document_title: Pakistan at the 2018 Commonwealth Games

question_text: who won gold medal for pakistan in cwg 2018

text: Pakistan at the 2018 Commonwealth Games

text: Competitors[edit]

text: The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport/discipline.

text:
Sport
Men
Women
Total

Athletics
1
1
2

Badminton
2
2
4

Boxing
4
0
4

Field hockey
18
0
18

Shooting
5
2
7

Squash
2
2
4

Swimming
1
1
2

Table tennis
2
2
4

Weightlifting
5
0
5

Wrestling
6
0
6

Total
46
10
56

text: Medalists[edit]

text:
Medal
Name
Sport
Event
Date

01 ! Gold
Muhammad Inam
Wrestling
86 kg
April 14

03 ! Bronze
Talha Talib
Weightlifting
62 kg
April 5

03 ! Bronze
Muhammad Nooh Dastgir Butt
Weightlifting
+105 kg
April 9

03 ! Bronze
Muhammad Bilal
Wrestling
57 kg
April 12

03 ! Bronze
Tayab Raza
Wrestling
125 kg
April 14

Medals by sport

Sport
01 !
02 !
03 !
Total

Weightlifting
0
0
2
2

Wrestling
1
0
2
3

Total
1
0
4
5

Medals by date

Day
Date
01 !
02 !
03 !
Total

1
05 April
0
0
1
1

2
06 April
0
0
0
0

3
07 April
0
0
0
0

4
08 April
0
0
0
0

5
09 April
0
0
1
1

6
10 April
0
0
0
0

7
11 April
0
0
0
0

8
12 April
0
0
1
1

9
13 April
0
0
0
0

10
14 April
1
0
1
2

11
15 April
0
0
0
0

Total
1
0
4
5

Medals by gender

Gender
01 !
02 !
03 !
Total

Female
0
0
0
0

Male
1
0
4
5

Mixed
0
0
0
0

Total
1
0
4
5

text: Athletics[edit]

text:
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final

Distance
Rank
Distance
Rank

Arshad Nadeem
Javelin throw
80.45
2 Q
76.02
8

text:
Athlete
Event
Heat
Semifinal
Final

Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank

Najma Parveen
200 m
25.21
33
Did Not Advance

400 m
57.12
31
Did Not Advance

text: Badminton[edit]

text: Pakistan participated with four athletes (two men and two women)

text:
Athlete
Event
Round of 64
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final / BM

Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Rank

Murad Ali
Men's singles
 Buwaneka Goonethilleka (SRI)
L 2-0
Did Not Advance

Muhammad Irfan Bhatti
BYE
 Joe Anthony (AUS)
L 2-0
Did Not Advance

Palwasha Bashir
Women's singles
 Nicki Chan-Lam (MRI)
L 2-0
Did Not Advance

Mahoor Shahzad
 Alissa Dean (FIJ)
W 2-0
 Cristen Marritt (IOM)
W 2-0
 Rachel Honderich (CAN)
L 2-0
Did Not Advance

text:
Athlete
Event
Round of 64
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final / BM

Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Rank

Murad Ali
Muhammad Irfan Bhatti
Men's doubles
N/A
 Sawan Serasinghe (AUS)
 Matthew Chau (AUS)
L 2-0
Did Not Advance

Palwasha Bashir
Mahoor Shahzad
Women's doubles
N/A
 Thilini Pramodika Hendahewa (SRI)
 Kavidi Sirimannage (SRI)
L 2-0
Did Not Advance

Palwasha Bashir
Muhammad Irfan Bhatti
Mixed doubles
 Georges Julien Paul (MRI)
 Aurelie Marie Elise Allet (MRI)
L 2-1
Did Not Advance

Mahoor Shahzad
Murad Ali
 Martin Campbell (SCO)
 Julie MacPherson (SCO)
L 2-0
Did Not Advance

text:
Murad Ali
Palwasha Bashir
Muhammad Irfan Bhatti
Mahoor Shahzad

text:
Pos
Team
[

v
t
e

]

Pld
W
L
MF
MA
MD
GF
GA
GD
PF
PA
PD
Pts
Qualification

1
 India
3
3
0
15
0
+15
30
1
+29
651
401
+250
3
Knockout stage

2
 Scotland
3
2
1
9
6
+3
19
13
+6
592
476
+116
2

3
 Sri Lanka
3
1
2
5
10
−5
12
21
−9
526
619
−93
1

4
 Pakistan
3
0
3
1
14
−13
2
28
−26
348
621
−273
0

text:
Scotland
5
Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre, Gold Coast
5 April

v

Pakistan
0
[show]

1
2
3

1

Alexander Dunn / Eleanor O'Donnell
Murad Ali / Palwasha Bashir
21
12
21
13

2

Kieran Merrilees
Muhammad Irfan Bhatti
21
6
21
16

3

Kirsty Gilmour
Mahoor Shahzad
21
6
21
10

4

Martin Campbell / Patrick MacHugh
Murad Ali / Muhammad Irfan Bhatti
21
8
21
10

5

Julie MacPherson / Eleanor O'Donnell
Mahoor Shahzad / Palwasha Bashir
21
6
21
4

text:
India
5
Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre, Gold Coast
5 April

v

Pakistan
0
[show]

1
2
3

1

Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / N. Sikki Reddy
Muhammad Irfan Saeed Bhatti / Palwasha Bashir
21
10
21
13

2

Srikanth Kidambi
Murad Ali
21
16
22
20

3

Saina Nehwal
Mahoor Shahzad
21
7
21
11

4

Pranaav Jerry Chopra / Chirag Shetty
Muhammad Irfan Saeed Bhatti / Murad Ali
21
9
21
15

5

Ashwini Ponnappa / Gadde Ruthvika Shivani
Mahoor Shahzad / Palwasha Bashir
21
6
21
10

text:
Pakistan
1
Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre, Gold Coast
6 April

v

Sri Lanka
4
[show]

1
2
3

1

Irfan Saeed Bhatti / Palwasha Bashir
Buwaneka Goonethilleka / Kavidi Sirimannage
16
21
4
21

2

Murad Ali
Dinuka Karunaratne
18
21
17
21

3

Mahoor Shahzad
Madushika Dilrukshi
21
14
21
18

4

Murad Ali / Irfan Saeed Bhatti
Buwaneka Goonethilleka / Sachin Dias
11
21
14
21

5

Mahoor Shahzad / Palwasha Bashir
Thilini Hendahewa / Kavidi Sirimannage
7
21
11
21

text: Boxing[edit]

text: Pakistan participated with a team of 4 athletes (4 men).

text:
Athlete
Event
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final
Rank

Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result

Syed Asif
−52 kg
N/A
 Brian Agina (KEN)
W 4-1
 Reece McFadden (SCO)
L 5-0
Did Not Advance

Ali Ahmad
−60 kg
BYE
 Calum French (ENG)
L 0-5
Did Not Advance

Gul Zaib
−69 kg
 W Le Poullain  (GUE)
W 3-2
 A Walsh (NIR)
L 0-5
Did Not Advance

Awais Ali Khan
−81 kg
N/A
BYE
 Ato Plodzicki-Faoagali (SAM)
L 5-0
Did Not Advance

text: Hockey[edit]

text: Men's tournament[edit]

text:
Mazhar Abbas
Tasawar Abbas
Mubashar Ali
Muhammad Arshad
Muhammad Atiq
Ammad Shakeel Butt
Imran Butt
Muhammad Dilber
Muhammad Irfan
Muhammad Irfan
Abu Mahmood
Muhammad Qadir
Muhammad Arslan Qadir
Shafqat Rasool
Rana Riaz
Muhammad Rizwan
Ali Shan
Tazeem Ul Hassan

text:
Pos
Team
[

v
t
e

]

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

1
 India
4
3
1
0
12
9
+3
10
Advance to Semi-finals

2
 England
4
2
1
1
15
8
+7
7

3
 Malaysia
4
1
1
2
5
10
−5
4
5th–6th place match

4
 Pakistan
4
0
4
0
6
6
0
4
7th–8th place match

5
 Wales
4
0
1
3
6
11
−5
1
9th–10th place match

text:
5 April 2018 (2018-04-05)
19:30

v

Pakistan
1–1
 Wales

Ali  39'
Report
Shipperley  33'

Umpires:
Sean Rapaport (RSA)
David Sweetman (GBR)

text:
7 April 2018 (2018-04-07)
14:30

v

India
2–2
 Pakistan

D. Singh  13'
H. Singh  20'
Report
Md. Irfan Jr  39'
Ali  60'

Umpires:
Lim Hong Zhen (SGP)
David Sweetman (SCO)

text:
8 April 2018 (2018-04-08)
14:30

v

England
2–2
 Pakistan

Gleghorne 34'
Ward 51'
Report
Md. Arslan 33'
Ali 57'

Umpires:
Ben de Young (AUS)
Sam Rapaport (RSA)

text:
11 April 2018 (2018-04-11)
14:30

v

Malaysia
1–1
 Pakistan

Ramadan  39'
Report
Shafqat  9'

Umpires:
Paul Walker (ENG)
Tyler Klenk (CAN)

text:
13 April 2018 (2018-04-13)
10:45

v

Canada
1–3
 Pakistan

Kirkpatrick  12'
Report
Md. Arslan  34'
Ali  40'
Md. Irfan Jr.  57'

Umpires:
Eric Koh (MAS)
Tim Bond (NZ)

text: Shooting[edit]

text: Pakistan participated with 7 athletes (5 men and 2 women).

text:
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final

Points
Rank
Points
Rank

Ghufran Adil
10 metre air rifle
613.9
10
Did not qualify

50 metre rifle prone
602.3
23
Did not qualify

50 metre rifle 3 positions
1145 -44x
8 Q
390.5
8

Muhammad Khalil Akhtar
25 metre rapid fire pistol
571 -14x
4 Q
8
6

Aamer Iqbal
Trap
106
24
Did not qualify

Muhammad Farrukh Nadeem
113
14
Did not qualify

Aamer Iqbal
Double trap
132
6 Q
31
5

Muhammad Farrukh Nadeem
122
14
Did not qualify

Usman Chand
Skeet
117
11
Did not qualify

text:
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final

Points
Rank
Points
Rank

Minhal Sohail
10 metre air rifle
406.2
12
Did not qualify

Mehwish Farhan
10 metre air pistol
375 -7x
6 Q
112.1
8

25 metre pistol
559 -12x
11
Did not qualify

text: Squash[edit]

text: Pakistan participated with 4 athletes (2 men and 2 women).

text:
Athlete
Event
Round of 64
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final

Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Rank

Tayyab Aslam
Men's singles
 Sorrentino (IVB)
W 3–0
 Clyne (SCO)
L 3–1
Did not advance

Farhan Zaman
 Chapman (IVB)
W 3–1
 Willstrop (ENG)
L 3–0
Did not advance

Faiza Zafar
Women's singles
Bye
 Urquhart (AUS)
L 3–0
Did not advance

Madina Zafar
 Saffery (WAL)
L 3–0
Did not advance

text:
Athlete
Event
Group stage
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final

Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Rank
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Rank

Tayyab Aslam
Farhan Zaman
Men's doubles
 Declan (ENG)
 Willstrop (ENG)
L 2–0
 Chapman (IVB)
 Sorrentino (IVB)
W 2–0
N/A
2 Q
 Coll (NZL)
 Grayson (NZL)
L 2–0
Did not advance

Faiza Zafar
Madina Zafar
Women's doubles
 Chinappa (IND)
 Pallikal Karthik (IND)
L 2–1
 Kellas (MLT)
 Sultana (MLT)
L 2–0
 Evans (WAL)
 Saffery (WAL)
L 2–0
4
N/A
Did not advance

Faiza Zafar
Farhan Zaman
Mixed doubles
 Fernandes (GUY)
 Seth (GUY)
W 2–0
 Urquhart (AUS)
 Pilley (AUS)
L 2–0
N/A
2 Q
 Evans (WAL)
 Creed (WAL)
L 2–0
Did not advance

Madina Zafar
Tayyab Aslam
 Ghosal (IND)
 Pallikal Karthik (IND)
L 2–0
 Fung-A-Fat (GUY)
 Khalil (GUY)
W 2–0
N/A
2 Q
 Grinham (AUS)
 Cuskelly (AUS)
L 2–0
Did not advance

text: Swimming[edit]

text: Pakistan participated with 2 athletes (1 man and 1 woman).

text:
Athlete
Event
Heat
Semifinal
Final

Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank

Syed Tariq
50 m freestyle
24.82
43
Did not advance

100 m freestyle
54.21
41
Did not advance

50 m backstroke
27.39
12 Q
27.23
12
Did not advance

100 m backstroke
59.39
19
Did not advance

text:
Athlete
Event
Heat
Semifinal
Final

Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank

Bisma Khan
50 m freestyle
28.75
32
Did not advance

100 m freestyle
1:02.66
31
Did not advance

50 m backstroke
31.43
27
Did not advance

text: Table tennis[edit]

text:
Athletes
Event
Group Stage
Round of 64
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final
Rank

Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Rank
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score

Fahad Khawaja
Men's singles
 Sultan
 (SEY)
L 4–1
 Yogarajah
 (MRI)
L 4–2
3
Did not advance

Muhammad Rameez
 Doughty
 (BAR)
W 4–0
 Mutua
 (KEN)
W 4–0
1 Q
N/A
 Gnanasekaran
 (IND)
L 4–0
Did not advance

Hareem Ali
Women's singles
 Kapugeekiyana
 (SRI)
L 4–0
 Yeung
 (CAN)
L 4–0
3
N/A
Did not advance

Fatima Khan
 Thomas
 (WAL)
L 4–0
 Freemam
 (SKN)
W 4–1
2
N/A
Did not advance

text:
Athletes
Event
Round of 64
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final
Rank

Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score

Fahad Khawaja
Muhammad Rameez
Men's doubles
N/A
 Bode Abiodun
Olajide Omotayo (NGR)
L 3–0
Did not advance

Hareem Ali
Fatima Khan
Women's doubles
N/A
 Ying Ho
Karen Lyne (MAS)
L 3–0
Did not advance

Hareem Ali
Fahad Khawaja
Mixed doubles
 Antoine Bernadet
Justina Yeung (CAN)
L 3–0
Did not advance

Fatima Khan
Muhammad Rameez
 Rhikesh Taucoory
Elodi Ho Wan Kau (MRI)
L 3–0
Did not advance

text: Weightlifting[edit]

text: Pakistan participated with 5 athletes (5 men).[4]

text:
Athlete
Event
Snatch
Clean & Jerk
Total
Rank

Result
Rank
Result
Rank

Abdullah Ghafoor
−56 kg
101
5
126
6
227
6

Talha Talib
−62 kg
132
1
151
5
283
03 !

Abu Sufyan
−69 kg
130
5
Did not finish

Usman Rathore
−94 kg
150
7
Did not finish

Muhammad Nooh Dastgir Butt
+105 kg
173
4
222
3
395
03 !

text: Wrestling[edit]

text: Pakistan participated with 6 athletes (6 men).

text:
Athlete
Event
Round of 16
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Repechage
Final / BM

Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Rank

Muhammad Bilal
-57 kg
 Gary Giordmaina (MLT)
W 12–2
 Charles Divoshan (SRI)
W 12–2
 Rahul Aware (IND)
L 12–8
N/A
 George Ramm (ENG)
W 6–1
03 !

Abdul Wahab
-65 kg
 Adam Vella (MLT)
W 12-2
 Vincent De Marinis (CAN)
L 10-0
Did not advance

Muhammad Asad Butt
-74 kg
 Oleg Gladkov (SCO)
W 10-3
 Sushil Kumar (IND)
L 10-0
Did not advance
 Jevon Balfour (CAN)
L 10-0
Did not advance

Muhammad Inam
-86 kg
 Jayden Lawrence (AUS)
W 14–4
 Somveer (IND)
W 10–0
 Alexander Moore (CAN)
W by fall
N/A
 Melvin Bibo (NGR)
W 6–0
01 !

Umair Ahmad
-97 kg
 Jordan Steen (CAN)
L 11-0
Did not advance

text:
Athlete
Event
Nordic Round Robin
Rank

Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result

Tayab Raza
-125 kg
 Sinivie Boltic (NGR)
W 10–2
 Claude Kouamen Mbianga (CMR)
W by injury
 Sumit (IND)
L 10–4
 Korey Jarvis (CAN)
L 9–0
03 !


document_title: Dual federalism

question_text: the era of dual federalism ended with the

root

text: Dual federalism

text: United States[edit]

text: Constitutional origin[edit]

text: The system of dual/joint federalism in the United States is a product of the backlash against the Articles of Confederation, ratified in 1781, which established a very weak federal government with the powers to declare war, make treaties, and maintain an army.[1][2][3] Fueled by Shays' Rebellion and an economy faltering under the inability of the federal government to pay the debt from the American Revolution, a group later known as the Federalists generated support for a strong central government and called for a Constitutional Convention in 1787 to reconsider the Articles.

tag: p

text: In 1787, the Convention almost immediately dropped its original purpose of editing the Articles and instead drafted a new Constitution of the United States. Rejecting both confederal and unitary systems, they based the new American government on a new theory of federalism, a system of shared sovereignty that delegates some powers to the federal government and reserves other powers for the states.[4][5] Among other powers, the federal legislature could now tax citizens and maintain a standing military, and had exclusive power over regulating interstate commerce and coining currency.[3][6] In addition, while Article Six of the Constitution stipulated that federal law in pursuit of constitutionally assigned ends overrode any contradictory state law, the power of the national government was held in check by the Bill of Rights – particularly the Tenth Amendment, which limited federal governmental powers to only those specified in the Constitution.[7]

text: Importantly, at the Convention, there was large debate over the structure of the legislative branch, eventually solved by the Connecticut Compromise. In the traditional understanding of the discussion, the larger states proposed the Virginia Plan, which allocated representation to each state proportional to its population. The smaller states, fearing a tyranny of the larger states, propose the New Jersey Plan, which gave each state equal representation in the legislative body. The states' motives for such a debate have been largely understood as a method for ensuring a strong voice in the federal government so as to maintain a desired degree of sovereignty.[8] Further, political scientist Martin Diamond interprets the argument through a federalist vs antifederalist lens, discounting the question of state size.[9] Specifically, he argues that the pure federalism of the New Jersey Plan and the pure nationalism of the Virginia Plan eventually came together to form the system of bicameralism that the framers settled on. However, his theory largely goes against the usual understanding, which some have argued is based on stronger historical evidence.[10]

text: Powers[edit]

text:
Exclusive powers of United States Federal Government

Lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises
To pay the debts
Provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States
Borrow money
Regulate interstate and international commerce
Establish immigration and naturalization law
Regulate bankruptcies
To coin money
Establish weights and measures
Prosecute counterfeiting
Establish a post office and post roads
Regulate patents, copyrights, and trademarks
Establish inferior courts
Regulate cases in admiralty and offences against the laws of nations
Declare war
Grant letters of marque and reprisal
Regulate the capture of prisoners of war
Raise an army
Maintain a navy
Make rules regulating the military
Provide for calling forth, regulating, and disciplining the militia
Plenary authority over the capital district
Regulating the manner of establishing full faith and credit between states
Admittance of new states
Plenary authority over all territories

Exclusive powers of state and local governments

Regulation of intrastate commerce
Conduct elections
Ratification of amendments to the U.S. Constitution
To exercise powers neither delegated to the national government nor prohibited from the states by the Constitution as per Amendment X
Property laws
Inheritance laws
commercial laws
Banking laws
Corporate laws
Insurance
Family law
Morality law
Public health
Education
Land management
Criminal Law
Elections
Local government
Licensing
Create its own Constitution

tag: ul

text: 19th-century Supreme Court cases[edit]

text: Since the initial division of state and federal powers – collectively, the system of dual federalism – put forth by the Constitution, several seminal court cases have helped further clarify the purview of the federal government. One such case, McCulloch v. Maryland, concerned the constitutionality of a federally chartered bank, which bankers and many legislators in Maryland opposed.[11] Although the ability to charter a bank had not been explicitly granted to the federal government in the Constitution, federalist proponents argued such action as necessary for the federal government to exercise its constitutional power to “tax, borrow, and regulate interstate commerce.”[11] The Supreme Court, in essence, backed Alexander Hamilton's interpretation of the Constitution over Thomas Jefferson[12]. Thus, the banks legitimacy was ensured by the Necessary and Proper Clause.[11]

text: A second major case regarding the respective rights of the state and federal government was Gibbons v. Ogden (1824). In 1808, the Fulton-Livingston Company had been granted exclusive steamboat rights by the New York legislature, who in turn had leased ferry rights within a portion of New York to Aaron Ogden. Ogden, citing the monopoly granted to him by the Fulton-Livingstone Company, had successfully prevented Thomas Gibbons from operating a ferry service between Manhattan and New Jersey.[13] Chief Justice Marshall’s majority opinion sided with Gibbons, stating that Ogden's monopoly of the ferry service overstepped states’ ability to regulate trade. While the constitutionality of some aspects implied by the case remained vague, the decision once more reaffirmed the supremacy of federal law and diminished the power of state-sanctioned protectionism.[13]

text: State challenges to federal supremacy[edit]

text: In the decades before the Civil War, both Northern and Southern states clashed with the national government over perceived overreaches in its power. These conflicts struck at the heart of dual federalism, and reflected a fundamental disagreement about the division of power between the national and state levels.[14] While these political battles were ostensibly solved either through legislative compromise or Supreme Court decisions, the underlying tensions and disagreements about states’ rights would later help set the stage for the Civil War.

text: South Carolina’s Nullification Doctrine[edit]

text: In 1828, the so-called “Tariff of Abominations” passed the U.S. House.[15] It was meant as a protectionist measure to help the relatively industrialized New England states against international products, but this had grave implications for the largely agrarian South.[16] In protest and spearheaded by Vice President John Calhoun, South Carolina formulated a ‘Nullification Doctrine’, in effect claiming a state’s ability to ignore federal law, and rejected the tariff.[17] The situation became especially serious when President Jackson ordered federal troops into Charleston, though crisis was averted by the drafting of a new tariff to which both sides agreed.[16] The crisis illustrated an example of conflicting ideologies on state and federal power that was not resolved through the courts, but with discussion between elected officials.

text: Prigg v Pennsylvania[edit]

text: While some Southern states resisted economic actions of the federal government, several Northern states balked at federal requirements regarding slavery. In 1842, the case of Prigg v. Pennsylvania concerned Edward Prigg, who had been found guilty of kidnapping a former slave residing in Pennsylvania, Margaret Morgan, and her children and bringing them to her former owner in Maryland. Prigg was charged according to Pennsylvania law, which considered such an action a felony, while Prigg argued that he had been duly appointed for the task and was within the bounds of the federal Fugitive Slave Act of 1793.[18] The U.S. Supreme Court declared the Pennsylvania law unconstitutional, striking the abolitionist law and heightening tensions between slaveholding and non-slaveholding states.[19]

text: Nullification by Wisconsin[edit]

text: A similar situation arose when, in 1854, the state Supreme Court of Wisconsin declared the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 unconstitutional.[20] The U.S. Supreme Court overturned the Wisconsin Supreme Court while the Wisconsin legislature, echoing the rhetoric of South Carolina during the 1828 crisis, nullified the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision.[21]

text: Dred Scott v Sandford (1857)[edit]

text: In 1857, continuing the debate between the national government and free states, the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford held that all Americans of African descent were not legally citizens, and therefore could not file suit. Thus Mr. Scott, a slave who had been brought to the free state of Illinois but later returned to slave-holding jurisdictions, and who had pursued emancipation through the federal courts, remained a slave.[22] Though the decision was largely welcomed in the South, the decision outraged abolitionists and non-slaveholding states as another affront on states’ rights.[23]

text: Federal power during the Civil War[edit]

text: The Civil War brought to a head many of the fundamental disagreements concerning the extent of state and federal powers which presidential candidates Lincoln and Douglas had debated between 1858 and 1860.[24] Douglas, an advocate of federal government limited by a strict interpretation of the Constitution, championed the vision of America as “the confederation of the sovereign states".[25] Lincoln, meanwhile, envisioned a more active federal government and more integrated national community, with the purview of states limited to only "those things that pertain exclusively to themselves—that are local in their nature, that have no connection with the general government".[25] Many of these questions would be resolved by actions taken by the North’s federal government during the course of the fighting during the years after the debates.[26] Actions taken by the North during the war, including the conscription of soldiers into a national army, as provided by the Enrollment Act of March 1863, and expanded federal control over banking with the 1863 National Banking Act, resulting in a much more robust national government in postbellum America.[26] There exists debate over whether this increase in federal power was achieved against states’ will or whether such expanded powers were granted by the states.[26]

text: After the Civil War, the federal government began expanding its powers, primarily concerning itself with regulating commerce and civil rights, originally considered the domain of state governments.[21]

text: Reconstruction[edit]

text: After the Civil War, Congress amended the Constitution to guarantee certain rights for citizens. This period brought about debate on whether the federal government could make these amendments, some arguing that this was an infringement on states' rights.[27] However, during this time period the public began to believe that the federal government was responsible for defending civil liberties even though previously the idea was that a strong central government would be the biggest detriment to personal freedom. Regardless, the Supreme Court verified states' rights to require literacy tests in Williams v. Mississippi, effectively allowing states to discriminate against black voters. In addition, the Court ruled in favor of states' rights to mandate racially segregated accommodations, so long as they were "separate but equal" in Plessy v. Ferguson.

text: Although Law Professor Eugene Gressman views these rulings as a "judicially directed perversion"[28] of what the abolitionists meant to accomplish, within historical context the Supreme Court decisions seem more occupied with sustaining the system of dual federalism. In making these decisions, the Supreme Court aimed to keep in line with the idea of federalism as it then existed, balancing states' rights with the protection of civil liberties, rather than simply opposing the new amendments.[29] For instance, in Strauder v. West Virginia the Court sided with those who wished to overturn the law that excluded black citizens from juries, which suggests that the Court was beginning to build a set of cases that enumerated rights based on the new amendments[30]

text: However, in other aspects the Supreme Court reasserted states' rights in relation to the 14th Amendment in particular. In the Slaughter-house cases and Bradwell v. Illinois the Court supported the view that the amendment regulated states rather than individuals practicing discrimination.[31] Both of these cases allowed states to enforce laws that infringed on individual rights.

text: End of dual federalism[edit]

text: The general consensus among scholars is that dual federalism ended during Franklin Roosevelt’s presidency in 1937[32][33][34][35][36][37][38] when the New Deal policies were decided constitutional by the Supreme Court.[35] Industrialization, economic modernization, and conditions surrounding the Great Depression elevated commerce to a more national level, so there was an overlap in the powers of the federal government and the states.[38][39] The federal government, using the Commerce Clause,[36][38] passed national policies to regulate the economy.[32] The Interstate Commerce Act and Sherman Antitrust Act solidified Congress's authority to regulate commerce between states and expanded its role.[21] This, in addition to the New Deal policies, led to the federal government and the states working together more, ending the era of dual federalism and moving America into cooperative federalism.

text: However, political scientists have argued different theories concerning the end of dual federalism. As opposed to a clear transition from dual federalism to cooperative federalism, some political scientists say there was a much more complicated relationship between the states and the federal government. Rather than a competition for power, the powers of the state and federal government change according to national political movements and their agendas; a dynamic that existed both before and after the New Deal.[33][40][41][42][43] Other political scientists see dual federalism ending much earlier than the New Deal; This would have been the beginning of cooperative federalism as the federal government identified a problem, set up the basic outline of the program to address the problem, and make money available to fund that program, and then turning over much of the responsibility for implementing and running the program to the states and localities. [44] Daniel Elazar argues that there was substantial cooperation among the states and federal government beginning in the 19th century, leading up to the Civil War[45] and several political scientists assert that starting from the 1870s and throughout the Progressive Era, the federal government and states worked together to create national policies.[32][33][38][39]

text: Outside the United States[edit]

text: The governments of Argentina, Austria, Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Comoros, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Micronesia, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Spain, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela also operate through federalism[46][47][48][49] The federations of Australia, Canada, and Switzerland most closely resemble the model of American dual federalism in which fundamental governmental powers are divided between the federal and state governments, with the states exercising broad powers.[50][51]

text: While the American federalist system allocates both legislative and administrative powers to each division of government, European federations have historically allocated legislative powers to the federal government and left constituents to administer and implement these laws.[52][53][54] Most western federalist systems in recent years have drifted away from autonomous levels of governments with strong state powers and moved toward more centralized federal governments, as seen in the American government's transition from dual to cooperative federalism.[54][55][56] The Canadian and Australian federal systems closely resemble the American construct of dual federalism in that their legislative and executive powers are allocated in the same policy area to a single level of government.[57][58] In contrast, some federal structures, such as those of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, consist of federal governments exercising broad legislative powers and constituent governments allocated the power to administer such legislation in a style similar to cooperative federalism.[51][59][60][61]

text: Constitutions with delegations of broad powers to the state level of government that resemble the Constitution of the United States include the Constitution of Australia and the Constitution of Canada. The Australian Constitution was designed to enumerate a limited range of federal powers and leave the rest to the states. The Canadian Constitution, in contrast, assigned all residual powers to the federal government and enumerated a complete list of state powers.[57][58] The Austrian Constitution, Constitution of Germany, and Swiss Constitution enumerate few policy fields exclusive to the states, but enumerate extensive concurrent powers. The federations operate chiefly through legislation produced by the federal government and left to the Länder or state governments to implement.[51][54][59][60][61]

text: Origins of "layer cake" metaphor[edit]

text: In his second term, President Dwight D. Eisenhower organized the Commission on National Goals to broadly outline national objectives. Included in their 1960 report Goals for Americans: The Report of the President's Commission on National Goals was "The Federal System", a report by political scientist Morton Grodzins.[62][63] In this report, Grodzins first coined the terms "layer cake federalism" and "marble cake federalism."[64][65] He used the metaphor of a layer cake to describe the system of dual federalism, the separated layers of the cake symbolizing how distinct spheres of power that the state and federal governments inhabited. He contrasted this with marble cake, which he saw as descriptive of federalism's status in 1960, the swirling indistinct boundaries of the cake symbolizing the overlapping and concurrent duties of the state and federal governments.


document_title: Dora the Explorer

question_text: who did the voice of dora the explorer

question_tokens: who did the voice of dora the explorer

text: Dora the Explorer

text: Plot

text: The series centers around Dora, a 7 (Later 8) year old American girl of Indigenous Mexican heritage, with a love of embarking on quests related to an activity that she wants to partake of or a place that she wants to go to, accompanied by her talking purple backpack and anthropomorphic monkey companion named Boots (named for his beloved pair of red boots). Each episode is based around a series of cyclical events that occur along the way during Dora's travels, along with obstacles that she and Boots are forced to overcome or puzzles that they have to solve (with "assistance" from the viewing audience) relating to riddles, the Spanish language, or counting. Common rituals may involve Dora's encounters with Swiper, a bipedal, anthropomorphic masked thieving fox whose theft of the possessions of others must be prevented through fourth wall-breaking interaction with the viewer. To stop Swiper, Dora must say "Swiper no swiping" three times. However, on occasions where Swiper steals the belongings of other people, the viewer is presented with the challenge of helping Boots and Dora locate the stolen items. Another obstacle involves encounters with another one of the program's antagonists; the "Grumpy Old Troll" dwelling beneath a bridge that Dora and Boots must cross, who challenges them with a riddle before permitting them the past that needs to be solved with the viewer's help. Known for the constant breaking of the fourth-wall depicted in every episode, the audience is usually presented to two primary landmarks that must be passed before Dora can reach her destination, normally being challenged with games or puzzles along the way. The episode always ends with Dora successfully reaching the locale, singing the "We Did It!" song with Boots in triumph.

text: On numerous occasions, television specials have been aired for the series in which the usual events of regular episodes are altered, threatened, or replaced. Usually said specials will present Dora with a bigger, more whimsical adventure than usual or with a magical task that must be fulfilled, or perhaps even offer a series of different adventures for Boots and Dora to travel through. They might be presented with an unusual, difficult task (such as assisting Swiper in his attempts to be erased from Santa Claus's Naughty List) that normally is not featured in average episodes, or challenge Dora with a goal that must be achieved (such as the emancipation of a trapped mermaid). Sometimes, the specials have involved the debut of new characters, such as the birth of Dora's superpowered twin baby siblings and the introduction of the enchanted anthropomorphic stars that accompany Dora on many of her quests.

text: Voices

text:
Dora Márquez[3] (aka Dora the Explorer): Kathleen Herles (2000–2007), Caitlin Sanchez (2008–2011), Fátima Ptacek (2012–2014)
Boots: Harrison Chad (2000–2007), Regan Mizrahi (2008–2012), Koda Gursoy (2012-2014)
Backpack: Sasha Toro (2000–2007), Alexandria Suarez (2008–2014)
Isa the Iguana: Ashley Fleming (2000–2007), Lenique Vincent (2008–2011), Skai Jackson (2012–2014)
Tico the Squirrel: Jose Zelaya (2002–2007), Jean Carlos Celi (2008–2014)
Benny the Bull: Jake Burbage (2000–2007), Matt Gumley (2008–2014)
Explorer Stars: Christiana Anbri, Henry Gifford, Katie Gifford, Aisha Shickler, Muhammed Cunningham, Jose Zeleya
Diego: Felipe and Andre Dieppa (2003–2006), Jake T. Austin (2005–2010), Brandon Zambrano (2011–2012), Jacob Medrano (2012–2014)[4][5]
Elaine Del Valle - Val the Octopus, various
Eileen Galindo - Mrs. Marquez
Chris Gifford - Big Red Chicken, Grumpy Old Troll, various
K. J. Sanchez
Adam Sietz - Boots' Daddy, various
Leslie Valdes
Marc Weiner - Map, Swiper

text: Guest voices

text:
John Leguizamo
Cheech Marin
Ricardo Montalbán
Esai Morales - Mr. Marquez
Amy Principe
Irwin Reese
Chita Rivera (Dora's Fairytale Adventure, 2004)
Antonia Rey
Paul Rodriguez
Frankie Grande

text: Guest stars

text:
Johnny Weir, (Dora's Ice Skating Spectacular, 2013)
Hilary Duff, (Dora's Ice Skating Spectacular, 2013)
Jewel Kilcher (Dora in Wonderland, 2014)
Mel Brooks (Dora in Wonderland, 2014)
Alan Cumming (Dora in Wonderland, 2014)
Sara Ramirez (Dora in Wonderland, 2014)

text: Episode list

text: Development

text: The show was developed out of Nickelodeons desire to "Come up with the next big hit" similar to the networks other hit preschool shows at the time Little Bear and Blues Clues. The creators sought to combine both shows format, with the narrative focus of Little Bear combined with the interactivity of Blues Clues. [6] The creators further developed the concept by observing preschoolers with the creators coming to the conclusion that " they are little explorers"[6]

text: Dora is a Latina. According to a Nickelodeon spokesman, "She was developed to be pan-Latina to represent the diversity of Latino cultures."[7] Initially the character was not planned to be Latina although after an executive at Nickelodeon attended a conference about the lack of Latino representation, the creators were asked if they could include such elements. At first there was hesitancy, but eventually they realzed that they had " a great opportunity" and the character was designed as such. [6] Nickelodeon at first did not like the antagonist Swiper, at first with researchers stating that "t he was bad modeling and unsettling to kids" however the creators felt strongly about the inclusion of a vilainous character and he remained in the final show [6]

text: On March 8, 2009, Mattel and Nickelodeon announced that Dora will receive a tweenage makeover, switching from a young age to a teenage attending middle school. Initially, it was announced that the new look would not be revealed until late 2009,[8] but after a short controversy, the tween Dora was unveiled on March 16, 2009.[9][10][11] The change was criticized by one writer that did not support the feminization of Dora's image.[12]

text: In 2012, a CGI opening was created for new episodes of the series.[13]

text: Dora's Explorer Girls

text: In 2009, Mattel and Nickelodeon introduced a preteen version of Dora, with four friends named Naiya, Kate, Emma, and Alana, who call themselves the Explorer Girls.[14] The Explorer Girls were included in the Dora and Friends spin-off in 2014.

text: Foreign adaptations

text: Dora the Explorer has been produced in various other languages worldwide. It facilitates the learning of important foreign language words or phrases (mostly English, interspersed with a local language (e.g. Norwegian, Russian, Hindi, or German), with occasional use of Spanish (used in the Gaelic, Serbian, and Turkish versions)) through its simplicity and use of repetition.

text:
Arabic – The Arabic language version is broadcast on the "Nickelodeon on MBC3" block of MBC3, and is presented in Arabic-English.
Cantonese – The Cantonese language version (Chinese: 愛探險的朵拉; literally: "Explore-loving Dora") is sold in Hong Kong. It is presented in Cantonese-English.
Danish – The Danish language version is called "Dora – udforskeren" and there are commands and expressions in English. It is broadcast on the national public children's channel, DR Ramasjang, and also on Nick Jr. through various pay TV providers.
Dutch – The Dutch language version broadcasts on Nickelodeon and Nick. Jr, It is presented in Dutch-English. The voice actors are Lottie Hellingman as Dora and Dieter Jansen as Boots.
French – The French language version, Dora l'exploratrice, broadcasts on TF1 in France and Télé-Québec in Canada. It is presented in French-English, with Dora and Boots (called Babouche) speaking French and other protagonists speaking and answering in English.
Filipino – The Filipino language version broadcasts on ABS-CBN and has the same English title "Dora, the Explorer". The characters speak Filipino and some English, Dora teaches English in this version.
German – The German language version broadcasts on the German branch of Nickelodeon. The bilingualism is German-English.
Greek – The Greek language version is called "Ντόρα η μικρή εξερευνήτρια" (or Dora the Little Explorer). It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and Star Channel. The bilingualism is Greek-English. Dora and Boots (called Botas) speak Greek and other protagonists speak and answer in English.
Hebrew – The Hebrew language version broadcasts on HOP channel. The bilingualism is Hebrew-English. The series is called מגלים עם דורה (or Megalim Im Dora--English: Discovering with Dora).
Hindi – In the Hindi language version, Dora and the other characters speak Hindi. It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. Dora teaches the viewers English words and numbers.
Hungarian – In the Hungarian language version, Dora and the other characters speak Hungarian with some English words or phrases. It broadcasts on Nickelodeon (Hungary). The series is called Dóra a felfedező.
Indonesian – The Indonesian language version broadcasts on Global TV. The bilingualism is Indonesian-English.
Irish – The Irish language version broadcasts on the Irish station TG4. The bilingualism is Irish-Spanish with Dora and Boots speaking in Irish and some other characters speaking Spanish as in the original American version.
Italian – The Italian language version broadcasts on Cartoonito and on Nickelodeon. The bilingualism is Italian-English. The series is called Dora l'esploratrice ("Dora the Explorer"). Most characters speak Italian, but some characters and especially Dora's parents and backpack speak English along with Italian.
Japanese – The Japanese language version broadcasts on Nick Japan. The bilingualism is Japanese-English, with Dora and Boots speaking Japanese and other protagonists speaking and answering in English. The version is called ドーラといっしょに大冒険 (Dōra to issho ni dai bōken/Adventures with Dora).
Kannada – The Kannada language version broadcasts on Chintu TV and is a very popular program on that network. Hindi is the second language in this version.
Korean – The Korean language version broadcasts on Nick Jr in Korea. The title is "Hi Dora" and is introduced by a real person whose name is Dami – she introduces key English vocabulary for each episode. The episode is primarily in Korean with some English.
Macedonian – The Macedonian language version broadcasts on MRT 1 in Macedonia. The title is "Дора истражува" (or Dora the Explorer). The bilingualism is Macedonian-English.
Malay – The Malay language version broadcasts on TV9. The bilingualism is Malay-English. Dora speaks primarily in Malay, and the secondary language is English. The original English-Spanish version, however, is also available on Nickelodeon South East Asia via the Nick Jr. programming slot to subscribers of the ASTRO satellite TV service.
Malayalam – The Malayalam language version is called Dorayude Prayanam (ഡോറയുടെ പ്രയാണം) and broadcasts on a local kids programming channel Kochu TV, which is the Malayalam dubbed version of Chutti TV.
Mandarin – In the Mandarin Chinese language version Dora the characters speak mainly Mandarin with limited English. It broadcasts on Yo-yo TV in Taiwan (Channel 25).
Maori – The Māori language version is called "Dora Mātātoa".
Norwegian – In the Norwegian language version, the bilingualism is Norwegian-English.
Polish – The Polish language version broadcasts on Nickelodeon in Poland. The bilingualism is Polish-English. The series is called Dora poznaje świat ("Dora explores the world").
Portuguese – In the Portuguese language versions, Dora a Exploradora broadcasts on RTP2 and Nickelodeon Portugal. On Nickelodeon Brazil, the show is called Dora a Aventureira, and Dora and Boots (called Boots in the Portuguese version and Botas in the Brazilian version) speak Portuguese, while the other protagonists speak and answer in English. Some Portuguese episodes are available on DVD.
Persian – The Persian language version broadcasts on Persian Toon. The bilingualism is Persian-English.
Russian – The Russian language version broadcasts on TNT and Nickelodeon. The bilingualism is Russian-English. The series is called Dasha-sledopyt ("Dasha the Pathfinder"). Dasha is the children's name of Daria (Darya).
Serbian – The Serbian language version broadcasts on B92. The bilingualism is Serbian-Spanish. The series is called Dora istražuje (Dora is exploring).
Spanish – There are different Spanish language versions for Mexico, Latin America, and Spain. Dora la Exploradora broadcasts on Nickelodeon in Latin America (and up to September 2006 on Telemundo in the USA; from April 2008 on Univisión). Dora and Boots (called Botas) speak Spanish and the other protagonists speak and answer in English. Some Spanish episodes are available to US viewers on VHS, and some DVDs have a Spanish track (including Dora's Egg Hunt). This version is entirely the reverse of the original English version; Tico and Señor Tucan (called Mr. Toucan) only speak English. Additionally, Univision has added on-screen captions of the Spanish words spoken in English. In Spain, Dora la exploradora is aired on TVE 1, Clan TVE and Nickelodeon. It is another reverse of the original English version (the characters speak mainly Spanish but there are commands and expressions in English).
Swedish – In the Swedish language version Dora- utforskaren the characters speak mainly Swedish but there are commands and expressions in English. It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and TV4.
Tamil – In the Tamil language version Doravin Payanangal (டோராவின் பயணங்கள்), the characters all speak Tamil, with some English interspersed. It broadcasts on a local kids programming channel Chutti TV.
Thai – In the Thai language version ดอร่าดิเอกซ์พลอเรอร์ or ดอร่าสาวน้อยนักผจญภัย, the characters speak Thai; however, Tico speaks English. It broadcasts on Gang Cartoon Channel, Nick Jr., Thai PBS.
Turkish – In the Turkish language version Dora the characters speak mainly Turkish, Spanish, and English but there are commands and expressions in Turkish. It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and CNBC-e.

text: As shown by the list above, the usual second language is English, but Spanish is used in the original American version in English (broadcast also for Malay speakers), in the Gaelic (Irish), Serbian, and the trilingual Turkish versions.

text: Stage adaptations

text: Two stage versions of Dora the Explorer toured North America, the first being "City of Lost Toys", and the second being "Dora's Pirate Adventure". Produced by Nickelodeon and LiveNation, these productions featured live actors portraying the roles of Dora and her friends, including Boots, Diego, Isa, and the Fiesta Trio. Many of the characters wore elaborate foam costumes designed to resemble the Dora characters. Each production featured a structure similar to an episode of the television series. City of Lost Toys featured Christina Bianco as Dora while Dora's Pirate Adventure featured Danay Ferrer of the band Innosense in the role of Dora and Frankie Grande as Boots. Both productions featured a version of the popular Gloria Estefan song "Get On Your Feet" as the final number of the show. Both productions were conceived by Chris Gifford, creator of the television show, and directed by Gip Hoppe.

text: There have been three Dora touring companies. The "City of Lost Toys" company and the "Pirate Adventure" company featured actors and crew that were members of Actor's Equity and IATSE, respectively, the unions for professional actors and stagehands in the United States. The third company performs a reduced version of "Pirate Adventure" and does not employ union personnel. This production is currently touring North America, and scheduled to travel to the United Kingdom and France.

text: Dora the Explorer merchandise

text: There are many action figures and playsets available in many markets, along with DVDs, cosmetics, hygiene products, ride-ons, books, board games, plush dolls, apparel, handbags, play tents, play kitchens, and more. Licensees include Fisher-Price in the United States and Holland Publishing in the United Kingdom.

text: Toys

text: In 2004 Lego released four sets based on the TV series' characters. These include 7330 Dora's Treasure Island, 7331 Diego's Rescue Truck, 7332 Dora and Boots at Play Park, and 7333 Dora and Diego's Animal Adventure.

text: In 2007, lead paint used by a contract toy manufacturer in China prompted Mattel to issue recalls for nearly a million toys, many of which featured Sesame Street and Nickelodeon characters, including Dora the Explorer. Nickelodeon responded that they would introduce "third-party monitoring" of all manufacturers of products under its brands.[15][16][17]

text: Books

text: Dora the Explorer series

text:
Dora's Backpack (ISBN 978-0689847202)
Little Star (ISBN 978-0689847219)
Happy Mother's Day Mami! (ISBN 978-0689852336)
Meet Diego! (ISBN 978-0689859939)
Dora's Thanksgiving (ISBN 978-0689858420)
Dora Loves Boots (ISBN 978-0689863738)
Dora's Book of Manners (ISBN 978-0689865336)
Dora Goes to School (ISBN 978-0689864940)
Dora's Fairy-Tale Adventure (ISBN 978-0689870125)
Dora's Chilly Day (ISBN 978-0689867958)
Show Me Your Smile! (ISBN 978-0689871696)
Dora's Pirate Adventure (ISBN 978-0689875830)
Big Sister Dora! (ISBN 978-0689878466)
At the Carnival (ISBN 978-0689858413)
Dora's Costume Party! (ISBN 978-1416900108)
Dance to the Rescue (ISBN 978-1416902164)
Dora's Starry Christmas (ISBN 978-1416902492)
Super babies (ISBN 978-1416914853)
The Birthday Dance Party (ISBN 978-1416913030)
Dora's World Adventure (ISBN 978-1416924470)
Dora Climbs Star Mountain (ISBN 978-1416940593)
It's Sharing Day! (ISBN 978-1416915751)
Dora Had a Little Lamb (ISBN 978-1416933687)
Dora Saves Mermaid Kingdom! (ISBN 978-1416938415)
Dora and the Stuck Truck (ISBN 978-1416947998)

tag: ol

text: Ready To Read series – Level 1

text:
Dora's Picnic (ISBN 978-0689852381)
Follow Those Feet! (ISBN 978-0689852398)
Dora in the Deep Sea (ISBN 978-0689858451)
I Love My Papi! (ISBN 978-0689864957)
Say "Cheese!" (ISBN 978-0689864964)
The Halloween Cat (ISBN 978-0689867996)
Eggs for Everyone! (ISBN 978-0689871764)
Just Like Dora! (ISBN 978-0689876752)
I Love My Mami! (ISBN 978-1416906506)
Puppy Takes a Bath (ISBN 978-1416914839)
Around the World! (ISBN 978-1416924784)
Dora's Sleepover (ISBN 978-1416915089)
Dora Helps Diego! (ISBN 978-1416915096)
Dora's Perfect Pumpkin (ISBN 978-1416934387)
Dora's Mystery of the Missing Shoes (ISBN 978-1416938248)

text: A Lift-the-Flap Story

text:
Good Night, Dora!: A Lift-the-Flap Story (ISBN 978-0689847745)
Where Is Boots?: A Lift-the-Flap Story (ISBN 978-0689847752)
Let's Play Sports!: A Lift-the-Flap Story (ISBN 978-1416933502)
All Dressed Up!: A Lift-the-Flap Book (ISBN 978-0689877186)

text: Treasury books and collection books

text: Dora's Ready-to-Read Adventures (ISBN 978-0689878152)

text: Contains: Dora's picnic, Follow those feet, Dora in the deep sea, I love my Papi!, Say "Cheese"

text: Dora's Storytime Collection (ISBN 978-0689866234)

text: Contains: Dora's Backpack, Little Star, Happy Birthday, Mami!, Meet Diego!, Dora Saves the Prince, Dora's Treasure Hunt, Good Night, Dora!

text: Dora's Big Book of Stories (ISBN 978-1416907084)

text: Contains: Dora's Book of Manners, Dora Goes to School, Dora's Fairy-Tale Adventure, Dora's Chilly Day, Show Me Your Smile!, Dora's Pirate Adventure, Big Sister Dora!

text: Sticker books

text: Dora's Magic Watering Can (ISBN 978-1416947721)

text: DVDs and videos

text: Video games

text: Video games based on the 2000 television show Dora the Explorer were released. In Canada, Cheerios offered a free Dora the Explorer the Game CD-ROMs in specially marked packages. However, packages sold in Quebec would only have the French version. Dora the Explorer: Barnyard Buddies is a video game released for the PlayStation in 2003 in the US. It was not released in Europe until 2005 being one of the very last games released on that platform in that territory. Dora the Explorer: Super Star Adventures is an adventure video game for the Game Boy Advance released in 2004. It was developed by Imaginengine and published by Global Star.[18]

text: Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet is an action-adventure video game, developed by Monkey Bar Games, published by Global Star Software and powered by Vicious Engine. The game was released for GameCube in North America on October 13, 2005,[19] and later in PAL regions on December 16, 2005. The PlayStation 2 version was released on PAL regions on December 2, 2005, and later in North America on February 9, 2006.[20] The game is about Dora and Boots who finds some lost aliens from the purple planet. However, to take them home, she and Boots are required to collect keys to open the space gate, leading to the saturn planet. The game is unique in that it uses pictures and symbols to communicate rather than words. The object of the game is to capture one of the six explorer stars. Each explorer star has a special power such as the ability to be noisy or the ability to create music. In order to capture the star, the player must complete a hide-and-seek activity. These activities include maze navigation, matching games, side-scrolling race games, a "Frogger"-type game, a complete-the-pattern activity and a song playing game.[21]

text: Dora Puppy is a puppy simulator where players must help Dora take care of her puppy, Perrito, and help train him for doggie competitions. All the actions are performed by either tracing certain shapes with the stylus or calling out commands into the DS's microphone.[22] It was developed by Take-Two Interactive for the Nintendo DS and published by 2K Play in North America[23] and Australia in 2009, and in Europe in 2010.

text: Dora the Explorer: Dora's Cooking Club is a cooking video game for the Nintendo DS. It was published by 2K Play in 2010.[24] In the game, players have to chop veggies, stir soups, top pizzas, and more using math skills. They may be sorting cookies into numbered groups or counting out different amounts of ingredients.[25]

text:
Dora the Explorer: Dora Saves the Snow Princess is a video game that was released for the PlayStation 2 and the Wii console in 2008.
Dora the Explorer: Dora Saves the Crystal Kingdom is a video game that was released for the PlayStation 2 and the Wii console in 2009.

text: Mobile streaming

text: On August 31, 2017, the first five seasons of the show were added to the NOGGIN app.

text: Sequel

text: In 2013, Nickelodeon announced that it will have a sequel to Dora the Explorer titled as Dora and Friends: Into the City!. It will star the Latina heroine Dora as a 10-year-old who goes on city adventures with the Explorer Girls, accompanied by a male pal named Pablo. The series has been picked up for 20 episodes and aired on Nickelodeon on August 18, 2014.[26][27][28][29][30][31]

text: Live-action film adaptation

text: On October 23, 2017, it was announced that a live-action film adaptation is in the works over at Paramount Pictures and is slated for a 2019 release. Its screenplay will be penned by Nick Stoller with Michael Bay as producer. Unlike the TV series, the film is expected to follow the titular character as a teenager.[2]