document_title: The Day of the Locust

question_text: in day of the locust where is tod hackett originally from

text: The Day of the Locust

text: Characters[edit]

text: Major characters[edit]

text:
Tod Hackett – an Ivy League-trained artist who comes to California to find inspiration for his painting and experiences a violent re-visioning of the painting in a literal sink or swim moment that nearly claims his life during the mob scene outside Mr. Kahn's Pleasure Dome. Tod is hired by the movie studio to paint and decorate sets.
Homer Simpson – a former accountant at a hotel in Iowa who comes to California at the recommendation of his doctor to restore his health. Soft mannered, sexually repressed, and socially ill-at-ease, Homer's almost constant inner turmoil is expressed through his huge hands which have an uncontrollable and detached nature to them.
Faye Greener – an aspiring Hollywood actress who realizes that she has the face and body for Hollywood, but can't admit that she lacks a significant talent and struggles to compete for even extra parts.

text: Secondary characters[edit]

text:
Abe Kusich – an adult dwarf bookmaker/hustler and friend of Faye and Harry Greener.
Claude Estee – a successful but very cynical screenwriter.
Earle Shoop – a fake California cowboy who makes a scant salary working at a western wear and novelty shop. He camps out in the hills above Los Angeles. Earle and Faye have a sexual relationship.
Miguel – a Mexican-American who plays a native-American Indian, and Earle's sidekick at the store. Miguel enjoys cockfighting. Faye sleeps with Miguel to make Earle jealous.
Mrs. Jenning – runs an escort service and pornographic film parlor.
Harry Greener – Faye's father, a third-rate vaudevillian from the East who is chronically ill. When he can't get a performing gig he peddles home-made silver polish, but it's more of an opportunity to work his schtick than to provide a meaningful income.
Adore Loomis – a precocious child actor who teases Homer until he snaps. Homer's stomping Adore to death coincides with the eruption of mob violence outside the blockbuster film premiere.

text: West's characters are intentionally shallow, stereotyped, and "derive from all the B-grade genre films of the period" (Simon, 523).[3] They are what Light calls "grotesques".[4] Tod Hackett's first name is a derivative of the German word for death, and his last name refers to a common epithet for Hollywood screenwriters and artists, who were pejoratively called "hacks."[5] In the first chapter of the novel, the narrative voice announces: "Yes, despite his appearance, Tod was really a very complicated young man with a whole set of personalities, one inside the other like a nest of Chinese boxes."[6]

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Tod Hackett is the novel's protagonist. He moves from the east coast to Hollywood, California in search of inspiration for his next painting. The novel is set in the 1930s during the Great Depression. Most of the characters exist at the fringes of the Hollywood film industry, but Hollywood is merely the backdrop for Tod Hackett's revelation. Tod is employed by a Hollywood studio "to learn set and costume designing."[6] During his spare time, Tod sketches scenes he observes on large production sets and studio back lots. The novel details Tod's observation of the filming of the Battle of Waterloo. His goal is to find inspiration for the picture he is getting ready to begin, a work titled "The Burning of Los Angeles."

text: Between his work at the studio and his introduction to Faye's friends, Tod interacts with numerous Hollywood hangers-on. Characters like Abe Kusich, the dwarf, Claude Estee, the successful screenwriter, and Earle Shoop, the fake California cowboy, all of whom have difficulty changing their personas from the characters they play to who they are. As a result, there is a clear sense of acting that spills beyond the confines of Hollywood studios, into the streets of Los Angeles.

text: Tod falls in love with Faye Greener, an aspiring starlet who lives nearby but Faye only loves men who are good looking or have money. Tod is simply a "good-hearted man," the kind Faye likes.[7] He imagines that loving her would compare to jumping from a skyscraper and screaming to the ground. Tod wants to "throw himself at her, no what matter the cost."[8] Throughout the novel, Tod fantasizes about having a sexual encounter with Faye as an act of rape. Every time he imagines raping her, reality interrupts his fantasy before he can complete the act. Scenes are interrupted prior to their climax frequently throughout the novel. A patron jokes that it is "the old teaser routine," when a film viewing at Mrs. Jennings' parlor ends unexpectedly due to technical difficulties.[9]

text: Shortly after moving into a neighborhood in the valley, Tod befriends Homer Simpson, a simple minded former hotel accountant from Iowa who moved to California for health reasons. Homer's "unruly hands" operate independently from his body, and their movements are often mechanical.[10] "They demanded special attention, had always demanded it."[11] When Homer attempts to escape California he is distracted not only by the crowd but his inability to leave the street despite Tod's help and insistent encouragement. Young neighbor Adore Loomis finds Homer and torments him until Homer lashes out against the boy. The novel's climactic riot ensues and the chaos over the latest Hollywood premiere turns violent outside Mr. Khan's Pleasure Dome. Tod vividly revises "The Burning of Los Angeles" in his mind, while being pushed around in the waves of the riot. The final scene plays out, uninterrupted. The conclusion of the novel can be read as a moment of enlightenment and mental clarity for the artist, or a complete "mental breakdown" and Tod's "incorporation into the mechanized, modern world of Los Angeles."[12]

text: Themes[edit]

text: The characters are outcasts, who have come to Hollywood to fulfill a dream or wish: "The importance of the wish in West's work was first noted by W. H. Auden, who declared (in one of the interludes in The Dyer's Hand) that West's novels were essentially "parables about a Kingdom of Hell whose ruler is not so much a Father of Lies as a Father of Wishes".[13] In this respect, James Light, in his book Violence, Dreams, and Dostoevsky: The Art of Nathanael West, suggests that The Day of the Locust falls in with a motif in West's fiction; the exposure of hopeful narratives in modern American culture as frauds.[14]

text: As some critics point out, West's novel was a radical challenge to modernist literature. Modernists set themselves up in opposition to mass culture; West depicts it and makes it an integral part of the novel.[15] West's use of grotesque imagery and situations establishes the novel as a work of Juvenalian satire. His critique of Hollywood and the mentality of "the masses" depicts an America sick with vanity and the harbor of a malignant sense of perversity.

text: Biblical allusions[edit]

text: The original title of the novel was The Cheated.[16] The title of West's work may be a biblical allusion to the Old Testament. Susan Sanderson writes:

text: The most famous literary or historical reference to locusts is in the Book of Exodus in the Bible, in which God sends a plague of locusts to the pharaoh of Egypt as retribution for refusing to free the enslaved Jews. Millions of locusts swarm over the lush fields of Egypt, destroying its food supplies. Destructive locusts also appear in the New Testament in the symbolic and apocalyptic book of Revelation.

text: West's use of "locust" in his title evokes images of destruction and a land stripped bare of anything green and living. The novel is filled with images of destruction: Tod Hackett's painting entitled "The Burning of Los Angeles," his violent fantasies about Faye and the bloody result of the cockfight. A close examination of West's characters and his selective use of natural images, which include representations of violence and impotence — and which are therefore contrary to popular images linking nature and fertility — reveals that the locust in the title is Tod.[17]

text: Symbols and metaphors[edit]

text: The novel opens with protagonist Tod Hackett sketching studio back lot scenes from a major Hollywood production. In the scene, a short fat man barks orders through a megaphone to actors playing the role of Napoleon's elite cavalry at the Battle of Waterloo. Waterloo marked the beginning of the end for Napoleon. The chaos of this scene foreshadows the beginning of the end for middle-class Americans in the novel, and the violence that ensues.

text: James F. Light suggests that West's use of mob violence in the novel is an expression of anxiety about the rise of fascism in Europe. Light compares anxiety in the novel to personal anxieties Jews, like Nathanael West, experienced as marginalized individuals living in America.[18] The artist Tod Hackett’s vision of art, a painting titled “The Burning of Los Angeles,” devolves into a nightmare of terror. It depicts angry citizens razing Los Angeles and spreading, uncontrollably, across the American landscape. In the 1930s, theorists, politicians, and military leaders feared large crowds or mass formations would produce unpredictable and dangerous results.[19]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Novelists of his era praised Nathanael West's writing, but notoriety and critical acclaim for his works lagged behind his peers in terms of readers and book sales. The Day of the Locust only sold about 1480 copies following its first publishing.[2] Critics began to situate The Day of the Locust within the canon in the 1950s, more than a decade after a fatal car crash claimed the author's life. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked The Day of the Locust seventy-third on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. Time magazine included the novel in its list of 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005.[20] Noted critic Harold Bloom included it in his list of canonical works in the book The Western Canon. The novel was adapted into the critically acclaimed film The Day of the Locust (1975), directed by John Schlesinger.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: The Day of the Locust was released by Paramount Pictures in 1975. The film was directed by John Schlesinger and starred William Atherton as Tod Hackett, Donald Sutherland as Homer Simpson, Burgess Meredith as Harry Greener, and Karen Black as Faye Greener.

text: Punchdrunk's 2013 immersive stage production entitled The Drowned Man: A Hollywood Fable is based partly on The Day of the Locust and partly on a stage play, Woyzeck, written by Georg Büchner.[21]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
Bob Dylan recorded a song called "Day of the Locusts" for his 1970 album New Morning.
The 1970s Pop Chronicles audio documentary includes an excerpt dramatically read by Thom Beck in Show 44, "Revolt of the Fat Angel: Some samples of the Los Angeles sound."[22]
The 1982 song "Call of the West" by the Los Angeles new wave band Wall of Voodoo—which "follows some Middle American sad sack as he chases a vague and hopeless dream in California"[23]—has been described as being "as close as pop music has gotten to capturing the bitter chaos of the final chapter of Nathanael West's The Day of the Locust".[23]
It has been assumed that The Simpsons (1989) creator Matt Groening named his most famous character, Homer Simpson, after his own father, but in several interviews given in 1990, Groening reportedly stated that he named the character after the Homer in this novel, although neither explanation is considered definitive.[24]
In a season 1 episode of What I Like About You, Holly lies and says she needs to check out The Day of the Locust from the library. Later, her sister Valerie presses, "You lied about The Day of the Locust!?"
The novel is mentioned in the comic book series Y: The Last Man (2002–2008), whose main character describes it as "the greatest novel of all time".[25]
The 2009 song "Peeled Apples" from the Journal for Plague Lovers album by the Welsh band Manic Street Preachers includes the line referencing one of the novel's characters: "a dwarf takes his cockerel out on a cockfight."
British theatre company Punchdrunk's 2013 performance piece The Drowned Man borrows heavily from The Day of the Locust, incorporating several of the novel's characters and themes into the overarching narrative.
In the 2013 novella "Wakulla Springs" by Andy Duncan and Ellen Klages, set in rural Florida in the 1940s and 50s, one of the main characters is seen reading The Day of the Locust.
The Aimee Mann song "Patient Zero," from her 2017 album Mental Illness, tells a story of broken dreams in Hollywood, and references the novel with the line "the locusts had their day."

text: Works cited[edit]

text: Simon, Richard Keller (1993). "Between Capra and Adorno: West's Day of the Locust and the Movies of the 1930s". Modern Language Quarterly. 54 (4): 524. doi:10.1215/00267929-54-4-513.

text: Sources[edit]

text:
The Day of the Locust By Nathanael West: free books, online
The Day of the Locust By Nathanael West Cliffs Notes
SparkNotes: The Day of the Locust: Plot Overview
Times Higher Education: "Grotesque Relations: Modernist Domestic Fiction and the US Welfare State"
Nathaneal West Explores LA


document_title: Syllogism

question_text: who devised the technique syllogism to learn logic

root

text: Syllogism

text: Early history[edit]

text: In antiquity, two rival theories of the syllogism existed: Aristotelian syllogistic and Stoic syllogistic.[1] Aristotle defines the syllogism as "a discourse in which certain (specific) things having been supposed, something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things are so".[2] Despite this very general definition, in Prior Analytics Aristotle limits himself to categorical syllogisms that consist of three categorical propositions.[3] These include categorical modal syllogisms.[4]

tag: p

text: From the Middle Ages onwards, categorical syllogism and syllogism were usually used interchangeably. This article is concerned only with this traditional use. The syllogism was at the core of traditional deductive reasoning, where facts are determined by combining existing statements, in contrast to inductive reasoning where facts are determined by repeated observations.

text: Within academic contexts, the syllogism was superseded by first-order predicate logic following the work of Gottlob Frege, in particular his Begriffsschrift (Concept Script) (1879), but syllogisms remain useful in some circumstances, and for general-audience introductions to logic.[5][6]

text: Aristotle[edit]

text: The use of syllogisms as a tool for understanding can be dated back to the logical reasoning discussions of Aristotle. Prior to the mid-twelfth century, medieval logicians were only familiar with a portion of Aristotle's works, including titles such as Categories and On Interpretation, works that contributed heavily to the prevailing Old Logic, or "logica vetus". The onset of a New Logic, or "logica nova", arose alongside the reappearance of Prior Analytics, the work in which Aristotle develops his theory of the syllogism.

text: Prior Analytics, upon re-discovery, was instantly regarded by logicians as "a closed and complete body of doctrine", leaving very little for thinkers of the day to debate and re-organize. Aristotle's theory on the syllogism for assertoric sentences was considered especially remarkable, with only small systematic changes occurring to the concept over time. This theory of the syllogism would not enter the context of the more comprehensive logic of consequence until logic began to be reworked in general in the mid-fourteenth century by the likes of John Buridan.

text: Aristotle's Prior Analytics did not, however, incorporate such a comprehensive theory on the "modal syllogism"—a syllogism that has at least one modalized premise (that is, a premise containing the modal words 'necessarily', 'possibly', or 'contingently'). Aristotle's terminology in this aspect of his theory was deemed vague and in many cases unclear, even contradicting some of his statements from On Interpretation. His original assertions on this specific component of the theory were left up to a considerable amount of conversation, resulting in a wide array of solutions put forth by commentators of the day. The system for modal syllogisms laid forth by Aristotle would ultimately be deemed unfit for practical use, and would be replaced by new distinctions and new theories altogether.

text: Medieval[edit]

text: Boethius[edit]

text: Boethius (c. 475 – 526) contributed an effort to make the ancient Aristotelian logic more accessible. While his Latin translation of Prior Analytics went primarily unused before the twelfth century, his textbooks on the categorical syllogism were central to expanding the syllogistic discussion. Boethius' logical legacy lay not in any addition he personally made to the field, but rather in his effective transmission of prior theories to later logicians, as well as his clear and primarily accurate presentations of Aristotle's contributions.

text: Peter Abelard[edit]

text: Another of medieval logic's first contributors from the Latin West, Peter Abelard (1079–1142) gave his own thorough evaluation of the syllogism concept and accompanying theory in the Dialectica - a discussion of logic based on Boethius' commentaries and monographs. His perspective on syllogisms can be found in other works as well, such as Logica Ingredientibus. With the help of Abelard's distinction between de dicto modal sentences and de re modal sentences, medieval logicians began to shape a more coherent concept of Aristotle's modal syllogism model.

text: John Buridan[edit]

text: John Buridan (c. 1300 – 1361), whom some consider the foremost logician of the later Middle Ages, contributed two significant works: Treatise on Consequence and Summulae de Dialectica, in which he discussed the concept of the syllogism, its components and distinctions, and ways to use the tool to expand its logical capability. For two hundred years after Buridan's discussions, little was said about syllogistic logic. Historians of logic have assessed that the primary changes in the post-Middle Age era were changes in respect to the public's awareness of original sources, a lessening of appreciation for the logic's sophistication and complexity, and an increase in logical ignorance—an ignorance heavily ridiculed by logicians of the early twentieth century.[7]

text: Modern history[edit]

text: The Aristotelian syllogism dominated Western philosophical thought for many centuries. In the 17th century, Francis Bacon rejected the idea of syllogism as being the best way to draw conclusions in nature.[8] Instead, Bacon proposed a more inductive approach to the observation of nature, which involves experimentation and leads to discovering and building on axioms to create a more general conclusion.[8]

text: In the 19th century, modifications to syllogism were incorporated to deal with disjunctive ("A or B") and conditional ("if A then B") statements. Kant famously claimed, in Logic (1800), that logic was the one completed science, and that Aristotelian logic more or less included everything about logic there was to know. (This work is not necessarily representative of Kant's mature philosophy, which is often regarded as an innovation to logic itself.) Though there were alternative systems of logic, such as Avicennian logic or Indian logic elsewhere,[citation needed] Kant's opinion stood unchallenged in the West until 1879 when Frege published his Begriffsschrift (Concept Script). This introduced a calculus, a method of representing categorical statements (and statements that are not provided for in syllogism as well) by the use of quantifiers and variables.

text: A noteworthy exception is the logic developed in Bernard Bolzano's work Wissenschaftslehre (Theory of Science, 1837), the principles of which were applied as a direct critique of Kant, in the posthumously published work New Anti-Kant (1850). The work of Bolzano had been largely overlooked until the late 20th century, among other reasons, due to the intellectual environment at the time in Bohemia, which was then part of the Austrian empire. In the last 20 years, Bolzano's work has resurfaced and become subject of both translation and contemporary study.

text: This led to the rapid development of sentential logic and first-order predicate logic, subsuming syllogistic reasoning, which was, therefore, after 2000 years, suddenly considered obsolete by many.[original research?] The Aristotelian system is explicated in modern fora of academia primarily in introductory material and historical study.

text: One notable exception, to this modern relegation, is the continued application of Aristotelian logic by officials of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, and the Apostolic Tribunal of the Roman Rota, which still requires that any arguments crafted by Advocates be presented in syllogistic format.

text: Boole's acceptance of Aristotle[edit]

text: George Boole's unwavering acceptance of Aristotle's logic is emphasized by the historian of logic John Corcoran in an accessible introduction to Laws of Thought.[9] Corcoran also wrote a point-by-point comparison of Prior Analytics and Laws of Thought.[10] According to Corcoran, Boole fully accepted and endorsed Aristotle's logic. Boole's goals were "to go under, over, and beyond" Aristotle's logic by: (1) providing it with mathematical foundations involving equations, (2) extending the class of problems it could treat, as solving equations was added to assessing validity, and (3) expanding the range of applications it could handle, such as expanding propositions of only two terms to those having arbitrarily many.

text: More specifically, Boole agreed with what Aristotle said; Boole's 'disagreements', if they might be called that, concern what Aristotle did not say. First, in the realm of foundations, Boole reduced Aristotle's four propositional forms to one form, the form of equations, which by itself was a revolutionary idea. Second, in the realm of logic's problems, Boole's addition of equation solving to logic—another revolutionary idea—involved Boole's doctrine that Aristotle's rules of inference (the "perfect syllogisms") must be supplemented by rules for equation solving. Third, in the realm of applications, Boole's system could handle multi-term propositions and arguments, whereas Aristotle could handle only two-termed subject-predicate propositions and arguments. For example, Aristotle's system could not deduce: "No quadrangle that is a square is a rectangle that is a rhombus" from "No square that is a quadrangle is a rhombus that is a rectangle" or from "No rhombus that is a rectangle is a square that is a quadrangle".

text: Basic structure[edit]

text: A categorical syllogism consists of three parts:

text:
Major premise
Minor premise
Conclusion

tag: ul

text: Each part is a categorical proposition, and each categorical proposition contains two categorical terms.[11] In Aristotle, each of the premises is in the form "All A are B," "Some A are B", "No A are B" or "Some A are not B", where "A" is one term and "B" is another. "All A are B," and "No A are B" are termed universal propositions; "Some A are B" and "Some A are not B" are termed particular propositions. More modern logicians allow some variation. Each of the premises has one term in common with the conclusion: in a major premise, this is the major term (i.e., the predicate of the conclusion); in a minor premise, this is the minor term (i.e., the subject of the conclusion). For example:

text: Each of the three distinct terms represents a category. In the above example, humans, mortal, and Greeks. Mortal is the major term, Greeks the minor term. The premises also have one term in common with each other, which is known as the middle term; in this example, humans. Both of the premises are universal, as is the conclusion.

text: Here, the major term is die, the minor term is men, and the middle term is mortals. Again, both premises are universal, hence so is the conclusion.

text: A sorites is a form of argument in which a series of incomplete syllogisms is so arranged that the predicate of each premise forms the subject of the next until the subject of the first is joined with the predicate of the last in the conclusion. For example, one might argue that all lions are big cats, all big cats are predators, and all predators are carnivores. To conclude that therefore all lions are carnivores is to construct a sorites argument.

text: Types[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: There are infinitely many possible syllogisms, but only 256 logically distinct types and only 24 valid types (enumerated below). A syllogism takes the form:

text: (Note: M – Middle, S – subject, P – predicate. See below for more detailed explanation.)

text: The premises and conclusion of a syllogism can be any of four types, which are labeled by letters[12] as follows. The meaning of the letters is given by the table:

text:
code
quantifier
subject
copula
predicate
type
example

A
All
S
are
P
universal affirmative
All humans are mortal.

E
No
S
are
P
universal negative
No humans are perfect.

I
Some
S
are
P
particular affirmative
Some humans are healthy.

O
Some
S
are not
P
particular negative
Some humans are not clever.

text: In Analytics, Aristotle mostly uses the letters A, B, and C (the Greek letters alpha, beta, and gamma in the original) as term place holders, rather than giving concrete examples. It is traditional to use is rather than are as the copula, hence All A is B rather than All As are Bs. It is traditional and convenient practice to use a, e, i, o as infix operators so the categorical statements can be written succinctly. The following table shows the longer form, the succinct shorthand, and equivalent expressions in predicate logic:

text:
Form
Shorthand
Predicate logic

All A is B
AaB

∀
x
(
A
(
x
)
→
B
(
x
)
)

{\displaystyle \forall x(A(x)\rightarrow B(x))}

  or

¬
∃
x
(
A
(
x
)
∧
¬
B
(
x
)
)

{\displaystyle \neg \exists x(A(x)\land \neg B(x))}

No A is B
AeB

¬
∃
x
(
A
(
x
)
∧
B
(
x
)
)

{\displaystyle \neg \exists x(A(x)\land B(x))}

  or

∀
x
(
A
(
x
)
→
¬
B
(
x
)
)

{\displaystyle \forall x(A(x)\rightarrow \neg B(x))}

Some A is B
AiB

∃
x
(
A
(
x
)
∧
B
(
x
)
)

{\displaystyle \exists x(A(x)\land B(x))}

Some A is not B
AoB

∃
x
(
A
(
x
)
∧
¬
B
(
x
)
)

{\displaystyle \exists x(A(x)\land \neg B(x))}

text: The letter S is the subject of the conclusion, P is the predicate of the conclusion, and M is the middle term. The major premise links M with P and the minor premise links M with S. However, the middle term can be either the subject or the predicate of each premise where it appears. The differing positions of the major, minor, and middle terms gives rise to another classification of syllogisms known as the figure. Given that in each case the conclusion is S-P, the four figures are:

text:
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4

Major premise
M–P
P–M
M–P
P–M

Minor premise
S–M
S–M
M–S
M–S

text: (Note, however, that, following Aristotle's treatment of the figures, some logicians—e.g., Peter Abelard and John Buridan—reject the fourth figure as a figure distinct from the first. See entry on the Prior Analytics.)

text: Putting it all together, there are 256 possible types of syllogisms (or 512 if the order of the major and minor premises is changed, though this makes no difference logically). Each premise and the conclusion can be of type A, E, I or O, and the syllogism can be any of the four figures. A syllogism can be described briefly by giving the letters for the premises and conclusion followed by the number for the figure. For example, the syllogism BARBARA below is AAA-1, or "A-A-A in the first figure".

text: The vast majority of the 256 possible forms of syllogism are invalid (the conclusion does not follow logically from the premises). The table below shows the valid forms. Even some of these are sometimes considered to commit the existential fallacy, meaning they are invalid if they mention an empty category. These controversial patterns are marked in italics. All but four of the patterns in italics (felapton, darapti, fesapo and bamalip) are weakened moods, i.e. it is possible to draw a stronger conclusion from the premises.

text:
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4

Barbara
Cesare
Datisi
Calemes

Celarent
Camestres
Disamis
Dimatis

Darii
Festino
Ferison
Fresison

Ferio
Baroco
Bocardo
Calemos

Barbari
Cesaro
Felapton
Fesapo

Celaront
Camestros
Darapti
Bamalip

text: The letters A, E, I, and O have been used since the medieval Schools to form mnemonic names for the forms as follows: 'Barbara' stands for AAA, 'Celarent' for EAE, etc.

text: Next to each premise and conclusion is a shorthand description of the sentence. So in AAI-3, the premise "All squares are rectangles" becomes "MaP"; the symbols mean that the first term ("square") is the middle term, the second term ("rectangle") is the predicate of the conclusion, and the relationship between the two terms is labeled "a" (All M are P).

text: The following table shows all syllogisms that are essentially different. The similar syllogisms share the same premises, just written in a different way. For example "Some pets are kittens" (SiM in Darii) could also be written as "Some kittens are pets" (MiS in Datisi).

text: In the Venn diagrams, the black areas indicate no elements, and the red areas indicate at least one element. In the predicate logic expressions, a horizontal bar over an expression means to negate ("logical not") the result of that expression.

text: Examples[edit]

text:
M:Men
S:Greeks   P:mortal

text: Barbara (AAA-1)[edit]

text:
M:reptiles
S:Snakes   P:fur

text: Celarent (EAE-1)[edit]

text: Similar: Cesare (EAE-2)

text:
[show]Calemes (AEE-4)

M:reptile
S:fur   P:snake

Calemes is like Celarent with S and P exchanged.
Similar: Camestres (AEE-2)

   All snakes are reptiles. (PaM)
   No reptiles have fur. (MeS)
∴ No fur bearing animal is a snake. (SeP)

text:
M:rabbit
S:pet   P:fur

text: Darii (AII-1)[edit]

text: Similar: Datisi (AII-3)

text:
[show]Dimatis (IAI-4)

M:rabbit
S:fur   P:pet

Dimatis is like Darii with S and P exchanged.
Similar: Disamis (IAI-3)

   Some pets are rabbits. (PiM)
   All rabbits have fur. (MaS)
∴ Some fur bearing animals are pets. (SiP)

text:
M:homework
S:reading   P:fun

text: Ferioque (EIO-1)[edit]

text: Similar: Festino (EIO-2), Ferison (EIO-3), Fresison (EIO-4)

text:
M:useful
S:website   P:informative

text: Baroco (AOO-2)[edit]

text:
M:cat
S:mammal   P:tail

text: Bocardo (OAO-3)[edit]

text:
M:man
S:Greek   P:mortal

text: Barbari (AAI-1)[edit]

text:
[show]Bamalip (AAI-4)

M:man
S:mortal   P:Greek

Bamalip is like Barbari with S and P exchanged:

   All Greeks are men. (PaM)
   All men are mortals. (MaS)
∴ Some mortals are Greek. (SiP)

text:
M:reptile
S:snake   P:fur

text: Celaront (EAO-1)[edit]

text: Similar: Cesaro (EAO-2)

text:
M:hooves
S:human   P:horse

text: Camestros (AEO-2)[edit]

text: Similar: Calemos (AEO-4)

text:
M:flower
S:plant   P:animal

text: Felapton (EAO-3)[edit]

text: Similar: Fesapo (EAO-4)

text:
M:square
S:rhomb   P:rectangle

text: Darapti (AAI-3)[edit]

text: Table of all syllogisms[edit]

text: This table shows all 24 valid syllogisms, represented by Venn diagrams. Columns indicate similarity, and are grouped by combinations of premises. Borders correspond to conclusions. Those with an existential assumption are dashed.

text:
figure
A ∧ A
A ∧ E
A ∧ I
A ∧ O
E ∧ I

1

Barbara

Barbari

Celarent

Celaront

Darii

Ferio

2

Camestres

Camestros

Cesare

Cesaro

Baroco

Festino

3

Darapti

Felapton

Datisi

Disamis

Bocardo

Ferison

4

Bamalip

Calemes

Calemos

Fesapo

Dimatis

Fresison

text: Terms in syllogism[edit]

text: We may, with Aristotle, distinguish singular terms, such as Socrates, and general terms, such as Greeks. Aristotle further distinguished (a) terms that could be the subject of predication, and (b) terms that could be predicated of others by the use of the copula ("is a"). (Such a predication is known as a distributive as opposed to non-distributive as in Greeks are numerous. It is clear that Aristotle's syllogism works only for distributive predication for we cannot reason All Greeks are animals, animals are numerous, therefore All Greeks are numerous.) In Aristotle's view singular terms were of type (a) and general terms of type (b). Thus Men can be predicated of Socrates but Socrates cannot be predicated of anything. Therefore, for a term to be interchangeable—to be either in the subject or predicate position of a proposition in a syllogism—the terms must be general terms, or categorical terms as they came to be called. Consequently, the propositions of a syllogism should be categorical propositions (both terms general) and syllogisms that employ only categorical terms came to be called categorical syllogisms.

text: It is clear that nothing would prevent a singular term occurring in a syllogism—so long as it was always in the subject position—however, such a syllogism, even if valid, is not a categorical syllogism. An example is Socrates is a man, all men are mortal, therefore Socrates is mortal. Intuitively this is as valid as All Greeks are men, all men are mortal therefore all Greeks are mortals. To argue that its validity can be explained by the theory of syllogism would require that we show that Socrates is a man is the equivalent of a categorical proposition. It can be argued Socrates is a man is equivalent to All that are identical to Socrates are men, so our non-categorical syllogism can be justified by use of the equivalence above and then citing BARBARA.[original research?]

text: Existential import[edit]

text: If a statement includes a term such that the statement is false if the term has no instances, then the statement is said to have existential import with respect to that term. It is ambiguous whether or not a universal statement of the form All A is B is to be considered as true, false, or even meaningless if there are no As. If it is considered as false in such cases, then the statement All A is B has existential import with respect to A.

text: Aristotle's logic system does not cover cases where there are no instances. Aristotle's goal was to develop "a companion-logic for science". He relegates fictions, such as mermaids and unicorns, to the realms of poetry and literature. In his mind, they exist outside the ambit of science. This is why he leaves no room for such non-existent entities in his logic. This is a thoughtful choice, not an inadvertent omission.[citation needed] Technically, Aristotelian science is a search for definitions, where a definition is 'a phrase signifying a thing's essence.'... Because non-existent entities cannot be anything, they do not, in Aristotle's mind, possess an essence... This is why he leaves no place for fictional entities like goat-stags (or unicorns)." [13] However, many logic systems developed since do consider the case where there may be no instances.

text: The following problems arise:

text: For example, if it is accepted that AiB is false if there are no As and AaB entails AiB, then AiB has existential import with respect to A, and so does AaB. Further, if it is accepted that AiB entails BiA, then AiB and AaB have existential import with respect to B as well. Similarly, if AoB is false if there are no As, and AeB entails AoB, and AeB entails BeA (which in turn entails BoA) then both AeB and AoB have existential import with respect to both A and B. It follows immediately that all universal categorical statements have existential import with respect to both terms. If AaB and AeB is a fair representation of the use of statements in normal natural language of All A is B and No A is B respectively, then the following example consequences arise:

text: and so on.

text: If it is ruled that no universal statement has existential import then the square of opposition fails in several respects (e.g. AaB does not entail AiB) and a number of syllogisms are no longer valid (e.g. BaC,AaB->AiC).

text: These problems and paradoxes arise in both natural language statements and statements in syllogism form because of ambiguity, in particular ambiguity with respect to All.[citation needed] If "Fred claims all his books were Pulitzer Prize winners", is Fred claiming that he wrote any books? If not, then is what he claims true? Suppose Jane says none of her friends are poor; is that true if she has no friends?

text: The first-order predicate calculus avoids such ambiguity by using formulae that carry no existential import with respect to universal statements. Existential claims must be explicitly stated. Thus, natural language statements—of the forms All A is B, No A is B, Some A is B, and Some A is not B—can be represented in first order predicate calculus in which any existential import with respect to terms A and/or B is either explicit or not made at all. Consequently, the four forms AaB, AeB, AiB, and AoB can be represented in first order predicate in every combination of existential import—so it can establish which construal, if any, preserves the square of opposition and the validity of the traditionally valid syllogism. Strawson claims such a construal is possible, but the results are such that, in his view, the answer to question (e) above is no.

text: On the other hand, in modern mathematical logic, however, statements containing words "all", "some" and "no", can stated in terms of set theory. If the set of all A's is labeled as s(A) and the set of all B's as s(B), then:

text:
"All A is B" (AaB) is equivalent to "s(A) is a subset of s(B)", or s(A) ⊆ s(B)
"No A is B" (AeB) is equivalent to "The intersection of s(A) and s(B) is empty", or

s
(
A
)
∩
s
(
B
)
=
∅

{\displaystyle s(A)\cap s(B)=\emptyset }

"Some A is B" (AiB) is equivalent to "the intersection]] of s(A) and s(B) is not empty", or

s
(
A
)
∩
s
(
B
)
≠
∅

{\displaystyle s(A)\cap s(B)\neq \emptyset }

"Some A is not B" (AoB) is equivalent to "s(A) is not a subset of s(B)"

text: By definition, the empty set is a subset of all sets. From this it follows that, according to this mathematical convention, if there are no A's, then the statements "All A is B" and "No A is B" are always true whereas the statements "Some A is B" and "Some A is not B" are always false. This, however, implies that AaB does not entail AiB, and some of the syllogisms mentioned above are not valid when there are no A's.

text: Syllogistic fallacies[edit]

text: People often make mistakes when reasoning syllogistically.[14]

text: For instance, from the premises some A are B, some B are C, people tend to come to a definitive conclusion that therefore some A are C.[15][16] However, this does not follow according to the rules of classical logic. For instance, while some cats (A) are black things (B), and some black things (B) are televisions (C), it does not follow from the parameters that some cats (A) are televisions (C). This is because in the structure of the syllogism invoked (i.e. III-1) the middle term is not distributed in either the major premise or in the minor premise a pattern called the "fallacy of the undistributed middle".

text: Determining the validity of a syllogism involves determining the distribution of each term in each statement, meaning whether all members of that term are accounted for.

text: In simple syllogistic patterns, the fallacies of invalid patterns are:

text:
Undistributed middle: Neither of the premises accounts for all members of the middle term, which consequently fails to link the major and minor term.
Illicit treatment of the major term: The conclusion implicates all members of the major term (P – meaning the proposition is negative); however, the major premise does not account for them all (i.e., P is either an affirmative predicate or a particular subject there).
Illicit treatment of the minor term: Same as above, but for the minor term (S – meaning the proposition is universal) and minor premise (where S is either a particular subject or an affirmative predicate).
Exclusive premises: Both premises are negative, meaning no link is established between the major and minor terms.
Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise: If either premise is negative, the conclusion must also be.
Negative conclusion from affirmative premises: If both premises are affirmative, the conclusion must also be.
Existential fallacy: This is a more controversial one. If both premises are universal, i.e. "All" or "No" statements, one school of thought says they do not imply the existence of any members of the terms. In this case, the conclusion cannot be existential; i.e. beginning with "Some". Another school of thought says that affirmative statements (universal or particular) do imply the subject's existence, but negatives do not. A third school of thought says that the any type of proposition may or may not involve the subject's existence, and though this may condition the conclusion, it does not affect the form of the syllogism.[original research?]


document_title: Hand of Faith

question_text: who found the hand of faith gold nugget

question_tokens: who found the hand of faith gold nugget

text: Hand of Faith

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Hand of Faith is a nugget of fine-quality gold that was found by Kevin Hillier using a metal detector near Kingower, Victoria, Australia on 26 September 1980. Weighing 875 troy ounces (27.21 kg, or 72 troy pounds and 11 troy ounces), the gold nugget was only 12 inches below the surface, resting in a vertical position. The announcement of the discovery occurred at a press conference, attended by the Premier of Victoria Dick Hamer, in Melbourne on 8 October 1980. Kovac's Gems & Minerals were appointed agents for the sale of the huge nugget, by the gold nugget finder, Kevin Hillier. It was sold to the Golden Nugget Casino Chain for over a million dollars, and is currently on public display at their property Golden Nugget Casino Hotel, in Biloxi, MS.[1]

text: It was initially incorrectly stated as weighing only 720 ozt, but after correction, the new calculation was 874.82 ozt. This explains why some publications continue to give an incorrect weight. It is still regarded as the largest modern nugget found by a metal detector, anywhere in the world. Dimensions are 47 cm × 20 cm × 9 cm. The sale price was supposedly around $US1m.

text: The nugget was the second largest nugget found in Australia during the 20th century. There were numerous nuggets found during the Victorian gold rush era, commencing in the 1850s, that were far larger.


document_title: Fauna of India

question_text: how many species of fisher found in india

text: Fauna of India

text: Diversity[edit]

text: There is insufficient information about the invertebrate and lower forms of India, with significant work having been done only in a few groups of insects, notably the butterflies, odonates, hymenoptera, the larger coleoptera and heteroptera. Few concerted attempts to document the biodiversity have been made since the publication of The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma series.

text: There are about 2,546 species of fishes (about 11% of the world species) found in Indian waters. About 197 species of amphibians (4.4% of the world total) and more than 408 reptile species (6% of the world total) are found in India. Among these groups the highest levels of endemism are found in the amphibians.

text: There are about 1,250 species of birds from India, with some variations, depending on taxonomic treatments, accounting for about 12% of the world species.[11]

text: There are about 410 species of mammals known from India, which is about 8.86% of the world species.[12]

text: India has the most number of cat species than any other country.[13]

text: The World Conservation Monitoring Centre gives an estimate of about 15,000 species of flowering plants in India.

text: Biodiversity hotspots[edit]

text: The Western Ghats[edit]

text: The Western Ghats are a chain of hills that run along the western edge of peninsular India. Their proximity to the ocean and through orographic effect, they receive high rainfall. These regions have moist deciduous forest and rain forest. The region shows high species diversity as well as high levels of endemism. Nearly 77% of the amphibians and 62% of the reptile species found here are found nowhere else.[14] The region shows biogeographical affinities to the Malayan region, and the Satpura hypothesis proposed by Sunder Lal Hora suggests that the hill chains of Central India may have once formed a connection with the forests of northeastern India and into the Indo-Malayan region. Hora used torrent stream fishes to support the theory, but it was also suggested to hold for birds.[15] Later studies have suggested that Hora's original model species were a demonstration of convergent evolution rather than speciation by isolation.[14]

text: More recent phylogeographic studies have attempted to study the problem using molecular approaches.[16] There are also differences in taxa which are dependent on time of divergence and geological history.[17] Along with Sri Lanka this region also shows some fauna similarities with the Madagascan region especially in the reptiles and amphibians. Examples include the Sinophis snakes, the purple frog and Sri Lankan lizard genus Nessia which appears similar to the Madagascan genus Acontias.[18] Numerous floral links to the Madagascan region also exist.[19] An alternate hypothesis that these taxa may have originally evolved out-of-India has also been suggested.[20]

text: Bio geographical quirks exist with some taxa of Malayan origin occurring in Sri Lanka but absent in the Western Ghats. These include insects groups such as the plants such as those of the genus Nepenthes.

text: The Eastern Himalayas[edit]

text: The Eastern Himalayas is the region encompassing Bhutan, northeastern India, and southern, central, and eastern Nepal. The region is geologically young and shows high altitudinal variation. It has nearly 163 globally threatened species including the one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), the Wild Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis (Arnee)) and in all 45 mammals, 50 birds, 17 reptiles, 12 amphibians, 3 invertebrate and 36 plant species. [21][22] The relict dragonfly (Epiophlebia laidlawi) is an endangered species found here with the only other species in the genus being found in Japan. The region is also home to the Himalayan newt (Tylototriton verrucosus), the only salamander species found within Indian limits.[23]

text: Extinct and fossil forms[edit]

text: During the early Tertiary period, the Indian tableland, what is today peninsular India, was a large island. Prior to becoming an island it was connected to the African region. During the tertiary period this island was separated from the Asian mainland by a shallow sea. The Himalayan region and the greater part of Tibet lay under this sea. The movement of the Indian subcontinent into the Asian landmass created the great Himalayan ranges and raised the sea bed into what is today the plains of northern India.

text: Once connected to the Asian mainland, many species moved into India. The Himalayas were created in several upheavals. The Siwaliks were formed in the last and the largest number of fossils of the Tertiary period are found in these ranges.[24]

text: The Siwalik fossils include mastodons, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, sivatherium, a large four-horned ruminant, giraffe, horses, camels, bison, deer, antelope, gorillas, pigs, chimpanzees, orangutans, baboons, langurs, macaques, cheetahs, sabre-toothed cats, lions, tigers, sloth bear, Aurochs, leopards, wolves, dholes, porcupines, rabbits and a host of other mammals.[24]

text: Many fossil tree species have been found in the intertrappean beds [25] including Grewioxylon from the Eocene and Heritieroxylon keralensis from the middle Miocene in Kerala and Heritieroxylon arunachalensis from the Mio-Pliocene of Arunachal Pradesh and at many other places. The discovery of Glossopteris fern fossils from India and Antarctica led to the discovery of Gondwanaland and led to the greater understanding of continental drift. Fossil Cycads[26] are known from India while seven Cycad species continue to survive in India.[27][28]

text: Titanosaurus indicus was perhaps the first dinosaur discovered in India by Richard Lydekker in 1877 in the Narmada valley. This area has been one of the most important areas for paleontology in India. Another dinosaur known from India is Rajasaurus narmadensis,[29] a heavy-bodied and stout carnivorous abelisaurid (theropod) dinosaur that inhabited the area near present-day Narmada river. It was 9 m in length and 3 m in height and somewhat horizontal in posture with a double-crested crown on the skull.

text: Some fossil snakes from the Cenozoic era are also known.[30]

text: Some scientists have suggested that the Deccan lava flows and the gases produced were responsible for the global extinction of dinosaurs however these have been disputed.[31] [32]

text: Himalayacetus subathuensis the oldest-known whale fossil of the family Protocetidae (Eocene), about 53.5 million years old was found in the Simla hills in the foothills of the Himalayas. This area was underwater (in the Tethys sea) during the Tertiary period (when India was an island off Asia). This whale may have been capable of living partly on land. [33] [34] Other fossil whales from India include Remingtonocetus approximately 43-46 million years old.

text: Several small mammal fossils have been recorded in the intertrappean beds, however larger mammals are mostly unknown. The only major primate fossils have been from the nearby region of Myanmar.

text: See also Geology of India

text: Recent extinctions[edit]

text: The exploitation of land and forest resources by humans along with hunting and trapping for food and sport has led to the extinction of many species in India in recent times.[citation needed]

text: Probably the first species to vanish during the time of the Indus Valley civilisation was the species of wild cattle, Bos primegenius nomadicus or the wild zebu, which vanished from its range in the Indus valley and western India, possibly due to inter-breeding with domestic cattle and resultant fragmentation of wild populations due to loss of habitat.[35]

text: Notable mammals which became or are presumed extinct within the country itself include the Indian / Asiatic cheetah, Javan rhinoceros and Sumatran rhinoceros.[36] While some of these large mammal species are confirmed extinct, there have been many smaller animal and plant species whose status is harder to determine. Many species have not been seen since their description. Hubbardia heptaneuron, a species of grass that grew in the spray zone of the Jog Falls prior to the construction of the Linganamakki reservoir, was thought to be extinct but a few were rediscovered near Kolhapur.[37]

text: Some species of birds have gone extinct in recent times, including the pink-headed duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacea) and the Himalayan quail (Ophrysia superciliosa). A species of warbler, Acrocephalus orinus, known earlier from a single specimen collected by Allan Octavian Hume from near Rampur in Himachal Pradesh was rediscovered after 139 years in Thailand.[38][39] Similarly, the Jerdon's courser (Rhinoptilus bitorquatus), named after the zoologist Thomas C. Jerdon who discovered it in 1848, was rediscovered in 1986 by Bharat Bhushan, an ornithologist at the Bombay Natural History Society after being thought to be extinct.

text: Species estimates[edit]

text: An estimate of the numbers of species by group in India is given below. This is based on Alfred, 1998.[40]

text:
Taxonomic Group
World species
Indian species
% in India

PROTISTA

Protozoa
31250
2577
8.24

Total (Protista)
31250
2577
8.24

ANIMALIA

Mesozoa
71
10
14.08

Porifera
4562
486
10.65

Cnidaria
9916
842
8.49

Ctenophora
100
12
12

Platyhelminthes
17500
1622
9.27

Nemertinea
600

Rotifera
2500
330
13.2

Gastrotricha
3000
100
3.33

Kinorhyncha
100
10
10

Nematoda
30000
2850
9.5

Nematomorpha
250

Acanthocephala
800
229
28.62

Sipuncula
145
35
24.14

Mollusca
66535
5070
7.62

Echiura
127
43
33.86

Annelida
12700
840
6.61

Onychophora
100
1
1

Arthropoda
987949
68389
6.9

Crustacea
35534
2934
8.26

Insecta
853000
53400
6.83

Arachnida
73440

7.9

Pycnogonida
600

2.67

Pauropoda
360

Chilopoda
3000
100
3.33

Diplopoda
7500
162
2.16

Symphyla
120
4
3.33

Merostomata
4
2
50

Phoronida
11
3
27.27

Bryozoa (Ectoprocta)
4000
200
5

Endoprocta
60
10
16.66

Brachiopoda
300
3
1

Pogonophora
80

Praipulida
8

Pentastomida
70

Chaetognatha
111
30
27.02

Tardigrada
514
30
5.83

Echinodermata
6223
765
12.29

Hemichordata
120
12
10

Chordata
48451
4952
10.22

Protochordata (Cephalochordata+Urochordata)
2106
119
5.65

Pisces
21723
2546
11.72

Amphibia
7533
350
4.63

Reptilia
5817
456
7.84

Aves
9026
1232
13.66

Mammalia
4629
390
8.42

Total (Animalia)
1196903
868741
7.25

Grand Total (Protosticta+Animalia)
1228153
871318
7.09

text: Taxonomic lists and indices[edit]

text: This section provides links to lists of species of various taxa found in India.

text: Animals[edit]

text: Invertebrates[edit]

text:
Molluscs

List of non-marine molluscs of India

Arachnids

Spiders of India

Insects

Odonata

Dragonflies and damselflies of India

Lepidoptera

Butterflies of India

Papilionid butterflies of India
Pierid butterflies of India
Nymphalid butterflies of India
Lycaenid butterflies of India
Hesperid butterflies of India
Riodinid butterflies of India

Moths of India

Hymenoptera

Ants of India

text: Vertebrates[edit]

text:
Fishes of India
Amphibians of India
Reptiles of India

Snakes of India

Birds of South Asia
Birds in India
Mammals of India


document_title: Ben & Jerry's

question_text: who own ben and jerry's ice cream

question_tokens: who own ben and jerry 's ice cream

text: Ben & Jerry's

text: History[edit]

text: Founding[edit]

text: Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield were childhood friends from Merrick, New York.[2] Although Greenfield finished college, he found himself unable to make his way into medical school. Cohen dropped out of school.[3] In 1977, Cohen and Greenfield completed a correspondence course on ice cream making from Pennsylvania State University's creamery. Cohen has severe anosmia, a lack of a sense of smell or taste, and so relied on "mouth feel" and texture to provide variety in his diet. This led to the company's trademark chunks being mixed in with their ice cream.[4] On May 5, 1978, with a $12,000[5] investment, the two business partners opened an ice cream parlor in a renovated gas station in downtown Burlington, Vermont.  In 1979, they marked their anniversary by holding the first-ever free cone day, now an international annual celebration at every Ben & Jerry's store.[4]

text: In 1980, they rented space in an old spool and bobbin mill on South Champlain Street in Burlington and started packing their ice cream in pints. In 1981, the first Ben & Jerry's franchise opened on Route 7 in Shelburne, Vermont. In 1983, Ben & Jerry’s ice cream was used to build “the world’s largest ice cream sundae” in St. Albans, Vermont; the sundae weighed 27,102 pounds (12,293 kg). That same year, the cows on their cartons were redesigned by local artist Woody Jackson.[6]

text: In 1984, Häagen-Dazs wanted to limit distribution of Ben & Jerry’s in Boston, prompting Ben & Jerry’s to file suit against the parent company, Pillsbury, in its now famous “What’s the Doughboy Afraid Of?” campaign.[7] In 1987, Häagen-Dazs again tried to enforce exclusive distribution, and Ben & Jerry’s filed its second lawsuit against the Pillsbury Company.

text: In 1985, the Ben & Jerry’s Foundation was established at the end of the year with a gift from Ben & Jerry's to fund community-oriented projects; it was then provided with 7.5% of the company’s annual pre-tax profits. In 1986, Ben & Jerry’s launched its “Cowmobile”, a modified mobile home used to distribute free scoops of Ben & Jerry’s ice cream in a unique, cross-country “marketing drive”—driven and served by Ben and Jerry themselves. The “Cowmobile” burned to the ground outside of Cleveland four months later, but there were no injuries. Ben said it looked like “the world’s largest baked Alaska”.[8]

text: In 1988, the two men won the title of U.S. Small Business Persons Of The Year, awarded by U.S. President Ronald Reagan.[9] Also that year, the first brownies were ordered from Greyston Bakery, which led to the development of the popular Chocolate Fudge Brownie flavor.[10] In 1992, Ben & Jerry’s joined in a co-operative campaign with the national non-profit Children's Defense Fund; the campaign goal was to bring children’s basic needs to the top of the national agenda. Over 70,000 postcards were sent to Congress concerning kids and other national issues. In 1995, they hired Robert Holland, Jr. as CEO after holding a "Yo! I'm your C.E.O." essay contest as part of the search.[11] Holland left after 20 months following philosophical differences and was replaced by Perry Odak in 1997.[12]

text: In 1989, Ben & Jerry’s revealed their opposition of the use of rBGH (recombinant bovine growth hormone) in all their products. This genetically engineered hormone is sometimes given to cows in order to boost milk production, but Ben & Jerry’s does not support this practice and is in favor of utilizing less chemically intensive ingredients for the safety of consumers and the environment.[13]

text: In 1994, Ben & Jerry's: The Inside Scoop, written by Fred "Chico" Lager, former CEO of Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream, was published. The book tracks the history of how Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream got started. The book focuses on "How Two Real Guys Built a Business with a Social Conscience and a Sense of Humor."[14]

text: Unilever era[edit]

text: In April 2000, Ben & Jerry's sold the company to Anglo-Dutch multinational food giant Unilever.[15] Unilever said it hopes to carry on the tradition of engaging "in these critical, global economic and social missions". Although the founders' names are still attached to the product, they do not hold any board or management position and are not involved in day-to-day management of the company.[16]

text: In 2001, Ben & Jerry's U.S. completed the transition to "Eco-Pint" packaging, which packaged all pint flavors in environmentally friendly unbleached paperboard Eco-Pint containers, a decision it later reversed. The use of brown-kraft unbleached paperboard had been a critical first step toward a totally biodegradable pint made without added chlorine. Due to what they described as increasing supply, quality, and cost challenges, Ben & Jerry's discontinued their use of the Eco-Pint in 2006, transitioning to a pint container made out of a bleached paperboard that it said was more readily available.[17]

text: On Earth Day in 2005, when a vote in the U.S. Senate proposed the opening of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling, Ben & Jerry's launched a protest by creating the largest ever Baked Alaska, which weighed 900 pounds (410 kg), and placed it in front of the U.S. Capitol Building.[18][19]

text: In March 2009, "CyClone Dairy"[20] launched an advertising campaign and a website to promote its milk products, which purportedly came exclusively from cloned cows.[21] On April 1, 2009 (April Fool's Day), Ben & Jerry's announced that it was behind this fake company. Ben & Jerry's had created the tongue-in-cheek hoax to raise awareness of the increasing presence of products from cloned animals within American food[22][23] and to campaign for a tracking system of cloned-animal products.[24] The hoax was revealed on April Fool's Day with the message: "We believe you should have the right to choose which foods you eat – and not to eat cloned foods if you don’t want to. And that's why Ben & Jerry’s believes we need a national clone tracking system, so people and companies can know where their food is coming from."[25]

text: In 2010, Jostein Solheim, a Unilever executive from Norway, became the new CEO of the company and had this to say about the transition: "My mantra that I've repeated a hundred times since starting at Ben & Jerry's is: ‘Change is a wonderful thing,'" he said. "The world needs dramatic change to address the social and environmental challenges we are facing. Values led businesses can play a critical role in driving that positive change. We need to lead by example, and prove to the world that this is the best way to run a business. Historically, this company has been and must continue to be a pioneer to continually challenge how business can be a force for good and address inequities inherent in global business."[26]

text: On February 24, 2012, Ben & Jerry's released a new Greek Frozen Yogurt line, which came in several flavors: "Strawberry Shortcake", "Blueberry Vanilla Graham", "Raspberry Fudge Chunk", "Banana Peanut Butter",[27] and "Vanilla" (scoop shop exclusive):[28] On April 12, 2013, "Pineapple Passionfruit", "Vanilla Honey Caramel", and "Liz Lemon" were added to the Greek Yogurt line.[29] The Liz Lemon flavor was inspired by a character of the same name created by actress Tina Fey as the main character on the NBC television sitcom 30 Rock.[30]

text: In 2013, Ben & Jerry’s committed to making their products GMO-free in support of mandatory GMO labeling legislation.[31]

text: Original flavors and sundaes[edit]

text: The "Vermonster" is a large ice cream sundae served in a "Vermonster Bucket" in Ben & Jerry's "scoop shops."  Its ingredients are 20 scoops of ice cream, 4 bananas, 4 ladles of hot fudge, 3 chocolate chip cookies, 1 chocolate fudge brownie, 10 scoops of walnuts, 2 scoops each of any 4 toppings, and whipped cream. It contains 14,000 calories (kcal), and 500 grams (17.64 oz) of fat. Since 2009, the Vermonster Challenge is an annual charity event held by Ben & Jerry's in which teams of four compete to finish a Vermonster and win free ice cream for a year.[32]

text: "Chubby Hubby" consists of vanilla malt ice cream swirled with fudge and peanut butter, and containing pretzel nuggets covered in fudge and filled with peanut butter. During the month of September 2009, Ben and Jerry's, in partnership with Freedom to Marry, renamed "Chubby Hubby" to "Hubby Hubby," in celebration of the legalization of same-sex marriage in the company's home state of Vermont. The carton featured the image of two men getting married beneath a rainbow.[33][34][35]

text: On March 13, 2012, Ben & Jerry’s announced it would be changing the name of one of its ice cream flavours in the UK in support of equal marriage rights for same-sex couples. "Oh! My! Apple Pie!" would become "Apple-y Ever After" and tubs would feature a gay couple atop a wedding cake decorated with rainbows.[36]

text: "Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough" was temporarily renamed "I Dough, I Dough" in the United States during the summer of 2015. This was in celebration of United States Supreme Court's ruling in support of same-sex marriage. The proceeds from sales were to go to the Human Rights Campaign (a nonprofit advocacy group for LGBT rights).[37]

text: Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield appeared on The Colbert Report on March 5, 2007, to promote their new ice cream flavor, "Stephen Colbert's AmeriCone Dream", and Cohen's progressive advocacy group TrueMajority.

text: The company renamed a flavour, "Yes Pecan!", in reference to Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. They decided in January 2009 to donate all proceeds made on the sale of that flavor to the Common Cause Education Fund.[38]

text: On March 2, 2011, Cohen and Greenfield appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and unveiled their new flavour of ice cream, "Late Night Snack", whose carton features a picture of Jimmy Fallon on it.[39]

text: On February 17, 2015, Cohen and Greenfield appeared on The Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon and unveiled their new flavor of ice cream, "The Tonight Dough", with all of its proceeds going to the SeriousFun Children's Network that supports camps for children with major illnesses.[40]

text: In 2015, Charoset flavoured ice cream became widely available in time for the Passover holiday.[41][42][43][44][45][46]

text:
In April 2015, the company confirmed that it was working on vegan options, after hearing consumers' feedback, led by a petition and FARM organization.[47]
In early February 2016, the company announced a new all-vegan line with four flavors. Two of these are versions of existing flavors - "Chunky Monkey" and "Chocolate Fudge Brownie" - and two are all-new vegan-only flavors: "Coffee Caramel Fudge" and "Peanut Butter & Cookies".[48]

text: In January 2017, three new non-dairy flavors were added: Caramel Almond Brittle, Cherry Garcia, and Coconut Seven Layer Bar.

text: In January 2018, the company added two new non-dairy flavors to its growing line of vegan options. Peanut Butter Half Baked features chocolate and peanut butter with fudge brownies and pieces of peanut butter cookie dough, while Cinnamon Buns is made with cinnamon-spiced ice cream and features cinnamon bun dough and a cinnamon streusel swirl.[49]

text: Free Cone Day is an annual event held between late March and early May, in which Ben & Jerry's scoop shops give out free ice cream cups and cones. Free Cone Day was first held on Saturday, May 5, 1979, by Ben and Jerry as a customer and staff appreciation event for the first anniversary of their store's opening.

text: Over one million free cones are given away each year, prompting the company's ad slogan "Be One In A Million." Charitable organizations are often present at the stores each year and enjoy a significant amount of fundraising success. Often, local celebrities show up at various stores, promoting the day and the charities there.[50] Sometimes the event is scheduled to coincide with Earth Day and sometimes volunteers are on hand with clipboards and voter registration forms to help those who would like to register to vote.

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Commercial[edit]

text: The Center for Science in the Public Interest, a consumer-advocacy group, urged Ben & Jerry's to stop labeling their ice cream as "all natural," due to the company's use of corn syrup, alkalised cocoa, and other chemically modified ingredients.[51] In September 2010, the company agreed to stop labeling their ice cream and frozen yogurt as "all natural."[52]

text: In 1999, Ben & Jerry's released a flavor named Schweddy Balls, in homage to the Saturday Night Live (SNL) skit of the same name. An American group named "One Million Moms" protested, saying that the name was too explicit for grocery store shelves—spokesperson Monica Cole explained to the media: "I realize it could be a lot worse, but are they going to progressively get worse if we don't say something? Maybe they'll think twice before they come up with another inappropriate name for ice cream." However, the expression of disdain was not unanimous among U.S. parents, as mother Gina Ragusa said to The Huffington Post: "We just think it's funny, that's all, and honestly we all really want to try it", adding that she consistently checks for the item's availability at her local supermarket.[53] Actor Alec Baldwin, who appeared in the SNL skit as baker Pete Schweddy, hosted the September 24, 2011 episode of the 37th season of the show and responded to the protests by stating that a new flavor called "Go Fudge Yourself" had been produced for those in opposition to the tribute. Following the initial release of the flavor, Baldwin informed the media that "thanks to Ben & Jerry's, the goodness of the Schweddy family recipe won't go with me to the great beyond," as he had previously feared that his association with the SNL episode would remain permanent until his death.[54]

text: Political[edit]

text: Following rumors that suggested that Ben & Jerry's supported the defense of Mumia Abu-Jamal—who was convicted in 1982 of killing Philadelphia Police officer Daniel Faulkner[55]—the company confirmed that Cohen did sign a petition, as a private citizen, asking that "the system of American justice be followed fully in the case".[56]

text: Controversy emerged in 2006 after the company released a flavor of ice cream called "Black and Tan". It had named the flavor after the alcoholic drink, which is made by mixing stout with pale ale, but the "Black and Tans" are also known as a paramilitary police force of British World War I veterans recruited during the Irish Revolution. At the time that the flavor was released, the Irish nationalist movement was still offended by the historical association of the title.[57]

text: In 2012, Vermonters for a Just Peace in Palestine/Israel (VTJP)[58] contacted Ben Cohen, Jerry Greenfield and the CEO of Ben & Jerry’s after learning that ice cream produced by Ben & Jerry’s franchise in Israel[59] was being sold in Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Leafleting occurred at locations in Vermont, New York and California on 'Free Cone Day' in April 2013[60] and April 2014.[61] As of  November 2014[update], 232 organizations across the United States and in seventeen countries worldwide have signed a letter written by VTJP calling on Ben & Jerry's to end its commercial ties to such settlements.[62]

text: In late April 2014, Ben & Jerry's signed onto the "Fight for the Reef" campaign, a partnership between the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)-Australia and the Australian Marine Conservation Society (AMCS). Premier Campbell Newman and Queensland state senator Matthew Canavan both said in statements that Ben & Jerry's was making misleading statements that exaggerated the detrimental impact that proposed government programs would have on the Great Barrier Reef,[63][63] and Environment Minister Andrew Powell said that "The only people taking a scoop out of the reef is Ben and Jerry’s and Unilever. If you understand the facts, you’d want to be boycotting Ben and Jerry’s". Australian Ben & Jerry's brand manager Kalli Swaik responded that "Ben & Jerry’s believes that dredging and dumping in world heritage waters surrounding the marine park area will be detrimental to the reef ecology. It threatens the health of one of Australia’s most iconic treasures."[64]

text: In February 2016, Ben & Jerry's cofounder Ben Cohen created an ice cream flavor called "Bernie's Yearning" in support of U.S Senator from Vermont, Bernie Sanders, run for president in the 2016 Democratic Primaries against Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton. The flavor consists of plain mint ice cream covered by solid chunk of chocolate. According to Cohen, "The chocolate disk represents the huge majority of economic gains that have gone to the top 1 percent since the end of the recession. Beneath it, the rest of us.”[65] This was done in an effort to showcase the United States' current socioeconomic issues.

text: In April 2016, Ben & Jerry's cofounders, Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield, were both arrested at the Democracy Awakening protests on the U.S. Capitol steps in Washington, D.C.[66]

text: In May 2017, Ben and Jerry's announced they would not serve two scoops of the same ice cream flavor in Australia, due to the refusal of the Australian government to legalize same-sex marriage. They said this would encourage "fans to contact their MP's to tell them the time has come-make marriage equality legal!". This stance they said will continue for however long it takes for same-sex marriage to be legalized.[67][68]

text: In June 2018 Ben & Jerry announced their support for some 9,000 Afghan asylum seekers' right to stay in Sweden, drawing heavy criticism from some[who?] commentators.[69][70]

text: Social[edit]

text: In February 2012, a Ben & Jerry's franchise near Harvard University created a limited edition frozen yogurt flavor named "Taste the Lin-Sanity," in honor of Asian-American basketball player Jeremy Lin, a Harvard alumnus. At inception, the product contained vanilla frozen yogurt, lychee honey swirls, and fortune cookie pieces, leading to a widely publicized controversy about racial stereotyping due to the association of the fortune cookie ingredient with Chinese culture. The latter ingredient was later replaced with waffle cookies, as the fortune cookies became soggy and the franchise received returns from customers. Ben & Jerry's general manager for Boston and Cambridge explained to the media: "we obviously weren't looking to offend anybody and the majority of the feedback about it has been positive."[71] Ben & Jerry's released an official statement shortly after the launch of the product apologizing to those who were offended.[72]

text: In September 2014, anti-hazing activists raised concerns about the ice cream flavor "Hazed & Confused," which had been released earlier that year. The concern was that the name could be perceived as belittling of hazing and bullying problems. The company has noted that the name was based on the word hazelnut and a play on the phrase "dazed and confused", which is both a song popularized by Led Zeppelin and a coming-of-age comedy film from the early 1990s.[73] The decision was made in October to not rename the flavor.[74]

text: Product safety[edit]

text: The Organic Consumers Association announced in July 2017 that it found traces of the herbicide glyphosate in 10 of 11 samples of the company’s ice creams.[75] The traces were found to be at levels below the ceiling set by the Environmental Protection Agency for environmental contamination.

text: Global locations[edit]

text: Ben and Jerry's has locations around the world.[76]

text:
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Bahamas
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Netherlands
Netherlands Antilles
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Kosovo
Puerto Rico
Romania[77]
Serbia
Singapore
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Thailand
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States

text: Former markets[edit]

text:
Estonia
Hong Kong[78] [79][80] [81]
Morocco
Russia[82]

text: Wages[edit]

text: Ben & Jerry's used to have a policy that no employee's rate of pay shall exceed five times that of entry-level employees.[83] In 1995, entry-level employees were paid $12 hourly, and the highest paid employee was President and Chief Operating Officer Chuck Lacy, who earned $150,000 annually. When Ben Cohen resigned as Chief Executive Officer and Ben & Jerry's announced the search for a new CEO in 1995, the company ended the five-to-one-ratio policy.[84]


document_title: CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (season 5)

question_text: when does the csi team get back together

text: Plot[edit]

text: Greg begins his journey from a lab rat to a field mouse, as the Las Vegas Crime Lab faces a personnel overhaul ("Ch-Ch-Changes"), during the fifth season of CSI. The team's final days together are plagued with more investigations into the insane and the unusual, including the discovery of an "alien" corpse just outside the boundary of Area 51 ("Viva Las Vegas"), a body washed up in a thunderstorm ("Down the Drain"), the kidnapping of a thirteen-year-old girl ("Harvest"), a death at a fumigation ("Crows Feet"), a swingers party ("Swap Meet"), the return of the Blue Paint Killer ("What's Eating Gilbert Grissom?"), and a kidnapping at a hotel ("Formalities"). It's the appearance of new evidence that appears literally as Grisson is on the witness stand, however, that causes Ecklie to separate Grissom and Willows' team ("Mea Culpa"), with Catherine, Nick, and Warrick delving into cases such as brain death ("No Humans Involved"), a body in a car ("Who Shot Sherlock?"), a severed head containing a snake ("Snakes"), the death of a bear ("Unbearable"), and a murder involving sports betting ("Big Middle"). The risk of losing of one of their own, however, allows Ecklie and Grisson to set aside their differences, both personal and professional, and reunite the team once again ("Grave Danger").

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
William Petersen as Gil Grissom, a CSI Level 3 Supervisor
Marg Helgenberger as Catherine Willows, a CSI Level 3 Supervisor
Gary Dourdan as Warrick Brown, a CSI Level 3
George Eads as Nick Stokes, a CSI Level 3
Jorja Fox as Sara Sidle, a CSI Level 3
Eric Szmanda as Greg Sanders, a CSI Level 1
Robert David Hall as Al Robbins, the Chief Medical Examiner
Paul Guilfoyle as Jim Brass, a Homicide Detective Captain

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Archie Kao as Archie Johnson
David Berman as David Phillips
Wallace Langham as David Hodges
Aisha Tyler as Mia Dickerson
Louise Lombard as Sofia Curtis

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)931"Viva Las Vegas"Danny CannonDanny Cannon & Carol MendelsohnSeptember 23, 2004 (2004-09-23)30.57[1]
Grissom works on a nightclub shooting with Greg Sanders, who has finally found a replacement in the lab and now only has to pass his final proficiency test. Catherine investigates a stripper found dead in a hotel room. Warrick investigates a man found electrocuted in his bathtub. Sara and Nick are called in when an 'alien' is found in a shallow grave near Area 51.
942"Down the Drain"Kenneth FinkNaren ShankarOctober 7, 2004 (2004-10-07)28.43[2]
The CSIs investigate when a thunderstorm washes up a body in the city storm drains. Murder is soon ruled out but the team makes another disturbing discovery: human bones that may have come from a murder. The only problem is locating where the body was dumped.
953"Harvest"David GrossmanJudith McCrearyOctober 14, 2004 (2004-10-14)28.89[3]
The CSIs investigate the kidnapping of a 13-year-old girl at the parking lot of a convenience store, which turns into a very disturbing murder. Catherine attempts to re-assert her role as a mother when her daughter Lindsey is picked up by the police for hitchhiking.
964"Crow's Feet"Richard J. LewisJosh BermanOctober 21, 2004 (2004-10-21)26.54[4]
When two apparently unrelated women die under the same circumstances, Catherine and Nick discover that both women underwent various cosmetic procedures at a local spa. Meanwhile, Grissom, Sara and Greg investigate when a man is found dead in a house fumigated for termites.
975"Swap Meet"Danny CannonDavid Rambo & Naren Shankar & Carol MendelsohnOctober 28, 2004 (2004-10-28)29.60[5]
Grissom, Sara and Greg investigate when a woman is found dead in the fountain of a gated community, after visiting a neighborhood swingers party. Meanwhile, Warrick and Nick investigate the murder of a landlord in a video arcade, which develops into a double homicide. Catherine requests the position of day shift supervisor from Grissom.
986"What's Eating Gilbert Grissom?"Kenneth FinkSarah GoldfingerNovember 4, 2004 (2004-11-04)30.58[6]
While investigating a chopped up body in the university grounds, the team finds out that they're dealing with the "Blue Paint Killer" again. The case gets confusing when the team discovers that the victim was male. Shortly after that they find another body, that of a female. Can they stop the killer before he kills again?
997"Formalities"Bill EaglesDustin Lee Abraham & Naren ShankarNovember 11, 2004 (2004-11-11)29.64[7]
Grissom has to work with Dayshift CSI Sofia Curtis when a high school student is found dead in a hotel room after a party. Assisted by Catherine, Nick and Warrick, they find out that another girl had been kidnapped from the party. However, the father of this girl doesn't seem overly concerned about his daughter's disappearance.
1008"Ch-Ch-Changes"Richard J. LewisJerry StahlNovember 18, 2004 (2004-11-18)31.46[8]
The CSI team investigate when a woman is found stabbed to death. They soon discover that the woman underwent a sex change operation and have to delve into the world of the Las Vegas transgender community to find the killer.
1019"Mea Culpa"David GrossmanTeleplay by: Josh BermanStory by: Carol Mendelsohn & Josh BermanNovember 25, 2004 (2004-11-25)24.38[9]
When an unknown fingerprint suddenly appears on a piece of evidence in court, Grissom must re-open the case and find the real culprit. However, this unexplained phenomenon causes Ecklie to doubt Grissom's handling of the case. Ecklie then opens an inquiry on Grissom, and questions each of the CSIs about his effectiveness as supervisor. Meanwhile, Sara and Greg investigate the circumstances surrounding the death of a man who shot himself in the leg. After the investigation, Ecklie decides to split up the team. He gives Catherine the role of Swing Shift Supervisor despite Catherine applying for Days and assigns Warrick and Nick to her while Grissom's team consists of Sofia Curtis, Greg and Sara.
10210"No Humans Involved"Rob BaileyJudith McCrearyDecember 9, 2004 (2004-12-09)29.83[10]
Grissom and his team work on a case of a young boy found dead in a dumpster while Catherine and her team try to find out why an inmate was left brain dead after an action by police.
10311"Who Shot Sherlock?"Kenneth FinkDavid Rambo & Richard CatalaniJanuary 6, 2005 (2005-01-06)28.86[11]
Greg is doing his final proficiency test and he has a case to solve. Ironically, he investigates the death of a Sherlock Holmes wannabe who is obsessive to the point of recreating the great detective's living room in his home, who died from a close-range gunshot wound. The murder weapon is not found at the scene, although all of the other pieces of evidence suggest that it was a suicide. Working under Catherine, Nick and Warrick work on a case of a dead man found in his car which veered off the highway. Dr. Robbins cannot find the cause of death and it is left to the two detectives to solve the mystery. The episode ends with Greg passing his test, resulting in him being promoted to CSI Level 1, thus finally fulfilling his dream of going out into the field.
10412"Snakes"Richard J. LewisDustin Lee AbrahamJanuary 13, 2005 (2005-01-13)27.55[12]
Catherine and Nick investigate a case when a severed head containing a snake is found in a newspaper stand. Warrick, Sofia and Greg investigate a shooting in a van.
10513"Nesting Dolls"Bill EaglesSarah GoldfingerFebruary 3, 2005 (2005-02-03)24.95[13]
When two bodies covered in tar are found, the CSIs must try to uncover their identities and that of the murderer. Sara is reprimanded by Ecklie for improper conduct.
10614"Unbearable"Kenneth FinkJosh Berman & Carol MendelsohnFebruary 10, 2005 (2005-02-10)27.85[14]
Catherine and her team investigate when a hunter and a Kodiak bear are found dead in the mountains. Meanwhile Grissom's team look into the death of a young mother.
10715"King Baby"Richard J. LewisJerry StahlFebruary 17, 2005 (2005-02-17)30.72[15]
When Grissom's and Catherine's teams work together to investigate the death of a famous casino owner, their investigation leads them to the bizarre world of infantilism.
10816"Big Middle"Bill EaglesTeleplay by: Naren Shankar & Judith McCrearyStory by: Dustin Lee AbrahamFebruary 24, 2005 (2005-02-24)28.11[16]
Grissom and his team are looking for a murderer of a man found dead in a hotel room, leading them to a convention for plus-sized people. Catherine and her team investigate the world of sports betting when a man is found dead in the woods.
10917"Compulsion"Duane ClarkJosh Berman & Richard CatalaniMarch 10, 2005 (2005-03-10)29.40[17]
Grissom and his team investigate a case where a stewardess has been violently raped and stabbed to death in her hotel room, in which Ecklie discovers parallels to a five-year-old cold case. Catherine's team assists Detective Cavaliere in the investigation of a young boy beaten to death in his own bed, but Nick and Cavaliere get into a bitter disagreement over their methods of finding the culprit.
11018"Spark of Life"Kenneth FinkAllen MacDonaldMarch 31, 2005 (2005-03-31)28.22[18]
Greg, Sara and Grissom investigate a scene of a bush fire which led to the death of a man and the 3rd degree burns of a woman. Catherine, Nick and Warrick solve a case involving the death of an entire family. The father is found dead on his bed, apparently from suicide. The mother was shot while running downstairs and their little daughter drowned to death in the pool.
11119"4x4"Terrence O'HaraTeleplay by: Dustin Lee Abraham & David RamboStory by: Sarah Goldfinger & Naren ShankarApril 14, 2005 (2005-04-14)27.54[19]
It's a busy night in the lab as the CSIs investigate four cases: A hit and run involving a stolen Hummer, the murder of a Convention Girl, the death of a body builder and the death of a boy found on a bench.
11220"Hollywood Brass"Bill EaglesSarah Goldfinger & Carol MendelsohnApril 21, 2005 (2005-04-21)27.02[20]
Captain Jim Brass travels to LA after Ellie asks for a favor in investigating her friend's disappearance. There, with the help of Warrick, who is in LA for a conference and a friend in LAPD, Brass finds his investigation interrupted by higher powers. While he and Warrick are ultimately able to find Ellie's friend's murderer, Brass is unable to bring the perpetrator to trial. Disappointed, he leaves LA and returns to Las Vegas.
11321"Committed"Richard J. LewisTeleplay by: Richard J. LewisStory by: Sarah Goldfinger & Uttam NarsuApril 28, 2005 (2005-04-28)23.68[21]
Sara accompanies Grissom to a mental hospital where one of its inmates has been murdered in his room. Interviewing patients proves to be harder than usual as most of them are mentally unstable. While the two CSIs are there, they uncover more than just the crime. One of the most shocking discoveries involves a patient with a dark childhood, which is still haunting him and a nurse with a secret.
11422"Weeping Willows"Kenneth FinkAreanne LloydMay 5, 2005 (2005-05-05)26.65[22]
After an exhaustive day, Catherine stops by a bar where she is chatted up by another customer (played by Marg Helgenberger's real-life husband Alan Rosenberg). As she is leaving, he gives her his number on the bar's match box and lashes out when she doesn't want to kiss him. Later on that night, Grissom calls her in for a favor, as he is short on staff. A woman has been murdered and prior to her death, she was seen with the same man who was hitting on Catherine in the same bar. A similar match box with a phone number inside, found on the victim, further points to this man as the main suspect.
11523"Iced"Richard J. LewisJosh BermanMay 12, 2005 (2005-05-12)26.46[23]
Sara and Greg investigate the death of two students in a dorm room. Nick, Warrick and Catherine investigate a man found dead in a 'crop circle'. Ecklie has to find out what happened to the corpse in the case he was working on, when it goes missing.

First appearance of: Henry Andrews.
11624"Grave Danger, Volume 1"Quentin TarantinoTeleplay by: Naren Shankar & Anthony E. Zuiker & Carol MendelsohnStory by: Quentin TarantinoMay 19, 2005 (2005-05-19)30.73[24]
CSI Nick Stokes is kidnapped while investigating a crime scene and buried alive in a glass casket by his kidnapper. The Las Vegas Police Department receives a package with a tape and a USB key which allows them to watch Nick inside the casket, together with a request for one million dollars in cash to release him. The mayor refuses to pay the ransom, but Catherine convinces her wealthy father to provide the money. Gil Grissom schedules a meeting with the criminal to deliver the money and be informed where Nick is.
11725"Grave Danger, Volume 2"Quentin TarantinoTeleplay by: Naren Shankar & Anthony E. Zuiker & Carol MendelsohnStory by: Quentin TarantinoMay 19, 2005 (2005-05-19)30.73[24]
After Grissom gives the kidnapper the ransom money, the kidnapper blows himself up without revealing where Nick is buried. The team must then use all their knowledge and resources, as well as race against time, to find Nick before he runs out of air.

Final appearance of: Mia Dickerson.


document_title: Vince Lombardi Trophy

question_text: who gets to keep the super bowl trophy

question_tokens: who gets to keep the super bowl trophy

text: Vince Lombardi Trophy

text: History[edit]

text: During lunch with NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle in 1966,[1] Tiffany & Co. vice president Oscar Riedner made a sketch on a cocktail napkin of what would become the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The original trophy was produced by Tiffany & Co. in Newark, New Jersey.[2] Others have since been handcrafted by the company in Parsippany, New Jersey.[3] As of 2017, the trophy is produced at the Tiffany & Co Forrest Hills manufacturing facility in Cumberland, Rhode Island. The trophy was first awarded to the Green Bay Packers in January 15, 1967, following the 1966 regular season (when the Super Bowl's official designation was the AFL-NFL World Championship Game) after they defeated the Kansas City Chiefs, 35-10.

text: Even though it is a national tournament, the award was initially inscribed with the words "World Professional Football Championship". It was officially renamed in 1970 in memory of NFL head coach Vince Lombardi, after his death from cancer.[4] It was thus presented for the first time as the Vince Lombardi Trophy in Super Bowl V when the Baltimore Colts defeated the Dallas Cowboys 16-13. It has also been referred to as the "Tiffany Trophy" after the Tiffany & Co.[5][6][7]

text: Since Super Bowl XXX, the award has been presented to the winning team's owner on the field following the game. Previously, it was presented inside the winning team's locker room. In the case of the community-owned Packers' two titles since Super Bowl XXX, the team's President & CEO has accepted the trophy.

text: Unlike trophies such as the Stanley Cup and the Grey Cup, a new Vince Lombardi Trophy is made every year and the winning team maintains permanent possession of that trophy, with one notable exception being Super Bowl V's, won by the then-Baltimore Colts. The city of Baltimore retained that trophy as part of the legal settlement between the team and the city after the Colts' infamous "Midnight Mayflower" move to Indianapolis on March 29, 1984. Since then, both the relocated Colts and their replacement in Baltimore, the Ravens, have won the Super Bowl and earned trophies in their own right.

text: Since Super Bowl XLV, the Vince Lombardi Trophy is also prominently featured in the standardized logo design now used for all future Super Bowl games.[8]

text: Appearance[edit]

text: The Vince Lombardi Trophy stands 22 inches (56 cm) tall, weighs 7 pounds (3.2 kg) and depicts a football in a kicking position on a three concave sided stand, and is entirely made of sterling silver.[9]

text: The words "Vince Lombardi Trophy" along with the Roman numerals of that year's Super Bowl are engraved on and the NFL shield is affixed onto the base. After the trophy is awarded, it is sent back to Tiffany's to be engraved with the names of the participating teams, the date, location, and the game's final score.[10] It is then sent back to the winning team for them to keep. Smaller replicas are made for each person on the winning team.

text: For the first four championship games, both the NFL and the AFL logos were in the center of the trophy. Starting from Super Bowl V, only the NFL shield was on the front. Beginning with Super Bowl XXXVIII, the shield took on a frosted appearance. Starting with Super Bowl XLIII, the slightly redesigned NFL shield began appearing on the trophy, still with a frosted appearance. Other than the logo, the trophy has had no significant changes made since the first Super Bowl. While no franchise possesses all four versions, the Green Bay Packers, New England Patriots, New York Giants, and Pittsburgh Steelers have three of the four designs.

text: Teams with the most Vince Lombardi Trophies[edit]

text: The Super Bowl is currently played in early February (the game originally took place in early to mid-January), culminating a season that generally begins in September of the previous calendar year. For example, Super Bowl 50, which was played on February 7, 2016, determined the league champion for the 2015 NFL season. The years shown below refer to the season, not the date that the Super Bowl was actually played.

text: The Pittsburgh Steelers (1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 2005, 2008) are first with six Vince Lombardi Trophies. The Dallas Cowboys (1971, 1977, 1992, 1993, 1995), the San Francisco 49ers (1981, 1984, 1988, 1989, 1994), and the New England Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016) are tied for second with 5 each. The Green Bay Packers (1966, 1967, 1996, 2010) and the New York Giants (1986, 1990, 2007, 2011) are tied for third with four each. The Oakland Raiders (1976, 1980, 1983), the Washington Redskins (1982, 1987, 1991) and the Denver Broncos (1997, 1998, 2015) are tied for fourth with three each.

text: Although none of these teams have ever won three straight Super Bowls, two of them have won three Lombardi trophies in four years and one twice in three years: The Dallas Cowboys (1992, 1993, 1995) and the New England Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004) and (2014, 2016). The Pittsburgh Steelers won four Super Bowls in six years (1974, 1975, 1978, 1979).

text: Presentation ceremony[edit]

text: Beginning with Super Bowl XL, a special Lombardi Trophy ceremony takes place. A former NFL player, usually a past Super Bowl MVP or notable figure of the host city's franchise, brings the Lombardi Trophy to the center of the stadium, as he walks past members of the winning team.

text: The players, along with the Super Bowls in which they participated in the Lombardi Trophy presentation ceremony, are listed below.

text:
Super Bowl XL Presentation – Bart Starr (MVP, Super Bowl I and Super Bowl II)
Super Bowl XLI Presentation – Don Shula (former Miami Dolphins head coach)
Super Bowl XLII Presentation – Doug Williams (MVP, Super Bowl XXII)
Super Bowl XLIII Presentation – Joe Namath (MVP, Super Bowl III)
Super Bowl XLIV Presentation – Len Dawson (MVP, Super Bowl IV)
Super Bowl XLV Presentation – Roger Staubach (former Dallas Cowboys quarterback and MVP, Super Bowl VI)
Super Bowl XLVI Presentation – Raymond Berry (former Baltimore Colts split end)
Super Bowl XLVII Presentation – Richard Dent (MVP, Super Bowl XX)
Super Bowl XLVIII Presentation – Marcus Allen (MVP, Super Bowl XVIII)
Super Bowl XLIX Presentation – Kurt Warner (former Arizona Cardinals quarterback and MVP, Super Bowl XXXIV)
Super Bowl 50 Presentation – Terrell Davis (MVP, Super Bowl XXXII), who handed it to Joe Namath (MVP, Super Bowl III), who handed it to Lynn Swann (MVP, Super Bowl X)
Super Bowl LI Presentation – Willie McGinest, who handed it to Michael Strahan