el uses a sample of Willy Wonka saying "We are the music makers, and we are the dreamers of dreams."
The introduction of the song "Nothing Less (Ft. Slug)" by the rap group Living Legends begins with the sample of Willy Wonka.
The Aphex Twin track "We Are the Music Makers" from Selected Ambient Works 85-92 begins with a sample of Willy Wonka. It is repeated a number of times throughout the track.
Echolyn's 1992 song "A Little Nonsense" contains a sample of Wonka saying the phrase. The song's title also references another quote which Wonka sings, "A little nonsense now and then / Is relished by the wisest men."
The podcast The Music Makers begins with a sample of Wonka saying the phrase.

Scarling. has a song called "We Are the Music Makers." The line is said in the beginning of the chorus.
The first stanza is quoted in the animated TV show American Dad! on Season 5, Episode 6.
DJ Zinc's track "Music Makers" repeats this phrase throughout the song.
Joy Electric's 1996 album We Are the Music Makers is a reference to the first line.
The track "Movers And Shakers" by Eden Burning begins with a setting of the first stanza of "Ode."
The track "Music Makers" by ILS the track starts off with "We are the music makers, and we are the dreamers of dreams."
"Ode" is quoted at the end of the movie Last Summer in the Hamptons (1995).
The initial verse is used at the start of the Raymond E. Feist novel Rage of a Demon King.
In the Hollywood party scene in Stephen Sondheim's musical Merrily We Roll Along, the character Mary sardonically surveys the other guests and comments "These are the movers / These are the shapers / These are the people / That fill the papers."
The poem is used in the introduction of Elizabeth Haydon's book The Assassin King.
The opening line has been incorporated into the name of the New York band We Are the Music Makers, and the Singaporean Orchestra of the Music Makers.
The line “We are the music makers, we are the dreamers of dreams” is also quoted multiple times in the song “Imagineer” by Lange
The line “We are the music makers, we are the dreamers of dreams” was quoted in "Lonely Soul," a Chillout track by the musician Direct.
The line “We are the music makers, we are the dreamers of dreams” is quoted multiple times in the song “Dreamers of Dreams” by Orkidea
The line “We are the music makers, we are the dreamers of dreams” is quoted in the song “From Your Mind Into My Heart” by A Sol Mechanic
The line “We are the music makers, we are the dreamers of dreams” sentence was also used on track "East 98th Street" at Interstate Highway album Man with No Name (musician).
The line "We are the music makers, we are the dreamers of dreams" is quoted in the beginning of HugLife's trap remix of The Weeknd 's "Wicked Games"
The line “We are the music makers, we are the dreamers of dreams” is sampled on the track "Dreamers & Dreams" by Arctic Moon and Bryan Kearney
The line “We are the music makers, we are the dreamers of dreams” is used in the opening part of the song "Ode” by Sylence (Hardstyle Artist).
"Music Makers & Dreamers of Dreams" is a track off the album "As Above, So Below" by "Windmills".
The Seo Linn song "Music Makers", commissioned by RTÉ for the centenary of the 1916 Easter Rising, is in Irish but uses much of the first stanza of "Ode" as its chorus in English.
Three stanzas of the poem are referenced in "Black", a House track by Fabian Reichelt and Raycoux Jr. on the album Circle

text: South African band, Gimp, performed a rock anthem of the poem in 2005 at Woodstock South Africa

text:
The phrase "We are the dreamers of dreams" is quoted in Episode 7 of the 9th Season of The Big Bang Theory.
The line "We are the music makers and We are the dreamers of dreams" is used in the Leander High School's Marching Band 2017 production "Internal Landscapes".


document_title: Mamma Mia! (film)

question_text: who is the guy playing the piano in mamma mia

text: Mamma Mia! (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the Greek island of Kalokairi, bride-to-be Sophie Sheridan reveals to her bridesmaids that she has secretly invited three men to her wedding without telling her mother, Donna. They are the men that her mother's diary reveals could have been her father: Irish-American architect Sam Carmichael, Swedish adventurer and writer Bill Anderson, and British banker Harry Bright. She dreams of being given away by her father at her wedding, and believes that after she spends time with them she will know which is her father.

text: Sophie's mother Donna, who owns a villa, is ecstatic to reunite with her former Dynamos bandmates, wisecracking author Rosie Mulligan and wealthy multiple divorcée Tanya Chesham-Leigh, and reveals her bafflement at her daughter's desire to get married. Donna shows off the villa to Rosie and Tanya. The three men arrive and Sophie smuggles them to their room, explaining that she and not her mother sent the invitations. She begs them to hide so Donna will be surprised by the old friends of whom she "so often" favourably speaks. They overhear Donna working and swear not to reveal Sophie's secret.

text: Donna spies them and is dumbfounded to find herself facing former lovers, demanding they leave. She confides in Tanya and Rosie that she does not know who fathered Sophie. Tanya and Rosie rally her spirits by getting her to dance with the female staff and islanders. Sophie finds the men aboard Bill's yacht, and they sail around Kalokairi, telling stories of Donna's carefree youth. Sophie plans to tell her fiancé Sky about her ploy, but loses her nerve. Sky and Sophie sing to each other, but Sky is abducted for his bachelor party.

text: At Sophie's bachelorette party, Donna, Tanya, and Rosie perform. When Sam, Bill, and Harry arrive, Sophie decides to talk with each of them alone. While her girlfriends dance with the men, Sophie learns from Bill that Donna received the money for her villa from his great-aunt Sofia. Sophie guesses she must be Sofia's namesake. She asks him to give her away and keep their secret until the wedding. Sophie's happiness is short-lived as Sam and Harry each tell her they are her father and will give her away. Sophie cannot tell them the truth and, overwhelmed by the consequences of her actions, faints.

text: In the morning, Rosie and Tanya assure Donna they will take care of the men. Bill and Harry intend to confide in each other, but Rosie interrupts them. Donna confronts Sophie, believing Sophie wants the wedding stopped. Sophie says that all she wants is to avoid her mother's mistakes. Sam accosts Donna, concerned about Sophie getting married so young. Donna confronts him and they realize they still have feelings for each other. Tanya and young Pepper continue flirtations from the previous night. Sophie confesses to Sky and asks for his help. He reacts angrily to Sophie's deception and she turns to her mother for support. As Donna helps her daughter dress for the wedding, their rift is healed and Donna reminisces about Sophie's childhood. Donna admits her mother disowned her when she became pregnant. Sophie asks Donna to give her away. As the bridal party walks to the chapel, Sam intercepts Donna, who reveals the pain she felt over losing him.

text: Sophie and Donna walk down the aisle as the band plays. Donna tells Sophie her father could be any of the three men. Sam reveals that while he left Donna to get married, he did not go through with it, but returned to find Donna with another man. The men agree to be one-third of a father for Sophie. She tells Sky they should postpone their wedding and travel the world. Sam proposes to Donna. She accepts and they are married. At the reception, Sam sings to Donna, which prompts Rosie to make a play for Bill. The couples proclaim their love. Sophie and Sky sail away.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan, Sophie's mother, owner of the hotel Villa Donna.
Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan, Donna's daughter, Sky's fiancée.
Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael, Sophie's possible father/step-father and an Irish-American architect, husband and one true love of Donna.[2]
Colin Firth as Harry Bright, Sophie's possible father and a British banker; based on "Our Last Summer", which he sings at one point.
Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Anderson, Sophie's possible father, a Swedish sailor and travel writer.
Dominic Cooper as Sky, Sophie's fiancé, designing a website for the hotel.
Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan, one of Donna's former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos; an unmarried fun-loving author.
Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham-Leigh, Donna's other former bandmate; a rich three-time divorcee.
Philip Michael as Pepper, Sky's best man who likes Tanya. He is also a bartender.
Juan Pablo Di Pace as Petros.
Ashley Lilley as Ali, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.
Rachel McDowall as Lisa, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.
Enzo Squillino as Gregoris, one of Donna Sheridan's employees.
Niall Buggy as Father Alex, priest who nearly married Sophie and Sky, but ends up marrying Sam and Donna.

text:
Benny Andersson as "Dancing Queen" piano player
Björn Ulvaeus as Greek god
Rita Wilson as Greek goddess

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: The following songs are included in the film, of which 18 (including a hidden track) are on the soundtrack album, and 3 are excluded:

text:
"I Have a Dream" – Sophie
"Honey, Honey" – Sophie, Ali and Lisa
"Money, Money, Money" – Donna, Tanya, Rosie and Company
"Mamma Mia" – Donna, Sophie, Ali, Lisa and Greek Chorus
"Chiquitita" – Rosie, Tanya and Donna
"Dancing Queen" – Tanya, Rosie, Donna and Company
"Our Last Summer" – Harry, Bill, Sam and Sophie
"Lay All Your Love on Me" – Sky, Sophie, Sky's Bachelor party friends.
"Super Trouper" – Donna, Tanya and Rosie
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" – Sophie, Donna, Tanya, Rosie, Ali, Lisa and Greek Chorus
"Voulez-Vous" – Donna, Sam, Tanya, Rosie, Harry, Bill, Sky, Ali, Lisa and Pepper
"The Name of the Game" – Sophie (deleted scene)
"SOS" – Sam, Donna and Greek Chorus
"Does Your Mother Know" – Tanya, Pepper, Lisa, Guys and Girls
"Slipping Through My Fingers" – Donna and Sophie
"The Winner Takes It All" – Donna
"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do" – Sam, Donna and Company
"When All Is Said and Done" – Sam, Donna and Company
"Take a Chance on Me" – Rosie, Bill, Tanya, Pepper, Harry and Company
"Mamma Mia!" (Reprise) – Company
"I Have a Dream" (Reprise) – Sophie
"Dancing Queen" (Reprise) – Donna, Rosie and Tanya
"Waterloo" – Donna, Rosie, Tanya, Sam, Bill, Harry, Sky and Sophie
"Thank You for the Music" – Sophie

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text: The Musical Director of the film was Grammy-Award winner[3] Martin Lowe, a graduate of the University of Hull.[4]

text: Production[edit]

text: Most of the outdoor scenes were filmed on location at the small Greek island of Skopelos (during August/September 2007),[5] and the seaside hamlet of Damouchari in the Pelion area of Greece. On Skopelos, Kastani beach on the south west coast was the film's main location site.[5] The producers built a beach bar and jetty along the beach, but removed both set pieces after production wrapped.[5] A complete set for Donna's Greek villa was built at the 007 stage at Pinewood Studios and most of the film was shot there. Real trees were utilised for the set, watered daily through an automated watering system and given access to daylight in order to keep them growing.

text: The part of the film where Brosnan's character, Sam, leaves his New York office to go to the Greek Island was actually filmed at the Lloyd's Building on Lime Street in the City of London. He dashes down the escalators and through the porte-cochere, where yellow cabs and actors representing New York mounted police were used for authenticity.[6]

text: The Fernando, Bill Anderson's yacht (actually a ketch) in the film was the Tai-Mo-Shan built in 1934 by H. S. Rouse at the Hong Kong and Whampoa dockyards.[7][8]

text: Meryl Streep took opera singing lessons as a child, and as an adult, she previously sang in several films, including Postcards from the Edge, Silkwood, Death Becomes Her, and A Prairie Home Companion.[9] She was a fan of the stage show Mamma Mia! after seeing it on Broadway in September 2001, when she found the show to be an affirmation of life in the midst of the destruction of 9/11.[10]

text: Release[edit]

text: Though the world premiere of the film occurred elsewhere, most of the media attention was focused on the Swedish premiere, where Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog joined Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson with the cast at the Rival Theatre in Mariatorget, Stockholm, owned by Andersson, on July 4, 2008. It was the first time all four members of ABBA had been photographed together since 1986.[11]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Mamma Mia! received mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes reported that 54% of critics gave the film positive reviews based upon a sample of 175 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10.[12] The Times gave it four stars out of five,[13] as did Channel 4 (Britain) which said it had "all the swing and sparkle of sequined bell-bottoms."[14] BBC Radio 5 Live's film critic Mark Kermode admitted to enjoying the film, despite describing the experience as 'the closest you get to see A-List actors doing drunken karaoke'.[15] The Guardian was more negative, giving it one star, stating that the film gave the reviewer a "need to vomit",[16] while Bob Chipman of Escape to the Movies said it was "so base, so shallow and so hinged on meaningless spectacle, it's amazing it wasn't made for men".[17] The Daily Telegraph stated that it was enjoyable but poorly put together ("Finding the film a total shambles was sort of a shame, but I have a sneaking suspicion I'll go to see it again anyway."),[18] whereas Empire said it was "cute, clean, camp fun, full of sunshine and toe tappers."[19]

text: The casting of actors not known for their singing abilities led to some mixed reviews. Variety stated that "some stars, especially the bouncy and rejuvenated Streep, seem better suited for musical comedy than others, including Brosnan and Skarsgård."[20] Brosnan, especially, was savaged by many critics: his singing was compared to "a water buffalo" (New York Magazine),[21] "a donkey braying" (The Philadelphia Inquirer)[22] and "a wounded raccoon" (The Miami Herald),[23] and Matt Brunson of Creative Loafing Charlotte said he "looks physically pained choking out the lyrics, as if he's being subjected to a prostate exam just outside of the camera's eye."[24]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Mamma Mia! grossed a worldwide total of $602.6 million and is the fifth highest-grossing film of 2008.[1] It became the highest grossing live-action musical of all time, until it was surpassed by Bill Condon's Beauty and the Beast in 2017. It was also the highest-grossing movie directed by a woman, until it was surpassed by Patty Jenkins' Wonder Woman in 2017.[25] It is the third highest-grossing film of 2008 internationally (i.e., outside North America) with an international total of $458.4 million and the thirteenth highest gross of 2008 in North America (the US and Canada) with $144.1 million.

text: In the United Kingdom, Mamma Mia! has grossed £69.2 million as of January 23, 2009, and is the ninth highest-grossing film of all time at the UK box office.[26] The film opened at #1 in the U.K, taking £6.6 million on 496 screens. It managed to hold onto the top spot for 2 weeks, narrowly keeping Pixar's WALL-E from reaching #1 in its second week.[citation needed]

text: When released on July 3 in Greece, the film grossed $1.6 million in its opening weekend, ranking #1 at the Greek box office.[27]

text: The film made $9.6 million in its opening day in the United States and Canada, and $27.6 million in its opening weekend, ranking #2 at the box office, behind The Dark Knight.[28] At the time, it made Mamma Mia! the record-holder for the highest grossing opening weekend for a movie based on a Broadway musical, surpassing Hairspray's box office record in 2007 and later surpassed by Into the Woods.[29]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Golden Globe Awards[30]

Best Motion Picture: Comedy or Musical—nominated
Best Actress in a Motion Picture: Comedy or Musical (Meryl Streep)—nominated

BAFTA Awards[31]

Outstanding British Film—nominated
The Carl Foreman Award for Special Achievement by a British Director, Writer or Producer for their First Feature Film (Judy Craymer)—nominated
Outstanding Music (Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus)—nominated

Golden Raspberry Awards[32]

Worst Supporting Actor (Pierce Brosnan)—won

text: Home media[edit]

text: In November 2008, Mamma Mia! became the fastest-selling DVD of all time in the UK, according to Official UK Charts Company figures. It sold 1,669,084 copies on its first day of release, breaking the previous record (held by Titanic) by 560,000 copies. By the end of 2008, the Official UK Charts Company declared that it had become the biggest selling DVD ever in the UK, with one in every four households owning a copy (over 5 million copies sold).[33] The record was previously held by Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl with sales of 4.7 million copies.

text: In the United States, the DVD made over $30 million on its first day of release.[34] By December 31, 2008, Mamma Mia! became the best-selling DVD of all time in Sweden with 545,000 copies sold.[35]

text:
Sing-along
"The Name of the Game" deleted musical number
Audio commentary with director Phyllida Lloyd

text: The single-disc DVD released in Sweden on 26 November contains all of the following:

text:
Sing-along
"The Name of the Game" deleted musical number
Deleted scenes
Outtakes
The Making of Mamma Mia! featurette
Anatomy of a Musical Number: "Lay All Your Love on Me"
Becoming a Singer featurette
A look inside Mamma Mia! featurette
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!" music video
Björn Ulvaeus cameo
Audio commentary with director Phyllida Lloyd
German and English audio
Subtitles in English, German, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Norwegian, Swedish and Icelandic

text: The widescreen single-disc includes a bonus disc which includes:

text:
Limited time only digital copy
Deleted scenes and outtakes
The Making of Mamma Mia! featurette
Anatomy of a Musical Number: "Lay All Your Love on Me"
Becoming a Singer featurette
Behind the scenes with Amanda
On Location in Greece featurette
A Look Inside Mamma Mia! featurette
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!" music video
Björn Ulvaeus cameo

text:
Universal Pictures' U-Control[36]
Behind the Hits (details and trivia of the music while the musical performance plays)
Picture-in-picture (access to cast and crew interviews and behind the scene while the movie plays)

text: A bonus disc is included in a separate case and bundled with the movie, and includes:[37]

text:
A Talented Trio: The Creators of Mamma Mia! (creator bios)
Christine Baranski and the Boys (choreography of "Does Your Mother Know?")
Breaking Down "Voulez-Vous" (choreography)
More of "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!" (choreography)
Meryl's Big Number (choreography of "Mamma Mia")
VH1's 10 Most Excellent Things: Mamma Mia! (documentary clip)

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Because of the film's financial success, Hollywood studio chief David Linde, the co-chairman of Universal Studios told The Daily Mail that it would take a while, but there could be a sequel. He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer, Catherine Johnson, Phyllida Lloyd, Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project, noting that there are still plenty of ABBA songs to use.[38] Mamma Mia: Here We Go Again! was announced on May 19, 2017, with a planned release date of July 20, 2018.[39] It will be written and directed by Ol Parker.[40] On June 1, 2017, it was announced that Seyfried would be returning as Sophie.[41] Later that month, Dominic Cooper confirmed in an interview that he would be returning for the sequel along with Streep, Firth and Brosnan.[42] In July 2017, Baranski was confirmed to return as Tanya.[43] That same month, Lily James was confirmed to portray young Donna.[44] Jeremy Irvine and Alexa Davies are also set to portray younger versions of Sam and Rosie, respectively.[45] Julie Walters and Stellan Skarsgård will also return as Rosie and Bill, respectively.[46]


document_title: Christmas lights

question_text: who came up with the idea of electric christmas tree lights

text: Christmas lights

text: History[edit]

text: The Christmas tree was adopted in upper-class homes in 18th-century Germany, where it was occasionally decorated with candles, which at the time was a comparatively expensive light source. Candles for the tree were glued with melted wax to a tree branch or attached by pins. Around 1890, candleholders were first used for Christmas candles. Between 1902 and 1914, small lanterns and glass balls to hold the candles started to be used. Early electric Christmas lights were introduced with electrification, beginning in the 1880s.

text: The illuminated Christmas tree became established in the United Kingdom during Queen Victoria's reign, and through emigration spread to North America and Australia. In her journal for Christmas Eve 1832, the delighted 13-year-old princess wrote, "After dinner.. we then went into the drawing-room near the dining-room. There were two large round tables on which were placed two trees hung with lights and sugar ornaments. All the presents being placed round the trees".[9] Until the availability of inexpensive electrical power in the early twentieth century, miniature candles were commonly (and in some cultures still are) used.

text: In the United Kingdom, electrically powered Christmas lights are generally known as fairy lights. In 1881, the Savoy Theatre, London was the first building in the world to be lit entirely by electricity.[10] Sir Joseph Swan, pioneer of the incandescent light bulb, supplied about 1,200 Swan incandescent lamps, and a year later, the Savoy owner Richard D'Oyly Carte equipped the principal fairies with miniature lighting supplied by the Swan United Electric Lamp Company, for the opening night of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera Iolanthe on 25 November 1882.[11] The term 'fairy lights', describing 'a small coloured light used in illuminations' had already entered English:[12] its usage for a string of electrically powered Christmas lights has been common in the UK ever since.[13]

text: The first known electrically illuminated Christmas tree was the creation of Edward H. Johnson, an associate of inventor Thomas Edison. While he was vice president of the Edison Electric Light Company, a predecessor of today's Con Edison electric utility, he had Christmas tree light bulbs especially made for him. He proudly displayed his Christmas tree, which was hand-wired with 80 red, white and blue electric incandescent light bulbs the size of walnuts, on December 22, 1882 at his home on Fifth Avenue in New York City. Local newspapers ignored the story, seeing it as a publicity stunt. However, it was published by a Detroit newspaper reporter, and Johnson has become widely regarded as the Father of Electric Christmas Tree Lights. By 1900, businesses started stringing up Christmas lights behind their windows.[14] Christmas lights were too expensive for the average person; as such, electric Christmas lights did not become the majority replacement for candles until 1930.[15]

text: In 1895, U.S. President Grover Cleveland proudly sponsored the first electrically lit Christmas tree in the White House. It was a huge specimen, featuring more than a hundred multicolored lights. The first commercially produced Christmas tree lamps were manufactured in strings of multiples of eight sockets by the General Electric Co. of Harrison, New Jersey. Each socket took a miniature two-candela carbon-filament lamp.

text: From that point on, electrically illuminated Christmas trees, but only indoors, grew with mounting enthusiasm in the United States and elsewhere. San Diego in 1904, Appleton, Wisconsin in 1909, and New York City in 1912 were the first recorded instances of the use of Christmas lights outside.[15] McAdenville, North Carolina claims to have been the first in 1956.[16] The Library of Congress credits the town for inventing "the tradition of decorating evergreen trees with Christmas lights dates back to 1956 when the McAdenville Men's Club conceived of the idea of decorating a few trees around the McAdenville Community Center."[17] However, the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree has had "lights" since 1931, but did not have real electric lights until 1956.[18] Furthermore, Philadelphia's Christmas Light Show and Disney's Christmas Tree also began in 1956.[19][20] Though General Electric sponsored community lighting competitions during the 1920s, it would take until the mid-1950s for the use of such lights to be adopted by average households.

text: Over a period of time,[clarification needed] strings of Christmas lights found their way into use in places other than Christmas trees. Soon, strings of lights adorned mantles and doorways inside homes, and ran along the rafters, roof lines, and porch railings of homes and businesses. In recent times, many city skyscrapers are decorated with long mostly-vertical strings of a common theme, and are activated simultaneously in Grand Illumination ceremonies.

text: In 1963, a boycott of Christmas lights was done in Greenville, North Carolina to protest the segregation that kept blacks from being employed by downtown businesses in Greenville, during the Christmas sales season. Known as the Black Christmas (boycott) or "Christmas Sacrifice", it was an effective way to protest the cultural and fiscal segregation in the town with 33% black population. Light decorations in the homes, on the Christmas trees, or outside the house were not shown, and only six houses in the black community broke the boycott that Christmas.[21]

text: In the mid-2000s, the video of the home of Carson Williams was widely distributed on the internet as a viral video. It garnered national attention in 2005 from The Today Show on NBC, Inside Edition and the CBS Evening News and was featured in a Miller television commercial.[22][23] Williams turned his hobby into a commercial venture, and was commissioned to scale up his vision to a scale of 250,000 lights at a Denver shopping center, as well as displays in parks and zoos.

text: Technology[edit]

text: The technology used in Christmas lighting displays is highly diverse, ranging from simple light strands, Christmas lights (a.k.a. Fairy lights), through to full blown animated tableaux, involving complex illuminated animatronics and statues.

text: Christmas lights (also called twinkle lights, holiday lights, mini lights or fairy lights), that are strands of electric lights used to decorate homes, public/commercial buildings and Christmas trees during the Christmas season are amongst the most recognized form of Christmas lighting. Christmas lights come in a dazzling array of configurations and colors. The small "midget" bulbs commonly known as fairy lights are also called Italian lights in some parts of the U.S., such as Chicago.

text: The types of lamps used in Christmas lighting also vary considerably, reflecting the diversity of modern lighting technology in general. Common lamp types are incandescent light bulbs and now light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which are being increasingly encouraged as being more energy efficient. Less common are neon lamp sets. Fluorescent lamp sets were produced for a limited time by Sylvania in the mid-1940s.[24]

text: Christmas lights using incandescent bulbs are somewhat notorious for being difficult to troubleshoot and repair. In the 1950s and 1960s, the series circuit connected light sets would go completely dark when a single bulb failed. So in the fairly recent past, the mini-lights have come with shunts to allow a set to continue to operate with a burned out bulb. However, if there are multiple bulb failures or a shunt is bad, the string can still fail. There are two basic ways to troubleshoot this: a one by one replacement with a known good bulb, or by using a test light to find out where the voltage gets interrupted. One example made specifically for Christmas lights is the LightKeeper Pro. For additional information, see the troubleshooting section of the Holiday lighting technology article.

text: When Christmas light manufacturers first started using LEDs the colors seemed very dull and uninspiring. Even the white lights, which were typically single-chip LEDs, glowed with a faintly yellowish color that made them look cheap and unattractive.[25]

text: Outdoor displays[edit]

text: Public venues[edit]

text: Displays of Christmas lights in public venues and on public buildings are a popular part of the annual celebration of Christmas, and may be set up by businesses or by local governments. The displays utilize Christmas lights in many ways, including decking towering Christmas trees in public squares, street trees and park trees, adorning lampposts and other such structures, decorating significant buildings such as town halls and department stores, and lighting up popular tourist attractions such as the Eiffel Tower and the Sydney Opera House. It is believed that the first outdoor public electric light Christmas Holiday display was organized by Fredrick Nash and the Pasadena Chamber of Commerce in Altadena, California, on Santa Rosa Avenue, called Christmas Tree Lane. Christmas Tree Lane in Altadena has been continuously lit except during WW2 since 1920. Annual displays in Regent Street and Oxford Street, London, date from 1954 and 1959 respectively.

text: Neighborhoods[edit]

text: From the 1960s, beginning with tract housing in the U.S., it became increasingly common to completely outline the house (but particularly the eaves) with weatherproof Christmas lights. The Holiday Trail of Lights is a joint effort by cities in east Texas and northwest Louisiana that had its origins in the Festival of Lights and Christmas Festival in Natchitoches, started in 1927, making it one of the oldest light festivals in the United States. Fulton Street in Palo Alto, California, has the nickname "Christmas Tree Lane" due to the display of lighted Christmas trees on the sides of the street.[26]

text: A familiar pastime during the holiday season is to drive or walk around neighborhoods in the evening to see the lights displayed on and around other homes. While some homes have no lights, others may have incredibly ornate displays which require weeks to construct. A rare few have even made it to the Extreme Christmas TV specials shown on HGTV, at least one requiring a generator and another requiring separate electrical service to supply the amount of electrical power required. In Australia and New Zealand, chains of Christmas lights were quickly adopted as an effective way to provide ambient lighting to verandas, where cold beer is often served in the long hot summer evenings. Since the late twentieth century, increasingly elaborate Christmas lights have been displayed, and driving around between 8 and 10 p.m. to look at the lights has become a popular form of family entertainment. In some areas Christmas lighting even becomes a fierce competition, with town councils offering awards for the best decorated house, in other areas it is seen as a co-operative effort, with residents priding themselves on their street or their neighbourhood. The town of Lobethal, South Australia, in the Adelaide Hills, is famed for its extensive Christmas lighting displays and many residents go to great effort to put on the best light display in the town. Residents from the nearby city of Adelaide often drive up to the town to view them.

text: Other holidays[edit]

text: In the United States, lights have been produced for many other holidays. These may be simple sets in typical holiday colors, or the type with plastic ornaments which the light socket fits into. Light sculptures are also produced in typical holiday icons.

text: Halloween is the most popular, with miniature light strings having black-insulated wires and semi-opaque orange bulbs. Later sets had some transparent purple bulbs (a representation of black, similar to blacklight), a few even have transparent green, or a translucent or semi-opaque lime green (possibly representing slime as in Ghostbusters, or creatures like goblins or space aliens). Two types of icicle lights are sold at Halloween: all-orange, and a combination of purple and green known as "slime lights".

text: Easter lights are often produced in pastels. These typically have white wire and connectors.

text: Red, white, and blue lights are produced for Independence Day, as well as U.S. flag and other patriotic-themed ornaments. Net lights have been produced with the lights in a U.S. flag pattern. In 2006, some stores carried stakes with LEDs that light fiber-optics, looking similar to fireworks.

text: These above light strings are occasionally used on Christmas trees anyway, usually to add extra variety to the colors of the lights on the tree.

text: Various types of patio lighting with no holiday theme are also made for summertime. These are often clear white lights, but most are ornament sets, such as lanterns made of metal or bamboo, or plastic ornaments in the shape of barbecue condiments, flamingos and palm trees, or even various beers. Some are made of decorative wire or mesh, in abstract shapes such as dragonflies, often with glass "gems" or marbles. Light sculptures are also made in everything from wire-mesh frogs to artificial palm trees outlined in rope lights.

text: In Pakistan, fairy lights are often used to decorate in celebration of Eid ul-Fitr at Chaand Raat, which occurs at the end of Ramadan. In India on Diwali too, homes, shops and streets are decorated with strings of fairy lights.

text: Environment, recycling, and safety[edit]

text: Christmas lighting does lead to some extensive recycling issues. Every year, more than 20 million pounds of discarded holiday lights are shipped to Shijiao, China (near Guangzhou), which has been referred to as "the world capital for recycling Christmas lights".[27] The region began importing discarded lights around 1990 in part because of its cheap labor and low environmental standards.[27] As late as 2009, many factories would simply burn the lights to melt the plastic and retrieve the copper wire, releasing toxic fumes into the local environment.[27] A safer technique was then developed that involved chopping the lights into a fine sand-like consistency, mixing it with water and vibrating the slurry on a table causing the different elements to separate out, similar to the process of panning for gold.[27] Everything is recycled: copper, brass, plastic and glass.

text: More and more cities in the U.S., for example, are setting up sensible alternatives and schemes to recycle Christmas lights, with towns organizing drop-off points for handing in old or discarded lights.[28][29]

text: Installing holiday lighting may also be a safety hazard when incorrectly connecting several strands of lights, repeatedly using the same extension cords, or using an unsafe ladder during the installation process.

text: Light sculptures[edit]

text: Christmas light sculptures, also called motifs, are used as Christmas decorations and for other holidays. Originally, these were large wireframe metalwork pieces made for public displays, such as for a municipal government to place on utility poles, and shopping centers to place on lampposts. Since the 1990s, these are also made in small plastic home versions that can be hung in a window, or on a door or wall. Framed motifs can be lit using mini lights or ropelight, and larger scale motifs and sculptures may use C7 bulbs.

text: Light sculptures can be either flat (most common) or three-dimensional. Flat sculptures are the motifs, and are often on metal frames, but garland can also be attached to outdoor motifs. Indoor motifs often have a multicolored plastic backing sheet, sometimes holographic. 3D sculptures include deer or reindeer (even moose) in various positions, and with or without antlers, often with a motor to move the head up and down or side to side as if grazing. These and other 3D displays may be bare-frame, or be covered with garland, looped and woven transparent plastic cord or acrylic, or natural or goldtone-painted vines. Snowflakes are a popular design for municipal displays, so as not to be misconstrued as a government endorsement of religion, or so they can be left up all winter.

text: Some places make huge displays of these during December, such as Callaway Gardens, Life University, and Lake Lanier Islands in the U.S. state of Georgia. In east Tennessee, the cities of Chattanooga, Sevierville, Pigeon Forge, and Gatlinburg have light sculptures up all winter. Gatlinburg also has custom ones for Valentine's Day and St. Patrick's Day, while Pigeon Forge puts flowers on its tall lampposts for spring, and for winter has a steamboat and the famous picture of U.S. Marines Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, in addition to the city's historic Old Mill.

text: Some sculptures have microcontrollers that sequence circuits of lights, so that the object appears to be in motion. This is used for things such as snowflakes falling, Santa Claus waving, a peace dove flapping its wings, or train wheels rolling.

text: Examples[edit]

text:
Christmas lights on trees

Champs-Élysées

Christmas in Dublin, CA

Peter Larsen illuminated coffee pot

Christmas market illumination

Clifton Mill Christmas in 2005

LED light sculpture in Gänserndorf, Austria

Christmas street illumination in Viborg

Hünfeld Adventskalender

Christmas decoration in front of the church in Weissenbach an der Triesting

Christmas Lights, Aarhus

City lights Christmastime

Christmas Lights

Lighted trees and houses in Schöckingen

The clock tower of Kozani; a landmark of the city.

Merry X-mas

Santas sleigh

Essex Christmas lighting ceremony

German Christmas Market, Cardiff


document_title: Grand slam (baseball)

question_text: who has the most grand slams in major league baseball history

text: Grand slam (baseball)

text: Notable highlights[edit]

text: Roger Connor is believed to have been the first major league player to hit a grand slam, on September 10, 1881, for the Troy Trojans. Although Charlie Gould hit one for the Boston Red Stockings (now the Atlanta Braves) in the National Association (NA) on September 5, 1871,[1] the NA is not recognized by MLB as a major league.

text: Alex Rodriguez has 25 career grand slams, the most by any player in Major League Baseball history, passing Lou Gehrig's 23 on September 20, 2013. Don Mattingly set the one-season record with six grand slams in 1987 – remarkably, the only grand slams of his major league career. Travis Hafner tied Mattingly's Major League record in 2006, while in 2009, Albert Pujols tied the one-season National League record of five grand slams set by Ernie Banks in 1955.[2]

text: Several grand slams, the first being Connor's in 1881, consisted of a player hitting a walk-off grand slam for a one-run victory; some baseball observers call this an "ultimate grand slam".[3] Steve Pearce was the most recent to do so in an 11-10 victory by the Toronto Blue Jays over the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on July 30, 2017. Roberto Clemente is the only player to have hit a walk-off inside-the-park grand slam in a one-run victory;[citation needed] the Pittsburgh Pirates defeated the Chicago Cubs 9–8 on July 25, 1956 at Forbes Field, a park known for its spacious outfield.

text: On April 10, 1980 – on Opening Day, the Milwaukee Brewers' Sixto Lezcano hit a walk-off Grand Slam, reportedly the first such feat on an Opening Day. (Lezcano also has the distinction of hitting a Grand Slam the previous year, also on Opening Day.)

text: During the 2005 major league season, grand slams accounted for 132 of the 5017 home runs hit (2.6%). On June 13–14, 2006, the Minnesota Twins hit grand slams in consecutive games against the Boston Red Sox, including a walk-off grand slam by Jason Kubel in the 12th inning on June 13.

text: In 2006, the Chicago White Sox hit grand slams in three consecutive games against the Houston Astros (June 23–25). Scott Podsednik hit the only grand slam of his career in the series opener. Joe Crede followed up with a slam of his own on Saturday, and Tadahito Iguchi hit a game tying grand slam in the bottom of the ninth with two outs in the series finale. (This followed a three run blast by Iguchi in the bottom of the eighth.) The White Sox became the first team to accomplish this since the Detroit Tigers in 1993. On the other hand, the 2007 Kansas City Royals surrendered grand slams in three straight games; two against the Baltimore Orioles (April 13–14) and one against the Tigers (April 16).

text: Also in 2006, Travis Hafner of the Cleveland Indians set a major league record by hitting five grand slams prior to the All-Star break, on his way to tying Mattingly for one season (his sixth was on August 13.) On July 16, Carlos Beltrán and Cliff Floyd of the New York Mets hit grand slams during an 11-run sixth inning against the Chicago Cubs, marking the eighth time two grand slams were hit in a team's at-bat (the fourth time in National League history).

text: Four players hit a grand slam in their first Major League at-bat: Bill Duggleby (1898), Jeremy Hermida (2005), Kevin Kouzmanoff (2006), and Daniel Nava (2011). Kouzmanoff, Nava, and Duggleby hit theirs on the first pitch; Hermida's grand slam was in a pinch-hit at bat.

text: Tony Cloninger is the only pitcher to hit two grand slams in one game, for the Atlanta Braves in a 1966 contest against the San Francisco Giants.

text: Félix Hernández of the Seattle Mariners became the first American League pitcher since the designated hitter rule went into effect in 1973 to hit a grand slam when he did so on June 23, 2008, off New York Mets ace Johan Santana in an interleague game.[4]

text: The only major leaguer to hit two grand slams in one inning is Fernando Tatís of the St. Louis Cardinals, on April 23, 1999 at Dodger Stadium, with both grand slams coming off Los Angeles' Chan Ho Park in the third inning. Tatis was only the second National League player to hit two grand slams in one game, joining Cloninger. Park was only the second pitcher in major league history to give up two grand slams in one inning; Bill Phillips of the Pittsburgh Pirates did it on August 16, 1890, one to Tom Burns and one to Malachi Kittridge, but Park was the first to give up both to the same batter. Tatis had never hit a grand slam before in his career. Bill Mueller is the only player to hit grand slams from both sides of the plate in the same game, when he hit 2 on July 29, 2003 for the Boston Red Sox vs. the Texas Rangers. Robin Ventura is the only player to hit a grand slam in both games of a doubleheader, when he did so on May 20, 1999 for the New York Mets against the Milwaukee Brewers.

text: In Japan's professional league, the feat of multiple grand slams in a single inning by a team has been accomplished three times; most recently on April 1, 2007 by José Fernández and Takeshi Yamasaki of the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles. The Daiei Hawks accomplished the feat in 1999.[5]

text: On August 25, 2011, the New York Yankees, hosting the Oakland A's, became the first team in MLB history to hit three grand slams in one game. Robinson Canó, Russell Martin and Curtis Granderson took pitchers Rich Harden, Fautino de los Santos, and Bruce Billings deep, with each grand slam being hit in a different inning. Coming back from a 7−1 deficit, the second grand slam gave the Yankees their first lead of the game; they went on to win 22–9.[6][7][8]

text: On July 13, 2014, Buster Posey and batterymate Madison Bumgarner of the San Francisco Giants hit grand slams against the Arizona Diamondbacks. It marked the first time in Major League Baseball history that batterymates hit grand slams in the same game.[9]

text: On June 3, 2017, a record-breaking seven grand slams were hit by teams in the MLB: one for the Los Angeles Dodgers, one for the Milwaukee Brewers, one for the Atlanta Braves, one for the Colorado Rockies, one for the Chicago Cubs, one for the Seattle Mariners, and most notably, by the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, as Albert Pujols hit his 600th career home run.

text: Notable calls[edit]

text: "Get out the rye bread and mustard, Grandma, it is grand salami time!"- used by longtime Seattle Mariners lead commentator Dave Niehaus from the 1995 season until his death in November 2010.[10] Currently used by Niehaus' longtime partner Rick Rizzs.

text: However, archives have surfaced showing Milwaukee Brewers longtime announcer Bob Uecker using the term "Grand Salami" back in 1982, when the offense-tending team were dubbed "Harvey's Wallbangers" (a reference to manager Harvey Kuenn, and a takeoff of the cocktail Harvey Wallbanger).

text: World Series[edit]

text:
Year
Game
Batter
Site
Pitcher
Inning
Score after HR
Final score
Series standing
Notes

1920
Game 5, October 10
Elmer Smith, Cleveland
League Park
Burleigh Grimes, Brooklyn
1st
4–0
8–1, W
3–2 CLE
The first slam in Series history, hit with none out in the 1st, is overshadowed when, in the 5th inning, Bill Wambsganss turns the only unassisted triple play ever in the Series.

1936
Game 2, October 2
Tony Lazzeri, New York (AL)
Polo Grounds
Dick Coffman, New York (NL)
3rd
9–1
18–4, W
1–1
With President Roosevelt in attendance, Lazzeri hits a 2–2 pitch with one out to give the Yankees a sizable lead.

1951
Game 5, October 9
Gil McDougald, New York (AL)
Polo Grounds
Larry Jansen, New York (NL)
3rd
5–1
13–1, W
3–2 NYY
McDougald puts the Yankees up with 2 out in the 3rd. McDougald became the first rookie to get a postseason grand slam.

1953
Game 5, October 4
Mickey Mantle, New York
Ebbets Field
Russ Meyer, Brooklyn
3rd
6–1
11–7, W
3–2 NYY
After a two-out error by Gil Hodges, a hit batter and a walk, Mantle hits reliever Meyer's first pitch out of the park.

1956
Game 2, October 5
Yogi Berra, New York
Ebbets Field
Don Newcombe, Brooklyn
2nd
6–0
13–8, L
2–0 BKN
Berra's blast with 2 out is not enough to hold off the Dodgers in what becomes, at 3 hours 26 minutes, the longest 9-inning game in Series history until 1993.

1956
Game 7, October 10
Moose Skowron, New York
Ebbets Field
Roger Craig, Brooklyn
7th
9–0
9–0, W
4–3 NYY
The Yankees score all their runs on 4 HRs to seal the Series, with Skowron's wallop on the first pitch with none out ending the scoring.

1960
Game 3, October 8
Bobby Richardson, New York
Yankee Stadium
Clem Labine, Pittsburgh
1st
6–0
10–0, W
2–1 NYY
Richardson's HR with 1 out in the 1st starts him toward a Series-record 6 RBI.

1962
Game 4, October 8
Chuck Hiller, San Francisco
Yankee Stadium
Marshall Bridges, New York
7th
6–2
7–3, W
2–2
With 2 out, Hiller hits the first grand slam by a National Leaguer in the Series.

1964
Game 4, October 11
Ken Boyer, St. Louis
Yankee Stadium
Al Downing, New York
6th
4–3
4–3, W
2–2
With men on 1st and 2nd, Bobby Richardson's error with 1 out while seeking a double play opens the gate for Boyer to hit his pivotal blast.

1964
Game 6, October 14
Joe Pepitone, New York
Sportsman's Park
Gordie Richardson, St. Louis
8th
8–1
8–3, W
3–3
With 2 out, Pepitone hits one onto the roof of the right field pavilion to help force Game 7.

1968
Game 6, October 9
Jim Northrup, Detroit
Busch Stadium
Larry Jaster, St. Louis
3rd
8–0
13–1, W
3–3
Northrup's HR with none out is the highlight of a 10-run inning which puts the Tigers ahead 12–0.

1970
Game 3, October 13
Dave McNally, Baltimore
Memorial Stadium
Wayne Granger, Cincinnati
6th
8–1
9–3, W
3–0
Besides his 2-out HR, McNally also pitches a complete game to put Baltimore within one win of the title.

1987
Game 1, October 17
Dan Gladden, Minnesota
Metrodome
Bob Forsch, St. Louis
4th
7–1
10–1, W
1–0 MIN
Gladden's HR with none out caps a 7-run inning which ends the Cardinals' 25-inning shutout streak.

1987
Game 6, October 24
Kent Hrbek, Minnesota
Metrodome
Ken Dayley, St. Louis
6th
10–5
11–5, W
3–3
With 2 out, Hrbek hits reliever Dayley's first pitch out of the park.

1988
Game 1, October 15
José Canseco, Oakland
Dodger Stadium
Tim Belcher, Los Angeles
2nd
4–2
5–4, L
1–0 LAD
With 2 out, Canseco hits his first major league grand slam on a 1–0 pitch; but Kirk Gibson's walk-off home run wins it for the Dodgers.

1992
Game 5, October 22
Lonnie Smith, Atlanta
SkyDome
Jack Morris, Toronto
5th
7–2
7–2, W
3–2 TOR
With 2 out, Smith's HR helps keep the Braves alive in the Series.

1998
Game 1, October 17
Tino Martinez, New York
Yankee Stadium
Mark Langston, San Diego
7th
9–5
9–6, W
1–0 NYY
Martinez' 2-out HR follows Chuck Knoblauch's 3-run game-tying shot earlier in the inning.

2005
Game 2, October 23
Paul Konerko, Chicago
U.S. Cellular Field
Chad Qualls, Houston
7th
6–4
7–6, W
2–0 CHW
Konerko's 2-out shot to left on reliever Qualls' first pitch gives the White Sox a 6–4 lead, but Scott Podsednik later wins it with a walk-off home run, after Houston tied it at 6 with two outs in the top of the 9th.

2016
Game 6, November 1
Addison Russell, Chicago
Progressive Field
Dan Otero, Cleveland
3rd
7–0
9–3, W
3–3
With the grand slam Russell tied the MLB record of 6 RBI in a World Series game, as well the most on a team facing elimination from the World Series. This is the first MLB grand slam to happen in November.[11]

text: Other major league postseason grand slams[edit]

text:
Series
Game
Batter
Site
Pitcher
Inning
Score after HR
Final score
Series standing
Notes

1970 ALCS
Game 1, October 3
Mike Cuellar, Baltimore
Metropolitan Stadium
Jim Perry, Minnesota
4th
7–2
10–6, W
1–0 BAL
In the first grand slam in the history of the LCS, Cuellar, who batted only .089 in the regular season, pulls the ball down the right field line with one out; clearly foul when passing first base, the 29 mph wind carries it fair. Cuellar himself does not last through the fifth inning.

1977 NLCS
Game 1, October 4
Ron Cey, Los Angeles
Dodger Stadium
Steve Carlton, Philadelphia
7th
5–5
7–5, L
1–0 PHI
With two out, Cey fouls off three full-count pitches before tying the game, but three singles and a balk in the 9th give the Phillies the win.

1977 NLCS
Game 2, October 5
Dusty Baker, Los Angeles
Dodger Stadium
Jim Lonborg, Philadelphia
4th
5–1
7–1, W
1–1
After Steve Garvey is walked intentionally with one out, Baker gives the Dodgers their second grand slam in as many nights.

1982 ALCS
Game 4, October 9
Don Baylor, California
Milwaukee County Stadium
Moose Haas, Milwaukee
8th
5–7
9–5, L
2–2
After Haas takes a no-hitter into the 6th in a game delayed twice by rain, Baylor brings the Angels within two runs with one out in the 8th.

1989 NLCS
Game 1, October 4
Will Clark, San Francisco
Wrigley Field
Greg Maddux, Chicago
4th
8–3
11–3, W
1–0 SF
With two out, Clark hits the first pitch for his second HR of the game; he also singles, doubles and walks, picking up an NLCS-record 6 RBI.

1992 NLCS
Game 2, October 7
Ron Gant, Atlanta
Fulton County Stadium
Bob Walk, Pittsburgh
5th
8–0
13–5, W
2–0 ATL
With two out, Gant hits his first career grand slam to double the Braves' lead.

1995 NLDS
Game 3, October 6
Mark Lewis, Cincinnati
Riverfront Stadium
Mark Guthrie, Los Angeles
6th
7–1
10–1, W
3–0 CIN
After Guthrie enters the game with none out, Lewis hits the first pinch-hit grand slam in postseason history, propelling the Reds to their eighth straight playoff victory and their eighth NLCS.

1995 ALDS
Game 4, October 7
Edgar Martínez, Seattle
Kingdome
John Wetteland, New York
8th
10–6
11–8, W
2–2
After hitting a 3-run HR in the 3rd to cut NY's lead to two runs, Martinez hits another to center field to take the lead for good, finishing with a postseason-record 7 RBI. A walk, bunt single and hit batter had loaded the bases with none out.

1996 ALDS
Game 1, October 1
Bobby Bonilla, Baltimore
Camden Yards
Paul Shuey, Cleveland
6th
9–3
10–4, W
1–0 BAL
After two walks, a single, a sacrifice fly and a hit batter, Shuey enters the game and is greeted by Bonilla's blast with two out.

1996 ALDS
Game 3, October 4
Albert Belle, Cleveland
Jacobs Field
Armando Benítez, Baltimore
7th
8–4
9–4, W
2–1 BAL
After Orioles starter Mike Mussina is controversially pulled after six innings, Jesse Orosco walks the bases loaded and is replaced; Belle crushes an 0–2 pitch with none out to keep the Indians alive in the series. It would be Belle's final hit as an Indian.

1996 NLCS
Game 2, October 10
Gary Gaetti, St. Louis
Fulton County Stadium
Greg Maddux, Atlanta
7th
8–3
8–3, W
1–1
In an inning featuring two walks, an error and a wild pitch, Gaetti wallops the first pitch with two out. Maddux surrenders his second grand slam in 34.2 NLCS innings after allowing only one in 2365.2 regular season innings.

1997 NLDS
Game 3, October 3
Devon White, Florida
3Com Park
Wilson Álvarez, San Francisco
6th
4–1
6–2, W
3–0 FLA
With two out, Florida gets a pair of singles and a walk before White hits Alvarez' 113th pitch to left field. The Marlins advance to their first NLCS, in their fifth year of play.

1997 ALDS
Game 3, October 4
Paul O'Neill, New York
Jacobs Field
Chad Ogea, Cleveland
4th
6–1
6–1, W
2–1 NYY
After starter Charles Nagy walks the bases loaded, O'Neill greets Ogea with a blast to center field with two out as rain begins to fall.

1998 NLDS
Game 1, September 30
Ryan Klesko, Atlanta
Turner Field
Matt Karchner, Chicago
7th
7–0
7–1, W
1–0 ATL
Klesko's homer with two out, following three walks, secures the win for the Braves.

1998 NLDS
Game 3, October 3
Eddie Pérez, Atlanta
Wrigley Field
Rod Beck, Chicago
8th
6–0
6–2, W
3–0 ATL
After Andruw Jones is walked intentionally, Pérez hits a homer with one out to wrap up the series for the Braves, sending the Cubs to their sixth straight playoff loss.

1998 NLCS
Game 4, October 11
Andrés Galarraga, Atlanta
Qualcomm Stadium
Dan Miceli, San Diego
7th
8–3
8–3, W
3–1 SD
After Miceli enters the game, Galarraga caps a 6-run inning with a 459-foot blast to left-center with two out, helping to force a Game 5.

1998 ALCS
Game 6, October 13
Jim Thome, Cleveland
Yankee Stadium
David Cone, New York
5th
5–6
9–5, L
4–2 NYY
Thome's shot into the third deck with one out pulls the Indians within a run, but it isn't enough for the defending AL champions as the Yankees advance to the World Series.

1999 NLDS
Game 1, October 5
Edgardo Alfonzo, New York
Bank One Ballpark
Bobby Chouinard, Arizona
9th
8–4
8–4, W
1–0 NYM
Alfonzo hits his second HR of the game inside the left field foul pole with two out, after Robin Ventura was forced out at the plate one play earlier.

1999 ALDS
Game 2, October 7
Jim Thome, Cleveland
Jacobs Field
John Wasdin, Boston
4th
11–1
11–1, W
2–0 CLE
After a 6-run 3rd inning highlighted by Harold Baines' 3-run HR, Thome makes it a blowout, ending a 5-run inning with a two-out shot and becoming the first player to hit two postseason grand slams.

1999 ALDS
Game 5, October 11
Troy O'Leary, Boston
Jacobs Field
Charles Nagy, Cleveland
3rd
7–5
12–8, W
3–2 BOS
O'Leary homers with one out to give Boston the lead, and later hits a 3-run HR in the 7th to break an 8–8 tie and send the Red Sox to the ALCS; both homers come after intentional walks to Nomar Garciaparra.

1999 ALCS
Game 4, October 17
Ricky Ledée, New York
Fenway Park
Rod Beck, Boston
9th
9–2
9–2, W
3–1 NYY
Ledee hits a pinch-hit HR with one out to wrap up a 6-run inning and the victory. Ledee became the second rookie to hit a postseason grand slam.

1999 NLCS
Game 5, October 17
Robin Ventura, New York
Shea Stadium
Kevin McGlinchy, Atlanta
15th
4–3
4–3, W
3–2 ATL
The Mets tie the score at 3–3 with a bases-loaded walk with one out, bringing up Ventura, who with 13 career grand slams is tied for the lead among active players with Harold Baines and Mark McGwire. He comes through with the first walk-off grand slam – and the first grand slam in extra innings – in postseason history, clearing the right-center field wall, but is officially credited with only a 1-run single after being mobbed by teammates upon passing first base.

2003 NLCS
Game 4, October 11
Aramis Ramírez, Chicago
Pro Player Stadium
Dontrelle Willis, Florida
1st
4–0
8–3, W
3–1 CHC
After Willis walks the bases loaded with one out, Ramírez gets the Cubs off to an early lead by hitting a 2–2 pitch into the left field seats. This was the first time in Cubs history, that a player hit a grand slam in the postseason

2004 ALDS
Game 3, October 8
Vladimir Guerrero, Anaheim
Fenway Park
Mike Timlin, Boston
7th
6–6
8–6, L
3–0 BOS
Guerrero ties the score with a two-out HR to right on a 0–1 pitch, but the Red Sox score two in the 10th to advance to the ALCS.

2004 ALCS
Game 7, October 20
Johnny Damon, Boston
Yankee Stadium
Javier Vázquez, New York
2nd
6–0
10–3, W
4–3 BOS
Damon homers to right on reliever Vázquez' first pitch with one out, staking Boston to an early lead; he homers again in the 4th for an 8–1 lead as the Red Sox complete their comeback after being down 3 games to 0.

2005 NLDS
Game 1, October 4
Reggie Sanders, St. Louis
Busch Stadium
Jake Peavy, San Diego
5th
8–0
8–5, W
1–0 STL
With one out, Sanders homers on a 3–0 fastball from Peavy, who was unknowingly pitching with a fractured rib.

2005 NLDS
Game 4, October 9
Adam LaRoche, Atlanta
Minute Maid Park
Brandon Backe, Houston
3rd
4–0
7–6, L
3–1 HOU
LaRoche, battling stomach flu, homers with two out, after two walks and a hit batter, to give the Braves an early lead, but the Astros tie the game 6–6 in the 9th and win in 18 innings to advance to the NLCS.

2005 NLDS
Game 4, October 9
Lance Berkman, Houston
Minute Maid Park
Kyle Farnsworth, Atlanta
8th
5–6
7–6, W
3–1 HOU
With one out, Berkman hits an opposite-field homer to left on a 2–1 pitch to bring the Astros within a run; it is the first time that two grand slams are hit in the same postseason game. After tying the game in the 9th, the Astros win the series on Chris Burke's walk-off homer in the 18th, making it the second longest game in postseason history.

2007 NLDS
Game 2, October 4
Kaz Matsui, Colorado Rockies
Citizens Bank Park
Kyle Lohse, Philadelphia Phillies
4th
6–3
10–5, W
2–0 COL
Matsui's slam gives the Rockies a 6–3 lead on the way to winning the game 10–5 and giving Colorado a 2–0 series lead.

2007 ALCS
Game 6, October 20
J. D. Drew, Boston Red Sox
Fenway Park
Fausto Carmona, Cleveland Indians
1st
4–0
12–2 W
3–3
Drew gave the Red Sox an early lead in the must-win game as the Red Sox tied the series.

2008 NLDS
Game 1, October 1
James Loney, Los Angeles Dodgers
Wrigley Field
Ryan Dempster, Chicago Cubs
5th
4–2
7–2, W
1–0 LAD
After Dempster walked the bases loaded, Loney hits it to center to give the Dodgers a 4–2 lead.

2008 NLDS
Game 2, October 2
Shane Victorino, Philadelphia Phillies
Citizens Bank Park
CC Sabathia, Milwaukee Brewers
2nd
5–1
5–2, W
2–0 PHI
Victorino's slam, the first in Phillies postseason history, broke a 1–1 tie after pitcher Brett Myers drew a two-out walk in a nine-pitch at-bat.

2011 ALDS
Game 1, October 1
Robinson Canó, New York Yankees
Yankee Stadium
Al Alburquerque, Detroit Tigers
6th
8–1
9–3, W
1–0 NYY
Gardner singled, Jeter stole second, Granderson walked. After a pitching change, Robinson Canó hit a 375-foot blast to give the Yankees an 8–1 lead over the Tigers. Cano hit six RBIs this game, barely missing another homer in the previous inning. He tied the Yankees post-season single game record. This was the first home run hit off of Alburquerque this season.

2011 NLDS
Game 3, October 4
Paul Goldschmidt, Arizona Diamondbacks
Chase Field
Shaun Marcum, Milwaukee Brewers
5th
7–1
8–1, W
2–1 MIL
Back-to-back singles to Josh Collmenter and Willie Bloomquist. Two outs later, with first base open, Marcum intentionally walked Miguel Montero, who had two RBIs to that point in the game, to get to Goldschmidt. Marcum jumped ahead of Goldschmidt, 1–2, before leaving a fastball out over the plate. Goldschmidt drove the ball the opposite way and over the wall in right to give Arizona a 7–1 lead. Goldschmidt became the third rookie to hit a postseason grand slam.

2011 NLDS
Game 4, October 5
Ryan Roberts, Arizona Diamondbacks
Chase Field
Randy Wolf, Milwaukee Brewers
1st
4–1
10–6, W
2–2
Bloomquist singled out in centerfield. Aaron Hill fouled out to first base. Justin Upton walked, while Montero singled out in the right field. Goldschmidt, who hit a grand slam a day earlier, struck out looking. Wolf jumped behind of Roberts, 2–1, before leaving a 79 mph changeup out over the plate. Roberts drove the ball to opposite and over the wall in left to give Arizona a 4–1 lead. Moments later, Chris Young hit a home run out to centerfield.

2011 ALCS
Game 2, October 10
Nelson Cruz, Texas Rangers
Rangers Ballpark in Arlington
Ryan Perry, Detroit Tigers
11th
7–3
7–3, W
2–0 TEX
In the 11th, after Perry came in to replace Valverde, Michael Young singles on a sharp ground ball to left fielder Ryan Raburn. Adrián Beltré singles on a line drive to center fielder Austin Jackson. Michael Young to 2nd.
Coaching visit to mound. Mike Napoli singles on a fly ball to center fielder Austin Jackson, loading the bases. Nelson Cruz hits a grand slam (3) to left field. Young, Beltre, and Napoli score on the home run. First official (see Grand Slam Single) walk-off grand slam in post season history. "[12]

2012 NLDS
Game 5, October 11
Buster Posey, San Francisco Giants
Great American Ball Park
Mat Latos, Cincinnati Reds
5th
6–0
6–4, W
3–2 SF
After the Giants scored two runs in the inning, the bases were loaded for Posey. He hit a home run off the upper deck, giving the Giants a 6–0 lead they did not relinquish. The runs proved to be critical, as the Reds rallied to make the game close, but the Giants held on to win 6–4. The win completed the Giants' comeback from being down 2 games to 0 in the series, the first time that happened in NL Divisional play. The Giants won all three on the road, as the series became the second five-game series to not have a single win by a home team (after the 2010 ALDS between the Rangers and Rays).

2013 ALCS
Game 2, October 13
David Ortiz, Boston Red Sox
Fenway Park
Joaquín Benoit, Detroit Tigers
8th
5–5
6–5, W
1–1
With the Red Sox trailing 5−1 in the bottom of the eighth, David Ortiz came up with the bases loaded and two out. Ortiz lined Benoit's first pitch into the right field bullpen sending outfielder Torii Hunter flying over the wall, tying the game at 5. The Red Sox would go on to win the game 6−5 in the bottom of the ninth on a walk off single by Jarrod Saltalamacchia.

2013 ALCS
Game 6, October 19
Shane Victorino, Boston Red Sox
Fenway Park
José Veras, Detroit Tigers
7th
5–2
5–2, W
4–2 BOS
In the bottom of the seventh inning, with the Tigers ahead 2−1 and Victorino down in the count 0–2 on well placed curve balls, he sent the third pitch (also a curve ball, but up in the zone) over the Green Monster. Victorino ended a 2 for 23 slump with this blast becoming only the second player ever, alongside Jim Thome, to have hit two post-season grand slams.

2014 NLWCG
n/a
October 1

Brandon Crawford, San Francisco Giants
PNC Park
Edinson Vólquez, Pittsburgh Pirates
4th
4–0
8-0, W
n/a
After singles by Pablo Sandoval and Hunter Pence and a walk to Brandon Belt, Crawford unloaded the bases with a 362-foot grand slam to right field, opening the game's scoring. His grand slam was the first to be hit by a shortstop in postseason history.

2016 NLCS
Game 1, October 15
Miguel Montero, Chicago Cubs
Wrigley Field
Joe Blanton, Los Angeles Dodgers
8th
7–3
8-4, W
1-0 CHC
After the Dodgers tied it in the top of the eighth, Montero's pinch hit grand slam breaks the tie.

2017 ALDS
Game 2, October 6
Francisco Lindor, Cleveland Indians
Progressive Field
Chad Green, New York Yankees
6th
7–8
9-8, W
2-0 CLE
With two outs in the 6th, Lonnie Chisenhall was grazed by a 2-strike pitch that appeared to have possibly struck the knob of his bat before landing in the catcher's mitt for an inning-ending foul-tip strikeout. The Yankees chose not to challenge the umpire's call that Chisenhall was hit by the pitch to load the bases. Lindor then blasted a towering fly ball high off the right field foul pole to cut the Yankees' 5-run lead down to 1. The Indians later finished their comeback with a walk-off single by Yan Gomes in the 13th inning.

2017 NLDS
Game 4, October 11
Michael A. Taylor, Washington Nationals
Wrigley Field
Wade Davis, Chicago Cubs
8th
5–0
5-0, W
2-2
After inheriting Daniel Murphy on first base from Jon Lester, Carl Edwards Jr. issued back-to-back 2-out walks to Anthony Rendon and Matt Wieters to load the bases. Davis was then brought in to face Taylor with the hope of holding the Nationals' lead at 1-0. Taylor hit a 1-1 fastball from Davis into the chain link net at the top of the right center field wall to clear the bases and expand the lead to 5-0.

2017 NLCS
Game 5, October 19
Kiké Hernández, Los Angeles Dodgers
Wrigley Field
Hector Rondon, Chicago Cubs
3rd
7-0
11-1, W
4-1 LAD
Hernández's grand slam on a fly ball to right field was the second of his three home runs on the night, which made Hernández the 10th player ever to hit 3 homers in a postseason game. In this close-out game, Hernández drove in 7 runs to tie the Major League record for RBI in a postseason game and help send the Dodgers to the World Series for the first time since 1988.

text: All-star game[edit]

text:
Year
Batter
Date and Site
Pitcher
Inning
Score after HR
Final score
Notes

1983
Fred Lynn, AL (California)
July 6, Comiskey Park
Atlee Hammaker, NL (San Francisco)
3rd
9–1
13–3, W
In the 50th anniversary game, Lynn hits the first grand slam in All-Star history to right field on a 2–2 pitch with two out, capping a 7-run inning and virtually ensuring the AL's first victory since 1971 and second since 1962. Just before the pitch, NBC put on-screen a graphic indicating that there had never been a grand slam hit in All-Star history.

text: Career grand slam leaders[edit]

text:
Alex Rodriguez currently holds the record for most career grand slams with 25.

With 23 grand slams, Lou Gehrig held the all-time record until 2013.[13]

text: Players in bold are currently active (as of September 22, 2017).[14]

text:
* Alex Rodriguez
25

* Lou Gehrig
23

* Manny Ramírez
21

* Eddie Murray
19

* Willie McCovey
18 [1]

* Robin Ventura
18

* Carlos Lee
17

* Jimmie Foxx
17

* Ted Williams
17

* Hank Aaron
16

* Dave Kingman
16

* Babe Ruth
16

*Ryan Howard
15

* Ken Griffey, Jr.
15

* Richie Sexson
15

* Jason Giambi
14

* Gil Hodges
14

* Mark McGwire
14

* Mike Piazza
14

text: 1 – National League record

text: Single-season grand slam leaders[edit]

text: [citation needed]

text:
* Don Mattingly
6
  1987 (a)

* Travis Hafner
6
  2006 (a)

* Ernie Banks
5
  1955 (n)

* Jim Gentile
5
  1961 (a)

* Jim Northrup
5
  1968 (a)

* Albert Pujols
5
  2009 (n)

* Richie Sexson
5
  2006 (a)

* Albert Belle
4
  1997 (a)

* Ray Boone
4
  1953 (a)

* Robinson Canó
4
  2011 (a)

* Vince DiMaggio
4
  1945 (n)

* Lou Gehrig
4
  1934 (a)

* Scooter Gennett
4
  2017 (n)

* Jason Giambi
4
  2000 (a)

* Sid Gordon
4
  1950 (n)

* Tommy Henrich
4
  1948 (a)

* Ralph Kiner
4
  1949 (n)

* Edgar Martínez
4
  2000 (a)

* Phil Nevin
4
  2001 (n)

* Mike Piazza
4
  1998 (n)

* Alexei Ramírez
4
  2008 (a)

* Al Rosen
4
  1951 (a)

* Babe Ruth
4
  1919 (a)

* Wildfire Schulte
4
  1911 (n)

* Rudy York
4
  1938 (a)

text:
a – American League
n – National League