document_title: List of solar eclipses in the 21st century

question_text: when did the last solar eclipse happen in usa

text:
Lists of solar eclipses

Geometry of a total solar eclipse
(not to scale)

Centuries

BC[show]

20th
19th
18th
17th
16th
15th
14th
13th
12th
11th
10th
9th
8th
7th
6th
5th
4th
3rd
2nd
1st

AD

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
28th
29th
30th

Eclipses seen from

Australia
China
Philippines
Russia
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States

See also Lists of lunar eclipses

text: During the 21st century, there will be 224 solar eclipses of which 77 will be partial, 72 will be annular, 68 will be total and 7 will be hybrids between total and annular eclipses. Of these, two annular and one total eclipse will be non-central,[1] in the sense that the very center (axis) of the moon's shadow will miss the earth (for more information see gamma).[2] In the 21st century the greatest number of eclipses in one year is four, in 2011, 2029, 2047, 2065, 2076, and 2094. The predictions given here are by Fred Espenak of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.[1]

text: At this point, the longest duration in which the moon completely covered the sun, known as totality, was during the solar eclipse of July 22, 2009. This total solar eclipse had a maximum duration of 6 minutes and 39 seconds. The longest possible duration of a total solar eclipse is 7 minutes and 32 seconds. The longest annular solar eclipse of the 21st century took place on January 15, 2010, with a duration of 11 minutes and 8 seconds. The maximum possible duration is 12 minutes and 29 seconds. The eclipse of May 20, 2050, will be the second hybrid eclipse in the span of less than one year, the first one being on November 25, 2049.[a]

text: The next solar eclipse (Partial) will occur on February 15, 2018; the last solar eclipse (Total) occurred on August 21, 2017.

text: The table contains the date and time of the greatest eclipse (in dynamical time, which in this case is the time when the axis of the Moon's shadow cone passes closest to the centre of Earth; this is in Universal Time). The number of the saros series that the eclipse belongs to is given, followed by the magnitude of the eclipse (the fraction of the Sun's diameter obscured by the Moon) and the type of the eclipse (either total, annular, partial or hybrid). For total and annular eclipses, the duration of the eclipse is given, as well as the location of the greatest eclipse (the point of maximum eclipse) and the path width of the total or annular eclipse. The geographical areas from which the eclipse can be seen are listed.[3]

text:
Date
Time of
greatest eclipse
(UTC)
Saros
Type
Magnitude
Central
duration
(min:s)
Location
Path width
Geographical area
Ref(s)

km
mi

2001-06-21 June 21, 2001
12:04:46
127
Total
1.050
4:57
-11.3 11°18′S 2°42′E / 11.3°S 2.7°E / -11.3; 2.7
200
120
Total: Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Madagascar
Partial: South America, Africa

[a][4]

2001-12-14 December 14, 2001
20:53:01
132
Annular
0.968
3:53
00.6 0°36′N 130°42′W / 0.6°N 130.7°W / 0.6; -130.7
126
78
Annular: Nicaragua and Costa Rica
Partial: North and Central America, northwestern South America, Hawaii

[a][4]

2002-06-10 June 10, 2002
23:45:22
137
Annular
0.996
0:23
34.5 34°30′N 178°36′W / 34.5°N 178.6°W / 34.5; -178.6
13
8.1
Annular: Manado, Indonesia, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and Puerto Vallarta, Mexico
Partial: eastern Asia, northeastern Australia, North America, Hawaii

[a][4]

2002-12-04 December 4, 2002
07:32:16
142
Total
1.024
2:04
-39.5 39°30′S 59°36′E / 39.5°S 59.6°E / -39.5; 59.6
87
54
Total: Angola, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Mozambique and South Australia
Partial: Africa, Antarctica, Indonesia, Australia

[a][4]

2003-05-31 May 31, 2003
04:09:22
147
Annular
0.938
3:37
66.6 66°36′N 24°30′W / 66.6°N 24.5°W / 66.6; -24.5
—
Annular: Greenland, Iceland, northeastern Scotland, Faroe Islands, Shetland Islands
Partial: Eastern Europe, northern and western Asia, Middle East, Alaska, Greenland and northwestern Canada

[a][4]

2003-11-23 November 23, 2003
22:50:22
152
Total
1.038
1:57
-72.7 72°42′S 88°24′E / 72.7°S 88.4°E / -72.7; 88.4
495
308
Total: East Antarctica
Partial: Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica, southern Chile and Argentina

[a][4]

2004-04-19 April 19, 2004
13:35:05
119
Partial
0.737
—
-61.6 61°36′S 44°18′E / 61.6°S 44.3°E / -61.6; 44.3
—
Partial: Antarctic Peninsula, east Antarctica, southern Africa
[a][4]

2004-10-14 October 14, 2004
03:00:23
124
Partial
0.928
—
61.2 61°12′N 153°42′W / 61.2°N 153.7°W / 61.2; -153.7
—
Partial: eastern Russia, Mongolia, Northeastern China, Korea, Japan, Hawaii, western Alaska
[a][4]

2005-04-08 April 8, 2005
20:36:51
129
Hybrid
1.007
0:42
-10.6 10°36′S 119°00′W / 10.6°S 119.0°W / -10.6; -119.0
27
17
Hybrid: Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, southeastern French Polynesia, Bounty Islands
Partial: Pacific, Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, western South America, New Zealand, West Antarctica

[a][4]

2005-10-03 October 3, 2005
10:32:47
134
Annular
0.958
4:32
12.9 12°54′N 28°42′E / 12.9°N 28.7°E / 12.9; 28.7
162
101
Annular: Portugal, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Chad, Sudan, Kenya and Somalia
Partial: Africa, Europe, Western Asia, Middle East and India Pakistan

[a][4]

2006-03-29 March 29, 2006
10:12:23
139
Total
1.052
4:07
23.2 23°12′N 16°42′E / 23.2°N 16.7°E / 23.2; 16.7
104
65
Total: Brazil, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Libya, northwest Egypt, Turkey, Georgia, southwestern Russia and Kazakhstan
Partial: North Africa, Central Africa, eastern Brazil, Central Asia, Middle East, India Pakistan and Europe

[a][4]

2006-09-22 September 22, 2006
11:41:16
144
Annular
0.935
7:09
-20.6 20°36′S 9°06′W / 20.6°S 9.1°W / -20.6; -9.1
261
162
Annular: Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana
Partial: South America, West Africa, Southern Africa, Antarctic Peninsula, east Antarctica

[a][4]

2007-03-19 March 19, 2007
02:32:57
149
Partial
0.876
—
61.0 61°00′N 55°30′E / 61.0°N 55.5°E / 61.0; 55.5
—
Partial: Asia, western Alaska
[a][4]

2007-09-11 September 11, 2007
12:32:24
154
Partial
0.751
—
-61.0 61°00′S 90°12′W / 61.0°S 90.2°W / -61.0; -90.2
—
Partial: Central and Southern South America, Antarctic Peninsula, east Antarctica, south Atlantic
[a][4]

2008-02-07 February 7, 2008
03:56:10
121
Annular
0.965
2:12
-67.6 67°36′S 150°30′W / 67.6°S 150.5°W / -67.6; -150.5
444
276
Annular: West Antarctica
Partial: Antarctica, southeastern Australia, New Zealand, southeastern Melanesia, southeastern Micronesia, southeastern Polynesia

[a][4]

2008-08-01 August 1, 2008
10:22:12
126
Total
1.039
2:27
65.7 65°42′N 72°18′E / 65.7°N 72.3°E / 65.7; 72.3
237
147
Total: Nunavut, northern Greenland, central Russia, western Mongolia, western China
Partial: Nova Scotia, PEI, New Brunswick, Quebec, Nunavut, Greenland, northern Europe, Asia

[a][4]

2009-01-26 January 26, 2009
07:59:45
131
Annular
0.928
7:54
-34.1 34°06′S 70°12′E / 34.1°S 70.2°E / -34.1; 70.2
280
170
Annular: southeast Sumatra, Jakarta and Borneo
Partial: Southern Africa, east Antarctica, South East Asia, Philippines, Australia

[a][4]

2009-07-22 July 22, 2009
02:36:25
136
Total
1.080
6:39
24.2 24°12′N 144°06′E / 24.2°N 144.1°E / 24.2; 144.1
258
160
Total: central and northeastern Pakistan India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, northern part of the Ryukyu Islands (Satsunan)
Partial: Southeast Asia, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Indonesia, Central Pacific Ocean area and its islands

[a][4]

2010-01-15 January 15, 2010
07:07:39
141
Annular
0.919
11:08
01.6 1°36′N 69°18′E / 1.6°N 69.3°E / 1.6; 69.3
333
207
Annular: Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Maldives, southeastern India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, central China
Partial: Africa, Southeastern Europe, Middle East, Asia

[a][4]

2010-07-11 July 11, 2010
19:34:38
146
Total
1.058
5:20
-19.7 19°42′S 121°54′W / 19.7°S 121.9°W / -19.7; -121.9
259
161
Total: Southern Chile and Argentina, Southeastern Polynesia
Partial: southwestern South America, French Polynesia, Hawaii

[a][4]

2011-01-04 January 4, 2011
08:51:42
151
Partial
0.858
—
64.7 64°42′N 20°48′E / 64.7°N 20.8°E / 64.7; 20.8
—
Partial: Europe, Northern Africa, Central Asia, Middle East
[a][4]

2011-06-01 June 1, 2011
21:17:18
118
Partial
0.601
—
67.8 67°48′N 46°48′E / 67.8°N 46.8°E / 67.8; 46.8
—
Partial: Iceland, northern Canada, Alaska, northeastern Asia, Greenland, northern Scandinavia
[a][4]

2011-07-01 July 1, 2011
08:39:30
156
Partial
0.097
—
-65.2 65°12′S 28°36′E / 65.2°S 28.6°E / -65.2; 28.6
—
Partial: Southern Indian Ocean near Antarctica
[a][4]

2011-11-25 November 25, 2011
06:21:24
123
Partial
0.905
—
-68.6 68°36′S 82°24′W / 68.6°S 82.4°W / -68.6; -82.4
—
Partial: Southwestern South Africa, Antarctica, Tasmania, New Zealand
[a][4]

2012-05-20 May 20, 2012
23:53:54
128
Annular
0.944
5:46
49.1 49°06′N 176°18′E / 49.1°N 176.3°E / 49.1; 176.3
237
147
Annular: Southern China, Hong Kong, Macau, Kyushu, Shikoku, southern Honshu, Tokyo, Oregon, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas
Partial: Pacific, eastern Asia, North America, Hawaii

[a][4]

2012-11-13 November 13, 2012
22:12:55
133
Total
1.050
4:02
-40.0 40°00′S 161°18′W / 40.0°S 161.3°W / -40.0; -161.3
179
111
Total: Arnhem Land and central Cape York Peninsula, Australia, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand
Partial: Australia, New Zealand, Melanesia, Southeastern South America, Southern Pacific, Polynesia, Antarctic Peninsula, West Antarctica, Talos Dome

[a][4]

2013-05-10 May 10, 2013
00:26:20
138
Annular
0.954
6:03
02.2 2°12′N 175°30′E / 2.2°N 175.5°E / 2.2; 175.5
173
107
Annular: Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland, Australia, Louisiade Archipelago, Solomon Islands, Kiribati
Partial: Australia, New Zealand, Central Pacific, Hawaii, Indonesia

[a][4]

2013-11-03 November 3, 2013
12:47:36
143
Hybrid
1.016
1:40
03.5 3°30′N 11°42′W / 3.5°N 11.7°W / 3.5; -11.7
58
36
Hybrid: Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia
Partial: Eastern America, Eastern Canada, Caribbean, Eastern South America, South Europe, Africa

[a][4]

2014-04-29 April 29, 2014
06:04:33
148
Annular (non-central)
0.987
—
-70.6 70°36′S 131°18′E / 70.6°S 131.3°E / -70.6; 131.3
—
Annular: western Wilkes Land

Partial: South Indian Ocean, Australia, east Antarctica

[a][4]

2014-10-23 October 23, 2014
21:45:39
153
Partial
0.811
—
71.2 71°12′N 97°12′W / 71.2°N 97.2°W / 71.2; -97.2
—
Partial: Northern Pacific, North America, Mexico, Eastern Russia
[a][4]

2015-03-20 March 20, 2015
09:46:47
120
Total
1.045
2:47
64.4 64°24′N 6°36′W / 64.4°N 6.6°W / 64.4; -6.6
463
288
Total: Faroe Islands, Svalbard, North Atlantic, North Pole
Partial: Greenland, Europe, Central Asia, Western Russia

[a][4]

2015-09-13 September 13, 2015
06:55:19
125
Partial
0.788
—
-72.1 72°06′S 2°18′W / 72.1°S 2.3°W / -72.1; -2.3
—
Partial: Southern Africa, South Indian Ocean, east Antarctica
[a][4]

2016-03-09 March 9, 2016
01:58:19
130
Total
1.045
4:09
10.1 10°06′N 148°48′E / 10.1°N 148.8°E / 10.1; 148.8
155
96
Total: Indonesia, Micronesia, Marshall Islands
Partial: Southeastern Asia, Korea, Japan, Eastern Russia, Alaska, northwestern Australia, Hawaii, Pacific

[a][4]

2016-09-01 September 1, 2016
09:08:02
135
Annular
0.974
3:06
-10.7 10°42′S 37°48′E / 10.7°S 37.8°E / -10.7; 37.8
100
62
Annular: Atlantic, Central Africa, Madagascar, Indian
Partial: Africa, Indian Ocean

[a][5]

2017-02-26 February 26, 2017
14:54:33
140
Annular
0.992
0:44
-34.7 34°42′S 31°12′W / 34.7°S 31.2°W / -34.7; -31.2
31
19
Annular: southern Chile and Argentina, Angola, southwestern Katanga
Partial: Southern and Western Africa, Southern South America, Antarctica

[a][4]

2017-08-21 August 21, 2017
18:26:40
145
Total
1.031
2:40
37.0 37°00′N 87°42′W / 37.0°N 87.7°W / 37.0; -87.7
115
71
Total: Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, Nebraska, northeastern Kansas, Missouri, Southern Illinois, Western Kentucky, Tennessee, Southwestern North Carolina, northeastern Georgia, South Carolina
Partial: North America, Hawaii, Greenland, Iceland, British Isles, Portugal, Central America, Caribbean, northern South America, Chukchi Peninsula

[a][4] [6]

2018-02-15 February 15, 2018
20:52:33
150
Partial
0.599
—
-71.0 71°00′S 0°36′E / 71.0°S 0.6°E / -71.0; 0.6
—
Partial: Antarctica, Southern South America
[a][4]

2018-07-13 July 13, 2018
03:02:16
117
Partial
0.336
—
-67.9 67°54′S 127°24′E / 67.9°S 127.4°E / -67.9; 127.4
—
Partial: South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, Indian Ocean, Budd Coast
[a][4]

2018-08-11 August 11, 2018
09:47:28
155
Partial
0.737
—
70.4 70°24′N 174°30′E / 70.4°N 174.5°E / 70.4; 174.5
—
Partial: Northeastern Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Arctic Ocean, Scandinavia, northern British Isles, Russia, northern Asia
[a][4]

2019-01-06 January 6, 2019
01:42:38
122
Partial
0.715
—
67.4 67°24′N 153°36′E / 67.4°N 153.6°E / 67.4; 153.6
—
Partial: Northeastern Asia, Southwestern Alaska, Aleutian Islands
[a][4]

2019-07-02 July 2, 2019
19:24:08
127
Total
1.046
4:33
-17.4 17°24′S 109°00′W / 17.4°S 109.0°W / -17.4; -109.0
201
125
Total: Pitcairn Islands, central Argentina and Chile, Tuamotu Archipelago
Partial: South America, Easter Island, Galapagos Islands, Southern Central America, Polynesia

[a][4]

2019-12-26 December 26, 2019
05:18:53
132
Annular
0.970
3:40
01.0 1°00′N 102°18′E / 1.0°N 102.3°E / 1.0; 102.3
118
73
Annular: northeastern Pakistan Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Lakshadweep, Southern India, Sri Lanka, northern Sumatra, southern Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, central Indonesia, Palau, Micronesia, Guam
Partial: Asia, Western Melanesia, northwestern Australia, Middle East, East Africa

[a][4]

2020-06-21 June 21, 2020
06:41:15
137
Annular
0.994
0:38
30.5 30°30′N 79°42′E / 30.5°N 79.7°E / 30.5; 79.7
21
13
Annular: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Yemen, Empty Quarter, Oman, southern Pakistan, northern India, New Delhi, Tibet, southern China, Chongqing, Taiwan
Partial: Asia, Southeastern Europe, Africa, Middle East, West Melanesia, Western Australia, Northern Territory, Cape York Peninsula

[a][4]

2020-12-14 December 14, 2020
16:14:39
142
Total
1.025
2:10
-40.3 40°18′S 67°54′W / 40.3°S 67.9°W / -40.3; -67.9
90
56
Total: Southern Chile and Argentina, Kiribati, Polynesia
Partial: Central and Southern South America, Southwest Africa, Antarctic Peninsula, Ellsworth Land, Western Queen Maud Land

[a][4]

2021-06-10 June 10, 2021
10:43:07
147
Annular
0.943
3:51
80.8 80°48′N 66°48′W / 80.8°N 66.8°W / 80.8; -66.8
527
327
Annular: Northern Canada, Greenland, Russia
Partial: Northern North America, Europe, Asia

[a][7]

2021-12-04 December 4, 2021
07:34:38
152
Total
1.037
1:54
-76.8 76°48′S 46°12′W / 76.8°S 46.2°W / -76.8; -46.2
419
260
Total: Antarctica
Partial: South Africa, South Atlantic
[a][7]

2022-04-30 April 30, 2022
20:42:36
119
Partial
0.640
—
-62.1 62°06′S 71°30′W / 62.1°S 71.5°W / -62.1; -71.5
—
Partial: Southeast Pacific, Southern South America
[a][7]

2022-10-25 October 25, 2022
11:01:20
124
Partial
0.862
—
61.6 61°36′N 77°24′E / 61.6°N 77.4°E / 61.6; 77.4
—
Partial: Europe, northeast Africa, Mid East, West Asia
[a][7]

2023-04-20 April 20, 2023
04:17:56
129
Hybrid
1.013
1:16
-09.6 9°36′S 125°48′E / 9.6°S 125.8°E / -9.6; 125.8
49
30
Hybrid: Indonesia, Australia, Papua New Guinea
Partial: Southeast Asia, East Indies, Philippines, New Zealand
[a][7]

2023-10-14 October 14, 2023
18:00:41
134
Annular
0.952
5:17
11.4 11°24′N 83°06′W / 11.4°N 83.1°W / 11.4; -83.1
187
116
Annular: Western United States, Central America, Colombia, Brazil
Partial: North America, Central America, South America
[a][7]

2024-04-08 April 8, 2024
18:18:29
139
Total
1.057
4:28
25.3 25°18′N 104°06′W / 25.3°N 104.1°W / 25.3; -104.1
198
123
Total: Mexico, central and northeastern United States, East Canada
Partial: North America, Central America
[a][7]

2024-10-02 October 2, 2024
18:46:13
144
Annular
0.933
7:25
-22.0 22°00′S 114°30′W / 22.0°S 114.5°W / -22.0; -114.5
266
165
Annular: Southern Chile, Southern Argentina
Partial: Pacific, Southern South America
[a][7]

2025-03-29 March 29, 2025
10:48:36
149
Partial
0.938
—
61.1 61°06′N 77°06′W / 61.1°N 77.1°W / 61.1; -77.1
—
Partial: Northwest Africa, Europe, northern Russia
[a][7]

2025-09-21 September 21, 2025
19:43:04
154
Partial
0.855
—
-60.9 60°54′S 153°30′E / 60.9°S 153.5°E / -60.9; 153.5
—
Partial: South Pacific, New Zealand, Antarctica
[a][7]

2026-02-17 February 17, 2026
12:13:06
121
Annular
0.963
2:20
-64.7 64°42′S 86°48′E / 64.7°S 86.8°E / -64.7; 86.8
616
383
Annular: Antarctica
Partial: South Argentina, Chile, South Africa, Antarctica
[a][7]

2026-08-12 August 12, 2026
17:47:06
126
Total
1.039
2:18
65.2 65°12′N 25°12′W / 65.2°N 25.2°W / 65.2; -25.2
294
183
Total: Arctic, Greenland, Iceland, Spain, Northeastern Portugal
Partial: Northern North America, Western Africa, Europe
[a][7]

2027-02-06 February 6, 2027
16:00:48
131
Annular
0.928
7:51
-31.3 31°18′S 48°30′W / 31.3°S 48.5°W / -31.3; -48.5
282
175
Annular: Chile, Argentina, Atlantic
Partial: South America, Antarctica, West and South Africa
[a][7]

2027-08-02 August 2, 2027
10:07:50
136
Total
1.079
6:23
25.5 25°30′N 33°12′E / 25.5°N 33.2°E / 25.5; 33.2
258
160
Total: Morocco, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Somalia
Partial: Africa, Europe, Mid East, West and South Asia
[a][7]

2028-01-26 January 26, 2028
15:08:59
141
Annular
0.921
10:27
03.0 3°00′N 51°30′W / 3.0°N 51.5°W / 3.0; -51.5
323
201
Annular: Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Suriname, Spain, Portugal
Partial: Eastern North America, Central and South America, Western Europe, northwest Africa
[a][7]

2028-07-22 July 22, 2028
02:56:40
146
Total
1.056
5:10
-15.6 15°36′S 126°42′E / 15.6°S 126.7°E / -15.6; 126.7
230
140
Total: Australia, New Zealand
Partial: Southeast Asia, East Indies
[a][7]

2029-01-14 January 14, 2029
17:13:48
151
Partial
0.871
—
63.7 63°42′N 114°12′W / 63.7°N 114.2°W / 63.7; -114.2
—
Partial: North America, Central America
[a][7]

2029-06-12 June 12, 2029
04:06:13
118
Partial
0.458
—
66.8 66°48′N 66°12′W / 66.8°N 66.2°W / 66.8; -66.2
—
Partial: Arctic, Scandinavia, Alaska, northern Asia, northern Canada
[a][7]

2029-07-11 July 11, 2029
15:37:19
156
Partial
0.230
—
-64.3 64°18′S 85°36′W / 64.3°S 85.6°W / -64.3; -85.6
—
Partial: Southern Chile, Southern Argentina
[a][7]

2029-12-05 December 5, 2029
15:03:58
123
Partial
0.891
—
-67.5 67°30′S 135°42′E / 67.5°S 135.7°E / -67.5; 135.7
—
Partial: Southern Argentina, Southern Chile, Antarctica
[a][7]

2030-06-01 June 1, 2030
06:29:13
128
Annular
0.944
5:21
56.5 56°30′N 80°06′E / 56.5°N 80.1°E / 56.5; 80.1
250
160
Annular: Algeria, Tunisia, Greece, Turkey, Russia, northern China, Japan
Partial: Europe, Northern Africa, Mid East, Asia, Arctic, Alaska
[a][7]

2030-11-25 November 25, 2030
06:51:37
133
Total
1.047
3:44
-43.6 43°36′S 71°12′E / 43.6°S 71.2°E / -43.6; 71.2
169
105
Total: Botswana, South Africa, Australia
Partial: South Africa, Southern Indian Ocean, East Indies, Australia, Antarctica
[a][7]

2031-05-21 May 21, 2031
07:16:04
138
Annular
0.959
5:26
08.9 8°54′N 71°42′E / 8.9°N 71.7°E / 8.9; 71.7
152
94
Annular: Angola, Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Tanzania, south Indian Ocean, Malaysia, Indonesia
Partial: Africa, south Asia, East Indies, Australia
[a][8]

2031-11-14 November 14, 2031
21:07:31
143
Hybrid
1.011
1:08
-00.6 0°36′S 137°36′W / 0.6°S 137.6°W / -0.6; -137.6
38
24
Hybrid: Pacific, Panama
Partial: south United States, Central America, northwest South America
[a][8]

2032-05-09 May 9, 2032
13:26:42
148
Annular
0.996
0:22
-51.3 51°18′S 7°06′W / 51.3°S 7.1°W / -51.3; -7.1
44
27
Annular: south Atlantic
Partial: south South America, South Africa
[a][8]

2032-11-03 November 3, 2032
05:34:13
153
Partial
0.855
—
70.4 70°24′N 132°36′E / 70.4°N 132.6°E / 70.4; 132.6
—
Partial: Asia
[a][8]

2033-03-30 March 30, 2033
18:02:36
120
Total
1.046
2:37
71.3 71°18′N 155°48′W / 71.3°N 155.8°W / 71.3; -155.8
781
485
Total: east Russia, Alaska
Partial: North America
[a][8]

2033-09-23 September 23, 2033
13:54:31
125
Partial
0.689
—
-72.2 72°12′S 121°12′W / 72.2°S 121.2°W / -72.2; -121.2
—
Partial: south South America, Antarctica
[a][8]

2034-03-20 March 20, 2034
10:18:45
130
Total
1.046
4:09
16°06′N 22°12′E / 16.1°N 22.2°E / 16.1; 22.2
159
99
Total: Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, China
Partial: Africa, Europe, west Asia
[a][8]

2034-09-12 September 12, 2034
16:19:28
135
Annular
0.974
2:58
-18.2 18°12′S 72°36′W / 18.2°S 72.6°W / -18.2; -72.6
102
63
Annular: Chile, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil
Partial: Central America, South America
[a][8]

2035-03-09 March 9, 2035
23:05:54
140
Annular
0.992
0:48
-29.0 29°00′S 154°54′W / 29.0°S 154.9°W / -29.0; -154.9
31
19
Annular: New Zealand, Pacific
Partial: Australia, Mexico, Antarctica
[a][8]

2035-09-02 September 2, 2035
01:56:46
145
Total
1.032
2:54
29.1 29°06′N 158°00′E / 29.1°N 158.0°E / 29.1; 158.0
116
72
Total: China, Korea, Japan, Pacific
Partial: east Asia, Pacific
[a][8]

2036-02-27 February 27, 2036
04:46:49
150
Partial
0.629
—
-71.6 71°36′S 131°24′W / 71.6°S 131.4°W / -71.6; -131.4
—
Partial: Antarctica, south Australia, New Zealand
[a][8]

2036-07-23 July 23, 2036
10:32:06
117
Partial
0.199
—
-68.9 68°54′S 3°36′E / 68.9°S 3.6°E / -68.9; 3.6
—
Partial: south Atlantic
[a][8]

2036-08-21 August 21, 2036
17:25:45
155
Partial
0.862
—
71.1 71°06′N 47°00′E / 71.1°N 47.0°E / 71.1; 47.0
—
Partial: Alaska, Canada, Arctic, west Europe, northwest Africa
[a][8]

2037-01-16 January 16, 2037
09:48:55
122
Partial
0.705
—
68.5 68°30′N 20°48′E / 68.5°N 20.8°E / 68.5; 20.8
—
Partial: north Africa, Europe, Mid East, west Asia
[a][8]

2037-07-13 July 13, 2037
02:40:36
127
Total
1.041
3:58
-24.8 24°48′S 139°06′E / 24.8°S 139.1°E / -24.8; 139.1
201
125
Total: Australia, New Zealand
Partial: East Indies, Australia, Pacific
[a][8]

2038-01-05 January 5, 2038
13:47:11
132
Annular
0.973
3:18
02.1 2°06′N 25°24′W / 2.1°N 25.4°W / 2.1; -25.4
107
66
Annular: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Niger, Chad, Egypt
Partial: east North America, north South America, Atlantic, Africa, Europe
[a][8]

2038-07-02 July 2, 2038
13:32:55
137
Annular
0.991
1:00
25.4 25°24′N 21°54′W / 25.4°N 21.9°W / 25.4; -21.9
31
19
Annular: Colombia, Venezuela, Mauritania, Morocco, Mali, Niger, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya
Partial: North and Central America, South America, Africa, Europe, Mid East
[a][8]

2038-12-26 December 26, 2038
01:00:10
142
Total
1.027
2:18
-40.3 40°18′S 164°00′E / 40.3°S 164.0°E / -40.3; 164.0
95
59
Total: Australia, New Zealand, south Pacific
Partial: southeast Asia, East Indies, Australia, New Zealand, south Pacific, Antarctica
[a][8]

2039-06-21 June 21, 2039
17:12:54
147
Annular
0.945
4:05
78.9 78°54′N 102°06′W / 78.9°N 102.1°W / 78.9; -102.1
365
227
Annular: Alaska, north Canada, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Russia
Partial: North America, west Europe
[a][8]

2039-12-15 December 15, 2039
16:23:46
152
Total
1.036
1:51
-80.9 80°54′S 172°48′E / 80.9°S 172.8°E / -80.9; 172.8
380
240
Total: Antarctica
Partial: south South America
[a][8]

2040-05-11 May 11, 2040
03:43:02
119
Partial
0.531
—
-62.8 62°48′S 174°24′E / 62.8°S 174.4°E / -62.8; 174.4
—
Partial: Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica
[a][8]

2040-11-04 November 4, 2040
19:09:02
124
Partial
0.807
—
62.2 62°12′N 53°24′W / 62.2°N 53.4°W / 62.2; -53.4
—
Partial: North and Central America
[a][8]

2041-04-30 April 30, 2041
11:52:21
129
Total
1.019
1:51
-09.6 9°36′S 12°12′E / 9.6°S 12.2°E / -9.6; 12.2
72
45
Total: Angola, Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia
Partial: Brazil, Africa, Mid East
[a][9]

2041-10-25 October 25, 2041
01:36:22
134
Annular
0.947
6:07
09.9 9°54′N 162°54′E / 9.9°N 162.9°E / 9.9; 162.9
213
132
Annular: Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan, Pacific
Partial: east Asia, Pacific
[a][9]

2042-04-20 April 20, 2042
02:17:30
139
Total
1.061
4:51
27.0 27°00′N 137°18′E / 27.0°N 137.3°E / 27.0; 137.3
210
130
Total: Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, north Pacific
Partial: east and southeast Asia, Australia, Pacific

[a][9]

2042-10-14 October 14, 2042
02:00:42
144
Annular
0.930
7:44
-23.7 23°42′S 137°48′E / 23.7°S 137.8°E / -23.7; 137.8
273
170
Annular: Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand
Partial: south-east Asia, East Indies, south Pacific, Antarctica

[a][9]

2043-04-09 April 9, 2043
18:57:49
149
Total (non-central)
1.010
—
61.3 61°18′N 152°00′E / 61.3°N 152.0°E / 61.3; 152.0
—
Total: northeast Russia
Partial: north North America, northeast Asia
[a][9]

2043-10-03 October 3, 2043
03:01:49
154
Annular (non-central)
0.950
—
-61.0 61°00′S 35°18′E / 61.0°S 35.3°E / -61.0; 35.3
—
Annular: south Indian Ocean
Partial: Antarctica, southwest Australia, Indian Ocean
[a][9]

2044-02-28 February 28, 2044
20:24:40
121
Annular
0.960
2:27
-62.2 62°12′S 25°36′W / 62.2°S 25.6°W / -62.2; -25.6
—
Annular: south Atlantic
Partial: Antarctica, South America
[a][9]

2044-08-23 August 23, 2044
01:17:02
126
Total
1.036
2:04
64.3 64°18′N 120°24′W / 64.3°N 120.4°W / 64.3; -120.4
453
281
Total: Greenland; Canada's Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan; Montana, North Dakota
Partial: north Asia, western North America, Greenland

[a][9]

2045-02-16 February 16, 2045
23:56:07
131
Annular
0.928
7:47
-28.3 28°18′S 166°12′W / 28.3°S 166.2°W / -28.3; -166.2
281
175
Annular: New Zealand, Pacific
Partial: Australia, Hawaii

[a][9]

2045-08-12 August 12, 2045
17:42:39
136
Total
1.077
6:06
25.9 25°54′N 78°30′W / 25.9°N 78.5°W / 25.9; -78.5
256
159
Total: south United States, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guyana, Suriname, Brazil
Partial: North, Central and South America, western Africa

[a][9]

2046-02-05 February 5, 2046
23:06:26
141
Annular
0.923
9:42
04.8 4°48′N 171°24′W / 4.8°N 171.4°W / 4.8; -171.4
310
190
Annular: Papua New Guinea, Hawaii, California, Oregon, Idaho
Partial: Australia, western United States
[a][9]

2046-08-02 August 2, 2046
10:21:13
146
Total
1.053
4:51
-12.7 12°42′S 15°12′E / 12.7°S 15.2°E / -12.7; 15.2
206
128
Total: Brazil, Angola, east Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland, south Mozambique
Partial: Africa

[a][9]

2047-01-26 January 26, 2047
01:33:18
151
Partial
0.891
—
62.9 62°54′N 111°42′E / 62.9°N 111.7°E / 62.9; 111.7
—
Partial: east Asia, Alaska
[a][9]

2047-06-23 June 23, 2047
10:52:31
118
Partial
0.313
—
65.8 65°48′N 178°00′W / 65.8°N 178.0°W / 65.8; -178.0
—
Partial: north Canada, Greenland, northeast Asia
[a][9]

2047-07-22 July 22, 2047
22:36:17
156
Partial
0.361
—
-63.4 63°24′S 160°12′E / 63.4°S 160.2°E / -63.4; 160.2
—
Partial: southeast Australia, New Zealand
[a][9]

2047-12-16 December 16, 2047
23:50:12
123
Partial
0.882
—
-66.4 66°24′S 6°36′W / 66.4°S 6.6°W / -66.4; -6.6
—
Partial: Antarctica, south Chile, south Argentina
[a][9]

2048-06-11 June 11, 2048
12:58:53
128
Annular
0.944
4:58
63.7 63°42′N 11°30′W / 63.7°N 11.5°W / 63.7; -11.5
272
169
Annular: midwest United States, Quebec, Ontario, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Afghanistan
Partial: North America, Caribbean, north Africa, Europe, west Asia

[a][9]

2048-12-05 December 5, 2048
15:35:27
133
Total
1.044
3:28
-46.1 46°06′S 56°24′W / 46.1°S 56.4°W / -46.1; -56.4
160
99
Total: Chile, Argentina, Namibia, Botswana
Partial: south South America, southwest Africa

[a][9]

2049-05-31 May 31, 2049
13:59:59
138
Annular
0.963
4:45
15.3 15°18′N 29°54′W / 15.3°N 29.9°W / 15.3; -29.9
134
83
Annular: Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Nigeria
Partial: southeast United States, Central America, South America, Africa, south Europe

[a][9]

2049-11-25 November 25, 2049
05:33:48
143
Hybrid
1.006
0:38
-03.8 3°48′S 95°12′E / 3.8°S 95.2°E / -3.8; 95.2
21
13
Hybrid: Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Malaysia, Indonesia
Partial: east Africa, south Asia, East Indies, Australia

[a][9]

2050-05-20 May 20, 2050
20:42:50
148
Hybrid
1.004
0:21
-40.1 40°06′S 123°42′W / 40.1°S 123.7°W / -40.1; -123.7
27
17
Hybrid: south Pacific
Partial: New Zealand, southwest South America

[a][9]

2050-11-14 November 14, 2050
13:30:53
153
Partial
0.887
—
69.5 69°30′N 1°00′E / 69.5°N 1.0°E / 69.5; 1.0
—
Partial: northeast United States, east Canada, north Africa, Europe
[a][9]

2051-04-11 April 11, 2051
02:10:39
120
Partial
0.985
—
71.6 71°36′N 32°12′E / 71.6°N 32.2°E / 71.6; 32.2
—
Partial: Asia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland
[a][10]

2051-10-04 October 4, 2051
21:02:14
125
Partial
0.602
—
-72.0 72°00′S 117°42′E / 72.0°S 117.7°E / -72.0; 117.7
—
Partial: Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand
[a][10]

2052-03-30 March 30, 2052
18:31:53
130
Total
1.047
4:08
22.4 22°24′N 102°30′W / 22.4°N 102.5°W / 22.4; -102.5
164
102
Total: central Pacific, Mexico, United States, central Atlantic
Partial: Central and North America, north South America

[a][10]

2052-09-22 September 22, 2052
23:39:10
135
Annular
0.973
2:51
-25.7 25°42′S 175°00′E / 25.7°S 175.0°E / -25.7; 175.0
106
66
Annular: Australia, south Pacific
Partial: New Zealand, Antarctica, West Indies

[a][10]

2053-03-20 March 20, 2053
07:08:19
140
Annular
0.992
0:50
-23.0 23°00′S 83°00′E / 23.0°S 83.0°E / -23.0; 83.0
31
19
Annular: central Indian Ocean, Indonesia
Partial: Africa, Indies, Australia, Antarctica

[a][10]

2053-09-12 September 12, 2053
09:34:09
145
Total
1.033
3:04
21.5 21°30′N 41°42′E / 21.5°N 41.7°E / 21.5; 41.7
116
72
Total: Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Maldives, Indonesia
Partial: Greenland, Africa, Europe, Asia

[a][10]

2054-03-09 March 9, 2054
12:33:40
150
Partial
0.668
—
-72.0 72°00′S 97°54′E / 72.0°S 97.9°E / -72.0; 97.9
—
Partial: Antarctica, South Africa, Madagascar, Chile
[a][10]

2054-08-03 August 3, 2054
18:04:02
117
Partial
0.066
—
-69.8 69°48′S 121°18′W / 69.8°S 121.3°W / -69.8; -121.3
—
Partial: Antarctica
[a][10]

2054-09-02 September 2, 2054
01:09:34
155
Partial
0.979
—
71.7 71°42′N 82°18′W / 71.7°N 82.3°W / 71.7; -82.3
—
Partial: Asia, United States, Canada, Greenland
[a][10]

2055-01-27 January 27, 2055
17:54:05
122
Partial
0.693
—
69.5 69°30′N 112°12′W / 69.5°N 112.2°W / 69.5; -112.2
—
Partial: Canada, United States, Mexico, Cuba
[a][10]

2055-07-24 July 24, 2055
09:57:50
127
Total
1.036
3:17
-33.3 33°18′S 25°48′E / 33.3°S 25.8°E / -33.3; 25.8
202
126
Total: South Africa
Partial: Africa, Antarctica

[a][10]

2056-01-16 January 16, 2056
22:16:45
132
Annular
0.976
2:52
03.9 3°54′N 153°30′W / 3.9°N 153.5°W / 3.9; -153.5
95
59
Annular: central Pacific, Mexico
Partial: New Zealand, western North America

[a][10]

2056-07-12 July 12, 2056
20:21:59
137
Annular
0.988
1:26
19.4 19°24′N 123°42′W / 19.4°N 123.7°W / 19.4; -123.7
43
27
Annular: central Pacific, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil
Partial: south North America, Central America, north South America

[a][10]

2057-01-05 January 5, 2057
09:47:52
142
Total
1.029
2:29
-39.2 39°12′S 35°12′E / 39.2°S 35.2°E / -39.2; 35.2
102
63
Total: southern Atlantic, southern Indian Ocean
Partial: Africa, Antarctica, Australia

[a][10]

2057-07-01 July 1, 2057
23:40:15
147
Annular
0.946
4:23
71.5 71°30′N 176°12′W / 71.5°N 176.2°W / 71.5; -176.2
298
185
Annular: China, Mongolia, Russia, Canada, United States
Partial: Asia, North America

[a][10]

2057-12-26 December 26, 2057
01:14:35
152
Total
1.035
1:50
-84.9 84°54′S 21°48′E / 84.9°S 21.8°E / -84.9; 21.8
355
221
Total: Antarctica
Partial: Australia
[a][10]

2058-05-22 May 22, 2058
10:39:25
119
Partial
0.414
—
-63.5 63°30′S 61°06′E / 63.5°S 61.1°E / -63.5; 61.1
—
Partial: South Africa, Madagascar
[a][10]

2058-06-21 June 21, 2058
00:19:35
157
Partial
0.126
—
65.9 65°54′N 9°54′E / 65.9°N 9.9°E / 65.9; 9.9
—
Partial: Russia, Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Finland
[a][10]

2058-11-16 November 16, 2058
03:23:07
124
Partial
0.764
—
62.9 62°54′N 174°12′E / 62.9°N 174.2°E / 62.9; 174.2
—
Partial: Russia, China, Mongolia, Japan
[a][10]

2059-05-11 May 11, 2059
19:22:16
129
Total
1.024
2:23
-10.7 10°42′S 100°24′W / 10.7°S 100.4°W / -10.7; -100.4
95
59
Total: central Pacific, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil
Partial: North, Central and South America

[a][10]

2059-11-05 November 5, 2059
09:18:15
134
Annular
0.942
7:00
08.7 8°42′N 47°06′E / 8.7°N 47.1°E / 8.7; 47.1
238
148
Annular: France, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Indonesia
Partial: Africa, Europe, Asia

[a][10]

2060-03-30 April 30, 2060
10:10:00
139
Total
1.066
5:15
28.0 28°00′N 20°54′E / 28.0°N 20.9°E / 28.0; 20.9
222
138
Total: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Libya, Egypt, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Russia
Partial: Africa, Asia

[a][10]

2060-10-24 October 24, 2060
09:24:10
144
Annular
0.928
8:06
-25.8 25°48′S 28°06′E / 25.8°S 28.1°E / -25.8; 28.1
281
175
Annular: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Angola, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa
Partial: Africa, Antarctica, South America

[a][10]

2061-04-20 April 20, 2061
02:56:49
149
Total
1.048
2:37
64.5 64°30′N 59°12′E / 64.5°N 59.2°E / 64.5; 59.2
559
347
Total: Kazakhstan, Russia
Partial: Asia, Middle East, North America

[a][11]

2061-10-13 October 13, 2061
10:32:10
154
Annular
0.947
3:41
-62.1 62°06′S 54°24′W / 62.1°S 54.4°W / -62.1; -54.4
743
462
Annular: Antarctica, Argentina, Chile
Partial: South America
[a][11]

2062-03-11 March 11, 2062
04:26:16
121
Partial
0.933
—
-61.0 61°00′S 147°06′W / 61.0°S 147.1°W / -61.0; -147.1
—
Partial: Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand
[a][11]

2062-09-03 September 3, 2062
08:54:27
126
Partial
0.975
—
61.3 61°18′N 150°18′E / 61.3°N 150.3°E / 61.3; 150.3
—
Partial: Greenland, Europe, Asia
[a][11]

2063-02-28 February 28, 2063
07:43:30
131
Annular
0.929
7:41
-25.2 25°12′S 77°42′E / 25.2°S 77.7°E / -25.2; 77.7
280
170
Annular: Indian Ocean, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mindanao, Philippines
Partial: Africa, Indies, southeast Asia, the rest of Philippines, Antarctica, Australia

[a][11]

2063-08-24 August 24, 2063
01:22:11
136
Total
1.075
5:49
25.6 25°36′N 168°24′E / 25.6°N 168.4°E / 25.6; 168.4
252
157
Total: China, Mongolia, Japan, central Pacific
Partial: Asia, central Pacific

[a][11]

2064-02-17 February 17, 2064
07:00:23
141
Annular
0.926
8:56
07.0 7°00′N 69°42′E / 7.0°N 69.7°E / 7.0; 69.7
295
183
Annular: Zaire, Zambia, Tanzania, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China
Partial: Africa, Asia
[a][11]

2064-08-12 August 12, 2064
17:46:06
146
Total
1.049
4:28
-10.9 10°54′S 96°00′W / 10.9°S 96.0°W / -10.9; -96.0
184
114
Total: Central Pacific, Chile, Argentina
Partial: Americas, Antarctica

[a][11]

2065-02-05 February 5, 2065
09:52:26
151
Partial
0.912
—
62.2 62°12′N 21°54′W / 62.2°N 21.9°W / 62.2; -21.9
—
Partial: North America, Europe, West Asia
[a][11]

2065-07-03 July 3, 2065
17:33:52
118
Partial
0.164
—
64.8 64°48′N 71°54′E / 64.8°N 71.9°E / 64.8; 71.9
—
Partial: northern Europe, Russia
[a][11]

2065-08-02 August 2, 2065
05:34:17
156
Partial
0.490
—
-62.7 62°42′S 46°30′E / 62.7°S 46.5°E / -62.7; 46.5
—
Partial: Antarctica, South Africa, Madagascar
[a][11]

2065-12-27 December 27, 2065
08:39:56
123
Partial
0.877
—
-65.4 65°24′S 149°12′W / 65.4°S 149.2°W / -65.4; -149.2
—
Partial: Chile, Argentina, Antarctica, Australia
[a][11]

2066-06-22 June 22, 2066
19:25:48
128
Annular
0.943
4:40
70.1 70°06′N 96°24′W / 70.1°N 96.4°W / 70.1; -96.4
309
192
Annular: Russia, Alaska, Canada
Partial: North America, northern Europe, north Asia
[a][11]

2066-12-17 December 17, 2066
00:23:40
133
Total
1.042
3:14
-47.4 47°24′S 175°48′E / 47.4°S 175.8°E / -47.4; 175.8
152
94
Total: Australia, New Zealand, south Pacific
Partial: Australia, Antarctica, New Zealand
[a][11]

2067-06-11 June 11, 2067
20:42:26
138
Annular
0.967
4:05
21.0 21°00′N 130°12′W / 21.0°N 130.2°W / 21.0; -130.2
119
74
Annular: central Pacific, Ecuador, Peru
Partial: Americas
[a][11]

2067-12-06 December 6, 2067
14:03:43
143
Hybrid
1.001
0:08
-06.0 6°00′S 32°24′W / 6.0°S 32.4°W / -6.0; -32.4
4
2.5
Hybrid: Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Sudan
Partial: Americas, Africa, south Europe

[a][11]

2068-05-31 May 31, 2068
03:56:39
148
Total
1.011
1:06
-31.0 31°00′S 123°12′E / 31.0°S 123.2°E / -31.0; 123.2
63
39
Total: Australia, New Zealand
Partial: Indies, Australia, Antarctica
[a][11]

2068-11-24 November 24, 2068
21:32:30
153
Partial
0.911
—
68.5 68°30′N 131°06′W / 68.5°N 131.1°W / 68.5; -131.1
—
Partial: North America, Russia
[a][11]

2069-04-21 April 21, 2069
10:11:09
120
Partial
0.899
—
71.0 71°00′N 101°18′W / 71.0°N 101.3°W / 71.0; -101.3
—
Partial: Europe, Asia, north Africa, North America
[a][11]

2069-05-20 May 20, 2069
17:53:18
158
Partial
0.088
—
-68.8 68°48′S 69°54′W / 68.8°S 69.9°W / -68.8; -69.9
—
Partial: South America, Antarctica
[a][11]

2069-10-15 October 15, 2069
04:19:56
125
Partial
0.530
—
-71.6 71°36′S 5°30′W / 71.6°S 5.5°W / -71.6; -5.5
—
Partial: Antarctica
[a][11]

2070-04-11 April 11, 2070
02:36:09
130
Total
1.047
4:04
29.1 29°06′N 135°06′E / 29.1°N 135.1°E / 29.1; 135.1
168
104
Total: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Philippines
Partial: Asia, Indies, Alaska, Canada
[a][11]

2070-10-04 October 4, 2070
07:08:57
135
Annular
0.973
2:44
-32.8 32°48′S 60°24′E / 32.8°S 60.4°E / -32.8; 60.4
110
68
Annular: Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Madagascar
Partial: Africa, Antarctica, Australia

[a][11]

2071-03-31 March 31, 2071
15:01:06
140
Annular
0.992
0:52
-16.7 16°42′S 37°00′W / 16.7°S 37.0°W / -16.7; -37.0
31
19
Annular: Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Republic of the Congo, Zaire
Partial: South America, Africa, Antarctica

[a][12]

2071-09-23 September 23, 2071
17:20:28
145
Total
1.033
3:11
14.2 14°12′N 76°42′W / 14.2°N 76.7°W / 14.2; -76.7
116
72
Total: Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil
Partial: Americas, Africa

[a][12]

2072-03-19 March 19, 2072
20:10:31
150
Partial
0.720
—
-72.2 72°12′S 30°24′W / 72.2°S 30.4°W / -72.2; -30.4
—
Partial: Antarctica, South America
[a][12]

2072-09-12 September 12, 2072
08:59:20
155
Total
1.056
3:13
69.8 69°48′N 102°00′E / 69.8°N 102.0°E / 69.8; 102.0
732
455
Total: Russia
Partial: Greenland, Europe, Asia
[a][12]

2073-02-07 February 7, 2073
01:55:59
122
Partial
0.677
—
70.5 70°30′N 114°54′E / 70.5°N 114.9°E / 70.5; 114.9
—
Partial: Asia, Alaska
[a][12]

2073-08-03 August 3, 2073
17:15:23
127
Total
1.029
2:29
-43.2 43°12′S 89°24′W / 43.2°S 89.4°W / -43.2; -89.4
206
128
Total: Chile, Argentina
Partial: South America, Antarctica
[a][12]

2074-01-27 January 27, 2074
06:44:15
132
Annular
0.980
2:21
06.6 6°36′N 78°48′E / 6.6°N 78.8°E / 6.6; 78.8
79
49
Annular: Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China, Japan
Partial: Africa, Asia, Indies
[a][12]

2074-07-24 July 24, 2074
03:10:32
137
Annular
0.984
1:57
12.8 12°48′N 133°42′E / 12.8°N 133.7°E / 12.8; 133.7
58
36
Annular: Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines
Partial: Asia, Indies, Australia, New Zealand
[a][12]

2075-01-16 January 16, 2075
18:36:04
142
Total
1.031
2:42
-37.2 37°12′S 94°06′W / 37.2°S 94.1°W / -37.2; -94.1
110
68
Total: Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil
Partial: New Zealand, South America, Antarctica
[a][12]

2075-07-13 July 13, 2075
06:05:44
147
Annular
0.947
4:45
63.1 63°06′N 95°12′E / 63.1°N 95.2°E / 63.1; 95.2
262
163
Annular: south Europe, Russia
Partial: Europe, Asia, Africa, north North America
[a][12]

2076-01-06 January 6, 2076
10:07:27
152
Total
1.034
1:49
-87.2 87°12′S 173°42′W / 87.2°S 173.7°W / -87.2; -173.7
340
210
Total: Antarctica
Partial: Australia, South America
[a][12]

2076-06-01 June 1, 2076
17:31:22
119
Partial
0.290
—
-64.4 64°24′S 51°12′W / 64.4°S 51.2°W / -64.4; -51.2
—
Partial: South America, Antarctica
[a][12]

2076-07-01 July 1, 2076
06:50:43
157
Partial
0.275
—
67.0 67°00′N 98°06′W / 67.0°N 98.1°W / 67.0; -98.1
—
Partial: Russia, North America
[a][12]

2076-11-26 November 26, 2076
11:43:01
124
Partial
0.731
—
63.7 63°42′N 40°06′E / 63.7°N 40.1°E / 63.7; 40.1
—
Partial: Africa, Europe, west Asia
[a][12]

2077-05-22 May 22, 2077
02:46:05
129
Total
1.029
2:54
-13.1 13°06′S 148°18′E / 13.1°S 148.3°E / -13.1; 148.3
119
74
Total: Australia
Partial: Indies, Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica
[a][12]

2077-11-15 November 15, 2077
17:07:56
134
Annular
0.937
7:54
07.8 7°48′N 70°48′W / 7.8°N 70.8°W / 7.8; -70.8
262
163
Annular: United States, Caribbean, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana
Partial: Americas

[a][12]

2078-05-11 May 11, 2078
17:56:55
139
Total
1.070
5:40
28.1 28°06′N 93°42′W / 28.1°N 93.7°W / 28.1; -93.7
232
144
Total: Mexico, United States
Partial: Americas
[a][12]

2078-11-04 November 4, 2078
16:55:44
144
Annular
0.926
8:29
-27.8 27°48′S 83°18′W / 27.8°S 83.3°W / -27.8; -83.3
287
178
Annular: Chile, Argentina
Partial: Americas, Antarctica
[a][12]

2079-05-01 May 1, 2079
10:50:13
149
Total
1.051
2:55
66.2 66°12′N 46°18′W / 66.2°N 46.3°W / 66.2; -46.3
406
252
Total: United States, Canada, Greenland
Partial: west Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia
[a][12]

2079-10-24 October 24, 2079
18:11:21
154
Annular
0.948
3:39
-63.4 63°24′S 160°36′W / 63.4°S 160.6°W / -63.4; -160.6
495
308
Annular: Antarctica, New Zealand
Partial: South America
[a][12]

2080-03-21 March 21, 2080
12:20:15
121
Partial
0.873
—
-60.9 60°54′S 85°54′E / 60.9°S 85.9°E / -60.9; 85.9
—
Partial: Antarctica, Africa
[a][12]

2080-09-13 September 13, 2080
16:38:09
126
Partial
0.874
—
61.1 61°06′N 25°48′E / 61.1°N 25.8°E / 61.1; 25.8
—
Partial: North America, Europe, Africa
[a][12]

2081-03-10 March 10, 2081
15:23:31
131
Annular
0.930
7:36
-22.4 22°24′S 36°42′W / 22.4°S 36.7°W / -22.4; -36.7
277
172
Annular: Chile, Argentina, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon
Partial: South America, Africa, Antarctica
[a][13]

2081-09-03 September 3, 2081
09:07:31
136
Total
1.072
5:33
24.6 24°36′N 53°36′E / 24.6°N 53.6°E / 24.6; 53.6
247
153
Total: Central Europe, France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Oman
Partial: Africa, Europe, Asia
[a][13]

2082-02-27 February 27, 2082
14:47:00
141
Annular
0.930
8:12
09.4 9°24′N 47°06′W / 9.4°N 47.1°W / 9.4; -47.1
277
172
Annular: Peru, Brazil, Suriname, French Guiana, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Germany, Austria
Partial: Americas, Europe, Africa
[a][13]

2082-08-24 August 24, 2082
01:16:21
146
Total
1.045
4:01
-10.3 10°18′S 151°48′E / 10.3°S 151.8°E / -10.3; 151.8
163
101
Total: Indonesia, New Guinea, South Pacific
Partial: Indies, Australia, Antarctica, New Zealand
[a][13]

2083-02-16 February 16, 2083
18:06:36
151
Partial
0.943
—
61.6 61°36′N 154°06′W / 61.6°N 154.1°W / 61.6; -154.1
—
Partial: Mexico, United States, Canada
[a][13]

2083-07-15 July 15, 2083
00:14:23
118
Partial
0.017
—
64.0 64°00′N 37°42′W / 64.0°N 37.7°W / 64.0; -37.7
—
Partial: Greenland
[a][13]

2083-08-13 August 13, 2083
12:34:41
156
Partial
0.615
—
-62.1 62°06′S 67°30′W / 62.1°S 67.5°W / -62.1; -67.5
—
Partial: South America, Antarctica
[a][13]

2084-01-07 January 7, 2084
17:30:23
123
Partial
0.872
—
-64.4 64°24′S 68°30′E / 64.4°S 68.5°E / -64.4; 68.5
—
Partial: Antarctica, South America
[a][13]

2084-07-03 July 3, 2084
01:50:26
128
Annular
0.942
4:25
75.0 75°00′N 169°06′W / 75.0°N 169.1°W / 75.0; -169.1
377
234
Annular: Russia, United States, Canada
Partial: northern Europe, Asia, North America
[a][13]

2084-12-27 December 27, 2084
09:13:48
133
Total
1.040
3:04
-47.3 47°18′S 47°42′E / 47.3°S 47.7°E / -47.3; 47.7
146
91
Total: South Atlantic, Indian Ocean
Partial: Africa, Antarctica, Australia
[a][13]

2085-06-22 June 22, 2085
03:21:16
138
Annular
0.970
3:29
26.2 26°12′N 131°18′E / 26.2°N 131.3°E / 26.2; 131.3
106
66
Annular: India, Myanmar, China, central Pacific
Partial: Asia, Indies, Australia
[a][13]

2085-12-16 December 16, 2085
22:37:48
143
Annular
0.997
0:19
-07.3 7°18′S 160°48′W / 7.3°S 160.8°W / -7.3; -160.8
10
6.2
Annular: central Pacific
Partial: Australia, North America
[a][13]

2086-06-11 June 11, 2086
11:07:14
148
Total
1.017
1:48
-23.2 23°12′S 12°30′E / 23.2°S 12.5°E / -23.2; 12.5
86
53
Total: Namibia, Botswana, South Africa
Partial: South America, Africa
[a][13]

2086-12-06 December 6, 2086
05:38:55
153
Partial
0.927
—
67.4 67°24′N 96°12′E / 67.4°N 96.2°E / 67.4; 96.2
—
Partial: Asia
[a][13]

2087-05-02 May 2, 2087
18:04:42
120
Partial
0.801
—
70.3 70°18′N 127°36′E / 70.3°N 127.6°E / 70.3; 127.6
—
Partial: north Europe, north Asia, North America
[a][13]

2087-06-01 June 1, 2087
01:27:14
158
Partial
0.215
—
-67.8 67°48′S 165°24′E / 67.8°S 165.4°E / -67.8; 165.4
—
Partial: New Zealand
[a][13]

2087-10-26 October 26, 2087
11:46:57
125
Partial
0.470
—
-71.0 71°00′S 130°30′W / 71.0°S 130.5°W / -71.0; -130.5
—
Partial: South America, Antarctica
[a][13]

2088-04-21 April 21, 2088
10:31:49
130
Total
1.047
3:58
36.0 36°00′N 15°06′E / 36.0°N 15.1°E / 36.0; 15.1
173
107
Total: Mauritania, western Sahara, Mali, Algeria, Tunisia, Greece, Turkey, Russia, Kazakhstan, China
Partial: North America, Africa, Europe, Asia
[a][13]

2088-10-14 October 14, 2088
14:48:05
135
Annular
0.973
2:38
-39.7 39°42′S 56°00′W / 39.7°S 56.0°W / -39.7; -56.0
115
71
Annular: Chile, Argentina
Partial: South America, Antarctica, Africa
[a][13]

2089-04-10 April 10, 2089
22:44:42
140
Annular
0.992
0:53
-10.2 10°12′S 154°48′W / 10.2°S 154.8°W / -10.2; -154.8
30
19
Annular: Australia, central Pacific
Partial: Antarctica, North America
[a][13]

2089-10-04 October 4, 2089
01:15:23
145
Total
1.033
3:14
07.4 7°24′N 162°48′E / 7.4°N 162.8°E / 7.4; 162.8
115
71
Total: China, Central Pacific
Partial: Asia, Indies, Australia
[a][13]

2090-03-31 March 31, 2090
03:38:08
150
Partial
0.784
—
-72.1 72°06′S 156°18′W / 72.1°S 156.3°W / -72.1; -156.3
—
Partial: Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand
[a][13]

2090-09-23 September 23, 2090
16:56:36
155
Total
1.056
3:36
60.7 60°42′N 40°30′W / 60.7°N 40.5°W / 60.7; -40.5
463
288
Total: Canada, Greenland, United Kingdom, France
Partial: North America, Europe, Africa, north Asia
[a][13]

2091-02-18 February 18, 2091
09:54:40
122
Partial
0.656
—
71.2 71°12′N 17°48′W / 71.2°N 17.8°W / 71.2; -17.8
—
Partial: North Africa, Europe, Asia
[a][14]

2091-08-15 August 15, 2091
00:34:43
127
Total
1.022
1:38
-55.6 55°36′S 150°30′E / 55.6°S 150.5°E / -55.6; 150.5
236
147
Total: southern Antarctic Ocean, near Antarctica
Partial: Australia, Antarctica, New Zealand

[a][14]

2092-02-07 February 7, 2092
15:10:20
132
Annular
0.984
1:48
09.9 9°54′N 48°42′W / 9.9°N 48.7°W / 9.9; -48.7
62
39
Annular: Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Morocco, Algeria
Partial: Americas, Europe, Africa
[a][14]

2092-08-03 August 3, 2092
09:59:33
137
Annular
0.979
2:31
05.6 5°36′N 30°18′E / 5.6°N 30.3°E / 5.6; 30.3
75
47
Annular: Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, Sudan, Kenya, Somalia
Partial: Africa
[a][14]

2093-01-27 January 27, 2093
03:22:16
142
Total
1.034
2:58
-34.1 34°06′S 136°24′E / 34.1°S 136.4°E / -34.1; 136.4
119
74
Total: Australia
Partial: Indies, Australia, Antarctica, New Zealand
[a][14]

2093-07-23 July 23, 2093
12:32:04
147
Annular
0.946
5:11
54.6 54°36′N 1°18′E / 54.6°N 1.3°E / 54.6; 1.3
241
150
Annular: United States, Canada, Central Europe, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan
Partial: Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia

[a][14]

2094-01-16 January 16, 2094
18:59:03
152
Total
1.034
1:51
-84.8 84°48′S 10°36′W / 84.8°S 10.6°W / -84.8; -10.6
329
204
Total: Antarctica
Partial: South America, Antarctica, New Zealand
[a][14]

2094-06-13 June 13, 2094
00:22:11
119
Partial
0.162
—
-65.3 65°18′S 163°36′W / 65.3°S 163.6°W / -65.3; -163.6
—
Partial: southern Antarctic Ocean, near Antarctica
[a][14]

2094-07-12 July 12, 2094
13:24:35
157
Partial
0.422
—
68.0 68°00′N 152°48′E / 68.0°N 152.8°E / 68.0; 152.8
—
Partial: North America, Asia
[a][14]

2094-12-07 December 7, 2094
20:05:56
124
Partial
0.705
—
64.7 64°42′N 95°00′W / 64.7°N 95.0°W / 64.7; -95.0
—
Partial: North America
[a][14]

2095-06-02 June 2, 2095
10:07:40
129
Total
1.033
3:18
-16.7 16°42′S 37°12′E / 16.7°S 37.2°E / -16.7; 37.2
145
90
Total: Namibia, South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique, Madagascar
Partial: Africa

[a][14]

2095-11-27 November 27, 2095
01:02:57
134
Annular
0.933
8:47
07.2 7°12′N 169°48′E / 7.2°N 169.8°E / 7.2; 169.8
285
177
Annular: China, Korea, Japan, central Pacific
Partial: Asia, Indies, Australia

[a][14]

2096-05-22 May 22, 2096
01:37:14
139
Total
1.074
6:07
27.3 27°18′N 153°24′E / 27.3°N 153.4°E / 27.3; 153.4
241
150
Total: Indonesia, Central Pacific, Philippines
Partial: Asia, Indies, Australia, North America
[a][14]

2096-11-15 November 15, 2096
00:36:15
144
Annular
0.924
8:53
-29.7 29°42′S 163°18′E / 29.7°S 163.3°E / -29.7; 163.3
294
183
Annular: Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand
Partial: Indies, Antarctica
[a][14]

2097-05-11 May 11, 2097
18:34:31
149
Total
1.054
3:10
67.4 67°24′N 149°30′W / 67.4°N 149.5°W / 67.4; -149.5
339
211
Total: Alaska, Russia
Partial: Asia, North America, northern Europe
[a][14]

2097-11-04 November 4, 2097
02:01:25
154
Annular
0.949
3:36
-65.8 65°48′S 86°48′E / 65.8°S 86.8°E / -65.8; 86.8
411
255
Annular: Antarctica
Partial: Australia
[a][14]

2098-04-01 April 1, 2098
20:02:31
121
Partial
0.798
—
-61.0 61°00′S 38°06′W / 61.0°S 38.1°W / -61.0; -38.1
—
Partial: Antarctica, South America
[a][14]

2098-09-25 September 25, 2098
00:31:16
126
Partial
0.787
—
61.1 61°06′N 101°00′W / 61.1°N 101.0°W / 61.1; -101.0
—
Partial: Asia, North America
[a][14]

2098-10-24 October 24, 2098
10:36:11
164
Partial
0.006
—
-61.8 61°48′S 95°30′W / 61.8°S 95.5°W / -61.8; -95.5
—
Partial: southern Antarctic Ocean, near Antarctica
[a][14]

2099-03-21 March 21, 2099
22:54:32
131
Annular
0.932
7:32
-20.0 20°00′S 149°00′W / 20.0°S 149.0°W / -20.0; -149.0
275
171
Annular: central Pacific
Partial: Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica, North America
[a][14]

2099-09-14 September 14, 2099
16:57:53
136
Total
1.068
5:18
23.4 23°24′N 62°48′W / 23.4°N 62.8°W / 23.4; -62.8
241
150
Total: Canada, United States, central Atlantic
Partial: Americas, Africa

[a][14]

2100-03-10 March 10, 2100
22:28:11
141
Annular
0.934
7:29
12.0 12°00′N 162°24′W / 12.0°N 162.4°W / 12.0; -162.4
257
160
Annular: central Pacific, Hawaii, Northwestern United States
Partial: Australia, North America
[a][14]

2100-09-04 September 4, 2100
08:49:20
146
Total
1.040
3:32
-10.5 10°30′S 39°00′E / 10.5°S 39.0°E / -10.5; 39.0
142
88
Total: central Africa, Madagascar
Partial: Africa, Antarctica
[a][14]


document_title: Pam Beesly

question_text: the office episode pam and jim get together

root

text: Pam Beesly

text: Casting and character development[edit]

text: The character was originally created to be very similar to the British counterpart, Dawn Tinsley. Even minute details, such as how Pam wore her hair each day, were considered by executive producer, Greg Daniels.[4]

tag: p

text: "When I went in for The Office, the casting director said to me, 'Please look normal'," recalls Jenna Fischer. "Don't make yourself all pretty, and dare to bore me with your audition. Those were her words. Dare to bore me."[5]

text: Heeding the advice, Fischer said little during the auditions, during which she was interviewed in character by show producers, in an improvisational format, to imitate the show's documentary premise. "My take on the character of Pam was that she didn't have any media training, so she didn't know how to be a good interview. And also, she didn't care about this interview," she told NPR. "So, I gave very short one-word answers and I tried very hard not to be funny or clever, because I thought that the comedy would come out of just, you know, the real human reactions to the situation...and they liked that take on it."[5]

text: "When I went in to the audition, the first question that they asked me in the character of Pam — they said, 'Do you like working as a receptionist?' I said, 'No.' And that was it. I didn't speak any more than that. And they started laughing."[5]

text: Fischer found herself creating a very elaborate backstory for the character. For the first few seasons, she kept a list of the character history revealed on-screen by the creators, as well as her own imaginative thoughts on Pam's history.[6] She created a rule with the set's hair and make-up department that it couldn't look as though it took Pam more than 30 minutes to do her hair,[7] and she formulated ideas as to who gave Pam each piece of jewelry she wore [8] or where she went to college.[8] Fischer also carefully crafted Pam's quiet persona. "Well, my character of Pam is really stuck," she explained to NPR. "I mean, she's a subordinate in this office. And so, I think that for her, the only way she can express herself is in the silences, but you can say so much by not saying anything."[5]

text: Originally meek and passive, the character grew more assertive as the seasons passed, prompting Fischer to reassess her portrayal. "I have to approach Pam differently [now]," she explained in Season 4, a defining season in which her character finally begins a long-awaited relationship with Jim and is accepted into the Pratt Institute. "She is in a loving relationship, she has found her voice, she has started taking art classes. All of these things must inform the character and we need to see changes in the way she moves, speaks, dresses, etc."[6]

text: Character history[edit]

text: Seasons 1–3[edit]

text: At the beginning of the series, Pam and Roy have been dating for eight years and engaged for three years. Their open-ended engagement has become one of Michael's running gags and a sore spot for Pam.

text: Pam does not want her current job to become permanent, remarking that "I don't think it's many little girls' dream to be a receptionist." Pam is apathetic toward her work, evidenced by her frequent games of FreeCell on her office computer. However, in the pilot episode, she breaks down crying when Michael pulls an ill-advised prank by telling her that she will be fired.

text: Michael has criticized Pam for simply forwarding calls to voice mail without answering and (in a deleted scene) for not sounding enthusiastic enough when speaking on the telephone. Pam is usually happy to abandon her work if asked to do something else by Jim. She will do extra, unnecessary work (such as making a casket for a dead bird or paper doves for the Office Olympics) to make other people happy.

text: Despite the abuse she takes from Michael, she never goes any further than calling him a jerk in the pilot. In later seasons, however, she becomes more honest and forward with Michael and will often make sarcastic comments toward him.

text: While engaged to Roy, Pam denies, or is in denial about, having any romantic feelings for Jim. When Jim confesses his love for her at the Dunder Mifflin "Casino Night" she turns him down. She later talks to her mom on the phone and says Jim is her best friend (though she doesn't say his name), and says "Yeah, I think I am" to an unheard question. She is interrupted by Jim, who enters and kisses her; she responds by kissing back.

text: Season three marks a turning point for Pam's character: she gains self-confidence and appears less passive and more self-assured as the season progresses. In "Gay Witch Hunt," the season's opener, it is revealed that Pam got cold feet before her wedding and did not marry Roy after all, and that Jim transferred to a different Dunder Mifflin branch, in Stamford, shortly after Pam rejected him a second time, after their kiss. Pam moves into her own apartment, begins taking art classes, a pursuit that Roy had previously dismissed as a waste of time, and buys a new car, a blue Toyota Yaris. Jim returns to Scranton later on as a result of "The Merger", and brings along a female co-worker, Karen Filippelli, whom he begins dating. Jim and Pam appeared to have ended all communication after Jim transfers to the Stamford branch (aside from an episode in which Jim accidentally calls Pam at the end of the work day), and their episodes together following the branch merge are tense, despite both admitting to still harboring feelings for the other during the presence of the documentary cameras.

text: Meanwhile, Roy vows to win Pam back. Roy's efforts to improve his relationship with Pam are quite successful, but once Pam and Roy are back together, he falls back into old habits almost immediately. When Roy and Pam attend an after work get-together at a local bar with their co-workers, Pam, feeling that she should be more honest with Roy, tells him about Jim kissing her at, "Casino Night." Roy yells, smashes a mirror, and trashes the bar. Pam, frightened and embarrassed by his reaction, breaks up with Roy immediately. Roy vows to kill Jim and in, "The Negotiation", Roy unsuccessfully tries to attack Jim at work (Jim is saved by Dwight's intervention), and is subsequently fired. Pam later reluctantly agrees to meet Roy for coffee at his request, and after the polite but brief meeting, it appears that their relationship has ended amicably with Roy encouraging Pam to pursue Jim.

text: Pam participates in an art show, but few people attend. Her co-worker, Oscar, brings his partner along who, not knowing that Pam is standing behind him, criticizes her work by proclaiming that "real art requires courage." Oscar then goes on to say that courage isn't one of Pam's strong points. Affected by this statement, Pam tells the documentary crew that she is going to be more honest, culminating in a dramatic coal walk during the next-to-last episode of the season, "Beach Games", and a seemingly sincere speech to Jim in front of the entire office about their relationship. Michael also comes to the art show and reveals his erratically kind heart and loyalty by buying, framing and hanging Pam's drawing of the Dunder Mifflin building in the office. In the season finale, "The Job," she leaves a friendly note in Jim's briefcase and an old memento depicting the 'gold medal' yogurt lid from the Office Olympics, which he sees during an interview for a job at Corporate in New York City. While he is asked how he "would function here in New York", Jim is shown to have his mind back in Scranton, still distracted by the thought of Pam. Jim withdraws his name from consideration and drives back to the office, where he interrupts a talking head Pam is doing for the documentary crew by asking her out for dinner. She happily accepts, visibly moved, abandoning a train of thought about how she would be fine if Jim got the job and never came back to Scranton. Karen quits soon after, becoming the regional manager at Dunder Mifflin's Utica branch.

text: Seasons 4–6[edit]

text: In Season 4, Pam retains the assertiveness she developed in the third season. She wears her hair down and has updated her old dowdy wardrobe.

text: In the season 4 premiere, "Fun Run", Jim and Pam confess that they have started dating after the camera crew catches them kissing. The office ultimately learns of their relationship in "Dunder Mifflin Infinity". In "Chair Model", after teasing Pam about his impending proposal, Jim tells the documentary crew he is not kidding around about an engagement and shows them a ring he bought a week after he and Pam started dating. In the next few episodes, Jim fake-proposes to Pam multiple times. In "Goodbye, Toby", Pam discovers she's been accepted at Pratt Institute, an art and design school in Brooklyn . In an interview later in the episode, Jim announces that he will propose to Pam that evening. Just as Jim is preparing to propose, however, Andy Bernard stands up and makes his own impromptu proposal to Angela. Having had his thunder stolen by Andy, Jim reluctantly puts the ring back in his jacket pocket, leaving Pam visibly disappointed as she was expecting Jim to propose that night.

text: In the Season 5 premiere, "Weight Loss", Pam begins her three-month course at the Pratt Institute. In this episode, Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop, saying that he "can't wait". In "Business Trip", Pam learns that she is failing one of her classes and will have to remain in New York another three months to retake it. Although Jim is supportive and tells her he will wait for her to come back "the right way", she ultimately makes the decision to return home, saying that she realized she hated graphic design and missed Scranton. A deleted scene for the episode shows Jim looking through Pam's graphic design projects, which he thinks are "cool", as well as a notebook filled with pencil sketches, which he finds a lot more impressive than her graphic design projects, implying her talents lie in hand-drawn works. In "Two Weeks", Pam agrees to become Michael's first saleswoman in his not-yet-established company, The Michael Scott Paper Co., as a supportive Jim looks on. When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead, including adding Pam to the sales team. In "Company Picnic", Pam, after dominating the company volleyball tournament, injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes. At the hospital, the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition. There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace, looking shocked and ecstatic. It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere, "Gossip".

text: Jim and Pam marry early in the season, at Niagara Falls, during the highly anticipated, hour long episode, "Niagara". The ending of the episode, in which their co-workers dance down the aisle, is an imitation of a viral YouTube video — JK Wedding Entrance Dance.[9] Following the wedding, a multi-episode story arc begins in which it is revealed that Michael hooked up with Pam's mother the night of the wedding. The two break up during "Double Date", an episode that ends with Pam slapping Michael in response to his actions.

text: In "The Delivery" of Season 6, Pam and Jim have their first child, a daughter named Cecelia Marie Halpert. Jenna Fischer was granted naming rights by show producers, and chose to name her after her own niece.[10]

text: Season 7[edit]

text: In "Counseling", Pam feels inadequate about her poor performance in sales and tricks Gabe into promoting her to a phony new salaried position called office administrator. In "China", Pam tries to use her authority as office administrator to force building manager Dwight to stop his annoying cost-cutting measures. Pam threatens to move the office to a new building, which Dwight discovers doesn't exist. Pam saves face, however, when Dwight secretly has his assistant provide her with a book on building regulations that proves Dwight's measures were not allowed. The episode is another example of Dwight's covert protectiveness and fondness for Pam (as previously demonstrated in "The Injury", "Back from Vacation", "The Job" and "Diwali"); Mindy Kaling said during an online Q&A session that Dwight has a soft spot for her that he does not extend to anyone else at the office. She also uses her position to buy Erin Hannon an expensive desk top computer to replace the terrible one she had to use for years, as well as discreetly giving Andy a new computer, and giving Daryll three sick days. At the end of the episode she proudly says that she is, "Full on corrupt."

text: In "Goodbye, Michael", Pam almost misses saying good-bye to Michael, as she spends most of the day out of the office trying to price shredders. Jim figures out Michael's plan to leave early and tells her by text. Pam reaches the airport in time and is the last person to see Michael before he leaves.

text: Season 8[edit]

text: At the beginning of Season 8, Pam is revealed to be pregnant with her and Jim's second child, Philip Halpert. The child coincided with Jenna Fischer's actual pregnancy. She begins her maternity leave after "Pam's Replacement". Pam returns in "Jury Duty", where she and Jim bring Cece and Phillip into the office. In both "Tallahassee" and "Test the Store" Pam is shown helping, and developing her friendship with Andy.

text: Season 9[edit]

text: Early in season 9, Jim is restless about his life in Scranton and helps a friend start a Sports Marketing business, Athlead, in Philadelphia but he keeps it a secret from Pam until the third episode "Andy's Ancestry". Although Pam is happy for his decision, she is concerned about the fact that he had kept it a secret from her and she is later disturbed to hear about just how much of their money he had invested. Jim begins spending part of each work week in Philadelphia, but in "Customer Loyalty", the strain of this on Pam is evident when she breaks down in tears, and is comforted by Brian, the boom mic operator of the film crew.

text: In "Moving On", Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia to be closer to Jim, but she is turned off by the idea when her prospective new boss bears a striking resemblance in behavior to Michael Scott. Over dinner, Pam reveals to Jim that she doesn't really want to move to Philadelphia after all. However, in "Livin' the Dream", when Athlead is bought out and Jim is offered a large sum of money for 3 months to pitch the company across the country, Pam overhears Jim refuse the opportunity because of her and appears to have mixed feelings about this decision. In "A.A.R.M.", Pam tells Jim that she's afraid that he will resent her for making him stay and that she might not be enough for him. Jim asks the camera crew to compile documentary footage of the two of them to show her. When she finishes the montage, which shows Jim taking back a letter he intended to give her with his teapot gift during Christmas; Jim finally gives her that letter, and she reads it, visibly moved. In the series finale, which takes place a year later, she reveals to Jim that she secretly put the house on the market, so that they can move to Austin, Texas, and take his job back at Athlead (now Athleap).

text: Coworker relations[edit]

text: From her years working the front desk, Pam has become well-acquainted with the Dunder-Mifflin staff and is consistently shown to have a thorough understanding of her coworkers' personalities, including the more eccentric individuals Dwight Schrute and Michael Scott. She uses this familiarity to manipulate them, often for their and the company's best interests (such as her giving the staff elaborate instructions on how to handle a heartbroken Michael in "The Chump") but also occasionally for her own. This familiarity plays a large part in her efficiency as office administrator and was crucial to her being promoted to the previously non-existent position.

text: Jim Halpert[edit]

text: The "will they or won't they" tension between Jim and Pam is a strong storyline in the early episodes of The Office, encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3. In the opener of Season 4, the two characters are revealed to be dating, and as such, other character romances, such as the romance between fellow co-workers Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin, begin to move more toward the forefront of episodes. In Season 6, Jim and Pam are married in the season's 4th and 5th episodes (hour long), a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics, as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture.[11] Their child is born in the second half of the season, during another hour long, "The Delivery". Pam and Jim's second child is born during season 8. In season 9, their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia. They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job.

text: Roy Anderson[edit]

text: When the series begins, Pam is engaged to her high school sweetheart Roy Anderson; this engagement is revealed to be three years old and running. They finally set a date, but Pam calls off the wedding at the last minute. They get back together once, briefly, but Pam is much more assertive, and finally breaks up with him after he has a violent outburst. Roy is deeply flawed - he is overbearing, neglectful, dismissive of her desire to be an artist, and offers her sex as a gift on Valentine's Day. Jim comments in Season 2 that Pam does not like to "bother" Roy with her "thoughts or feelings". He tells the camera crew that the only two problems in Pam's life seemed to be Roy and her job at Dunder Mifflin.

text: In the early seasons, there is a great deal of tension between Jim and Roy, with Roy often acting threateningly towards Jim. In "Basketball", when Jim starts to impress Pam with his basketball skills, Roy elbows Jim in the nose. In season 2, when Jim encourages Pam to pursue a graphic arts internship offered by Dunder Mifflin, Roy objects to the opportunity and eventually convinces her that the idea is foolish. Pam ultimately calls off her wedding to Roy, but they remain friendly and he is determined to win her back by being less of a jerk. She reconciles with Roy at Phyllis's wedding as a response to watching Jim date Karen. In an attempt at a fresh start with Roy, Pam comes clean about Jim kissing her during "Casino Night". Roy flies into a violent rage and Pam ends the relationship on the spot. The next day, Roy attempts to attack Jim in the office but is stopped by Dwight's pepper spray and is summarily fired. After losing his job, Roy meets Pam for coffee and says that even though Jim is dating Karen, she should at least make an effort to date him (inasmuch as she called off the wedding because of him).

text: In season 5, Jim and Roy run into each other at a bar and Roy learns that Jim and Pam are engaged. The mood is somewhat awkward, but Roy is congratulatory, but then makes a somewhat passive-aggressive comment, seemingly meant to make Jim feel insecure about his current role in Pam's life, which tempts him to drive to Pratt, where she is attending art classes. Jim gets on the freeway, but changes his mind and remembers that he trusts Pam. Jim didn't want to treat Pam the same way Roy treated her.

text: Michael Scott[edit]

text: In the series pilot, Michael is overtly rude to Pam and at one point fakes her firing, leaving her in tears. He often makes suggestive if harmless remarks about her beauty and general appearance, and at one point lies to the camera that they used to date (inspiring a horrified "WHAT???" from Pam when an interviewer relays the message to her). However, his impulsive attempt to kiss her during Diwali is shot down and marked the end of any romantic dreams for Michael with Pam. Over time, the combination of Michael being supportive of her goals, her transition from a bad relationship with Roy to a great one with Jim as well as her finding a job she not only enjoys but is effective at in the office administrator position and Michael finding his own soulmate in Holly Flax made Pam soften her stance towards Michael, and the experience at the Michael Scott Paper Company further bonded them (as did Michael's decision to choose Pam instead of Ryan Howard as the only MSPC salesman to keep that job when Michael returned as Branch Manager). Pam was furious at Michael for dating her mom Helene, and excoriated him at length during "The Lover" before eventually slapping him in "Double Date", but they once again were able to be civil to each other afterward. Pam does set up boundaries around her personal life that Michael can't cross, like telling him that he wasn't Cece's godfather. By Season 7, Pam acts as something of a guardian angel for Michael, steering him away from (numerous) bad ideas and towards his (fewer but real) good ones, such as his successful efforts to propose to Holly. In Michael's finale "Goodbye, Michael", Pam spends the whole day looking for a shredder, believing that the next day Michael was leaving. As Michael takes off his microphone and heads down the airport concourse, Pam runs to him with no shoes and hugs him as he kisses her cheek. The two have a nice moment and he walks off, leaving her holding her shoes. She then tells the camera that he was happy, wanting to be an advanced rewards member, and was glad to be going home to see Holly. She then is there to watch Michael's plane take off. In a deleted scene from "The Inner Circle", we learn Pam is flattered that Michael named his new puppy "Pamela Beagsley", and in "The List" she playfully teases Jim by calling their second child "Little Michael Scott", further proving that the two have developed a genuine friendship.

text: Toby Flenderson[edit]

text: Toby, the Human Resources Representative for Dunder Mifflin in the Scranton branch, has a secret crush on Pam. In "A Benihana Christmas" she gives him her Dunder-Mifflin bathrobe, a display of friendly affection, after he spent the day feeling bad that Dwight took his. In "Night Out", Toby awkwardly rubs her knee while they share a laugh (and while Jim sits just on her other side), and the rest of the office watches in horror. In his mortification, Toby immediately announces that he is moving to Costa Rica before jumping over the locked gate and fleeing. In "Goodbye, Toby", he purchases a DSLR camera just to get a picture with Pam. On the eve of his departure, she confesses to the cameras that she always thought he was "kind of cute". The crush receives less attention after Toby's return. However, in "Niagara", Pam and Jim are late for their wedding and he is visibly excited at the prospect that the wedding might not happen. In "Finale", Pam and Toby dance with each other at Dwight's wedding, with Toby beginning to cry as Pam comforts him. When she asks, "is it me?", he replies that "it's everything!".

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Pam Halpert has appeared in every episode with the exceptions of "Business Ethics" (except for the deleted scenes), "St. Patrick's Day", and "New Leads" in which only her voice is heard, and several season 8 episodes from "Mrs. California" to "Pool Party", where she did not appear at all as Fischer was on maternity leave.[12]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b Pam Beesly's full name is Pamela Morgan Beesly (later Pamela Morgan Halpert). In "The Lover" Michael says to Pam, "Pamela Morgan Beesly, you need to apologize to your mother right now."[2] In "Did I Stutter?" Jim says to Pam, "You know what would energize me? If you, Pamela Morgan Beesly..."[3]

tag: ol


document_title: Old Testament

question_text: where was the law written in the old testament

text: Old Testament

text: Content[edit]

text: The Old Testament contains 39 (Protestant), 46 (Catholic), or more (Orthodox and other) books, divided, very broadly, into the Pentateuch (Torah), the historical books, the "wisdom" books and the prophets.[7]

text: Table[edit]

text: The table uses the spellings and names present in modern editions of the Christian Bible, such as the Catholic New American Bible Revised Edition and the Protestant Revised Standard Version and English Standard Version. The spelling and names in both the 1609–10 Douay Old Testament (and in the 1582 Rheims New Testament) and the 1749 revision by Bishop Challoner (the edition currently in print used by many Catholics, and the source of traditional Catholic spellings in English) and in the Septuagint differ from those spellings and names used in modern editions which are derived from the Hebrew Masoretic text.[a]

text: For the Orthodox canon, Septuagint titles are provided in parentheses when these differ from those editions. For the Catholic canon, the Douaic titles are provided in parentheses when these differ from those editions. Likewise, the King James Version references some of these books by the traditional spelling when referring to them in the New Testament, such as "Esaias" (for Isaiah).

text: In the spirit of ecumenism more recent Catholic translations (e.g. the New American Bible, Jerusalem Bible, and ecumenical translations used by Catholics, such as the Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition) use the same "standardized" (King James Version) spellings and names as Protestant Bibles (e.g. 1 Chronicles as opposed to the Douaic 1 Paralipomenon, 1–2 Samuel and 1–2 Kings instead of 1–4 Kings) in those books which are universally considered canonical, the protocanonicals.

text: The Talmud (the Jewish commentary on the scriptures) in Bava Batra 14b gives a different order for the books in Nevi'im and Ketuvim. This order is also cited in Mishneh Torah Hilchot Sefer Torah 7:15. The order of the books of the Torah is universal through all denominations of Judaism and Christianity.

text: The disputed books, included in one canon but not in others, are often called the Biblical apocrypha, a term that is sometimes used specifically to describe the books in the Catholic and Orthodox canons that are absent from the Jewish Masoretic Text and most modern Protestant Bibles. Catholics, following the Canon of Trent (1546), describe these books as deuterocanonical, while Greek Orthodox Christians, following the Synod of Jerusalem (1672), use the traditional name of anagignoskomena, meaning "that which is to be read." They are present in a few historic Protestant versions; the German Luther Bible included such books, as did the English 1611 King James Version.[b]

text: Empty table cells indicate that a book is absent from that canon.

text:
Tanakh
(Hebrew Bible)
(24 books)[c]
Books in bold are part of the Ketuvim
Protestant
Old Testament
(39 books)
Catholic
Old Testament
(46 books)
Eastern Orthodox
Old Testament
(50 books)
Original language

Torah

Pentateuch or the Five Books of Moses

Bereishit
Genesis
Genesis
Genesis
Hebrew

Shemot
Exodus
Exodus
Exodus
Hebrew

Vayikra
Leviticus
Leviticus
Leviticus
Hebrew

Bamidbar
Numbers
Numbers
Numbers
Hebrew

Devarim
Deuteronomy
Deuteronomy
Deuteronomy
Hebrew

Nevi'im (Prophets)

Historical books

Yehoshua
Joshua
Joshua (Josue)
Joshua (Iesous)
Hebrew

Shofetim
Judges
Judges
Judges
Hebrew

Rut (Ruth)[d]
Ruth
Ruth
Ruth
Hebrew

Shemuel
1 Samuel
1 Samuel (1 Kings)[e]
1 Samuel (1 Kingdoms)[f]
Hebrew

2 Samuel
2 Samuel (2 Kings)[e]
2 Samuel (2 Kingdoms)[f]
Hebrew

Melakhim
1 Kings
1 Kings (3 Kings)[e]
1 Kings (3 Kingdoms)[f]
Hebrew

2 Kings
2 Kings (4 Kings)[e]
2 Kings (4 Kingdoms)[f]
Hebrew

Divrei Hayamim (Chronicles)[d]
1 Chronicles
1 Chronicles (1 Paralipomenon)
1 Chronicles (1 Paralipomenon)
Hebrew

2 Chronicles
2 Chronicles (2 Paralipomenon)
2 Chronicles (2 Paralipomenon)
Hebrew

1 Esdras[g][h]
Hebrew

Ezra–Nehemiah[d]
Ezra
Ezra (1 Esdras)
Ezra (2 Esdras)[f][i][j]
Hebrew and Aramaic

Nehemiah
Nehemiah (2 Esdras)
Nehemiah (2 Esdras)[f][i]
Hebrew

Tobit (Tobias)
Tobit (Tobias)[g]
Aramaic (and Hebrew?)

Judith
Judith[g]
Hebrew

Esther[d]
Esther
Esther[k]
Esther[k]
Hebrew

1 Maccabees (1 Machabees)[l]
1 Maccabees[g]
Hebrew

2 Maccabees (2 Machabees)[l]
2 Maccabees[g]
Greek

3 Maccabees[g]
Greek

3 Esdras[g]
Greek?

4 Maccabees[m]
Greek

Ketuvim (Writings)
Wisdom books

Iyov (Job)[d]
Job
Job
Job
Hebrew

Tehillim (Psalms)[d]
Psalms
Psalms
Psalms[n]
Hebrew

Prayer of Manasseh[o]
Greek

Mishlei (Proverbs)[d]
Proverbs
Proverbs
Proverbs
Hebrew

Qoheleth (Ecclesiastes)[d]
Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiastes
Hebrew

Shir Hashirim (Song of Songs)[d]
Song of Solomon
Song of Songs (Canticle of Canticles)
Song of Songs (Aisma Aismaton)
Hebrew

Wisdom
Wisdom[g]
Greek

Sirach (Ecclesiasticus)
Sirach[g]
Hebrew

Nevi'im (Latter Prophets)
Major prophets

Yeshayahu
Isaiah
Isaiah (Isaias)
Isaiah
Hebrew

Yirmeyahu
Jeremiah
Jeremiah (Jeremias)
Jeremiah
Hebrew

Eikhah (Lamentations)[d]
Lamentations
Lamentations
Lamentations
Hebrew

Baruch[p]
Baruch[p][g]
Hebrew[9]

Letter of Jeremiah[q][g]
Greek (majority view)[r]

Yekhezqel
Ezekiel
Ezekiel (Ezechiel)
Ezekiel
Hebrew

Daniel[d]
Daniel
Daniel[s]
Daniel[s]
Hebrew and Aramaic

Twelve Minor Prophets

The Twelve
or
Trei Asar
Hosea
Hosea (Osee)
Hosea
Hebrew

Joel
Joel
Joel
Hebrew

Amos
Amos
Amos
Hebrew

Obadiah
Obadiah (Abdias)
Obadiah
Hebrew

Jonah
Jonah (Jonas)
Jonah
Hebrew

Micah
Micah (Micheas)
Micah
Hebrew

Nahum
Nahum
Nahum
Hebrew

Habakkuk
Habakkuk (Habacuc)
Habakkuk
Hebrew

Zephaniah
Zephaniah (Sophonias)
Zephaniah
Hebrew

Haggai
Haggai (Aggeus)
Haggai
Hebrew

Zechariah
Zechariah (Zacharias)
Zechariah
Hebrew

Malachi
Malachi (Malachias)
Malachi
Hebrew

tag: table

text: Several of the books in the Eastern Orthodox canon are also found in the appendix to the Latin Vulgate, formerly the official bible of the Roman Catholic Church.

text:
Books in the Appendix to the Vulgate Bible

Name in Vulgate
Name in Eastern Orthodox use

3 Esdras
1 Esdras

4 Esdras

Prayer of Manasseh
Prayer of Manasseh

Psalm of David when he slew Goliath (Psalm 151)
Psalm 151

text: Composition[edit]

text: The first five books – Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, book of Numbers and Deuteronomy – reached their present form in the Persian period (538–332 BC), and their authors were the elite of exilic returnees who controlled the Temple at that time.[10] The books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings follow, forming a history of Israel from the Conquest of Canaan to the Siege of Jerusalem c. 587 BC. There is a broad consensus among scholars that these originated as a single work (the so-called "Deuteronomistic history") during the Babylonian exile of the 6th century BC.[11] The two Books of Chronicles cover much the same material as the Pentateuch and Deuteronomistic history and probably date from the 4th century BC.[12] Chronicles, and Ezra–Nehemiah, were probably finished during the 3rd century BC.[13] Catholic and Orthodox Old Testaments contain two (Catholic Old Testament) to four (Orthodox) Books of Maccabees, written in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC.

text: These history books make up around half the total content of the Old Testament. Of the remainder, the books of the various prophets – Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel and the twelve "minor prophets" – were written between the 8th and 6th centuries BC, with the exceptions of Jonah and Daniel, which were written much later.[14] The "wisdom" books – Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Psalms, Song of Solomon – have various dates: Proverbs possibly was completed by the Hellenistic time (332-198 BC), though containing much older material as well; Job completed by the 6th Century BC; Ecclesiastes by the 3rd Century BC.[15]

text: Themes[edit]

text: God is consistently depicted as the one who created or put into order[16] the world and guides its history. Although the God of the Old Testament is not consistently presented as the only God who exists, he is always depicted as the only God whom Israel is to worship, or the one "true God",[17][18] that only the Jehovah of Israel is Almighty, and both Jews and Christians have always interpreted the Bible (both the "Old" and "New" Testaments) as an affirmation of the oneness of Almighty God.[19]

text: The Old Testament stresses the special relationship between God and his chosen people, Israel, but includes instructions for proselytes as well. This relationship is expressed in the biblical covenant (contract) between the two, received by Moses. The law codes in books such as Exodus and especially Deuteronomy are the terms of the contract: Israel swears faithfulness to God, and God swears to be Israel's special protector and supporter.[19]

text: Further themes in the Old Testament include salvation, redemption, divine judgment, obedience and disobedience, faith and faithfulness, among others. Throughout there is a strong emphasis on ethics and ritual purity, both of which God demands, although some of the prophets and wisdom writers seem to question this, arguing that God demands social justice above purity, and perhaps does not even care about purity at all. The Old Testament's moral code enjoins fairness, intervention on behalf of the vulnerable, and the duty of those in power to administer justice righteously. It forbids murder, bribery and corruption, deceitful trading, and many sexual misdemeanors. All morality is traced back to God, who is the source of all goodness.[20]

text: The problem of evil plays a large part in the Old Testament. The problem the Old Testament authors faced was that a good God must have had just reason for bringing disaster (meaning notably, but not only, the Babylonian exile) upon his people. The theme is played out, with many variations, in books as different as the histories of Kings and Chronicles, the prophets like Ezekiel and Jeremiah, and in the wisdom books like Job and Ecclesiastes.[20]

text: Formation[edit]

text: The process by which scriptures became canons and Bibles was a long one, and its complexities account for the many different Old Testaments which exist today. Timothy H. Lim, a professor of Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Judaism at the University of Edinburgh, identifies the Old Testament as "a collection of authoritative texts of apparently divine origin that went through a human process of writing and editing."[4] He states that it is not a magical book, nor was it literally written by God and passed to mankind. By about the 5th century BC Jews saw the five books of the Torah (the Old Testament Pentateuch) as having authoritative status; by the 2nd century BC the Prophets had a similar status, although without quite the same level of respect as the Torah; beyond that, the Jewish scriptures were fluid, with different groups seeing authority in different books.[21]

text: Greek[edit]

text: Hebrew texts commenced to be translated into Greek in Alexandria in about 280 and continued until about 130 BC.[22] These early Greek translations – supposedly commissioned by Ptolemy Philadelphus – were called the Septuagint (Latin: "Seventy") from the supposed number of translators involved (hence its abbreviation "LXX"). This Septuagint remains the basis of the Old Testament in the Eastern Orthodox Church.[23]

text: It varies in many places from the Masoretic Text and includes numerous books no longer considered canonical in some traditions: 1 and 2 Esdras, Judith, Tobit, 3 and 4 Maccabees, the Book of Wisdom, Sirach, and Baruch.[24] Early modern Biblical criticism typically explained these variations as intentional or ignorant corruptions by the Alexandrian scholars, but most recent scholarship holds it is simply based on early source texts differing from those later used by the Masoretes in their work.

text: The Septuagint was originally used by Hellenized Jews whose knowledge of Greek was better than Hebrew. But the texts came to be used predominantly by gentile converts to Christianity and by the early Church as its scripture, Greek being the lingua franca of the early Church. The three most acclaimed early interpreters were Aquila of Sinope, Symmachus the Ebionite, and Theodotion; in his Hexapla, Origen placed his edition of the Hebrew text beside its transcription in Greek letters and four parallel translations: Aquila's, Symmachus's, the Septuagint's, and Theodotion's. The so-called "fifth" and "sixth editions" were two other Greek translations supposedly miraculously discovered by students outside the towns of Jericho and Nicopolis: these were added to Origen's Octapla.[25]

text: In 331, Constantine I commissioned Eusebius to deliver fifty Bibles for the Church of Constantinople. Athanasius[26] recorded Alexandrian scribes around 340 preparing Bibles for Constans. Little else is known, though there is plenty of speculation. For example, it is speculated that this may have provided motivation for canon lists, and that Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus are examples of these Bibles. Together with the Peshitta and Codex Alexandrinus, these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles.[27] There is no evidence among the canons of the First Council of Nicaea of any determination on the canon, however, Jerome (347–420), in his Prologue to Judith, makes the claim that the Book of Judith was "found by the Nicene Council to have been counted among the number of the Sacred Scriptures".[28]

text: Latin[edit]

text: In Western Christianity or Christianity in the Western half of the Roman Empire, Latin had displaced Greek as the common language of the early Christians, and in 382 AD Pope Damasus I commissioned Jerome, the leading scholar of the day, to produce an updated Latin bible to replace the Vetus Latina, which was a Latin translation of the Septuagint. Jerome's work, called the Vulgate, was a direct translation from Hebrew, since he argued for the superiority of the Hebrew texts in correcting the Septuagint on both philological and theological grounds.[29] His Vulgate Old Testament became the standard bible used in the Western Church, specifically as the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate, while the Churches in the East continued, and still continue, to use the Septuagint.[30]

text: Jerome, however, in the Vulgate's prologues describes some portions of books in the Septuagint not found in the Hebrew Bible as being non-canonical (he called them apocrypha);[31] for Baruch, he mentions by name in his Prologue to Jeremiah and notes that it is neither read nor held among the Hebrews, but does not explicitly call it apocryphal or "not in the canon".[32] The Synod of Hippo (in 393), followed by the Council of Carthage (397) and the Council of Carthage (419), may be the first council that explicitly accepted the first canon which includes the books that did not appear in the Hebrew Bible;[33] the councils were under significant influence of Augustine of Hippo, who regarded the canon as already closed.[34]

text: Protestant[edit]

text: In the 16th century, the Protestant reformers sided with Jerome; yet although most Protestant Bibles now have only those books that appear in the Hebrew Bible, they have them in the order of the Greek Bible.[35]

text: Rome then officially adopted a canon, the Canon of Trent, which is seen as following Augustine's Carthaginian Councils[36] or the Council of Rome,[37][38] and includes most, but not all, of the Septuagint (3 Ezra and 3 and 4 Maccabees are excluded);[39] the Anglicans after the English Civil War adopted a compromise position, restoring the 39 Articles and keeping the extra books that were excluded by the Westminster Confession of Faith, but only for private study and for reading in churches, while Lutherans kept them for private study, gathered in an appendix as Biblical Apocrypha.[35]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: While the Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions of the Hebrew Bible are the best known Old Testaments, there were others. At much the same time as the Septuagint was being produced, translations were being made into Aramaic, the language of Jews living in Palestine and the Near East and likely the language of Jesus: these are called the Aramaic Targums, from a word meaning "translation", and were used to help Jewish congregations understand their scriptures.[40]

text: For Aramaic Christians there was a Syriac translation of the Hebrew Bible called the Peshitta, as well as versions in Coptic (the everyday language of Egypt in the first Christian centuries, descended from ancient Egyptian), Ethiopic (for use in the Ethiopian church, one of the oldest Christian churches), Armenian (Armenia was the first to adopt Christianity as its official religion), and Arabic.[40]

text: Literary evaluations[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2014)

text: The Old Testament is considered one of the most important and influential works of literature in world literature, and has provided inspiration for writers (both religious and secular) throughout subsequent history. In 1886, Friedrich Nietzsche wrote: "In the Jewish Old Testament, there are men, things and speeches in so grand a style that Greek and Indian literature have nothing to compare to it. One stands with awe and reverence before these tremendous remnants of what man once was... The taste for the Old Testament is a touchstone of 'greatness' and 'smallness'. To have glued this New Testament, a kind of rococo of taste in every respect, to the Old Testament to form one book... that is perhaps the greatest audacity and sin against the spirit that Europe has on its conscience."[41]

text: Christian theology[edit]

text: Christianity is based on the belief that the historical Jesus is also the Christ, as in the Confession of Peter. This belief is in turn based on Jewish understandings of the meaning of the Hebrew term messiah, which, like the Greek "Christ", means "anointed". In the Hebrew Scriptures it describes a king anointed with oil on his accession to the throne: he becomes "The LORD's anointed" or Yahweh's Anointed. By the time of Jesus, some Jews expected that a flesh and blood descendant of David (the "Son of David") would come to establish a real Jewish kingdom in Jerusalem, instead of the Roman province.[42]

text: Others stressed the Son of Man, a distinctly other-worldly figure who would appear as a judge at the end of time; and some harmonised the two by expecting a this-worldly messianic kingdom which would last for a set period and be followed by the other-worldly age or World to Come. Some thought the Messiah was already present, but unrecognised due to Israel's sins; some thought that the Messiah would be announced by a fore-runner, probably Elijah (as promised by the prophet Malachi, whose book now ends the Old Testament and precedes Mark's account of John the Baptist). None predicted a Messiah who suffers and dies for the sins of all the people.[42] The story of Jesus' death therefore involved a profound shift in meaning from the tradition of the Old Testament.[43]

text: The name "Old Testament" reflects Christianity's understanding of itself as the fulfillment of Jeremiah's prophecy of a New Covenant (which is similar to "testament" and often conflated) to replace the existing covenant between God and Israel (Jeremiah 31:31).[1] The emphasis, however, has shifted from Judaism's understanding of the covenant as a racially or tribally-based contract between God and Jews to one between God and any person of faith who is "in Christ".[44]