document_title: List of largest shopping malls in the United States

question_text: what is the largest mall in united states

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text:
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text: List of the shopping malls in the United States of America and its territories greater than or equal to 2,000,000 total square feet of retail space (gross leasable area). The list is based in part on information provided by the International Council of Shopping Centers and by the Department of American Studies at Eastern Connecticut State University as part of its Shopping Mall Studies.[1]

tag: p

text:
#
Mall name
Location
Metro area
Retail space
Sq. feet/(m²)
Stores
Anchor Stores/Entertainment Venues
Year opened
Ownership

1
King of Prussia
King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia
2,900,000 square feet (270,000 m2)
450
Macy's, Nordstrom, Primark, Dick's Sporting Goods, Bloomingdale's, Lord & Taylor, Neiman Marcus
1963
King of Prussia Associates, Simon Property Group

2
Aventura Mall
Aventura, Florida
Miami
2,700,000 square feet (250,000 m2)[2]
300+[3]
Nordstrom, Bloomingdale’s, Macy's (2 Stores), JCPenney, AMC Theaters
1983
Turnberry Associates, Simon Property Group

3
Mall of America
Bloomington, Minnesota
Minneapolis
2,500,000 square feet (230,000 m2)
500
Macy's, Sears, Nordstrom (Rack), Best Buy, Forever21, Marshall's, Nickelodeon Universe, LEGO World, American Girl, Sea Life Minnesota Aquarium, FlyOver America, JW Marriott, Radisson Blu
1992
Triple Five Group

4
South Coast Plaza
Costa Mesa, California
Los Angeles
2,600,000 square feet (240,000 m2)[4]
280
Macy's (3 stores – Main, Men's, Home), Sears, Nordstrom, Saks Fifth Avenue, Bloomingdale's
1967
Segerstrom family

5
Del Amo Fashion Center
Torrance, California
Los Angeles
2,600,000 square feet (240,000 m2)
200+
Nordstrom, Macy's (2 stores – Main and Men, Home, and Furniture), JCPenney, Sears, T.J. Maxx, Marshalls, Burlington Coat Factory, JO-ANN Fabric and Craft, AMC Theaters
1961
Simon Property Group

6
Destiny USA
Syracuse, New York
Syracuse
2,450,000 square feet (228,000 m2)[5]
250+
Macy's, JCPenney, Best Buy, Lord & Taylor, H&M, Dave & Buster's, Off Broadway Shoes, Nordstrom Rack, Saks Off Fifth, DSW Shoe Warehouse, DICK'S Sporting Goods, Forever 21, Old Navy, Burlington Coat Factory, At Home, T.J. Maxx, Sears Outlet, Pole Position Raceway, Regal IMAX theater, Regal Cinemas, Destiny USA Hotel
1990 (expanded in 2012 which added 40+ stores)
The Pyramid Companies

7
The Galleria
Houston, Texas
Houston
2,400,000 square feet (220,000 m2)[6]
375
Nordstrom, Macy's, Neiman Marcus, Saks Fifth Avenue
1970
Simon Property Group, Walton Street Real Estate Funds, Sony Corporation & CalPERS

8
Ala Moana Center
Honolulu, Hawaii
Honolulu
2,400,000 square feet (220,000 m2)[7]
330+
Macy’s, Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus, Shirokiya, Bloomingdale's, Forever 21, Saks Fifth Avenue Off 5th
1959
General Growth Properties

9
Tysons Corner Center
McLean, Virginia
Washington, D.C.
2,400,000 square feet (220,000 m2)[8]
300
Bloomingdale’s, Macy’s, Nordstrom, Lord & Taylor, AMC Theatres, L. L. Bean, Barnes and Noble, American Girl
1968
Macerich

10
Roosevelt Field
Garden City, New York
New York City
2,400,000 square feet (220,000 m2)[9]
294
Macy’s, Bloomingdale’s, Nordstrom, JCPenney, Dick's Sporting Goods, Neiman Marcus, AMC, X Sport Fitness, Capital Grill, Season's 52, Grande Lux Café, Havana Central, Le Pain Quotidien, Game Stop, Hot Topic
1956
Simon Property Group

11
Sawgrass Mills
Sunrise, Florida
Fort Lauderdale
2,383,906 square feet (221,472.1 m2)[10]
350
P.F. Chang's China Bistro, Villago, Grand Lux Cafe, Matchbox, Last Call by Neiman Marcus, Marshalls, Dick's Sporting Goods, Bloomingdale's - The Outlet Store, Rainforest Cafe, Century 21 Department Store, Off 5th Saks Fifth Avenue, Gap Outlet, Forever 21, Super Target, Brandsmart USA, Trendmax Outlet Store, Burlington Coat Factory, Regal Cinemas, IMAX.
1990
Simon Property Group

12
Woodfield Mall
Schaumburg, Illinois
Chicago
2,224,000 square feet (206,600 m2)[11]
300
Sears, JCPenney, Macy's, Nordstrom, Lord & Taylor
1971
Simon Property Group

13
Palisades Center
West Nyack, New York
New York City
2,217,322 square feet (205,996.0 m2)[12]
400
Lord & Taylor, Barnes & Noble, Macy's, Target, AMC Theaters
1998
The Pyramid Companies

14
Millcreek Mall
Erie, Pennsylvania
Erie County
2,200,000 square feet (200,000 m2)[13]
175
Macy's, JCPenney, Boscov's, Bon-Ton, H&M
1975
Cafaro Company

15
Plaza Las Américas
San Juan, Puerto Rico
San Juan
2,173,000 square feet (201,900 m2)[14]
300+
Macy's, Sears, JCPenney, Old Navy, Caribbean Cinemas, Kmart, Toys "R" Us, Forever 21
1968
Plaza Las Américas, Inc, Empresas Fonalledas, Inc.

16
South Shore Plaza
Braintree, Massachusetts
Boston
2,165,000 square feet (201,100 m2)
225
Macy's, Lord & Taylor, Sears, Nordstrom, Target
1961
Simon Property Group

17
Westfield Garden State Plaza
Paramus, New Jersey
New York City
2,132,112 square feet (198,079.7 m2)[15]
346
Macy’s, Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus, Lord & Taylor, AMC Theatres
1957
Westfield Corporation

18
Lakewood Center
Lakewood, California
Los Angeles
2,092,710 square feet (194,419 m2)[16]
255
Macy's, Target, Forever 21, JCPenney, Pacific Theatres, Costco
1951
Macerich

19
Scottsdale Fashion Square
Scottsdale, Arizona
Phoenix
2,049,169 square feet (190,374.0 m2)[17]
250+
Macy’s, Dick's Sporting Goods, Dillard's, Forever 21, H&M, Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus
1961
Macerich

20
Oakbrook Center
Oak Brook, Illinois
Chicago
2,018,000 square feet (187,500 m2)[18]
175
Macy’s, Sears, Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus, Lord & Taylor
1962
General Growth Properties, CalPERS


document_title: Dream of the Rood

question_text: in the dream of the rood what is the rood eventually drenched in

text: Dream of the Rood

text: Background information[edit]

text: A part of The Dream of the Rood can be found on the 8th century Ruthwell Cross, which is an 18 feet (5.5 m), free standing Anglo-Saxon cross that was perhaps intended as a 'conversion tool'.[1] At each side of the vine-tracery are carved runes. There is an excerpt on the cross that was written in runes along with scenes from the Gospels, lives of saints, images of Jesus healing the blind, the Annunciation, and the story of Egypt, as well as Latin antiphons and decorative scroll-work. Although it was torn down after the Scottish Reformation, it was possible to mostly reconstruct it in the 19th century.[2] The complete text survives in the Vercelli Book, so called because the manuscript is now in the Italian city of Vercelli. The Vercelli Book, which can be dated to the 10th century, includes twenty-three homilies interspersed with six poems: The Dream of the Rood, Andreas, The Fates of the Apostles, Soul and Body, Elene and a poetic, homiletic fragment.

text: Possible authorship[edit]

text: The author of Dream of the Rood is unknown, but by knowing the approximate date of the Ruthwell Cross, scholars have been able to suggest possible authors. These include the Anglo-Saxon poets Cædmon and Cynewulf. However, recent scholarly thinking about the cross tends to see the runes as a later addition to an existing monument with images.

text: Knowledge about Cædmon, who flourished in the middle of the 7th century, comes from Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to Bede, Cædmon was an illiterate herdsman who one night dreamt how to praise God by singing beautiful Christian verses. Cædmon then became the foremost Christian poet, who led the way for others such as Bede and Cynewulf.[3] Old English scholar and noted commentator on the Ruthwell Cross Daniel H. Haigh argues that the inscription of the Ruthwell Cross must be fragments of one of Cædmon's lost poems, stating "On this monument, erected about A.D. 665, we have fragments of a religious poem of very high character, and that there was but one man living in England at that time worthy to be named as a religious poet, and that was Caedmon".[4] Another runic scholar, George Stephens contends that the very language and structure of the verses in Dream of the Rood could only have come from the 7th century and a time before Bede. Considering that the only Christian poet before Bede was Cædmon, Stephens makes the point that there could have been no one else during this time period or living in the same area that could have authored the poem other than Cædmon. Furthermore, Stephens claims that there is a runic inscription on the Ruthwell Cross, that, when translated, comes to mean "Caedmon made me".[5] Despite this evidence most scholars reject the Haigh and Stephens assertion that there is in fact such an inscription.

text: Cynewulf lived roughly c. 770–840 AD, yet very little is known about his life.[6] The only information scholars have on Cynewulf's life is what they can discover from his poetry. Two of Cynewulf's signed poems were discovered in the Vercelli Book, which includes Cynewulf's holy cross poem "Elene" as well as Dream of the Rood.[7] Where many scholars will argue that all of the poems in the Vercelli are in fact Cynewulf's, the noted German scholar Franz Dietrich demonstrates that the similarities between Cynewulf's "Elene" and The Dream of the Rood reveals that the two must have been authored by the same individual. Dietrich makes four main arguments: one, the theme of both poems is the cross, and more importantly, in both poems, the cross suffers with Christ; two, in "Elene" Cynewulf seems to make clear references to the same cross in Dream of the Rood; three, in "Elene" and his other poems Cynewulf usually speaks of himself, which makes it quite possible that the dreamer in Dream of the Rood is none other than Cynewulf himself; and finally four, "In both poems the author represents himself as old, having lost joys or friends and as ready to depart.[8]

text: The poem[edit]

text: The poem is set up with the narrator having a dream. In this dream or vision he is speaking to the Cross on which Jesus was crucified. The poem itself is divided up into three separate sections: the first part (ll. 1–27), the second part (ll. 28–121) and the third part (ll. 122–156).[9] In section one, the narrator has a vision of the Cross. Initially when the dreamer sees the Cross, he notes how it is covered with gems. He is aware of how wretched he is compared to how glorious the tree is. However, he comes to see that amidst the beautiful stones it is stained with blood.[10] In section two, the Cross shares its account of Jesus' death. The Crucifixion story is told from the perspective of the Cross. It begins with the enemy coming to cut the tree down and carrying it away. The tree learns that it is not to be the bearer of a criminal, but instead Christ crucified. The Lord and the Cross become one, and they stand together as victors, refusing to fall, taking on insurmountable pain for the sake of mankind. It is not just Christ, but the Cross as well that is pierced with nails. Adelhied L. J. Thieme remarks, "The cross itself is portrayed as his lord's retainer whose most outstanding characteristic is that of unwavering loyalty".[11] The Rood and Christ are one in the portrayal of the Passion—they are both pierced with nails, mocked and tortured. Then, just as with Christ, the Cross is resurrected, and adorned with gold and silver.[12] It is honoured above all trees just as Jesus is honoured above all men. The Cross then charges the visionary to share all that he has seen with others. In section three, the author gives his reflections about this vision. The vision ends, and the man is left with his thoughts. He gives praise to God for what he has seen and is filled with hope for eternal life and his desire to once again be near the glorious Cross.[13]

text: Structure of the poem[edit]

text: There are various, alternative readings of the structure of the poem, given the many components of the poem and the lack of clear divisions. Scholars like Faith H. Patten divide the poem into three parts, based on who is speaking: Introductory Section (lines 1–26), Speech of the Cross (lines 28–121), and Closing Section (lines 122–156).[14] Though the most obvious way to divide the poem, this does not take into account thematic unity or differences in tone.[15] Constance B. Hieatt distinguishes between portions of the Cross's speech based on speaker, subject, and verbal parallels, resulting in: Prologue (lines 1–27), Vision I (lines 28–77): history of the Rood, Vision II (lines 78–94): explanation of the Rood’s glory, Vision III (lines 95–121): the Rood’s message to mankind, and Epilogue (lines 122–156).[16] M. I. Del Mastro suggests the image of concentric circles, similar to a chiasmus, repetitive and reflective of the increased importance in the center: the narrator-dreamer’s circle (lines 1–27), the rood’s circle (lines 28–38), Christ’s circle (lines 39-73a), the rood’s circle (lines 73b-121), and the narrator-dreamer’s circle (lines 122–156).[17]

text: Paganism and Christianity[edit]

text: Like many poems of the Anglo-Saxon period, The Dream of the Rood exhibits many Christian and pre-Christian images, but in the end is a Christian peace.[18] Examining the poem as a pre-Christian (or pagan) piece is difficult, as the scribes who wrote it down were Christian monks who lived in a time when Christianity was firmly established (at least among the aristocracy) in Anglo-Saxon England.[19] Anglo-Saxon influence can be identified by the use of a complex, echoing structure, allusions, repetition, verbal parallels, the ambiguity and wordplay of the Riddles, and the language of heroic poetry and elegy.[20] Some scholars have argued that there is a prevalence of pagan elements within the poem, claiming that the idea of a talking tree is animistic. The belief in the spiritual nature of natural objects, it has been argued, recognises the tree as an object of worship. In Heathen Gods in Old English Literature, Richard North stresses the importance of the sacrifice of the tree in accordance with pagan virtues. He states that "the image of Christ's death was constructed in this poem with reference to an Anglian ideology on the world tree".[21] North suggests that the author of The Dream of the Rood "uses the language of this myth of Ingui in order to present the Passion to his newly Christianized countrymen as a story from their native tradition".[21] Furthermore, the tree's triumph over death is celebrated by adorning the cross with gold and jewels. Work of the period is notable for its synthetic employment of 'Pagan' and 'Christian' imagery as can be seen on the Franks Casket or the Kirkby Stephen cross shaft which appears to conflate the image of Christ crucified with that of Woden/Odin bound upon the Tree of Life.[22] Others have read the poem's blend of Christian themes with the heroic conventions as an Anglo-Saxon embrace and re-imagining, rather than conquest, of Christianity.[23]

text: The poem may also be viewed as both Christian and pre-Christian. Bruce Mitchell notes that The Dream of the Rood is "the central literary document for understanding [the] resolution of competing cultures which was the presiding concern of the Christian Anglo-Saxons".[18] Within the single culture of the Anglo-Saxons is the conflicting Germanic heroic tradition and the Christian doctrine of forgiveness and self-sacrifice, the influences of which are readily seen in the poetry of the period. Thus, for instance, in The Dream of the Rood, Christ is presented as a "heroic warrior, eagerly leaping on the Cross to do battle with death; the Cross is a loyal retainer who is painfully and paradoxically forced to participate in his Lord's execution".[24] Christ can also be seen as "an Anglo-Saxon warrior lord, who is served by his thanes, especially on the cross and who rewards them at the feast of glory in Heaven".[25] Thus, the crucifixion of Christ is a victory, because Christ could have fought His enemies, but chose to die. John Canuteson believes that the poem "show[s] Christ's willingness, indeed His eagerness, to embrace His fate, [and] it also reveals the physical details of what happens to a man, rather than a god, on the Cross".[26] This image of Christ as a 'heroic lord' or a 'heroic warrior' is seen frequently in Anglo-Saxon (and Germanic) literature and follows in line with the theme of understanding Christianity through pre-Christian Germanic tradition. In this way, "the poem resolves not only the pagan-Christian tensions within Anglo-Saxon culture but also current doctrinal discussions concerning the nature of Christ, who was both God and man, both human and divine".[27]

text: Other interpretations[edit]

text: J.A. Burrow notes an interesting paradox within the poem in how the Cross is set up to be the way to Salvation: the Cross states that it cannot fall and it must stay strong to fulfill the will of God. However, to fulfill this grace of God, the Cross has to be a critical component in Jesus' death.[28] This puts a whole new light on the actions of Jesus during the Crucifixion. Neither Jesus nor the Cross is given the role of the helpless victim in the poem, but instead both stand firm. The Cross says, Jesus is depicted as the strong conqueror and is made to appear a "heroic German lord, one who dies to save his troops".[29] Instead of accepting crucifixion, he 'embraces' the Cross and takes on all the sins of mankind.

text: Rebecca Hinton identifies the resemblance of the poem to early medieval Irish sacramental Penance, with the parallels between the concept of sin, the object of confession, and the role of the confessor. She traces the establishment of the practice of Penance in England from Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Canterbury from 668 to 690, deriving from the Irish confession philosophy. Within the poem, Hinton reads the dream as a confession of sorts, ending with the narrator invigorated, his "spirit longing to start."[30]

text: Faith Patten identified 'sexual imagery' in the poem between the Cross and the Christ figure, noting in particular lines 39–42, when Christ embraces the Cross after having 'unclothed himself' and leapt onto it.[14] This interpretation was expanded upon by John Canuteson, who argued that this embrace is a 'logical extension of the implications of the marriage of Christ and the Church', and that it becomes 'a kind of marriage consummation' in the poem.[26] Mary Dockray-Miller further argued that this sexual imagery functions to 'feminize' the Cross in order for it to mirror the heightened masculinity of the warrior Christ in the poem.[25]