document_title: The Angels Take Manhattan

question_text: what year did amy and rory get sent back to

text: The Angels Take Manhattan

text: Plot[edit]

text: The Doctor, Amy, and Rory enjoy a picnic in New York's Central Park in 2012, with the Doctor reading from a pulp novel about a 1930s detective named Melody Malone. Despite Amy's insistence, the Doctor refuses to read ahead to reveal spoilers and tears out the last page of the book. Meanwhile, Rory goes to get coffee and is sent back to the 1930s by a cherub Weeping Angel. There, he meets River Song, who is playing the part of Melody Malone. In the present, the Doctor and Amy are shocked to find Rory written into the book. Amy insists on reading ahead, but the Doctor warns her that anything she reads will be destined to happen. Instead, they attempt to take the TARDIS back to the 1930s, finding the time machine struggling to make the journey.

text: Rory and River are captured by Mr. Grayle, who has a weakened Weeping Angel in his possession. Mr. Grayle orders Rory locked in the cellar with a number of the cherub angels, while he has the Angel grab River by the wrist while he interrogates her. River is able to use her vortex manipulator to set a beacon for the TARDIS, allowing the Doctor and Amy to arrive. Amy, aware of River's having written the book to help guide them, uses the table of contents of the book to look for Rory. The Doctor is dismayed when he reads about River's wrist being broken and the title of the last chapter, "Amelia's Last Farewell". He refuses to help River escape, hoping that the future can be changed. However, River breaks her own wrist to free herself, and the Doctor uses his regeneration energy to heal her. Amy finds the cellar empty and the Doctor is able to use River's vortex manipulator to locate Rory at the nearby Winter Quay apartment building.

text: Inside, Rory finds himself drawn to an apartment with his name on it. Just as the Doctor and the others arrive, Rory finds an elderly version of himself in the bedroom. The Doctor warns that Rory's fate is now sealed—he will die in that room, without having seen Amy for a very long time beforehand. He deduces that the Angels have been using the Quay as a battery farm, sending the victims to their past while feeding off their time energy. Rory and Amy refuse to accept their fate, and as the Angels converge, they flee to the roof, where the Statue of Liberty, revealed to be a Weeping Angel, waits for them. Rory surmises that if he kills himself by jumping off the roof, he'll create a paradox that will destroy the building and the Angels, resetting the future. Refusing to allow him to die alone, Amy joins him and the two jump off the roof.

text: The Doctor, River, Amy, and Rory suddenly find themselves near the TARDIS in a New York graveyard back in 2012, Rory's plan having worked. As the four prepare to depart, Rory catches sight of a tombstone with his name on it. He is then touched by a surviving, albeit weakened, Angel and sent into the past. The Doctor is unable to take the TARDIS back to get him, due to the paradox Rory and Amy created. Amy refuses to be parted from Rory and willingly allows herself to be touched by the same Angel in the hope of being sent back to the same time as he was. Her name then appears along with Rory's on the tombstone. The Doctor is distraught, but River reminds him that while their fates are now sealed, Amy likely published the Melody Malone book in the past and may have left him a message. The Doctor races back to where they had their picnic and recovers the final page, finding the afterword written by Amy to him. Amy explains that she and Rory lived out a good and happy life for themselves, and asks the Doctor to visit her childhood self to assure her that he will come back for her to take her on amazing journeys. The episode ends with a young Amelia Pond sitting in her back garden, then looking up and smiling as the TARDIS engines are heard.

text: Continuity[edit]

text: Images from "The Eleventh Hour" of a young Amelia Pond going to the garden and awaiting the Doctor are shown at the episode's conclusion.[1] Amy's afterword contains several references to her adventures with the Doctor: fighting pirates ("The Curse of the Black Spot"); falling in love with "a man who will wait two thousand years to keep her safe" ("The Big Bang"); giving hope to "the greatest painter who ever lived" ("Vincent and the Doctor"); and saving "a whale in outer space." ("The Beast Below")

text: Production[edit]

text: In December 2011, Doctor Who showrunner Steven Moffat announced that Amy and Rory would leave in the seventh series in "heartbreaking" circumstances.[2] Amy's exit was a mutual decision between Moffat and Gillan.[3] Gillan stated that she wanted to go "on a high when the character was at her prime" and to "go with everything that she wants".[3] She wanted her character to have a final ending, and ruled out returning to the show in the future as she felt it would take away from the impact of her final scene.[4][5] Moffat stated he felt "tremendous pressure" writing Amy and Rory's ending.[6] He later revealed that he "completely changed" the ending as he was writing it, feeling the emphasis was wrong.[7] During rewrites Moffat went back and forth deciding whether or not Amy and Rory should live or die. He eventually decided that death would complement the storyline involving the "old, sentimental" and "dangerous" characterisation of the Doctor.[8] At one point he considered making the story that involved the Daleks, but felt the Weeping Angels were a "better fit".[1] Moffat was also interested in coming up with a new form for the Angels, and so he introduced the cherubs.[9] He also said that since the Angels had debuted in "Blink", fans had suggested that the Statue of Liberty could be a Weeping Angel.[1]

text: Gillan refused to read the script for a few weeks after she received it because she "didn't want to make it real".[10] She said in an interview, "I literally couldn't read it without crying. It was the most highly-charged read-through I've ever experienced. But I couldn't have asked for a better exit. I don't think it'll be what people expect."[11] A scene written by Chris Chibnall showing how Rory's father Brian (Mark Williams) became aware of Amy and Rory's fate did not make it into production. However, on 12 October 2012, the BBC released an animated storyboard entitled "P.S." that depicted the scene with narration by Darvill.[12] It takes place one week later in Brian's timeline after "The Power of Three" when a man named Anthony delivers him a letter from Rory, telling him that they will never return and that Anthony is their son they adopted in 1946.[13] The scene was written to be a DVD extra, and was not filmed due to time constraints.[14]

text: The read-through for "The Angels Take Manhattan" took place in the Upper Boat Studios on 23 March 2012, alongside that for the episode "Asylum of the Daleks".[1] The final episode Gillan and Darvill shot as Amy and Rory was actually the previous episode, "The Power of Three".[10] Nevertheless, Gillan and Smith got very emotional filming the final graveyard scene.[15] Amy and Rory's scene on the rooftop was filmed in a car park in Cardiff, Wales, with a greenscreen standing in for the New York skyline.[16] To create the effect of the two plunging down, Gillan and Darvill were suspended upside-down by wires and raised and lowered.[1][16] Much of the episode was filmed in Central Park in New York City in April 2012.[17][18] The filming was attended by thousands of American fans, which surprised the cast and crew. Other scenes were shot at night in the city,[19] as well as by the East River in front of the Brooklyn Bridge and in the Tudor City apartment complex.[20] Moffat was in New York City when he came up with the story, and thought it was appropriate for the Weeping Angels.[21] He described the city as "a different backdrop" to shoot a Doctor Who story in, and made use of its architecture.[22] Fellow executive producer Caroline Skinner felt that the location "has such scale and romance" which "[gave] the episode a real atmosphere and a very different tone for Doctor Who".[21] The week spent filming in the city was done by a "small unit by American standards" according to producer Marcus Wilson. They did not take any props of Angels or the TARDIS, which were instead added in post-production.[9] Filming for the episode also occurred at a cemetery in Llanelli.[9][23] During post-production, the New York skyline was inserted into the cemetery scenes.[9] Gillan insisted on reading Amy's afterword to Smith when his reaction was filmed. They were not expecting it to be in front of a crowd in Central Park, and Smith said he had to "treat this like a play".[15] Because the content was so secret, Gillan had to read very quietly and Smith could not hold the real page because a spectator might take a picture of it.[15] Gillan found that she only had one page of the script, and had to improvise the rest.[15]

text: The Doctor Who logo in the title sequence featured a texture showing the Statue of Liberty's crown,[24] in keeping with the varied "blockbuster" themes for each of the opening five episodes of the series.[25] The beginning of the episode features the song "Englishman in New York" by Sting.[24] On 4 October 2012, BBC Books released the ebook The Angel's Kiss: A Melody Malone Mystery, a prequel to the story that the Doctor was reading in the episode.[26]

text: Broadcast and reception[edit]

text: "The Angels Take Manhattan" was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on 29 September 2012 on BBC One,[27] and on the same date in the United States on BBC America.[28] Overnight ratings showed that it was watched by 5.9 million viewers live, an increase of 400,000 from the previous week.[29] The final consolidated rating rose to 7.82 million viewers, making it the thirteenth most-watched programme of the week on British television.[30] The episode also received 0.92 million requests on BBC's online iPlayer, placing it seventh for the month on the site despite only being available for a few days.[31] It also received an Appreciation Index of 88, the second highest of the series behind "Asylum of the Daleks" (89).[32]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The episode received mostly positive reviews. Dan Martin of The Guardian gave a positive review, writing, "This was a fitting end to a golden era, and bravo to Steven Moffat for telling such an involving, emotional story with such style". He also praised the concept of the cherubs and the Angels in New York. However, he noted that he was "flummoxed" as to where in River's timeline the episode took place.[33] The Daily Telegraph reviewer Gavin Fuller gave it five out of five stars, concluding "'The Angels Take Manhattan' brought this mini-run of the series to a close with easily the best episode of the five: a powerful, taut, compelling, filmic, emotionally punchy affair which re-established the Angels as one of the standout monsters of the series and gave Amy Pond a fine send off". While he praised the four actors he felt Gillan was the star, and noted that Rory did not "get any sort of send-off".[34] Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club gave "The Angels Take Manhattan" a grade of A, attributing its success to "the way it does double duty as a twist adventure and a highly emotional story of farewells".[35]

text: Sam Wollaston, also writing for The Guardian, wrote positively of the scare factor in the episode, as well as the sadness.[36] Neela Debnath of The Independent described it as a "wonderful swansong to the duo" and particularly praised the "stylish" cinematography and sense of danger. However, she considered the "only flaw" to be "the rule that time cannot be changed if one knows what is going to happen ... though it is probably best not to question the timey wimey side of things and just accept it and enjoy the adventure".[37] IGN's Matt Risley rated the episode 9 out of 10, writing that it "stood strong as a heartfelt, emotional end for the TARDIS' longest serving companions (since the show's noughties' return at least), and the best episode of the season thus far". Risley also praised the three leads, though he did admit the episode "left a few nitpicky questions".[38]

text: Digital Spy reviewer Morgan Jeffery gave "The Angels Take Manhattan" five out of five stars, despite noting "plotholes ... and slightly-too-convenient plot contrivances" and that Rory did not get a heroic exit. Jeffery particularly praised the build-up to Amy and Rory's departure as well as the "superb production design".[39] Dave Golder of SFX awarded the episode four out of five stars, believing that the "bittersweet exit" of the Ponds distracted the viewer from various narrative problems, such as the Statue of Liberty. He felt that Gillan and Darvill "were on top form" as well as Smith's "brilliant performance" and a "less over-the-top River", and also wrote positively about the noir theme and the Angels using the Winter Quay as a battery farm.[24] The Huffington Post writer Maureen Ryan was more critical of the episode, worrying that the BBC's international promotion of the show was to the detriment of the quality of the writing. She felt that Amy deserved a better exit and "was crowded out by the distracting presence of River Song and by the fact that Rory was the one to make the essential choices first". She also personally disliked the "timey-wimey" devices, and commented that the "big and operatic tone the director was clearly going for clashed with the mood of film noir" and that the Angels "felt less menacing" and the "pace was a little too frantic".[40]

text: The episode was nominated for the 2013 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation (Short Form), alongside "Asylum of the Daleks" and "The Snowmen".[41]


document_title: History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States

question_text: when were the first us immigration laws passed

root

text: 18th century[edit]

text: The United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787. Article I, section 8, clause 4 of the Constitution expressly gives the United States Congress the power to establish a uniform rule of naturalization.[1]

tag: p

text: Pursuant to this power, Congress in 1790 passed the first naturalization law for the United States, the Naturalization Act of 1790. The law enabled those who had resided in the country for two years and had kept their current state of residence for a year to apply for citizenship. However it restricted naturalization to "free white persons" of "good moral character".

text: The Naturalization Act of 1795 increased the residency requirement to five years residence and added a requirement to give a three years notice of intention to apply for citizenship, and the Naturalization Act of 1798 further increased the residency requirement to 14 years and required five years notice of intent to apply for citizenship.

text: 19th century[edit]

text: The Naturalization Law of 1802 repealed the Naturalization Act of 1798.

text: The Fourteenth Amendment, passed in 1868, protects children born in the United States. The phrase: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside" was interpreted by the Supreme Court in the 1898 case United States v. Wong Kim Ark as covering everyone born in the U.S. to parents who had at the time a permanent domicile and residence in the United States, regardless of the parents' citizenship, with the exception of the children of diplomats and Native Americans. See the articles jus soli (birthplace) and jus sanguinis (bloodline) for further discussion.

text: In 1870, the law was broadened to allow blacks to be naturalized.[2] Asian immigrants were excluded from naturalization but not from living in the United States. There were also significant restrictions on some Asians at the state level; in California, for example, non-citizen Asians were not allowed to own land.

text: After the immigration of 123,000 Chinese in the 1870s, who joined the 105,000 who had immigrated between 1850 and 1870, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 which targeted a single ethnic group by specifically limiting further Chinese immigration. Chinese had immigrated to the Western United States as a result of unsettled conditions in China, the availability of jobs working on railroads, and the Gold Rush that was going on at that time in California. The expression "Yellow Peril" became popular at this time.

text: The act excluded Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States for ten years and was the first immigration law passed by Congress. Laborers in the United States and laborers with work visas received a certificate of residency and were allowed to travel in and out of the United States. Amendments made in 1884 tightened the provisions that allowed previous immigrants to leave and return, and clarified that the law applied to ethnic Chinese regardless of their country of origin. The act was renewed in 1892 by the Geary Act for another ten years, and in 1902 with no terminal date. It was repealed in 1943, although large scale Chinese immigration did not occur until 1965.[citation needed]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: The Empire of Japan's State Department negotiated the so-called Gentlemen's Agreement in 1907, a protocol where Japan agreed to stop issuing passports to its citizens who wanted to emigrate to the United States. In practice, the Japanese government compromised with its prospective emigrants and continued to give passports to the Territory of Hawaii where many Japanese resided. Once in Hawaii, it was easy for the Japanese to continue on to Japanese settlements on the west coast if they so desired. In the decade of 1901 to 1910, 129,000 Japanese immigrated to the United States or Hawaii; nearly all were males and on five-year work contracts and 117,000 more came in the decades from 1911 to 1930. How many of them stayed and how many returned at the end of their contracts is unknown but it is estimated that about one-half returned. Again this immigrant flow was at least 80% male and the demand for female Japanese immigrants almost immediately arose. This need was met in part by what are called "postcard wives" who immigrated to new husbands who had chosen them on the basis of their pictures (similar marriages also occurred in nearly all cultures throughout the female-scarce west). The Japanese government finally quit issuing passports to the Territory of Hawaii for single women in the 1920s.

text: Congress also banned persons because of poor health or lack of education. An 1882 law banned entry of "lunatics" and infectious disease carriers. After President William McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist of immigrant parentage, Congress enacted the Anarchist Exclusion Act in 1901 to exclude known anarchist agitators.[3] A literacy requirement was added in the Immigration Act of 1917.

text: In 1921 the United States Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act, which established national immigration quotas. The quotas were based on the number of foreign-born residents of each nationality who were living in the United States as of the 1910 census.

text: The crucial 1923 Supreme Court case United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind created the official stance to classify South Asian Indians as non-white, which at the time allowed Indians who had already been naturalized to be retroactively stripped of their citizenship after prosecutors argued that they had gained their citizenship illegally.[4] The California Alien Land Law of 1913, overturned in 1952 by the holding in Sei Fujii v. California, 38 Cal. 2d 718, and other similar laws prohibited aliens from owning land property, thus effectively stripping Indian Americans of land rights. While the decision was placating Asiatic Exclusion League (AEL) demands, spurned by growing outrage at the Turban Tide/Hindoo Invasion [sic] alongside the pre-existing outrage at the "Yellow Peril", and while more recent legislation influenced by the civil-rights movement has removed much of the statutory discrimination against Asians, no case has overturned this 1923 classification.

text: A more complex quota plan, the National Origins Formula, replaced this "emergency" system under the Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson-Reed Act). The reference census used was changed to that of 1890, which greatly reduced the number of Southern and Eastern European immigrants. An annual ceiling of 154,227 was set for the Eastern Hemisphere. Each country had a quota proportional to its population in the U.S. as of the 1890 census.

text: In 1932 President Hoover and the State Department essentially shut down immigration during the Great Depression as immigration went from 236,000 in 1929 to 23,000 in 1933. This was accompanied by voluntary repatriation to Europe and Mexico, and coerced repatriation and deportation of between 500,000 and 2 million Mexican Americans, mostly citizens, in the Mexican Repatriation. Total immigration in the decade of 1931 to 1940 was 528,000 averaging less than 53,000 a year.

text: The Chinese exclusion laws were repealed in 1943. The Luce-Celler Act of 1946 ended discrimination against Indian Americans and Filipinos, who were accorded the right to naturalization, and allowed a quota of 100 immigrants per year.

text: The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (the McCarran-Walter Act) revised the quotas again, basing them on the 1920 census. For the first time in American history, racial distinctions were omitted from the U.S. Code. As could be expected, most of the quota allocation went to immigrants from Ireland, the United Kingdom and Germany who already had relatives in the United States.[citation needed] The anti-subversive features of this law are still in force.[citation needed]

text: The Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965 (the Hart-Celler Act) abolished the system of national-origin quotas. There was, for the first time, a limitation on Western Hemisphere immigration (120,000 per year), with the Eastern Hemisphere limited to 170,000. The law changed the preference system for immigrants. Specifically, the law provided preference to immigrants with skills needed in the U.S. workforce, refugees and asylum seekers, as well as family members of U.S. citizens. Family reunification became the cornerstone of the bill. At the time, the then-chairman of the Senate Immigration Subcommittee Edward Kennedy remarked that "the bill will not flood our cities with immigrants. It will not upset the ethnic mix of our society. It will not relax the standards of admission. It will not cause American workers to lose their jobs." (U.S. Senate, Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, D.C., Feb. 10, 1965. pp. 1–3.)

text: The Refugee Act of 1980 established policies for refugees, redefining "refugee" according to United Nations norms. A target for refugees was set at 50,000 and the worldwide ceiling for immigrants was reduced to 270,000 annually.

text: In 1986, the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) was passed, creating for the first time penalties for employers who knowingly hired undocumented immigrants. IRCA also contained an amnesty for about 3 million undocumented immigrants already in the United States, and mandated the intensification of some of the activities of the United States Border Patrol or INS (now part of Department of Homeland Security).

text: The U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, led by former Rep. Barbara Jordan, ran from 1990 to 1997. The Commission covered many facets of immigration policy, but started from the perception that the “credibility of immigration policy can be measured by a simple yardstick: people who should get in, do get in; people who should not get in, are kept out; and people who are judged deportable are required to leave”.[5] From there, in a series of four reports, the commission looked at all aspects of immigration policy.[6] In the first, it found that enforcement was lax and needed improvement on the border and internally. For internal enforcement, it recommended that an automated employment verification system be created to enable employers to distinguish between legal and illegal workers. The second report discussed legal immigration issues and suggested that immediate family members and skilled workers receive priority. The third report covered refugee and asylum issues. Finally, the fourth report reiterated the major points of the previous reports and the need for a new immigration policy. Few of these suggestions were implemented.

text: The Immigration Act of 1990 (IMMACT) modified and expanded the 1965 act; it significantly increased the total immigration limit to 700,000 and increased visas by 40 percent. Family reunification was retained as the main immigration criterion, with significant increases in employment-related immigration.

text: Several pieces of legislation signed into law in 1996 marked a turn towards harsher policies for both legal and illegal immigrants. The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) and Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) vastly increased the categories of criminal activity for which immigrants, including green card holders, can be deported and imposed mandatory detention for certain types of deportation cases. As a result, well over 2 million individuals have been deported since 1996.[7]

text: 21st century[edit]

text: The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 affected American perspectives on many issues, including immigration. A total of 20 foreign terrorists were involved, 19 of whom took part in the attacks that caused the deaths of 2,977 victims, most of them civilians. The terrorists had entered the United States on tourist or student visas. Four of them, however, had violated the terms of their visas. The attack exposed long-standing weaknesses in the U.S. immigration system that included failures in the areas of visa processing, internal enforcement, and information sharing.[8]

text: The REAL ID Act of 2005 changed some visa limits, tightened restrictions on asylum applications and made it easier to exclude suspected terrorists, and removed restrictions on building border fences.

text: In 2005, Senators John McCain and Ted Kennedy revived the discussion of comprehensive immigration reform with the proposal of the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act, incorporating legalization, guest worker programs, and enhanced border security. The bill was never voted on in the Senate, but portions are incorporated in later Senate proposals.

text: In 2006, the House of Representatives and the Senate produced their own, conflicting bills. In December 2005, the House passed the Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005, which was sponsored by Rep. James Sensenbrenner (R-WI). The act was limited to enforcement and focused on both the border and the interior. In the Senate, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 (CIRA) was sponsored by Sen. Arlen Specter (R-PA) and passed in May 2006. CIRA would have given a path to eventual citizenship to a majority of undocumented immigrants already in the country as well as dramatically increased legal immigration. Although the bills passed their respective chambers, no compromise bill emerged.[9]

text: In 2007, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007 was discussed in the Senate, which would have given a path to eventual citizenship to a large majority of illegal entrants in the country, significantly increased legal immigration and increased enforcement. The bill failed to pass a cloture vote, essentially killing it.[10]

text: Individual components of various reform packages have been separately introduced and pursued in the Congress. The DREAM Act is a bill initially introduced in 2001, incorporated in the various comprehensive reform bills, and then separately reintroduced in 2009 and 2010. The bill would provide legal residency and a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants who graduate from U.S. high schools and attend college or join the military.

text: Immigrant visa limits set by Congress remain at 700,000 for the combined categories of employment, family preference, and family immediate. There are additional provisions for diversity and a small number of special visas. In 2008 immigration in these categories totaled slightly less than 750,000 and similar totals (representing maximums allowed by Congress) have been tallied in recent years.[11]

text: Naturalization numbers have ranged from about 500,000 to just over 1,000,000 per year since the early 1990s, with peak years in 1996 and 2008 each around 1,040,000. These numbers add up to more than the number of visas issued in those years because as many as 2.7 million of those who were granted amnesty by IRCA in 1986 have converted or will convert to citizenship.[12] In general, immigrants become eligible for citizenship after five years of residence. Many do not immediately apply, or do not pass the test on the first attempt. This means that the counts for visas and the counts for naturalization will always remain out of step, though in the long run the naturalizations add up to somewhat less than the visas.

text: These numbers are separate from illegal immigration, which peaked at probably over 1 million per year around the year 2000 and has probably declined to about 500,000 per year by 2009, which seems comparable or perhaps less than the outflow returning to their native countries.[13] Some of the legal immigrant categories may include former illegal immigrants who have come current on legal applications and passed background checks; these individuals are included in the count of legal visas, not as a separate or additional number.

text: For Mexico and the Philippines, the only categories of immigrant visa available in practice are those for immediate dependent family of U.S. citizens. Persons who applied since 1994 have not been in the categories for adult children and siblings, and trends show that these data are unlikely to change. In fact, the trend has recently been moving in the opposite direction. Immigrant work visas run about 6 to 8 years behind current.[clarification needed][citation needed] While the government does not publish data on the number of pending applications, the evidence is that the backlog in those categories dwarfs the yearly quotas.

text: Legal immigration visas should not be confused with temporary work permits. Permits for seasonal labor (about 285,000 in 2008) or students (about 917,000 in 2008)[14] generally do not permit conversion to immigrant status. Even those who are legally authorized to work temporarily in the United States (such as H1-B workers) must apply for permanent residence separately, and gain no advantage from their temporary employment authorization. This is unlike many other countries, whose laws provide for permanent residence after a certain number of years of legal employment. Temporary workers, therefore, do not form a distinctly counted source of immigration.[15]

text: Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act (S.744)[edit]

text: On April 17, 2013, the so-called "Gang of Eight" in the United States Senate introduced S.744, the long-awaited Senate version of the immigration reform bill proposed in Congress.[16] Text of the proposed legislation was promptly released on the website of Senator Charles Schumer. The bill has not been taken up by the United States House of Representatives.[17]

text: Executive actions[edit]

text: On November 21, 2014, president Barack Obama signed two executive actions which had the effect of delaying deportation for millions of illegal immigrants. The orders apply to parents of United States citizens and young people brought into the country illegally.[18]


document_title: Punjab and Haryana High Court

question_text: when was punjab and haryana high court established

text: Punjab and Haryana High Court

text: History[edit]

text: Punjab and Haryana High Court was formerly known as Lahore High Court, which was established on 21 March 1919. The jurisdiction of that court covered undivided Punjab and Delhi. From 1920 to 1943, the Court was conferred with extraterritorial jurisdiction over that part of China that formed part of the British consular district of Kashgar, which had previously been under the jurisdiction of the British Supreme Court for China.[6] This ceased upon the ratification of the British-Chinese Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China.[7]

text: Following the independence of India on 15 August 1947, a separate High Court of Punjab was created, based at Shimla. This had jurisdiction over Indian Punjab, Delhi and what are now Himachal Pradesh and Haryana. From 17 January 1955, the Court was moved to its present location in Chandigarh.

text: The creation of Himachal Pradesh on 15 August 1948 led to a separate Court of Judicial Commissioner (similar to a High Court) being established for that state and thus the jurisdiction of the Punjab court was reduced. A separate High Court was constituted for the Union Territory of Delhi under the Delhi High Court Act, 1966.[8] Three Judges of the Punjab High Court were transferred to the Delhi High Court, which was constituted on 31 October 1966.

text: The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 paved the way for the formation of Haryana and the Union Territory of Chandigarh from 1 November 1966. Those formations also saw the renaming of the High Court of Punjab as the High Court of Punjab and Haryana. The Judges of the High Court of Punjab became Judges of the common High Court with all the powers and jurisdiction of the High Court of Punjab. However, the principal seat of the High Court remained at Chandigarh.

text: The High Court of Punjab and Haryana has operated since 1 November 1966 in its present form.

text: Current Judges[edit]

text:
Designation
Name
Court No

Chief Justice
Shiavax Jal Vazifdar
1

Justice
Ajay Kumar Mittal
2

Justice
Surya Kant
3

Justice
T.P.S. Mann
4

Justice
Mahesh Grover
5

Justice
Rajesh Bindal
7

Justice
M.M. Singh Bedi
8

Justice
A.B. Chaudhari
9

Justice
Rakesh Kumar Jain
13

Justice
Jaswant Singh
14

Justice
Daya Chaudhary
10

Justice
Rajan Gupta
50

Justice
Ajay Tewari
29

Justice
Jitendra Chauhan
12

Justice
Augustine George Masih
51

Justice
Ritu Bahri
22

Justice
Rajiv Narain Raina
25

Justice
Tejinder Singh Dhindsa
53

Justice
Gurmeet Singh Sandhawalia
15

Justice
Rekha Mittal
21

Justice
Inderjit Singh
63

Justice
Amol Rattan Singh
55

Justice
Anita Chaudhry
58

Justice
Fateh Deep Singh
16

Justice
Jaspal Singh
23

Justice
Surinder Gupta
19

Justice
Sudip Ahluwalia
52

Justice
Harinder Singh Sidhu
17

Justice
Arun Palli
26

Justice
Kuldip Singh
20

Justice
Lisa Gill
61

Justice
B.S. Walia
37

Justice
Raj Mohan Singh
57

Justice
Jaishree Thakur
59

Justice
Amit Rawal
28

Justice
Deepak Sibal
36

Justice
Hari Pal Verma
24

Justice
Anupinder Singh Grewal
56

Justice
Dr. Shekher Dhawan
38

Justice
P.B. Bajanthri
18

Justice
Ramendra Jain
27

Justice
Harminder Singh Madaan
65

Justice
Raj Shekhar Attri
62

Justice
Gurvinder Singh Gill
54

Justice
Arvind Singh Sangwan
67

Justice
Rajbir Sehrawat
39

Justice
Anil Kshetarpal
41

Justice
Avneesh Jhingan
42

Justice
Mahabir Singh Sindhu
64

Justice
Sudhir Mittal
66

tag: table


document_title: Red Coat (Pretty Little Liars)

question_text: when do we find out who red coat is

question_tokens: when do we find out who red coat is

text: Red Coat (Pretty Little Liars)

text: Background[edit]

text: In the second-season finale "UnmAsked", the first "A" is revealed to be Mona Vanderwaal, who wanted revenge on the Liars for not preventing Alison's bullying and slowly distancing Hanna away from her. During a fight with Spencer, Mona ends up falling off a cliff and is then found by the authorities and admitted to the Radley Sanitarium, a local psychiatric hospital. During the final scene of the episode, a nurse comes in to alert Mona that she has a visitor and someone walks inside her room in what it looks like a red trench coat, appearing to be the same one worn by Alison DiLaurentis in her Vivian Darkbloom disguise. Mona proceeds to tell the unseen visitor that she did everything they asked her to.

text: In the third season, we see Red Coat purchasing hoodies for the team she is building, and later the Liars begin catching glimpses of her. Hanna sees the mysterious figure watching her outside a boutique, Emily remembers her in a flashback to the night she and Mona kidnapped her, Spencer notices her on a date with Wren and Aria catches her at a morgue. All four girls see two specific details in regards to her physical features: a red trench coat with blonde curly hair hanging out. Emily suspects that Red Coat is the one in charge of the "A-Team" and they hatch a plan to catch her. Spencer having joined the "A-Team" at the time to look for clues on Toby, who was briefly on the team before inexplicably disappearing, finds out that he is alive and a double agent who intends to help the girls. Spencer gives Mona and Red Coat the idea to throw a party at the Thornhill Lodge, where Red Coat can meet the girls in person. Mona and Red Coat agree with the idea. Red Coat flies in on a plane and Toby and Spencer go outside to catch her. As the other Liars corner Mona inside, someone sets fire to the lodge. Toby goes to follow a flashlight in the woods and Spencer follows Red Coat, who gets off the plane and heads into the woods. Aria, Emily, Hanna and Mona fall unconscious due to the flames and smoke, but Hanna is pulled out by Red Coat and she looks up to see Alison DiLaurentis. As the girls all gather outside, Mona says she also saw Alison and Spencer believes she did too. However, Mona proceeds to admit that she doesn't know the accurate identity of Red Coat because the anonymous entity always wore a mask.

text: In the fourth season, Red Coat continues to play the game. The disguise is briefly abandoned, after the Red Coat who flew into the Lodge burned her coat and mask in the Lodge fire, but Red Coat returns mid-season and films a video of herself in an Emily mask. She then begins sneaking under the DiLaurentis home and surveilling the residence. Toby and Caleb begin looking for clues on her identity and discover that CeCe Drake is the one who set up the flight plan for Red Coat to go to the Lodge. The Liars hunt for CeCe but with no luck. In "Bring Down the Hoe," she returns and is seen in a room filled with photos of Alison and a red coat laying on a chair. Red Coat shows up to the Rosewood High Hoedown and Spencer and Emily manage to take her coat. They discover that the coat is missing the same button which they found earlier underneath the DiLaurentis house. Meanwhile, CeCe lurks outside Ezra's apparent in the same attire that Red Coat wears but now in a black hoodie.

text: Unmasking[edit]

text: In the fourth season's mid-season finale "Now You See Me, Now You Don't", the Liars head to Ravenswood to look for Red Coat. While there, Red Coat kidnaps Emily and locks her in a coffin on a Sawmill. The Liars witness Red Coat heading to that Sawmill and chase her inside, where she actually stops the saw and another Red Coat, donning a mask of Alison's face, appears on the stairwell, revealing that two people have been sporting the disguise all along. Spencer follows the "good" one, while Aria fights and unmasks the other figure as CeCe Drake. The Liars manage to catch the "good" Red Coat near the ending of "Grave New World", who reveals herself as an alive Alison. During "EscApe from New York", Ali claims that she asked CeCe to wear the disguise to distract "Big A". It is later revealed this was all a ruse, given that CeCe actually was the Red Coat who stole the game from Mona and wore the disguise during her schemes until she was caught in it. In "Game Over, Charles", the Liars learn there was a third Red Coat who posed as a decoy to CeCe and used the infamous disguise to distract the Liars whenever she couldn't. The third Red Coat is revealed to be Sara Harvey.

text: Exegesis: summary of episode "Game Over, Charles"[edit]

text: Big "A" kidnaps Alison from the Rosewood High senior prom and takes her to Radley, where their dad and brother are also there, unconscious. With Mona's aid, the Liars figure out that "A's" phone server is located at the Carissimi Group's building and along with Sara make their way over there. They manage to break into a secret room hidden in the wall of an empty storage room. The Liars and Mona go inside but Sara suspiciously leaves them behind, just as the door closes.

text: A holographic monitor comes on and the Liars get a glimpse of a live feed that shows Alison in a room, talking to "A". "A" turns around and is revealed to be CeCe Drake, who reveals that she was born as Charles before transitioning into Charlotte.

text: While Charlotte is telling her story, the Liars are alerted to a motion sensor in another room. The camera manages to detect another Red Coat, who is setting up a bomb for Charlotte to blow up Radley with her family alongside herself.

text: Charlotte mentions that she kept seeing a blonde girl in a red coat watching the girls and deduced the mysterious entity was Alison. So in order to find out, Charlotte organized the lodge party at Thornhill to trap the girls and lure Alison out of hiding, since she knew her sister would only show up if her friends were in grave danger. Charlotte sent Sara Harvey to distract the Liars and maintain Mona occupied, further explaining that she was a decoy whenever she "needed her to be". Nigel Wright was paid to fake a flight plan to Delaware by Charlotte but the plane actually made its way to the lodge since Sara landed it in a nearby field despite the fog in the area. Shana Fring also showed up with Jenna Marshall to find out if the Liars were going to meet Alison at the request of Melissa Hastings, since she too had her own suspicions. However, both plans went awry and while Jenna wasn't noticing, Shana set fire to the lodge since she grew a hatred towards the Liars for blinding Jenna as she later admits to in "EscApe from New York". Sara managed to rescue Aria, Emily and Mona while Alison arrived just in time to save Hanna, giving Charlotte the much needed confirmation that her sister was indeed alive. Knowing that Wilden would never let Alison return and tell her story, Charlotte went to the lake and killed him, dumping his car and body in the middle of town. She then sent Sara dressed as the mysterious woman in a black veil to attend his funeral and ensure he was deceased. The Liars are shocked about this revelation, but Hanna tells Emily that Charlotte is just messing with her. However, Spencer realizes that the authorities haven't arrived to Radley because Sara must've pretended to dial them.

text: The Liars manage to break out of the room and head over to Radley, where they come upon Sara in the hallway. She orders them to leave as she turns on the bomb for Charlotte, but they manage to subdue her and give Spencer enough time to stop the bomb. Alison quickly arrives and tells them that Charlotte has headed to the roof and begs them to help her surrender. Sara tries to escape but Emily grabs her by the hood of her trench coat and angrily punches her in the face for betraying her trust. They chase Charlotte and persuade her not to commit suicide. She instead declares an ending to her reign as A. At the end of the episode, Emily mentions that Sara is getting released from the local town's hospital and Alison states that what happened to her that night wasn't their fault. Nonetheless, Spencer discloses to Caleb during "The Gloves Are On" that after Emily punched Sara, she got back up but accidentally put her hand on some electrical cords, which began electrocuting her body, as the Liars watched in horror. This led to Sara being unable to use her hands since she lost her palpable abilities.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The reveal of Alison possibly being alive and Red Coat in "A DAngerous GAme" was met with mixed reviews, with many expressing joy over this, while others were disappointed in not receiving a definite answer to Red Coat's identity. The reveal that there were two active Red Coats was generally met with positive reviews, with many praising the reveal that Alison was alive in the episode "Grave New World" as one of the best moments of the series.

text: The reveal of the third Red Coat received mostly negative reviews, with many feeling discomfort over Sara being officially introduced so late into the series. However, Entertainment Weekly's Isabella Biedenharn deemed the best moment of "Game Over, Charles" the scene where Emily punches Sara in the face for her betrayal.[1]

text: Red Coat's appearances[edit]

text: There has often been confusion amongst fans as to who was who at what time in the series, due to the fact that there were three of them. Some of the appearances have been cleared up by the writers or the series.

text:
Charlotte visited Mona in "UnmAsked", but was wearing a red bathrobe.[2]
Charlotte was the one who bought black hoodies and gloves in "Blood Is the New Black".[3]
Alison was watching Hanna outside the boutique in "Misery Loves Company".[4][5]
Charlotte was the one who burned a bobble head of Hanna in "Out of the Frying Pan, Into the Inferno".[6]
Charlotte was the one who overlooked the grave robbing in "Dead to Me".[7]
Sara got off the plane at Thornhill and rescued Aria, Mona and Emily, while Alison rescued Hanna in "A dAngerous gAme".[8][9]
Sara's coat was the one found in the rummage at Thornhill in "'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e".[10][11]
Charlotte was the one who filmed a video of herself wearing the red coat and an Emily mask in "Under the Gun".[12]
Charlotte was the one sneaking under the DiLaurentis residency in "Into the Deep" but was not living there.[13][14]
Charlotte was the one who appeared behind Hanna in Ali's mirror in "The Mirror Has Three Faces".[15]
Charlotte was the one who attended the Hoe Down at Rosewood High in "Bring Down the Hoe".[16]
Charlotte locked Emily inside the Sawmill, while Alison rescued her in "Now You See Me, Now You Don't".[17]
Alison went to the graveyard party in "Grave New World".[18]
Sara took a seat beside Charlotte in "FrAmed".[19]
Sara set the bomb inside Radley in "Game Over, Charles".[20]

tag: ul


document_title: United States Army Basic Training

question_text: where is basic training for the army located

text: United States Army Basic Training

text: Overview[edit]

text: Drill sergeants[edit]

text: Drill sergeants are the instructors responsible for most of the training that takes place in Basic Training. They accompany recruits throughout the training process, instructing and correcting them in everything from firing weapons to the correct way to address a superior, and are also largely responsible for the safety of recruits. They are recognizable by their distinctive headgear (campaign hats), often called "brown rounds" or "Smokey Bear" hats, as they resemble that character's round park ranger-style hat.

text: Most AIT courses have begun using platoon sergeants in an attempt to implement the chain-of-command by having the trainees respect military rank rather than merely recognizing the drill sergeant's hat.

text: Battle buddies[edit]

text: "Battle buddies" generally refer to partners in a combat scenario. However, throughout Basic Training, the term is used to describe a disciplinary principle whereby recruits are generally prohibited from walking anywhere alone. When traveling away from the platoon or a drill sergeant, recruits are expected to travel in pairs, known as battle buddies. Battle buddies are sometimes assigned, or can be chosen by recruits when the need to travel arises.

text: Daily schedule[edit]

text: A typical day in Basic Training generally follows this schedule. Times can change depending on location, commanding officers, or when drill sergeants see a need for variation.[3]

text:
Time
Activity
Description

4:30 a.m.
First Call
Wake up and perform personal morning tasks. For males, shaving is mandatory every morning.

5:00 a.m.
Physical Training (PT)
Line up in company area, perform morning physical training (calisthenics and running).

6:00 a.m.
Breakfast

6:30 a.m.
Training
Begin the day's scheduled training exercises.

12:00 p.m.
Lunch

12:30 p.m.
Training
Continue the day's scheduled training exercises.

5:00 p.m.
Dinner

5:30 p.m.
Drill sergeant time
Time for drill sergeants to talk to the recruits about any subject they may think requires attention.
Mail call is also performed during this time.

8:00 p.m.
Personal time
Time for recruits to engage in personal activities, such as writing letters, doing laundry, showering, or simply relaxing.
Recruits may also catch up on platoon duties during this time, such as barracks cleaning or wall locker organization.

9:00 p.m.
Lights-out

text: Fire guard and charge of quarters[edit]

text: Every night, at least two recruits from the platoon must be awake at any given time, patrolling their barracks area, watching for fires, cleaning the barracks, and watching for recruits attempting to leave the barracks area. They wake the next pair of recruits at the end of their one-hour shift. This duty is called fire guard.

text: Fire guard stems back to the days of wooden barracks and wood-burning stoves. The fire guard would watch the stoves to make sure that the barracks would not catch fire. Since open flames are not generally used to heat sleeping areas any longer, present-day fire guard during Basic Training is more an exercise in discipline than a practical necessity, although if the weather gets cold enough some groups conducting overnight outdoor training will still use a kerosene "pot bellied" stove which must be watched to prevent accidental fires.

text: Charge of quarters, commonly called CQ, functions in a somewhat similar manner. CQ shifts rotate throughout the entire company, with just two recruits from the company staying awake per shift. The actual charge of quarters is the drill sergeant, and the pair of recruits staying awake are the "runners," meaning that they perform tasks for the CQ. They perform some of the same duties as the fire guard shift. Only the CQ on duty is permitted to open the barracks doors, and the runners must alert the CQ if someone else attempts to enter or leave the barracks.

text: Hands-on training[edit]

text: For many hands-on instructional sessions, recruits are transported to other locations on-post that specialize in the given subject. For instance, a class on the use of the Claymore anti-personnel land mine is given at a location where a field is already set up with the appropriate props for the simulation, including fake claymores that recruits can practice on. Classes are also given in the use of the AT4 shoulder-fired anti-tank missile launcher. For this class, recruits are brought to a mock battlefield riddled with decommissioned tanks and other vehicles. Each recruit fires a trainer AT4 weapon, loaded with tracer ammunition, at various targets on the battlefield. For weaponry training that involves only the use of fake weapons, one real demonstration of the actual weapon is usually performed. For example, at claymore training, one real claymore may be rigged and remotely detonated; and at AT4 training, one recruit (usually the one with the highest rifle qualification score) is chosen to fire a live AT4.

text: Split training option[edit]

text: Those who enlist in the National Guard or Army Reserves can select split-option training (called Split-Op for short)

text: Locations[edit]

text: The location where a recruit is sent for Basic Training depends on his or her chosen Military Occupational Specialty, or MOS, which is selected upon enlistment. Recruits requiring air transportation to their training locations are flown via commercial flight at the US Army's expense.

text: One Station Unit Training[edit]

text: With some MOSs, both the BCT and AIT phases of training are accomplished back-to-back at the same location, with the same instructors, as well as with the same fellow recruits. This is called One Station Unit Training, or OSUT. For example, the Infantry MOS consists of the usual BCT followed by five weeks of AIT, all within the same location. A similar program is followed for cavalry scouts, tank crewmen, military police, field artillery, and some engineer MOSs.[1]

text: Basic Combat Training sites[edit]

text: The U.S. Army has four sites for BCT:[4]

text:
Fort Benning in Columbus, Georgia; also provides Infantry and Armor OSUT
Fort Jackson in Columbia, South Carolina; largest of all BCT locations.
Fort Leonard Wood in St. Robert, Missouri; also provides Corps of Engineers, Chemical Corps, and Military Police OSUT
Fort Sill in Lawton, Oklahoma; also provides Artillery OSUT

text: Advanced Individual Training[edit]

text:
AIT is held at the corresponding school for the recruit's MOS.
For more information on the different AIT schools, see Advanced Individual Training below.

text: Reception Battalion[edit]

text: Reception Battalion (RECBN) is the period that begins when the recruit arrives at the Army post where he or she is to undergo Basic Training. It typically lasts 4 to 10 days,[5] and is where initial preparations for training are performed, including:[6]

text:
Haircut (head shave or buzz cut for men; women must either cut hair short or wear pinned up)
Physical examination (including blood and urine tests)
Inoculations
Distribution of uniforms and personal gear, such as duffel bag and mouth guard.
Instruction in basic marching and standing, as well as upkeep of barracks.

text: Fitness Training Company[edit]

text: The recruits who fail the physical assessment test can be held back at Reception Battalion, where they are placed in Fitness Training Company (FTC), sometimes referred to in slang form as "Fat Camp." FTC involves daily, rigorous physical training and diet monitoring by Master Fitness Trainers (MFTs). Recruits in FTC are given two chances each week to complete the physical assessment test, and upon passing are allowed to move on to the next phase of Basic Training. Recruits that spend four weeks in FTC without passing the physical assessment test (failing the test eight times) may be discharged from the Army via an Entry Level Separation (see Discharge from Basic Training below).

text: Recruits that sustain injuries during Basic Training, such as a broken arm, may also be assigned to a FTC for rehabilitation.[7]

text: Basic Combat Training[edit]

text: Basic Combat Training, or BCT, is a ten-week[8] training cycle that teaches identical skills for all MOSs (Military Occupational Specialties). This is because the Army believes that no matter the soldier's specialty, they should all be taught the same basic procedures and skill set so they are ready to properly work together and defend themselves, as well as their fellow soldiers, if/when necessary.

text: BCT is divided into three phases. The three phases are each represented by a color: red, white, and blue, for Phase I, II, and III, respectively. BCT trainees are progressively allowed more responsibility, privileges, and independence each time they achieve a new phase of training. Whereas trainees in Phase I are constantly monitored and led around by their drill sergeants, Phase III trainees are largely responsible for making sure tasks are completed correctly and on-time, and keeping themselves on-schedule.[8]

text: At some Basic Training stations, the current phase is denoted by the color of guidon carried by the platoon. Following the recruits' successful completion of the Field Training Exercise (a final exercise just before graduation), the Phase III blue guidon is sometimes traded for a tri-color red, white, and blue guidon that symbolizes successful completion of all three BCT phases.

text: Phase I[edit]

text: During Phase I or the "Red Phase," recruits are subject to "Total Control," meaning their every action is monitored and constantly corrected by drill sergeants. Recruits are often subjected to group corrective action for even minor infractions, the purpose being to develop an acute attention to detail and foster a sense of common responsibility among the unit.

text: Week 1[edit]

text: Week 1 begins with the recruits meeting the drill sergeants who will be responsible for their training throughout BCT. The drill sergeants pick up their recruits from Reception Battalion and either transport or march them to their company area. The company area is the common area for the entire company (200 recruits), and is surrounded by four barracks—one for each platoon (50 recruits each) in the company.

text: Upon arrival at the company area, recruits are subjected to exercises such as the "bag drill." This is a training exercise in which all the recruits' duffel bags are dumped into one large pile, and the recruits are told to find their personal duffel bags simultaneously, and within a set time limit. Following the bag drill, the recruits are divided into platoons.

text: Drill & ceremony training begins during week 1. This refers to correct procedures for marching, and body movements such as standing at attention, "facing" (right-face/left-face), "at ease," "to the rear" and others. For this and many other exercises, soldiers are sometimes issued fake rifles known as "rubber ducks," so that they can become familiar with the proper handling and added weight of their weapon before they have actually been trained to use it. More recently, recruits have begun to be issued fully functional M16A2/A4s during the first week of BCT to allow for early familiarization with the weapon.

text: Classroom instructions are given in each of the seven "Army Core Values," which include loyalty, duty, respect, selfless service, honor, integrity, and personal courage (meant to spell out the mnemonic LDRSHIP, or "leadership"). There are also classes held on subjects that involve day-to-day personal life in the Army, such as sexual harassment awareness/prevention and race relations.

text: Week 2[edit]

text: During week 2, recruits begin unarmed combat training, also known as hand-to-hand combat, Combatives, or Ground Fighting Technique (GFT). The training often culminates in a competition where each platoon chooses one recruit to compete. At gender-integrated training stations, the platoons each choose one male and one female.

text: Recruits are also instructed in map reading, land navigation, and compass use. These skills are put to the test at the compass course, where recruits are divided into groups and must navigate their way to a series of points throughout a wooded area.

text: Recruits will also tackle Victory Tower and the Teamwork Development Course during week 2. Victory Tower is an exercise where recruits must navigate through several obstacles at extreme heights, including climbing and traversing rope ladders and bridges. They must then rappel down a 50-foot wall (back-first, with rope harness). In the Teamwork Development Course, squads must negotiate a series of obstacles, with emphasis on working as a team rather than as individuals.

text: First aid training, known as Combat Life Saver (CLS), is also given during this period. Recruits are trained in evaluating and properly treating casualties, ranging from dressing a wound to application of a tourniquet and dehydration treatment.

text: Week 3[edit]

text: Recruits begin training with pugil sticks, methods for carrying an unconscious or immobile person, and physical problem solving, such as finding a way to carry equipment from point A to point B given specific obstacles and constraints.

text: Recruits are also commonly sent to a gas chamber during this week, which is a large, sealed chamber where soldiers are subjected to CS gas while wearing their protective masks. The gas chamber is the culmination of a series of classroom instructions on gas mask use. Recruits are forced to unmask just before exiting the chamber so that they can briefly experience the effects of the gas. Drill sergeants will usually ask each recruit to recite information while they are unmasked, such as name, social security number, or the Pledge of Allegiance, so that the recruit is forced to open their mouth/eyes and/or take a breath while demonstrating continued focus.

text: Week 3 is also when the recruits are introduced to their standard-issue weapon, the M16A2 assault rifle or the M4 carbine. This does not yet involve the actual firing of the rifle. It does include basic rifle marksmanship (BRM) fundamentals training (instruction in marksmanship techniques without firing the rifle. For instance, trigger control is practiced by placing a wooden dowel down the barrel of the rifle with a coin placed on the exposed end. If the recruit can pull the trigger without the coin falling from the dowel, their trigger control is satisfactory), as well as maintenance tasks, including "field stripping" (quickly disassembling, cleaning, and reassembling) the rifle. Many of these tasks are now done during Week 1 as a part of the initial round of classroom instruction.

text: Phase II[edit]

text: Phase II, or the "White Phase," is where soldiers begin actually firing weapons. With the service rifle (M16A2), they will fire at various targets, which are progressively further downrange, making each successive target more difficult to hit, with additional pop-up targets at long range. Other weapons the soldier becomes familiar with include various hand grenades (such as the M67), grenade launchers (such as the M203), and machine guns (such as the M240, M249, and M2). The second week of Phase II involves familiarization with anti-tank/armor weaponry and other heavy weapons.

text: There is also an obstacle course which the soldiers are expected to negotiate within a certain time limit, known as the "confidence course," since the main objective is to build self-confidence. There is also the expectation of working as a team with the assigned Battle Buddy.

text: Additionally, there is continual, intense physical training, as well as drill and ceremony training. At the conclusion of Phase II, soldiers are expected to demonstrate proficiency with the various weaponry in which they trained, using numerous "go or no-go" (pass/fail) exercises, prior to being allowed to move on to Phase III.

text: Phase III[edit]

text: Phase III, or the "Blue Phase," is the culmination and possibly the most challenging of all the training phases. During this phase, An Army Physical Fitness Test is administered to determine whether the recruit has successfully met the requirements for graduation. Although not previously mentioned, an APFT is given at a minimum at every phase of training. This is conducted to ensure that all recruits are meeting the standard along the way. Recruits failing to meet the standard of the APFT, will be locally retrained by their Drill Sergeants and a specialized fitness program is developed to focus on the recruits weaknesses while continuing to maintain and improve upon those events he has successfully passed. When a recruit has has successfully passed the APFT, he will have one of the critical benchmark requirements for graduation. If upon completion of the specifically tailored fitness program the recruit continues to demonstrate the inability to pass the APFT, the recruit has demonstrated to be a good candidate for medical evaluations such as the one found in a study titled "Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype and physical performance during US Army basic training." At some locations, soldiers who fail are not allowed to go into the field with the rest of the platoon. The Final APFT Test consists of the Standard Army Annual APFT Examination. A minimum of 180 points is required to pass US Army Basic Training. Those who pass will move on to "Bivouac" (camping) and FTX (Field Training Exercises), such as nighttime combat operations and MOUT (Military Operations in Urban Terrain) training. There is no access to the dining facility during these exercises, so meals are given in the form of either MREs (Meal Ready to Eat) or field chow. Drill sergeants will make much of this in adversarial process, working against the recruits in many of the night operations by trying to foil plans, etc. Other BCT companies also in their FTX weeks may join in simulated combat scenarios, generally at night, with intense competition to prove their particular company the better trained.

text: Week 2 of Phase III (the 8th week of Basic Training) culminates in a special tactical FTX (field training exercise), during which the drill sergeants will advise, but allow recruit platoon leaders and squad leaders to exercise primary decision-making. They attempt to make virtually every one of these exercises different. Because being a soldier is potentially an extremely hazardous job, recruits must demonstrate extreme aggression and fearlessness, tempered by intelligence and common sense. Only those that demonstrate these vital attributes will be permitted to move on to AIT (Advanced Individual Training).

text: Following their FTX, recruits then move into the final week of training, often called "recovery week." At this time, soldiers must service and/or repair any items they are not taking on to AIT including weapons, bedding, issued equipment (helmet, canteen, gas mask, etc.) as well as ensuring the platoon barracks is in good order to receive the next platoon of trainees. This week also includes a final fitting of the recruit's dress uniform as well as practice for the graduation ceremony, which takes place at the end of the cycle.

text: Advanced Individual Training[edit]

text: Advanced Individual Training, or AIT, is where new soldiers receive specific training in their chosen MOS. The length of AIT training varies depending on the MOS and can last anywhere from four weeks to nearly a year.

text: Just like in BCT, AIT progressively allows trainees more privileges and independence. Trainees begin AIT in Phase IV. After a varying length of time and satisfactory performance, trainees are awarded Phase V. Phase V often includes the privilege of applying for off-post passes or use of electronic devices. Phase V+ is awarded after a set length of time and continued good conduct. Phase V+ trainees may walk about the base without having a battle buddy present, be able to drink alcohol on weekends (provided one is of legal drinking age), and even stay off-post overnight on weekends. These privileges vary.

text: AIT schools[edit]

text: Army AIT schools include (not a complete list):

text:
Adjutant General School at Fort Jackson, Columbia, South Carolina.[9]
Air Defense Artillery School at Fort Sill, Lawton, Oklahoma.
Army Medical Department Center and Schools at Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas.[10]
Defense Information School at Fort Meade, Maryland.
Armor School at Fort Benning, Columbus, Georgia.[11]
Aviation School at Fort Rucker, Daleville, Alabama.[12]
Aviation Logistics School at Fort Eustis, Newport News, Virginia.[13]
Armed Forces Chaplaincy Center at Fort Jackson, Columbia, South Carolina.[14]
Chemical School at Fort Leonard Wood, St. Robert, Missouri.[15]
Engineer School at Fort Leonard Wood, St. Robert, Missouri.[16]
Field Artillery Center at Fort Sill, Lawton, Oklahoma.[17]
Financial Management School, SSI at Fort Jackson, Columbia, South Carolina.[18]

Infantry School at Fort Benning, Columbus, Georgia.[19]
Intelligence Center at Fort Huachuca, Sierra Vista, Arizona.[20][21]
John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School at Fort Bragg, Fayetteville, North Carolina.
Military Police School at Fort Leonard Wood, St. Robert, Missouri.[22]
Ordnance Corps (United States Army) at Fort Lee, Virginia.[23]
Quartermaster School at Fort Lee, Fort Lee, Virginia.[24]
Signal School at Fort Gordon, Augusta, Georgia.[25]
Signals Intelligence Analysts School at Goodfellow Air Force Base, San Angelo, Texas.[26]
Transportation School, some courses at Fort Lee, Virginia and some at Fort Eustis, Newport News, Virginia. Also there is some at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.[27]

text: Discharge from Basic Training[edit]

text: A recruit can be discharged from the Army before the conclusion of Basic Training. Discharges that occur before the completion of 180 days (approximately 6 months) of training are considered uncharacterized, which are neither honorable nor less than honorable.

text:
An Entry Level Separation (ELS) can occur when a recruit demonstrates unsatisfactory performance and/or misconduct. A recruit can only be ELSed after at least 4 weeks of training and 2 counseling sessions, except under extreme circumstances, such as the recruit being deemed suicidal.[28]
If it is found that a recruit is unable to train due to a chronic medical condition, he or she may obtain a medical discharge by the recommendation of an Army medical doctor.
A discharge due to any condition Existing Prior To Service (EPTS) may occur when a recruit is found to have a prior medical condition existing before enlistment. A recruit may receive a rare honorable discharge for an EPTS condition if they have been in Basic Training for more than 180 days.