document_title: The Bachelor (season 1)

question_text: who won the first season of the bachelor

text: The Bachelor (season 1)

text: Contestants[edit]

text: The following is the list of bachelorettes for this season:

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Job
Eliminated

Amanda Marsh
23
Chanute, Kansas
Event Planner
Winner

Trista Rehn
29
Miami, Florida
Miami Heat Dancer
Runner-Up

Shannon Oliver
24
Dallas, Texas
Financial Management Consultant
Week 5

Kim
24
Tempe, Arizona
Nanny
Week 4

Cathy Grimes
22
Terra Haute, Indiana
Graduate Student
Week 3

Christina
28
Bonita, California
Attorney
Week 3

LaNease Adams
23
Los Angeles, California
Actress
Week 3

Rhonda
28
Woodward, Oklahoma
Commercial Real Estate Agent
Week 3

Alexa
27
Beverly Hills, California
Special Ed. Teacher
Week 2

Amy
28
New York, New York
Production Coordinator
Week 2

Angela
25
Avondale, Arizona
Hooters Waitress
Week 2

Angelique
27
Burbank, California
Actress
Week 2

Katie
23
Malden, Massachusetts
Power Tool Sales Rep.
Week 2

Melissa
25
Tempe, Arizona
Photographer
Week 2

Tina
27
Plano, Texas
Graduate Student
Week 2

Amber
29
Los Angeles, California
Business Development Director
Week 1

Daniela
30
Seattle, Washington
Neuropsychologist
Week 1

Denise
30
Honolulu, Hawaii
Doctor
Week 1

Jackie
22
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Bar Manager
Week 1

Jill
31
Chicago, Illinois
Retail Manager
Week 1

Kristina
27
Los Angeles, California
Advertising Executive
Week 1

Lisa
29
Dallas, Texas
Attorney
Week 1

Paula
24
Swansea, Massachusetts
Insurance Representative
Week 1

Rachel
29
Eastchester, New York
6th Grade Teacher
Week 1

Wendi
26
Dallas, Texas
Technology Specialist
Week 1

text: Future appearances[edit]

text: Trista Rehn was chosen to be the Bachelorette in the first season of The Bachelorette.

text: Shannon Oliver appeared in episode 3 of the first season of The Bachelorette to give Trista Rehn advice.

text: Elimination Chart[edit]

text:
#
Contestants
Week

1
2
3
4
5
6

1
Kim
Amanda
Shannon
Amanda
Trista
Trista
Amanda

2
Cathy
Cathy
Amanda
Shannon
Shannon
Amanda
Trista

3
Trista
Trista
Cathy
Kim
Amanda
Shannon

4
Denise
LaNease
Rhonda
Trista
Kim

5
Amy
Tina
Christina
Cathy

6
Alexa
Christina
Kim
Christina

7
LaNease
Katie
Trista
LaNease

8
Rachel
Alexa
LaNease
Rhonda

9
Tina
Angelique
Alexa

10
Angelique
Amy
Amy

11
Wendi
Melissa
Angela

12
Rhonda
Angela
Angelique

13
Christina
Kim
Katie

14
Jill
Shannon
Melissa

15
Katie
Rhonda
Tina

16
Amanda
Amber

17
Lisa
Daniela

18
Angela
Denise

19
Amber
Jackie

20
Daniela
Jill

21
Paula
Kristina

22
Jackie
Lisa

23
Melissa
Paula

24
Kristina
Rachel

25
Shannon
Wendi

text: Episodes (dates)[edit]

text: Week 1[edit]

text: There were no dates during the first week.

text: Amber, Daniela, Denise, Jackie, Jill, Kristina, Lisa, Paula, Rachel, and Wendi were all sent home in the first rose ceremony.

text: Week 2[edit]

text: There were three group dates. Five women were sent on each.

text: Alexa, Amy, Angela, Angelique, Katie, Melissa, and Tina were eliminated at the rose ceremony.

text: Week 3[edit]

text: One-on-one: Amanda.

text: One-on-one: Trista.

text: Group: Cathy, Christina, Kim, LaNease, and Rhonda.

text: One-on-one: Shannon

text: Cathy, Christina, LaNease, and Rhonda were eliminated at the rose ceremony.

text: Week 4[edit]

text:
#
Bachelorette
Hometown

1
Kim
Tempe, Arizona

2
Shannon
Dallas, Texas

3
Trista
Miami, Florida

4
Amanda
Chanute, Kansas

text: Kim was eliminated at the rose ceremony.

text: Week 5[edit]

text: Overnight Dates: Amanda (New York), Shannon (Vermont), and Trista (Hawaii).

text: Shannon was eliminated at the rose ceremony.

text: Week 6 (Finale)[edit]

text: Meeting Alex's Parents and Final Dates: Amanda and Trista.

text: Trista's limo pulled up to the altar first, where Alex sent her home in a limo, brokenhearted. Amanda then came to the altar, where Alex declared her his chosen woman and entered into a relationship with her.

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

The Bachelor

U.S. seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8: Paris
9: Rome
10: Officer and a Gentleman
11
12: London Calling
13
14: On the Wings of Love
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Bachelors

Alex Michel
Aaron Buerge
Andrew Firestone
Bob Guiney
Jesse Palmer
Byron Velvick
Charlie O'Connell
Travis Lane Stork
Prince Lorenzo Borghese
Andrew Baldwin
Brad Womack
Matt Grant
Jason Mesnick
Jake Pavelka
Brad Womack
Ben Flajnik
Sean Lowe
Juan Pablo Galavis
Chris Soules
Ben Higgins
Nick Viall
Arie Luyendyk Jr.

Contestants

Mandy Clemens
Catherine Warren
Shayne Lamas
Melissa Rycroft
Tenley Molzahn
Gia Allemand
Keltie Colleen
Jamie Otis
Catherine Giudici
Brittany Fetkin
Ashley Iaconetti

The Bachelorette

Seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Bachelorettes

Trista Rehn
Meredith Phillips
Jen Schefft
DeAnna Pappas
Jillian Harris
Ali Fedotowsky
Ashley Hebert
Emily Maynard
Desiree Hartsock
Andi Dorfman
Kaitlyn Bristowe
JoJo Fletcher
Rachel Lindsay

Contestants

Ryan Sutter
Jesse Csincsak
Ryan Hoag
Ed Swiderski
David Homyk
Chad Johnson
Jordan Rodgers
Kenny Layne

International
versions

Australia

1: Sam Frost
2: Georgia Love
3: Sophie Monk

Canada
India
Germany
Romania
Switzerland

Other spin-offs

Bachelor Pad

1
2
3

Bachelor in Paradise

1
2
3
4

Bachelor in Paradise: After Paradise

Episodes

Bachelor Live
The Bachelor Winter Games

International Spin-offs

Bachelor in Paradise Australia

Hosts

Chris Harrison
Melissa Rycroft (Bachelor Pad Season 1 only)

International
versions

Australia

1: Tim Robards
2: Blake Garvey
3: Sam Wood
4: Richie Strahan
5: Matty Johnson

Brazil

1: Gianluca Perino

Canada

1: Brad Smith
2: Tim Warmels

Romania

1: Cătălin Botezatu
2: Edward Popescu Strohlen
3: Sergiu Barboni
4: Bogdan Vlădău

United Kingdom

1: David Donald
2: Jamie Williams
3: Anthony Thomas
4: Gavin Henson
5: Spencer Matthews

New Zealand

1: Arthur Green
2: Jordan Mauger
3: Zac Franich

italics - Non-selected roles

text: American dating and relationship reality television seriesThe Bachelor seasons2002 American television seasons


document_title: Skin infection

question_text: a fungal inflammation of the skin is called

root

text: Skin infection

text: Cause[edit]

text: Bacterial[edit]

text: Bacterial skin infections include:

tag: p

text:
Folliculitis is an infection of the hair follicle that can resemble pimples.
Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection most common among pre-school children.[3] It is primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and sometimes by Streptococcus pyogenes.[4]
Erysipelas is an acute streptococcus bacterial infection[5] of the deep epidermis with lymphatic spread.
Cellulitis is a diffuse inflammation[6] of connective tissue with severe inflammation of dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin. Cellulitis can be caused by normal skin flora or by exogenous bacteria, and often occurs where the skin has previously been broken: cracks in the skin, cuts, blisters, burns, insect bites, surgical wounds, intravenous drug injection or sites of intravenous catheter insertion. Skin on the face or lower legs is most commonly affected by this infection, though cellulitis can occur on any part of the body.

tag: ul

text: Fungal[edit]

text: Fungal skin infections may present as either a superficial or deep infection of the skin, hair, and/or nails.[7][8] As of 2010, they affect about one billion people globally.[9]

text: Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites[edit]

text: Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites in humans are caused by several groups of organisms belonging to the following phyla: Annelida, Arthropoda, Bryozoa, Chordata, Cnidaria, Cyanobacteria, Echinodermata, Nemathelminthes, Platyhelminthes, and Protozoa.[7][10]

text: Viral[edit]

text: Virus-related cutaneous conditions are caused by two main groups of viruses–DNA and RNA types–both of which are obligatory intracellular parasites.[7][11]

text: Research[edit]

text: Dempster-Shafer Theory is used for detecting skin infection and displaying the result of the detection process.[12]


document_title: Vertebra

question_text: the pedicles laminae and spinous process of a vertebra form the

text: Vertebra

text: Structure[edit]

text: Each vertebra is an irregular bone. The size of the vertebrae varies according to placement in the vertebral column, spinal loading, posture and pathology. Along the length of the spine the vertebrae change to accommodate different needs related to stress and mobility.[1]

text: Every vertebra has a body, which consists of a large anterior middle portion called the centrum (plural centra) and a posterior vertebral arch,[2] also called a neural arch.[3] The body is composed of cancellous bone, which is the spongy type of osseous tissue,  whose micro-anatomy has been specifically studied within the pedicle bones.[4] This cancellous bone is in turn, covered by a thin coating of cortical bone (or compact bone), the hard and dense type of osseous tissue. The vertebral arch and processes have thicker coverings of cortical bone. The upper and lower surfaces of the body of the vertebra are flattened and rough in order to give attachment to the intervertebral discs. These surfaces are the vertebral endplates which are in direct contact with the intervertebral discs and form the joint. The endplates are formed from a thickened layer of the cancellous bone of the vertebral body, the top layer being more dense. The endplates function to contain the adjacent discs, to evenly spread the applied loads, and to provide anchorage for the collagen fibers of the disc. They also act as a semi-permeable interface for the exchange of water and solutes.[5]

text:
The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles and laminae. Two pedicles extend from the sides of the vertebral body to join the body to the arch. The pedicles are short thick processes that extend, one from each side, posteriorly, from the junctions of the posteriolateral surfaces of the centrum, on its upper surface.
From each pedicle a broad plate, a lamina, projects backwards and medialwards to join and complete the vertebral arch and form the posterior border of the vertebral foramen, which completes the triangle of the vertebral foramen.[6] The upper surfaces of the laminae are rough to give attachment to the ligamenta flava. These ligaments connect the laminae of adjacent vertebra along the length of the spine from the level of the second cervical vertebra. Above and below the pedicles are shallow depressions called vertebral notches (superior and inferior). When the vertebrae articulate the notches align with those on adjacent vertebrae and these form the openings of the intervertebral foramina. The foramina allow the entry and exit of the spinal nerves from each vertebra, together with associated blood vessels. The articulating vertebrae provide a strong pillar of support for the body.

text: There are seven processes projecting from the vertebra; a spinous process, two transverse processes, and four articular processes. A major part of a vertebra is a backward extending spinous process (sometimes called the neural spine) which projects centrally. This process points dorsally and caudally from the junction of the laminae. The spinous process serves to attach muscles and ligaments.

text: The two transverse processes, one on each side of the vertebral body project from either side at the point where the lamina joins the pedicle, between the superior and inferior articular processes. They also serve for the attachment of muscles and ligaments, in particular the intertransverse ligaments. There is a facet on each of the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae which articulates with the tubercle of the rib.[7] A facet on each side of the thoracic vertebral body articulates with the head of the rib. There are superior and inferior articular facet joints on each side of the vertebra, which serve to restrict the range of movement possible. These facets are joined by a thin portion of the vertebral arch called the pars interarticularis.

text: The transverse process of a lumbar vertebra is also sometimes called the costal[8][9] or costiform process[10] because it corresponds to a rudimentary rib (costa) which, as opposed to the thorax, is not developed in the lumbar region.[10][11]

text: Regional variation[edit]

text: Vertebrae take their names from the regions of the vertebral column that they occupy. There are thirty-three vertebrae in the human vertebral column—seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar vertebrae, five fused sacral vertebrae forming the sacrum and three to five coccygeal vertebrae, forming the coccyx. The regional vertebrae increase in size as they progress downwards but become smaller in the coccyx.

text: Cervical vertebrae[edit]

text: There are seven cervical vertebrae (but eight cervical spinal nerves), designated C1 through C7. These bones are, in general, small and delicate. Their spinous processes are short (with the exception of C2 and C7, which have palpable spinous processes). C1 is also called the atlas, and C2 is also called the axis. The structure of these vertebrae is the reason why the neck and head have a large range of motion.  The atlanto-occipital joint allows the skull to move up and down, while the atlanto-axial joint allows the upper neck to twist left and right. The axis also sits upon the first intervertebral disc of the spinal column.

text: Cervical vertebrae possess transverse foramina to allow for the vertebral arteries to pass through on their way to the foramen magnum to end in the circle of Willis.  These are the smallest, lightest vertebrae and the vertebral foramina are triangular in shape.  The spinous processes are short and often bifurcated (the spinous process of C7, however, is not bifurcated, and is substantially longer than that of the other cervical spinous processes).

text: The atlas differs from the other vertebrae in that it has no body and no spinous process. It has instead a ring-like form, having an anterior and a posterior arch and two lateral masses. At the outside centre points of both arches there is a tubercle, an anterior tubercle and a posterior tubercle, for the attachment of muscles. The front surface of the anterior arch is convex and its anterior tubercle gives attachment to the longus colli muscle. The posterior tubercle is a rudimentary spinous process and gives attachment to the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle. The spinous process is small so as not to interfere with the movement between the atlas and the skull. On the under surface is a facet for articulation with the dens of the axis.

text: Specific to the cervical vertebra is the transverse foramen (also known as foramen transversarium). This is an opening on each of the transverse processes which gives passage to the vertebral artery and vein and a sympathetic nerve plexus. On the cervical vertebrae other than the atlas, the anterior and posterior tubercles are on either side of the transverse foramen on each transverse process. The anterior tubercle on the sixth cervical vertebra is called the carotid tubercle because it separates the carotid artery from the vertebral artery.

text: There is a hook-shaped uncinate process on the side edges of the top surface of the bodies of the third to the seventh cervical vertebrae, and also of the first thoracic vertebra. Together with the vertebral disc, this uncinate process prevents a vertebra from sliding backwards off the vertebra below it and limits lateral flexion (side-bending). Luschka's joints involve the vertebral uncinate processes.

text: The spinous process on C7 is distinctively long and gives the name vertebra prominens to this vertebra. Also a cervical rib can develop from C7 as an anatomical variation.

text: The term cervicothoracic is often used to refer to the cervical and thoracic vertebrae together, and sometimes also their surrounding areas.

text: Thoracic vertebrae[edit]

text: The twelve  thoracic vertebrae and their transverse processes have surfaces that articulate with the ribs. Some rotation can occur between the thoracic vertebrae, but their connection with the rib cage prevents much flexion or other movement. They may also be known as 'dorsal vertebrae', in the human context.

text: The vertebral bodies are roughly heart-shaped and are about as wide anterio-posterioly as they are in the transverse dimension.  Vertebral foramina are roughly circular in shape.

text: The top surface of the first thoracic vertebra has a hook-shaped uncinate process, just like the cervical vertebrae.

text: The term thoracolumbar is sometimes used to refer to the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae together, and sometimes also their surrounding areas.

text: The thoracic vertebrae attach to ribs and so have articular facets specific to them; these are the superior, transverse and inferior costal facets.  As the vertebrae progress down the spine they increase in size to match up with the adjoining lumbar section.

text: Lumbar vertebrae[edit]

text: The five lumbar vertebrae are the largest of the vertebrae, their robust construction being necessary for supporting greater weight than the other vertebrae. They allow significant flexion, extension and moderate lateral flexion (side-bending). The discs between these vertebrae create a natural lumbar lordosis (a spinal curvature that is concave posteriorly).[citation needed]This is due to the difference in thickness between the front and back parts of the intervertebral discs.

text: The lumbar vertebrae are located between the ribcage and the pelvis and are the largest of the vertebrae. The pedicles are strong as are the laminae and the spinous process is thick and broad. The vertebral foramen is large and triangular. The transverse processes are long and narrow and three tubercles can be seen on them. These are a lateral cosiform process, a mammillary process and an accessory process.[12] The superior, or upper tubercle is the mammillary process which connects with the superior articular process. The multifidus muscle attaches to the mammillary process and this muscle extends through the length of the vertebral column, giving support. The inferior, or lower tubercle is the accessory process and this is found at the back part of the base of the transverse process. The term lumbosacral is often used to refer to the lumbar and sacral vertebrae together, and sometimes includes their surrounding areas.

text: Sacrum[edit]

text: There are five  sacral vertebrae (S1–S5) which are fused in maturity, into one large bone, the sacrum, with no intervertebral discs.[13] The sacrum with the ilium forms a sacroiliac joint on each side of the pelvis, which articulates with the hips.

text: Coccyx[edit]

text: The last three to five coccygeal vertebrae (but usually four) (Co1–Co5) make up the tailbone or coccyx. There are no intervertebral discs.

text: Development[edit]

text: Somites form in the early embryo and some of these develop into sclerotomes. The sclerotomes form the vertebrae as well as the rib cartilage and part of the occipital bone. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side of the paraxial mesoderm. The lower half of one sclerotome fuses with the upper half of the adjacent one to form each vertebral body.[14] From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming the vertebral arch. Other cells move distally to the costal processes of thoracic vertebrae to form the ribs.[14]

text: Function[edit]

text: Functions of vertebrae include:

text:
Support. The vertebrae function in the skeletomuscular system by forming the vertebral column to support the body.
Protection. Vertebrae contain a vertebral foramen for the passage of the spinal canal and its enclosed spinal cord and covering meninges. They also afford sturdy protection for the spinal cord. The upper and lower surfaces of the centrum are flattened and rough in order to give attachment to the intervertebral discs.
Movement. The vertebrae also provide the openings, the intervertebral foramina which allow the entry and exit of the spinal nerves. Similarly to the surfaces of the centrum, the upper and lower surfaces of the fronts of the laminae are flattened and rough to give attachment to the ligamenta flava. Working together in the vertebral column their sections provide controlled movement and flexibility.
Feeding the Intervertebral discs, through the reflex (hyaline ligament) plate that separates the cancellous bone of the vertebral body from each disk.

tag: ol

text:
The spinal cord nested in the vertebral column.

Vertebral joint

Costovertebral joint

A facet joint between the superior and inferior articular processes (labeled at top and bottom).

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: There are a number of congenital vertebral anomalies, mostly involving variations in the shape or number of vertebrae, and many of which are unproblematic. Others though can cause compression of the spinal cord. Wedge-shaped vertebrae, called hemivertebrae can cause an angle to form in the spine which can result in the spinal curvature diseases of kyphosis, scoliosis and lordosis. Severe cases can cause spinal cord compression. Block vertebrae where some vertebrae have become fused can cause problems. Spina bifida can result from the incomplete formation of the vertebral arch.

text: Spondylolysis is a defect in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch. In most cases this occurs in the lowest of the lumbar vertebrae (L5), but may also occur in the other lumbar vertebrae, as well as in the thoracic vertebrae.

text: Spinal disc herniation, more commonly called a slipped disc, is the result of a tear in the outer ring (anulus fibrosus) of the intervertebral disc, which lets some of the soft gel-like material, the nucleus pulposus, bulge out in a hernia. This may be treated by a minimally-invasive endoscopic procedure called Tessys method.

text: A laminectomy is a surgical operation to remove the laminae in order to access the spinal canal.[15] The removal of just part of a lamina is called a laminotomy.

text: A pinched nerve caused by pressure from a disc, vertebra or scar tissue might be remedied by a foraminotomy to broaden the intervertebral foramina and relieve pressure. It can also be caused by a foramina stenosis, a narrowing of the nerve opening, as a result of arthritis.

text: Another condition is spondylolisthesis when one vertebra slips forward onto another. The reverse of this condition is retrolisthesis where one vertebra slips backwards onto another.

text: The vertebral pedicle is often used as a radiographic marker and entry point in vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty, and spinal fusion procedures.

text: The arcuate foramen is a common anatomical variation more frequently seen in females. It is a bony bridge found on the first cervical vertebra, the atlas where it covers the groove for the vertebral artery.[16]

text: Degenerative disc disease is a condition usually associated with ageing in which one or more discs degenerate. This can often be a painfree condition but can also be very painful.

text: Other animals[edit]

text:
In other animals the vertebrae take the same regional names except for the coccygeal – in animals with tails the separate vertebrae are usually called the caudal vertebrae.
Because of the different types of locomotion and support needed between the aquatic and other vertebrates, the vertebrae between them show the most variation, though basic features are shared. The spinous processes which are backward extending are directed upwards in animals without an erect stance. These processes can be very large in the larger animals as they attach to the muscles and ligaments of the body. In the elephant the vertebrae are connected by tight joints, which limit the backbone's flexibility. Spinous processes are exaggerated in some animals, such as the extinct Dimetrodon and Spinosaurus, where they form a sailback or finback.

text: Vertebrae with saddle-shaped articular surfaces on their bodies, are called "heterocoelous", which allows vertebrae to flex both vertically and horizontally, while preventing twisting motions. Such vertebrae are found in the necks of birds and some turtles.[17]

text: In many species, though not in mammals, the cervical vertebrae bear ribs. In many groups, such as lizards and saurischian dinosaurs, the cervical ribs are large; in birds, they are small and completely fused to the vertebrae. The transverse processes of mammals are homologous to the cervical ribs of other amniotes.  In the whale the cervical vertebrae are typically fused, an adaptation trading flexibility for stability during swimming.[18][19] All mammals except manatees and sloths have seven cervical vertebrae, whatever the length of the neck.[20] This includes seemingly unlikely animals such as the giraffe, the camel, and the blue whale, for example. Birds usually have more cervical vertebrae with most having a highly flexible neck consisting of 13–25 vertebrae.

text: In all mammals the thoracic vertebrae are connected to ribs and their bodies differ from the other regional vertebrae due to the presence of facets. Each vertebra has a facet on each side of the vertebral body which articulates with the head of a rib. There is also a facet on each of the transverse processes which articulates with the tubercle of a rib. The number of thoracic vertebrae varies considerably across the species.[21] Most marsupials have thirteen, but koalas only have eleven.[22] The norm is twelve to fifteen in mammals, (twelve in the human), though there are from eighteen to twenty in the horse, tapir, rhinoceros and elephant. In certain sloths there is an extreme number of twenty-five and at the other end only nine in the cetacean.[23]

text: There are fewer lumbar vertebrae in chimpanzees and gorillas, which have three in contrast to the five in the genus Homo.  This reduction in number gives an inability of the lumbar spine to lordose but gives an anatomy that favours vertical climbing, and hanging ability more suited to feeding locations in high-canopied regions.[24] The bonobo differs by having four lumbar vertebrae.

text:
Caudal vertebrae are the bones that make up the tails of vertebrates.[25] They range in number from a few to fifty, depending on the length of the animal's tail.
In humans and other tailless primates, they are called the coccygeal vertebrae, number from three to five and are fused into the coccyx.[26]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Vertebral arches of three thoracic vertebrae

Costovertebral joints seen from the front

Lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae seen from the side

Cervical vertebrae seen from the back


document_title: Judgement of Paris

question_text: where did the judgement of paris take place

text: Judgement of Paris

text: Sources of the episode[edit]

text: As with many mythological tales, details vary depending on the source. The brief allusion to the Judgement in the Iliad (24.25–30) shows that the episode initiating all the subsequent action was already familiar to its audience; a fuller version was told in the Cypria, a lost work of the Epic Cycle, of which only fragments (and a reliable summary[1]) remain. The later writers Ovid (Heroides 16.71ff, 149–152 and 5.35f), Lucian (Dialogues of the Gods 20), Pseudo-Apollodorus (Bibliotheca, E.3.2) and Hyginus (Fabulae 92), retell the story with skeptical, ironic or popularizing agendas. It appeared wordlessly on the ivory and gold votive chest of the 7th-century BC tyrant Cypselus at Olympia, which was described by Pausanias as showing:

text: The subject was favoured by painters of red-figure pottery as early as the sixth century BC,[3] and remained popular in Greek and Roman art, before enjoying a significant revival, as an opportunity to show three female nudes, in the Renaissance.

text: Mythic narrative[edit]

text: It is recounted[4] that Zeus held a banquet in celebration of the marriage of Peleus and Thetis (parents of Achilles).  However, Eris, goddess of discord was not invited, for it was believed she would have made the party unpleasant for everyone.  Angered by this snub, Eris arrived at the celebration with a golden apple from the Garden of the Hesperides, which she threw into the proceedings as a prize of beauty.[5] According to some later versions, upon the apple was the inscription καλλίστῃ (kallistēi, "To/for the fairest one").[6]

text: Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. They asked Zeus to judge which of them was fairest, and eventually he, reluctant to favor any claim himself, declared that Paris, a Trojan mortal, would judge their cases, for he had recently shown his exemplary fairness in a contest in which Ares in bull form had bested Paris's own prize bull, and the shepherd-prince had unhesitatingly awarded the prize to the god.[7]

text: Thus it happened that, with Hermes as their guide, the three candidates bathed in the spring of Ida, then confronted Paris on Mount Ida in the climactic moment that is the crux of the tale. After failing to judge their beauty with their clothing on, the three goddesses stripped nude to convince Paris of their worthiness. While Paris inspected them, each attempted with her powers to bribe him; Hera offered to make him king of Europe and Asia, Athena offered wisdom and skill in war, and Aphrodite, who had the Charites and the Horai to enhance her charms with flowers and song (according to a fragment of the Cypria quoted by Athenagoras of Athens), offered the world's most beautiful woman (Euripides, Andromache, l.284, Helena l. 676). This was Helen of Sparta, wife of the Greek king Menelaus. Paris accepted Aphrodite's gift and awarded the apple to her, receiving Helen as well as the enmity of the Greeks and especially of Hera. The Greeks' expedition to retrieve Helen from Paris in Troy is the mythological basis of the Trojan War.

text: The story of the Judgement of Paris naturally offered artists the opportunity to depict a sort of beauty contest between three beautiful female nudes, but the myth, at least since Euripides, rather concerns a choice among the gifts that each goddess embodies. The bribery involved is ironic and a late ingredient.

text: According to a tradition suggested by Alfred J. Van Windekens,[8] objectively, "cow-eyed" Hera was indeed the most beautiful, not Aphrodite. However, Hera was the goddess of the marital order and of cuckolded wives, amongst other things.  She was often portrayed as the shrewish, jealous wife of Zeus, who himself often escaped from her controlling ways by cheating on her with other women, mortal and immortal. She had fidelity and chastity in mind and was careful to be modest when Paris was inspecting her. Aphrodite, though not as objectively beautiful as Hera, was the goddess of sexuality, and was effortlessly more sexual and charming before him. Thus, she was able to sway Paris into judging her the fairest. Athena's beauty is rarely commented in the myths, perhaps because Greeks held her up as an asexual being, being able to "overcome" her "womanly weaknesses"  to become both wise and talented in war (both considered male domains by the Greeks). Her rage at losing makes her join the Greeks in the battle against Paris' Trojans, a key event in the turning point of the war.

text: In post-Classical art[edit]

text: The subject became popular in art from the late Middle Ages onwards. All three goddesses were usually shown nude, though in ancient art only Aphrodite is ever unclothed, and not always.[9] The opportunity for three female nudes was a large part of the attraction of the subject.  It appeared in illuminated manuscripts and was popular in decorative art, including 15th-century Italian inkstands and other works in maiolica, and cassoni.[10]  As a subject for easel paintings, it was more common in Northern Europe, although Marcantonio Raimondi's engraving of c. 1515, probably based on a drawing by Raphael, and using a composition derived from a Roman sarcophagus, was a highly influential treatment, which made Paris's Phrygian cap an attribute in most later versions.[11]

text: The subject was painted many (supposedly 23) times by Lucas Cranach the Elder, and was especially attractive to Northern Mannerist painters.  Rubens painted  several compositions of the subject at different points in his career. Watteau and Angelica Kauffman were among the artists who painted the subject in the 18th century. The Judgement of Paris was painted frequently by academic artists of the 19th century, and less often by their more progressive contemporaries such as Renoir and Cézanne. Later artists who have painted the subject include André Lhote, Enrique Simonet (El Juicio de Paris 1904) and Salvador Dalí.

text: Ivo Saliger (1939), Adolf Ziegler (1939) and Joseph Thorak (1941) also used the classic myth to propagate German renewal during the Nazi period.[citation needed]

text: Gallery[edit]

text: Paintings[edit]

text:
Miniature, c. 1495

Lucas Cranach the Elder, c. between 1512-1514

Niklaus Manuel, c. 1520

Lucas Cranach the Elder, c. 1528

Lucas Cranach the Elder, c. 1530

Joan de Joanes, c. approx. 1523-1579

Frans Floris, c. 1548

Frans Floris, c. 1550s

Hendrick De Clerck, 1560-1630, The Phoebus Foundation

Hans von Aachen, c. 1588

Hans von Aachen, c. 1593.

Hendrick van Balen the Elder, c. 1599

Joachim Wtewael, c. 1605

Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1606

Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1625

Anthony van Dyck, c.1628

Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1638-1639

Cornelis Cornelisz. van Haarlem, c. 1628

Claude Lorrain, c. 1645-1646

Carel van Savoyen, c. 1650-1660

Luca Giordano, c. between 1681-1683

Adriaen van der Werff, c. 1712

Adriaen van der Werff, c. 1716

Michele Rocca, c. between 1710-1720

Antoine Watteau, c. 1720

Anton Raphael Mengs, c. 1757

Angelica Kauffman, c. 1770-1797

François-Xavier Fabre, c. 1808

Guillaume Guillon Lethière, c. 1812

Joseph Hauber, c. 1819

Jean-Baptiste Regnault, c. 1820

Henri-Pierre Picou, c. between 1824-1895

Paul Cézanne, c. 1862-1864

Anselm Feuerbach, c. 1869-1870

Max Klinger, c. 1886-1887

El Juicio de Paris by Enrique Simonet, c. 1904 (Museo de Málaga)

Eduard Lebiedzki, c. by 1906

Eduard Veith, c. by 1925

text: Mosaïc[edit]

text:
Unknown, 115–150 AD, Louvre Museum (Ma 3443)

Unknown, 115–150 AD, detail, Louvre Museum (Ma 3443)

text: Sculptures and engravings[edit]

text:
An Etruscan bronze mirrorback, 4th-3rd century BCE (Louvre)

Marcantonio Raimondi after Raphael, c. 1510-20

Dorman Hering, c. 1529

Willem Isaacsz van Swanenburg, c. 1609

Capodimonte porcelain, Capitoline Museums, Rome

Landolin Ohmacht, 1804-07

text: Kallistēi[edit]

text: Kallistēi  is the word of the Ancient Greek language inscribed on the Golden Apple of Discord by Eris.  In Greek, the word is καλλίστῃ (the dative singular of the feminine superlative of καλος, beautiful).  Its meaning can be rendered "to the fairest one".

text: Calliste (Καλλίστη; Mod. Gk. Kallisti) is also an ancient name for the isle of Thera.

text: Use in Discordianism[edit]

text: The word Kallisti (Modern Greek) written on a golden apple, has become a principal symbol of Discordianism, a post-modernist religion.  In non-philological texts (such as Discordian ones) the word is usually spelled as καλλιστι. Most versions of Principia Discordia actually spell it as καλλιχτι, but this is definitely incorrect; in the afterword of the 1979 Loompanics edition of Principia, Gregory Hill says that was because on the IBM typewriter he used, not all Greek letters coincided with Latin ones, and he didn't know enough of the letters to spot the mistake. Zeus' failure to invite Eris is referred to as The Original Snub in Discordian mythology.[12]

text: Dramatizations[edit]

text: The story is the basis of an opera,  The Judgement of Paris, with a libretto by William Congreve, that was set to music by four composers in London, 1700–1701. Thomas Arne composed a highly successful score to the same libretto in 1742. The opera Le Cinesi (The Chinese Women) by Christoph Willibald Gluck (1754) concludes with a ballet, The Judgement of Paris, sung as a vocal quartet. Francesco Cilea's 1902 opera Adriana Lecouvreur also includes a Judgement of Paris ballet sequence.

text: The story is the basis of an earlier opera, Il pomo d'oro, in a prologue and five acts by the Italian composer Antonio Cesti with a libretto by Francesco Sbarra (1611-1668). It was first performed before the imperial court in a specially constructed open-air theatre Vienna in 1668. The work was so long it had to be staged over the course of two days: the Prologue, Acts One and Two were given on July 12; Acts Three, Four and Five on July 14. The staging was unprecedented for its magnificence (and expense). The designer Ludovico Ottavio Burnacini provided no fewer than 24 sets and there were plenty of opportunities for spectacular stage machinery, including shipwrecks and collapsing towers.

text: Novelist Gore Vidal named his 1952 book, The Judgment of Paris, after this story.

text: The Judgement of Paris was burlesqued in the 1954 musical The Golden Apple. In it, the three goddesses have been reduced to three town biddies in smalltown Washington state. They ask Paris, a traveling salesman, to judge the cakes they have made for the church social. Each woman (the mayor's wife, the schoolmarm, and the matchmaker) makes appeals to Paris, who chooses the matchmaker. The matchmaker, in turn, sets him up with Helen, the town floozy, who runs off with him.

text: The Judgement of Paris is featured in the 2003 TV miniseries Helen of Troy. The event is brief, and only Hera and Aphrodite offer bribes. All three goddesses remain fully clothed. Aphrodite gives Paris a vision of Helen, while Helen has a reciprocal vision of Paris.

text: In the Hercules: The Legendary Journeys series, the contest is altered somewhat with Aphrodite and Athena entering but Artemis is the third goddess contestant instead of Hera (offering the one who chooses her the chance to be renowned as a great warrior). The Golden Apple appears as a gift from Aphrodite with the ability to make any mortal woman fall in love with the man holding it and to make a mortal man and woman soul mates if they simultaneously touch it. The other major differences beside the presence of Artemis and the role of the apple are the fact that it is Iolaus who is the judge and the goddesses appear in swimsuits and not nude.


document_title: Woman's Christian Temperance Union

question_text: what was the main purpose of the womens christian temperance union founded in 1874

text: Woman's Christian Temperance Union

text: History and purpose[edit]

text: At its founding in 1874, the stated purpose of the WCTU was to create a "sober and pure world" by abstinence, purity, and evangelical Christianity.[4] Annie Wittenmyer was its first president.[5] The constitution of the WCTU called for "the entire prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors as a beverage."[6]

text: Frances Willard, a noted feminist, was elected the WCTU's second president in 1879 and Willard grew the organization to be the largest organization of women in the world by 1890. She remained president until her death in 1898.

text: Its members were inspired by the Greek writer Xenophon, who defined temperance as "moderation in all things healthful; total abstinence from all things harmful." In other words, should something be good, it should not be indulged in to excess; should something be bad for you, it should be avoided altogether — thus their attempts to rid society of what they saw (and still see) as the dangers of alcohol.[7]

text: The WCTU perceived alcohol as a cause and consequence of larger social problems rather than as a personal weakness or failing. The WCTU also agitated against tobacco. The American WCTU formed a "Department for the Overthrow of the Tobacco Habit" as early as 1885 and frequently published anti-tobacco articles in the 1880s. Agitation against tobacco continued through to the 1950s.[7]

text: As a consequence of its stated purposes, the WCTU was also very interested in a number of social reform issues, including labor, prostitution, public health, sanitation, and international peace. As the movement grew in numbers and strength, members of the WCTU also focused on suffrage. The WCTU was instrumental in organizing woman's suffrage leaders and in helping more women become involved in American politics. Local chapters, known as “unions”, were largely autonomous, though linked to state and national headquarters. Willard pushed for the "Home Protection" ballot, arguing that women, being the morally superior sex, needed the vote in order to act as "citizen-mothers" and protect their homes and cure society's ills. At a time when suffragists were viewed as radicals and alienated most American women, the WCTU offered a more traditionally feminine and "appropriate" organization for women to join.[citation needed]

text: Although the WCTU had chapters throughout North America with hundreds of thousands of members, the "Christian" in its title was largely limited to those with an evangelical Protestant conviction and the importance of their role has been noted. The goal of evangelizing the world, according to this model, meant that very few Catholics, Jews, Muslims, Buddhists or Hindus were attracted to it, "even though the last three had a pronounced cultural and religious preference for abstinence".[8] As the WCTU grew internationally, it developed various approaches that helped with the inclusion of women of religions other than Christianity. But, it was always primarily, and still is, a Christian women's organization.

text: Policy Interests[edit]

text: The WCTU's work extended across a range of efforts to bring about personal and social moral reform. In the 1880s it worked on creating legislation to protect working girls from the exploitation of men, including raising Age of Consent laws.[9] It also focused on keeping Sundays as Sabbath days and restrict frivolous activities. In 1901 the WCTU said that golf should not be allowed on Sundays.[10]

text: The WCTU also wanted to aid immigrants coming into the United States through "Americanization" activities. Between 1900 and 1920, much of their budget was given to their center on Ellis Island, which helped to start the Americanization process. The WCTU promoted the idea that immigrants were more prone to alcoholism than Native Americans, focusing particularly on Irish and German immigrant communities as the source of the problem.[citation needed]

text: The WCTU was also concerned about trying to alleviate poverty, through abstinence from alcohol. Through journal articles, the WCTU tried to prove that abstinence would help people move up in life. A fictional story in one of their journal articles illustrates this fact:

text: Ned has applied for a job, but he is not chosen. He finds that the potential employer has judged him to be like his Uncle Jack. Jack is a kindly man but he spends his money on drink and cigarettes. Ned has also been seen drinking and smoking. The employer thinks that Ned Fisher lacks the necessary traits of industriousness which he associates with abstinence and self-control.[9]

text: Spread and influence[edit]

text: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union grew rapidly. The WCTU adopted Willard's "Do Everything" philosophy, which meant that the “W.C.T.U. campaigned for local, state, and national prohibition, woman suffrage, protective purity legislation, scientific temperance instruction in the schools, better working conditions for labor, anti-polygamy laws, Americanization, and a variety of other reforms”[11] despite having the image of a gospel temperance organization. The presidential addresses of the WCTU provide excellent insight as to how the organization seamlessly blended issues of grass-roots organizing, temperance, education, immigration and cultural assimilation.[citation needed]

text: One prominent state chapter was the Minnesota Women's Christian Temperance Union. The Minnesota chapter's origin is rooted in nation's anti-saloon crusades of 1873 and 1874 where women all throughout the United States “joined together outside saloons to pray and harass the customers.”[11] In Minnesota there was stiff resistance to this public display and "in Anoka, Minnesota, 'heroic women endured the insults of the saloon-keeper and his wife who poured cold water upon the women from an upper window while they prayed on the sidewalk below. Sometimes beer was thrown on the sidewalk so that they could not kneel there but they prayed.'"[11] As a result, Minnesotan women were motivated and “formed local societies, which soon united to become the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1874. Women from St. Paul, Minneapolis, Red Wing, and Owatonna organized their first local W.C.T.U. clubs between 1875 and 1877. The Minnesota WCTU began in the fall of 1877.[11] From this point the Minnesota WCTU began to expand throughout the state in both size and interests.

text: The Minnesota WCTU worked hard to extoll the values of the WCTU which included converting new immigrants to American culture or “Americanization.” Bessie Laythe Scovell, a native New Englander that moved to Minnesota in the 1800s and served as president of the Minnesota WCTU chapter from 1897–1909 delivered her 1900 "President's Address", where she expounded on the methods the Minnesota chapter of the WCTU would utilize to accomplish its variety of goals within the state. Scovell adopted what was at the time a “progressive” approach to the issue of immigrants, particularly German and Scandinavian in Minnesota, indulging in alcohol and stated:

text: “We must have a regiment of American workers, who will learn the German language, love the German people, work among the German children and young people until we get them to love clear brains better than beer. There must be others who for the love of country and dear humanity will learn the Scandinavian language and be real neighbors to the many people of this nationality who have come to make homes in America. Again others must learn the French and Italian and various dialects, even, that the truths of personal purity and total abstinence be taught to these who dwell among us. We must feel it a duty to teach these people the English language to put them in sympathy with our purposes and our institutions.”[12]

text: For Scovell and the women of the Minnesota WCTU, speaking English and participating in established American institutions were essential to truly become “American” just as abstaining from alcohol was necessary to be virtuous. By linking language to culture and institutions, Scovell and the WCTU recognized that a multicultural approach would be necessary to communicate values to new immigrants, but did not conclude that multiculturalism was a value in itself. The WCTU viewed the foreign European cultures as a corrupter and despoiler of virtue, hence the excessive drinking. That is ultimately why it was paramount the immigrants learned English and assimilated.[citation needed]

text: Reach of the Womans Temperance Movement[edit]

text: In the United States, the WCTU was divided along ideological lines. The first president of the organization, Annie Wittenmyer, believed in the singleness of purpose of the organization—that is, that it should not put efforts into woman suffrage, prohibition, etc.[13] This wing of the WCTU was more concerned with how morality played a role during the temperance movement. With that in mind, it sought to save those whom they believed to be of lower moral character. For them, the alcohol problem was one of moral nature and was not caused by the institutions that facilitated access to alcohol.[citation needed]

text: The second president of the WCTU, Frances Willard, demonstrated a sharp distinction from Wittenmyer. Willard had a much broader interpretation of the social problems at hand. She believed in "a living wage; in an eight-hour day; in courts of conciliation and arbitration; in justice as opposed to greed in gain; in Peace on Earth and Good-Will to Men."[14] This division illustrated two of the ideologies present in the organization at the time, conservatism and progressivism. To some extent, the Eastern Wing of the WCTU supported Wittenmyer and the Western Wing had a tendency to support the more progressive Willard view.[citation needed]

text: Membership within the WCTU grew greatly every decade until the 1940s.[15] By the 1920s, it was in more than forty countries and had more than 766,000 members paying dues at its peak in 1927.[1]

text:
Years
Membership

1881
22,800

1891
138,377

1901
158,477

1911
245,299

1921
344,892

1931
372,355

1941
216,843

1951
257,540

1961
250,000 [16]

1989
50,000 (worldwide)[17]

2009
20,000 [18]

2012
5,000 [19]

tag: table

text: Classification of WCTU Committee Reports by Period and Interests[20]

text:
Period
Humanitarian Reform
Moral Reform
Temperance
Other
N

1879–1903
78.6
23.5
26.5
15.3
98

1904–1928
45.7
30.7
33.1
18.0
127

1929–1949
125.8
37.0
48.2
1.2
81

text: Source:Sample of every fifth Annual Report of the WCTU

text: Percentages total more than 100 percent due to several interests in some committee reports.

text: Frances Willard[edit]

text: In 1874 Willard was elected the new secretary of the WCTU. Five years later, in 1879, she became its president. Willard also started her own organization, called the World's Women Christian Temperance Union, in 1883.[21]

text: After becoming WCTU's president, Willard broadened the views of the group by including woman's rights reforms, abstinence, and education. As its president for 19 years, she focused on moral reform of prostitutes and prison reform as well as woman's suffrage. With the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920, Willard's predictions that women voters "would come into government and purify it, into politics and cleanse the Stygian pool" could be tested.[22] Frances Willard died in February 1898 at the age of 58 in New York City. A plaque commemorating Willard's election to president of the WCTU in 1879 by Lorado Taft is in the Indiana Statehouse, Indianapolis, Indiana.[23]

text: Matilda Bradley Carse[edit]

text: Matilda B. Carse became an activist after her son was killed in 1874 by a drunk wagon driver. She joined the Chicago Central Christian Woman's Temperance Union to try to eliminate alcohol consumption. In 1878 she became the president of the Chicago Central Christian Woman's Temperance Union, and in 1880 she helped organize the Woman's Temperance Publishing Association, selling the stock to rich women. That same year she also started The Signal; three years later it merged with another newspaper to become The Union Signal.[24]

text: It became the most important woman's newspaper and soon sold more copies than any other newspaper. During her time as president, Carse founded many charities and managed to raise approximately $60,000,000 a year to support them. She started the Bethesda Day Nursery for working mothers, two kindergarten schools, the Anchorage Mission for erring girls, two dispensaries, two industrial schools, an employment bureau, Sunday schools, and temperance reading rooms.[24]

text: The World's WCTU[edit]

text: The World's WCTU (WWCTU) is one of the most prominent examples of internationalism, evidenced by the circulation of the Union Signal around the globe; the International Conventions that were held with the purpose of focusing "world attention on the temperance and women's questions,[25] and the appointment of "round-the-world missionaries." Examples of international Conventions include the one in 1893 scheduled to coincide with the Chicago World's Fair; the London Convention in 1895; the 1897 one in Toronto; and the Glasgow one in 1910. The first six round-the-world missionaries were Mary C. Leavitt, Jessie Ackermann, Alice Palmer, Mary Allen West, Elizabeth Wheeler Andrew, and Dr Katharine Bushnell.[26]

text: The ambition, reach and organizational effort involved in the work undertaken by the World's WCTU leave it open to cynical criticism in the 21st century, but there is little doubt that at the end of the 19th century, "they did believe earnestly in the efficacy of women's temperance as a means for uplifting their sex and transforming the hierarchical relations of gender apparent across a wide range of cultures."[27]

text: In Canada[edit]

text: The WCTU formed in Canada in 1874, in Owen Sound, Ontario.[28] In 1885 Letitia Youmans founded an organization which was to become the leading women's society in the national temperance movement. One notable member was Edith Archibald of Nova Scotia. Notable Canadian feminist Nellie McClung was also involved.[citation needed]

text: In Australia[edit]

text: The WCTU began in Australia following visits from Jessie Ackermann in 1889 and 1891; a number of other Christian Temperance and Abstinence Societies existed throughout Australia before that time.[29] Jessie Ackermann acted as the round the world missionary for the American-based World's WCTU, and became the inaugural president of the federated Australasian WCTU, Australia's largest women's reform group.[30] They were active in the struggle for the extension of the franchise to women through promoting suffrage societies, collecting signatures for petitions and lobbying members of parliament. (See, for example, Women's suffrage in Australia.) After visiting New Zealand, Miss Ackermann came to Hobart in May 1889,[31][32] then toured the mainland for almost 12 months, stopping in Adelaide, Port Augusta, Clare, Kapunda and Burra in June to August,[33][34][35] Mount Gambier, Brisbane, Sydney, and Bathurst. She returned for a further visit, including Melbourne in 1891.[citation needed]

text: In Victoria, weekly temperance conferences were held at the East Melbourne home of Margaret McLean,[36] a founding member and coordinator of the Melbourne branch of the WCTU of Victoria; she was president of the organisation for two periods, 1892–93 and 1899–1907.[37][38]

text: In New Zealand[edit]

text: Led by Kate Sheppard from 1887, the New Zealand WCTU was a major force behind the campaign for women's suffrage. This resulted in New Zealand women being granted universal suffrage in 1893.[39] Lily May Atkinson was another significant member.[citation needed]

text: In Sweden[edit]

text: The Swedish WCTU, known as Vita Bandet (White Ribbon) was founded by Emilie Rathou in Östermalm in Stockholm in 1900.[40] Rathou was a leading member of the International Organisation of Good Templars, and the pioneer for organizing the WCTU and its local branches in Sweden.[40]

text: Prohibition[edit]

text: Over the years different prohibition and suffrage activists had suspected that brewer associations gave money to anti-suffrage activities. In 1919 there was a Senate investigation that confirmed their suspicions. Some members of the United States Brewers Association were openly against the woman's suffrage movement. One member stated, "We have defeated woman's suffrage at three different times."[41]

text: Although the WCTU was an explicitly religious organization and worked with religious groups in social reform, it protested wine use in religious ceremonies. During an Episcopal convention, it asked the church to stop using wine in its ceremonies and to use unfermented grape juice instead. A WCTU direct resolution explained its reasoning: wine contained "the narcotic poison, alcohol, which cannot truly represent the blood of Christ."[42]

text: The WCTU also favored banning tobacco. In 1919 the WCTU expressed to Congress its desire for the total abolition of tobacco within five years.[43]

text: Under Willard, the WCTU supported the White Life for Two program. Under this program, men would reach women’s higher moral standing (and thus become woman's equal) by engaging in lust-free, alcohol-free, tobacco-free marriages. At the time, the organization also fought to ban alcohol use on military bases, in Indian reservations, and within Washington’s institutions.[44] Ultimately, Willard succeeded in increasing the political clout of the organization because, unlike Annie Wittenmyer, she strongly believed that the success of the organization would only be achieved through the increased politicization of its platform[citation needed]

text: Woman's Temperance Publishing Association[edit]

text: The Woman's Temperance Publishing Association was started in Indianapolis by Wallace but thought up by Matilda B. Carse. They thought there was a need for a weekly temperance paper for women of color. The creators wanted the first board of directors to be seven women who had the same vision as Carse.[45]

text: Current status[edit]

text: The WCTU remains an internationally active organization.[46] In American culture, although "temperance norms have lost a great deal of their power"[15] and there are far fewer dry communities today than before ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment, there is still at least one WCTU chapter in almost every U.S. state and in 36 other countries around the world.[47]

text: Requirements for joining the WCTU include paying membership dues and signing a pledge to abstain from alcohol. The pledge of the Southern Californian WCTU, for example, is "I hereby solemnly promise, God helping me, to abstain from all distilled, fermented, and malt liquors, including beer, wine, and hard cider, and to employ all proper means to discourage the use of and traffic in the same."[48] Current issues for the WCTU include alcohol, which the organization considers to be North America's number one drug problem, as well as illegal drugs, abortion[49] and gay marriage.[50] The WCTU has warned against the dangers of tobacco since 1875. They continue to this day in their fight against those substances they see as harmful to society. The WCTU strongly supports banning same-sex marriage, which it sees as a negative influence on families.[citation needed]

text: The WCTU continues to publish a quarterly journal titled The Union Signal, whose main focus is current research and information on drugs.[51] Other national organizations also continue to publish.[52]

text: The WCTU also attempts to encourage young people to avoid substance abuse through participation in three age-divided suborganizations: White Ribbon Recruits for pre-schoolers, the Loyal Temperance Legion (LTL) for elementary school children, and the Youth Temperance Council (YTC) for teenagers.[citation needed]

text: The White Ribbon Recruits are mothers who will publicly declare their dedication to keeping their babies drug-free. To do this, they participate in the White Ribbon Ceremony, but their children must be under six years of age. The mother pledges "I promise to teach my child the principles of total abstinence and purity", and the child gets a white ribbon tied to its wrist.[citation needed]

text: The Loyal Temperance Legion (LTL), is another temperance group aimed at children. It is for children aged six to twelve who are willing to pay dues annually to the LTL. Its motto is "That I may give my best service to home and country, I promise, God helping me, Not to buy, drink, sell, or give Alcoholic liquors while I live. From other drugs and tobacco I'll abstain, And never take God's name in vain."[53]

text: The Youth Temperance Council is the final type of group meant for youths and is aimed at teenagers. Its pledge is "I promise, by the help of God, never to use alcoholic beverages, other narcotics, or tobacco, and to encourage everyone else to do the same, fulfilling the command, 'keep thyself pure'."[54]

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Sarah C. Acheson
Jessie Ackermann
Eunice Eloisae Gibbs Allyn
Edith Archibald
Lily Atkinson
Clara Babcock
Lepha Eliza Bailey
Susan Hammond Barney
Emma Curtiss Bascom
Belle G. Bigelow
Lizzie Borden
Caroline G. Boughton
Euphemia Bridges Bowes
Ada Chastina Bowles
Leah Belle Kepner Boyce
Kate Parker Scott Boyd
Caroline Brown Buell
Helen Louise Bullock
Emeline S. Burlingame
Cynthia S. Burnett
Woodnut S. Burr
Mary Towne Burt
Sallie F. Chapin
Mary L. Doe
Mary G. Charlton Edholm
Nellie Blessing Eyster
Susan Frances Nelson Ferree
Anna Adams Gordon
Hattie Tyng Griswold
Rebecca Naylor Hazard
Mary Hunt
Mary Bigelow Ingham
Hannah M. Underhill Isaac
Therese A. Jenkins
Narcissa Edith White Kinney
Sarah Doan La Fetra
Mary Torrans Lathrap
Louisa Lawson
Olive Moorman Leader
Mary Greenleaf Clement Leavitt
Lilah Denton Lindsey
Margaret Bright Lucas
Harriet Calista Clark McCabe
Olive Dickerson McHugh
Margaret McLean
Caroline Elizabeth Merrick
Carrie Nation
Angelia Thurston Newman
Hannah Borden Palmer
Esther Pugh
Susanna M. Salter
Semane Setlhoko Khama
Kate Sheppard
Olive White Smith
Lillian M. N. Stevens
Eliza Daniel Stewart
Phoebe Jane Babcock Wait
Lala Fay Watts
Mary Allen West
M. Ella Whipple
Reah Whitehead
Della Whitney Norton
Hannah E. Taylor
Sophronia Wilson Wagoner
Lucy Hall Washington
Hannah Tyler Wilcox
Frances Willard
Mary Bannister Willard
Jennie Fowler Willing
Zara A. Wilson
Ida B. Wise
Mary A. Brayton Woodbridge


document_title: City Museum

question_text: who built the city museum in st louis

question_tokens: who built the city museum in st louis

text: City Museum

text: History[edit]

text: City Museum was founded by artist Bob Cassilly and his then-wife Gail Cassilly. The museum's building was once an International Shoe Company factory and warehouse but was mostly vacant when the Cassillys bought it in 1993. Construction began in January of 1995, and the museum opened to the public on October 25, 1997. Within two years, it was drawing 300,000 visitors a year.[4] Cassilly remained the museum's artistic director until his death in 2011.[5]

text: The museum has regularly expanded, adding new exhibits such as MonstroCity in 2002, Enchanted Caves and Shoe Shaft in 2003, and World Aquarium in 2004.[5]

text: A circus ring on the third floor offers daily live acts, and the museum has also hosted concerts. It houses The Shoelace Factory, whose antique braiding machines make colorful shoelaces for sale. The building's fifth floor consists of apartments, dubbed the Lofts at City Museum, which range in size from 1,300 to more than 2,800 square feet (260 m2).[6]

text: Main building[edit]

text: 1st floor[edit]

text: The original part of the museum, the first floor is home to a life-size Bowhead Whale that guests can walk through to view a large fish tank from the mezzanine. Also on the first floor are a number of tunnels that run across the ceiling, hiding above a sea of fiberglass insulation cut to give the impression of icicles. To get into these, one can climb up a giant Slinky, which is an old refrigerating coil (donated by Anheuser-Busch), or through a tree house which leads into a giant hollowed-out tree and a cabin on the other side of the floor. The floor itself is covered with the largest continuous mosaic in the US, which morphs its way up columns. In one area is a tunnel known as the "Underground Whaleway" which runs beneath the floor and into the "Original Caves."

text: One of the museum's most popular attractions, the Enchanted Caves and Shoe Shafts run through the center of the museum all the way to the 10th floor. Opened in 2003, the Caves are an elaborate system of tunnels hand-sculpted by Bob Cassilly and his crew. Since 2007, the Caves have also contained a 1924 Wurlitzer Pipe Organ from the Rivoli Theater in New York City. The Shoe Shafts were developed from structures built for the International Shoe distribution operation. To get the shoes from various floors to the loading dock, staff would place the shoes on spiral shafts. The Shafts opened in 2003 with one three-story spiral slide, and five years later added a ten-story slide that starts at the roof and leads down to the Caves' entrance. There is also a five-story slide.

text: The Mezzanine[edit]

text: The Mezzanine contains the Museum's food court and a number of sections that are also tied into the first floor.

text: 2nd floor[edit]

text: The Vault Room contains two 3,000-pound vault doors built in mid-19th-century St. Louis and installed at a bank in Chicago, Illinois. The room also has a marble bar and about 1,000 safety deposit boxes. In the middle of the room is the "hamster wheel", a piece of machinery donated by McDonnell Douglas, which used it to make fuselages for small airplanes. Off to the side of the Vault Room and leading to the Enchanted Caves is St. George's Chamber, which holds vintage opera posters and a statue of St. George from the former Saint George's Catholic Church in Chicago. Also on this floor is The Shoelace Factory, featuring shoelace machines from the 1890s, where visitors can order custom-made laces.

text: The World Aquarium was an animal exhibition and rehabilitation center on the second floor. It housed a variety of animals such as sharks, rays, sea turtles, parrots, tortoises, terrapins, otters, snakes, alligators and sloths as well as freshwater and saltwater fish. The World Aquarium portion of the City Museum closed on September 7, 2015, and is now located in Laclede's Landing, St. Louis.[7]

text: 3rd floor[edit]

text: The 3rd Floor is home to a number of attractions. In one area is Skate Park, which is a collection of skateboard ramps. There is also the Everyday Circus, a circus school for all ages. which performs daily at the museum and does private parties. Just around the corner from the Circus is Art City, where guests can try their hand at a number of different art techniques, as well as Toddler Town, a section dedicated to children six years of age and under. Beatnik Bob's is directly across from the Circus, which features the "World's Largest Underwear" (a pair of men's briefs that are approximately seven feet high and seven feet wide), a collection of vintage video/pinball games, and a concessions stand, bar and coffee shop. Outside Beatnik Bob's is a 1/8 scale model of an Alco Train that children who are 48 inches high and under can ride around the tracks. Past Architectural Hall, the Museum's largest rental space, is the Architectural Museum. Located here is a cross from the film "The Exorcist" and a collection of antique door knobs. Off Architectural Hall, the Museum is adding a Natural History Section. On display are a number of insects and taxidermy items. An entrance to a three story slide leads back to the first floor. The third floor is also home to the world's largest pencil, installed in 2009. Measuring over 76 feet in length, it was created in 2007 for the 76th birthday of Sri Chinmoy by Ashrita Furman, who donated it to the museum. Weighing 21,500 pounds, the equivalent of 1,900,000 regular No. 2 pencils, it includes 4,000 pounds of graphite and a 250-pound rubber eraser.

text: The roof[edit]

text: The roof has a small old-fashioned Ferris wheel. It also has a slide that leads under a small pond. The pond has stepping stones that go from one side to the other. The roof also has a school bus extending past the edge of the building. Visitors can walk into the school bus and open the door from the driver's seat. A giant rope swing is contained in a free-standing aluminum dome underneath the roof's centerpiece, a giant metal praying mantis. It is possible to climb a series of enclosed metal ladders inside the dome to an exit at the top.

text: Outside[edit]

text: MonstroCity[edit]

text: Located in front of the building, MonstroCity features two Sabreliner 40 aircraft fuselages suspended high in the air, a fire engine, a castle turret, a 25-foot (7.6 m) cupola, four-foot-wide Slinkies that can be crawled through, one very high that leads to a slide, and two ball pits, one for young children and one for older ones, each pit being filled with large, rubber dodge balls.[8]

text: The Cabin Inn is an early-19th-century log cabin located beneath MonstroCity. Originally the home of the son of Daniel Boone, it was owned by the Hezel family for more than a century and is now a bar and entertainment venue.[9]