document_title: Atom

question_text: who discovered there are small particles inside the atom

question_tokens: who discovered there are small particles inside the atom

text: Atom

text: History of atomic theory

text: Atoms in philosophy

text: The idea that matter is made up of discrete units is a very old idea, appearing in many ancient cultures such as Greece and India. The word "atom" was coined by the ancient Greek philosophers Leucippus and his pupil Democritus.[1][2] However, these ideas were founded in philosophical and theological reasoning rather than evidence and experimentation. As a result, their views on what atoms look like and how they behave were incorrect. They also could not convince everybody, so atomism was but one of a number of competing theories on the nature of matter. It was not until the 19th century that the idea was embraced and refined by scientists, when the blossoming science of chemistry produced discoveries that only the concept of atoms could explain.

text: First evidence-based theory

text: In the early 1800s, John Dalton used the concept of atoms to explain why elements always react in ratios of small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions). For instance, there are two types of tin oxide: one is 88.1% tin and 11.9% oxygen and the other is 78.7% tin and 21.3% oxygen (tin(II) oxide and tin dioxide respectively). This means that 100g of tin will combine either with 13.5g or 27g of oxygen. 13.5 and 27 form a ratio of 1:2, a ratio of small whole numbers. This common pattern in chemistry suggested to Dalton that elements react in whole number multiples of discrete units—in other words, atoms. In the case of tin oxides, one tin atom will combine with either one or two oxygen atoms.[3]

text: Dalton also believed atomic theory could explain why water absorbs different gases in different proportions. For example, he found that water absorbs carbon dioxide far better than it absorbs nitrogen.[4] Dalton hypothesized this was due to the differences between the masses and configurations of the gases' respective particles, and carbon dioxide molecules (CO2) are heavier and larger than nitrogen molecules (N2).

text: Brownian motion

text: In 1827, botanist Robert Brown used a microscope to look at dust grains floating in water and discovered that they moved about erratically, a phenomenon that became known as "Brownian motion". This was thought to be caused by water molecules knocking the grains about. In 1905, Albert Einstein proved the reality of these molecules and their motions by producing the first Statistical physics analysis of Brownian motion.[5][6][7] French physicist Jean Perrin used Einstein's work to experimentally determine the mass and dimensions of atoms, thereby conclusively verifying Dalton's atomic theory.[8]

text: Discovery of the electron

text: The physicist J. J. Thomson measured the mass of cathode rays, showing they were made of particles, but were around 1800 times lighter than the lightest atom, hydrogen. Therefore, they were not atoms, but a new particle, the first subatomic particle to be discovered, which he originally called "corpuscle" but was later named electron, after particles postulated by George Johnstone Stoney in 1874. He also showed they were identical to particles given off by photoelectric and radioactive materials.[9] It was quickly recognized that they are the particles that carry electric currents in metal wires, and carry the negative electric charge within atoms. Thomson was given the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work. Thus he overturned the belief that atoms are the indivisible, ultimate particles of matter.[10] Thomson also incorrectly postulated that the low mass, negatively charged electrons were distributed throughout the atom in a uniform sea of positive charge. This became known as the plum pudding model.

text: Discovery of the nucleus

text: In 1909, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden, under the direction of Ernest Rutherford, bombarded a metal foil with alpha particles to observe how they scattered. They expected all the alpha particles to pass straight through with little deflection, because Thomson's model said that the charges in the atom are so diffuse that their electric fields could not affect the alpha particles much. However, Geiger and Marsden spotted alpha particles being deflected by angles greater than 90°, which was supposed to be impossible according to Thomson's model. To explain this, Rutherford proposed that the positive charge of the atom is concentrated in a tiny nucleus at the center of the atom.[11] Rutherford compared his findings to one firing a 15-inch shell at a sheet of tissue paper and it coming back to hit the person who fired it.[12]

text: Discovery of isotopes

text: While experimenting with the products of radioactive decay, in 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered that there appeared to be more than one type of atom at each position on the periodic table.[13] The term isotope was coined by Margaret Todd as a suitable name for different atoms that belong to the same element. J.J. Thomson created a technique for separating atom types through his work on ionized gases, which subsequently led to the discovery of stable isotopes.[14]

text: Bohr model

text: In 1913 the physicist Niels Bohr proposed a model in which the electrons of an atom were assumed to orbit the nucleus but could only do so in a finite set of orbits, and could jump between these orbits only in discrete changes of energy corresponding to absorption or radiation of a photon.[15] This quantization was used to explain why the electrons orbits are stable (given that normally, charges in acceleration, including circular motion, lose kinetic energy which is emitted as electromagnetic radiation, see synchrotron radiation) and why elements absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation in discrete spectra.[16]

text: Later in the same year Henry Moseley provided additional experimental evidence in favor of Niels Bohr's theory. These results refined Ernest Rutherford's and Antonius Van den Broek's model, which proposed that the atom contains in its nucleus a number of positive nuclear charges that is equal to its (atomic) number in the periodic table. Until these experiments, atomic number was not known to be a physical and experimental quantity. That it is equal to the atomic nuclear charge remains the accepted atomic model today.[17]

text: Chemical bonding explained

text: Chemical bonds between atoms were now explained, by Gilbert Newton Lewis in 1916, as the interactions between their constituent electrons.[18] As the chemical properties of the elements were known to largely repeat themselves according to the periodic law,[19] in 1919 the American chemist Irving Langmuir suggested that this could be explained if the electrons in an atom were connected or clustered in some manner. Groups of electrons were thought to occupy a set of electron shells about the nucleus.[20]

text: Further developments in quantum physics

text: The Stern–Gerlach experiment of 1922 provided further evidence of the quantum nature of the atom. When a beam of silver atoms was passed through a specially shaped magnetic field, the beam was split based on the direction of an atom's angular momentum, or spin. As this direction is random, the beam could be expected to spread into a line. Instead, the beam was split into two parts, depending on whether the atomic spin was oriented up or down.[21]

text: In 1924, Louis de Broglie proposed that all particles behave to an extent like waves. In 1926, Erwin Schrödinger used this idea to develop a mathematical model of the atom that described the electrons as three-dimensional waveforms rather than point particles. A consequence of using waveforms to describe particles is that it is mathematically impossible to obtain precise values for both the position and momentum of a particle at a given point in time; this became known as the uncertainty principle, formulated by Werner Heisenberg in 1926. In this concept, for a given accuracy in measuring a position one could only obtain a range of probable values for momentum, and vice versa.[22] This model was able to explain observations of atomic behavior that previous models could not, such as certain structural and spectral patterns of atoms larger than hydrogen. Thus, the planetary model of the atom was discarded in favor of one that described atomic orbital zones around the nucleus where a given electron is most likely to be observed.[23][24]

text: Discovery of the neutron

text: The development of the mass spectrometer allowed the mass of atoms to be measured with increased accuracy. The device uses a magnet to bend the trajectory of a beam of ions, and the amount of deflection is determined by the ratio of an atom's mass to its charge. The chemist Francis William Aston used this instrument to show that isotopes had different masses. The atomic mass of these isotopes varied by integer amounts, called the whole number rule.[25] The explanation for these different isotopes awaited the discovery of the neutron, an uncharged particle with a mass similar to the proton, by the physicist James Chadwick in 1932. Isotopes were then explained as elements with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons within the nucleus.[26]

text: Fission, high-energy physics and condensed matter

text: In 1938, the German chemist Otto Hahn, a student of Rutherford, directed neutrons onto uranium atoms expecting to get transuranium elements. Instead, his chemical experiments showed barium as a product.[27][28] A year later, Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Frisch verified that Hahn's result were the first experimental nuclear fission.[29][30] In 1944, Hahn received the Nobel prize in chemistry. Despite Hahn's efforts, the contributions of Meitner and Frisch were not recognized.[31]

text: In the 1950s, the development of improved particle accelerators and particle detectors allowed scientists to study the impacts of atoms moving at high energies.[32] Neutrons and protons were found to be hadrons, or composites of smaller particles called quarks. The standard model of particle physics was developed that so far has successfully explained the properties of the nucleus in terms of these sub-atomic particles and the forces that govern their interactions.[33]

text: Structure

text: Subatomic particles

text: Though the word atom originally denoted a particle that cannot be cut into smaller particles, in modern scientific usage the atom is composed of various subatomic particles. The constituent particles of an atom are the electron, the proton and the neutron; all three are fermions. However, the hydrogen-1 atom has no neutrons and the hydron ion has no electrons.

text: The electron is by far the least massive of these particles at 6969911000000000000♠9.11×10−31 kg, with a negative electrical charge and a size that is too small to be measured using available techniques.[34] It is the lightest particle with a positive rest mass measured. Under ordinary conditions, electrons are bound to the positively charged nucleus by the attraction created from opposite electric charges. If an atom has more or fewer electrons than its atomic number, then it becomes respectively negatively or positively charged as a whole; a charged atom is called an ion. Electrons have been known since the late 19th century, mostly thanks to J.J. Thomson; see history of subatomic physics for details.

text: Protons have a positive charge and a mass 1,836 times that of the electron, at 6973167260000000000♠1.6726×10−27 kg. The number of protons in an atom is called its atomic number. Ernest Rutherford (1919) observed that nitrogen under alpha-particle bombardment ejects what appeared to be hydrogen nuclei. By 1920 he had accepted that the hydrogen nucleus is a distinct particle within the atom and named it proton.

text: Neutrons have no electrical charge and have a free mass of 1,839 times the mass of the electron,[35] or 6973169290000000000♠1.6929×10−27 kg, the heaviest of the three constituent particles, but it can be reduced by the nuclear binding energy. Neutrons and protons (collectively known as nucleons) have comparable dimensions—on the order of 6985250000000000000♠2.5×10−15 m—although the 'surface' of these particles is not sharply defined.[36] The neutron was discovered in 1932 by the English physicist James Chadwick.

text: In the Standard Model of physics, electrons are truly elementary particles with no internal structure. However, both protons and neutrons are composite particles composed of elementary particles called quarks. There are two types of quarks in atoms, each having a fractional electric charge. Protons are composed of two up quarks (each with charge +2/3) and one down quark (with a charge of −1/3). Neutrons consist of one up quark and two down quarks. This distinction accounts for the difference in mass and charge between the two particles.[37][38]

text: The quarks are held together by the strong interaction (or strong force), which is mediated by gluons. The protons and neutrons, in turn, are held to each other in the nucleus by the nuclear force, which is a residuum of the strong force that has somewhat different range-properties (see the article on the nuclear force for more). The gluon is a member of the family of gauge bosons, which are elementary particles that mediate physical forces.[37][38]

text: Nucleus

text: All the bound protons and neutrons in an atom make up a tiny atomic nucleus, and are collectively called nucleons. The radius of a nucleus is approximately equal to 1.07 3√A fm, where A is the total number of nucleons.[39] This is much smaller than the radius of the atom, which is on the order of 105 fm. The nucleons are bound together by a short-ranged attractive potential called the residual strong force. At distances smaller than 2.5 fm this force is much more powerful than the electrostatic force that causes positively charged protons to repel each other.[40]

text: Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons, called the atomic number. Within a single element, the number of neutrons may vary, determining the isotope of that element. The total number of protons and neutrons determine the nuclide. The number of neutrons relative to the protons determines the stability of the nucleus, with certain isotopes undergoing radioactive decay.[41]

text: The proton, the electron, and the neutron are classified as fermions. Fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle which prohibits identical fermions, such as multiple protons, from occupying the same quantum state at the same time. Thus, every proton in the nucleus must occupy a quantum state different from all other protons, and the same applies to all neutrons of the nucleus and to all electrons of the electron cloud. However, a proton and a neutron are allowed to occupy the same quantum state.[42]

text: For atoms with low atomic numbers, a nucleus that has more neutrons than protons tends to drop to a lower energy state through radioactive decay so that the neutron–proton ratio is closer to one. However, as the atomic number increases, a higher proportion of neutrons is required to offset the mutual repulsion of the protons. Thus, there are no stable nuclei with equal proton and neutron numbers above atomic number Z = 20 (calcium) and as Z increases, the neutron–proton ratio of stable isotopes increases.[42] The stable isotope with the highest proton–neutron ratio is lead-208 (about 1.5).

text: The number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus can be modified, although this can require very high energies because of the strong force. Nuclear fusion occurs when multiple atomic particles join to form a heavier nucleus, such as through the energetic collision of two nuclei. For example, at the core of the Sun protons require energies of 3–10 keV to overcome their mutual repulsion—the coulomb barrier—and fuse together into a single nucleus.[43] Nuclear fission is the opposite process, causing a nucleus to split into two smaller nuclei—usually through radioactive decay. The nucleus can also be modified through bombardment by high energy subatomic particles or photons. If this modifies the number of protons in a nucleus, the atom changes to a different chemical element.[44][45]

text: If the mass of the nucleus following a fusion reaction is less than the sum of the masses of the separate particles, then the difference between these two values can be emitted as a type of usable energy (such as a gamma ray, or the kinetic energy of a beta particle), as described by Albert Einstein's mass–energy equivalence formula, E = mc2, where m is the mass loss and c is the speed of light. This deficit is part of the binding energy of the new nucleus, and it is the non-recoverable loss of the energy that causes the fused particles to remain together in a state that requires this energy to separate.[46]

text: The fusion of two nuclei that create larger nuclei with lower atomic numbers than iron and nickel—a total nucleon number of about 60—is usually an exothermic process that releases more energy than is required to bring them together.[47] It is this energy-releasing process that makes nuclear fusion in stars a self-sustaining reaction. For heavier nuclei, the binding energy per nucleon in the nucleus begins to decrease. That means fusion processes producing nuclei that have atomic numbers higher than about 26, and atomic masses higher than about 60, is an endothermic process. These more massive nuclei can not undergo an energy-producing fusion reaction that can sustain the hydrostatic equilibrium of a star.[42]

text: Electron cloud

text: The electrons in an atom are attracted to the protons in the nucleus by the electromagnetic force. This force binds the electrons inside an electrostatic potential well surrounding the smaller nucleus, which means that an external source of energy is needed for the electron to escape. The closer an electron is to the nucleus, the greater the attractive force. Hence electrons bound near the center of the potential well require more energy to escape than those at greater separations.

text: Electrons, like other particles, have properties of both a particle and a wave. The electron cloud is a region inside the potential well where each electron forms a type of three-dimensional standing wave—a wave form that does not move relative to the nucleus. This behavior is defined by an atomic orbital, a mathematical function that characterises the probability that an electron appears to be at a particular location when its position is measured.[48] Only a discrete (or quantized) set of these orbitals exist around the nucleus, as other possible wave patterns rapidly decay into a more stable form.[49] Orbitals can have one or more ring or node structures, and differ from each other in size, shape and orientation.[50]

text: Each atomic orbital corresponds to a particular energy level of the electron. The electron can change its state to a higher energy level by absorbing a photon with sufficient energy to boost it into the new quantum state. Likewise, through spontaneous emission, an electron in a higher energy state can drop to a lower energy state while radiating the excess energy as a photon. These characteristic energy values, defined by the differences in the energies of the quantum states, are responsible for atomic spectral lines.[49]

text: The amount of energy needed to remove or add an electron—the electron binding energy—is far less than the binding energy of nucleons. For example, it requires only 13.6 eV to strip a ground-state electron from a hydrogen atom,[51] compared to 2.23 million eV for splitting a deuterium nucleus.[52] Atoms are electrically neutral if they have an equal number of protons and electrons. Atoms that have either a deficit or a surplus of electrons are called ions. Electrons that are farthest from the nucleus may be transferred to other nearby atoms or shared between atoms. By this mechanism, atoms are able to bond into molecules and other types of chemical compounds like ionic and covalent network crystals.[53]

text: Properties

text: Nuclear properties

text: By definition, any two atoms with an identical number of protons in their nuclei belong to the same chemical element. Atoms with equal numbers of protons but a different number of neutrons are different isotopes of the same element. For example, all hydrogen atoms admit exactly one proton, but isotopes exist with no neutrons (hydrogen-1, by far the most common form,[54] also called protium), one neutron (deuterium), two neutrons (tritium) and more than two neutrons. The known elements form a set of atomic numbers, from the single proton element hydrogen up to the 118-proton element oganesson.[55] All known isotopes of elements with atomic numbers greater than 82 are radioactive, although the radioactivity of element 83 (bismuth) is so slight as to be practically negligible.[56][57]

text: About 339 nuclides occur naturally on Earth,[58] of which 254 (about 75%) have not been observed to decay, and are referred to as "stable isotopes". However, only 90 of these nuclides are stable to all decay, even in theory. Another 164 (bringing the total to 254) have not been observed to decay, even though in theory it is energetically possible. These are also formally classified as "stable". An additional 34 radioactive nuclides have half-lives longer than 80 million years, and are long-lived enough to be present from the birth of the solar system. This collection of 288 nuclides are known as primordial nuclides. Finally, an additional 51 short-lived nuclides are known to occur naturally, as daughter products of primordial nuclide decay (such as radium from uranium), or else as products of natural energetic processes on Earth, such as cosmic ray bombardment (for example, carbon-14).[59][note 1]

text: For 80 of the chemical elements, at least one stable isotope exists. As a rule, there is only a handful of stable isotopes for each of these elements, the average being 3.2 stable isotopes per element. Twenty-six elements have only a single stable isotope, while the largest number of stable isotopes observed for any element is ten, for the element tin. Elements 43, 61, and all elements numbered 83 or higher have no stable isotopes.[60][page needed]

text: Stability of isotopes is affected by the ratio of protons to neutrons, and also by the presence of certain "magic numbers" of neutrons or protons that represent closed and filled quantum shells. These quantum shells correspond to a set of energy levels within the shell model of the nucleus; filled shells, such as the filled shell of 50 protons for tin, confers unusual stability on the nuclide. Of the 254 known stable nuclides, only four have both an odd number of protons and odd number of neutrons: hydrogen-2 (deuterium), lithium-6, boron-10 and nitrogen-14. Also, only four naturally occurring, radioactive odd–odd nuclides have a half-life over a billion years: potassium-40, vanadium-50, lanthanum-138 and tantalum-180m. Most odd–odd nuclei are highly unstable with respect to beta decay, because the decay products are even–even, and are therefore more strongly bound, due to nuclear pairing effects.[60][page needed]

text: Mass

text: The large majority of an atom's mass comes from the protons and neutrons that make it up. The total number of these particles (called "nucleons") in a given atom is called the mass number. It is a positive integer and dimensionless (instead of having dimension of mass), because it expresses a count. An example of use of a mass number is "carbon-12," which has 12 nucleons (six protons and six neutrons).

text: The actual mass of an atom at rest is often expressed using the unified atomic mass unit (u), also called dalton (Da). This unit is defined as a twelfth of the mass of a free neutral atom of carbon-12, which is approximately 6973166000000000000♠1.66×10−27 kg.[61] Hydrogen-1 (the lightest isotope of hydrogen which is also the nuclide with the lowest mass) has an atomic weight of 1.007825 u.[62] The value of this number is called the atomic mass. A given atom has an atomic mass approximately equal (within 1%) to its mass number times the atomic mass unit (for example the mass of a nitrogen-14 is roughly 14 u). However, this number will not be exactly an integer except in the case of carbon-12 (see below).[63] The heaviest stable atom is lead-208,[56] with a mass of 7002207976652100000♠207.9766521 u.[64]

text: As even the most massive atoms are far too light to work with directly, chemists instead use the unit of moles. One mole of atoms of any element always has the same number of atoms (about 7023602200000000000♠6.022×1023). This number was chosen so that if an element has an atomic mass of 1 u, a mole of atoms of that element has a mass close to one gram. Because of the definition of the unified atomic mass unit, each carbon-12 atom has an atomic mass of exactly 12 u, and so a mole of carbon-12 atoms weighs exactly 0.012 kg.[61]

text: Shape and size

text: Atoms lack a well-defined outer boundary, so their dimensions are usually described in terms of an atomic radius. This is a measure of the distance out to which the electron cloud extends from the nucleus.[65] However, this assumes the atom to exhibit a spherical shape, which is only obeyed for atoms in vacuum or free space. Atomic radii may be derived from the distances between two nuclei when the two atoms are joined in a chemical bond. The radius varies with the location of an atom on the atomic chart, the type of chemical bond, the number of neighboring atoms (coordination number) and a quantum mechanical property known as spin.[66] On the periodic table of the elements, atom size tends to increase when moving down columns, but decrease when moving across rows (left to right).[67] Consequently, the smallest atom is helium with a radius of 32 pm, while one of the largest is caesium at 225 pm.[68]

text: When subjected to external forces, like electrical fields, the shape of an atom may deviate from spherical symmetry. The deformation depends on the field magnitude and the orbital type of outer shell electrons, as shown by group-theoretical considerations. Aspherical deviations might be elicited for instance in crystals, where large crystal-electrical fields may occur at low-symmetry lattice sites.[69][70] Significant ellipsoidal deformations have been shown to occur for sulfur ions[71] and chalcogen ions[72] in pyrite-type compounds.

text: Atomic dimensions are thousands of times smaller than the wavelengths of light (400–700 nm) so they cannot be viewed using an optical microscope. However, individual atoms can be observed using a scanning tunneling microscope. To visualize the minuteness of the atom, consider that a typical human hair is about 1 million carbon atoms in width.[73] A single drop of water contains about 2 sextillion (7021200000000000000♠2×1021) atoms of oxygen, and twice the number of hydrogen atoms.[74] A single carat diamond with a mass of 6996200000000000000♠2×10−4 kg contains about 10 sextillion (1022) atoms of carbon.[note 2] If an apple were magnified to the size of the Earth, then the atoms in the apple would be approximately the size of the original apple.[75]

text: Radioactive decay

text: Every element has one or more isotopes that have unstable nuclei that are subject to radioactive decay, causing the nucleus to emit particles or electromagnetic radiation. Radioactivity can occur when the radius of a nucleus is large compared with the radius of the strong force, which only acts over distances on the order of 1 fm.[76]

text: The most common forms of radioactive decay are:[77][78]

text:
Alpha decay: this process is caused when the nucleus emits an alpha particle, which is a helium nucleus consisting of two protons and two neutrons. The result of the emission is a new element with a lower atomic number.
Beta decay (and electron capture): these processes are regulated by the weak force, and result from a transformation of a neutron into a proton, or a proton into a neutron. The neutron to proton transition is accompanied by the emission of an electron and an antineutrino, while proton to neutron transition (except in electron capture) causes the emission of a positron and a neutrino. The electron or positron emissions are called beta particles. Beta decay either increases or decreases the atomic number of the nucleus by one. Electron capture is more common than positron emission, because it requires less energy. In this type of decay, an electron is absorbed by the nucleus, rather than a positron emitted from the nucleus. A neutrino is still emitted in this process, and a proton changes to a neutron.
Gamma decay: this process results from a change in the energy level of the nucleus to a lower state, resulting in the emission of electromagnetic radiation. The excited state of a nucleus which results in gamma emission usually occurs following the emission of an alpha or a beta particle. Thus, gamma decay usually follows alpha or beta decay.

text: Other more rare types of radioactive decay include ejection of neutrons or protons or clusters of nucleons from a nucleus, or more than one beta particle. An analog of gamma emission which allows excited nuclei to lose energy in a different way, is internal conversion— a process that produces high-speed electrons that are not beta rays, followed by production of high-energy photons that are not gamma rays. A few large nuclei explode into two or more charged fragments of varying masses plus several neutrons, in a decay called spontaneous nuclear fission.

text: Each radioactive isotope has a characteristic decay time period—the half-life—that is determined by the amount of time needed for half of a sample to decay. This is an exponential decay process that steadily decreases the proportion of the remaining isotope by 50% every half-life. Hence after two half-lives have passed only 25% of the isotope is present, and so forth.[76]

text: Magnetic moment

text: Elementary particles possess an intrinsic quantum mechanical property known as spin. This is analogous to the angular momentum of an object that is spinning around its center of mass, although strictly speaking these particles are believed to be point-like and cannot be said to be rotating. Spin is measured in units of the reduced Planck constant (ħ), with electrons, protons and neutrons all having spin ½ ħ, or "spin-½". In an atom, electrons in motion around the nucleus possess orbital angular momentum in addition to their spin, while the nucleus itself possesses angular momentum due to its nuclear spin.[79]

text: The magnetic field produced by an atom—its magnetic moment—is determined by these various forms of angular momentum, just as a rotating charged object classically produces a magnetic field. However, the most dominant contribution comes from electron spin. Due to the nature of electrons to obey the Pauli exclusion principle, in which no two electrons may be found in the same quantum state, bound electrons pair up with each other, with one member of each pair in a spin up state and the other in the opposite, spin down state. Thus these spins cancel each other out, reducing the total magnetic dipole moment to zero in some atoms with even number of electrons.[80]

text: In ferromagnetic elements such as iron, cobalt and nickel, an odd number of electrons leads to an unpaired electron and a net overall magnetic moment. The orbitals of neighboring atoms overlap and a lower energy state is achieved when the spins of unpaired electrons are aligned with each other, a spontaneous process known as an exchange interaction. When the magnetic moments of ferromagnetic atoms are lined up, the material can produce a measurable macroscopic field. Paramagnetic materials have atoms with magnetic moments that line up in random directions when no magnetic field is present, but the magnetic moments of the individual atoms line up in the presence of a field.[80][81]

text: The nucleus of an atom will have no spin when it has even numbers of both neutrons and protons, but for other cases of odd numbers, the nucleus may have a spin. Normally nuclei with spin are aligned in random directions because of thermal equilibrium. However, for certain elements (such as xenon-129) it is possible to polarize a significant proportion of the nuclear spin states so that they are aligned in the same direction—a condition called hyperpolarization. This has important applications in magnetic resonance imaging.[82][83]

text: Energy levels

text: The potential energy of an electron in an atom is negative, its dependence of its position reaches the minimum (the most absolute value) inside the nucleus, and vanishes when the distance from the nucleus goes to infinity, roughly in an inverse proportion to the distance. In the quantum-mechanical model, a bound electron can only occupy a set of states centered on the nucleus, and each state corresponds to a specific energy level; see time-independent Schrödinger equation for theoretical explanation. An energy level can be measured by the amount of energy needed to unbind the electron from the atom, and is usually given in units of electronvolts (eV). The lowest energy state of a bound electron is called the ground state, i.e. stationary state, while an electron transition to a higher level results in an excited state.[84] The electron's energy raises when n increases because the (average) distance to the nucleus increases. Dependence of the energy on ℓ is caused not by electrostatic potential of the nucleus, but by interaction between electrons.

text: For an electron to transition between two different states, e.g. grounded state to first excited level (ionization), it must absorb or emit a photon at an energy matching the difference in the potential energy of those levels, according to Niels Bohr model, what can be precisely calculated by the Schrödinger equation. Electrons jump between orbitals in a particle-like fashion. For example, if a single photon strikes the electrons, only a single electron changes states in response to the photon; see Electron properties.

text: The energy of an emitted photon is proportional to its frequency, so these specific energy levels appear as distinct bands in the electromagnetic spectrum.[85] Each element has a characteristic spectrum that can depend on the nuclear charge, subshells filled by electrons, the electromagnetic interactions between the electrons and other factors.[86]

text: When a continuous spectrum of energy is passed through a gas or plasma, some of the photons are absorbed by atoms, causing electrons to change their energy level. Those excited electrons that remain bound to their atom spontaneously emit this energy as a photon, traveling in a random direction, and so drop back to lower energy levels. Thus the atoms behave like a filter that forms a series of dark absorption bands in the energy output. (An observer viewing the atoms from a view that does not include the continuous spectrum in the background, instead sees a series of emission lines from the photons emitted by the atoms.) Spectroscopic measurements of the strength and width of atomic spectral lines allow the composition and physical properties of a substance to be determined.[87]

text: Close examination of the spectral lines reveals that some display a fine structure splitting. This occurs because of spin–orbit coupling, which is an interaction between the spin and motion of the outermost electron.[88] When an atom is in an external magnetic field, spectral lines become split into three or more components; a phenomenon called the Zeeman effect. This is caused by the interaction of the magnetic field with the magnetic moment of the atom and its electrons. Some atoms can have multiple electron configurations with the same energy level, which thus appear as a single spectral line. The interaction of the magnetic field with the atom shifts these electron configurations to slightly different energy levels, resulting in multiple spectral lines.[89] The presence of an external electric field can cause a comparable splitting and shifting of spectral lines by modifying the electron energy levels, a phenomenon called the Stark effect.[90]

text: If a bound electron is in an excited state, an interacting photon with the proper energy can cause stimulated emission of a photon with a matching energy level. For this to occur, the electron must drop to a lower energy state that has an energy difference matching the energy of the interacting photon. The emitted photon and the interacting photon then move off in parallel and with matching phases. That is, the wave patterns of the two photons are synchronized. This physical property is used to make lasers, which can emit a coherent beam of light energy in a narrow frequency band.[91]

text: Valence and bonding behavior

text: Valency is the combining power of an element. It is equal to number of hydrogen atoms that atom can combine or displace in forming compounds.[92] The outermost electron shell of an atom in its uncombined state is known as the valence shell, and the electrons in that shell are called valence electrons. The number of valence electrons determines the bonding behavior with other atoms. Atoms tend to chemically react with each other in a manner that fills (or empties) their outer valence shells.[93] For example, a transfer of a single electron between atoms is a useful approximation for bonds that form between atoms with one-electron more than a filled shell, and others that are one-electron short of a full shell, such as occurs in the compound sodium chloride and other chemical ionic salts. However, many elements display multiple valences, or tendencies to share differing numbers of electrons in different compounds. Thus, chemical bonding between these elements takes many forms of electron-sharing that are more than simple electron transfers. Examples include the element carbon and the organic compounds.[94]

text: The chemical elements are often displayed in a periodic table that is laid out to display recurring chemical properties, and elements with the same number of valence electrons form a group that is aligned in the same column of the table. (The horizontal rows correspond to the filling of a quantum shell of electrons.) The elements at the far right of the table have their outer shell completely filled with electrons, which results in chemically inert elements known as the noble gases.[95][96]

text: States

text: Quantities of atoms are found in different states of matter that depend on the physical conditions, such as temperature and pressure. By varying the conditions, materials can transition between solids, liquids, gases and plasmas.[97] Within a state, a material can also exist in different allotropes. An example of this is solid carbon, which can exist as graphite or diamond.[98] Gaseous allotropes exist as well, such as dioxygen and ozone.

text: At temperatures close to absolute zero, atoms can form a Bose–Einstein condensate, at which point quantum mechanical effects, which are normally only observed at the atomic scale, become apparent on a macroscopic scale.[99][100] This super-cooled collection of atoms then behaves as a single super atom, which may allow fundamental checks of quantum mechanical behavior.[101]

text: Identification

text: The scanning tunneling microscope is a device for viewing surfaces at the atomic level. It uses the quantum tunneling phenomenon, which allows particles to pass through a barrier that would normally be insurmountable. Electrons tunnel through the vacuum between two planar metal electrodes, on each of which is an adsorbed atom, providing a tunneling-current density that can be measured. Scanning one atom (taken as the tip) as it moves past the other (the sample) permits plotting of tip displacement versus lateral separation for a constant current. The calculation shows the extent to which scanning-tunneling-microscope images of an individual atom are visible. It confirms that for low bias, the microscope images the space-averaged dimensions of the electron orbitals across closely packed energy levels—the Fermi level local density of states.[102][103]

text: An atom can be ionized by removing one of its electrons. The electric charge causes the trajectory of an atom to bend when it passes through a magnetic field. The radius by which the trajectory of a moving ion is turned by the magnetic field is determined by the mass of the atom. The mass spectrometer uses this principle to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. If a sample contains multiple isotopes, the mass spectrometer can determine the proportion of each isotope in the sample by measuring the intensity of the different beams of ions. Techniques to vaporize atoms include inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, both of which use a plasma to vaporize samples for analysis.[104]

text: A more area-selective method is electron energy loss spectroscopy, which measures the energy loss of an electron beam within a transmission electron microscope when it interacts with a portion of a sample. The atom-probe tomograph has sub-nanometer resolution in 3-D and can chemically identify individual atoms using time-of-flight mass spectrometry.[105]

text: Spectra of excited states can be used to analyze the atomic composition of distant stars. Specific light wavelengths contained in the observed light from stars can be separated out and related to the quantized transitions in free gas atoms. These colors can be replicated using a gas-discharge lamp containing the same element.[106] Helium was discovered in this way in the spectrum of the Sun 23 years before it was found on Earth.[107]

text: Origin and current state

text: Atoms form about 4% of the total energy density of the observable Universe, with an average density of about 0.25 atoms/m3.[108] Within a galaxy such as the Milky Way, atoms have a much higher concentration, with the density of matter in the interstellar medium (ISM) ranging from 105 to 109 atoms/m3.[109] The Sun is believed to be inside the Local Bubble, a region of highly ionized gas, so the density in the solar neighborhood is only about 103 atoms/m3.[110] Stars form from dense clouds in the ISM, and the evolutionary processes of stars result in the steady enrichment of the ISM with elements more massive than hydrogen and helium. Up to 95% of the Milky Way's atoms are concentrated inside stars and the total mass of atoms forms about 10% of the mass of the galaxy.[111] (The remainder of the mass is an unknown dark matter.)[112]

text: Formation

text: Electrons are thought to exist in the Universe since early stages of the Big Bang. Atomic nuclei forms in nucleosynthesis reactions. In about three minutes Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced most of the helium, lithium, and deuterium in the Universe, and perhaps some of the beryllium and boron.[113][114][115]

text: Ubiquitousness and stability of atoms relies on their binding energy, which means that an atom has a lower energy than an unbound system of the nucleus and electrons. Where the temperature is much higher than ionization potential, the matter exists in the form of plasma—a gas of positively charged ions (possibly, bare nuclei) and electrons. When the temperature drops below the ionization potential, atoms become statistically favorable. Atoms (complete with bound electrons) became to dominate over charged particles 380,000 years after the Big Bang—an epoch called recombination, when the expanding Universe cooled enough to allow electrons to become attached to nuclei.[116]

text: Since the Big Bang, which produced no carbon or heavier elements, atomic nuclei have been combined in stars through the process of nuclear fusion to produce more of the element helium, and (via the triple alpha process) the sequence of elements from carbon up to iron;[117] see stellar nucleosynthesis for details.

text: Isotopes such as lithium-6, as well as some beryllium and boron are generated in space through cosmic ray spallation.[118] This occurs when a high-energy proton strikes an atomic nucleus, causing large numbers of nucleons to be ejected.

text: Elements heavier than iron were produced in supernovae through the r-process and in AGB stars through the s-process, both of which involve the capture of neutrons by atomic nuclei.[119] Elements such as lead formed largely through the radioactive decay of heavier elements.[120]

text: Earth

text: Most of the atoms that make up the Earth and its inhabitants were present in their current form in the nebula that collapsed out of a molecular cloud to form the Solar System. The rest are the result of radioactive decay, and their relative proportion can be used to determine the age of the Earth through radiometric dating.[121][122] Most of the helium in the crust of the Earth (about 99% of the helium from gas wells, as shown by its lower abundance of helium-3) is a product of alpha decay.[123]

text: There are a few trace atoms on Earth that were not present at the beginning (i.e., not "primordial"), nor are results of radioactive decay. Carbon-14 is continuously generated by cosmic rays in the atmosphere.[124] Some atoms on Earth have been artificially generated either deliberately or as by-products of nuclear reactors or explosions.[125][126] Of the transuranic elements—those with atomic numbers greater than 92—only plutonium and neptunium occur naturally on Earth.[127][128] Transuranic elements have radioactive lifetimes shorter than the current age of the Earth[129] and thus identifiable quantities of these elements have long since decayed, with the exception of traces of plutonium-244 possibly deposited by cosmic dust.[130] Natural deposits of plutonium and neptunium are produced by neutron capture in uranium ore.[131]

text: The Earth contains approximately 7050133000000000000♠1.33×1050 atoms.[132] Although small numbers of independent atoms of noble gases exist, such as argon, neon, and helium, 99% of the atmosphere is bound in the form of molecules, including carbon dioxide and diatomic oxygen and nitrogen. At the surface of the Earth, an overwhelming majority of atoms combine to form various compounds, including water, salt, silicates and oxides. Atoms can also combine to create materials that do not consist of discrete molecules, including crystals and liquid or solid metals.[133][134] This atomic matter forms networked arrangements that lack the particular type of small-scale interrupted order associated with molecular matter.[135]

text: Rare and theoretical forms

text: Superheavy elements

text: While isotopes with atomic numbers higher than lead (82) are known to be radioactive, an "island of stability" has been proposed for some elements with atomic numbers above 103. These superheavy elements may have a nucleus that is relatively stable against radioactive decay.[136] The most likely candidate for a stable superheavy atom, unbihexium, has 126 protons and 184 neutrons.[137]

text: Exotic matter

text: Each particle of matter has a corresponding antimatter particle with the opposite electrical charge. Thus, the positron is a positively charged antielectron and the antiproton is a negatively charged equivalent of a proton. When a matter and corresponding antimatter particle meet, they annihilate each other. Because of this, along with an imbalance between the number of matter and antimatter particles, the latter are rare in the universe. The first causes of this imbalance are not yet fully understood, although theories of baryogenesis may offer an explanation. As a result, no antimatter atoms have been discovered in nature.[138][139] However, in 1996 the antimatter counterpart of the hydrogen atom (antihydrogen) was synthesized at the CERN laboratory in Geneva.[140][141]

text: Other exotic atoms have been created by replacing one of the protons, neutrons or electrons with other particles that have the same charge. For example, an electron can be replaced by a more massive muon, forming a muonic atom. These types of atoms can be used to test the fundamental predictions of physics.[142][143][144]


document_title: Shank (meat)

question_text: where does the shank come from on lamb

question_tokens: where does the shank come from on lamb

root

text: Shank (meat)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2006) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: A meat shank or shin is the portion of meat around the tibia of the animal, the leg bone beneath the knee.

tag: p

text: Lamb shanks are often braised whole; veal shanks are typically cross-cut.

text: Some dishes made using shank include:

text:
Bulalo, a Filipino beef shank stew.
Ossobuco alla milanese, an Italian veal shank dish.
Persian Biryani, with different shanks.
Nihari a spicy national dish of Pakistan and a popular dish in North India with origin in Delhi, India.
cazuela with shank meat, popular in 19th century Chile during the nitrate boom.[1]

tag: ul

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Labarca, Rafael. 2009. Meal in the Pampas During the Saltpetre Boom in Chile: A View from Historic Zooarchaeology. Revista Española de antropología Americana.

tag: ol


document_title: The Last Man on Earth (TV series)

question_text: who plays glenn in last man on earth

question_tokens: who plays glenn in last man on earth

text: The Last Man on Earth (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Almost a year after a deadly virus sweeps Earth, Phil Miller (Will Forte) is seemingly the only human survivor in late 2020. As he searches for others and paints signs stating he is alive in his hometown of Tucson, Arizona, he finds no one. However, before attempting suicide, he discovers another survivor, Carol Pilbasian (Kristen Schaal).[9] Despite being annoyed by each other, Carol and Phil marry for re-population purposes. Over the next several months, more survivors join them. Though Phil's irritating attitude towards them leads to his banishment from Tucson, Carol leaves with him.

text: In season 2, Phil and Carol continue their road trip in the middle of 2023.[10] They soon discover the group has relocated to Malibu, California and travel there to reunite with the group and rebuild trust. Meanwhile, Phil's astronaut brother Mike Miller (Jason Sudeikis) crashes down to Earth and finds his way to Malibu, where he joins the survivors briefly before possibly being infected by the virus.

text: In season 3, following a potential threat by Pat Brown (Mark Boone Junior), the survivors move to a self-sustaining office building in San Jose, California, where Melissa (January Jones) struggles with mental instability and Carol discovers a young boy living in the woods whom they name Jasper. As time passes, Erica (Cleopatra Coleman) gives birth to a girl named Dawn, and the group decides to leave the United States when they believe nuclear power plants are melting down all over the country.

text: In season 4, after meeting and parting ways with Pamela Brinton (Kristen Wiig) and Glenn (Chris Elliott), the survivors move to Zihuatanejo, Mexico, to avoid any nuclear meltdowns that may be occurring in the United States. While there, Carol gives birth to twin daughters, naming the elder daughter Bezequille and the younger daughter Mike, after Phil's brother.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Will Forte as Philip Tandy[11] Miller (first called "Phil", then "Tandy"), an average, socially challenged man and seemingly the only human survivor after a virus wiped out nearly the entire population about a year earlier. He lives in his hometown of Tucson, Arizona, having already searched North America for other living people. In his pre-virus life, he worked dead-end jobs and lived in a studio apartment for which his parents paid the rent. Out of loneliness, he has adopted various sports balls as "buddies" and drawn faces on them. He has painted "Alive in Tucson" on billboards and highway signs during his trip, hoping others might see the message. Forte describes him as "a selfish person who sometimes borders on being a flat-out sociopath".[12] Jacob Tremblay portrays young Phil,[13] who appears to his brother Mike in multiple visions in the episode "Pitch Black".[14]
Kristen Schaal as Carol Andrew Pilbasian Miller, a notary from Delaware who sees Phil's "Alive in Tucson" sign and travels to Tucson. She pressures Phil to marry her so they can work towards repopulating the Earth with "legitimate" children. Carol is shown to be compassionate and is good friends with Melissa and Todd but can hold grudges and be stridently moralistic.[15] Carol and Phil divorce in the middle of the first season, but Carol chooses to leave with Phil after he is banished from Tucson and they subsequently remarry. In the second season, she and Phil regain the survivors' trust, and she becomes pregnant with Phil's child after he finally tells her he loves her. In the fourth season, she gives birth to twin daughters Bezequille and Mike, the latter named for Phil's brother.
January Jones as Melissa Chartres,[16] a former real estate agent from Akron, Ohio who used to be married to the late Greg until he cheated on her with a police officer. She meets Phil and Carol after they crash their pickup truck into her limousine. She saw Phil's original "Alive in Tucson" sign and traveled to Tucson before Carol. Phil is initially very attracted to her and frequently vies for her affection despite having just married Carol, so Melissa does not like or trust him. She begins dating Todd after he joins the group.[17] In the second season, Melissa decides she does not want to have children and breaks up with Todd, but when she changes her mind, she and Gail eventually agree to simultaneously date Todd. In season 3, Melissa kills Darrell, one of paranoiac Pat Brown's crew, and consequently starts acting strangely, ultimately forcing Todd to lock her in a focus-group room to stop her from jumping off a building. The survivors help cure her condition using Clozapine, and Melissa marries Todd near the end of the season.
Mel Rodriguez as Todd Rodriguez, another surviving man who, while on his way to Mexico, finds Phil and company after he sees some fireworks set off by Phil. Kind and selfless, Todd's nature leads to him becoming the most likable member of the group, much to Phil's increasing annoyance. He and Melissa become very close and begin a romantic relationship shortly after they meet.[17] In season 2, Todd's love life becomes increasingly complicated: he finds himself torn among Melissa, who breaks up with him for a while; Gail, who starts dating him simultaneously with Melissa; Erica, who tells him that the late Phil II chose him as a surrogate father for her baby; and even Carol, who approaches him with a surprise request to impregnate her when she thinks Phil (Tandy) is sterile. In season 3, when Gail breaks up with him, Todd hopes to win back Melissa until he is frightened by her strange behavior resulting from killing Darrell. He is eventually able to cure her condition using Clozapine and they get married.
Cleopatra Coleman as Erica Dundee, an Australian woman and self-described "political nerd." After the outbreak of the virus, she met Gail at the White House and the two became traveling companions. They discover Phil upon spotting a fire he started, then move in with the rest of the survivors. In the second season, Erica becomes pregnant with Phil II's child but decides to not involve him in their child's life when he openly flirts with Carol. In "Smart and Stupid," she tells Mike, whom she is dating, that she was imprisoned for armed bank robbery before traveling to the United States and getting a job at the State Department under an assumed name. Toward the end of season 3, she gives birth to her daughter, whom she names Dawn.
Mary Steenburgen as Gail Klosterman (recurring season 1; starring season 2–present), a chef and former restaurant owner from Wilmington, North Carolina. After the outbreak of the virus, she met another woman named Erica, and the two became traveling companions. Gail mentions having had a husband but does not reveal what happened to him.[18] In the second season, she develops a relationship with another survivor named Gordon, but after Gordon dies of a heart attack, she has trouble finding closure and even dresses up a mannequin to look like Gordon, until she starts dating Todd. In the third season, she tells Carol, who wants Gail to adopt her so her child can have a grandmother, that she also had a child who died before the outbreak of the virus. To avoid being annoyed by Carol about their newly formed family, Gail finds solace in an elevator, but the elevator loses its power and traps her inside until Phil restores the power in "The Spirit of St. Lewis". She begins a romantic relationship with Erica during the six months after the episode "Name 20 Picnics...Now!", which continues into the fourth season and leads to them getting married.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Jason Sudeikis as Michael Shelby "Mike" Miller (guest season 1, recurring season 2),[19] the more successful younger brother of Phil (Tandy) and a scientist who survives in Earth's orbit aboard the International Space Station. Like Phil and his sports balls, he talks to pet worms out of loneliness.[20] He also appears in a still photograph in the premiere episode with his brother and parents.[21] In the season 2 mid-season finale, Mike begins his return to Earth with a newborn companion worm. After he lands in the sea, paranoid seaman Pat Brown abandons him on shore, but he finds his way to Malibu using an "Alive in Tucson" sign, his inference that Phil would have moved into the cul-de-sac following the apocalypse, and a letter from Melissa. Though his sibling rivalry with Phil resurfaces, the brothers eventually reconcile and explain to each other how their parents were proud of them both. In "Smart and Stupid", Mike starts coughing up blood, a sign of the virus, and departs to avoid having the group grieve his death. When Phil finds Mike at their childhood home in Tucson, they spend a day growing closer than ever before Mike begs Phil in his "dying wish" to leave. Phil returns in season 3 to see if Mike survived but chooses not to enter Mike's bedroom, leaving without confirming his brother's status. Mike's niece, the younger of Phil and Carol's twin daughters, is named Mike after him.
Boris Kodjoe as Philip Stacy "Phil" Miller (seasons 1–2), a former member of the Special Forces from High Point, North Carolina. He discovers the rest of the survivors after finding the original Phil sunburned and unconscious on a billboard. Also a former contractor, his skills with construction—as well as his good looks—soon make him a favorite among the women in the group. He and the original Phil, who must go by "Tandy" after losing a competition to him, become rivals shortly after meeting.[22] In the second season, he openly flirts with Carol, then tries to make amends with Erica when he learns she is pregnant with his child. Just as he mends his relationship with her, he suffers from appendicitis and requests that Erica not let Tandy help raise their child if he does not survive. He finally dies during a botched appendectomy performed by Gail and Todd, neither of whom has medical experience. After the group says goodbye to Phil, Tandy learns that, despite Phil's earlier claim that he had no middle name, his middle name was Stacy.
Mark Boone Junior as Patrick "Pat" Brown (seasons 2–4), the first person Mike encounters after returning to Earth. A former tennis champion and ice cream truck driver, he wanders the sea on a yacht, fearing that the virus has still contaminated the land and that anyone he meets could be carrying it. He also believes the U.S. government has gone into hiding in bunkers and plotted a conspiracy to trap survivors. He abandons Mike in Miami when he thinks he has accidentally killed him by exposing him to the virus. Between the events of "Pitch Black" and "30 Years of Science Down the Tubes", Pat meets two other survivors named Darrell and Lewis while sailing around North America via the Northwest Passage. Armed with rifles, the three men approach the Malibu mansion at the start of the third season.[23] Although Pat and Lewis convince the group of their peaceful intent, Pat suddenly turns on them when he realizes Phil and Mike are related, but he is hit with the A-Team van as everyone else escapes from him in it. He is presumed dead until his body and boat vanish. When he sees the group driving towards a marina at the end of season 3, Pat tries to kill them before Pamela shoots him in the head.
Kenneth Choi as Lewis (season 3), a gay arborist from Seattle whose partner Mark is presumed to have been killed by the virus. He first comes to Malibu as part of Pat's crew but defects and joins the main group when Pat refuses to make peace with Phil (Tandy). He greatly fears Pat, especially since Pat told him he previously killed someone (Mike).[24] After moving into a self-sustaining office building in San Jose with the rest of the group, he considers the possibility that Mark might still be alive in Tokyo and begins teaching himself aviation so he can fly there and investigate.[25] In the middle of season 3, Lewis is killed 10 seconds after takeoff when he attempts his first flight in a real plane.
Kristen Wiig as Pamela Brinton (seasons 3-4),[26] a wealthy socialite and philanthropist who hid from the virus in an underground bunker with her dog Jeremy. During her time in the bunker, she learned to pilot its surveillance drone, which Gail first saw near the end of the second season. She leaves upon discovering the others even though the connection is lost.[27] Pamela introduces herself to the group after shooting Pat in the head to save them. She then abducts Phil for herself upon hearing the other ladies' plans to abandon her, but she redeems herself as she realizes the errors of her actions and joins castaway Glenn on a search for his children.
Keith L. Williams as Jasper (season 3–present), an initially silent young boy who is discovered in the background of Carol and Gail's family photos wearing a Yoda costume. Phil names him "Jasper" after his JanSport backpack, and the child chooses Erica as his parental figure despite Phil's attempts to bond with him. Six months after his first exposure to every major holiday packed into one party by the adults, he starts speaking.
Chris Elliott as Glenn (season 4), a castaway whom the group meets on a remote island in the Pacific Ocean. He missed the apocalypse and thus knows nothing about the virus until Carol informs him about it, then joins the group in their return to the mainland, where he begins a relationship with Pamela and invites her on a search for his children.
Fred Armisen as Karl (season 4),[28] an inmate who has been confined in a prison near Zihuatanejo, Mexico.

text: Guests[edit]

text:
Alexandra Daddario as Victoria (season 1), an attractive woman that Phil (Tandy) hallucinates before he meets Carol.[29]
Will Ferrell as Gordon Vanderkruik[10] (season 2), a survivor living in Malibu, who dies from a heart attack from the shock of Carol's sudden appearance. When Gordon first met the other survivors some time between the events of the first and second seasons, he developed a relationship with Gail. His grave indicates that he was born in 1978 and died in 2023.[10]
Jon Hamm as Darrell (season 3), a man who sails to Malibu with Pat and Lewis but is shot and killed by Melissa in the ensuing confusion on their intentions.[24]
Laura Dern as Catherine (season 3), Pamela's socialite friend, who purchases a bunker to hide from the virus, but ultimately succumbs to it before she can enter.[27]
Timothy V. Murphy as Benjamin Brinton (season 3), Pamela's husband, who dies from the virus.[27]
Jack Black as Rear Admiral Roy Billups (season 4), a United States Navy officer and Pamela's lover whom Pat shoots before she finally kills Pat outright.
Alma Martinez as "La Abuela" Gordillo (season 4), a Mexican drug cartel leader who, in a flashback to 2017, occupies the Zihuatanejo mansion wherein the main group settles in the present before she is slain by her henchman Panchito.
Jack Guzman as Hector (season 4), one of La Abuela's henchmen who, in a flashback to 2017, prepares a bomb to avoid being killed by her before hiding the bomb in an unspecified location.

text: Background and production[edit]

text: The show originated from the writing team of Phil Lord and Christopher Miller, who had the idea initially for a feature film. They approached longtime collaborator and former Saturday Night Live cast member Will Forte with the premise, who "took a spark to it and took it in his own direction", according to Miller.[30] He was partially inspired by the series Life After People. "I love comedy where there's a lot of tension and even though it's very far-fetched, it seems very relatable", said Forte of the premise.[31] Forte's treatment for the series, crafted over a weekend, was pitched around Hollywood to positive responses. They mainly pitched to cable and Internet services, as Forte believed a broadcast network would be stricter on content.[30] In their pitch, much of the outline of the series' first season was formulated.[32] Fox, the show's eventual distributor, was instead doing "something different" and specific to his vision, according to Miller.[30]

text: Forte spoke on the show's creative freedom in a 2015 interview:

text: I think we always saw this as more of a cable show, to be honest. They claimed from the get-go that they didn't want to change the tone of the show, and I think I went in with an eyebrow raised, thinking, okay, well when's it going to come out that we have to change it around? And they were great. They stuck by their pledge and let us make this different type of show. We're so happy to have had this experience. It was just a great, great experience with Fox.[32]

text: Filming the series was challenging. For example, maintaining silence and not picking up sounds of cars in the distance made it difficult.[31] In addition to Forte's fascination with Life After People, similar films bandied about while writing the show included The Omega Man, I Am Legend, and 28 Days Later.[32] Fox particularly appreciated the heart of the story, with its universal theme. According to Lord, "We always talked about that this is a person who is very flawed, and a person who maybe needed the entire world to end in order for him to become his best self. [...] That was our big thought, well here's a guy who maybe he wasn't the best guy in the regular world, but if you took the regular world away, could he eventually get back to being the person that all of us hope that we can be."[32]

text: The name of the main character, Phil Miller, is based on the names of the two executive producers Phil Lord and Christopher Miller.[33] According to Miller, "there are no zombies" in the series.[34]

text: For the second season, Dan Sterling joined as executive producer and took over the role of showrunner from Forte, who was the showrunner for the first season.[35]

text: The main recording location for the series is a 20th Century Fox studio in Chatsworth, California.[36][37][38]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
March 1, 2015 (2015-03-01)
May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)

2
18
September 27, 2015 (2015-09-27)
May 15, 2016 (2016-05-15)

3
18
September 25, 2016 (2016-09-25)
May 7, 2017 (2017-05-07)

4
TBA
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
TBA

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: For its one-hour premiere, The Last Man on Earth received 5.75 million viewers with an average 2.4 rating among adults 18–49, making it the highest-rated broadcast series of the evening in that demographic.[39] While ratings declined overall, the show did well enough with young men to justify renewal.[40]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Sunday 9:30 pm
13
March 1, 2015
5.75[39]
May 3, 2015
3.51[41]
2014–15
93[42]
6.07[42]

2
18
September 27, 2015
3.14[43]
May 15, 2016
2.23[44]
2015–16
114[45]
4.23[45]

3
18
September 25, 2016
2.23[46]
May 7, 2017
1.8[47]
2016–17
122[48]
3.29[48]

4
TBA
October 1, 2017
2.28[49]
TBA
TBD
2017–18
TBD
TBD

text: Critical reception[edit]

text:
My recommendation comes with a caveat: there is no roadmap for this kind of show, and it could easily fall apart quickly. But I will say this for The Last Man on Earth: it does not seem like the sort of thing that would be a primetime network sitcom. And that's precisely why it should be one.
“
”

James Poniewozik of Time[50]

tag: div

text: The Last Man on Earth has received generally positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the first season has a score of 72, based on 30 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[51] On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an 85% approval rating with an average score of 7.74 out of 10 based on 46 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, "It may run out of steam before the season's over, but The Last Man on Earth's ambitious concept and comedic undertone are enough to lure viewers in."[52] Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter called the show "a genre-busting breakout that's creative, nuanced and inspired".[53] Robert Bianco of USA Today praised Forte's "audacity, inventiveness and achievement".[54] Hank Stuever of The Washington Post called it "a charming and intelligent sendup of pop culture's obsession with the end of everything".[55] Slate's Willa Paskin called the program "well-made, polished, odd, surprisingly funny".[56] "For a show that shouldn't really work at all, Last Man works pretty well", remarked Margaret Lyons of Vulture.[57]

text: Entertainment Weekly's Jeff Jensen called it "profoundly funny", and sustainable if it continues the "ingenuity, surprises, and craftsmanship".[33] "I was impressed by The Last Man on Earth, and hope it can continue to spin stories and character development out of its somewhat narrow premise", wrote Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe.[58]

text: However, several critics, such as Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post[15] and David Hinckley of the New York Daily News, have questioned the show's future.[59] Mike Hale of The New York Times deemed the show "well made, meticulous in its comic details and pleasantly acted", though noting that part of the show's appeal "dissipates" past the pilot episode.[60] Brian Lowry of Variety opined that "the premise calls for a level of creativity from the producers that these episodes don't consistently deliver. That's not to say 'I wouldn't watch him if he were the last man on Earth.' But like the fate of humanity within the series, while the future certainly isn't hopeless, neither does it look particularly bright."[61]

text: Subsequent seasons have also received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has an 83% approval rating with an average score of 7.76 out of 10 based on 12 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, "Season two of The Last Man on Earth brings a change of venue and renewed focus on the chemistry between Forte and Schaal, and may win back some viewers who were turned off in season one."[62] The third season has an 83% approval rating with an average score of 7.3 out of 10 based on 6 reviews.[63]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipients
Result
Ref.

2015
Critics' Choice Television Award
Best Actor in a Comedy Series
Will Forte
Nominated
[64]

Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series
Will Forte
Nominated
[65]

Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series
Will Forte for "Alive in Tucson"
Nominated

Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series
Phil Lord and Christopher Miller for "Alive in Tucson"
Nominated

Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series
Stacey Schroeder
Nominated

EWwy Award
Outstanding Comedy Series
The Last Man on Earth
Nominated
[66]

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Kristen Schaal
Nominated
[67]

68th Writers Guild of America Awards
New Series
The Last Man on Earth
Nominated
[68]

Episodic Comedy
Will Forte ("Alive in Tucson")
Nominated

2016
6th Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Comedy Series
The Last Man on Earth
Nominated
[69]

Best Actor in a Comedy Series
Will Forte
Nominated

68th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series
Will Forte
Nominated
[70]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on September 22, 2015. The set contains audio commentaries for "The Elephant in the Room" and "Screw the Moon"; The Last Man on Earth Q&A Panel; "Survival of the Funniest: Creating The Last Man on Earth" featurette; deleted scenes; and a gag reel.[71]


document_title: Armistice Day

question_text: when did they change armistice day to remembrance day

text: Armistice Day

text: History[edit]

text: The first Armistice Day was held at Buckingham Palace, commencing with King George V hosting a "Banquet in Honour of the President of the French Republic"[1] during the evening hours of 10 November 1919. The first official Armistice Day events were subsequently held in the grounds of Buckingham Palace on the morning of 11 November 1919. This would set the trend for a day of Remembrance for decades to come.

text: In 1919, South African Sir Percy Fitzpatrick proposed a two-minute silence to Lord Milner. This had been a daily practice in Cape Town from April 1918 onward, since being proposed by Sir Harry Hands,[2] and within weeks it had spread through the British Commonwealth after a Reuters correspondent cabled a description of this daily ritual to London.[3] People observe a one or more commonly a two-minute moment of silence at 11:00 a.m. local time. It is a sign of respect for, in the first minute, the roughly 20 million people who died in the war, and in the second minute dedicated to the living left behind, generally understood to be wives, children and families left behind but deeply affected by the conflict.

text: Similar ceremonies developed in other countries during the inter-war period. In South Africa, for example, the Memorable Order of Tin Hats had by the late 1920s developed a ceremony whereby the toast of "Fallen Comrades" was observed not only in silence but darkness, all except for the "Light of Remembrance", with the ceremony ending with the Order’s anthem "Old Soldiers Never Die". In Australia, the South Australian State Branch of the Returned Sailors & Soldiers' Imperial League of Australia developed during the inter-war period a simple ceremony of silence for departed comrades at 9 p.m., presumably to coincide with the traditional 11:00 a.m. time for Armistice ceremonies taking place in Europe due to the ten-hour time difference between Eastern Australia and Europe. Veterans in New Zealand have used silence to pay homage to departed comrades in general at veteran functions, as the toast of "Fallen" or "Absent Comrades".

text: In Britain, beginning in 1939, the two-minute silence was moved to the Sunday nearest to 11 November in order not to interfere with wartime production should 11 November fall on a weekday.

text: After the end of World War II, most member states of the Commonwealth of Nations, like United Kingdom and (as Canada in 1931), moved most Armistice Day events to the nearest Sunday and officially began to commemorate both World Wars. They adopted the name Remembrance Day or Remembrance Sunday.

text: Other countries also changed the name of the holiday just prior to or after World War II, to honor veterans of that and subsequent conflicts. The United States chose All Veterans Day, later shortened to 'Veterans Day', to explicitly honor military veterans, including those participating in other conflicts.[4]

text: 21st century[edit]

text: In Britain and the Commonwealth countries[edit]

text: Both Armistice Day and Remembrance Sunday are commemorated formally, but are not public holidays. In recent years Armistice Day has become increasingly recognised, and many people now attend the 11:00 a.m. ceremony at the Cenotaph in London – an event organised by Royal British Legion, a British charity dedicated to perpetuating the memory of those who served in the First World War and veterans of all subsequent wars involving British and Commonwealth troops.[5]

text: In New Zealand and Australia observance ceremonies take place, but the day is not a public holiday. Anzac Day, on 25 April, is a public holiday and day of remembrance.

text: In Canada, 11 November is a time to honour both living and dead veterans. Patriotic displays are created annually,[6] and veterans (sometimes including active duty personnel, family members, or an assistant) are offered free transit and cab rides in a number of cities, including Halifax, Ottawa, Toronto, Mississauga, London, Calgary, and Vancouver.[7]

text: In the United States[edit]

text: In the U.S., Veterans Day honors American veterans, both living and dead. The official national remembrance of those killed in action is Memorial Day, originally called 'Decoration Day', from the practice of decorating the graves of war dead in the years immediately following the American Civil War; Decoration/Memorial Day already existed at the time of the armistice.[citation needed]

text: In Poland[edit]

text: National Independence Day is a public holiday in Poland celebrated on 11 November to commemorate the anniversary of the restoration of Poland's sovereignty as the Second Polish Republic in 1918, after 123 years of partition by the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg Empire.

text: In other Allied countries[edit]

text: "Armistice Day" remains the name of the holiday in France and Belgium, and it has been a statutory holiday in Serbia since 2012. In Italy the end of World War I is commemorated on 4 November, the day of the Armistice of Villa Giusti.

text: In other countries[edit]

text: In Denmark, Netherlands and Norway, the end of World War I is not commemorated as the three countries remained neutral. Denmark instead observes "Flagday" on 5 September in commemoration of both living and dead soldiers who served in any conflict. Likewise, 4 May in the Netherlands is Remembrance Day.


document_title: Far Eastern University

question_text: the brass sculptures surrounding the feu flag represents

text: Far Eastern University

text: History[edit]

text: Far Eastern University was founded in 1933 when the Far Eastern College and the Institute of Accounts, Business and Finance (IABF) merged.[2][3] Far Eastern College (now Jose Rizal University), founded in 1919 by Don Vicente Fabella, had been a liberal arts college in Quiapo; the IABF had been established (originally under the name Institute of Accountancy) by Dr. Francisco T. Dalupan Sr. and Dr. Nicanor I. Reyes, Sr., head of the Department of Economics of the University of the Philippines, with a number of other prominent educators in 1928.[3][4] IABF had been originally predominately used by night students, and the new university, which was supported by the tuition provided by its students rather than government grants.[3][4]

text: In its earliest days, FEU was housed in a converted tobacco factory already present on the four hectare (nearly 10 acre) plot which would eventually host the current campus.[3][4] During World War II, the campus was occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army, who left only its shell unharmed.

text: Reyes Sr. was appointed the first president of the University, which spent its early years establishing several of its institutes, including those of Law and Technology. Reyes commissioned Brother in law Arch. Pablo S. Antonio Sr., who would later be titled National Artist of the Philippines, to construct a building for the school.[5] In 1939, the Nicanor I. Reyes Hall, which would later house the library and Institute of Accounts, Business and Finance, opened. Two other buildings by Antonio, the Girls’ High School Building and Boys High School Building, followed in 1940 and 1941,[5] by which year FEU had 10,000 registered students, with an international student population of 400.[6][4] Dr. Nicanor I. Reyes Sr. having been killed during the occupation, Atty. Hermenegildo Balbino Reyes was appointed the second president of the University when it reopened in 1945.[4]

text: Thereafter, FEU continued to expand, with the opening of a Science Building and the establishment of the Institute of Medicine and the School of Nursing. In 1955, the FEU hospital was opened. Humanities were introduced in 1959, and in 1970 the Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts opened. Also in 1970, the for-profit status of the Institute of Medicine, School of Medical Technology, FEU Hospital and the Student Health Service Clinic was altered, when these were converted in the FEU Dr. Nicanor I. Reyes Medical Foundation, a non-stock, non-profit educational foundation.[4]

text: University emblems[edit]

text: The University Seal: The FEU Coat of Arms consists principally of an eight-pointed golden star representing the eight main academic discipline offered by the University and supported by heraldic sari-manok motif, in full colors.[7]

text:
The legendary Sarimanok projects the nationalistic spirit upon which the University was founded. It also serves as the link between the past and present.[8]
The University Colors: Gold represents the golden opportunity for the University to serve the youth and her alumni to serve the country. Green is for hope, representing Rizals "Fair hope of the Fatherland.".[8][9]
The University Font: The DellaRobbia BT is the official font of FEU. In the past, FEU's official font was inspired by the Baybayin and designed by Galo B. Ocampo.[10]
The Tamaraw is the mascot of every FEU athletic team. Hence, it is the pet name of every FEU student (Tams). Known scientifically as “Bubalus mindorensis”, it is a rare animal found only in the island of Mindoro. Symbolically enough, the Tamaraw is one of the most intelligent, pugnacious and aggressive of our animal species just as the University known for its advanced, progressive policy in contemporary education.[8][11]
The Memorial Quadrangle is a Manila landmark and a favorite backdrop for picture-taking in the campus. Erected in memory of the University Founder, it consists of a 65-foot flagpole on a platform surrounded on all sides with brass sculpture by National Artist Vicente Manansala which interprets the late founder's philosophy of education.[8]
The Mace is the symbol of the office of the University President.[8]

text: Manila Campus[edit]

text: Among the buildings on FEU's campus complex, five by late Arch. Pablo S. Antonio Sr. garnered recognition for FEU in 2005 from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), who bestowed the Asia Pacific Heritage Award for Cultural Heritage on the university for "the outstanding preservation of its Art Deco structures."[5] The buildings include the Nicanor I. Reyes Hall, the FEU East Asia College of Engineering and Computer Studies, the Law and Nursing Building, Auditorium/Administration Building and the Science Building. The Cultural Center of the Philippines also recognized the historical legacy of the buildings with a marker. Other historical buildings on the campus include the 1950s FEU Chapel, FEU Hospital, and the Arts and Sciences Building, which also represent the International Style.

text: History[edit]

text:
Presidents of Far Eastern University

Nicanor Icasiano Reyes Sr., 1934-45

Hermenegildo Balbino SanAgustin Reyes, 1945-46

Clemente Q. Uson, 1946-47

Belen Enrile Gutierrez, 1947-49

Vidal A. Tan, 1949-52

Teodoro T. Evangelista Sr., 1952-71

Nicanor Mendoza Reyes Jr., 1971-82

Belen Enrile Gutierrez, 1982-85

Josephine S. Cojuangco-Reyes, 1985-89

Felixberto C. Sta. Maria, 1989-1995

Edilberto C. de Jesus, 1995-2002

Lydia B. Echauz, 2002–12

Michael M. Alba, 2012–present

text: During the 1930s, there was a heavy influence of American culture especially in the field of technology and construction that was reflected in the lives of the Filipinos. Concrete and steel were used by the Americans and was found to be the suitable materials for the tropical environment. These were materialized by Arch. Pablo S. Antonio Sr., a National Artist in creating the FEU campus buildings that reflected both the university's and the country's vision and showed his personal transition from Art Deco to the International Style.[5][12] The buildings were constructed between the years 1939 to 1950.

text: Heritage Buildings of FEU Manila Campus[edit]

text: Nicanor Reyes Hall[edit]

text: The Nicanor Reyes Hall is a long, low-rise U-shaped building facing Quezon Boulevard. The distinct character of the massive facade are the sets of protruded vertical volumes located on both ends of the structure.

text: Attention to details is another design focus of the architecture of Pablo S. Antonio Sr.[12] The heavy influence of Art Deco in his architectural style is seen even in transitional elements like the stairs. The outdoor stairs that joins the walkway at the second floor has layers of thin concrete slabs that swirl in waves above the rigid geometry of the handrail.

text: The physical envelope of the Main Building, now Nicanor Reyes Hall, is one of the examples of classic Philippine Art Deco emphasizing the play on geometric forms.[12]

text: Administration Building[edit]

text: The FEU Administration Building was also constructed by Arch. Pablo S. Antonio Sr. a decade after the Nicanor I. Reyes Hall. It is located at the opposite end of the campus quadrangle that features a facade with geometric architectural details, horizontal windows, and a balcony that extends into a viewing deck at the second floor to observe the activities in the quadrangle.

text: The Art Deco - inspired FEU Theater can be found inside the Administration Building. it also houses the works of the known Filipino artists, most of them in the Art Deco era.[12] One work is a mural done by Antonio Gonzales Dumlao in the Administration Building which conveys the university mission. At the quadrangle, there is a group of Vicente Manansala copper-sheet sculptures which represent the professional disciplines offered by the university. There are also murals from National Artist Botong Francisco hung in the chapel. Francesco Riccardo Monti also did a bas-relief depicting the American Regime in the Philippines.[12]

text: The former Main Building is one of the twin edifices flanking the Administration Building. It is the third building designed by Arch. Pablo S. Antonio Sr. also in the Art Deco Style. Constructed in 1941, it is used to house the Boys' High School which is originally an early basic education program of the university.

text: Admission Building[edit]

text: Built in 1940, the Admission Building is the mirror image of the Architecture & Fine Arts Building. The building was initially used by the Girls' High School and in 1983 became home to the Institute of Medicine (which now has its own campus in Fairview, Quezon City). In 2015 the building has been renovated and changed its name from FEU-East Asia College Building to the FEU Main Building which was used before by FEU-EAC students. Since there is a newly created building for EAC students they were transferred now to the FEU-Institute of Technology Building located just across FEU campus in Ricardo Papa street.

text: Science Building[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The seven-story building erected in 1950 was also designed by Arch. Pablo S. Antonio Sr. in what is considered a transition of style between Art Deco and the post World War 2 International Style. In 1990, an earthquake caused structural damages to the building making it necessary to demolish the top two floors. By the late 2013 a sixth floor was added. The building now houses the Department of Medical Technology, Psychology, Biology and Mathematics.

text: Accreditations and Recognitions[edit]

text: Conferred the Autonomous University status by CHED, FEU Manila currently meets the highest regulatory standards set for Philippine HEIs. FEU Manila has twenty one accredited programs. In addition, eight of the undergraduate programs have level 4 – the highest – accreditations from the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation (PACUCOA), while the rest are on their way to obtaining ever higher accreditation levels.

text: FEU Manila’s international recognitions include being an associate member of the ASEAN University Network – Quality Assurance (AUN-QA), one of less than ten Philippine HEIs with the distinction; a member of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) for its BS Accountancy, BS Business Administration, and Master of Business Administration programs; and an associate member of the International Centre of Excellence in Tourism and Hospitality Management (THE-ICE) for its BS Tourism Management and BS Hotel and Restaurant Management programs.

text: Academic institutes[edit]

text:
Institute of Accounts, Business and Finance (IABF) | Center of Development in Business Education
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts (IARFA)
Institute of Arts and Sciences (IAS)
Institute of Education (IE)  | Center of Excellence in Teacher Education
Institute of Nursing (IN)
Institute of Tourism & Hotel Management (ITHM)

text: Arts and Culture[edit]

text: Events[edit]

text: Musica FEUROPA -  is an annual national choral competition in partnership with the European Union (EU).

text: Tatak Tamaraw - is a week long event that welcomes freshmen to the FEU community. It also orients them on policies, support services, and the vibrant campus life.

text: Tam Rally - parade and performances by FEU Athletes and Cultural Groups.

text: Tam Hunt, a student organizations membership fair.

text: Concierto Piyu, a concert held during foundation day.

text: Paskong Piyu - university-wide Christmas celebration and inter-institute sing and dance competition.

text: Publications[edit]

text: Key Institutional Materials and University Publications

text:
Annual Report
President’s Report
TAMBULI

text: FEU Senior High School[edit]

text: Established in June 2013, FEU High School Inc. offers Senior High School, specifcally, Grades 11 and 12; Academic Strands Offered:

text:
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS)
Accountancy, Business and Mathematics (ABM)
General Academic Strand (GAS)

text: Notable alumni[edit]

text: This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability or notability policies. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they are notable AND alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (January 2012)

text: Governance and public service[edit]

text:
Corazon Aquino, President of the Philippines, 1986–1992, first female elected head of state in Philippines; Leader of the first successful non-violent revolution for democracy against dictatorial rule; Laureate of the Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Award, United Nations Silver Medal, Prize for Freedom Award, Ramon Magsaysay Award, and Pearl S. Buck Award
Artemio Panganiban - Former Chief Justice and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
Jose Nolledo - Member, Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986; Delegate, Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971
Eddie Ilarde - Former Philippine Senator[14]
Neptali Gonzales II - Former Majority House Leader of the House of Representatives of the Philippines
Manuel Collantes - Former Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Former Ambassador to the United Nations[15]
Patricia Sto. Tomas - Former secretary of DOLE; Former Chairman of Civil Service Commission and Development Bank of the Philippines; and Current Director of Land Bank of the Philippines[7]
Pantaleon Alvarez - Former House speaker for the House of Representatives of the Philippines

text: Business[edit]

text:
Henry Sy - Chairman of SM Group of Companies, Banco de Oro, Owner of National University (Philippines) and NU-APC Makati
Ramon S. Ang - President and CEO of the San Miguel Corporation[16][17]
Lucio Tan - Chairman of Tan Group of Companies and University of the East
Alfonso Yuchengco - Chairman of Yuchengco Group Of Companies and Mapúa University

text: Media[edit]

text:
Ramon Revilla Sr. - actor and former Senator of the Philippines
Vice Ganda - comedian and television host actor[18][19][20]
Bert Marcelo - comedian and actor
Betty Mendez Livioco - radio host
Juan Rodrigo - actor[21]
Wendy Valdez - actress and Binibining Pilipinas - Tourism 2005[22]
Jessy Mendiola - actress[23]
Maja Salvador - actress
Gloc 9 - rapper
Chris Tsuper - radio DJ[24]

text: Sports[edit]

text:
Victor Pablo - Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) player
Arwind Santos - Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) player[25]
Rachel Anne Daquis - Volleyball Player, Model[26]
Jeffrei Chan - Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) player and Smart Gilas Pilipinas player
Johnny Abarrientos - Retired Former Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) player
Mark Barroca - Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) player and Gilas Pilipinas player
Aldrech Ramos - Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) player and Gilas Pilipinas player
Jonas Villanueva - Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) player
Terrence Romeo - Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) player and Gilas Pilipinas player
RR Garcia - Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) player and Gilas Cadets player
Chris Exciminiano - Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) player
JR Cawaling - Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) player and Gilas Cadets player
Elma Muros -  athlete, heptathlon champion
Lydia de Vega - athlete, gold medalist

text: Arts and culture[edit]

text:
Edwin Cordevilla - poet and journalist[27]
Ligaya Fernando-Amilbangsa -  cultural researcher, educator, artist and  Ramon Magsaysay Awardee[28]
Alejandro Roces - author, essayist, dramatist and a National Artist of the Philippines for literature[29]

text: Other members of FEU Group of Schools[edit]

text:
Far Eastern University – Institute of Technology[30]
College of Engineering
College of Computer Studies (CCS) | Center of Development in I.T. Education
Department of Graduate Studies
Far Eastern University - Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation[31]
Institute of Medicine
School of Medical Laboratory Science
School of Physical Therapy
School of Nursing
School of Respiratory Therapy
School of Pharmacy
School of Nutrition and Dietetics
School of Radiologic Technology
Far Eastern University – FERN College (FEU Diliman) [32]
Far Eastern College – Silang (FEU Cavite)[33]
Far Eastern University – Makati (extension of the main campus) [34]
Institute of Law and Ext. of Institute of Accounts, Business and Finance
Far Eastern University – Alabang, Muntinlupa[35]
Far Eastern University – Roosevelt College[36]

text: Athletics[edit]

text: Among the many athletes who have attended FEU are Alberto Nogar Sr, Lydia De Vega, Elma Muros, Anthony Villanueva, and Johnny Abarrientos.[37] FEU's teams are named after the tamaraw, a buffalo with a reputation for ferocity.[38]