document_title: Camphor

question_text: what is the meaning of kapur in english

question_tokens: what is the meaning of kapur in english

text: Camphor

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word camphor derives from the French word camphre, itself from Medieval Latin camfora, from Arabic kafur, ultimately from Sanskrit, कर्पूरम् / karpūram.[8] Camphor was well known in ancient India during the Vedic period. In Old Malay it is known as kapur Barus, which means "the chalk of Barus". Barus was the name of an ancient port located near modern Sibolga city on the western coast of Sumatra island.[9] This port traded in camphor extracted from laurel trees (Cinnamonum camphora) that were abundant in the region. Even now, the local tribespeople and Indonesians in general refer to aromatic naphthalene balls and moth balls as kapur Barus.

text: Production[edit]

text: In the 19th century, it was known that nitric acid oxidizes camphor into camphoric acid. Haller and Blanc published a semisynthesis of camphor from camphoric acid. Although they demonstrated its structure, they were unable to prove it. The first complete total synthesis of camphoric acid was published by Gustaf Komppa in 1903. Its inputs were diethyl oxalate and 3,3-dimethylpentanoic acid, which reacted by Claisen condensation to yield diketocamphoric acid. Methylation with methyl iodide and a complicated reduction procedure produced camphoric acid. William Perkin published another synthesis a short time later. Previously, some organic compounds (such as urea) had been synthesized in the laboratory as a proof of concept, but camphor was a scarce natural product with a worldwide demand. Komppa realized this and began industrial production of camphor in Tainionkoski, Finland, in 1907.

text: Camphor can be produced from alpha-pinene, which is abundant in the oils of coniferous trees and can be distilled from turpentine produced as a side product of chemical pulping. With acetic acid as the solvent and with catalysis by a strong acid, alpha-pinene readily rearranges into camphene, which in turn undergoes Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement into the isobornyl cation, which is captured by acetate to give isobornyl acetate. Hydrolysis into isoborneol followed by oxidation gives racemic camphor. By contrast, camphor occurs naturally as D-camphor, the (R)-enantiomer.

text: Biosynthesis[edit]

text: In biosynthesis, camphor is produced from geranyl pyrophosphate, via cyclisation of linaloyl pyrophosphate to bornyl pyrophosphate, followed by hydrolysis to borneol and oxidation to camphor.

text: Reactions[edit]

text: Typical camphor reactions are

text: bromination,

text: oxidation with nitric acid,

text: conversion to isonitrosocamphor.

text: Camphor can also be reduced to isoborneol using sodium borohydride.

text: In 1998, K. Chakrabarti and coworkers from the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, prepared diamond thin film using camphor as the precursor for chemical vapor deposition.[10]

text: In 2007, carbon nanotubes were successfully synthesized using camphor in chemical vapor deposition process.[11]

text: Physical uses[edit]

text: The sublimating capability of camphor gives it several uses.

text: Explosives[edit]

text: Camphor is used as a plasticizer for nitrocellulose, an ingredient for fireworks and explosive munitions. During the late 19th Century, as Western manufacturers developed machine guns and other rapid fire ordnance, it became imperative to reduce the smoke that obscured battlefields and revealed hidden gun emplacements. Camphor was an essential component in the production of smokeless gunpowder. Also, the new smokeless powder did not foul the weapons as much as conventional gunpowder.[12]

text: Pest deterrent and preservative[edit]

text: Camphor is believed to be toxic to insects and is thus sometimes used as a repellent.[13] Camphor is used as an alternative to mothballs. Camphor crystals are sometimes used to prevent damage to insect collections by other small insects. It is kept in clothes used on special occasions and festivals, and also in cupboard corners as a cockroach repellent.

text: Camphor is also used as an antimicrobial substance. In embalming, camphor oil was one of the ingredients used by ancient Egyptians for mummification.[14]

text: Solid camphor releases fumes that form a rust-preventative coating and is therefore stored in tool chests to protect tools against rust.[15]

text: Culinary uses[edit]

text: In ancient and medieval Europe, camphor was used as an ingredient in sweets. It was used in a wide variety of both savory and sweet dishes in medieval Arabic language cookbooks, such as al-Kitab al-Ṭabikh compiled by ibn Sayyâr al-Warrâq in the 10th century,[16] and an anonymous Andalusian cookbook of the 13th century.[17] It also appears in sweet and savory dishes in the Ni'matnama, a book written in the late 15th century for the sultans of Mandu.[18] An early international trade in it made camphor widely known throughout Arabia in pre-Islamic times, as it is mentioned in the Quran 76:5 as a flavoring for drinks.[19] By the 13th century, it was used in recipes everywhere in the Muslim world, ranging from main dishes such as tharid and stew to desserts.[17]

text: Currently, alcohol analog of camphor, also known as isoborneol, is used as a flavoring, mostly for sweets, in Asia. It is widely used in cooking, mainly for dessert dishes, in India where it is known as kachha karpooram or "pachha karpoora" ("crude/raw camphor"), in (Telugu:పచ్చ కర్పూరo), (Tamil:பச்சைக் கற்பூரம்), (Kannada:ಪಚ್ಚ ಕರ್ಪೂರ), and is available in Indian grocery stores where it is labeled as "edible camphor".

text: Medicinal uses[edit]

text: Physiology[edit]

text: Camphor is readily absorbed through the skin, where it selectively stimulates nerve endings sensitive to cold, producing a warm sensation when vigorously applied, or a cool sensation when applied gently.[20][21][22] This effect also induces a slight local anesthesia, and has an antimicrobial secondary effect.

text: These effects are particularly noticeable in the lungs and airways if camphor is inhaled as an aerosol.[20]

text: The global effects on the body include tachycardia (increased heart rate), vasodilation in skin (flushing), slower breathing, reduced appetite, and increased secretions and excretions such as perspiration and urination. [23]

text: The sensation of heat or cold that camphor produces on the skin is caused by activating the ion channel TRPV3.[21][22] This may account for the antimicrobial effect.

text: Camphor is toxic in large doses. It produces symptoms of irritability, disorientation, lethargy, muscle spasms, vomiting, abdominal cramps, convulsions, and seizures.[24][25][26] Lethal doses in adults are in the range 50–500 mg/kg (orally). Generally, two grams cause serious toxicity and four grams are potentially lethal.[27]

text: Traditional uses[edit]

text: Camphor has been used in traditional medicine from time immemorial in countries where it was native. It was probably the odor of the substance and its decongestant effect that led to its use in medicine.[20]

text: Camphor was used in ancient Sumatra to treat sprains, swellings, and inflammation.[28]

text: It has long been used as a medical substance in ancient India, where it generally goes by the name Karpūra. It has been described in the 7th-century Āyurvedic work Mādhavacikitsā as being an effective drug used for the treatment of fever. The plant has also been named Hima and has been identified with the plant Cinnamomum camphora. According to the Vaidyaka-śabda-sindhu, it is one of the “five flavours” used in betel-chewing, where it is also referred to as Candrabhasma (‘moon powder’).

text: Camphor also was used for centuries in Chinese medicine for a variety of purposes.[20]

text: Modern uses[edit]

text: Camphor was a component of paregoric, an opium/camphor tincture developed in the 18th century. Paregoric was used in various formulations for hundreds of years. It was a household remedy in the 18th and 19th centuries when it was widely used to control diarrhea in adults and children, as an expectorant and cough medicine, to calm fretful children, and to rub on the gums to counteract the pain from teething. Its use declined in the 20th century after the regulation of opium.

text: Also in the 18th century, camphor was used by Auenbrugger in the treatment of mania, paradoxically by inducing seizures.[29]

text: Based on Hahnemann's writings, camphor (dissolved in alcohol) was successfully used in the 19th century to treat the 1854-1855 cholera epidemics in Naples.[30]

text: In the 20th century, camphor was administered orally in small quantities (50 mg) for minor heart symptoms and fatigue.[31] This preparation was sold under the trade name Musterole; production ceased in the 1990s.

text: Today the main use of camphor is as a cough suppressant[32] and as a decongestant.[32] It is an active ingredient (along with menthol) in vapor-steam decongestant products, such as Vicks VapoRub.

text: Regulation[edit]

text: In 1980, the US Food and Drug Administration set a limit of 11% allowable camphor in consumer products, and banned products labeled as camphorated oil, camphor oil, camphor liniment, and camphorated liniment (except "white camphor essential oil", which contains no significant amount of camphor[citation needed]). Since alternative treatments exist, medicinal use of camphor is discouraged by the FDA, except for skin-related uses, such as medicated powders, which contain only small amounts of camphor.

text: Hindu religious ceremonies[edit]

text: Camphor is widely used in Hindu religious ceremonies. It is put on a stand called 'karpur dāni' in India. Aarti is performed after setting fire to it usually as the last step of puja.[33]


document_title: Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome

question_text: who was the teenage girl in mad max beyond thunderdome

root

text: Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome

text: Plot[edit]

text: In post-apocalyptic Australia, Max Rockatansky crosses the desert in a camel-drawn wagon when he is attacked by a pilot named Jedediah and his son in a Transavia PL-12 Airtruk, stealing his wagon and belongings. Continuing on foot, Max follows their trail to the seedy community of Bartertown. While refused entry, Max is brought before the founder and ruler of Bartertown, the ruthless Aunty Entity. She offers to resupply his vehicle and equipment if he completes a task for her.

tag: p

text: Aunty explains that Bartertown depends on a crude methane refinery powered by pig feces, which is run by a dwarf called Master and his giant bodyguard Blaster. "Master Blaster" holds an uneasy truce with Aunty for control of Bartertown; however, Master has begun to challenge Aunty's leadership. Aunty instructs Max to provoke a confrontation with Blaster in Thunderdome, a gladiatorial arena where conflicts are resolved by a duel to the death. Max enters the refinery to size up Master Blaster and befriends Pig Killer, a convict sentenced to work for slaughtering a pig to feed his family. Max finds his stolen vehicle in Master Blaster's possession, and helps disarm his booby-trapped engine to converse with him. Here he discovers that Blaster is exceptionally strong but extremely sensitive to high-pitched noises.

text: Max then faces Blaster in the Thunderdome and uses his weakness to gain the upper hand. He refuses to kill him after discovering he has a severe developmental disability. He tells Aunty it was not part of their deal, thus revealing her plot. Master, previously unaware of this arrangement to kill Blaster, is furious and vows to shut down the refinery and, by extension, Bartertown. An enraged Aunty has Blaster executed, Master imprisoned, and Max exiled. He is bound on a horse and sent off in a random direction through the wasteland. When his mount perishes in a sinkhole, Max frees himself and presses on.

text: Near death, Max is found by a desert dweller named Savannah Nix, who hauls him back to her home, a primitive community of children and teenagers who live in an oasis. The children, survivors of a crashed Boeing 747, were left by their parents who went to find civilization. They believe Max to be the flight captain, G. L. Walker, returned to fix the aeroplane and fly them to civilization. Max denies this and insists that they remain in the relative safety of the oasis, knowing that the only "civilization" within reach is Bartertown.

text: Some of the children, led by Savannah, leave anyway, determined to find the prophesied "Tomorrow-morrow Land." Max stops them by force, but another tribe member, Scrooloose, sets them free during the night and leaves with them. Their leader, Slake M'Thirst, asks Max to go after them, and he agrees, taking a few of the children with him to help. They find Savannah's group in danger but are unable to save one of the children from a sinkhole. With no supplies left, they are forced to head for Bartertown.

text: The group sneak in via the underground, and, with Pig Killer's help, free Master and escape in a train-truck, destroying Bartertown's methane refinery in the process. Aunty leads the inhabitants in pursuit, catching up to the train. Max's group slows them down while Scrooloose hijacks one of the pursuing vehicles, which happens to be Max's stolen vehicle. The group comes across Jedediah and his son, and Max coerces Jedediah into helping his group escape with their aeroplane. Max uses his vehicle to clear a path through Aunty's men, allowing the aeroplane to take off and escape, leaving him at Aunty's mercy. Aunty spares his life, having come to respect him, and departs to presumably make good on her vow to rebuild Bartertown.

text: Jedediah flies the children to the coast, where they discover the nuclear-devastated ruins of Sydney. Years later, the children have established a small society of themselves and other lost wanderers in the ruins. Savannah, now leader of the group, recites a nightly story of their journey and the man who saved them, as Max, still alive in the desert, wanders on to places unknown.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Mel Gibson as "Mad" Max Rockatansky, a former MFP officer and lone warrior. Max roves the desert aimlessly, his existence entirely based around self-survival.
Tina Turner as Aunty Entity, the ruthless, determined ruler of Bartertown. Entity is a glamorous, Amazon-like figure who recognises a strength of character in Max, and hopes to exploit him to gain sole control of Bartertown from Master. Despite her brutality and Bartertown's chaos, Entity is an intelligent, cultured woman, who holds a hope of one day rebuilding society to its former glory. In regard of the character, Miller said, "We needed someone whose vitality and intelligence would make her control over Bartertown credible. She had to be a positive character rather than a conventional evil 'bad guy.' We had worked on the script with [Turner] in mind. But we had no idea if she'd be interested."[4]
Bruce Spence as Jedediah the Pilot, a marauding pilot who trades stolen goods in Bartertown. Spence previously played the Gyro Captain in Mad Max 2. "They were well into the shoot when they offered me a part described as 'not the Gyro Captain but kind of like the Gyro Captain!'" said Spence. "They said there's kind of a reflection of him and that they were having difficulty casting the role so they thought to themselves, 'Why not Bruce!'"[5]
Adam Cockburn as Jedediah Jr., Jedediah's son, who often helps his father steal supplies, flying his father's aeroplane while Jedediah procures the goods.
Frank Thring as The Collector, head of Bartertown's trade and exchange network.
Angelo Rossitto as Master, a diminutive former engineer, who parlays his technical expertise into building the methane extractor responsible for Bartertown's electricity. When the film begins, Master has grown power-crazed under the protection of Blaster, and the reverence he receives from the people of Bartertown. He frequently humiliates Entity into acknowledging his power over her. When Blaster is killed however, Master becomes a far more subdued, humble character, and eventually escapes with the help of Max, Pig Killer, and the children.
Paul Larsson as Blaster, Master's silent, mentally-impaired bodyguard.
Angry Anderson as Ironbar Bassey, head of Bartertown's security and Aunty Entity's Number One Henchman. Despite his short height he is a fierce warrior figure, wearing a doll's head standard on his back, who comes to dislike Max more and more as the film proceeds. After several near-death incidents where his survival becomes more and more unlikely, he is presumably killed in the film's climactic chase, last seen giving the middle finger to the escaping heroes.
Robert Grubb as Pig Killer, a convict in Bartertown sentenced to work in the methane refinery, shovelling pig feces. He befriends Max, and when Max and the children return to rescue Master, Pig Killer escapes to help them.
Helen Buday as Savannah Nix, leader of a tribe of child survivors (or the children of those survivors) from a crashed 747. Savannah is the one who ensures the tribe remembers its past through the "tells" and acts as a surrogate mother figure to many of them. She is also the partner of Slake.
Tom Jennings as Slake M'Thirst, the male leader of the child tribe.
Edwin Hodgeman as Dr. Dealgood, the flamboyant Master of Ceremonies and chief auctioneer of Bartertown.
Rod Zuanic as Scrooloose.
George Spartels as Blackfinger.

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome was the first Mad Max film made without producer Byron Kennedy, who was killed in a helicopter crash in 1983 while location scouting for the film.[6] While the film was in development before Kennedy's death, director George Miller was hesitant to continue without his producing partner. "I was reluctant to go ahead," said Miller. "And then there was a sort of need to – let's do something just to get over the shock and grief of all of that."[7] A title card at the end of film reads: "...For Byron".[8]

text: Miller ended up co-directing the film with George Ogilvie, with whom he had worked on the 1983 miniseries The Dismissal. "I had a lot on my plate," said Miller. "I asked my friend George Ogilvie, who was working on the mini-series, 'Could you come and help me?' But I don't remember the experience because I was doing it to just... You know, I was grieving."[9] Together, Miller and Ogilvie used a group workshopping rehearsal technique that they had developed.[10]

text: Exterior location filming took place primarily in the mining town of Coober Pedy, with the set for Bartertown built at an old brickworks (the Brickpit) at Homebush Bay in Sydney's western suburbs and the children's camp shot at the Blue Mountains.[10][11] "Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome proved far more challenging than The Road Warrior," said cinematographer Dean Semler. "We were dealing with more varied environments than before and it was essential that each of the worlds created for the film have a distinctly different look."[12]

text: Music[edit]

text: The musical score for Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome was composed by Maurice Jarre, replacing Brian May, who composed the music for the previous two films.[13] The film also contains two songs performed by Tina Turner, "We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)" and "One of the Living", with the latter replacing Jarre's opening titles music.[14] A soundtrack album was originally released by Capitol Records in 1985. It includes Turner's "We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)", which reached #1 in Canada, #2 in the US and #3 in the British single charts; it plays over the end credits. "One of the Living" was rerecorded for single release, and reached #15 in both Canada and the US, but only #55 in Britain. A double CD containing only Jarre's original music was issued in 2010 on Tadlow Music/Silva Screen Records.[15]

text: Release[edit]

text: Although the film's budget was more extravagant than its predecessors', its box office yield was only moderate in comparison.[10] Beyond Thunderdome grossed A$4,272,802 at the box office in Australia.[16]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Critical reaction to the film was generally positive, although reviewers disagreed as to whether they considered the film the highest or lowest point of the Mad Max trilogy. Most of the criticism focused on the children in the second half of the film, whom many found too similar to the Lost Boys from the story of Peter Pan.[17] Robert C. Cumbow of Slant Magazine identifies "whole ideas, themes and characterizations" adopted from Riddley Walker, a 1980 post-apocalyptic novel by Russell Hoban.[18] On the other hand, critics praised the Thunderdome scene in particular; film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called the Thunderdome "the first really original movie idea about how to stage a fight since we got the first karate movies" and praised the fight between Max and Blaster as "one of the great creative action scenes in the movies".[19] Ebert awarded the film 4 stars out of 4 and later placed the film on his list of the 10 best pictures of 1985.[20] Variety wrote that the film "opens strong" and has good acting from Gibson, Turner, and the children.[21]

text: Despite mostly positive reviews from critics, some fans of the series have criticised the film for being "Hollywood-ized" and having a lighter tone than its predecessors.[22][23][24]

text: The film holds an 79% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 48 reviews with an average rating of 6.4/10. The website's consensus reads, "Beyond Thunderdome deepens the Mad Max character without sacrificing the amazing vehicle choreography and stunts that made the originals memorable".[25]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: As with the previous installments of the Mad Max series, Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome has influenced popular culture in various regards. The term "thunderdome" is now used in various contexts in which its meaning is similar to the sense in which it appears in the film.[26] That is, a contest where the loser suffers a great hardship, though it has also come to mean, more generically, the state of the world following a nuclear apocalypse, or any place where chaos is the norm. Filmmaker Chris Weitz has cited the film as an influence.[27]


document_title: Lionel Luthor

question_text: how did lionel luthor get his sight back

text: Lionel Luthor

text: Role in Smallville[edit]

text: In 1989, Lionel visits Smallville to buy the Ross Creamed Corn company immediately before a meteor shower occurs. Twelve years later during season one, Lionel exiles his son Lex Luthor (Michael Rosenbaum) to Smallville to run LuthorCorp's local fertilizer plant as a test.[2] When Lex makes a profit for the first time in years, Lionel closes the plant and blames Lex's poor managerial skills. Lionel later confronts his son at the Luthor mansion when Lex tries to orchestrate an employee buyout to save the fertilizer plant. When strong winds force debris to smash through the mansion, Lionel is pinned under a fallen support beam and Lex hesitates to save his father.[3] In Season two, Lex saves Lionel but loses his sight because of Lex's judgment to rush into surgery.[4] Season two's first half shows Lionel as blind. Lex and Lucas Luthor (Paul Wasilewski)—Lionel's illegitimate son—devise a plan to uncover Lionel's deception; it is revealed that Lionel was blind but that his eyes healed and he intentionally neglected to tell anyone so he could watch how they acted around him.[5] Season two's second half shows Lionel is aware of the Kawatche caves and tries to unlock the mysterious symbols there, to the dismay of Clark Kent (Tom Welling).[6]

text: Season three revealed that Lionel conspired with Morgan Edge (Rutger Hauer) to murder Lionel's parents and use the insurance money to fund the start of LuthorCorp. Lionel has Lex committed to a mental institution, when his son discovers what Lionel did.[7] When Chloe Sullivan (Allison Mack) discovers the truth,[8] that evidence is used to assist Lex have Lionel arrested for his parents' murder.[9] Season three also revealed why Lionel is angry with Lex; he blames his son for the death of his youngest son Julian Luthor, although Lex took the blame to protect the true killer, his mentally unwell mother Lillian (Alisen Down).[10] Lionel also learns that he has a terminal liver disease,[11] which he divulges to Lex while awaiting arraignment.[12]

text: Lionel is sentenced to prison for his parents' murder in season four.[13] Lionel attempts to switch bodies with Lex using a stone from Clark's homeworld of Krypton but Clark intervenes and Lionel switches bodies with Clark instead. When he and Clark switch back, Lionel discovers his terminal liver disease is healed.[14] Lionel is released from prison by Genevieve Teague (Jane Seymour), and begins searching for three stones of knowledge. During this quest, Lionel falls into a catatonic state after being uploaded with Kryptonian knowledge.[15] Lionel recovers from his catatonic state in season five when the Kryptonian artificial intelligence Jor-El takes over his body to speak with Clark.[16] With Jor-El guiding him, Lionel begins helping Clark by making excuses for Clark's behavior and unexplained disappearances throughout seasons five and six.[17] Season seven revealed that Lionel and three other wealthy families formed the secret society called Veritas to protect an alien visitor known as the Traveler (Clark). When the secret is uncovered, Lex murders his father, realizing he has been covering up the Traveler's existence.[18]

text: Season ten reveals that Tess Mercer (Cassidy Freeman) is Lionel's illegitimate daughter, fathered with Lex's nanny Pamela Jenkins (Donna Bullock).[19] In "Luthor", Clark Kent unintentionally visits a parallel universe where Lionel found and adopted Clark's native universe counterpart. Lionel raised his adopted son to be a murderer, going by the alias Ultraman, who kills anyone in his way including that Earth's Lex. When Clark Kent escapes back to his own reality, Lionel follows him.[20] Posing as his own doppelganger, Lionel tries to make amends when he attempts twice to bring "Alexander Luthor"/Conner Kent (Lucas Grabeel), a hybrid clone of Clark and Lex that develops Clark's powers, to his side but fails. Lionel also assumes control of LuthorCorp from Tess but loses the company when his daughter proves he is an imposter. At his nadir, Lionel is approached by the evil alien entity Darkseid.[21][22] In the series finale, Lionel discovers Lex's defective clones were grafted to create a perfect composite clone, but a compatible heart could not be found among the clones. Lionel tries to give Tess's heart to Lex, but when Tess shoots Lionel and escapes, Lionel surrenders his soul to Darkseid, giving Lionel's heart to restore Lex. Afterward, Darkseid possesses Lionel's corpse to attack Clark, however, Clark destroy Lionel's body, dispelling the threat posed by Darkseid.[23]

text: Portrayal[edit]

text: Lionel Luthor was created by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar specifically for "Smallville" to provide a parallel to the Kents as an "experiment in extreme parenting".[24] The character Chloe Sullivan (Allison Mack) was also created for the show. Lex's father has previously been depicted in other media.

text: Lionel Luthor is portrayed in the program by John Glover; Glover said he appreciates the "clear canvas" he had to work with when developing his portrayal of Lionel. In season one, Glover traveled from New York to Vancouver every week while filming his scenes because he was already committed to stage appearances in New York at the time.[25] When portraying the character's struggle with terminal liver disease, Glover was inspired by a friend's battle with cancer; he said his friend was a "cheerleader to people", who supported and boosted others when they were feeling bad. When Glover's friend learned he had cancer he fought hard to get over it, but when he learned that it was terminal he went to bed and stopped eating until he died about ten days later. This helped Glover understand how someone powerful and full of life could commit suicide—which Lionel prepares to do when he learns his illness is terminal.[26]

text: Character development[edit]

text: Storyline progression[edit]

text: In season two, Lionel moves from being recurring figure to a regular character. This season features the gradual unveiling of Lionel's increasing involvement with the characters of the show. It begins with more direct involvement when Luthor hires Martha Kent as his assistant, and then indirectly when he becomes the conservator of the Kawatche caves and tries to unlock the mystery of the symbols on the cave walls.[27] During season three, Lionel becomes the villain of the show when he tries to discover Clark's secret and drives Lex into a psychotic breakdown. This allows Lionel to use electroshock therapy on Lex to erase his knowledge of Lionel's co-opting of Morgan Edge to kill Lionel's parents for their life insurance.[26] The creative team experimented with Lionel's character in season four, creating a storyline in which Lionel is reformed. Executive producer Greg Beeman said the character development failed, and as a result Lionel returned to his normal self. John Glover found playing Lionel as a straight arrow was "boring".[28]

text: Season five explores the relationship between Martha and Lionel. Both Annette O'Toole and Al Gough said Lionel was slightly attracted to Martha, but that she would never act on that feeling. The producers had no intentions to create a romantic relationship between the two characters.[29] Most of Lionel's motivations in season five are shrouded in mystery. Glover said he could not determine whether his character is good or bad, so when he is portraying him in season five he tried to present everything as if it was "good".[30] Glover said he believes Lincoln Cole's (Ian Tracey) actions in "Mercy" made Lionel rethink everything his past behavior and his own character. By the end of the fifth season, Lionel has learned that people have a responsibility to each other.[30]

text: Smallville's writer and executive producer Brian Peterson said the creative team wanted to remind the audience that Lionel was still the same Lionel Luthor they had come know, so they delayed revealing Lionel's usual antics until season six's "Promise" in which he blackmails Lana into marrying Lex. Peterson wanted to "slap [the audience] in the face" with a reminder of Lionel's former character. Although Lionel blackmails Lana into marrying Lex, John Glover said Lionel was trying to protect Clark, for which he needed Lana's help. By the time season six began airing, John Glover realized Lex was starting to become more villainous and that his time on the show would be limited. Glover hoped Lionel would still be able to influence his son as the show progressed; he believed his character would be useless on the show without such influencing abilities. Glover said the conflict between Lex and his father is very positive for the show because Lionel's attempt to bond with Lex and the distrust between them "makes drama".[31]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: John Glover characterizes Lionel as a businessman who is disappointed with his son. To Glover, Lionel is this "rich and powerful businessman" who sees his son as a "wuss" and "fraidy-cat". It was important to Glover that Lionel appear as human as possible; Glover said he does not want to simply "twirl [his] mustache".[25] Glover described Lionel as a man who will do whatever he needs to do to get what he wants. He characterizes Lionel as an intelligent man who can read people easily. Lionel uses that ability to further his goals. The character can also get past people's defenses and manipulate them. Glover thinks that type of power would be great if it could be used to help someone other than Lionel.[27] Lionel's character is also connoted by the color scheme that surrounds him; the use of cold blue tones helps to evoke the "sinister" nature of the character.[32] Lionel is also often portrayed in front of a white or "clinical blue" background. Lionel's signature mane of hair is used to symbolize his power—by growing it out and refusing to style it, Lionel attempts to show he is so powerful that he can do whatever he wants without any backlash.[33]

text: Relationships[edit]

text: The relationship between Lionel and his son Lex is strained; it has been likened to the relationship between Norman and Harry Osborn in the Spider-Man movie.[1] Glover tried to make Lionel appear as though he is trying to "toughen [Lex] up". The character is made to "go out of his way, to give [Lex] tests, so [Lex] can prove himself".[25] Glover sees the character as a rich and powerful businessman who is disappointed in his son. Glover's goal for season one was to show Lionel's attempts to make Lex tougher; he interprets the character's motto in his raising of Lex as "no risk, no rewards".[25]

text:
"What I was working on, and continue to work on, is to see him strengthen Lex. Lionel doesn't seem to be a man who wants his son to be afraid, so he's gone out of his way to give him tests, so he can prove himself. That's what locking him inside the plant in "Jitters" was all about. Lionel makes the decision to close the gate. It's a tough decision, but he knows that if Lex survives, he will be a stronger person. No risk, no reward."

— Glover explains Lionel's parenting techniques.[25]

tag: div

text: Glover believes Lionel has two competing agendas with Lex—for Lex to become his own man and for Lex to follow in his father's steps. This becomes frustrating for Lex because Lionel wants his son to be both "loyal follower" and the "best person he can be". This all plays into Lionel's "pretty huge ego".[26] John Glover believes if Lionel and Lex were not related Lionel would have "destroyed" Lex early on because he views his son as "weak". Lionel is also bound by the fact that Lex is his heir, although he does not trust Lex. Lionel's distrust of Lex partially arises because he believes Lex is a coward. John Glover said, "It's not that [Lionel is] meant to be a foe; it's just that the poor boy's weak, so [Lionel must] mold him. Lionel is continually trying to strengthen his son, to teach him. [Lex is] just a hard student."[28]

text: Lionel also has a key relationship with Martha Kent, Clark Kent's adoptive mother. This relationship first develops in season two when Lionel hires Martha to be his assistant;[27] it is further developed in season five.[29] Glover felt Lionel's attraction to Martha grows in season five when Jonathan Kent dies because he now sees Martha as a single woman and is now more attainable; Glover believes Lionel was seeking to attain Martha's "goodness" and the attraction is not based on lust. When Lionel is in Martha's company he tries to present himself as a man she could be with; he consciously attempts to change years of selfish behavior. Writer Holly Harold said his relationship with Martha parallels Lex's relationship with Lana; both men believe these two women will be their saving grace and pull them back from the dark side.[30] Annette O'Toole said Martha's interest in Lionel is like watching a dangerous animal; "It's that attraction you have for a very beautiful, dangerous animal. You know you can't stop watching it, but at the same time you feel, 'Oh my God, he's going to kill me.'" O'Toole also said she believes Martha's motivation is to get close enough to Lionel to know what he is planning to do to Clark. When Martha left the show, writer Todd Slavkin said they wanted to give the character "more of a send-off" than they achieved on screen. Slavkin said they could do nothing equivalent to what they gave John Schneider because there were so many storylines by the season six finale they could fit nothing else in. The writers realized they could not kill off the character so they sent her to the U.S. Senate, creating a parallel to Clark where Martha fights injustice on the political stage.[34] O'Toole and Al Gough said Martha has a small attraction to Lionel and that nothing serious would come from it.[29]

text: Glover believes Martha influenced Lionel to start believing that sacrifice is necessary to make the world a better place. When she leaves at the end of season six, Lionel no longer has that influence. He is constantly battling the dark and light sides of his personality. According to series writer Caroline Dries, the audience never really know his motivations because of this balancing act. Dries said this is embodied when he threatens Lana into marrying Lex, later revealing it was to protect Clark.[31] Glover describes his off-screen relationship with Annette O'Toole the reason Martha and Lionel have such good chemistry. Glover said that when Martha and Lionel are talking to each other it feels as though he and O'Toole are sharing a conversation, and that trust is visualized on the camera.[30]

text: Reception[edit]

text: For his portrayal of Lionel Luthor on Smallville, John Glover was nominated for two Saturn Awards in the category of Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series. The first came in 2003, following his upgrade to series regular status, and the second in 2004.[35][36] By season four, one reviewer said Lionel should have left the show after succumbing to his terminal liver disease in season three. Maurice Cobbs of DVD Verdict said Lionel was taking away from the primary characters' screen time in season four, and the producers should have killed him at the end of season three.[37]

text: Smallville tie-ins[edit]

text: Novels[edit]

text: Lionel makes his first appearance outside the television series in the Aspect book Smallville: Strange Visitors. In this title, Lionel is concerned that confidence trickster Donald Jacobi will draw too much attention to the meteor rocks in Smallville and ruin his plans to use the rocks for experiments. Lionel has the life of Jacobi's partner put in jeopardy when he threatens to alert some mobsters who are looking for Lionel.[38] He makes a brief appearance in Smallville: Dragon, in which he tells Lex he used Lex's ex-girlfriend Renata to get close to Lex to test him for unknown reasons.[39] The Smallville version of Lionel makes a brief appearance in the second volume of the internet series Smallville: Chloe Chronicles; he threatens Chloe after she discovers he is involved with the deaths of several people.[40]

text: Comics[edit]

text: In the television series' comic book continuation written by the show's writer Bryan Q. Miller, it is revealed that Lionel had tried to recruit Bruce Wayne's father Thomas Wayne into the secret society Veritas with Virgil Swann, months prior to Wayne and his wife's mugging and murder by Joe Chill.[41]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: Comics[edit]

text: Before Smallville, Lex's father either made brief appearances in the Superman comics or was mentioned. Lex's father first appears in Superman's Girl Friend, Lois Lane #23 (1961), in the story "The Curse of Lena Thorul!", written by Superman co-creator Jerry Siegel. In this story he is named Jules and has disowned his criminal son Lex and changed the family name to "Thorul". Jules Thorul and his wife Arlene are later killed in a car accident.[42] In the 2004 miniseries Superman: Birthright, Lex's father is not a billionaire but immediately puts Lex to work making millions for him after he discovers his son's astronomical IQ. Lex's father dies in a fire caused accidentally by Lex in an experiment that causes Lex's permanent hair loss.[43]

text: A different version of Lex Luthor's history is presented in Adventure Comics #6 (March 2010), in which Lionel (adopting it's name from Smallville TV show) is an abusive alcoholic single parent who terrorizes Lex and his sister Lena. He dies of a heart-attack, leaving Lena in the care of an aunt and causes Lex to leave Smallville.[44] It is later revealed that Lex had caused his father's heart attack to cash in a sizable life insurance policy, which he would use as the basis for his fortune.[45] In Blackest Night #6, Lionel Luthor is revived as a member of the Black Lantern Corps.[46] Lionel Luthor appears with Lex Luthor in the Flashpoint reality where they tour General Sam Lane's facility of aliens.[47]

text: The character was mentioned several times by Lex, though unnamed, in many New 52 titles. He officially appeared as Lionel Luthor in a flashback scene during DC Rebirth, along with his wife, Leticia.[48]

text: Film, television and web[edit]

text: In the 1988–1992 television series Superboy, Lex's father appears in season four's "Know Thine Enemy" (Part 1), in which Superboy becomes Lex Luthor in a virtual reality and watches Lex grow up with an abusive father; Lex's father is unnamed.[49] In Richard Donner's Superman: The Movie and Bryan Singer's Superman Returns, Lex briefly mentions his father—but not his father's name—as the inspiration of Lex's real estate schemes. Lex also says his father was a harsh man who ejected him from the family home.[50][51] In Zack Snyder's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Lex is named after his father, Alexander Luthor, Sr., an oil and machinery tycoon who died in 2000.[52] When confronting Superman, Lex mentions his father's abusive behavior in his childhood.

text: In a flashback of the television series Supergirl, episode "Luthors", Lionel (portrayed by Ian Butcher[53]) is depicted to be good-natured; however, his family become dysfunctional after Lex's birth due to his wife Lillian (Brenda Strong), who gradually reveals herself being ruthless and narcissistic; these traits also later pass on to Lex which leads him to become Superman's archenemy and tarnishes his family name in the process. Having difficulty to cope with his wife, Lionel begins an extramarital affair with an unnamed woman that would lead to Lena Luthor's (Katie McGrath) conception, but remains with his family for the sake of his son in hopes to save him from Lillian but failed. After Lena's mother's death, Lionel takes his illegitimate daughter in their house but lies to her and the public that his second child is adopted, and he favors Lena over Lex due to his love for her mother. Lionel died sometime afterwards in unknown circumstances and his son Lex inherited his fortune to lead LuthorCorp company.


document_title: Kyle Richards

question_text: who did kyle richards play on little house on the prairie

text: Kyle Richards

text: Early life[edit]

text: Richards was born on January 11, 1969, in Hollywood.[2][3] She is the daughter of Kathleen Mary Richards (née Dugan; 1938–2002) and Kenneth Edwin Richards (1917-1998).[4][5] The couple separated in 1972 and Kathleen later remarried twice more. Richards' siblings are Kathy Hilton (her older half-sister from her mother's first marriage to Lawrence Avanzino (born 1959) and Kim Richards (born 1964),[6] as well as three paternal half-siblings from her father's first marriage, all of whom were adults by the time Richards was born. Nicky and Paris Hilton are her half-nieces.

text: Acting career[edit]

text: Richards began acting in 1974. She appeared in 18 episodes of the television series Little House on the Prairie as Alicia Sanderson Edwards. Her sister, Kim, was also an actress. In the 1970s, Richards appeared on several television series and in a few horror films, including the cult classic Halloween (1978). In 1980, she appeared opposite Bette Davis and Lynn-Holly Johnson in The Watcher in the Woods. Most of her 1980s roles were minor, and included made-for-television, direct-to-video, or other video work. Subsequent roles included Nurse Dori in 21 episodes of ER (1998–2006) and Lisa, a supporting character in National Lampoon's Pledge This!. She also appeared in The Simple Life and My New BFF.

text: She appears on Bravo's The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills, which also previously featured her sister, Kim Richards.

text: Philanthropy[edit]

text: With her husband, Richards is listed on the "First Families" of the Children's Hospital Los Angeles which means they have donated US$100,000 or more to the hospital.[7] She also held a fundraiser for the CHLA in 2013, which was featured on the Real Housewives.[8][9]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: In 1988, at age 18, Richards married Guraish Aldjufrie from Indonesia while she was pregnant with their daughter Farrah (b. 1988), but they separated in 1990 and divorced two years later.[10][11][12]

text: Richards met second husband Mauricio Umansky, a Los Angeles real estate agent, in 1994. Umansky is of Russian and Greek Jewish descent. He is the son of Estella Sneider. He was born and raised in Mexico. The couple wed on January 20, 1996, when Kyle was 4 months pregnant. Their daughter Alexia was born on June 18, 1996. The couple went on to have two more daughters, Sophia (born 2000) and Portia (born 2008). Richards, who is of English, Irish and Welsh descent, converted to Modern Orthodox Judaism when she married Umansky.[13][14][15] She also attends events at the Kabbalah Centre in Los Angeles.[13]

text: She resides in Bel Air, Los Angeles, with her husband and children.[1][16][17]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film and television[edit]

text:
Year
Show
Role
Notes

1974
Police Woman
Julie
1 episode, "The Cradle Robbers"

1975–1982
Little House on the Prairie
Alicia Sanderson Edwards, Samantha (S05E22)
19 episodes

1977
A Circle of Children
Sarah
TV movie

1977
The Car
Debbie

1977
The Father Knows Best Reunion
Ellen
TV movie

1977
Eaten Alive
Angie

1977
Father Knows Best: Home for Christmas
Ellen
TV movie

1978
Halloween
Lindsey Wallace

1978
The Wonderful World of Disney
Naomi
1 episode, "The Million Dollar Dixie Deliverence"

1978
Flying High
Katie
1 episode, "The Vanishing Point"

1979
Vega$
Julie Travis
1 episode, "Kill Dan Tanna!"

1979
Fantasy Island
Rebecca
1 episode, "Cornelius and Alfonse/The Choice"

1979
Time Express

1 episode, "Rodeo/Cop"

1979
Carter Country
Gerry
4 episodes

1979
Friendships, Secrets, and Lies
Livia
TV movie

1980
Once Upon a Family
Liz Demerjian
TV movie

1980
The Watcher in the Woods
Ellie Curtis

1980
Beulah Land
Young Sarah
TV mini-series

1981
Concrete Cowboys
Isobel
1 episode

1981
Halloween II
Lindsey Wallace
Unaired footage

1982
This is Kate Bennett...
Jennifer Bennett
TV movie

1982
CHiPs
Jodi
1 episode, "The Spaceman Made Me Do It"

1984–1985
Down to Earth
Elizabeth 'Lissy' Preston
12 episodes

1989
Curfew
Stephanie Davenport
Lead role

1990
Escape
Lydia

1998
Nick Freno: Licensed Teacher

1 episode, "Model Citizen"

1998
Love Boat: The Next Wave
Scheming Woman
1 episode, "Captains Courageous"

1998–2006
ER
Nurse Dori
21 episodes

1999
Beverly Hills, 90210
Anna Murphy
1 episode, "Bobbi Dearest"

1999
City Guys
Kate
1 episode, "Miracle on 134th Street and Lexington Avenue"

2003
7th Heaven
Matt's Patient
1 episode, "Life and Death: Part 1"

2006
Pledge This!
Lisa

2011
Deadly Sibling Rivalry
Tricia

2012
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Ms. Young
1 episode, "Play Dead"

2013
Days of Our Lives
Casey McGraw
3 episodes

2014
The Hungover Games
Heather
Parody of The Hunger Games and The Hangover

tag: table

text: As herself[edit]

text:
Year
Show
Notes

2003
The Simple Life
Various episodes

2010–present
The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills
138 episodes

2012
TMZ on TV
1 episode

2013
Stars in Danger
TVs special

2013
Betty White's Off Their Rockers
1 episode

2013
Whose Line Is It Anyway?
1 episode

2014
G.U.Y.
Music Video by Lady Gaga

2015
Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce
1 episode

2017
The New Celebrity Apprentice
Contestant/12th place

text: Memoir[edit]

text: Life Is Not a Reality Show: Keeping It Real with the Housewife Who Does It All (New York, NY: HarperOne), December 27, 2011; ISBN 0062113488; ASIN: B00ANYP1HA.


document_title: Logan (film)

question_text: who is the other wolverine in logan movie

text: Logan (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 2029, no mutants have been born in 25 years. Logan's healing ability has slowed and his body has aged; he spends his days drinking and working as a limo driver in El Paso, Texas. In an abandoned smelting plant in Northern Mexico, he and mutant tracker Caliban care for Charles Xavier/Professor X; Charles suffers from a brain disease that causes him to lose control of his telepathic abilities, with destructive effects.

text: Logan is approached by Gabriela Lopez, a former nurse from a biotechnological corporation, Alkali-Transigen, who asks him to escort her and an 11-year-old girl, Laura Kinney, to Eden, a refuge in North Dakota. Logan reluctantly accepts, but finds Gabriela dead. At his hideout, Logan is confronted by Gabriela's killer, Transigen's cyborg chief of security, Donald Pierce, who is looking for Laura. Laura has stowed away in Logan's limo, and has powers similar to Logan's. She, Logan and Charles escape Pierce and his enforcers, the Reavers, but Caliban is captured.

text: Logan and Charles learn from Gabriela's cellphone that Laura is one of several mutant children that Transigen created from mutant DNA samples for use as weapons. After they proved difficult to control, Gabriela and the nurses helped children escape euthanasia; Laura, who was created from Logan's DNA, became separated when she was smuggled into the United States.

text: At a hotel in Oklahoma City, Logan discovers that Eden appears in an X-Men comic in Laura's possession, and assumes it is fictional. The Reavers arrive, but Charles, appearing to have a seizure, incapacitates everyone in the hotel. Logan kills the attackers, injects Charles with a suppressant, and escapes. Dr. Zander Rice, head of Transigen, convinces Caliban that they will not harm Logan and Charles if Caliban helps them find Laura.

text: Logan, Laura, and Charles help a farming family, the Munsons, after a traffic incident, and accept an offer of dinner at their home. Logan sees off enforcers from a corporate farm harassing the family patriarch, Will. X-24, a feral clone of Logan, murders Charles and Will's family, stabs Will, and captures Laura. Caliban sets off grenades to destroy the Transigen van in which he is held captive, killing himself and several Reavers and injuring Pierce. Logan engages X-24, but is outmatched. Will impales X-24 on farm equipment using his truck, but dies from his injuries. Logan and Laura escape with Charles's body.

text: After burying Charles, Logan passes out from rage and exhaustion. After Laura takes Logan to a doctor to do a check up after they left she convinces him to complete the journey. They arrive at Eden, a camp run by Rictor and the other escaped Transigen test subjects. Laura discovers an adamantium bullet Logan has kept since his escape from Weapon X and plans to use to commit suicide. Logan learns that the children plan to journey to Canada, and decides to separate from them, to Laura's dismay.

text: The children are captured by the Reavers. Logan takes an overdose of serum given to him by Rictor that increases his physical abilities and restores his healing ability. He slaughters most of the Reavers and rescues Laura, but the serum wears off. As Pierce holds Rictor at gunpoint, Rice tells Logan, who killed Rice's father years ago while escaping from Weapon X, that the decline of mutants is due to a Transigen virus that Rice created and distributed. Logan shoots Rice dead and attacks Pierce by making him lose his robotic arm. A regenerated X-24, enraged by Rice's death, engages Logan. With their guards distracted, the children kill the Reavers and Pierce. Rictor uses his seismic powers to flip a truck onto X-24. X-24 impales Logan on a tree branch, but Laura shoots the adamantium bullet into his head, killing him. Severely wounded, Logan tells Laura to not be the weapon she was made to be. Laura finally addresses him as her father and Logan dies peacefully in her arms. The children hold a burial and Laura turns the cross on Logan's grave to its side to create an X before they continue their journey.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Hugh Jackman as Logan / Wolverine and X-24:
A physically enhanced mutant with accelerated healing, dealing with his age (roughly 197 years) and ailment.[20][21] He is one of Charles Xavier's caregivers, alongside Caliban.[22] Mangold spoke of Logan's age influencing his regenerative capabilities, which he stated may no longer produce soft skin, "so we imagined he heals quickly, still, but it leaves a scar. The simple idea was that his body would start to get a little more ravaged with a kind of tattooing of past battles, lacerations that remain of previous conflicts."[23] [24] Jackman indicated that he believed he was nearing the end of his run as Wolverine, and there was speculation early on that his next film could be his last.[25] On the second page of the screenplay, Mangold spoke of Logan as "... he's older now and it's clear his abilities aren't what they once were. He's fading on the inside and his diminished healing factor keeps him in a constant state of chronic pain—hence booze as a painkiller."[26][27] In 2015, Jackman requested fan input for the direction Wolverine's story should go in the next film, while seeming to confirm that the project would serve as his farewell to Logan.[28] To prepare for his role, Jackman ate a minimum of six meals per day, when working with trainer Mike Ryan.[29] Ryan stated that an average workout session for Jackman lasts up to three hours, beginning at 4:00 a.m.[30] Jackman stated, "... it's going to be very different. Very different in tone and hopefully different to anything we've done."[31] Regarding the more personal tone Jackman noted "That's always been really his dilemma, coming to terms with who he is".[32] Jackman has also explained that comedian Jerry Seinfeld was indirectly responsible for his decision to stop playing Logan after 17 years, with Jackman stating, "I was having a chat with [Seinfeld] about a year ago ... he was talking about why he finished Seinfeld ... He said he'd always had this feeling and belief that you never know when either your energy or the audience's energy is going to dip over into people [saying] 'Oh, please go.'"[33] Jackman accepted a pay reduction to ensure that the film would be produced to receive an R-rating.[34] Jackman also plays X-24, a soulless and feral younger clone of Wolverine, loyal only to Zander Rice.

Patrick Stewart as Charles Xavier / Professor X:
A mutant who is the world's most powerful telepath, founder and former leader of the X-Men.[35][36] Charles's telepathic abilities have become unstable due to age (over 90 years) and an unknown brain disease, and at times he does not even recognize Logan.[22] During the events of Logan, Xavier is cared for by Logan and Caliban.[37] Regarding Xavier and the themes of aging and loneliness, Mangold said,[38] "We've seen these characters in action, saving the universe. But what happens when you're in retirement and that career is over?...[39] The really interesting thing to me, or a place to dig that hadn't been dug, was the idea of mutants when they're no longer useful to the world, or even sure if they can do what they used to do. Their powers are diminished like all of ours are by age...[21] Our Charles is a very sweet character in this film. I think he's always been an incredibly sweet character. With the addition of his own physical fragility in this movie, he becomes an incredibly powerful paternal figure in the movie. Logan is more of a reluctant one, I think you can easily guess."[40] Stewart remarked that "...this is probably the end of this franchise for me. But the thing about science fiction and fantasy is that you can never, ever say it's the end, it's over."[41] One month before the film's U.S. premiere, Stewart concluded that he will retire from the role of Charles Xavier, stating that "there will never be a better, a more perfect, a more sensitive, emotional, and beautiful way of saying au revoir to Charles Xavier than this movie".[42]
Stewart later retracted this sentiment while promoting the film on the Late Late Show with James Corden; after Legion star Dan Stevens personally offered him an invitation to appear on the show, to which Stewart replied he was "Absolutely 100%" willing to reprise the role under such circumstances.[43]
Boyd Holbrook as Donald Pierce:
Transigen's relentless, calculating and intense head of security, and leader of the militant Reavers[44][40][45][46] who is sent to retrieve Laura, which brings him into conflict with Wolverine. Holbrook said of the character, "He's an innovative engineer and he's a big fan of Wolverine. He just wants to hang out with him ... There's a lot of surprising stuff in it."[47] Mangold praised Holbrook's performance, saying that "[he] is just a fabulous actor. I wanted this film to feel intimate and real and truthfully acted, and I wanted very much to break away from the kind of bloated feeling I've gotten from a lot of comic-book movies."[40]

Stephen Merchant as Caliban:
An albino mutant who can sense and track other mutants, who is helping Logan take care of Xavier.[22] On Merchant taking the role, Mangold mentioned, "I'm always interested to find the thing that looks most interesting on the actors. Stephen is a huge man. One of the things that is so wonderful filming with him for a character like this is that he’s a good six inches taller than Logan, and huge over Patrick. The little kid in the movie would come up to basically his knee. So there's a wonderful sense of scale – but he has heart too." Mangold concluded by stating, "...So that was a wonderful energy to enter the movie, and someone who instead of turning things into their own energy kind of joined ours."[21] Caliban was previously portrayed by Tómas Lemarquis in X-Men: Apocalypse.[48]

Richard E. Grant as Zander Rice:
The surgical head of Transigen,[44] whose father was killed by Logan during his escape from Weapon X Headquarters at Alkali Lake.[49] On the character of Rice, Mangold stated, "He's the puppet master behind Pierce and the Reavers, and has a much larger role in the sense that he's actually the kind of brilliant mind that is trying to grow mutants."[40]

Dafne Keen as Laura Kinney / X-23:
A mysterious young mutant, who is "very much" like Logan,[44][21] given that she is a female clone created from his blood. Transigen acquired some of Logan's DNA, and began making clones to use as weapons.[50] On Keen's portrayal of Laura, Mangold mentioned, "If anyone could steal a movie from [Jackman], it would be Dafne. She carries, all the time, a slight strangeness."[51] Sienna Novikov served as Keen's stunt double.[52][53] In an interview with Digital Spy, Mangold stated, "... [Keen] was 11 years old when we were shooting. She's a remarkable kid. Her parents are actors, and she's kind of a very modern kid. Very physically capable. Incredibly gifted as an actress. I mean, it was a huge risk for Fox to allow me to make a movie where the third point of the triangle was built upon someone so young." Mangold stated that the worldwide search for an actress to portray Laura was one in which he was seeking "someone who was bilingual because I wanted a Latina kid – one who was between 10 and 12, and was a credible child." He later stated of Laura that: "She's an 11-year-old girl equipped with all the volatility, instability, mood swings, shadows and potential violence of our hero."[40] Co-writer Scott Frank pushed for the character to speak as little as possible when he joined the project to avoid making her into a typical kid sidekick, explaining, "I read a few other drafts of the script that Jim worked on, and in all those drafts she was talking from the beginning and had an attitude. I thought that was a giant mistake."[54]

text: Additionally, Eriq La Salle, Elise Neal and Elizabeth Rodriguez appear as Will Munson, Kathryn Munson, and Gabriela Lopez.[55][56][57] Doris Morgado, David Kallaway, Han Soto, Jayson Genao, Krzysztof Soszynski and Alison Fernandez appear as Maria, Danny Rhodes, Valet, Rictor, Mohawk, and Delilah, respectively.[58][59][60][61] In the commentary to X-Men: Apocalypse, director Bryan Singer had stated that his film's post-credits scene would directly connect with the on-screen debut of X-Men antagonist Nathaniel Essex / Mister Sinister in Logan;[62][63][64][65][66] however, in January 2017, Mangold stated that the character would not appear in this film, a choice he made to keep the film's grounded style consistent.[67] Though Mister Sinister does not appear in the film, Kinberg confirmed the scene has correlation to how Laura was created, and that he will make an appearance in a future X-Men movie.[50]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text:
"Hugh and I have been talking about what we would do since we were working on the last one, and for both of us it was this requirement that, to be even interested in doing it, we had to free ourselves from some assumptions that had existed in the past, and be able to change the tone a bit. Not merely to change for change's sake, but also to make something that's speaking to the culture now, that's not just the same style — how many times can they save the world in one way or another? How can we construct a story that's built more on character and character issues, in a way as if it almost wasn't a superhero movie, yet it features their powers and struggles and themes?"

— James Mangold, on the development and approach of Logan[68]

text: In November 2013, 20th Century Fox began negotiations for another solo film starring Wolverine, with James Mangold in negotiations to write the treatment for the film, and Lauren Shuler Donner returning to produce under The Donners' Company.[69][70][71][72] At the time, Hugh Jackman neither confirmed nor denied whether he had officially signed on to reprise the role of Logan in another film,[73][74] though Jackman insisted that his lapsing contract with Fox, which reportedly would need to be renegotiated after X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014),[75] did not mean he would leave the franchise, as he had been working movie-by-movie since X2 (2003).[76] He also stated, "I do want to do it with Jim and with [producer] Lauren Shuler-Donner because we had such a great experience. I'm really proud of The Wolverine (2013)."[77] Later in the month, Mangold announced that the pre-production aspect of the film had not begun as of yet, nor the writing process, though he furthered this by stating, "...I would say I'm not there yet. But I have taken finger to key. Let's say that. There's been typing. And ideas. And talking amongst all the principals."[78]

text: Shortly after the release of The Wolverine, Mangold spoke of a potential sequel with the aim of not converting it into a "Will the world survive?" film, while also stressing his need "... not to make the same picture again."[79][80] Mangold also mentioned some of the potential development structure that he might employ, while addressing issues of character-centricity:[81] "I think the key thing for me, you heard me talking about how I construct scripts, is just figuring out the key relationships and just what it’s about, what theme the whole thing is going to be about. I've got a good angle on it, but I'm not ready to talk about it yet!"[82] In December 2013, Jackman spoke of nearing the end of his tenure as the character, while stating that the film was in the very early stages of development.[83] Jackman also revealed that Mangold and he had begun speaking of potential ideas, adding, "... Jim Mangold and I were literally on the phone last night talking about ideas but there is no script and no writer yet so it's a way off."[84] Mangold would later reveal that Jackman was very involved in developing the story, saying, "Hugh and I have been friends for almost twenty years now, and he was there every step of the way. For Hugh and I, the first goal was to construct something more intimate. Hugh often brought up The Wrestler and Unforgiven as examples. I used those references as well as others. I pitched to both Hugh and the studio that I had an idea for an extremely bloody, existential Little Miss Sunshine."[54]

text: By March 2014, a decision was made to begin shooting after Bryan Singer's X-Men: Apocalypse (2016), with the tentative plan to shoot the films back-to-back,[85][86] with producer Hutch Parker stating, "... the goal will be X-Men: Apocalypse for 2016, which means at the latest [filming begins] in summer 2015, and then the same thing with Wolverine, either before or after, but based on the script."[87] Also in March, 20th Century Fox set a release date of March 3, 2017,[88][89] Mangold boarded the project as director,[90] Jackman signed on to reprise his role,[91] and David James Kelly was hired to pen the screenplay.[92] In April 2014, Jackman spoke about his ambitious feelings for the character of Logan, while mentioning that they can go further than what they achieved in The Wolverine.[93] Jackman also expressed his feelings of finality with portraying the character of Logan,[94] while in terms of storyline, he explained that nothing had been decided as of yet.[95] Jackman concluded by highlighting that the success of the script development would determine whether Jackman would return at all:[96] "I haven't signed on. I'm genuinely at that point where unless it's better than the last one I'm not going to do it. I think it has to be better. I can still see where we can improve on the last one. I love the intimacy of that story, I liked the small stuff, I liked that it was a little unexpected."[97]

text: In February 2015, Patrick Stewart spoke of discussions about the third Wolverine film, centering around a team-up between Jackman's Wolverine and himself as Charles Xavier,[98][99] with Stewart stating to Marc Mohan that "... we have been talking about a Wolverine movie, which would team Hugh Jackman and myself together ... That would be a very different sort of X-Men from the four movies that I've already done."[100][101] By April 2015, Michael Green had taken over screenwriting duties, with Mangold still actively overseeing the script development process.[102] In September 2015, Jackman spoke of the writers being halfway through the script, and that the story would delve into the relationship between Wolverine and Professor X,[103] to which he added, "I think it's a really important relationship but I want to see signs of that quasi-father/son sort of relationship that has not been seen before, and sides of particularly Professor X that have not been seen before."[104][105] Jackman spoke of Mangold's plan to start filming the next year, though he expressed uncertainty as to filming locations.[106] Also in September, Mark Millar, creative consultant for Fox, confirmed that Mangold's film would be a loose adaptation of the Old Man Logan story, something that was hinted at earlier by Jackman.[107] In October 2016, the title of the film was announced as Logan.[108][109]

text: In January 2016, Jackman confirmed that Mangold had a full screenplay, albeit not complete.[110] The following month, Liev Schreiber expressed interest in returning to portray Victor Creed / Sabretooth, with Jackman himself mentioning Mangold's vision to Schreiber. After the film's release, it was revealed by Jackman that originally the script had the character play a role in the film, but that Sabretooth was excluded from the final screenplay.[111][112][113][114][115] By April 2016, Mangold had chosen Boyd Holbrook to portray the main antagonist of the movie,[116][117][118] the chief of security for a global corporation that is pursuing Wolverine.[119][120] Also by April, Richard E. Grant was cast as a villainous mad scientist,[121][122] and Stephen Merchant had also been cast.[123][124][125][126][127] In May, Eriq Lasalle and Elise Neal were cast supporting roles,[128][129] and Elizabeth Rodriguez entered negotiations for a small but key role.[130][131] Also in May, producer Simon Kinberg revealed that filming had already begun, and confirmed that the movie would be R-rated; regarding the setting and tonality,[132] he stated, "It takes place in the future, and as you and others have reported, it is an R-rated movie. It's violent, it’s kind of like a western in its tone. It’s just a very cool, different film."[133][134]

text: Filming[edit]

text: In March 2015, Mangold anticipated that filming would begin "early next year."[135] Prior to filming, the film was given the working title of Juarez to lower the visibility of the production.[136][137][138][139] By March 2016, Mangold was preparing to shoot in New Orleans, Louisiana, with a starting schedule of May.[140] Producers Kinberg, Shuler Donner, and Parker chose to film in Louisiana because of its popularity as a filmmaking location,[141] as well as its filming incentive, which includes a 40% tax credit for movie productions, but requires a minimum spend of $300,000.[142]

text: Principal photography began in New Orleans, Louisiana on May 2, 2016,[143] although it was originally scheduled to start shooting on April 25, 2016.[141][144][145] Other filming locations in Louisiana included the NASA Michoud Plant in New Orleans East,[146] Amite City,[147] Husser, the Greenlawn Cemetery in Hammond,[148] Metairie,[149] and the Ferriday Plaza Shopping Center.[150] Exterior scenes were filmed along Louisiana Highway 15.[151] A crash scene was shot on U.S. Route 425, just outside of Ferriday, Louisiana.[150] Producers Kinberg, Shuler Donner and Parker chose to film in Ferriday because of Concordia Parish's beautiful countryside and green cornfields.[152] Scenes were also shot at Sicily Island High School and a house in Sicily Island.[150]

text: From June 14 to 28, 2016,[153] production was scheduled to take place in Natchez, Mississippi, to film a scene that required the casting of truck drivers.[154] On July 12, 2016, production moved to its third major filming location – New Mexico – which ran through August in Albuquerque, Rio Rancho, Abiquiú, Tierra Amarilla and Chama.[155][156][157][158][159][160] According to the New Mexico Film Office, production employed about 130 New Mexican crew members and two New Mexican cast members, as well as 600 extras.[161] Scenes were shot at the Northern Meadows neighborhood of Rio Rancho, while a few miles further down King Boulevard, an elaborate set was built with a toppled water tower[157] that was used for exterior shots.[162][163] Principal photography concluded in New Mexico on August 13, 2016.[164][165][166]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: Post-production began subsequent to filming closure on August 23, 2016.[167][168][169] Film editor Michael McCusker described the process of going through dailies and breaking them down, and figuring out the structure of one scene as being "complicated". McCusker stated that the task was time consuming on the front end, but added, "I am looking at the back end experience with [Mangold] as the more important experience. I don't want to be searching for stuff for him, I want to working towards getting the cut right."[170]

text: Chas Jarrett was the overall visual effects supervisor and visual effects company Image Engine worked on most of the visual effects on Logan.[171][172][173]

text: Music[edit]

text: In July 2016, Cliff Martinez was announced as the composer of Logan's musical score.[174][175][176][177] However, in December 2016, Mangold announced that Marco Beltrami, who had previously collaborated with Mangold on 3:10 to Yuma (2007) and The Wolverine (2013), would score Logan instead.[178] It has 25 tracks and 1 trailer track.

text:
Logan (Official Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album by Marco Beltrami

Released
March 31, 2017

Genre
Film score

Length
57:31

Label
Sony Classical

text: All music composed by Marco Beltrami.

text:
[show]Logan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Main Titles"
2:21

2.
"Laura"
2:24

3.
"The Grim Reavers"
1:32

4.
"Old Man Logan"
2:45

5.
"Alternate Route to Mexico"
1:23

6.
"That's Not a Choo-Choo"
2:13

7.
"X-24"
2:46

8.
"El Limo-Nator"
1:38

9.
"Gabriella's Video"
2:35

10.
"To the Cemetery"
0:55

11.
"Goodnight Moon"
1:55

12.
"Farm Aid"
3:11

13.
"Feral Tween"
3:34

14.
"Driving to Mexico"
1:42

15.
"You Can't Break the Mould"
1:07

16.
"Up to Eden"
1:51

17.
"Beyond the Hills"
2:09

18.
"Into the Woods"
3:09

19.
"Forest Fight"
2:30

20.
"Logan vs. X-24"
4:13

21.
"Don't Be What They Made You"
2:04

22.
"Eternum – Laura's Theme"
3:34

23.
"Logan's Limo"
2:32

24.
"Loco Logan"
1:20

25.
"Logan Drives"
2:08

text: Total Album Length: 57:31

text: Influences[edit]

text: Director James Mangold has said that Logan's influences included "visual reference points" of cinema, citing Shane (1953), The Cowboys (1972), Paper Moon (1973), The Gauntlet (1977), Little Miss Sunshine (2006), and The Wrestler (2008).[180][181][182][183]

text: Mangold spoke of cinematography-based framing, while noting that he does not necessarily think about the "comic-book" related sort, instead highlighting the variety of stylistic influences that went into Logan.[184] These influences include film noir framings and classic Hollywood filmmaking styles, as well as the Germanic expressionist filmmaking style of the early part of the last century, which Mangold stated has a commonality with comic-book art.[185] Mangold highlighted "Strong foregrounds, playing things in depth: you have to make an image say more within that one image."[186]

text: Using the image of Logan at a funeral as an example of his stylistic logic,[187] Mangold concluded by mentioning the aspects within modern filmmaking, primarily everything in close-up format. For Logan, his aim was to set frames that are descriptive, and evocative of comic-book panels and classical filmmaking.[188]

text: Release[edit]

text: Logan premiered at the 67th Berlin International Film Festival on February 17, 2017, in Berlin, Germany,[189] where it was selected to be screened out of competition[190][191] alongside The Bar, Final Portrait, Midwife, T2 Trainspotting, and Viceroy's House,[192][193] before screening in the United States, where it was given a wide release on March 3, 2017.[194][195][196][197] In October 2015, Fox confirmed that Logan would be released in the IMAX format.[198][199][200] In the U.S., Canada and UK, the film was preceded by a short film, Deadpool: No Good Deed. In it, Deadpool notices a man getting robbed, and springs into action – but first has to change into his costume in a phone booth. As he is finishing up, the man is shot; the short film ends with Deadpool commenting on the strangeness of the phone booth's presence, and eating the man's ice cream. The teaser met with positive reviews. Ryan Reynolds posted an extended version of the teaser via his YouTube channel the day after the film's release.[201]

text: One Last Time promotion[edit]

text: Prior to the confirmation that the then-untitled Logan would be his final appearance in the X-Men film franchise, Jackman initially denied such rumors. Jackman stated that he was inspired by Michael Keaton's performance in Birdman, and wished to portray the character of Wolverine until his death.[202][203] In July 2015, Jackman posted an image of Logan giving the middle finger with a claw to his Twitter. The image, coupled with the hashtag "#OneLastTime", signified that the film would be his last appearance as Logan, and officially announced his decision to stop playing the character he had been portraying for the past 17 years.[204][205][206]

text: During an appearance on The Dr. Oz Show in May 2015, Jackman clarified the confusion over the conflicting sentiments, by stating bluntly that the film would be his final portrayal as the character; he said, "This will be my last one, it is my last time. It just felt like it was the right time to do it, and let's be honest, 17 years. I never thought in a million years it would last, so I'm so grateful to the fans for the opportunity of playing it. I kind of have in my head what we're going to do in this last one. It just feels like this is the perfect way to go out."[207] Jackman has also explained that Jerry Seinfeld has convinced him to quit the role stating, "He said to me, when you're creating something it's very important not to run yourself dry. It's not about finishing on top, necessarily, but making sure you're, creatively, still got something left, which propels you into the whatever's next."[208]

text: In December 2016, Ryan Reynolds revealed that he had been trying to convince Jackman to re-sign for a Wolverine and Deadpool crossover film. Urging fans to campaign online, he stated, "I want Deadpool and Wolverine in a movie together. What we're gonna have to do is convince Hugh. If anything, I'm going to need to do what I can to get my internet friends back on board to help rally another cause down the line. Hugh Jackman is one of the best human beings. Part of the reason I want to do a Deadpool/Wolverine movie is not just because I think the two would light the screen on fire but I genuinely love the guy."[209] In January 2017, Reynolds and Jackman spoke about the proposed project; Jackman stated, "I'm hesitating, because I could totally see how that's the perfect fit. But the timing may be wrong."[210] Jackman later stated that he would not reprise the role for a team-up film, specifying, "No, and Ryan is currently sleeping outside my house. [Laughs] Look, if that movie had appeared 10 years ago, probably a different story, but I knew two and a half years ago that this was the last one. The first call I made was to [director James Mangold]. I said, 'Jim, I got one more shot at this,' and as soon as Jim came up with the idea and we worked on it, I was never more excited. But, it feels like the right time. Deadpool, go for it man, do your thing. You don't need me."[211]

text: Jackman did, however, state that he would be willing to keep playing Wolverine had the character been brought into the Marvel Cinematic Universe, presumably in a deal akin to that Marvel Studios made with Sony to utilize the character of Spider-Man. Jackman elaborated, "If that was on the table when I made my decision, it certainly would have made me pause. That's for sure. Because I always love the idea of him within that dynamic, with the Hulk obviously, with Iron Man but there's a lot of smarter people with MBAs who can't figure that out. You never know. At the moment, honestly, if I really did have them there, I probably wouldn't have said this is the last. It just feels like this is the right time [to leave the character]."[212]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In April 2016, Fox decided not to showcase its upcoming movie releases, including Logan, at Hall H at San Diego Comic-Con, as the studio felt it could not prevent the piracy of custom trailers and exclusive footage routinely screened for fans in attendance.[213][214]

text: On October 20, 2016, 20th Century Fox released a 90-second teaser trailer to promote Logan,[215] following a six-second sneak peek the prior day.[216] Later that day, 20th Century Fox released an international red band version of the trailer, featuring slightly more graphic violence than the original.[217][218] Empire Magazine chose the trailer as the best trailer of the year.[219] The Hollywood Reporter's Aaron Couch praised the trailer, and stated, "If Logan delivers on the promise of this trailer, it will be a true rarity in modern superhero movie making."[220] James Dyer of Empire heralded the trailer and its director, James Mangold, by stating: "We've had a veritable feast of great trailers ... from John Wick to Rogue One, Assassin's Creed and A Cure for Wellness. But none ..., no matter how impressive, have been quite so artfully constructed as this glorious first look at [Mangold]'s Logan."[221] Forrest Wickman of Slate called the trailer "surprisingly mournful".[222]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Logan was made available on Blu-ray, DVD, and 4K on May 23, 2017, and was released on Digital HD on May 16, 2017.[223]

text: Logan Noir[edit]

text: On April 29, 2017, James Mangold announced via Twitter that a special black-and-white version of the film entitled Logan Noir would have a limited theatrical run in U.S. theaters, an event set to begin on May 16, 2017. This version of the film is included on the Digital HD release and also included in the DVD and Blu-ray Combo Pack.[224][225]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Logan grossed $226.3 million in the United States and Canada and $389.9 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $616.2 million, against a production budget of $97 million.[2] Worldwide, the film had a global debut of $247.4 million from 82 markets, the biggest of 2017 and the fifth-biggest ever for Fox, as well as the second biggest R-rated IMAX debut, with $20.6 million from 1,068 screens.[226] The film grossed $440.9 million in its first 13 days of release, surpassing the entire theatrical gross of The Wolverine ($414.8 million).[227][228]

text: North America[edit]

text: Predictions for its opening in North America were continuously revised upwards, from $55 million to as high as $80 million, with box office pundits noting that the figures could climb even higher.[229][230][231][232][233] Fox, however, was more conservative with its estimations, predicting an opening in the mid $60 million range.[234] Logan received a record breaking release across 4,071 theaters, the widest for an R-rated film (breaking American Sniper's 3,888 theater count). It is also the widest R-rated IMAX release, across 381 IMAX theaters. 580 theatres were premium large format screens.[229] Two days before the film's release, ticket selling site Fandango reported that the film was outpacing all previous X-Men movies (except Deadpool) at the same point in their sales cycle.[235]

text: Logan earned $9.5 million from Thursday night previews, which began at 7 pm. This marked the second biggest previews in the X-Men franchise, behind only Deadpool's $12.7 million.[236] On its opening day, the film scored the biggest R-rated March opening, with $33.1 million (breaking 300's record), as well as the third biggest R-rated debut after Deadpool ($47.3 million) and The Matrix Reloaded ($37.5 million).[237] Earning a total of $88.4 million during its opening weekend, the film scored the biggest Wolverine movie opening, the biggest R-rated March opening, the fourth biggest March opening, the fifth-largest X-Men opening, and the fifth biggest R-rated opening overall (ninth in terms of inflation adjusted).[238][239] It is also the biggest R-rated opening weekend that did not take place on a holiday.[240] Approximately 8.2% of the total ticket sales came from Canada, with premium large formats comprising $12.3 million (15%) from 558 screens, and IMAX comprising $10 million (12%) of the film's total opening weekend.[241]

text: Males comprised a bulk of the audience demographic during its opening weekend, with 63%, while females comprised 37%, with 83% of the audience being between 18 and 44 years of age.[241] Critics noted that the R rating – the second ever for the X-Men franchise – could be a hindering factor in the film's mass appeal. However, by the time of its release, the film was acclaimed by critics and raved by audiences. Good reviews, anticipation from fans, as well as lack of competition were highlighted behind the film's robust opening.[230] According to a poll conducted by Fandango during its opening weekend, 71% of moviegoers said that more superhero films should be rated R, while 86% were interested in seeing a more violent, adult X-Men film that weekend. Furthermore, 96% said they were excited to see Hugh Jackman, 94% were intrigued to see Patrick Stewart reprising his role as Professor X, and 76% were interested in watching newcomer Dafne Keen.[242] In its second weekend, the film dropped 56.9%, grossing $38.1 million and finishing second at the box office behind newcomer Kong: Skull Island ($61 million).[228] In its third weekend it made $17.8 million, finishing in third behind Beauty and the Beast ($174.8 million) and Kong: Skull Island ($27.8 million).[243] In its fourth weekend it made $10.1 million, dropping 43.1% from the previous week and finishing 5th at the box office.[244]

text: Outside North America[edit]

text: Outside North America, Logan was projected to open as high as $105 million. In North America, though, forecasters believed that it could post an even higher opening if it were to overperform in major markets—most notably China. It opened day-and-date in almost every major market except Japan, where Doraemon the Movie 2017 was released. Fox ultimately decided to postpone the film's release there in order to avoid competition.[229] Through Sunday, the film exceeded expectations and posted a five-day opening worth $152.5 million from 81 markets. This is Fox International's third biggest launch of all time, behind X-Men: Days of Future Past ($172 million) and Avatar ($164 million).[226] It debuted at No. 1 in 80 markets. It broke the record for the biggest R-rated IMAX release ever and the biggest 2D IMAX opening, with $10.6 million on 687 screens.[226]

text: Mainland China is the movie's best grossing foreign market, contributing $106 million in box office.[245] The film became the first ever film – both local and foreign – required by a new Film Promotion Law, which went into effect on March 1, 2017, to feature an age-restriction warning in its marketing material. Nevertheless, the film is still trimmed by 14 minutes, totaling 123 minutes. It is very likely that the move was due to usual censorship by the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television, because of the violence depicted.[246] Despite such restrictions, the film managed to debut with a better-than-expected $48.9 million, including previews, according to data from Ent Group (Fox reported $46.3 million). This marked the second biggest X-Men opening in the country, trailing behind only Apocalypse. Tracking showed that the film opened with 85,000 screenings on Friday, which increased to about 95,000 on Saturday and Sunday, from a 9.98 million attendance. Included within that total was $4.4 million from 388 IMAX screens.[247]

text: In Brazil, it recorded the biggest opening for Fox, and the seventh biggest opening overall, with $8.2 million. The top openings were in China ($46.3 million), the U.K. ($11.4 million), Korea ($8.2 million), and Russia ($7.1 million).[226] In India, the film debuted with an estimated 17 crore ($2.5 million) net, equating to a gross of $3.4 million, on 1,400 screens. According to Fox, that was the highest debut for any X-Men title in the territory, marginally ahead of X-Men: Apocalypse. While the debut was not enough to break any significant records, it ranked as the second biggest opening weekend for a Hollywood release in the January–March quarter, behind Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[248]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 93% based on 312 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Hugh Jackman makes the most of his final outing as Wolverine with a gritty, nuanced performance in a violent but surprisingly thoughtful superhero action film that defies genre conventions."[249] Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 77 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[250] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[251] Some reviewers noted Logan as one of the greatest superhero films of all-time.[19]

text: Scott Collura of IGN gave Logan a score of 9.7/10, and called the film, "an emotional, heavy picture, but it’s also an uplifting one that reminds us that it’s okay to fight for something more, something better," and "perhaps the best X-Men movie yet."[252] A.A. Dowd of The A.V. Club gave the film an 'A-', and said "[the film] manages to deliver the visceral goods, all the hardcore Wolverine action its fans could desire, while still functioning as a surprisingly thoughtful, even poignant drama—a terrific movie, no 'comic-book' qualifier required."[253] Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a 'B-', and called it "both the most violent film in the series and the most sentimental one. When it's not showering you in blood, it's trying to make you spill tears."[254] Sheri Linden of The Hollywood Reporter reacted positively, saying: "Seamlessly melding Marvel mythology with Western mythology, [director] James Mangold has crafted an affectingly stripped-down standalone feature, one that draws its strength from Hugh Jackman's nuanced turn as a reluctant, all but dissipated hero."[255]

text: Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave it 4/5, stating "It is more like a survivalist thriller than a superhero film, and signals its wintry quality with the title itself" and compared Wolverine's hitting of his truck during the film to Basil Fawlty from Fawlty Towers.[256] James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave it 3.5/4 and said, "In terms of tone and content, Logan is Deadpool's polar opposite but both productions refuse to play by traditional superhero movie rules ... With his glimpse into what superhero movies can be, James Mangold has given us something sadly lacking in recent genre entries: hope."[257] Kyle Smith of the New York Post also gave the film 3.5/4 and said "the film recognizes that superhero movies such as last year’s forgettable X-Men: Apocalypse have become meaningless spectacle ... I'd rank it beside X-Men: Days of Future Past among the best X-Men entries."[258] Brian Tallerico of RogerEbert.com stated, "Logan has stakes that feel real, and fight choreography that’s fluid and gorgeous instead of just computer-generated effects. Most importantly, Logan has characters with which you identify and about whom you care. It's not just 'great for a superhero movie,' it's a great movie for any genre."[259]

text: Brian Truitt of USA Today said, "Easily the best Wolverine outing, Logan is [the] Dark Knight of the mutant-filled X-franchise, a gripping film that transcends the comic-book genre by saying something important."[260] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3.5/4, and called it "a hard-ass, R-rated rager that explodes with action".[261] Amy Nicholson of MTV called it "a phenomenal, throat-slashing, gut-stabbing superhero movie".[262] Germain Lussier of io9 said, "Logan is beautiful, sophisticated, and still a kick-ass superhero film".[263] Robert Kojder of Flickering Myth said, "It isn't just a good superhero film or a fantastic blockbuster, it's an exceptional movie period."[264] Michael Roffman of Consequence of Sound called the film "A game-changing masterpiece."[265] Matt Donato of We Got This Covered said, "It’s not just one of the best superhero movies ever, it’s a damn-fine cinematic representation of the human condition in all its agonizing forms."[266] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal said, "It's the best superhero film to come out of the comic-book world, and I’m not forgetting Christopher Nolan’s 'The Dark Knight'."[267] Jackman's acting as Wolverine has been lauded with wide acclaim and his performance topped The Hollywood Reporter's Greatest Superhero Movie Performances of All Time list.[268]

text: On the other hand, Anthony Lane of The New Yorker reacted negatively, saying "If ever there was a time to hang up [Hugh Jackman]'s claws, that time is now."[269] Mara Reinstein of Us Weekly gave the film 2.5/4 and specified, in a lukewarm review, that "[T]he film loses its way during the 20-minutes-too-long journey. For all the breathless talk about how Logan transcends the superhero genre, there’s nothing groundbreaking about a road trip movie in which adults try to elude the bad guys to protect a super-special child."[270] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 2/4 and said, "Logan is deadly serious, and while its gamer-style killing sprees are meant to be excitingly brutal, I found them numbing and, in the climax, borderline offensive."[271] Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine said, "The grim side of human nature is all over James Mangold's Logan. But that doesn't necessarily make it a good movie."[272]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

Golden Trailer Awards
June 6, 2017
Best Music
Logan
Won
[273]

MTV Movie & TV Awards
May 7, 2017
Movie of the Year
Logan
Nominated
[274]

Best Actor in a Movie
Hugh Jackman
Nominated

Best Duo
Hugh Jackman and Dafne Keen
Won

Teen Choice Awards
August 13, 2017
Choice Action Movie
Logan
Nominated
[275]
[276]

Choice Action Movie Actor
Hugh Jackman
Nominated

text: Future[edit]

text: During production of the film, Jackman and Ryan Reynolds have both spoken about the possibility of a Wolverine and Deadpool crossover in the Deadpool sequel, despite the fact that Logan was meant to be Jackman's final appearance as Wolverine.[277][278][279] In February 2017, Jackman said that he had made up his mind and would not be appearing in a Deadpool sequel. His reasoning was that he felt Logan had the perfect ending to Wolverine's story arc.[280] Although Patrick Stewart had stated that Logan would be the final time he played the role of Professor X,[281][282][283] he later stated that he would be willing to return to the role in Deadpool 2 or the Legion TV series.[284][285]

text: Mangold stated that with the introduction of Laura / X-23 into the X-Men film universe, he would like to see the character appear in future films, and would want to be involved should that happen.[286] Simon Kinberg, producer of the X-Men film universe, later stated that the studio had plans for future movies that would be revealed soon, and that there might be another film featuring X-23 in the future.[287]