document_title: Australia Davis Cup team

question_text: who is australia playing in the davis cup

text: Australia Davis Cup team

text: History[edit]

text: The beginning[edit]

text: Australian players began playing Davis Cup in 1905 as a part of the Australasia Davis Cup team which also allowed players from New Zealand to compete on the same team. The team won the Davis Cup on six occasions in 1907, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1914 and 1919. Despite players from New Zealand being eligible to represent Australasia, Tony Wilding was the only New Zealander to play for the team while it existed. Following World War 1 the Australian Davis Cup team was born in 1919 and it assumed all the Australasian Davis Cup team records.

text: While Australia and New Zealand have always been two separate countries, the two countries did compete together under the alias Australasia in a number of sports including Davis Cup in the first couple of decades of the 20th century.

text: Australia won the Davis Cup in 1919 and has since played in 41 Davis Cup finals (including 1919) as of 2008, winning on 23 occasions.

text: Dominance[edit]

text: From the era of 1937 to 1973 the only teams to win the Davis Cup were Australia and USA, in which 31 times were between one another. Australia won the Davis Cup title 17 times between these years in 1939, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1973.

text: The only decades that the team didn't win the Davis Cup was the 20's, 40's and the current decade. Australia were runners up 8 times during the 20's and 40's.

text: After the 1973 victory Australia would go on to win the title another five times; 1977, 1983, 1986, 1999 and 2003. From 1999 to 2003, Australia got into the Final Round four times in 5 years but could only convert on these opportunities twice in 1999 and 2003.

text: 2000 - 2009[edit]

text: In 2003 after an inspirational semifinal against Switzerland where Lleyton Hewitt came back from two sets to love down against Roger Federer to win in five sets in the fourth rubber, to clinch a Davis Cup Final berth. In the Final, Australia defeated Spain 3–1 in front of a home crowd in Melbourne Park in which Mark Philippoussis, with a torn pectoral muscle, defeated Juan Carlos Ferrero in five sets just months after Ferrero had reached the world number one ranking spot.

text: After Australia's 2003 win over Spain, Australia came into the 2004 Davis Cup with high hopes but the dreams were crushed when Sweden managed to beat Australia at home 4–1. Australia then had to play a world group qualifying match against Morocco which they won 4–1. Australia solidified their spot in the 2005 Davis Cup world group and breezed through their first round against Austria 5–0. Argentina was their next round opponents and Australia started off well with Lleyton Hewitt playing Guillermo Coria and in a shocking display of sportsmanship Hewitt won in four sets in front of a home crowd in Sydney. But Australia could not hold the lead and ended up losing the rest of their matches.

text: In 2006, Australia managed to defeat Switzerland 3–2 in the fifth rubber in the first round. Australia's quarterfinal was against Belarus in Melbourne and with Australia having Lleyton Hewitt back in the team, with Peter Luczak omitted. Australia celebrated after the second day after winning all matches and securing a semifinal spot, the first team to do so. Australia then went on to win the reverse singles making statement with a 5–0 victory over Belarus. Australia suffered a huge 5–0 loss to Argentina in the semifinals.

text: The 2007 Davis Cup could not have been any worse for Australia playing away in Belgium in their first tie against Belgium, losing their first two rubber Australia faced do or die in the doubles. Lleyton Hewitt was able to win both the doubles and his fourth rubber singles matches to bring the tie back to two all. Chris Guccione then lost in straight sets to put Australia in the world group playoffs. Australia drew Serbia in Serbia for their world group playoff and Serbia, having two of their singles players in the top 100, were clear favorites. After day one the tie was drawn at one all Australia lost their doubles match in four sets and looked in a bad position. Things only got worse for Australia as their top player Lleyton Hewitt came down with sickness and could not compete in the final day. Australia eventually ended up losing 4–1 overall, seeing Serbia into the world group for the first time; the result also saw Australia relegated for only the second time.

text: The 2008 Davis Cup saw Australia playing away for the fourth consecutive time, playing in Chinese Taipei. Australia beat Chinese Taipei 4–1 and were awarded a home 2nd Round rubber for the first time in almost two years. Australian easily accounted for Thailand winning the rubber 5–0. Australia then advanced to the world group playoffs where they were drawn to play away against Chile. Chile raced out to a 2–0 lead before Chris Guccione and Carsten Ball were able to bring the tie back to 2–1 after winning the doubles match. However, in the 4th match Fernando González defeated Guccione in the reverse singles match to secure the tie. Australia managed to win the remaining dead rubber, with Chile winning the tie 3–2.

text: The 2009 Davis Cup saw a rematch of last year's second round match against Thailand. This time, Australia had to travel away and won 3–2, only securing the tie in the final rubber. For the second round match-up, Australia was drawn to play away against India. However, due to security concerns in Chennai, Australia refused to play the tie in India, requesting the tie be played in a neutral country. After this request was denied, Australia withdrew from playing, so India advanced to the World Group Playoffs via forfeit.

text: Present[edit]

text: The 2010 Davis Cup was a breeze for Australia in the Asia/Oceania playoffs, easily advancing to the World Group Playoffs. 5–0 defeats of Chinese Taipei in the first round in Melbourne and Japan in the second round in Brisbane led to Australia being drawn to play a home tie against Belgium. Played in hot and humid conditions in North Cairns, Australia led 2–1 after the doubles match. Lleyton Hewitt's win in the doubles match gave him the most wins by an Australian in Davis Cup history. After a five-and-a-half-hour rain delay, the reverse singles finally got under way, before being suspended midway through the first set. With Hewitt pulling out of his reverse singles match, Peter Luczak and Carsten Ball were unable to hold onto Australia's lead, going down to Belgium 3–2.

text: For the fourth year in a row, Australia started its 2011 Davis Cup campaign in the Asia/Oceania playoffs. After receiving a first round bye, Australia played away to China in the second round, whom they defeated 3–1. Australia then advanced to the 2011 Davis Cup World Group Play-offs where they received a home tie against seeded Switzerland. Played on grass at the Royal Sydney Golf Club in Sydney, Australia, Australia led 2–1 after victories by Tomic over Wawrinka in the singles and by Hewitt and Guccione in the doubles. However, in the 1st reverse singles Tomic lost to Federer, tying the play-off at 2–2. In the decisive rubber Hewitt trailed 5–3 in the 5th set against Stanislas Wawrinka when play was suspended due to bad light. When play resumed the following morning, Hewitt was unable to hold serve as Switzerland won the tie 3–2.

text: Australia began its 2012 Davis Cup campaign once again in the Asia/Oceania playoffs. Australia easily accounted for China in the first round with a 5-0 victory in Geelong, Victoria, and again against South Korea in the semi-finals with a 5-0 win in Brisbane. Australia faced Germany away in Hamburg in the World Group Playoffs for a spot in next year's World Group. Leading 2-1 going into the reverse singles matches, Australia failed to win a match on the final day, losing the tie 3-2.

text: Australia's historic Davis Cup rivalry with the United States[edit]

text: Australia and USA have played each other in the Davis Cup final on 29 separate occasions. Having both teams dominate the competition for 36 years, Australia and USA had an intense rivalry in Davis Cup. In recent years the rivalry has waned, while the two teams had not played each other at all from 1999 to 2016 - when Australia hosted the USA in round 1 of the 2016 Cup.[3] The two nations met again in the second round of the 2017 Davis Cup, which extended their total meetings to 47. As of the completion of the 2017 meeting, the ledger stands at 26-21 in favour of the Americans.

text: Current squad[edit]

text: Player information and rankings as of 18 September 2017[update]

text:
Squad representing Australia vs. Belgium (World Group Semi Finals)

Player
ATP Ranking
Years Played
Total W-L
Singles W-L
Doubles W-L

Nick Kyrgios
#20 (Singles)
5 (2013–)
8–5
8–4
0–1

John Millman
#183 (Singles)
1 (2017)
0–1
0–1
0–0

John Peers
#2 (Doubles)
2 (2016–)
3–2
0–0
3–2

Jordan Thompson
#69 (Singles)
2 (2016–)
4–1
3–1
1–0

text:
Players called up within the last 12 months

Player
ATP Ranking
Years Played
Total W-L
Singles W-L
Doubles W-L

Samuel Groth
#64 (Doubles)
4 (2014–)
5–6
2–4
3–2

text: Recent performances[edit]

text: Here is the list of all match-ups since 1981, when the competition started being held in the current World Group format.

text:
[show]Year
Competition
Date
Surface
Location
Opponent
Score
Result

1981
World Group, 1st Round
6–8 Mar
Lyon (FRA)
 France
3–2
Win

World Group, Quarterfinals
10–12 Jul
Båstad (SWE)
 Sweden
3–1
Win

World Group, Semifinals
2–4 Oct
Portland (USA)
 United States
0–5
Loss

1982
World Group, 1st Round
5–7 Mar
Mexico City (MEX)
 Mexico
3–2
Win

World Group, Quarterfinals
9–11 Jul
Brisbane (AUS)
 Chile
4–1
Win

World Group, Semifinals
1–3 Oct
Perth (AUS)
 United States
0–5
Loss

1983
World Group, 1st Round
6-8 Mar
Adelaide (AUS)
 Great Britain
4–1
Win

World Group, Quarterfinals
8–10 Jul
Brisbane (AUS)
 Romania
5–0
Win

World Group, Semifinals
30 Sep–2 Oct
Sydney (AUS)
 France
4–1
Win

World Group, Final
26-28 Dec
Melbourne (AUS)
 Sweden
3–2
Champion

1984
World Group, 1st Round
24–26 Feb
Perth (AUS)
 Yugoslavia
5–0
Win

World Group, Quarterfinals
13–15 Jul
Brisbane (AUS)
 Italy
5–0
Win

World Group, Semifinals
28–30 Sep
Portland (USA)
 United States
1–4
Loss

1985
World Group, 1st Round
8-10 Mar
Split (YUG)
 Yugoslavia
3–2
Win

World Group, Quarterfinals
2–4 Jul
Sydney (AUS)
 Paraguay
3–2
Win

World Group, Semifinals
4-6 Oct
Malmö (SWE)
 Sweden
0–5
Loss

1986
World Group, 1st Round
7-8 Mar
Auckland (NZL)
 New Zealand
4–1
Win

World Group, Quarterfinals
18–20 Jul
Wimbledon (GBR)
 Great Britain
4–1
Win

World Group, Semifinals
3-5 Oct
Brisbane (AUS)
 United States
3–1
Win

World Group, Final
26-28 Dec
Melbourne (AUS)
 Sweden
3–2
Champion

1987
World Group, 1st Round
13-15 Mar
Adelaide (AUS)
 Yugoslavia
4–1
Win

World Group, Quarterfinals
24–26 Jul
Brisbane (AUS)
 Mexico
4–1
Win

World Group, Semifinals
4-6 Oct
Sydney (AUS)
 India
2–3
Loss

1988
World Group, 1st Round
5-8 Feb
Mexico City (MEX)
 Mexico
3–2
Win

World Group, Quarterfinals
8-10 Apr
Clermont-Ferrand (FRA)
 France
0–5
Loss

1989
World Group, 1st Round
3-5 Feb
Vienna (AUT)
 Austria
0–5
Loss

World Group Playoffs
21-24 Jul
Lima (PER)
 Peru
3–2
Win

text:
[show]Year
Competition
Date
Surface
Location
Opponent
Score
Result

1990
World Group, 1st Round
4–6 Feb
Perth (AUS)
 France
3–2
Win

World Group, Quarterfinals
1–3 Apr
Brisbane (AUS)
 New Zealand
3–2
Win

World Group, Semifinals
23–25 Sep
Sydney (AUS)
 Argentina
5–0
Win

World Group, Final
30 Nov–2 Dec
St Petersburg (USA)
 United States
2–3
Runner-up

1991
World Group, 1st Round
1–3 Feb
Perth (AUS)
 Belgium
5–0
Win

World Group, Quarterfinals
5–7 May
Nimes (FRA)
 France
2–3
Loss

1992
World Group, 1st Round
2–4 Feb
Nicosia (CYP)
 Yugoslavia
5–0
Win

World Group, Quarterfinals
29-31 Mar
Lund (SWE)
 Sweden
0–5
Loss

1993
World Group, 1st Round
28–30 Mar
Melbourne (AUS)
 United States
4–1
Win

World Group, Quarterfinals
18-20 Jul
Florence (ITA)
 Italy
3–2
Win

World Group, Semifinals
26–28 Sep
Chandigarh (IND)
 India
5–0
Win

World Group, Final
5–7 Dec
Düsseldorf (GER)
 Germany
1–4
Runner-up

1994
World Group, 1st Round
25–27 Mar
St Petersburg (RUS)
 Russia
1–4
Loss

World Group Playoffs
23-25 Sep
Christchurch (NZL)
 New Zealand
4–1
Win

1995
World Group, 1st Round
3–6 Feb
Durban (RSA)
 South Africa
2–3
Loss

World Group Playoffs
22-24 Sep
Budapest (HUN)
 Hungary
2–3
Loss

1996
Asia/Oceania Group I, 1st Round
9–11 Feb
Melbourne (AUS)
 Chinese Taipei
3–0
Win

Asia/Oceania Group I, Semifinals
5-7 Apr
Osaka (JPN)
 Japan
5–0
Win

World Group Playoffs
20-22 Sep
Split (CRO)
 Croatia
4-1
Win

1997
World Group, 1st Round
7–9 Feb
Sydney (AUS)
 France
4–1
Win

World Group, Quarterfinals
4-6 Apr
Adelaide (AUS)
 Czech Republic
5–0
Win

World Group, Semifinals
19–21 Sep
Washington D.C. (USA)
 United States
1–4
Loss

1998
World Group, 1st Round
5–7 Apr
Mildura (AUS)
 Zimbabwe
2–3
Loss

World Group Playoffs
27-29 Sep
Townsville (AUS)
 Uzbekistan
5–0
Win

1999
World Group, 1st Round
4–6 Apr
Harare (ZIM)
 Zimbabwe
4–1
Win

World Group, Quarterfinals
18–20 Jul
Chestnut Hill (USA)
 United States
4–1
Win

World Group, Semifinals
26–28 Sep
Brisbane (AUS)
 Russia
4–1
Win

World Group, Final
5–7 Dec
Nice (FRA)
 France
3–2
Champion

text:
[show]Year
Competition
Date
Surface
Location
Opponent
Score
Result

2000
World Group, 1st Round
6–8 Feb
Carpet (i)
Zurich (SUI)
  Switzerland
3–2
Win

World Group, Quarterfinals
9-11 Apr
Grass
Adelaide (AUS)
 Germany
3–2
Win

World Group, Semifinals
16-18 Jul
Grass
Brisbane (AUS)
 Brazil
5–0
Win

World Group, Final
10-12 Dec
Clay (i)
Barcelona (ESP)
 Spain
1–3
Runner-up

2001
World Group, 1st Round
9–11 Feb
Grass
Perth (AUS)
 Ecuador
4–1
Win

World Group, Quarterfinals
6–8 Apr
Clay
Florianopolis (BRA)
 Brazil
3–1
Win

World Group, Semifinals
21–23 Sep
Hard
Sydney (AUS)
 Sweden
4–1
Win

World Group, Final
30 Nov–2 Dec
Grass
Melbourne (AUS)
 France
2–3
Runner-up

2002
World Group, 1st Round
10–12 Feb
Clay
Buenos Aires (ARG)
 Argentina
0–5
Loss

World Group Playoffs
22–24 Sep
Hard
Adelaide (AUS)
 India
5–0
Win

2003
World Group, 1st Round
9–11 Feb
Clay
Sydney (AUS)
 Great Britain
4–1
Win

World Group, Quarterfinals
6–8 Apr
Hard (i)
Malmö (SWE)
 Sweden
5–0
Win

World Group, Semifinals
21–23 Sep
Hard
Melbourne (AUS)
  Switzerland
3–2
Win

World Group, Final
30 Nov–2 Dec
Grass
Melbourne (AUS)
 Spain
3–1
Champion

2004
World Group, 1st Round
8–10 Feb
Hard
Adelaide (AUS)
 Sweden
1–4
Loss

World Group Playoffs
26–28 Sep
Grass
Perth (AUS)
 Morocco
4–1
Win

2005
World Group, 1st Round
6–8 Mar
Grass
Sydney (AUS)
 Austria
5–0
Win

World Group, Quarterfinals
17–19 Jul
Grass
Sydney (AUS)
 Argentina
1–4
Loss

2006
World Group, 1st Round
12–14 Feb
Clay (i)
Geneva (SUI)
  Switzerland
3–2
Win

World Group, Quarterfinals
9–11 Apr
Hard
Melbourne (AUS)
 Belarus
5-0
Win

World Group, Semifinals
24–26 Sep
Clay
Buenos Aires (ARG)
 Argentina
0–5
Loss

2007
World Group, 1st Round
11–13 Feb
Clay (i)
Liege (BEL)
 Belgium
2–3
Loss

World Group Playoffs
23–25 Sep
Clay (i)
Belgrade (SRB)
 Serbia
1–4
Loss

2008
Asia/Oceania Group I, 1st Round
8–10 Feb
Hard
Kaohsiung (TPE)
 Chinese Taipei
4–1
Win

Asia/Oceania Group I, Semifinals
13-15 Apr
Hard (i)
Townsville (AUS)
 Thailand
5–0
Win

World Group Playoffs
21-23 Sep
Clay
Antofagasta (CHI)
 Chile
2–3
Loss

2009
Asia/Oceania Group I, Quarterfinals
8–10 Mar
Hard
Nonthaburi (THA)
 Thailand
3–2
Win

Asia/Oceania Group I, Semifinals
10–12 May
Hard
Chennai (IND)
 India
W/O
Forfeit

text:
Year
Competition
Date
Surface
Location
Opponent
Score
Result

2010
Asia/Oceania Group I, 1st Round
5–7 Mar
Hard
Melbourne (AUS)
 Chinese Taipei
5–0
Win

Asia/Oceania Group I, Semifinals
7–9 May
Clay
Brisbane (AUS)
 Japan
5–0
Win

World Group Playoffs
19-21 Sep
Hard
Cairns (AUS)
 Belgium
2–3
Loss

2011
Asia/Oceania Group I, Semifinal
8–10 Jul
Hard (i)
Beijing (CHN)
 China
3–1
Win

World Group Playoffs
16–18 Sep
Grass
Sydney (AUS)
  Switzerland
2–3
Loss

2012
Asia/Oceania Group I, 1st Round
10–12 Feb
Grass
Geelong (AUS)
 China
5-0
Win

Asia/Oceania Group I, Semifinals
6–8 Apr
Hard
Brisbane (AUS)
 South Korea
5-0
Win

World Group Playoffs
14–16 Sep
Clay
Hamburg (GER)
 Germany
2–3
Loss

2013
Asia/Oceania Group I, 1st Round
1–3 Feb
Hard
Kaohsiung (TPE)
 Chinese Taipei
5–0
Win

Asia/Oceania Group I, Semifinals
5–7 Apr
Clay (i)
Namangan (UZB)
 Uzbekistan
3–1
Win

World Group Playoffs
13–15 Sep
Clay (i)
Warsaw (POL)
 Poland
4–1
Win

2014
World Group, 1st Round
31 Jan–2 Feb
Clay (i)
La Roche-sur-Yon (FRA)
 France
0–5
Loss

World Group Playoffs
12–14 Sep
Grass
Perth (AUS)
 Uzbekistan
5–0
Win

2015
World Group, 1st Round
6-8 Mar
Hard (i)
Ostrava (CZE)
 Czech Republic
3–2
Win

World Group Quarterfinals
17–19 Jul
Grass
Darwin (AUS)
 Kazakhstan
3–2
Win

World Group Semifinals
18–20 Sep
Hard (i)
Glasgow (GBR)
 Great Britain
2–3
Loss

2016
World Group, 1st round
4–6 Mar
Grass
Melbourne (AUS)
 United States
1–3
Loss

World Group Playoffs
16–18 Sep
Grass
Sydney (AUS)
 Slovakia
3–0
Win

2017
World Group, 1st round
3–5 Feb
Hard
Melbourne (AUS)
 Czech Republic
4–1
Win

World Group Quarterfinals
7–9 Apr
Hard
Brisbane (AUS)
 United States
3–2
Win

World Group Semifinals
15–17 Sep
Clay (i)
Brussels (BEL)
 Belgium
2–3
Loss

2018
World Group, 1st round
2–4 Feb
Hard
Brisbane (AUS)
 Germany
0–0
Pending

text: Captains[edit]

text:
Name
Nationality
Tenure

Harry Hopman

1950–69

Neale Fraser

1970–94

John Newcombe

1995–2000

John Fitzgerald

2001–10

Pat Rafter

2010-14

Wally Masur

2015

Lleyton Hewitt

2016–

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Since 1981 (Last updated 9 April 2012)

text:
Champion: 4 times (3 times Home, 1 time Away)
Runner-up: 4 times
Lost in Semifinals: 8 times
Lost in Quarterfinals: 4 times
Lost in First Round: 8 times
Not in World Group: 6 times

text:
Performance at home (46 match-ups): 38–8 (82.2%)
Performance away (45 match-ups): 25–20 (55.5%)
Total: 63–28 (68.8%)

text:
Argentina 1–3
 Austria 1–1
 Belarus 1–0
 Belgium 1–3
 Brazil 2–0
 Chile 1–1
 China 2–0
 Chinese Taipei 3–0

 Croatia 1–0
 Czech Republic 1–0
 Ecuador 1–0
 France 5–3
 Germany 1–1
 Great Britain 3–1
 Hungary 0–1
 India 2–2*
 Italy 2–0

 Japan 2–0
 Kazakhstan 1-0
 Mexico 3–0
 Morocco 1–0
 New Zealand 3–0
 Paraguay 1–0
 Peru 1–0
 Romania 1–0
 Russia 1–1
 Serbia 0–1

 South Africa 0–1
 South Korea 1–0
 Spain 1–1
 Sweden 5–2
  Switzerland 3–1
 United States 3–5
 Uzbekistan 3–0
 Yugoslavia 4–0
 Zimbabwe 1–1

text: A loss was recorded when Australia forfeited against India in the 2009 Asia/Oceania Group 1 Semifinals.

text:
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Oceania
South America

 Morocco
 South Africa
 Zimbabwe
 China
 Chinese Taipei
 India
 Japan
 Kazakhstan
 South Korea
 Uzbekistan
 Austria
 Belarus
 Belgium
 Croatia
 Czech Republic
 France
 Germany
 Great Britain
 Hungary
 Italy
 Romania
 Russia
 Serbia
 Spain
 Sweden
  Switzerland
 Yugoslavia
 Mexico
 United States
 New Zealand
 Argentina
 Brazil
 Chile
 Ecuador
 Paraguay
 Peru

Record: 2-2 (50%)
Record: 14-2 (87.5%)
Record: 31-15 (67.3%)
Record: 6-5 (60%)
Record: 3-0 (100%)
Record: 7-4 (63%)

text:
2010–2019: 11–4 (73.33%)
2000–2009: 18–10 (64.2%)
1990–1999: 19–9 (67.8%)
1981–1989: 20–7 (74.0%)

text: Trivia and records[edit]

text:
Australian Roy Emerson holds the record for most Davis Cup titles won by an individual player with 8.
Australian Harry Hopman holds the record for most Davis Cup titles won by a captain with 16.
Along with the Australian Davis Cup Team winning the Davis Cup in 1999, Australia became the first country to win three of four team competitions in the same year. In 1999, Australia won the Davis Cup, World Team Championship and the Hopman Cup. The only team competition Australia did not win in 1999 was the women's Fed Cup. The second country to replicate this feat by winning three team competitions in one season was the Czech Republic in 2012.
Australia completed a rare feat in 1986 when they won both the Davis Cup and the Junior Davis Cup.
Australia won both the junior Davis Cup and Fed Cup in 2007.


document_title: The Price Is Right models

question_text: who is the new girl on price is right

question_tokens: who is the new girl on price is right

root

text: The Price Is Right models

text: History[edit]

text: The original Price Is Right also employed models. Usually, two models appeared per episode to model the prizes, much in the same tradition as the later incarnations. As is the case with the Carey-era of the current version, the models were not referred to specifically by a nickname.

tag: p

text: June Ferguson and Toni Wallace were the regular models, staying with the program for its entire nine-year run. Various other models either assisted Ferguson and Wallace, or appeared during their absences.

text: Nighttime versions[edit]

text: The daytime models appeared on the 1970s syndicated nighttime version as well, with a few notable exceptions. Additional models besides Parkinson were also featured on the nighttime show, including Janice's sister Ann Pennington and a black model known only by her first name, Harriet.

text: On the 1985 syndicated version, Pennington, Parkinson, and Hallstrom appeared throughout the run. However, on the 1994 syndicated version, an entirely separate cast of models was featured: Julie Lynn Cialini, Ferrari Farris, and Lisa Stahl Sullivan.

text: Since the premiere of the CBS prime time series in 2002 and beginning with The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectaculars in 2003, there are often situations where four to seven models appear on each episode.

text: Over 25 women have appeared as models on The Price Is Right since the program's premiere. For the first three years, there were two models – Janice Pennington and Anitra Ford. Dian Parkinson joined Pennington and Ford in 1975 after previously appearing periodically as a substitute model.

text: Ford left the program in 1976 and was later replaced by Holly Hallstrom who joined the cast in 1977. Pennington, Parkinson and Hallstrom appeared as the three main models on both the daytime and syndicated versions of the show from 1977–1993.

text: In December 1990, the three were joined by the program's first permanent African American model, Kathleen Bradley. During this period, Kyle Aletter appeared as the substitute model whenever one of the principal models was unable to appear in a given episode.

text: Parkinson left the show in 1993 "to pursue other interests" as stated by Barker, although speculation among some felt her departure was due to ongoing difficulties with Pennington. The following year, Parkinson filed a litigation suit claiming that Barker had been sexually harassing her beginning in the 1980s. Parkinson withdrew the suit in 1995.

text: Parkinson was replaced by several other women (including Cindy Margolis) until Gena Lee Nolin was hired in 1994. Hallstrom was dismissed from the show in 1995 by Barker on the basis of weight gain (due to prescription medication), although Hallstrom alleged that she was dismissed for her refusal to support Barker in his then-ongoing litigation with Parkinson. Barker sued Hallstrom for slander and libel and Hallstrom countersued Barker for wrongful termination and age, weight, and medical discrimination. Eventually, Hallstrom was awarded a multimillion-dollar settlement in 2005.

text: After Hallstrom's termination and Nolin's departure that same year, Chantel Dubay was hired as the third model in 1996. Dubay left the show in 1999 and was replaced by Nikki Ziering.

text: In 2000, Pennington and Bradley were dismissed from the program in (what was claimed as) an attempt to attract a younger demographic. Their dismissals came after Barker's failed lawsuit against Hallstrom. Both Pennington and Bradley filed for wrongful termination and settled out-of-court for an undisclosed amount.[1]

text: Pennington and Bradley were replaced by Heather Kozar and Claudia Jordan in 2000. Ziering and Kozar both left the program in 2002. At that time, Jordan became the only "permanent" model and was joined by a rotating cast of additional models.

text: Jordan's departure came in 2003 after she formally complained about racial discrimination on the set. Jordan filed for wrongful termination and racial discrimination and also received an out-of-court settlement. After Jordan's dismissal, The Price Is Right no longer featured the same model or group of models on a daily basis. In addition to several models who are more-or-less a permanent part of the cast, new models appeared every few weeks who sometimes eventually joined the rotation, or other times appeared for a single set of tapings. That procedure was changed in late 2008 as contracts expired.

text: The show has five permanent models: Rachel Reynolds, Amber Lancaster, Gwendolyn Osborne, Manuela Arbeláez and James O'Halloran. Each episode features two or three models. Occasionally only one model is present when appearing alongside a guest personality from a program either airing, produced, or distributed by CBS, or taped at CBS Television City.

text: The models are now referred as "The Price Is Right models" when making public appearances with Carey. As part of the change, starting in December 2009, the show's models are now listed in the show's full credit roll. Beginning with the 2010–11 season, the models wear microphones so they can be heard when they are talking with Carey or the contestant. On some episodes only two models are featured, with the announcer serving as a third model for games that feature three models.

text: Starting in 2012, the models added additional roles. Their roles expanded on the show's website, including model interviews to participating in their own "reality" web series, Male Model Search, where they served as judges (in 2012 and 2014). In a 2013 episode, they participated in an episode theme on April Fool's Day in which the models swapped roles with the host and announcer. In 2014, former Miss USA Shanna Moakler was one of the celebrity judges to select a new male model for the show.[2] Other judges included the show's executive producer Mike Richards and first male model Robert Scott Wilson.[3]

text: List of models[edit]

text:
Name
Debut
Departure
Notes

Alleter, Kyle !Kyle Aletter
1981
1996
Substitute model

Arbeláez, Manuela ! Manuela Arbeláez
2008
9999 !Present
First Hispanic model; participated in 2008 model search; joined cast during Brandi Sherwood's pregnancy.

Bradley, Kathleen !Kathleen Bradley
1990
2000
First permanent African American model on the daytime show.

Brooks, Paige !Paige Brooks[4][better source needed]
2001
2002

Campbell, Starr !Starr Campbell
2004
2005

Cole, Lanisha !Lanisha Cole
2003
9999 !2010
Later appeared as a model on Deal or No Deal from March to September 2006.

Dawson, Phire !Phire Dawson
2005
2008

Dubay, Chantel !Chantel Dubay
1996
1999

England, Jennifer !Jennifer England
2002
2003

Ford, Anitra !Anitra Ford
1972
1976

Gleave, Lisa !Lisa Gleave
2002
2003
Later appeared as a model on Deal or No Deal from December 2005 to May 2009.

Harrison, Teri !Teri Harrison
2003
2005

Hallstrom, Holly !Holly Hallstrom
1977
1995
Left in 1983, returned in 1984

Jordan, Claudia !Claudia Jordan
2001
2003
Later appeared as a model on Deal or No Deal from December 2005 to May 2009.

Karlsen, Lexie !Lexie Karlsen
2001
2001

Kozar, Heather !Heather Kozar
2001
2002

Lancaster, Amber ! Amber Lancaster
2008
9999 !Present

Margolis, Cindy !Cindy Margolis
1995
1996
Substitute model

Nash, Tamiko !Tamiko Nash
2007
2009

Nolin, Gena Lee !Gena Lee Nolin
1994
1995

O'Halloran, James !James O'Halloran
2014
Present
Second permanent male model to be on the American version of the show; won the 2014 model search.

Osborne, Gwendolyn ! Gwendolyn Osborne
2005
9999 !Present

Parkinson, Dian !Dian Parkinson
1975
1993

Pennington, Janice !Janice Pennington
1972
2000
Longest serving model in the show's history

Pribonic, Rebecca Mary !Rebecca Mary Pribonic
2004
2006

Reynolds, Rachel ! Rachel Reynolds
2003
9999 !Present

Sherwood, Brandi !Brandi Sherwood
2002
2009
Dismissed February 23, 2010; later filed lawsuit against FremantleMedia/RTL Group and CBS.[5]

Shiflett, Amanda !Amanda Shiflett
2009
2009
Won model search contest

Stirling, Shane !Shane Stirling
2002
2008

Tuite, Gabrielle !Gabrielle Tuite
2003
2008

Yi, Natasha !Natasha Yi
2005
2007
First Asian American model

Wilson, Rob !Rob Wilson
2012
2014
First permanent male model to be on the American version of the show; won the 2012 model search.[6]

Ziering, Nikki !Nikki Ziering
1999
2002

tag: table

text: Guest models[edit]

text: In February 2006, supermodel Tyra Banks appeared as a guest model and assisted during two games.

text: Since Drew Carey became host in 2007, celebrities and sports professionals have appeared during specific segments (especially Showcases themed around the subject) on many episodes to promote prizes related to their professions, including Wayne Newton, Lou Ferrigno, Reba McEntire, Jim Nantz, Heidi Newfield, the United States women's national soccer team, Chuck Finley, James Corden, Edwin Aldrin, Jr., Carl Edwards, Kit Hoover, John McCook, Natalie Morales, Jake Paul, Katie Stam, Blake Shelton, Bomshel, and WWE Divas Kelly Kelly and the Bella Twins.

text: During season 37, manufacturers of products began offering their representatives to model the equipment, such as athletes signed to play with that brand's equipment or who represent a specific sports manufacturer, musicians under contract with the instrument's manufacturer or corporate representatives of another product or service. They have mostly appeared during One Bids but also during the Showcase. Carey will introduce the individual modeling the prize and their affiliation to the manufacturer or prize provider.

text: In both 2009 and 2010, Kathy Kinney appeared on the April Fool's Day episodes, reprising her role as Mimi Bobeck from The Drew Carey Show. In 2009, she appeared as a model, and in 2010, she acted as the executive producer, with the show's models trading places with three male staffers.

text: Occasionally, there is a crossover with other shows airing on, owned or distributed by CBS featuring actors of those shows modeling prizes. These crossovers have included The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, The Amazing Race, Let's Make a Deal, The Bold and the Beautiful, and The Young and the Restless. Tiffany Coyne (from Let's Make a Deal) filled in as the fifth model on some episodes which aired in March 2011. Daniel Goddard (Cane Ashby from The Young and the Restless) frequently crosses over as a guest model, especially when a Showcase skit necessitates, and when needed, for "masculine" prizes (motorcycles, trucks, et al.). Goddard's use as a crossover model resulted in the show standardizing the use of a male model.

text: In season 40 (2010), show model Rachel Reynolds and husband David Delucci modeled wedding formal wear.

text: The Mother's Day 2012 episode (May 11, 2012) featured special guests fitting with the theme. Florence Henderson and personal trainer Johannes Brugger (the show's first non-crossover or product-placement male guest model) appeared together. Also, the father and son combination of TNT NBA analyst Kenny Smith (a crossover with the CBS/Turner NCAA March Madness) and Malloy, the husband and son of show model Gwendolyn Osborne, appeared. And, as with Reynolds, they announced Gwendolyn's pregnancy.

text: During selected spring 2014 episodes, ballroom dancer Cheryl Burke, Carey's partner in season 18 of Dancing with the Stars, appeared on episodes and modeled prizes.

text: If a prize is a trip to a locale in the United States, the prize may be presented on the large screen in the back of Studio 33 with the announcer usually turning over the prize announcement to a news personality from the local CBS affiliate. This practice began in 2012 as the show typically leads into the local midday news broadcast.

text: Announcer[edit]

text: The announcer models prizes such as men's watches, suits, and other accessories, a practice that began with original announcer Johnny Olson and has continued with his three successors (Rod Roddy, Rich Fields, and George Gray). The announcer also appeared in Showcase skits, sometimes modeling the prizes or playing a character in a story line. Starting in 2010, on episodes where two models appear in games typically featuring three models, the announcer will assume the third model's role and often is paired with another model when describing prizes. With a video screen added to the announcer's podium in 2011 tapings, a prize (or graphics for trips) may be displayed on the announcer's podium, and some prizes (such as a laptop computer) may be modeled by the announcer from his podium.

text: Conflicts[edit]

text: With Barker[edit]

text: In addition to the litigation suits, several other staff members have filed lawsuits against Barker and the program, alleging sexual harassment and wrongful termination.[7] After Parkinson brought forth sexual harassment allegations against Barker, he called a press conference to admit a past consensual sexual relationship with her.[8]

text: When asked in a USA Today interview about the four most famous Beauties (Bradley, Hallstrom, Parkinson, and Pennington), Barker replied, "They've been such a problem. I don't want to say anything about them. They're disgusting; I don't want to mention them." Barker gave praise to the rotating models featured during his last years as host of the program, calling them "the best models we've ever had."[9]

text: All lawsuits, except for Hallstrom's, were settled out of court. Barker himself dropped his slander suit against Hallstrom, who countersued and received millions in settlement.[10][11]

text: With other staff members[edit]

text: Two other Barker-era models who were added in the 2000s and went through the host transition have also filed lawsuits, with lawsuits targeting Executive Producer Mike Richards and producer Adam Sandler (not to be confused with the film star) for inappropriate behavior on the set.[12] Brandi Sherwood won her lawsuit against the show in November 2012, which pertained to the show terminating her while on maternity leave, and was awarded over $8,000,000 in damages, both punitive and personal.[13][14]


question_text: when was the first african american elected to congress

text: History of black representation[edit]

text: Reconstruction and Redemption[edit]

text: The right of blacks to vote and to serve in the United States Congress was established after the Civil War by amendments to the Constitution. The Thirteenth Amendment (ratified December 6, 1865), abolished slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment (ratified July 9, 1868) made all people born or naturalized in the United States citizens. The Fifteenth Amendment (ratified February 3, 1870) forbade the denial or abridgment of the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, and gave Congress the power to enforce the law by appropriate legislation.

text: In 1866, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act and the four Reconstruction Acts, which dissolved all governments in the former Confederate states with the exception of Tennessee. It divided the South into five military districts, where the military through the Freedmen's Bureau helped protect the rights and safety of newly freed blacks. The act required that the former Confederate states ratify their constitutions conferring citizenship rights on blacks or forfeit their representation in Congress.

text: As a result of these measures, blacks acquired the right to vote across the Southern states. In several states (notably Mississippi and South Carolina), blacks were the majority of the population. By forming coalitions with pro-Union whites, Republicans took control of the state legislatures. At the time, state legislatures elected the members of the US Senate. During Reconstruction, only the state legislature of Mississippi elected any black senators. On February 25, 1870, Hiram Rhodes Revels was seated as the first black member of the Senate, while Blanche Bruce, also of Mississippi, seated in 1875, was the second. Revels was the first black member of the Congress overall.[1]

text: Blacks were a majority of the population in many congressional districts across the South. In 1870, Joseph Rainey of South Carolina was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, becoming the first directly elected black member of Congress to be seated.[2] Blacks were elected to national office also from Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina and Virginia.

text: All of these Reconstruction era black senators and representatives were members of the Republican Party. The Republicans represented the party of Abraham Lincoln and of emancipation. The Southern Democrats represented the party of planters, slavery and secession.

text: From 1868, southern elections were accompanied by increasing violence, especially in Louisiana, Mississippi and the Carolinas, in an effort by Democrats to suppress black voting and regain power. In the mid-1870s, paramilitary groups such as the White League and Red Shirts worked openly to turn Republicans out of office and intimidate blacks from voting. This followed the earlier years of secret vigilante action by the Ku Klux Klan against freedmen and allied whites.

text: After the disputed Presidential election of 1876 between Democratic Samuel J. Tilden, governor of New York, and Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, governor of Ohio, a national agreement between Democratic and Republican factions was negotiated, resulting in the Compromise of 1877. Under the compromise, Democrats conceded the election to Hayes and promised to acknowledge the political rights of blacks; Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South and promised to appropriate a portion of federal monies toward Southern projects.

text: Disfranchisement[edit]

text: With the Southern states "redeemed", Democrats gradually regained control of Southern legislatures. They proceeded to restrict the rights of the majority of blacks and many poor whites to vote by imposing new requirements for poll taxes, subjective literacy tests, more strict residency requirements and other elements difficult for laborers to satisfy.

text: By the 1880s, legislators increased restrictions on black voters through voter registration and election rules. In 1888 John Mercer Langston, president of Virginia State University at Petersburg, was elected to the US Congress as the first African American from Virginia (and the last for nearly a century after the state passed a disenfranchising constitution at the turn of the century, excluding blacks from politics for decades.)[3]

text: Starting with the Florida Constitution of 1885, white Democrats passed new constitutions in ten Southern states with provisions that restricted voter registration and forced hundreds of thousands of people from registration rolls. These changes effectively prevented most blacks and many poor whites from voting. Many whites who were also illiterate were exempted from such requirements as literacy tests by such strategies as the grandfather clause, basing eligibility on an ancestor's voting status as of 1866, for instance.

text: Southern state and local legislatures also passed Jim Crow laws that segregated transportation, public facilities and daily life. Finally, racial violence in the form of lynchings and race riots increased in frequency, reaching a peak in the last decade of the 19th century.

text: The last black congressman elected from the South in the 19th century was George Henry White of North Carolina, elected in 1896 and re-elected in 1898. His term expired in 1901, the same year that William McKinley, who was the last president to have fought in the Civil War, died. No blacks served in Congress for the next 28 years, and none represented any Southern state for the next 72 years.

text: The modern era[edit]

text: From 1910 to 1940, the Great Migration of blacks from the rural south to northern cities such as New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit, and Cleveland began to produce black-majority Congressional districts in the North. Blacks could exercise their right to vote. In the two waves of the Great Migration through 1970, more than six and a half million blacks moved north and west and became highly urbanized.

text: In 1928, Oscar De Priest won the 1st Congressional District of Illinois (the South Side of Chicago) as a Republican, becoming the first black Congressman of the modern era. DePriest was also the last black Republican elected to the House for 56 years.

text: The election of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 led to a shift of black voting loyalties from Republican to Democrat, as Roosevelt's New Deal programs offered economic relief to people suffering from the Great Depression. From 1940 to 1970, nearly five million blacks moved north and also west, especially to California, in the second wave of the Great Migration. By the 1960s, virtually all black voters were Democrats, and most were voting in states outside the former Confederacy.

text: It was not until after passage by Congress of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the result of years of effort on the part of African Americans and allies in the Civil Rights Movement, that blacks within the Southern states recovered their ability to exercise their rights to vote and to live with full civil rights. Legal segregation ended. Accomplishing voter registration and redistricting to implement the sense of the law took more time.

text: The only Southern cities to have black majority districts were Atlanta, Houston, Memphis and New Orleans. By that time, the only Southern rural area to have a black majority district was the Mississippi Delta area in Mississippi.

text: Until 1992, most black House members were elected from inner-city districts in the North and West: New York City, Newark, New Jersey, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, St. Louis and Los Angeles all elected at least one black member. Following the 1990 census, Congressional districts needed to be redrawn due to the population shifts of the country. Various federal court decisions resulted in states' creating districts to provide for some where the majority of the population were African Americans, rather than gerrymandering to exclude black majorities.[citation needed]

text: Historically, both parties have used gerrymandering to gain political advantage, by drawing districts to favor their own party. In this case, some districts were created to link widely separated black communities. As a result, several black Democratic members of the House were elected from new districts in Alabama, Florida, rural Georgia, rural Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia for the first time since Reconstruction. Additional black-majority districts were also created in this way in California, Maryland and Texas, thus increasing the number of black-majority districts.[citation needed]

text: The creation of black-majority districts was a process supported by both parties. The Democrats saw it as a means of providing social justice, as well as connecting easily to black voters who had been voting Democratic for decades. The Republicans believed they gained by the change, as many of the Democratic voters were moved out of historically Republican-majority districts. By 2000, other demographic and cultural changes resulted in the Republicans' holding a majority of white-majority House districts.

text: Since the 1940s, when decades of the Great Migration resulted in millions of African Americans having migrated from the South, no state has had a majority of African-American residents. Eight African Americans have served in the Senate since the 1940s: Edward W. Brooke, a Republican from Massachusetts; Carol Moseley Braun, Barack Obama, and Roland Burris (appointed to fill a vacancy), all Democrats from Illinois; Tim Scott (initially appointed to fill a vacancy, but later elected), a Republican from South Carolina; Mo Cowan (appointed to fill a vacancy), a Democrat from Massachusetts; Cory Booker, a Democrat from New Jersey, and Kamala Harris, a Democrat from California.

text: In the last several decades, numerous African Americans have created similar multi-racial coalitions to be elected as mayors of cities (including those without a black majority). (See List of first African-American mayors.)

text: List of African Americans in the United States Congress[edit]

text: United States Senate[edit]

text: United States House of Representatives[edit]


document_title: Dual-threat quarterback

question_text: who is the best rushing quarterback of all time

text: Dual-threat quarterback

text: History in the National Football League[edit]

text: Early history (1950s–70s)[edit]

text: In the 1950s, Tobin Rote, was a rare example of a dual-threat quarterback,[7] as he led the Green Bay Packers in rushing in 3 seasons, and retired with 3,128 yards.[8][9] As of the 2015 NFL season, Rote still ranks 9th all time in rushing yards for a quarterback.[10]

text: The next decade, however, saw Fran Tarkenton impact the game in both passing and running aspects. Tarkenton writes, "When I began my NFL career in 1961, I was a freak. The reason was simple: I played quarterback and I ran. There were no designed runs in our playbook, but I would scramble out of the pocket when a play broke down."[11] Tarkenton adds by describing the reaction to his scrambling at the time, "It was not a skill set that was embraced. Plenty of people mocked it, and the rest wrote it off."[11] At the time of his retirement, Tarkenton was the all-time leader in rushing yards by a quarterback, with 3,674.[12]

text: In 1972, Chicago Bears quarterback Bobby Douglass set the single-season rushing yards record for a quarterback, as he logged 968 yards.[13] Douglass, however, was not considered a good passer, as his receivers complained his arm strength was, "too strong," as he often overthrew the ball.[13] The Bears attempted to create wild schemes, before discovering his rushing ability, leading to his record-breaking 1972 season.[13]

text: Rise (1980s−2000s)[edit]

text: During the 1980s and 90s, dual-threat quarterbacks were more frequently seen than in previous decades. Randall Cunningham and Steve Young were the faces of rushing quarterbacks during this era. Cunningham was able to exceed Young in statistical regards. On October 18, 1992, Cunningham surpassed Tarkenton's record for career rushing yards by a quarterback.[12] Following the 2001 NFL season, Cunningham retired with a then-record 4,928 rushing yards. Despite Cunningham having more rushing yards, Young holds the record for most career rushing touchdowns by a quarterback, with 43.[14]

text: There is debate as to whether Young or Cunningham was the better rushing quarterback. CraveOnline writes that, although, "there may be two others [Vick and Cunnhingham] that hold an edge to Steve Young in amount of yards rushed, career wise, by a QB but make no mistake about it, if you are a QB that can run, then Young is who you want to emulate," adding that, Young, "had the rare gift of explosive speed combined with deadly accuracy."[14] As for Cunningham, Jeff Darlington, an NFL Media reporter, writes, "True, Steve Young had legs that merited the respect of defenders. But Cunningham ... Cunningham was different. And today's quarterbacks know it."[15] Darlington adds to his point by referring to an anecdote from Robert Griffin III, a 2010s rushing quarterback, in which Griffin III would watch Cunningham's highlights with his father.[15] Griffin III elaborates, "We'd watch how well he moved in the pocket to avoid defenders and make plays -- not just with his legs, but with his arm. He was one of the first true game-changers the league saw."[15]

text: Aside from Cunningham and Young, Steve McNair and Kordell Stewart were also considered dynamic running quarterbacks.[16][17]

text: As Young, Cunningham, and John Elway, another dual-threat QB from the 1980s and 90s, all retired from 1998 to 2001, a new generation of mobile quarterbacks was ushered in. Donovan McNabb was drafted by the Eagles in 1999, beginning a successful quarterbacking career, in which his running ability was frequently identified.[18][19] On his mobility, McNabb once joked, "I think you run a lot better when you don't want to be hit."[20] After sustaining an injury in the 2003 season, there was speculation as to if McNabb would be able to retain his mobility, as Ray Buchanan stated, "We'd probably rather see McNabb, because he's not as mobile right now," which McNabb responded with, "According to everyone else I'm not mobile. I'll just let people continue to think that, and when the time comes, I'll make sure I showcase that a little bit."[20]

text: McNabb was also connected to Michael Vick, one of the most prolific running quarterbacks in the history of the NFL.[21] While attending Syracuse University, McNabb attempted to assist in the recruitment of Michael Vick, and in addition to that, McNabb also mentored Vick about the speed of the professional level.[20] Vick also served as McNabb's backup in Philadelphia in 2009, later succeeding McNabb as the starter for the franchise.[22] Michael Vick was drafted first overall by Atlanta Falcons in 2001.[23] Vick would go on to be a successful runner for the Falcons from 2001 to 2006.[24] 14 games into his 2006 season, Vick broke Douglass' single-season rushing yards record by a quarterback.[25] A week later, Vick surpassed the 1,000 rushing yards milestone, becoming the first quarterback to reach the mark in a single season.[26] He finished the season with a record 1,039 yards.[27] Vick's mobility influenced future mobile quarterbacks; Jenny Vrentas of Sports Illustrated writes, "Young players go out of their way to tell Vick that they were always him when they played Madden growing up, and wore his Nike cleats.

text: Peak (2010s)[edit]

text: After his return to the NFL, and a season as McNabb's backup, Vick earned his second starting opportunity. His 2010 rushing statistics (league-leading 676 yards among quarterbacks and 9 touchdowns[28]) were the foundation for the landscape of mobile quarterbacks during the early 2010s. The following season, on October 9, Vick surpassed Cunningham's career rushing yardage total, to claim the career-record for quarterbacks.[29] That season also saw Cam Newton drafted first overall by the Carolina Panthers. Newton went on to lead quarterbacks in rushing yards with 706, and earned 14 rushing touchdowns, breaking Steve Grogan's 1976 single-season record by a quarterback.[30][31] In addition to Newton, notable dual-threat quarterbacks in the early 2010s included Aaron Rodgers, Robert Griffin III, Tim Tebow, Colin Kaepernick, Russell Wilson, and Andrew Luck.[32][33] On his overall impact and legacy in regards to dual-threat quarterbacks, Vick stated, "I was the guy who started it all," adding, "I revolutionized the game. I changed the way it was played in the NFL."[24][34]

text: In the 2014 season, Kaepernick, Griffin III, and Newton were all cited as declining or regressing players.[35] Kaepernick was labeled, "symbolic of running QB struggles," by NFL.com writer, Chris Wesseling.[36] This status came after Kaepernick and the 49ers were defeated by Derek Carr and the Oakland Raiders. Carr is not considered a dual-threat quarterback, though his, "mindset, athleticism, pocket presence, quick release and strong arm" have all been praised by executives, coaches and analysts.[36] Steve Young, who ranks third all-time in rushing yards for a quarterback, was cited as believing scrambling away from pressure limits and stunts the development of a quarterback's pocket presence.[36][37] During the season, Bill Polian, a former Indianapolis Colts president, stated, "What we're seeing this year is the incredible erosion of the running quarterback."[35] Obstacles such as high expectations and an increased potential for injury hindered the perception that mobile quarterbacks would become the dominant breed of the position.[38]

text: While Kaepernick, Newton, and Griffin III struggled during the season, mobility in other quarterbacks was praised. Success in the passing game, while having mobility to extend the play, was regarded more highly than pure running athleticism in 2014. Aaron Rodgers' mobility, for example, was considered by one NFL.com writer to be critical to the Packers' offense.[39] New England Patriots head coach Bill Belichick praised Rodgers' mobility, stating, "he has a great ability to extend plays, either sliding in the pocket or at times scrambling outside the pocket."[40] Luck's mobility was also acclaimed by another NFL head coach, Chip Kelly.[41] Despite early-season reports of a decline in the performance of dual-threat quarterbacks, Russell Wilson rushed for a career-high 849 yards and 6 touchdowns in 2014,[42] leading the Seattle Seahawks to a second consecutive Super Bowl appearance.[43]

text: In 2015, Cam Newton had a resurgent season, scoring 10 rushing touchdowns en route to a Super Bowl berth.[44] However, as Newton was also successful in his passing game, one Wall Street Journal reporter wrote "defenses say it is Newton's ability to do anything on any given play that really keeps them up at night", adding "[Newton] is a pass-first quarterback capable of picking up a first down with his legs at any moment."[45]

text: All-time NFL leaders[edit]

text: Rushing yards[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Seasons by team
Rushing yards

1
Michael Vick
Atlanta Falcons (2001–2006)
Philadelphia Eagles (2009–2013)
New York Jets (2014)
Pittsburgh Steelers (2015[a])
6,109[46]

2
Randall Cunningham
Philadelphia Eagles (1985–1995)
Minnesota Vikings (1997–1999)
Dallas Cowboys (2000)
Baltimore Ravens (2001)
4,928[46]

3
Steve Young
Los Angeles Express (USFL)[b] (1984–1985)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1985–1986)
San Francisco 49ers (1987–1999)
4,239[46]

4
Fran Tarkenton
Minnesota Vikings (1961–1966)
New York Giants (1967–1971)
Minnesota Vikings (1972–1978)
3,674[46]

5
Steve McNair
Houston Oilers (1995–1996)
Tennessee Oilers (1997–1998)
Tennessee Titans (1999–2005)
Baltimore Ravens (2006–2007)
3,590[46]

6
Cam Newton
Carolina Panthers (2011–present[c])
3,566[47]

7
Donovan McNabb
Philadelphia Eagles (1999–2009)
Washington Redskins (2010)
Minnesota Vikings (2011)
3,459[48]

8
John Elway
Denver Broncos (1983–1998)
3,407[49]

9
Tobin Rote
Green Bay Packers (1950–1956)
Detroit Lions (1957–1959)
Toronto Argonauts (CFL)[d] (1960–1962)
San Diego Chargers (1963–1964)
Denver Broncos (1966)
3,128[10]

10
Kordell Stewart
Pittsburgh Steelers (1995–2002)
Chicago Bears (2003)
Baltimore Ravens (2004–2005)
2,874[50]

text: Rushing touchdowns[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Seasons by team
Rushing TDs

1
Cam Newton
Carolina Panthers (2011–present[e])
48[52]

2
Steve Young
Los Angeles Express (USFL)[f] (1984–1985)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1985–1986)
San Francisco 49ers (1987–1999)
43[52]

3
Jack Kemp
Pittsburgh Steelers (1957)
Calgary Stampeders (CFL)[g] (1959)
L.A. / San Diego Chargers (1960–1962)
Buffalo Bills (1962–1969)
40[52]

4
Kordell Stewart
Pittsburgh Steelers (1995–2002)
Chicago Bears (2003)
Baltimore Ravens (2004–2005)
38[52]

5-t
Tobin Rote
Green Bay Packers (1950–1956)
Detroit Lions (1957–1959)
Toronto Argonauts (CFL)[h] (1960–1962)
San Diego Chargers (1963–1964)
Denver Broncos (1966)
37[52]

Steve McNair
Houston Oilers (1995–1996)
Tennessee Oilers (1997–1998)
Tennessee Titans (1999–2005)
Baltimore Ravens (2006–2007)
37[52]

7
Michael Vick
Atlanta Falcons (2001–2006)
Philadelphia Eagles (2009–2013)
New York Jets (2014)
Pittsburgh Steelers (2015–present[i])
36[52]

8-t
Steve Grogan
New England Patriots (1975–1990)
35[52]

Randall Cunningham
Philadelphia Eagles (1985–1995)
Minnesota Vikings (1997–1999)
Dallas Cowboys (2000)
Baltimore Ravens (2001)
35[52]

10
Daunte Culpepper
Minnesota Vikings (1999–2005)
Miami Dolphins (2006)
Oakland Raiders (2007)
Detroit Lions (2008–2009)
Sacramento Mountain Lions (UFL)[j] (2010)
34[52]

text: Single season leaders[edit]

text: Rushing yards[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Season
Team
Rushing yards

1
Michael Vick
2006
Atlanta Falcons
1,039[27]

2
Bobby Douglass
1972
Chicago Bears
968[13]

3
Randall Cunningham
1990
Philadelphia Eagles
942[53]

4
Michael Vick
2004
Atlanta Falcons
902[27]

5
Russell Wilson
2014
Seattle Seahawks
849[54]

6
Robert Griffin III
2012
Washington Redskins
815[55]

7
Michael Vick
2002
Atlanta Falcons
777[27]

8
Cam Newton
2012
Carolina Panthers
741[56]

9
Cam Newton
2011
Carolina Panthers
706[57]

10
Michael Vick
2010
Philadelphia Eagles
676[27]

text: Rushing touchdowns[edit]

text: Note: The list only includes seasons in which a quarterback rushed for double-digit touchdowns

text:
Rank
Player
Season
Team
Rushing TDs

1
Cam Newton
2011
Carolina Panthers
14[30]

2
Steve Grogan
1976
New England Patriots
12[58]

3t
Johnny Lujack
1950
Chicago Bears
11[59]

Tobin Rote
1956
Green Bay Packers
11[59]

Kordell Stewart
1997
Pittsburgh Steelers
11[50]

6t
Billy Kilmer
1961
San Francisco 49ers
10[60]

Daunte Culpepper
2002
Minnesota Vikings
10[61]

Cam Newton
2015
Carolina Panthers
10[62]

text: History in the Canadian Football League[edit]

text: The width of the CFL's field at 65 yards and the length at 110 yards has allowed quarterbacks to find openings to run the ball, implementing improvisation by a quarterback as a beneficial trait in Canadian football.[63][64] Quarterback sneaks or other runs in short yardage situations tend to be successful as a result of the distance between the offensive and defensive lines being one yard. Drew Tate, a quarterback for the Calgary Stampeders', led the CFL in rushing touchdowns during the 2014 season with ten scores as the backup to Bo Levi Mitchell.[65][66] He was primarily used in short yardage situations due to his speed and running ability. Tate scored two one-yard rushing touchdowns in the Stampeders' 20-16 victory over the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in the 102nd Grey Cup.[65]

text: All-time CFL leaders[edit]

text: Rushing yards[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Seasons by team
Total rushing yards

1
Damon Allen
Edmonton Eskimos (1985–1988)
Ottawa Rough Riders (1989–1991)
Hamilton Tiger-Cats (1992)
Edmonton Eskimos (1993–1994)
Memphis Mad Dogs (1995)
BC Lions (1996–2002)
Toronto Argonauts (2003–2007)
11,920[67]

2
Tracy Ham
Edmonton Eskimos (1987–1992)
Toronto Argonauts (1993)
Baltimore Stallions (1994–1995)
Montreal Alouettes (1996–1999)
8,043[67]

3
Jackie Parker
Edmonton Eskimos (1954–1962)
Toronto Argonauts (1963–1965)
BC Lions (1966–1968)
5,210[67]

text: Rushing touchdowns[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Seasons by team
Total rushing TDs

1
Damon Allen
Edmonton Eskimos (1985–1988)
Ottawa Rough Riders (1989–1991)
Hamilton Tiger-Cats (1992)
Edmonton Eskimos (1993–1994)
Memphis Mad Dogs (1995)
BC Lions (1996–2002)
Toronto Argonauts (2003–2007)
93[68]

2
Matt Dunigan
Edmonton Eskimos (1983–1987)
BC Lions (1988–1989)
Toronto Argonauts (1990–1991)
Winnipeg Blue Bombers (1992–1994)
Birmingham Barracudas (1995)
Hamilton Tiger-Cats (1996)
77[68]

3
Jackie Parker
Edmonton Eskimos (1954–1962)
Toronto Argonauts (1963–1965)
BC Lions (1966–1968)
68[68]

4
Doug Flutie
New Jersey Generals (USFL)[k] (1985)
Chicago Bears (NFL)[l] (1986)
New England Patriots (NFL) (1987–1989)
BC Lions (1990–1991)
Calgary Stampeders (1992–1995)
Toronto Argonauts (1996–1997)
Buffalo Bills (NFL) (1998–2000)
San Diego Chargers (NFL) (2001–2004)
New England Patriots (NFL) (2005)
66[68]

5
Tracy Ham
Edmonton Eskimos (1987–1992)
Toronto Argonauts (1993)
Baltimore Stallions (1994–1995)
Montreal Alouettes (1996–1999)
62[68]

text: Single season leaders[edit]

text: Rushing yards[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Season
Team
Total rushing yards

1
Tracy Ham
1990
Edmonton Eskimos
1,096[67]

2
Damon Allen
1991
Ottawa Rough Riders
1,036[67]

3
Kerry Joseph
2005
Ottawa Renegades
1,006[67]

4
Tracy Ham
1989
Edmonton Eskimos
1,005[67]

text: Single game leaders[edit]

text: Rushing yards[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Date
Team
Total rushing yards / carries

1
Nealon Greene
July 16, 1999
Edmonton Eskimos
180 (14 carries)[67]

2
Damon Allen
October 29, 1993
Edmonton Eskimos
170 (15 carries)[67]

3
Tracy Ham
August 15, 1991
Edmonton Eskimos
166 (13 carries)[67]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ As an active player, Vick's count of 6,109 yards is accurate as of Week 17 of the 2015 NFL season
Jump up ^ Young's USFL stats are not accounted into his official NFL stats
Jump up ^ As an active player, Newton's count of 3,207 yards is accurate as of Week 17 of the 2015 NFL season
Jump up ^ Rote's CFL statistics are not included in his official NFL stats
Jump up ^ As an active player, Newton's count of 43 TDs is accurate as of Week 17 of the 2015 NFL season
Jump up ^ Young's USFL stats are not accounted into his official NFL stats
Jump up ^ Kemp's CFL statistics are not included in his official NFL stats
Jump up ^ Rote's CFL statistics are not included in his official NFL stats
Jump up ^ As an active player, Vick's count of 36 TDs is accurate, as of Week 17 of the 2015 NFL season
Jump up ^ Culpepper's UFL statistics are not included into his NFL statistics
Jump up ^ Flutie's USFL stats are not accounted into his official CFL stats
Jump up ^ Flutie's NFL stats are not accounted into his official CFL stats

tag: ol


document_title: Passing lane

question_text: which lane is the passing lane in canada

text: Passing lane

text: Misuse and common practice in the United States[edit]

text: Common practice and most law on United States highways is that the left lane is reserved for passing and faster moving traffic, and that traffic using the left lane must yield to traffic wishing to overtake. Evidence exists demonstrating the efficiency of this practice.[citation needed]

text: The United States Uniform Vehicle Code states:

text: Upon all roadways any vehicle proceeding at less than the normal speed of traffic at the time and place and under the conditions then existing shall be driven in the right-hand lane then available for traffic ...

text: It is also illegal in many states in the US to use the "far left" or passing lane on a major highway as a traveling lane (as opposed to passing), or to fail to yield to faster moving traffic that is attempting to overtake in that lane. For example, Colorado's "Left Lane Law" states:

text: A person shall not drive a motor vehicle in the passing lane of a highway if the speed-limit is sixty-five miles per hour

text: In other states, such as Massachusetts,[2] New Jersey,[3] Maine,[4] Illinois,[5] Pennsylvania,[6] and others,[7] it is illegal to fail to yield to traffic that seeks to overtake in the left lane, or to create any other "obstruction" in the passing lane that hinders the flow of traffic. As a result, heavy trucks are often prohibited from using the passing lane.

text: The left lane is commonly referred to as the "fast lane", but that is not an accurate description of the lane's purpose. The left lane is the designated passing lane, however, vehicles in the left lane must obey the posted speed limits. A common problem arising from misuse of the left lane is speeding and tailgating. These actions create road rage and increase overall danger.

text: A driver hoping to pass a slow motorist in the "fast lane" can be stuck in an awkward situation. One strategy is to signal a lane change toward the center median. Another is to flash headlights. A third, which is dangerous and illegal, is to drive very close to the "fast lane" driver's bumper (this is known as tailgating).

text: Most commonly, motorists will attempt to overtake the outer car on the inner lane either to continue at a fast pace or to pass a car that is going too slowly in the passing lane. On high-capacity multilane freeways (three or more lanes per direction), many motorists often pass on the inner lane, largely in response to misuse of the "passing lane" by slower traffic.[citation needed]

text: In some areas, such as the US states of Colorado and Kentucky, vehicles in the left lane are required to yield to faster traffic only if the speed limit is above 65 miles per hour. In other areas, like Alaska, there is no law requiring slower traffic to move over for faster traffic.[7]

text: Signage[edit]

text: The use of passing lanes for faster traffic is sometimes acknowledged with signs using phrases such as "Slower Traffic Keep Right"[8] (in Canada, where the passing lane is to the left). In a study by the AASHTO Subcommittee on Traffic Engineering, all 24 US states involved used some form of passing lane courtesy signage, 9 of which only use those signs for steep graded roads.[9]

text: Proper use[edit]

text: Many areas which make it illegal to fail to yield to faster traffic also have exceptions to those rules. Some of these exceptions include preparing to make a left turn, taking an exit located on the left side of the roadway, avoiding traffic merging onto the roadway, or overtaking and passing another vehicle.

text: In Quebec, it is also illegal to travel in the left lane when not passing when the speed limit is over 80 km/h (50 mph).[10]

text: Truckers often use the passing lane in moderate traffic where legal to do so to reduce travel times, however in many areas, tractor trailers are banned from using the passing lane for safety reasons; these restrictions are normally found along urban, often congested highways with multiple lanes (e.g. Interstate 40 west of Raleigh, North Carolina), or on rural freeways with 6 or more lanes (3 in each direction).

text: Hammer lane[edit]

text: The hammer lane is another term for the passing lane. Its etymology originated with truckers in North America in reference to slamming the accelerator with a foot like hammer.)[citation needed]

text: HOV lanes are not usually considered hammer lanes, but are also used for express travel by commuters.

text: Climbing lane[edit]

text: In hilly terrain, some undivided highways are built with three lanes, with the extra added pavement known as the "climbing lane" or "crawler lane". Two lanes are used for traffic heading in the uphill direction, with one lane being a passing or climbing lane, and one lane is used for downhill traffic. On dual carriageways, the climbing lane may be marked with a broken double white line.

text: Australian use[edit]

text: In Australia, most intercity highways are constructed with only one lane in each direction. Head-on collisions are a risk, particularly with fatigued drivers. Overtaking lanes are an additional lane in one direction for a short distance (one or two kilometres) to assist faster traffic to safely overtake slower traffic. Road markings are often painted so that the additional lane appears in the centre of the road (guiding traffic to the left), and traffic needs to deliberately change lanes to overtake. At the end, the markings are the other way, so that the left lane must yield and merge into the overtaking lane. Large signs alert drivers that they are approaching an overtaking lane, often at 5km and 1km distances before the lane starts.

text: Cultural references[edit]

text:
Fast Lane, an arcade game
Life in the Fast Lane, a song by the Eagles
Jones in the Fast Lane, 1990 MS-DOS based game

tag: ul


document_title: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

question_text: who decides to accompany dorothy as she journeys south in the wonderful wizard of oz

text: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

text: Publication[edit]

text: The book was published by George M. Hill Company. Its first edition had a printing of 10,000 copies and was sold in advance of the publication date of September 1, 1900. On May 17, 1900, the first copy of the book came off the press; Baum assembled it by hand and presented it to his sister Mary Louise Baum Brewster. The public saw the book for the first time at a book fair at the Palmer House in Chicago, July 5–20. The book's copyright was registered on August 1; full distribution followed in September.[2] By October 1900, the first edition had already sold out and the second edition of 15,000 copies was nearly depleted.[3]

text: In a letter to his brother Harry, Baum wrote that the book's publisher George M. Hill predicted a sale of about 250,000 copies. In spite of this favorable conjecture, Hill did not initially predict that the book would be phenomenally successful. He agreed to publish the book only when the manager of the Chicago Grand Opera House Fred R. Hamlin committed to making The Wonderful Wizard of Oz into a musical stage play to publicize the novel. The play The Wizard of Oz debuted on June 16, 1902. It was revised to suit adult preferences and was crafted as a "musical extravaganza", with the costumes modeled after Denslow's drawings. Hill's publishing company became bankrupt in 1901, so Baum and Denslow agreed to have the Indianapolis-based Bobbs-Merrill Company resume publishing the novel.[4]

text: Baum's son Harry Neal told the Chicago Tribune in 1944 that L. Frank told his children "whimsical stories before they became material for his books". Harry called his father the "swellest man I knew", a man who was able to give a decent reason as to why black birds cooked in a pie could afterwards get out and sing.[5]

text: By 1938, more than one million copies of the book had been printed.[6] Less than two decades later in 1956, the sales of his novel had grown to three million copies in print.[4]

text: Plot[edit]

text: Dorothy is a young girl who lives with her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry and her little dog Toto on a farm in the Kansas prairie. One day, Dorothy and Toto are caught up in a cyclone that deposits her farmhouse into Munchkin Country in the magical Land of Oz. The falling house has killed the Wicked Witch of the East, the evil ruler of the Munchkins. The Good Witch of the North arrives with three grateful Munchkins and gives Dorothy the magical Silver Shoes that once belonged to the Wicked Witch. The Good Witch tells Dorothy that the only way she can return home is to go to the Emerald City and ask the great and powerful Wizard of Oz to help her. As Dorothy embarks on her journey, the Good Witch of the North kisses her on the forehead, giving her magical protection from harm.

text: On her way down the yellow brick road, Dorothy attends a banquet held by a Munchkin man named Boq. The next day, Dorothy frees the Scarecrow from the pole on which he is hanging, applies oil from a can to the rusted connections of the Tin Woodman, and meets the Cowardly Lion. The Scarecrow wants a brain, the Tin Woodman wants a heart, and the Cowardly Lion wants courage, so Dorothy encourages the three of them to journey with her and Toto to the Emerald City to ask for help from the Wizard. After several adventures, the travelers enter the gates of the Emerald City and meet the Guardian of the Gates, who asks them to wear green tinted spectacles to keep their eyes from being blinded by the city's brilliance. Each one is called to see the Wizard. The Wizard appears to Dorothy as a giant head on a marble throne, to the Scarecrow as a lovely lady in silk gauze, to the Tin Woodman as a terrible beast, and to the Cowardly Lion as a ball of fire. The Wizard agrees to help them all if they kill the Wicked Witch of the West, who rules over Oz's Winkie Country. The Guardian warns them that no one has ever managed to defeat the witch.

text: The Wicked Witch of the West sees the travelers approaching with her one telescopic eye. She sends a pack of wolves to tear them to pieces, but the Tin Woodman kills them with his axe. She sends wild crows to peck their eyes out, but the Scarecrow kills them by breaking their necks. She summons a swarm of black bees to sting them, but they are killed trying to sting the Tin Woodman while the Scarecrow's straw hides the other three. She sends her Winkie soldiers to attack them, but the Cowardly Lion stands firm to repel them. Finally, she uses the power of the Golden Cap to send the winged monkeys to capture Dorothy, Toto, and the Cowardly Lion, unstuff the Scarecrow, and dent the Tin Woodman. Dorothy is forced to become the Wicked Witch's personal slave, while the witch schemes to steal Dorothy's Silver Shoes.

text: The Wicked Witch successfully tricks Dorothy out of one of her Silver Shoes. Angered, Dorothy throws a bucket of water at her and is shocked to see the witch melt away. The Winkies rejoice at being freed of the witch's tyranny and help restuff the Scarecrow and mend the Tin Woodman. They ask the Tin Woodman to become their ruler, which he agrees to do after helping Dorothy return to Kansas. Dorothy finds the Golden Cap and summons the Winged Monkeys to carry her and her companions back to the Emerald City. The King of the Winged Monkeys tells how he and the other monkeys are bound by an enchantment to the cap by the sorceress Gayelette from the North, and that Dorothy may use the cap to summon the Winged Monkeys two more times.

text: When Dorothy and her friends meet the Wizard of Oz again, Toto tips over a screen in a corner of the throne room that reveals the Wizard. He sadly explains he is a humbug—an ordinary old man who, by a hot air balloon, came to Oz long ago from Omaha. The Wizard provides the Scarecrow with a head full of bran, pins, and needles ("a lot of bran-new brains"), the Tin Woodman with a silk heart stuffed with sawdust, and the Cowardly Lion a potion of "courage". Their faith in the Wizard's power gives these items a focus for their desires. The Wizard decides to take Dorothy and Toto home and leave the Emerald City. At the send-off, he appoints the Scarecrow to rule in his stead, which he agrees to do after Dorothy returns to Kansas. Toto chases a kitten in the crowd and Dorothy goes after him, but the tethers of the balloon break and the Wizard floats away.

text: Dorothy summons the Winged Monkeys to carry her and Toto home, but they explain they cannot cross the desert surrounding Oz. The Soldier with the Green Whiskers informs Dorothy that Glinda the Good Witch of the South may be able to help her return home, so the friends begin their journey to see Glinda, who lives in Oz's Quadling Country. On the way, the Cowardly Lion kills a giant spider who is terrorizing the animals in a forest. The animals ask the Cowardly Lion to become their king, which he agrees to do after helping Dorothy return to Kansas. Dorothy summons the Winged Monkeys a third time to fly them over a mountain to Glinda's palace. Glinda greets the travelers and reveals that the Silver Shoes Dorothy wears can take her anywhere she wishes to go. Dorothy embraces her friends, all of whom will be returned to their new kingdoms through Glinda's three uses of the Golden Cap: the Scarecrow to the Emerald City, the Tin Woodman to the Winkie Country, and the Lion to the forest; after which the cap shall be given to the King of the Winged Monkeys, freeing them. Dorothy takes Toto in her arms, knocks her heels together three times, and wishes to return home. Instantly, she begins whirling through the air and rolling through the grass of the Kansas prairie, up to her Kansas farmhouse. Dorothy runs to her Aunt Em, saying "I'm so glad to be at home again!"

text: Illustration and design[edit]

text: The book was illustrated by Baum's friend and collaborator W. W. Denslow, who also co-held the copyright. The design was lavish for the time, with illustrations on many pages, backgrounds in different colors, and several color plate illustrations.[7] In September 1900, The Grand Rapids Herald wrote that Denslow's illustrations are "quite as much of the story as in the writing". The editorial opined that had it not been for Denslow's pictures, the readers would be unable to picture precisely the figures of Dorothy, Toto, and the other characters.[8]

text: The distinctive look led to imitators at the time, most notably Eva Katherine Gibson's Zauberlinda, the Wise Witch, which mimicked both the typography and the illustration design of Oz.[9] The typeface was the newly designed Monotype Old Style. Denslow's illustrations were so well known that merchants of many products obtained permission to use them to promote their wares. The forms of the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, the Cowardly Lion, the Wizard, and Dorothy were made into rubber and metal sculptures. Costume jewelry, mechanical toys, and soap were also designed using their figures.[10]

text: A new edition of the book appeared in 1944, with illustrations by Evelyn Copelman.[11] Although it was claimed that the new illustrations were based on Denslow's originals, they more closely resemble the characters as seen in the famous 1939 film version of Baum's book.[12]

text: Sources of images and ideas[edit]

text: Baum acknowledged the influence of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, which he was deliberately revising in his "American fairy tales" to include the wonder without the horrors.[13]

text: The Land of Oz and other locations[edit]

text: Local legend has it that Oz, also known as The Emerald City, was inspired by a prominent castle-like building in the community of Castle Park near Holland, Michigan, where Baum lived during the summer. The yellow brick road was derived from a road at that time paved by yellow bricks. These bricks were located in Peekskill, New York, where Baum attended the Peekskill Military Academy. Baum scholars often refer to the 1893 Chicago World's Fair (the "White City") as an inspiration for the Emerald City. Other legends suggest that the inspiration came from the Hotel Del Coronado near San Diego, California. Baum was a frequent guest at the hotel and had written several of the Oz books there.[14] In a 1903 interview with Publishers Weekly,[15] Baum said that the name "OZ" came from his file cabinet labeled "O–Z".[16]

text: Some critics have suggested that Baum may have been inspired by Australia, a relatively new country at the time of the book's original publication. Australia is often colloquially spelled or referred to as "Oz". Furthermore, in Ozma of Oz (1907), Dorothy gets back to Oz as the result of a storm at sea while she and Uncle Henry are traveling by ship to Australia. Like Australia, Oz is an island continent somewhere to the west of California with inhabited regions bordering on a great desert. One might imagine that Baum intended Oz to be Australia, or perhaps a magical land in the center of the great Australian desert.[17]

text: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland[edit]

text: Another influence lay in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. A September 1900 review in the Grand Rapids Herald called The Wonderful Wizard of Oz a "veritable Alice in Wonderland brought up to the present day standard of juvenile literature".[8] Baum found Carroll's plots incoherent, but he identified the books' source of popularity as Alice herself, a child with whom the child readers could identify; this influenced his choice of a protagonist.[13] Baum was also influenced by Carroll's belief that children's books should have many pictures and be pleasurable to read. Carroll rejected the Victorian-era ideology that children's books should be saturated with morals, instead believing that children should be allowed to be children. Building on Carroll's style of numerous images accompanying the text, Baum combined the conventional features of a fairy tale (witches and wizards) with the well-known things in his readers' lives (scarecrows and cornfields).[18]

text: American fantasy story[edit]

text: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is considered the first American fairy tale because of its references to clear American locations such as Kansas and Omaha. Baum agreed with authors such as Carroll that fantasy literature was important for children, along with numerous illustrations, but he also wanted to create a story that had recognizable American elements in it, such as farming and industrialization.[19]

text: Baum's personal life[edit]

text: Many of the characters, props, and ideas in the novel were drawn from Baum's experiences. As a child, Baum frequently had nightmares of a scarecrow pursuing him across a field. Moments before the scarecrow's "ragged hay fingers" nearly gripped his neck, it would fall apart before his eyes. Decades later, as an adult, Baum integrated his tormentor into the novel as the Scarecrow.[20] According to his son Harry, the Tin Woodman was born from Baum's attraction to window displays. He wished to make something captivating for the window displays, so he used an eclectic assortment of scraps to craft a striking figure. From a washboiler he made a body, from bolted stovepipes he made arms and legs, and from the bottom of a saucepan he made a face. Baum then placed a funnel hat on the figure, which ultimately became the Tin Woodman.[21] John D. Rockefeller was the nemesis of Baum's father, an oil baron who declined to purchase Standard Oil shares in exchange for selling his own oil refinery. Baum scholar Evan I. Schwartz posited that Rockefeller inspired one of the Wizard's numerous faces. In one scene in the novel, the Wizard is seen as a "tyrannical, hairless head". When Rockefeller was 54 years old, the medical condition alopecia caused him to lose every strand of hair on his head, making people fearful of speaking to him.[22]

text: In the early 1880s, Baum's play Matches was being performed when a "flicker from a kerosene lantern sparked the rafters", causing the Baum opera house to be consumed by flames. Scholar Evan I. Schwartz suggested that this might have inspired the Scarecrow's severest terror: "There is only one thing in the world I am afraid of. A lighted match."[23]

text: In 1890, Baum lived in Aberdeen, which was experiencing a drought, and he wrote a witty story in his "Our Landlady" column in Aberdeen's The Saturday Pioneer[24] about a farmer who gave green goggles to his horses, causing them to believe that the wood chips that they were eating were pieces of grass. Similarly, the Wizard made the people in the Emerald City wear green goggles so that they would believe that their city was built from emeralds.[25]

text: During Baum's short stay in Aberdeen, the dissemination of myths about the plentiful West continued. However, the West, instead of being a wonderland, turned into a wasteland because of a drought and a depression. In 1891, Baum moved his family from South Dakota to Chicago. At that time, Chicago was getting ready for the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. Scholar Laura Barrett stated that Chicago was "considerably more akin to Oz than to Kansas". After discovering that the myths about the West's incalculable riches were baseless, Baum created "an extension of the American frontier in Oz". In many respects, Baum's creation is similar to the actual frontier save for the fact that the West was still undeveloped at the time. The Munchkins Dorothy encounters at the beginning of the novel represent farmers, as do the Winkies she later meets.[26]

text: Baum's wife frequently visited her niece, Dorothy Louise Gage. The infant became gravely sick and died on November 11, 1898, from "congestion of the brain" at exactly five months. When the baby, whom Maud adored as the daughter she never had, died, she was devastated and needed to consume medicine.[27] To assuage her distress, Frank made his protagonist of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz a female named Dorothy.[28] Uncle Henry was modeled after Henry Gage, his wife Maud's father. Bossed around by his wife Matilda, Henry rarely dissented with her. He flourished in business, though, and his neighbors looked up to him. Likewise, Uncle Henry was a "passive but hard-working man" who "looked stern and solemn, and rarely spoke".[29] The witches in the novel were influenced by witch-hunting research gathered by Baum's mother-in-law, Matilda. The stories of barbarous acts against accused witches scared Baum. Two key events in the novel involve wicked witches who both meet their death through metaphorical means.[30]

text: Baum held different jobs, moved a lot, and was exposed to many people, so the inspiration for the story could have been taken from many different aspects of his life.[31] In the introduction to the story, Baum writes that "it aspires to being a modernized fairy tale, in which the wonderment and joy are retained and the heart-aches and nightmares are left out."[32] This is one of the explanations that he gives for the inspiration for The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Baum, a former salesman of china, wrote in chapter 20 about china that had sprung to life.[25]

text: Influence of Denslow[edit]

text: The original illustrator of the novel, W. W. Denslow, could also have influenced the story and the way it has been interpreted. Baum and Denslow had a close working relationship and worked together to create the presentation of the story through the images and the text. Color is an important element of the story and is present throughout the images, with each chapter having a different color representation. Denslow also added characteristics to his drawings that Baum never described. For example, Denslow drew a house and the gates of the Emerald City with faces on them. In the later Oz books, John R. Neill, who illustrated all of the sequels, continued to include these faces on gates.[33]

text: Allusions to 19th-century America[edit]

text: Baum did not offer any conclusive proof that he intended his novel to be a political allegory. Historian Ranjit S. Dighe wrote that for 60 years after the book's publication, "virtually nobody" had such an interpretation until Henry Littlefield, a high-school teacher.[34] In his 1964 American Quarterly article, "The Wizard of Oz: Parable on Populism",[35] Littlefield posited that the book contained an allegory of the late 19th-century bimetallism debate regarding monetary policy.[36]

text: Littlefield's thesis achieved some support, but has been strenuously attacked by others.[37][38][39]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has become an established part of multiple cultures, spreading from its early young American readership to becoming known throughout the world. It has been translated or adapted into well over fifty languages, at times being modified in local variations. For instance, in some abridged Indian editions, the Tin Woodman was replaced with a horse.[40] In Russia, a translation by Alexander Melentyevich Volkov produced six books, The Wizard of the Emerald City series, which became progressively distanced from the Baum version, as Ellie and her dog Totoshka travel throughout the Magic Land. The 1939 film adaptation has become a classic of popular culture, shown annually on American television from 1959 to 1991 and then several times a year every year beginning in 1999.[41] More recently, the story has become an American stage production with an all-black cast, set in the context of modern African-American culture.[42][43]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
This last story of The Wizard is ingeniously woven out of commonplace material. It is, of course, an extravaganza, but will surely be found to appeal strongly to child readers as well as to the younger children, to whom it will be read by mothers or those having charge of the entertaining of children. There seems to be an inborn love of stories in child minds, and one of the most familiar and pleading requests of children is to be told another story.The drawing as well as the introduced color work vies with the texts drawn, and the result has been a book that rises far above the average children's book of today, high as is the present standard....The book has a bright and joyous atmosphere, and does not dwell upon killing and deeds of violence. Enough stirring adventure enters into it, however, to flavor it with zest, and it will indeed be strange if there be a normal child who will not enjoy the story.
The New York Times, September 8, 1900[44]

tag: div

text: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz received positive critical reviews upon release. In a September 1900 review, The New York Times praised the novel, writing that it would appeal to child readers and to younger children who could not read yet. The review also praised the illustrations for being a pleasant complement to the text.[44]

text: During the first 50 years after The Wonderful Wizard of Oz's publication in 1900, it received little critical analysis from scholars of children's literature. According to Ruth Berman of Science Fiction Studies, the lists of suggested reading published for juvenile readers never contained Baum's work. The lack of interest stemmed from the scholars' misgivings about fantasy, as well as to their belief that lengthy series had little literary merit.[45]

text: It has frequently come under fire over the years. In 1957, the director of Detroit's libraries banned The Wonderful Wizard of Oz for having "no value" for children of his day, for supporting "negativism", and for bringing children's minds to a "cowardly level". Professor Russel B. Nye of Michigan State University countered that "if the message of the Oz books—love, kindness, and unselfishness make the world a better place—seems of no value today", then maybe the time is ripe for "reassess[ing] a good many other things besides the Detroit library's approved list of children's books".[46]

text:
In 1986, seven Fundamentalist Christian families in Tennessee opposed the novel's inclusion in the public school syllabus and filed a lawsuit.[47][48]
They based their opposition to the novel on its depicting benevolent witches and promoting the belief that integral human attributes were "individually developed rather than God given".[48] One parent said, "I do not want my children seduced into godless supernaturalism".[49] Other reasons included the novel's teaching that females are equal to males and that animals are personified and can speak. The judge ruled that when the novel was being discussed in class, the parents were allowed to have their children leave the classroom.[47]

text: Leonard Everett Fisher of The Horn Book Magazine wrote in 2000 that Oz has "a timeless message from a less complex era, and it continues to resonate". The challenge of valuing oneself during impending adversity has not, Fisher noted, lessened during the prior 100 years.[50]

text: In a 2002 review, Bill Delaney of Salem Press praised Baum for giving children the opportunity to discover magic in the mundane things in their everyday lives. He further commended Baum for teaching "millions of children to love reading during their crucial formative years".[18]

text: The Library of Congress has declared The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to be "America's greatest and best-loved homegrown fairytale", also naming it the first American fantasy for children and one of the most-read children's books.[51]

text: Editions[edit]

text: After George M. Hill's bankruptcy in 1902, copyright in the book passed to the Bobbs-Merrill Company. The editions they published lacked most of the in-text color and color plates of the original. It was not until the book entered the public domain in 1956 that new editions, either with the original color plates, or new illustrations, proliferated. Notable among them are the 1986 Pennyroyal edition illustrated by Barry Moser, which was reprinted by the University of California Press, and the 2000 Annotated Wizard of Oz edited by Michael Patrick Hearn, which was published by W.W. Norton and included all the original color illustrations, as well as supplemental artwork by Denslow. Other centennial editions included University Press of Kansas's Kansas Centennial Edition, illustrated by Michael McCurdy with black-and-white illustrations, and Robert Sabuda's pop-up book.

text: Sequels[edit]

text: Baum wrote The Wonderful Wizard of Oz without any thought of a sequel. After reading the novel, thousands of children wrote letters to him, requesting that he craft another story about Oz. In 1904, he wrote and published the first sequel, The Marvelous Land of Oz, explaining that he grudgingly wrote the sequel to address the popular demand.[52] Baum also wrote sequels in 1907, 1908, and 1909. In his 1911 The Emerald City of Oz, he wrote that he could not continue writing sequels because Ozland had lost contact with the rest of the world. The children refused to accept this story, so Baum, in 1913 and every year thereafter until his death in May 1919, wrote an Oz book, ultimately writing 13 sequels. The Chicago Tribune's Russell MacFall wrote that Baum explained the purpose of his novels in a note he penned to his sister, Mary Louise Brewster, in a copy of Mother Goose in Prose (1897), his first book. He wrote, "To please a child is a sweet and a lovely thing that warms one's heart and brings its own reward."[4] After Baum's death in 1919, Baum's publishers delegated the creation of more sequels to Ruth Plumly Thompson who wrote 21.[18] An original Oz book was published every Christmas between 1913 and 1942.[53] By 1956, five million copies of the Oz books had been published in the English language, while hundreds of thousands had been published in eight foreign languages.[4]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has been adapted to other media numerous times, most famously in The Wizard of Oz, the 1939 film starring Judy Garland, Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, and Bert Lahr. Until this version, the book had inspired a number of now less well known stage and screen adaptations, including a profitable 1902 Broadway musical and three silent films. The 1939 film was considered innovative because of its songs, special effects, and revolutionary use of the new Technicolor.[54]

text: The story has been translated into other languages (at least once without permission) and adapted into comics several times. Following the lapse of the original copyright, the characters have been adapted and reused in spin-offs, unofficial sequels, and reinterpretations, some of which have been controversial in their treatment of Baum's characters.[55]