document_title: History of the potato

question_text: what european country was first introduced to the potato

text: History of the potato

text: History by region[edit]

text: South America[edit]

text: Cultivation of potatoes in South America may go back 10,000 years,[3] yet the tubers do not preserve well in archaeological record, and there are problems with exact identification of those that are found.

tag: p

text: The earliest archaeologically verified potato tuber remains have been found at the coastal site of Ancón (central Peru), dating to 2500 BC.[4] Potatoes dating to about 2000 BC have been found at Huaynuma, in the Casma Valley of Peru,[5] and early potatoes dating to 800-500 BC were also uncovered at the Altiplano site of Chiripa on the east side of Lake Titicaca.[6][7]

text: In the Altiplano, potatoes provided the principal energy source for the Inca Empire, its predecessors, and its Spanish successor. In Bolivia and Peru above 10,000 feet altitude, tubers exposed to the cold night air turned into chuño;[8] when kept in permanently frozen underground storehouses, chuño can be stored for years with no loss of nutritional value. The Spanish fed chuño to the silver miners who produced vast wealth in the 16th century for the Spanish government.[2]

text: Potato was the staple food of most Pre‑Columbian Mapuches, "specially in the southern and coastal [Mapuche] territories where maize did not reach maturity".[9]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Sailors returning from the Andes to Spain with silver presumably brought maize and potatoes for their own food on the trip.[10] Historians speculate that leftover tubers (and maize) were carried ashore and planted: "We think that the potato arrived some years before the end of the 16th century, by two different ports of entry: the first, logically, in Spain around 1570, and the second via the British Isles between 1588 and 1593 ... we find traces of the transport of potatoes travelling from the Canaries to Antwerp in 1567 ... we can say that the potato was introduced there [the Canary islands] from South America around 1562 ... the first written mention of the potato [is] ... a receipt for delivery dated 28 November 1567 between Las Palmas in the Grand Canaries and Antwerp."[11] In 1553, in the book Crónica del Peru, Pedro Cieza de León mentions he saw it in Quito, Popayán and Pasto in 1538. Basque fishermen from Spain used potatoes as ships' stores for their voyages across the Atlantic in the 16th century, and introduced the tuber to western Ireland, where they landed to dry their cod. The English privateer Sir Francis Drake, returning from his circumnavigation, or Sir Walter Raleigh's employee Thomas Harriot[12] are commonly credited with introducing potatoes into England. In 1588, botanist Carolus Clusius made a painting of what he called "Papas Peruanorum" from a specimen in the Low Countries; in 1601 he reported that potatoes were in common use in northern Italy for animal fodder and for human consumption.[13]

text: The Spanish had an empire across Europe, and brought potatoes for their armies. Peasants along the way adopted the crop, which was less often pillaged by marauding armies than above-ground stores of grain. Across most of Northern Europe, where open fields prevailed, potatoes were strictly confined to small garden plots because field agriculture was strictly governed by custom that prescribed seasonal rhythms for plowing, sowing, harvesting and grazing animals on fallow and stubble. This meant that potatoes were barred from large-scale cultivation because the rules allowed only grain to be planted in the open fields.[14] In France and Germany government officials and noble landowners promoted the rapid conversion of fallow land into potato fields after 1750. The potato thus became an important staple crop in northern Europe. Famines in the early 1770s contributed to its acceptance, as did government policies in several European countries and climate change during the Little Ice Age, when traditional crops in this region did not produce as reliably as before.[15][16] At times and places when and where most other crops failed, potatoes could still typically be relied upon to contribute adequately to food supplies during colder years.[17]

text: In France, at the end of the 16th century, the potato had been introduced to the Franche-Comté, the Vosges of Lorraine and Alsace. By the end of the 18th century it was written in the 1785 edition of Bon Jardinier: "There is no vegetable about which so much has been written and so much enthusiasm has been shown ... The poor should be quite content with this foodstuff."[18] It had widely replaced the turnip and rutabaga by the 19th century.[19]

text: French physician Antoine Parmentier studied the potato intensely and in Examen chymique des pommes de terres ("Chemical examination of potatoes") (Paris, 1774) showed their enormous nutritional value. King Louis XVI and his court eagerly promoted the new crop, with Queen Marie Antoinette even wearing a headdress of potato flowers at a fancy dress ball. The annual potato crop of France soared to 21 million hectoliters[clarification needed] in 1815 and 117 million in 1840, allowing a concomitant growth in population while avoiding the Malthusian trap. Although potatoes had become widely familiar in Russia by 1800, they were confined to garden plots until the grain failure in 1838–39 persuaded peasants and landlords in central and northern Russia to devote their fallow fields to raising potatoes. Potatoes yielded from two to four times more calories per acre than grain did, and eventually came to dominate the food supply in Eastern Europe. Boiled or baked potatoes were cheaper than rye bread, just as nutritious, and did not require a gristmill for grinding. On the other hand, cash-oriented landlords realised that grain was much easier to ship, store and sell, so both grain and potatoes coexisted.[20]

text: Throughout Europe, the most important new food in the 19th century was the potato, which had three major advantages over other foods for the consumer: its lower rate of spoilage, its bulk (which easily satisfied hunger) and its cheapness. The crop slowly spread across Europe, such that, for example, by 1845 it occupied one-third of Irish arable land.[citation needed] Potatoes comprised about 10% of the caloric intake of Europeans.[citation needed] Along with several other foods that either originated in the Americas or were successfully grown or harvested there, potatoes sustained European populations.[21]

text: In Britain, the potato promoted economic development by underpinning the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. It served as a cheap source of calories and nutrients that was easy for urban workers to cultivate on small backyard plots. Potatoes became popular in the north of England, where coal was readily available, so a potato-driven population boom provided ample workers for the new factories. Marxist Friedrich Engels even declared that the potato was the equal of iron for its "historically revolutionary role".[13] The Dutch potato-starch industry grew rapidly in the 19th century, especially under the leadership of entrepreneur Willem Albert Scholten (1819–92).[22]

text: In Ireland, the expansion of potato cultivation was due entirely to the landless labourers, renting tiny plots from landowners who were interested only in raising cattle or in producing grain for market. A single acre of potatoes and the milk of a single cow was enough to feed a whole Irish family a monotonous but nutritionally adequate diet for a healthy, vigorous (and desperately poor) rural population. Often even poor families grew enough extra potatoes to feed a pig that they could sell for cash.[23]

text: A lack of genetic diversity from the low number of varieties left the crop vulnerable to disease. In the early 1800s, a strain of potato blight (Phytophthora infestans) known as HERB-1 began to spread in the Americas, especially Central and North America destroying many crops. The blight spread to Europe in the 1840s where, because of an extreme lack of genetic diversity, the potato crops were even more susceptible. In Northern Europe there were major crop losses lasting throughout the rest of the 19th century. Ireland in particular, because of the extreme dependence of the poor, especially western Ireland, on this single staple crop, was devastated by the blight's arrival in 1845.[24][25]

text: The Lumper potato, widely cultivated in western and southern Ireland before and during the Great Famine, was bland, wet and poorly resistant to the potato blight, but yielded large crops and usually provided adequate calories for peasants and labourers. Heavy dependence on this potato led to disaster when the blight quickly turned harvest-ready and newly harvested potatoes into a putrid mush. The Irish Famine in the western and southern parts of Ireland between 1845–49 was a catastrophic failure in the food supply that led to approximately a million deaths from famine and (especially) diseases that attacked weakened bodies, and to massive emigration to Britain, the U.S., Canada and elsewhere.[26] During the famine years roughly one million Irish emigrated; this tide was not turned until the 20th century, when Ireland's population stood at less than half of the pre-famine level of 8 million.

text: Africa[edit]

text: It is generally believed that potatoes entered Africa with colonists, who consumed them as a vegetable rather than as a staple starch.[27] Shipping records from 1567 show that the first place outside of Central and South America where potatoes were grown were the Canary Islands.[28] As in other continents, despite its advantages as an anti-famine, high-elevation alternative to grain, potatoes were first resisted by local farmers who believed they were poisonous. Colonialists also promoted them as a low cost food and so it was a symbol of domination. In former European colonies of Africa, potatoes were initially consumed only occasionally, but increased production made them a staple in certain areas. Potatoes tended to become more popular in wartime due to their being able to be stored in the ground. It was well established as a crop by the mid-20th century [16] and in present-day Africa they have become a vegetable or co-staple crop.[27]

text: In higher regions of Rwanda, potatoes have become a new staple food crop. Prior to the 1994 Rwandan genocide, consumption was as high as 153 to 200 kg per year – higher than in any Western European country. Recently farmers have developed the potato as a cash crop after introducing several new varieties brought back by migrant laborers from Uganda and other varieties from Kenya.[27]

text: Asia[edit]

text: The potato diffused widely after 1600, becoming a major food resource in Europe and East Asia. Following its introduction into China toward the end of the Ming dynasty, the potato immediately became a delicacy of the imperial family. After the middle period of the Qianlong era (1735–96) in the Qing dynasty, population increases and a subsequent need to increase grain yields coupled with greater peasant geographic mobility led to the rapid spread of potato cultivation throughout China, and it was acclimated to local natural conditions.

text: Boomgaard (2003) looks at the adoption of various root and tuber crops in Indonesia throughout the colonial period and examines the chronology and reasons for progressive adoption of foreign crops: sweet potato, Irish potato, bengkuang (yam beans), and cassava.

text: Edward Terry mentioned the potato in his travel accounts of the banquet at Ajmer by Asaph Khan to Sir Thomas Roe, the British Ambassador in 1675. It is the earliest mention in history of India[clarification needed]. The vegetables gardens of Surat and Karnataka had potatoes as mentioned in Fyer's travel record of 1675. The Portuguese introduced potatoes, which they called 'Batata', to India in the early seventeenth century when they cultivated it along the western coast. British traders introduced potatoes to Bengal as a root crop, 'Alu'. By the end of the 18th century, it was cultivated across northern hill areas of India.[16] Potatoes were introduced to Tibet by the 19th century through trade route from India.[29]

text: The potato was introduced to the Philippines during the late 16th century, and to Java and China during the 17th century.[citation needed]

text: North America[edit]

text: Potatoes were planted in Idaho as early as 1838; by 1900 the state's production exceeded a million bushels (about 27,000 tonnes[31]). Prior to 1910, the crops were stored in barns or root cellars, but, by the 1920s, potato cellars or barns came into use. U.S. potato production has increased steadily; two-thirds of the crop comes from Idaho, Washington, Oregon, Colorado, and Maine, and potato growers have strengthened their position in both domestic and foreign markets.

text: By the 1960s, the Canadian Potato Research Centre in Fredericton, New Brunswick, was one of the top six potato research institutes in the world. Established in 1912 as a Dominion Experimental Station, the station began in the 1930s to concentrate on breeding new varieties of disease-resistant potatoes. In the 1950s–1960s, the growth of the French fry industry in New Brunswick led to a focus on developing varieties for the industry. By the 1970s, the station's potato research was broader than ever before, but the station and its research programs had changed, as emphasis was placed on serving industry rather than potato farmers in general. Scientists at the station even began describing their work using engineering language rather than scientific prose.[32] Potatoes are Canada's most important vegetable crop; they are grown commercially in all its provinces, led by Prince Edward Island.[33] In modern days potatoes have grown in popularity due to their versatility and ability to be used for many different dishes of food.

text: The first potatoes to arrive in North America from Europe were sent to Gov. Francis Wyatt of Virginia at Jamestown by Nathaniel Butler. There were two large cedar boxes that were filled with different vegetables, among them were potatoes. The very first potatoes grown in North America were planted in Derry New Hampshire in the year 1719. Idaho didn't begin growing potatoes until 1836.[citation needed]


document_title: List of Twenty20 International records

question_text: most consecutive t20 series win by a team

question_tokens: most consecutive t20 series win by a team

root

text: List of Twenty20 International records

text: Listing notation[edit]

text: Team notation

text:
(100/3) indicates that a team scored 100 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed, either due to a successful run chase or if no overs remained (or are able) to be bowled.
(100) indicates that a team scored 100 runs and was all out, either by losing all ten wickets or by having one or more batsmen unable to bat and losing the remaining wickets.

tag: ul

text: Batting notation

text:
(100*) indicates a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out.
(75) indicates that a batsman scored 75 runs and was out after that.

text: Bowling notation

text:
(5/40) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while giving away 40 runs.
(19.5 overs) indicates that a team bowled 19 complete overs (each of six legal deliveries), and one incomplete over of just five deliveries.

text: Currently playing

text: Record holders who are currently playing T20Is (i.e. their record details listed could change) are shown by .

text: Team records[edit]

text: Overall results[edit]

text:
Team
Mat
Won
Lost
Tie+W
Tie+L
NR
Win %

 Afghanistan
63
41
22
0
0
0
65.07

 Australia
100
53
44
0
2
1
54.54

 Bangladesh
71
22
49
0
0
2
30.98

 Bermuda
3
0
3
0
0
0
0.00

 Canada
19
4
14
0
1
0
23.68

 England
100
47
48
1
0
4
49.47

 Hong Kong
24
10
14
0
0
0
41.66

 India
99
61
35
1
0
2
63.40

 Ireland
61
26
29
0
0
6
47.27

 Kenya
29
10
19
0
0
0
34.48

   Nepal
11
3
8
0
0
0
27.27

 Netherlands
45
24
19
0
0
2
55.81

 New Zealand
111
54
49
2
3
3
52.51

 Oman
17
5
11
0
0
1
31.25

 Pakistan
123
74
46
1
2
0
61.38

 Papua New Guinea
9
3
6
0
0
0
33.33

 Scotland
44
18
23
0
0
3
43.90

 South Africa
103
60
42
0
0
1
58.82

 Sri Lanka
106
54
50
1
0
1
51.90

 United Arab Emirates
26
9
17
0
0
0
34.61

 West Indies
94
45
42
2
1
4
51.66

World XI
3
1
2
0
0
0
33.33

 Zimbabwe
56
13
42
1
0
0
25.00

The result percentage excludes no results and counts ties (irrespective of a tiebreaker) as half a win.
Last updated: 21 February 2018[2]

tag: table

text: Highest innings totals[edit]

text:
Score
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

263/3 (20.0 overs)
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

260/5 (20.0 overs)
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

260/6 (20.0 overs)
 Sri Lanka
 Kenya
Johannesburg
14 September 2007
Scorecard

248/6 (20.0 overs)
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

245/5 (18.5 overs)
 Australia
 New Zealand
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

Updated: 16 February 2018[3]

text: Highest successful chases[edit]

text:
Score
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

245/5 (18.5 overs)
 Australia
 New Zealand
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

236/6 (19.2 overs)
 West Indies
 South Africa
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

230/8 (19.4 overs)
 England
 South Africa
Mumbai
18 March 2016
Scorecard

215/5 (19.4 overs)
 Bangladesh
 Sri Lanka
Colombo
10 March 2018
Scorecard

211/4 (19.2 overs)
 India
 Sri Lanka
Mohali
12 December 2009
Scorecard

Updated: 10 March 2018[4]

text: Lowest innings totals[edit]

text:
Score
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

39 (10.3 overs)
 Netherlands
 Sri Lanka
Chittagong
24 March 2014
Scorecard

53 (14.3 overs)
   Nepal
 Ireland
Belfast
13 July 2015
Scorecard

56 (18.4 overs)
 Kenya
 Afghanistan
Sharjah
30 September 2013
Scorecard

57 (19.3 overs)
 New Zealand
 Sri Lanka
Chittagong
31 March 2014
Scorecard

60 (13.4 overs)
 West Indies
 Pakistan
Karachi
1 April 2018
Scorecard

Qualification: Only completed innings in matches that did not have overs reduced are included.
Updated: 12 March 2017 [5]

If the qualification is removed, there are 14 innings that have scores lower than the 39 scored by the Netherlands. Six of those innings were 0/0 (0 overs), of which four came in matches abandoned with a toss and two were in no results.[6]
The lowest innings total that a team has scored in a loss is 29/1 by Zimbabwe. Batting second, Zimbabwe were chasing a total of 174 which was set by Sri Lanka. After 5 overs were completed in Zimbabwe's innings, rain interrupted play with Zimbabwe at 29/1. With no further play possible, the par score was calculated and Zimbabwe were adjudged to be short by 14 runs.[7]
The lowest innings total that a team has scored in a win is 36/1 by New Zealand against Zimbabwe. Batting second, New Zealand were chasing a total of 85 when after 8.1 overs were completed, rain prevented any further play from occurring. The par score was calculated and New Zealand were adjudged to be ahead by 7 runs.[8]
The lowest innings total that a team has scored after batting 20 overs is 70 by Bermuda against Canada. Canada went on to win the match by 8 wickets.[9]

text: Highest margin of victory (by runs)[edit]

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

172 runs
 Sri Lanka (260/6) beat  Kenya (88)
Johannesburg
14 September 2007
Scorecard

143 runs
 Pakistan (203/5) beat  West Indies (60)
Karachi
1 April 2018
Scorecard

130 runs
 South Africa (211/5) beat  Scotland (81)
London (Oval)
7 June 2009
Scorecard

119 runs
 New Zealand (243/5) beat  West Indies (124)
Mount Maunganui
3 January 2018
Scorecard

116 runs
 England (196/5) beat  Afghanistan (80)
Colombo (RPS)
21 September 2012
Scorecard

109 runs
 Zimbabwe (184/5) beat  Canada (75)
King City
13 October 2008
Scorecard

Updated: 3 January 2018 [10]

text: Highest margin of victory (by balls remaining)[edit]

text:
Balls Rem
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

90 balls
 Sri Lanka (40/1) beat  Netherlands (39)
Chittagong
24 March 2014
Scorecard

76 balls
 Ireland (72/0) beat  Kenya (71)
Dubai (DSC)
14 March 2012
Scorecard

74 balls
 New Zealand (74/1) beat  Kenya (73)
Durban
12 September 2007
Scorecard

73 balls
 Afghanistan (75/0) beat  Ireland (71)
Dubai
20 January 2017
Scorecard

72 balls
 Ireland (54/2) beat    Nepal (53)
Belfast
13 July 2015
Scorecard

Updated: 12 March 2017 [11]

text: Highest margin of victory (by wickets)[edit]

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

10 wickets
 New Zealand (171/0) beat  Pakistan (168/7)
Hamilton
17 January 2016

Scorecard

10 wickets
 England (143/0) beat  New Zealand (139/8)
Wellington
15 February 2013
Scorecard

10 wickets
 South Africa (132/0) beat  Pakistan (129/8)
Johannesburg
2 February 2007
Scorecard

10 wickets
 England (128/0) beat  West Indies (125)
London (Oval)
23 September 2011
Scorecard

10 wickets
 New Zealand (127/0) beat  Zimbabwe (123/8)
Harare
15 October 2011
Scorecard

10 wickets
 Kenya (126/0) beat  Scotland (123)
Nairobi (Gym)
4 February 2010
Scorecard

Updated: 12 March 2017[12]

text: Smallest margin of victory (by runs)[edit]

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

1 run
 West Indies (245/6) beat  India (244/4)
Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

1 run
 India (146/7) beat  Bangladesh (145/9)
Bengaluru
23 March 2016
Scorecard

1 run
 Australia (150/7) beat  New Zealand (149/5)
Sydney
15 February 2009
Scorecard

1 run
 South Africa (128/7) beat  New Zealand (127/5)
Lord's
9 June 2009
Scorecard

1 run [a]
 England (202/6) beat  South Africa (127/3)
Johannesburg
13 November 2009
Scorecard

1 run
 New Zealand (133/7) beat  Pakistan (132/7)
Bridgetown
8 May 2010
Scorecard

1 run
 South Africa (120/7) beat  West Indies (119/7)
North Sound
20 May 2010
Scorecard

Updated: 27 August 2016 [13]

^[a] Rain interrupted play in South Africa's innings with South Africa having scored 127/3 after 13 overs. The par score at this point was 128. Rain prevented the match from resuming and England won by 1 run.

text: Smallest margin of victory (by wickets)[edit]

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

1 wicket
 England (158/9) beat  Australia (157/4)
Adelaide
12 January 2011
Scorecard

1 wicket
 Netherlands (131/9) beat  Kenya (128)
The Hague
26 July 2012
Scorecard

1 wicket
 Pakistan (174/9) beat  Sri Lanka (172/7)
Colombo (RPS)
1 August 2015
Scorecard

Updated: 3 April 2016 [14]

text: Tied matches[edit]

text:
Teams
Tie Break
Venue
Date
Scorecard

 West Indies (126/8) tied  New Zealand (126/7)
New Zealand won bowl-out
Auckland
16 February 2006
Scorecard

 India (141/9) tied  Pakistan (141/7)
India won bowl-out
Durban
14 September 2007
Scorecard

 Canada (135/7) tied  Zimbabwe (135/9)
Zimbabwe won bowl-out
King City
11 October 2008
Scorecard

 West Indies (155/8) tied  New Zealand (155/7)
West Indies won Super Over
Auckland
26 December 2008
Scorecard

 Australia (214/4) tied  New Zealand (214/6)
New Zealand won Super Over
Christchurch
28 February 2010
Scorecard

 Australia (151/4) tied  Pakistan (151/8)
Pakistan won Super Over
Dubai (DSC)
7 September 2012
Scorecard

 Sri Lanka (174/6) tied  New Zealand (174/7)
Sri Lanka won Super Over
Pallekele
27 September 2012
Scorecard

 West Indies (139) tied  New Zealand (139/7)
West Indies won Super Over
Pallekele
1 October 2012
Scorecard

 England (154/8) tied  Pakistan (154/7)
England won Super Over
Sharjah
30 November 2015
Scorecard

Even though tie-breakers were used to determine a winner in these matches, for statistical purposes, these matches are considered as ties.
Updated: 3 April 2016 [15]

text: Most consecutive wins by a team[edit]

text:
Wins
Team
First win
Last win

11
 Afghanistan
 West Indies at Nagpur, 27 March 2016 (Scorecard)
 Ireland at Greater Noida, 12 March 2017 (Scorecard)

8
 England
 Pakistan at Bridgetown, 6 May 2010 (Scorecard)
 Australia at Adelaide, 12 January 2011 (Scorecard)

8
 Ireland
 Kenya at Mombasa, 22 February 2012 (Scorecard)
 Afghanistan at Dubai (DSC), 24 March 2012 (Scorecard)

7
 South Africa
 Australia at Johannesburg, 27 March 2009 (Scorecard)
 India at Nottingham, 16 June 2009 (Scorecard)

7
 Pakistan
 New Zealand at London (Oval), 13 June 2009 (Scorecard)
 New Zealand at Dubai (DSC), 13 November 2009 (Scorecard)

7
 India
 Pakistan at Ahmedabad, 28 December 2012 (Scorecard)
 South Africa at Dhaka, 4 April 2014 (Scorecard)

7
 India
 Sri Lanka at Ranchi, 12 February 2016 (Scorecard)
 Bangladesh at Dhaka, 6 March 2016 (Scorecard)

No results are treated the same as losses and ties in the above table. A no result occurs when a match is abandoned partway through, usually due to rain.
Updated: 2 June 2017[16]

text: Most consecutive defeats[edit]

text:
Defeats
Team
First defeat
Last defeat

16
 Zimbabwe
 Sri Lanka at Providence, 3 May 2010 (Scorecard)
 West Indies at North Sound, 3 March 2013 (Scorecard)

12
 Netherlands
 South Africa at Cape Town, 15 September 2007 (Scorecard)
 Australia at Bridgetown, 5 May 2010 (Scorecard)

9
 United Arab Emirates
 Sri Lanka at Dhaka, 25 February 2016 (Scorecard)
 Ireland at Dubai, 18 January 2017 (Scorecard)

8
 Zimbabwe
 Pakistan at Kolkata, 16 March 2016 (Scorecard)
 Sri Lanka at Colombo, 4 April 2017 (Scorecard)

No results are treated the same as losses and ties in the above table. A no result occurs when a match is abandoned partway through, usually due to rain.
* indicates that the sequence is ongoing
Updated: 12 April 2017[17]

text: Most sixes in an innings[edit]

text: Updated: 16 February 2018[18]

text:
Sixes
Batting Team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

21
 West Indies
 India
Lauderhill
27 August 2016
Scorecard

 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

19
 Netherlands
 Ireland
Sylhet
21 March 2014
Scorecard

18
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

 New Zealand
 Australia
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

text: Most fours in an innings[edit]

text:
Fours
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

30
 Sri Lanka
 Kenya
Johannesburg
14 September 2007
Scorecard

29
 Sri Lanka
 India
Nagpur
9 December 2009
Scorecard

26
 West Indies
 South Africa
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

25
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

24
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 September 2007
Scorecard

Updated: 6 September 2016[19]

text: Most sixes in a match[edit]

text:
Sixes
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

32
 West Indies (21) v  India (11)
Lauderhill
27 August 2016
Scorecard

32
 New Zealand (18) v  Australia (14)
Eden Park
16 February 2018
Scorecard

31
 India (21) v  Sri Lanka (10)
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

30
 Ireland (11) v  Netherlands (19)
Sylhet
21 March 2014
Scorecard

28
 Afghanistan (16) v  Ireland (12)
Greater Noida
12 March 2017
Scorecard

Updated: 22 December 2017[20]

text: Highest aggregate runs in a single match[edit]

text:
Runs
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

489
 West Indies (245/6) v  India (244/4)
Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

488
 New Zealand (243/6) v  Australia (245/5)[18.5]
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

467
 South Africa (231/7) v  West Indies (236/6) [19.2]
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

459
 South Africa (229/4) v  England (230/8)
Mumbai
18 March 2016
Scorecard

457
 Australia (248/6) v  England (209/6)
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

Updated: 7 September 2016[21]

text: Most fours in a match[edit]

text:
Fours
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

47
 India (18) v  Sri Lanka (29)
Nagpur
9 December 2009
Scorecard

44
 South Africa (18) v  West Indies (26)
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

43
 South Africa (24) v  West Indies (19)
London
13 June 2009
Scorecard

43
 Bangladesh (22) v  Pakistan (21)
Kandy
25 September 2012
Scorecard

43
 England (24) v  Australia (19)
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

43
 Australia (24) v  India (19)
Rajkot
10 October 2013
Scorecard

Updated: 22 December 2017[22]

text: Individual records (batting)[edit]

text: Most career runs[edit]

text:
Runs
Innings
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

2,271
73
Martin Guptill ‡
 New Zealand
2009–Present

2,140
70
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

1,983
53
Virat Kohli ‡
 India
2010–present

1,889
79
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
2006–2016

1,858
87
Shoaib Malik ‡
 Pakistan
2006–present

Updated: 1 April 2018[23]

text: Most runs in a calendar year[edit]

text:
Runs
Innings
Batsman
Team
Year

641
13
Virat Kohli
 India
2016

520
15
Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
2016

497
18
Rohit Sharma
 India
2016

472
13
Martin Guptill
 New Zealand
2012

471
12
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
2009

471
13
Virat Kohli
 India
2012

Updated: 21 February 2018[24]

text: Most 50+ Scores[edit]

text:
50+ (100+50)
Innings
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

18 (0+18)
53
Virat Kohli
 India
2010–present

16 (2+14)
73
Martin Guptill
 New Zealand
2009–present

15 (2+13)
51
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
2006–present

15 (2+13)
70
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

16 (2+14)
65
Rohit Sharma
 India
2007–present

Updated: 21 February 2018[25]

text: Highest career strike rate[edit]

text:
Strike rate
Balls faced
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

165.68
647
Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
2012–present

163.59
717
Colin Munro
 New Zealand
2012–present

154.96
468
Evin Lewis
 West Indies
2016–present

151.69
795
Aaron Finch
 Australia
2011–present

150.75
932
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2016

Qualification: 250 balls.
Updated: 21 February 2018[26]

text: Highest career average[edit]

text:
Average
Innings
Runs
Batsman
T20I career span

50.84
53
1,983
 Virat Kohli ‡
2010–present

40.20
36
1,206
 Aaron Finch ‡
2011–present

37.93
36
1,176
 Kevin Pietersen
2005–2013

37.68
77
1,432
 MS Dhoni ‡
2006–present

37.59
69
1,767
 JP Duminy ‡
2007–present

Qualification: 1,000 runs
Last updated: 21 February 2018[27]

text: Most career ducks[edit]

text:
Ducks
Innings
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

10
79
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
2006–2016

9
45
Luke Wright
 England
2007–2014

8
52
Kevin O'Brien‡
 Ireland
2008–present

8
77
Umar Akmal
 Pakistan
2009–16

8
90
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2016

Last updated: 12 March 2017[28]

text: Most career sixes[edit]

text: Updated:21 February 2018[29]

text:
Sixes
Balls faced
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

103
1095
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
2006–present

103
1709
Martin Guptill
 New Zealand
2009–present

91
1571
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

83
1006
Shane Watson
 Australia
2006–2016

79
1279
David Warner
 Australia
2009–present

text: Most career fours[edit]

text:
Fours
Balls faced
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

223
1567
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
2006–2016

210
1444
Virat Kohli‡
 India
2010–present

204
1333
Mohammad Shahzad ‡
 Afghanistan
2010–present

199
1571
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

178
1403
Mohammad Hafeez ‡
 Pakistan
2006–present

Updated:21 February 2018[30]

text: Highest individual score[edit]

text:
Runs
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

156
Aaron Finch
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

145*
Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

125*
Evin Lewis
 West Indies
 India
Kingston
9 July 2017
Scorecard

124*
Shane Watson
 Australia
 India
Sydney
31 January 2016
Scorecard

123
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
 Bangladesh
Pallekele
21 September 2012
Scorecard

Updated: 9 July 2017[31]

text: Highest individual score (by batting position)[edit]

text:
Runs
Position
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

145*
Position 1
Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

156
Position 2
Aaron Finch
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

123
Position 3
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
 Bangladesh
Pallekele
21 September 2012
Scorecard

110*
Position 4
K. L. Rahul
 India
 West Indies
Lauderhill
27 August 2016
Scorecard

101*
Position 5
David Miller
 South Africa
 Bangladesh
Potchefstroom
29 October 2017
Scorecard

85*
Position 6
Cameron White
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Bridgetown
9 May 2010
Scorecard

89
Position 7
Mohammad Nabi
 Afghanistan
 Ireland
Greater Noida
12 March 2017
Scorecard

52*
Position 8
Ragheb Aga
 Kenya
 Scotland
ICCA Dubai
19 November 2013
Scorecard

46
Position 9
Anwar Ali
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka
Colombo (RPS)
1 August 2015
Scorecard

40
Position 10
Sompal Kami
   Nepal
 Hong Kong
Colombo (PSS)
24 November 2014
Scorecard

18
Position 11
Paul van Meekeren
 Netherlands
 Hong Kong
Dubai
18 January 2017
Scorecard

Updated: 29 October 2017[32]

text: Fastest 50[edit]

text:
Balls
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

12
Yuvraj Singh
 India
 England
Durban
19 September 2007
Scorecard

14
Colin Munro
 New Zealand
 Sri Lanka
Auckland
10 January 2016
Scorecard

17
Paul Stirling
 Ireland
 Afghanistan
Dubai (DSC)
24 March 2012
Scorecard

17
Stephan Myburgh
 Netherlands
 Ireland
Sylhet
21 March 2014
Scorecard

17
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
 South Africa
Cape Town
9 January 2015
Scorecard

Updated: 29 August 2016[33]

text: Fastest 100[edit]

text: Updated: 22 December 2017[34]

text:
Balls
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

35
Rohit Sharma
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

35
David Miller
 South Africa
 Bangladesh
Potchefstroom
29 October 2017
Scorecard

45
Richard Levi
 South Africa
 New Zealand
Hamilton
19 February 2012
Scorecard

46
K. L. Rahul
 India
 West Indies
Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

46
Francois du Plessis
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

text: Most sixes in an innings[edit]

text:
Sixes
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

14 (63)
Aaron Finch
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

13 (51)
Richard Levi
 South Africa
 New Zealand
Hamilton
19 February 2012
Scorecard

11 (48)
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
 England
Mumbai
16 March 2016
Scorecard

10 (41)
Corey Anderson
 New Zealand
 Bangladesh
Mount Maunganui
8 January 2017
Scorecard

10 (43)
Rohit Sharma
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

10 (53)
Colin Munro
 New Zealand
 West Indies
Mount Maunganui
3 January 2018
Scorecard

10 (57)
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
 South Africa
Johannesburg
11 September 2007
Scorecard

Updated: 3 January 2018

text: Most fours in an innings[edit]

text:
Fours
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

14 (55)
Herschelle Gibbs
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 September 2007
Scorecard

14 (52)
Aaron Finch
 Australia
 India
Rajkot
10 October 2013
Scorecard

14 (65)
Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

13 (53)
Ricky Ponting
 Australia
 India
Mumbai
20 October 2007
Scorecard

13 (30)
Aaron Redmond
 New Zealand
 Ireland
Nottingham
11 June 2009
Scorecard

Number in parentheses represents the number of balls the batsman faced during the innings.
Updated: 6 September 2016[35]

text: Most runs off an over[edit]

text:
Runs
Sequence
Batsman
Batting team
Bowler
Venue
Date
Scorecard

36
6–6–6–6–6–6
Yuvraj Singh
 India
 Stuart Broad
Durban
19 September 2007
Scorecard

32
6–6–w–6–6–6–1
Evin Lewis
 West Indies
 Stuart Binny
Lauderhill, Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

32
6–6–2–nb–(nb+4)–4–6–2
Jos Buttler
 England
 Wayne Parnell
Edgbaston
12 September 2012
Scorecard

32
4–wk–(nb+6)–(nb+1)–6–6–6–1[a]
Jonny Bairstow
Luke Wright
 England
 Izatullah Dawlatzai
Colombo (RPS)
21 September 2012
Scorecard

31
6–6–6–6–6–1
David Miller
 South Africa
 Mohammad Saifuddin
Potchefstroom
29 October 2017
Scorecard

Key:

nb – No-ball

(nb+X) – A no-ball was bowled and X runs were scored off the bat
Ynb – A no-ball was bowled with one run scored directly from the no-ball and Y-1 runs being scored from byes or leg byes (however, all Y runs will be scored as no-balls on the scorecard)[36]

w – Wide
wk – Wicket

Updated: 29 October 2017[37]
^[a] The over started with Buttler facing and Wright off strike. Buttler faced the first ball and was dismissed on the second ball of the over. Bairstow came in and faced the next two deliveries and Wright faced the last four deliveries.[38]

text: Individual records (bowling)[edit]

text: Most wickets in a career[edit]

text:
Wickets
Innings
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

97
96
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2018

90
68
Lasith Malinga
 Sri Lanka
2006–2017

85
60
Umar Gul
 Pakistan
2007–2016

85
63
Saeed Ajmal
 Pakistan
2009–2015

75
60
Shakib Al Hasan
 Bangladesh
2006–present

Updated: 01 November 2017[39]

text: Most wickets in a calendar year[edit]

text:
Wickets
Matches
Bowler
Team
Year

28
21
Jasprit Bumrah
 India
2016

27
14
Dirk Nannes
 Australia
2010

25
16
Saeed Ajmal
 Pakistan
2012

23
11
Yuzvendra Chahal
 India
2017

23
15
Shakib Al Hasan
 Bangladesh
2016

Updated: 24 December 2017[40]

text: Most four-wickets-in-an-innings(and over) in a career[edit]

text:
4+ (4+5)
Matches
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

6 (4+2)
60
Umar Gul ‡
 Pakistan
2007–present

5 (3+2)
39
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
2008–2014

4 (4+0)
64
Saeed Ajmal
 Pakistan
2009–2015

Updated: 3 April 2016[41]

text: Best career economy rate[edit]

text:
Economy rate
Overs bowled
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

5.70
131.1
Daniel Vettori
 New Zealand
2007–2014

5.86
110.0
Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
2015–present

5.98
169.0
Samuel Badree
 West Indies
2012–present

6.02
171.4
Sunil Narine
 West Indies
2012–present

6.07
90.0
Imad Wasim
 Pakistan
2015–present

Qualification: 500 balls bowled.
Updated: 21 February 2018[42]

text: Best career strike rate[edit]

text:
Strike rate
Wickets
Overs Bowled
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

13.0
44
95.5
Ahsan Malik
 Netherlands
2012–present

13.4
66
147.3
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
2008–2014

13.9
57
132.5
Imran Tahir
 South Africa
2013–present

14.0
47
110.0
Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
2015–present

14.1
85
200.3
Umar Gul
 Pakistan
2007–present

Qualification: 500 balls bowled.
Updated: 21 February 2018.[43]

text: Best career averages[edit]

text:
Average
Wickets
Runs conceded
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

13.72
47
645
Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
2015–present

14.42
66
952
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
2008–2014

15.85
57
904
Imran Tahir
 South Africa
2013–present

16.59
44
730
Ahsan Malik
 Netherlands
2012–present

16.84
51
859
Graeme Swann
 England
2005–2012

Qualification: 500 balls bowled.
Updated: 21 February 2018.[44]

text: Best figures in a match[edit]

text:
Figures
Bowler
Bowling team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

6/8 (4.0 overs)
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
 Zimbabwe
Hambantota
18 September 2012
Scorecard

6/16 (4.0 overs)
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
 Australia
Pallekele
8 August 2011
Scorecard

6/25 (4.0 overs)
Yuzvendra Chahal
 India
 England
Bangalore
1 February 2017
Scorecard

5/3 (3.3 overs)
Rangana Herath
 Sri Lanka
 New Zealand
Chittagong
31 March 2014
Scorecard

5/3 (2.0 overs)
Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
 Ireland
Greater Noida
10 March 2017
Scorecard

Updated: 10 March 2017[45]

text: Most runs conceded in an innings[edit]

text:
Runs
Bowling figures
Bowler
Bowling team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

69
4–0–69–0
Barry McCarthy
 Ireland
 Afghanistan
Greater Noida
12 March 2017

Scorecard

68
4–0–68–1
Kyle Abbott
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

64
3.1–0–64–0
Ben Wheeler
 New Zealand
 Australia
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

64
4–0–64–1
James Anderson
 England
 Australia
Sydney
9 January 2007
Scorecard

64
4–0–64–0
Sanath Jayasuriya
 Sri Lanka
 Pakistan
Johannesburg
17 September 2007
Scorecard

64
4–0–64–0
Yuzvendra Chahal
 India
 South Africa
Centurion
21 February 2018
Scorecard

Bowling figures given above are in the form of "Overs-Maidens-Runs-Wickets".
Updated: 21 February 2018[46]

text: Hat-tricks[edit]

text:
Key

Hat-trick taken in a World Cup match

(b)
Bowled

(c)
Caught

(c b)
Caught and bowled

(lbw)
Leg before wicket

(st)
Stumped

Wicket-keeper

text:
No.
Bowler
For
Against
Wickets
Venue
Date
Ref.

1
Brett Lee
 Australia
 Bangladesh

Shakib Al Hasan (c Gilchrist)
Mashrafe Mortaza (b)
Alok Kapali (lbw)

Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
16 September 2007
[47]

2
Jacob Oram
 New Zealand
 Sri Lanka

Angelo Mathews (c and b)
Malinga Bandara (c McCullum)
Nuwan Kulasekara (c Broom)

Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
2 September 2009
[48]

3
Tim Southee
 New Zealand
 Pakistan

Younis Khan (c Brownlie)
Mohammad Hafeez (c McGlashan)
Umar Akmal (lbw)

Eden Park, Auckland
26 December 2010
[49]

4
Thisara Perera
 Sri Lanka
 India

Hardik Pandya (c Senanayake)
Suresh Raina (c Chameera)
Yuvraj Singh (c Gunathilaka)

JSCA International Stadium Complex, Ranchi
12 February 2016
[50]

5
Lasith Malinga
 Sri Lanka
 Bangladesh

Mushfiqur Rahim (b)
Mashrafe Mortaza (b)
Mehedi Hasan (lbw)

R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
6 April 2017
[51]

6
Faheem Ashraf
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka

Isuru Udana (c Hasan Ali)
Mahela Udawatte (c Babar Azam)
Dasun Shanaka (lbw)

Sheikh Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi
27 October 2017
[52]

Source: ESPNcricinfo. Last Updated: 27 October 2017

text: Individual records (fielding)[edit]

text: Most catches in T20I career[edit]

text:
Catches
Innings
Fielder
Team
T20I career span

44
73
Ross Taylor ‡
 New Zealand
2006–present

44
52
AB de Villiers ‡
 South Africa
2006–present

41
70
Dwayne Bravo ‡
West Indies
2009–present

39
74
Martin Guptill ‡
 New Zealand
2009–present

38
62
Umar Akmal
 Pakistan
2009–16

The list excludes catches made as wicket-keeper
Updated: 21 February 2018[53]

text: Individual records (Wicket-Keeper)[edit]

text: Most dismissals in career[edit]

text:
Dismissals
Catches
Stumpings
Innings
Wicket-keeper
Team
T20I career span

78
49
29
87
MS Dhoni
 India
2006–present

60
28
32
53
Kamran Akmal
 Pakistan
2006–2017

52
25
27
59
Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
2010–present

51
32
19
58
Denesh Ramdin
 West Indies
2006–2016

47
22
25
58
Mushfiqur Rahim
 Bangladesh
2006–present

Innings refers to when the player was the designated keeper. All figures exclude catches not made as a wicketkeeper.
Updated: 21 February 2018[54]

text: Most catches in career[edit]

text:
Catches
Innings
Wicket-keeper
Team
T20I career span

49
87
MS Dhoni
 India
2006–present

32
58
Denesh Ramdin
 West Indies
2006–present

28
53
Kamran Akmal
 Pakistan
2006–2017

30
31
Quinton de Kock
 South Africa
2012–present

26
34
Wesley Barresi
 Netherlands
2012–present

Innings refers to when the player was the designated keeper. All figures exclude catches not made as a wicketkeeper.
Updated: 21 February 2018[55]

text: Most stumpings in career[edit]

text:
Stumpings
Innings
Wicket-keeper
Team
T20I career span

32
54
Kamran Akmal
 Pakistan
2006–2017

29
87
MS Dhoni
 India
2006–present

27
59
Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
2010–present

25
57
Mushfiqur Rahim
 Bangladesh
2006–present

20
56
Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
2006–2014

Updated: 21 February 2018[56]

text: Individual records (others)[edit]

text: Most matches played in career[edit]

text:
Matches
Player
Team
T20I Career Span

98
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2016

92
Shoaib Malik
 Pakistan
2006–present

89
Mahendra Singh Dhoni
 India
2006–present

82
Umar Akmal
 Pakistan
2009–2016

81
Mohammad Hafeez
 Pakistan
2006–present

Ross Taylor
 New Zealand
2006–present

Updated: 17 March 2018[57]

text: Most matches as a captain[edit]

text:
Matches
Player
Team
T20I Career Span

72
MS Dhoni
 India
2007–2016

56
William Porterfield
 Ireland
2008–present

47
Darren Sammy
 West Indies
2011–2016

43
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2009–2016

38
Asghar Stanikzai
 Afghanistan
2015–present

Updated: 17 March 2018[58]

text: Most matches as an umpire[edit]

text:
Matches
Umpire
Country
T20I Career Span

42
Aleem Dar
 Pakistan
2009–present

37
Ian Gould
 England
2006–2016

35
Rod Tucker
 Australia
2009–2016

34
Simon Taufel
 Australia
2006–2012

33
Shaun George
 South Africa
2010–present

Updated: 17 March 2018[59]

text: Most matches as a match referee[edit]

text:
Matches
Referee
Country
T20I Career Span

85
Ranjan Madugalle
 Sri Lanka
2006–present

71
Chris Broad
 England
2005–present

77
Jeff Crowe
 New Zealand
2005–present

61
Javagal Srinath
 India
2006–present

53
David Jukes
 England
2010–present

Updated: 10 March 2017[60]

text: Most Player-of-the Match Awards[edit]

text:
No. of Awards
Player
Team
Matches
T20I Career Span

11
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
98
2006–2016

10
Virat Kohli
 India
57
2010–present

9
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
55
2006–present

Mohammad Nabi
 Afghanistan
60
2010–present

Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
60
2010–present

Shane Watson
 Australia
58
2006–2016

Last updated: 17 March 2018[61]

text: Partnership records[edit]

text: Highest overall partnership runs by a pair[edit]

text:
Runs
Innings
Players
Batting team
Highest
Average
100/50
T20I career span

1154
37
David Warner & Shane Watson
 Australia
133
31.18
3/6
2009–2016

1151
24
Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson
 New Zealand
171*
50.04
3/8
2012–Present

1043
38
William Porterfield & Paul Stirling
 Ireland
109*
29.80
1/6
2009–Present

831
22
Martin Guptill & Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
127*
41.55
2/4
2009–2015

822
22
Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
166
41.10
2/3
2007–2014

An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score).
Updated: 18 February 2018[62]

text: Highest partnerships (any wicket)[edit]

text:
Runs
Partnership
Players
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

171*
1st wicket
Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson
 New Zealand
 Pakistan
Hamilton
17 January 2016
Scorecard

170
1st wicket
Graeme Smith & Loots Bosman
 South Africa
 England
Centurion
15 November 2009
Scorecard

166
2nd wicket
Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
 West Indies
Bridgetown
7 May 2010
Scorecard

165
1st wicket
Rohit Sharma & K. L. Rahul
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

161
4th wicket
David Warner & Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 South Africa
Johannesburg
6 March 2016
Scorecard

An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score).
Updated: 3 April 2016[63]

text: Highest partnerships (by wicket)[edit]

text:
Partnership
Runs
Batsmen
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

1st wicket
171*
Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson
 New Zealand
 Pakistan
Hamilton
17 January 2016
Scorecard

2nd wicket
166
Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
 West Indies
Bridgetown
7 May 2010
Scorecard

3rd wicket
152
Alex Hales & Eoin Morgan
 England
 Sri Lanka
Chittagong
27 March 2014
Scorecard

4th wicket
161
David Warner & Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 South Africa
Johannesburg
6 March 2016
Scorecard

5th wicket
119*
Shoaib Malik & Misbah-ul-Haq
 Pakistan
 Australia
Johannesburg
18 September 2007
Scorecard

6th wicket
101*
Cameron White & Michael Hussey
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Bridgetown
9 May 2010
Scorecard

7th wicket
91
Paul Collingwood & Michael Yardy
 England
 West Indies
London
28 June 2007
Scorecard

8th wicket
80
Preston Mommsen & Safyaan Sharif
 Scotland
 Netherlands
Edinburgh
11 July 2015
Scorecard

9th wicket
66
Dwayne Bravo & Jerome Taylor
 West Indies
 Pakistan
Dubai (DSC)
23 September 2016
Scorecard

10th wicket
31*
Wahab Riaz & Shoaib Akhtar
 Pakistan
 New Zealand
Auckland
26 December 2010
Scorecard

An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score).
Updated: 24 September 2016[64]


document_title: Blue Planet

question_text: what is the name of the blue planet

question_tokens: what is the name of the blue planet

text: Blue Planet

text: Natural sciences[edit]

text:
Earth has been referred to as the Blue Planet due to the abundant water on its surface and/or the atmospheric hue
Blue Planet (aquarium), a public aquarium in Copenhagen, Denmark
Blue Planet Aquarium, a public aquarium in Cheshire, England
Blue Planet (film), a 1990 documentary film directed by Ben Burtt
The Blue Planet, a BBC documentary series narrated by David Attenborough

text: Music[edit]

text:
"Blue Planet" (Alice Nine song), a 2006 single by Japanese rock band Alice Nine
Blue Planet (Donna Lewis album), the second studio album from singer Donna Lewis

Blue Planet (Donna Lewis song), a song from the eponymous 1998 album Blue Planet (Donna Lewis album)

Planeta Azul, translating as Blue Planet, the debut album by Spanish singer Ruth Lorenzo

Planeta Azul (song), a song from the eponymous 2014 album Planeta Azul

Der blaue Planet (meaning The Blue Planet), a German song

text: Other uses[edit]

text: Blue Planet (role-playing game), a science-fiction role-playing game set on a largely aquatic world


document_title: The Ballad of High Noon

question_text: who sang the song high noon in the movie

text: The Ballad of High Noon

text: Description[edit]

text: It is the theme song of the movie High Noon, sung over the opening credits by Tex Ritter, with its tune repeated throughout the film. It was awarded the 1952 Academy Award for Best Original Song,[1] and was performed that night for the Academy by Ritter.[2] The song is about the film's main character, Will Kane (played by Gary Cooper), and the moral dilemma of his new wife, Amy Fowler-Kane (played by Grace Kelly), abandoning (or "forsaking") him because he chooses to stay and fight (and risk being killed) instead of running away with her after their wedding. The song refers to how he can't have a safe life with her until he has eliminated the threats that face him, and he wants her to stay with him just a while longer until it's all over and not give up on him for good. The song's lyrics significantly foreshadow the final set-piece of the film, in which Amy returns to help save Will, though this is only obvious on repeat viewings.

text: In the context of film music, "The Ballad of High Noon" is acclaimed not merely for its musical integration with High Noon's score, but also for expounding lyrically on the themes of honor and obligation which define the film.[citation needed] It is placed at #25 on "AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs". Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.[3]

text: Recorded versions[edit]

text:
Johnny Bond (1976)
Harry Brandelius with Sune Waldimir's orchestra. The Swedish lyrics were written by Sverker Ahde. The Swedish title is "Du får ej lämna mig". It was recorded in Stockholm on July 2, 1952, and released on the 78 rpm record His Master's Voice X 7817.
Walter Brennan
Roy Clark
Faron Young (1963) Released on the album Faron Young Aims At The West, Mercury Records SR 60840.
Connie Francis (1961)
Frankie Laine (1952) – US #5; UK #7[1]
Nana Mouskouri (1993)
Steve Oliver (2002) - Released on the album "Positive Energy", Native Language Music (Re-released 2009 Amazon Music Remastered edition)
Dean Reed (1982)
Tex Ritter (1952) – US #12[4][5]
Sons of the Pioneers
Legião Urbana
Olavi Virta, whose version was recorded on July 7, 1953 and released in 1954. The lyrics were translated into Finnish by Tapio Lahtinen (under the alias Kullervo).
Waldemar Matuška (1964) "Buď pořád se mnou" with Czech lyrics by Vladimír Dvořák.


document_title: Joanne Froggatt

question_text: joanne froggatt coronation street who did she play

text: Joanne Froggatt

text: Early life and education[edit]

text: Froggatt was born and brought up in the village of Littlebeck[1][2] in North Yorkshire. Her parents, Ann and Keith Froggatt, having run a corner shop, next started a rare breed sheep farm on a smallholding near Whitby.[3] Froggatt initially joined a drama group in Scarborough[4] and then left her family home at the age of 13 to attend the Redroofs Theatre School in Maidenhead, Berkshire.

text: Career[edit]

text: In 1996, Froggatt made her TV debut in the long-running ITV drama The Bill, and shortly afterwards landed the role of teenage mother Zoe Tattersall in Coronation Street. She left the programme in 1998 when her character was written out.[4]

text: In 2003, Froggatt played the leading role in the controversial one-off drama, Danielle Cable: Eyewitness, based on the true story of a teenage girl who witnessed the murder of her boyfriend in a reputed road rage attack. Whilst researching the role, she met Cable who later contacted her to commend her on her portrayal.[5] The film earned a BAFTA TV Award nomination for Best Single Drama.[6]

text: Froggatt played the role of Angelique Mahy in the ITV mini-series "Island at War", that tells the story of the German occupation of the Channel Islands. It aired on 11 July 2004. In the same year she played Myra in the BBC Radio 4 drama My Turn to Make the Tea by Monica Dickens.[7]

text: Froggatt starred as a main character in the drama Missing, made by SMG Productions in 2006 alongside Gregor Fisher. However, the two-part thriller was not broadcast on STV until November 2008 because ITV had changed its format to 60-minute time slots and Missing was two 90-minute time slots.[8][9]

text: Also in 2006, Froggatt played the sister of Myra Hindley in the ITV drama, See No Evil: The Moors Murders, and later appeared in another controversial role as the title character in Joanne Lees: Murder in the Outback, which first aired on Channel Ten in Australia on 18 March 2007, and was screened in Britain on ITV on 8 April 2007.[2] The role involved the depiction of a real-life kidnap, in which Froggatt had to perform scenes tied up with tape around her mouth as a gag. She said she got a feeling of "helplessness" while filming the scenes.[10] She also appeared on the London stage in the adaptation of All About My Mother in the part of Sister Rosa, which ran from July to November 2007 at the Old Vic Theatre.[11]

text: Froggatt portrayed Kate, a peasant, in the third season of the BBC TV series Robin Hood.[3] She played Hannah, in Spooks: Code 9, and features in the BBC Radio adaptation of Solaris as Rheya. In May 2009, she played Kelly on BBC drama Moving On.[12]

text: On 25 September 2009, Froggatt played the title role in the BBC Radio Four play I am Emma Humphreys. On 3 October of that year, Froggatt played Princess Yvonne in the BBC Radio Four Saturday play The Von Trapps and Me.[13]

text: On 15 April 2010, Froggatt appeared opposite Lee Ingleby in the BBC Radio Four play The Disappearance by Peter Walley. In her film début, In Our Name, Froggatt played Suzy, a soldier suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. She garnered critical acclaim for her performance and won Best Newcomer at the British Independent Film Awards.[14][15]

text: Since 2010, Froggatt has appeared in Downton Abbey as Anna, Lady's Maid to Lady Mary Crawley, for which she received an Emmy nomination in both 2012 and 2014. On 11 January 2015 she was awarded the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Mini-Series or TV Movie for the role.[16]

text: On 25 December 2010, Froggatt appeared in the Royle Family Christmas special 'Joe's Crackers' as Saskia, the girlfriend of Antony Royle. Despite having been mentioned by name in earlier episodes, this was the first time that Saskia had appeared in person.[17] Froggatt starred in John Donnelly's play The Knowledge at the Bush Theatre, West London from 12 January to 19 February 2011.[18]

text: Along with Downton Abbey in 2013, Froggatt also had roles in the comedy drama based on Irvine Welsh's novel, Filth, in the thriller uwantme2killhim? and the indie directed by Uberto Pasolini, Still Life.[17][19]

text: In 2015, she played Wendy in the new Bob the Builder series voicing her in both the UK and US versions.[20]

text: On 11 September 2017, Froggatt débuted in her lead role, schoolteacher Laura Neilson, on the new six-part thriller miniseries, Liar, on ITV. She awakens convinced that she was raped by respected surgeon Dr Andrew Earlham (Ioan Gruffudd)--who also happens to be the father of one of her students--even though she can't remember the incident, nor does forensic evidence bear out her version of events. The series began airing in the U.S. on SundanceTV on 25 September 2017.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Froggatt married long-time boyfriend James Cannon in a private ceremony in October 2012.[21] The couple live in Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom.[16]

text: Charity[edit]

text: In 2013 Froggatt became an ambassador for global children's charity Plan UK's "Because I Am a Girl" campaign.[22]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Audio drama[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2007
Solaris
Rheya
BBC Radio 4 Extra

2014
The Extraordinary Adventures of G.A. Henty: In Freedom's Cause
Lady Marjory
(post-production)

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2002
Miranda
Jacquie

2009
Echoes
Anya
Short film

2010
In Our Name
Suzy
British Independent Film Award for Most Promising Newcomer

2013
Filth
Mary

2013
uwantme2killhim?
Detective Inspector Sarah Clayton

2013
Still Life
Kelly Stoke

2016
Starfish
Nicola Ray
Producer

2016
A Street Cat Named Bob
Val

2017
Mary Shelley
Mary Jane Clairmont

2017
Bob the Builder: Mega Machines
Wendy (Voice)
US & UK Releases

2017
One Last Thing
Jaime
Completed

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1996
The Bill
Kelly Martin
Episode: "Unlucky in Love"

1997–98
Coronation Street
Zoe Tattersall
126 episodes

1999
Bad Girls
Rachel Hicks
4 episodes

1999
Dinnerladies
Sigourney
Episode: "Catering"

2000
Nature Boy
Jenny Macalister
3 episodes

2000
Other People's Children
Becky
2 episodes

2000
Lorna Doone
Lizzie Ridd
Television movie

2001
A Touch of Frost
Anne
2 episodes

2001
Casualty
Lucy Curry
Episode: "Better Safe Than Sorry"

2002
Nice Guy Eddie
Mandy
Episode: "#1.3"

2002
Paradise Heights
Julia Sawyer
6 episodes

2002
The Stretford Wives
Dawn Richards
Television movie

2003
Danielle Cable: Eyewitness
Danielle Cable
Television movie
Nominated—Royal Television Society Award for Best Actress

2003
Red Cap
Pte. Tracy Walters
Episode: "Crush"

2003
The Last Detective
Celia/Josie
Episode: "Pilot"

2004
Island at War
Angelique Mahy
6 episodes

2006
Life on Mars
Ruth Tyler
3 episodes

2006
The Street
Kerry
Episode: "Sean and Yvonne"

2006
Rebus
Gail Maitland
Episode: "Strip Jack"

2006
Missing
Sybil Foster
2 episodes

2006
See No Evil: The Moors Murders
Maureen Smith
Television movie

2007
Murder in the Outback
Joanne Lees
Television movie

2008
Spooks: Code 9
Hannah
2 episodes

2009
Moving On
Kellie
Episode: "Butterfly Effect"

2009
Robin Hood
Kate
11 episodes

2010
Identity
Jane Calshaw
Episode: "Chelsea Girl"

2010
The Royle Family
Saskia
Episode: "Joe's Crackers"

2010–15
Downton Abbey
Anna Smith, later Anna Bates
52 episodes
Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film (2014)
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series (2012, 2014, 2015)
Nominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (2012, 2014, 2015)
Nominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series (2013)

2012
True Love
Ruth
Episode: "Story One"

2014
The Secrets
Lexie
Episode: "The Lie"

2015–present
Bob the Builder
Wendy (Voice)
50 Episodes (UK & US)

2016
Dark Angel
Mary Ann Cotton
2 Episodes

2017
Liar
Laura Neilson
Series lead (6-part miniseries)

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Awards
Category
Work
Result

2003
Royal Television Society Award
Best Actress
Danielle Cable: Eyewitness
Nominated

2010
British Independent Film Awards
Most Promising Newcomer
In Our Name
Won

2012
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Downton Abbey
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Award
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series
Won

Monte-Carlo Television Festival
Outstanding Actress
Nominated

2013
Screen Actors Guild Award
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series
Nominated

2014
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Nominated

Golden Globe Awards
Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film
Won

Screen Actors Guild Award
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series
Won

2015
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Award
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series
Won

2016
Golden Globe Awards
Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film
Nominated


document_title: The Heavy (band)

question_text: who sings the theme tune for strike back

text: The Heavy (band)

text: History[edit]

text: The Heavy are Kelvin Swaby (vocals), Dan Taylor (guitar), Spencer Page (bass guitar) and Chris Ellul (drums). Taylor and Swaby became friends in 1998 when they bonded over vintage R&B music and Jim Jarmusch films and soon formed the band.

text: The Heavy released two singles in the last half of 2007. "That Kind of Man", the first single, was released on Don't Touch Recordings and was mixed by Corin Dingley who was the original drummer and co producer of the first album before Ninja Tune discovered them and promptly signed the band, Swaby, Taylor and Dingley. The Heavy released their first album Great Vengeance and Furious Fire on 17 September 2007 in the United Kingdom and 8 April 2008 in the United States.

text: On 26 March 2008, the Heavy were named artist of the day in Spin.[1] The band was also mentioned in the Rolling Stone Hot List in May 2008. They played at the 2008 South By Southwest (SXSW) music festival on the 89.3 The Current Stage and collected one of the Best Discovery awards in Spin Magazine's "Best and Worst of SXSW 2008".[2][3][4]

text: The Heavy appeared on the 2009 album Johnny Cash Remixed with a version of "Doing My Time". On 2 October 2009 their second album The House That Dirt Built was released by Counter Records. The band's third album The Glorious Dead was released on 21 August 2012 via Counter Records/Ninja Tune.[5] The band undertook an extensive tour of the United States throughout August–September 2012 with sponsorship from the American beer company Miller Lite. The band also had a string of European dates to support The Glorious Dead, in October–November 2012.[6] On April 1, 2016, The Heavy released their fourth album, Hurt & The Merciless.[7]

text: The Heavy is back on tour in 2016 and will be playing throughout Europe, the US, and making stops at major festivals including Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, South by Southwest, Free Press Summer Fest, INmusic festival, Fuji Rock Festival, Hurricane Festival and Southside Festival.[8]

text: Musical style[edit]

text: The Heavy play a mix of guitar-heavy neo soul and rock using crunchy guitar, funky horns, and raspy James Brown-like vocals. Their songs incorporate many different styles; for example, "Sixteen" samples the horn line and guitar verse from Screamin' Jay Hawkins's "I Put a Spell on You". "How You Like Me Now?" samples the song "Let a Woman Be a Woman" by Dyke & the Blazers.[9] "Oh No! Not You Again" emulates garage rock; and "Girl" is a combination of spoken word and rap sampled from Terry Reid's "Superlungs".

text: In media[edit]

text: "How You Like Me Now?" is featured in several television series episodes: the twentieth episode of the fourth season of The Vampire Diaries; the sixth season finale of Entourage; the fourth episode of Community; the third episode of Rookie Blue; and the second season summer finale of White Collar. The song is featured throughout the 2010 feature film The Fighter. It is featured on the soundtrack of the baseball video game MLB 10: The Show. It was featured in the 2011 film Horrible Bosses as well as the trailer for The Change-Up. It was featured in the alternate ending for the film Limitless. The song is played on the soundtrack of the film This Means War. The song was used in a Kia Sorento television commercial,[10] which was broadcast during Super Bowl XLIV, appears in the soundtrack for Driver: San Francisco along with songs "Big Bad Wolf" and "The Sleeping Ignoramus". The song was used in pro skateboarder Torey Pudwill's Big Bang video in the summer of 2011. The song was also used in a commercial for Strongbow cider in the UK. It was recently featured on the Ted movie trailer. The song was also the theme song to MLB Network's television show, Intentional Talk and for MSNBC's afternoon broadcast of Martin Bashir's news commentary. It was also featured in the credits for the movie G.I. Joe: Retaliation and on trailers and TV spots for Turbo.

text: "How You Like Me Now?" could be heard being played over the speakers at the McCormick Place Convention Center in Chicago, Illinois, the 2012 election night location for U.S. President Barack Obama, just after the projected results for Ohio were announced. The Electoral College votes from Ohio clinched the 2012 Presidential re-election for him. The band played the song on the Late Show with David Letterman on 18 January 2010; this was the first time that Letterman had ever asked a musical artist to perform an encore on his show.[11][12] On 9 June 2010 "How You Like Me Now?" was featured in the opening montage of Hockey Night in Canada's broadcast of Game 6 of the Stanley Cup Finals. "That Kind of Man" from the band's first album was featured in "Filthy Lucre", an episode of the series Californication.

text: "That Kind Of Man" was used in the trailer for Parker and "Coleen" also in FIFA 09 both from the band's first album, was featured in "Play the Man", an episode of the USA network television show Suits. The show also used "What Makes a Good Man?" for the season 2 promo, "Can't Play Dead" in episode "Zane vs. Zane" and "Short Change Hero" in episode "War".

text: "Short Change Hero", from the Heavy's second album, has been used in the film Faster; the TV shows The Vampire Diaries, The Listener, Suits and Killjoys; the ITV documentary Best of Enemies; the trailer for Batman: Arkham City; and in the promos for the first season of Haven and second season of Longmire. The song was also used as the theme song since the second season of Strike Back. The video game Borderlands 2 featured "Short Change Hero" in the opening scene and "How You Like Me Now?" in the end credits. An instrumental jazz version of "Short Change Hero" later appeared in Poker Night 2, which featured characters from Borderlands. "What Makes A Good Man?" was later used in the credits of the next game released, Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel.

text: "What Makes A Good Man?", from their third album, was used for the launch trailer of Sleeping Dogs, the official theme song for the 2013 Royal Rumble pay-per-view event, was featured in the 2013 film "Grudge Match", the video game NHL 13, the trailer for Dallas Buyers Club and Guinness' "Sapeurs" commercial, a production in collaboration with the advertisement agency, AMV BBDO, which was hailed as one of the most successful example of brand-agency partnership as top-classed quality adverts have been consistently produced.[13] In addition, the song also appeared in the H&M commercials featuring David Beckham. The band also made their second appearance on Late Show with David Letterman on 28 August 2012 performing "What Makes A Good Man?" gaining their second encore on the show.[14]

text: The band was asked to record a cover of the song "And When I Die" for the fourth season finale of True Blood.[15] It also appeared on the third True Blood soundtrack.

text: "Who Needs The Sunshine?" was featured in the penultimate episode of the fourth series of Being Human, "Making History". The song was featured in a promo for the Cinemax series Hunted.

text: "Big Bad Wolf" was used in the 2010 film The Losers (based on the comic series of the same name) and was also used in the episode "Brotherfae of the Wolves" of the Canadian TV show Lost Girl and in the credits sequence to Season 2 Episode 1 of the British crime-drama Luther. It was also used in the BBC Two series Top Gear in episode 4 of series 21. The CBS show Battle Creek used the song throughout its third episode. The song is often used in Blue Angels performances.

text: The song "Same 'Ol'" was used for the launch trailer for the game Splinter Cell: Blacklist, while a variation of it was used in the trailer for Quentin Tarantino's eighth feature film, The Hateful Eight. The song was also used in a montage during the first episode of The Grand Tour.

text: The song "Don't Say Nothing" was used in the trailer for Kingsman: The Secret Service, included in Gameloft's Gangstar Vegas, and appeared on the soundtrack for FIFA 13.

text: On February 23, 2016, The Heavy were the musical guest on Le Petit Journal (Canal+) where they performed their single, "Turn Up" from their forthcoming album, Hurt & The Merciless.[16] In addition, the song is featured on the video game soundtrack of EA SPORTS Madden NFL 17.

text: Discography[edit]

text:
Great Vengeance and Furious Fire (2007)
The House That Dirt Built (2009)
The Glorious Dead (2012)
Hurt & the Merciless (2016)


document_title: Agricultural policy of the United States

question_text: when did government intervention in agricultural markets in the us begin

text: History[edit]

text: Until the 1920s, the first 200 years of agricultural policy in the US was dominated by policies directed at developing and supporting family farms and the inputs of the total agricultural sector, such as land, research, and human labor.[citation needed] Developmental policy included such legislation as the Land Act of 1820, the Homestead Act, which granted 160-acre (0.65 km2) townships, and the Morrill Act of 1862, which initiated the land-grant college system, one in a long series of acts that provided public support for agricultural research and education.

text: In 1933, with many farmers losing money because of the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA).[citation needed]  The AAA began to regulate agricultural production by destroying crops and artificially reducing supplies. It also offered subsidies to farmers to encourage them to willingly limit their production of crops.[citation needed] The Supreme Court later struck down the AAA as unconstitutional, so in 1938 the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act was passed, which essentially created a similar organization for distributing farmer subsidies.[1]

text: Beginning of price supports[edit]

text: At the end of World War I, the destructive effects of the war and the surrender burdens enforced on the Central Powers of Europe bankrupted much of Europe, closing major export markets in the United States and beginning a series of events that would lead to the development of agricultural price and income support policies. United States price and income support, known otherwise as agricultural subsidy, grew out of acute farm income and financial crises, which led to widespread political beliefs that the market system was not adequately rewarding farm people for their agricultural commodities.

text: Beginning with the 1921 Packers and Stockyards Act and 1922 Capper–Volstead Act, which regulated livestock and protected farmer cooperatives against anti-trust suits, United States agricultural policy began to become more and more comprehensive. In reaction to falling grain prices and the widespread economic turmoil of the Dust Bowl (1931–39) and Great Depression (October 1929–33), three bills led the United States into permanent price subsidies for farmers: the 1922 Grain Futures Act, the June 1929 Agricultural Marketing Act, and finally the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act – the first comprehensive food policy legislation.

text: Out of these bills grew a system of government-controlled agricultural commodity prices and government supply control (farmers being paid to leave land unused). Supply control would continue to be used to decrease overproduction, leading to over 50,000,000 acres (200,000 km2) to be set aside during times of low commodity prices (1955–1973, 1984–1995). The practice was eventually ended by the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996.

text: Increased comprehensiveness[edit]

text: Over time, a variety of related topics began to be addressed by agricultural policy:  soil conservation (1956 Soil Bank Act), surplus crops as food aid (National School Lunch Act of 1946, Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, the 1964 Food Stamp Act), and much later wetlands and habitat conservation (Food Security Act of 1985, 1990 Wetlands Reserve Program, 1996 Wildlife Habitat and Environmental Quality Incentive Programs and 2002 Grassland Reserve Program) and organic food labeling (Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990).

text: During this time, agricultural financial support also increased, through raised price supports, export subsidies, increased crop insurance (1938 Agricultural Adjustment Act), expanding price supports to different crops (Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000), offering more guaranteed federal loans, and through the replacement of some price supports with fixed payments (Food and Agricultural Act of 1962 and Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996).

text: Beginning with the administration of Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace, the United States had generally moved to curb overproduction. However, in the early 1970s, under Secretary of Agriculture Earl Butz, farmers were encouraged to "get big or get out" and to plant "hedgerow to hedgerow". Over the course of the 20th century, farms have consolidated into larger, more capital-intensive operations and subsidy policy under Butz encouraged these large farms at the expense of small and medium-sized family farms.[2]

text: The percentage of Americans who live on a farm diminished from nearly 25% during the Great Depression to about 2% now,[3] and only 0.1% of the United States population works full-time on a farm. As the agribusiness lobby grows to near $60 million per year,[4] the interests of agricultural corporations remain highly represented. In recent years, farm subsidies have remained high even in times of record farm profits.[5]

text: Political and economic dynamics[edit]

text: A large reason why agricultural policy has favored farmers over the course of United States history is because farmers tend to have favorable proportional political representation in government.[citation needed] The United States Senate tends to grant more power per person to inhabitants of rural states. Also, because the United States House of Representatives is re-apportioned only every 10 years by the United States Census, and population tends to shift from rural to urban areas, farmers are often left with greater proportional power until the re-apportionment is complete.[citation needed]

text: Also, the majority of agricultural policy research is funded by the USDA. Some economists believe this creates an incentive for government intervention because, among other considerations, the USDA will most likely not fund research criticizing its own activities.[6]


document_title: On the Waterfront

question_text: who played johnny friendly in on the waterfront

text: On the Waterfront

text: Plot[edit]

text: Mob-connected union boss Johnny Friendly (Lee J. Cobb) gloats about his iron-fisted control of the waterfront. The police and the Waterfront Crime Commission know that Friendly is behind a number of murders, but witnesses play "D and D" ("deaf and dumb"), accepting their subservient position rather than risking the danger and shame of informing.

text: Terry Malloy (Marlon Brando) is a dockworker whose brother Charley "the Gent" (Rod Steiger) is Friendly's right-hand man. Some years earlier, Terry had been a promising boxer, until Friendly had Charley instruct him to deliberately lose a fight that he could have won, so that Friendly could win money betting against him. Terry is used to coax Joey Doyle (Ben Wagner), a popular dockworker, into an ambush, preventing Joey from testifying against Friendly before the Crime Commission. Terry assumed that Friendly's enforcers were only going to "lean" on Joey to pressure him into silence, and is surprised when Joey is killed.

text: Joey's sister Edie (Eva Marie Saint), angry about her brother's death, shames "waterfront priest" Father Barry (Karl Malden) into fomenting action against the mob-controlled union. Friendly sends Terry to attend and inform on a dockworkers' meeting Father Barry holds in the church, which is broken up by Friendly's men. Terry helps Edie escape the violence, and is smitten with her. Another dockworker, Timothy J. "Kayo" Dugan (Pat Henning), who agrees to testify after Father Barry promises unwavering support, ends up dead after Friendly arranges for him to be crushed by a load of whiskey in a staged accident.

text: Although Terry resents being used as a tool in Joey's death, and despite Father Barry's impassioned "sermon on the docks" reminding the longshoremen that Christ walks among them and that every murder is a Calvary, Terry is at first willing to remain "D and D", even when subpoenaed to testify. However, when Edie, unaware of Terry's role in her brother's death, begins to return Terry's feelings, Terry is tormented by his awakening conscience and confesses the circumstances of Joey's death to Father Barry and Edie. Horrified, Edie breaks up with him.

text: As Terry increasingly leans toward testifying, Friendly decides that Terry must be killed unless Charley can coerce him into keeping quiet. Charley tries bribing Terry with a good job and finally threatens Terry by holding a gun against him, but recognizes that he has failed to sway Terry, who blames his own downward spiral on his well-off brother. In what has become an iconic scene, Terry reminds Charley that had it not been for the fixed fight, Terry's prizefighting career would have bloomed. "I coulda' been a contender," laments Terry to his brother, "Instead of a bum, which is what I am – let's face it." Charley gives Terry the gun and advises him to run. Terry flees to Edie's apartment, where she first refuses to let him in but finally admits her love for him. Friendly, having had Charley watched, has Charley murdered and his body hung in an alley as bait to lure Terry out to his death, but Terry and Edie both escape the attempt on Terry's life.

text: After finding Charley's body, Terry sets out to shoot Friendly, but Father Barry prevents it by blocking Terry's line of fire and convincing Terry to fight Friendly by testifying instead. Terry proceeds to give damaging testimony implicating Friendly in Joey's murder and other illegal activities, causing Friendly's mob boss to cut him off and Friendly to face indictment.

text: After the testimony, Friendly announces that Terry will not find employment anywhere on the waterfront. Terry is shunned by his former friends and by a neighborhood boy who had previously looked up to him. Refusing Edie's suggestion that they move away from the waterfront together, Terry shows up during recruitment at the docks. When he is the only man not hired, Terry openly confronts Friendly, calling him out and proclaiming that he is proud of what he did. The confrontation develops into a vicious brawl, with Terry getting the upper hand until Friendly's thugs gang up on Terry and nearly beat him to death. The dockworkers, who witness the confrontation, show their support for Terry by refusing to work unless Terry is working too and pushing Friendly into the river. Encouraged by Father Barry and Edie, the badly injured Terry forces himself to his feet and enters the dock, followed by the other workers. A soaking wet and face-scarred Friendly, now left with nothing, swears revenge on them all, but his threats fall on deaf ears as they enter the garage and the door closes behind them.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Marlon Brando as Terry Malloy
Karl Malden as Father Barry
Lee J. Cobb as Michael J. Skelly aka "Johnny Friendly"
Rod Steiger as Charley "the Gent" Malloy
Eva Marie Saint as Edie Doyle
Pat Henning as Timothy J. "Kayo" Dugan
John F. Hamilton as 'Pop' Doyle
Ben Wagner as Joey Doyle
James Westerfield as Big Mac
Fred Gwynne as Mladen "Slim" Sekulovich
Leif Erickson as Lead Investigator for Crime Commission
Rudy Bond as Moose
Martin Balsam as Gillette, Secondary Investigator for Crime Commission (uncredited)
Katherine MacGregor as a Longshoreman's Mother (uncredited)
Pat Hingle as Bartender (uncredited)
Nehemiah Persoff as Cab Driver (uncredited)

text: Production[edit]

text: Screenplay and political context[edit]

text: The film is widely considered to be Elia Kazan's answer to those who criticized him for identifying eight (former) Communists in the film industry before the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) in 1952. One of Kazan's critics was his friend and collaborator, the noted playwright Arthur Miller, who had earlier written the first version of the script, originally entitled The Hook. Kazan had agreed to direct it, and in 1951 they met with Harry Cohn at Columbia Pictures about making the picture. Cohn agreed in principle to make The Hook, but his minions were troubled by the portrayal of corrupt union officials. When Cohn asked that the antagonists of the script be changed to Communists, Miller refused. Cohn sent Miller a letter telling him it was interesting that he had resisted Columbia's desire to make the movie "pro-American". Kazan asked Miller to rewrite the script, but he declined due to his disenchantment with Kazan's friendly testimony before the HUAC. Kazan then replaced Miller with Budd Schulberg, a fellow HUAC informer.[2]

text: After rewriting the script, Schulberg and Kazan approached Darryl F. Zanuck, who eventually told them he didn't like a single thing about the script, stating "Who's going to care about a bunch of sweaty longshoremen?" This led Kazan and Schulberg to meet with independent producer Sam Spiegel, who set up a deal with Columbia. Spiegel was insistent on Schulberg delivering a perfect screenplay and harassed the writer constantly with changes and suggestions. One night, his wife awoke to find Budd shaving at three-thirty in the morning. She asked him what the hell he was doing, to which he replied, "I'm driving to New York...to kill Sam Spiegel."

text: Schulberg's script went through a number of changes before reaching the screen. In an early draft, the Terry Malloy character was not an ex-pug dockworker but a cynical investigative reporter, as well as an older, divorced man. Schulberg later published a novel entitled Waterfront that was much closer to his original screenplay than the version released on screen. Among other differences, in Schulberg's novel, Terry Malloy is brutally murdered.

text: Real-life basis for characters[edit]

text: Terry Malloy's fight against corruption was in part modeled after whistle-blowing longshoreman Anthony DeVincenzo, who testified before a real-life Waterfront Commission about activities on the Hoboken Docks and suffered a degree of ostracism for his deed. DeVincenzo sued and settled, many years after, with Columbia Pictures over the appropriation of what he considered his story. DeVincenzo claimed to have recounted his story to screenwriter Budd Schulberg during a month-long session of waterfront barroom meetings. Schulberg attended DeVincenzo's waterfront commission testimony every day during the hearing.

text: The character of Father Barry was based on the real-life "waterfront priest" Father John M. Corridan, S.J., a Jesuit priest and graduate of Regis High School who operated a Roman Catholic labor school on the west side of Manhattan. Father Corridan was interviewed extensively by Schulberg, who also wrote the foreword to a biography of Father Corridan, Waterfront Priest by Allen Raymond.

text: The character of Johnny Friendly was partially based on International Longshoremen's Association boss Michael Clemente. Friendly also had aspects of former Murder, Inc. head Albert Anastasia, who was a top enforcer for the crime family that ran the Hoboken docks, the Luciano — later Genovese — family. In 1979, Clemente and other members of the Genovese family were indicted for corruption and racketeering on the New York waterfront.

text: Casting[edit]

text: According to Richard Schickel in his biography of Kazan, Marlon Brando initially refused the role of Terry Malloy, and Frank Sinatra then had "a handshake deal" — but no formally signed contract — to play the part, even attending an initial costume fitting. But Kazan still favored Brando for the role, partly because casting Brando would assure a larger budget for the picture. While Brando's agent, Jay Kanter, attempted to persuade Brando to change his mind, Kazan enlisted actor Karl Malden, whom Kazan considered more suited to a career as a director than as an actor, to direct and film a screen test of a "more Brando-like" actor as Terry Malloy, in an effort to persuade Spiegel that "an actor like Marlon Brando" could perform the role more forcefully than Sinatra. To that end, Malden filmed a screen test of Actors Studio members Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward performing the love scene between Terry and Edie. Persuaded by the Newman/Woodward screen test, Spiegel agreed to reconsider Brando for the role, and shortly afterward Kanter convinced Brando to reconsider his refusal. Within a week, Brando signed a contract to perform in the film. At that point, a furious Sinatra demanded to be cast in the role of Father Barry, the waterfront priest. It was left to Spiegel to break the news to Sinatra that Malden had already been signed for that role.

text: The part of Edie Doyle was offered to Grace Kelly, who turned it down, preferring to make Rear Window instead. Kazan said in his autobiography A Life that the choice of an actress to play Edie Doyle was narrowed down to Elizabeth Montgomery and Eva Marie Saint. Although Montgomery was fine in her screen test, there was something well-bred about her that Kazan thought would not be becoming for Edie, who was raised on the waterfront in Hoboken, New Jersey. He gave the part to Saint.

text: The role of Terry's older brother Charley was originally offered to Lawrence Tierney, who asked for too much money, so the role went to Rod Steiger. Despite playing Terry's older brother, Steiger was one year younger than Brando.

text: Several of the labor boss' men in the film, including Abe Simon as Barney, Tony Galento as Truck, and Tami Mauriello as Tullio, were former professional heavyweight boxers in real life.

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: On the Waterfront was filmed over 36 days on location in various places in Hoboken, New Jersey, including the docks, workers' slum dwellings, bars, littered alleys, and rooftops. The church used for exterior scenes in the film was the historic Our Lady of Grace, built in 1874, while the interiors were shot at the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul at 400 Hudson Street.[3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Upon its release, the film received positive reviews from critics and was a commercial success, earning an estimated $4.2 million at the North American box office in 1954.[4] In his July 29, 1954, review, New York Times critic A. H. Weiler called the film "an uncommonly powerful, exciting, and imaginative use of the screen by gifted professionals."[5]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected 60 reviews and gave the film a score of 98%, with an average rating of 9.1 out of 10.[6]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Academy Awards

text: On the Waterfront received twelve Academy Awards nominations in ten categories and won in eight of the categories.[7]

text:
Award
Result
Winner

Best Motion Picture
Won
Sam Spiegel, producer

Best Director
Won
Elia Kazan

Best Actor
Won
Marlon Brando

Best Screenplay
Won
Budd Schulberg

Best Supporting Actor
Nominated
Lee J. Cobb
Winner was Edmond O'Brien – The Barefoot Contessa

Best Supporting Actor
Nominated
Karl Malden
Winner was Edmond O'Brien – The Barefoot Contessa

Best Supporting Actor
Nominated
Rod Steiger
Winner was Edmond O'Brien – The Barefoot Contessa

Best Supporting Actress
Won
Eva Marie Saint

Best Art Direction-Set Decoration Black-and-White
Won
Richard Day

Best Cinematography (Black-and-White)
Won
Boris Kaufman

Best Film Editing
Won
Gene Milford

Best Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture
Nominated
Leonard Bernstein
Winner was Dimitri Tiomkin – The High and the Mighty

text: American Film Institute recognition

text:
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies – #8
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains:

Terry Malloy – #23 Hero
Johnny Friendly – Nominated Villain

AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes:

"You don't understand! I coulda had class. I coulda been a contender. I coulda been somebody instead of a bum, which is what I am." – #3

AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – #22
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers – #36
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – #19
AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Gangster film

text: Legacy

text: In 1989, the film was deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. It is also on the Vatican's list of 45 greatest films, compiled in 1995.[8]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The first home video release of the film was in 1984, on VHS and Beta. The first DVD version was released in 2001. Among the special features is the featurette "Contender: Mastering the Method," a video photo gallery, an interview with Elia Kazan, an audio commentary, filmographies, production notes, and theatrical trailers. The film has been added to the Criterion Collection.


document_title: Default constructor

question_text: what is the function of default constructor in c++

text: Default constructor

text: In computer programming languages, the term default constructor can refer to a constructor that is automatically generated by the compiler in the absence of any programmer-defined constructors (e.g. in Java), and is usually a nullary constructor. In other languages (e.g. in C++) it is a constructor that can be called without having to provide any arguments, irrespective of whether the constructor is auto-generated or user-defined. Note that a constructor with formal parameters can still be called without arguments if default arguments were provided in the constructor's definition.

text: C++[edit]

text: In C++, the standard describes the default constructor for a class as a constructor that can be called with no arguments (this includes a constructor whose parameters all have default arguments).[1] For example:

text: When allocating memory dynamically, the constructor may be called by adding parenthesis after the class name. In a sense, this is an explicit call to the constructor:

text: If the constructor does have one or more parameters, but they all have default values, then it is still a default constructor. Remember that each class can have at most one default constructor, either one without parameters, or one whose all parameters have default values, such as in this case:

text: In C++, default constructors are significant because they are automatically invoked in certain circumstances; and therefore, in these circumstances, it is an error for a class to not have a default constructor:

text:
When an object value is declared with no argument list (e.g.: MyClass x;) or allocated dynamically with no argument list (e.g.: new MyClass; or new MyClass();), the default constructor of MyClass is used to initialize the object.
When an array of objects is declared, e.g. MyClass x[10];; or allocated dynamically, e.g. new MyClass [10]. The default constructor of MyClass is used to initialize all the elements.
When a derived class constructor does not explicitly call the base class constructor in its initializer list, the default constructor for the base class is called.
When a class constructor does not explicitly call the constructor of one of its object-valued fields in its initializer list, the default constructor for the field's class is called.
In the standard library, certain containers "fill in" values using the default constructor when the value is not given explicitly. E.g. vector<MyClass>(10); initializes the vector with ten elements, which are filled with a default-constructed MyClass object.

text: If a class has no explicitly defined constructors, the compiler will implicitly declare and define a default constructor for it. This implicitly defined default constructor is equivalent to an explicitly defined one with an empty body. For example:[2]

text: If constructors are explicitly defined for a class, but they are all non-default, the compiler will not implicitly define a default constructor, leading to a situation where the class does not have a default constructor. This is the reason for a typical error, demonstrated by the following example.

text: Since neither the programmer nor the compiler has defined a default constructor, the creation of the objected pointed to by p leads to an error.[3]

text: On the other hand in C++11 a default constructor can be explicitly created:

text: Or explicitly inhibited:

text: Java and C#[edit]

text: In both Java and C#, a "default constructor" refers to a nullary constructor that is automatically generated by the compiler if no constructors have been defined for the class. The default constructor implicitly calls the superclass's nullary constructor, then executes an empty body. All fields are left at their initial value of 0 (integer types), 0.0 (floating-point types), false (boolean type), or null (reference types). A programmer-defined constructor that takes no parameters is also called a default constructor in C#, but not in Java.[4][5]