document_title: Batman (TV series)

question_text: who played catwoman in the tv show batman

question_tokens: who played catwoman in the tv show batman

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text: Batman (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series focused on the adventures of Batman and Robin. Although the lives of their alter-egos, millionaire Bruce Wayne and his ward Dick Grayson (Richard John Grayson) were frequently shown, it was usually only briefly, in the context of their being called away on superhero business, or in circumstances where they needed to employ their secret identities to assist in their crime-fighting. The "Dynamic Duo" typically come to the aid of the Gotham City Police upon the latter being stumped by a supervillain. Throughout each episode, Batman and Robin have to follow a series of wildly improbable clues to discover the supervillain's plan, then figure out how to thwart that plan and capture the criminal.

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text: For the first two seasons, Batman aired twice a week on consecutive nights. Every story is a two-parter, except for two three-parters featuring villainous team ups (The Joker and The Penguin, The Penguin and Marsha, Queen of Diamonds) in the second season. The titles of each multi-part story usually rhymed. For the third season, which aired one episode a week, most episodes were self-contained stories. However, each episode would end with a teaser featuring the next episode's guest villain. The cliffhangers between multiple-parters typically consisted of the supervillain holding someone captive, usually the Dynamic Duo, with the captives being subject to some elaborate, gruesome – if unlikely – death. This would inevitably be resolved early in the follow-up episode.

text: Ostensibly a crime series, the style of the show was in fact campy and tongue-in-cheek. It was a true situation comedy, in that situations were exaggerated and were generally played for laughs. This increased as the seasons progressed, with the addition of ever greater absurdity. The characters, however, always took the absurd situations extremely seriously – which added to the comedy.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Regular cast[edit]

text:
Adam West as Bruce Wayne / Batman: A millionaire whose parents were murdered by criminals, he now secretly uses his vast fortune to fight crime as Batman. Producer William Dozier cast Adam West in the role after seeing him perform as the James Bond-like spy Captain Q in a Nestlé Quik television ad. Lyle Waggoner had screen-tested for the role, though West ultimately won out because, it was said, he was the only person who could deliver the hilarious lines with a straight face. West later voiced an animated version of the title character on The New Adventures of Batman and well as Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show and The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians.
Burt Ward as Dick Grayson / Robin: Batman's faithful (if overly eager) partner and "Boy Wonder", a high school student noted for his recurring interjections in the form of "Holy ________, Batman!" (The series avoided referencing Robin's origins as Bruce Wayne's fellow "crime orphan", as whose legal guardian the courts appoint Bruce.) Ward voiced an animated version of this character on The New Adventures of Batman.
Alan Napier as Alfred Pennyworth: Batman's loyal butler and Batgirl's discreet confidant. He is the only person who knows the true identities of Bruce Wayne, Dick Grayson and Barbara Gordon.
Neil Hamilton as Commissioner James Gordon: The Commissioner of the Gotham City Police Department and one of Batman's two major police contacts. He summons the Dynamic Duo via the Batphone or the Bat Signal.
Stafford Repp as Chief Miles O'Hara: Gotham City's Chief of Police, and Batman's other major police contact. The character was created by Semple for the series, as someone for Gordon to talk to, and later briefly added to the comics.
Madge Blake as Aunt Harriet Cooper: Dick Grayson's maternal aunt. She first appeared in the comics, two years before the series premiered, to give Bruce and Dick a reason to be secretive about their dual identities.
Yvonne Craig as Barbara Gordon / Batgirl: Commissioner Gordon's daughter, Gotham City librarian and crime fighting partner for Batman and Robin for the third season. Occasionally this threesome was nicknamed the "Terrific Trio".
William Dozier – Executive producer, creator, and narrator (uncredited).

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text: According to Adam West's memoir, Back to the Batcave, his first exposure to the series concept was through reading a sample script in which Batman enters a nightclub in his complete costume and requests a booth near the wall, as he "shouldn't wish to attract attention". It was the scrupulously formal dialogue, and the way that Batman earnestly believed he could avoid standing out while wearing a skintight blue-and-grey costume, that convinced West of the character's comic potential.

text: With the death of Adam West on June 9, 2017, Burt Ward is now the only surviving main Batman cast member.

text: Recurring villains[edit]

text:
Cesar Romero as the Joker...A white-skinned, red-lipped, green-haired, purple-suited clown with a maniacal laugh who leaves behind jokes as clues to his next crime.
Burgess Meredith as the Penguin...A waddling, cackling, chain-smoking, umbrella-wielding menace in a top hat and tails and a monocle.
The Riddler played by:

Frank Gorshin (seasons 1 & 3 and the movie)
John Astin (season 2)...A giggling fiend whose costume alternates between green tights or a green derby and suit, both accented with question marks. He taunts Gotham City and the Caped Crusader with riddles that are clues to his crimes.

The Catwoman played by:

Julie Newmar (seasons 1 and 2)
Lee Meriwether (the movie)
Eartha Kitt (season 3) ...A purring feline seductress in a tight black bodysuit with designs on Gotham City's riches and Batman himself.

Victor Buono as Professor William McElroy a.k.a. King Tut...An Egyptologist with a split personality, who divides his time between being a university professor and a reincarnated version of the centuries-old pharaoh.
Mr. Freeze, a.k.a. Dr. Shrivel, played by:

George Sanders (season 1)
Otto Preminger (season 2)
Eli Wallach (season 2)...A cool, cruel crook who must dwell in an environment 50 degrees below zero. His weapon of choice is a freeze-blast gun. In his first appearance the gun could also produce a heat/incendiary beam.

Mad Hatter, a.k.a. Jervis Tetch, played by David Wayne...A formally dressed baddie with a obsession for collecting hats.
Vincent Price as Egghead...A smug, bald-headed genius whose crimes and speech patterns involve eggs. ("Egg-zactly.")
Carolyn Jones as Marsha, Queen of Diamonds...A stunning, jewel-bedecked enchantress with very expensive tastes.
Cliff Robertson as Shame...A none too bright cowpoke whose partners at various times include Okie Annie and Calamity Jan.
Anne Baxter as Olga, Queen of the Cossacks...A Russian-accented redhead in cahoots with Egghead. (Baxter had earlier appeared in one story as "Zelda the Great", a master of illusion whose crimes were tied in with magic tricks.)
Milton Berle as Louie the Lilac...A stogie puffing gangster with an unhealthy attraction for flowers.

text: Production[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: In the early 1960s, Ed Graham Productions optioned the television rights to the comic strip Batman and planned a straightforward juvenile adventure show, much like Adventures of Superman and The Lone Ranger, to air on CBS on Saturday mornings.

text: East Coast ABC executive Yale Udoff, a Batman fan in his childhood, contacted ABC executives Harve Bennett and Edgar J. Scherick, who were already considering developing a television series based on a comic-strip action hero, to suggest a prime-time Batman series in the hip and fun style of The Man from U.N.C.L.E. When negotiations between CBS and Graham stalled, DC Comics quickly reobtained rights and made the deal with ABC, which farmed the rights out to 20th Century Fox to produce the series.[4]

text: In turn, 20th Century Fox handed the project to William Dozier and his production company, Greenway Productions. ABC and Fox were expecting a hip and fun—yet still serious—adventure show. However, Dozier, who had never before read comic books, concluded, after reading several Batman comics for research, that the only way to make the show work was to do it as a pop-art campy comedy.[5] Originally, espionage novelist Eric Ambler was to have scripted a TV movie that would launch the television series, but he dropped out after learning of Dozier's campy comedy approach. Eventually, two sets of screen tests were filmed, one with Adam West and Burt Ward and the other with Lyle Waggoner and Peter Deyell, with West and Ward winning the roles.

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Lorenzo Semple Jr. had signed on as head script writer. He wrote the pilot script, and generally wrote in a pop-art adventure style. Stanley Ralph Ross, Stanford Sherman, and Charles Hoffman were script writers who generally leaned more toward campy comedy, and in Ross's case, sometimes outright slapstick and satire. It was originally intended as a one-hour show, but ABC changed the premiere date from fall 1966 to January of that year. With the network having only two early-evening half-hour time slots available, the show was split into two parts, to air twice a week in 30-minute installments. A cliffhanger connected the two episodes, echoing the old movie serials.

text: Some ABC affiliates weren't happy that ABC included a fourth commercial minute in every episode of Batman. One affiliate refused to air the series. The network insisted it needed the extra advertising revenue.[6]

text: The Joker, the Penguin, the Riddler, Catwoman, Mr. Freeze, and the Mad Hatter, villains who originated in the comic books, all appeared in the series, the plots for which were deliberately villain-driven. According to the producers, Frank Gorshin was selected to portray the Riddler due to the fact that he was a Batman fan since childhood. Catwoman was portrayed by three different actresses during the series run: by Julie Newmar in the first two seasons, by Lee Meriwether in the feature film based on the series, and by Eartha Kitt in the third and final season.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Semple's participation in the series decreased in the second season. In his autobiography Back to the Batcave, Adam West explained to Jeff Rovin, to whom he dictated the autobiography after rejecting an offer to contribute to The Official "Batman" Batbook, written by Joel Eisner, that when work on the second season commenced following the completion of the feature film, Dozier, his immediate deputy Howie Horwitz, and the rest of the cast and crew rushed their preparation. Thus, they failed to give themselves enough time to determine what they wanted to do with the series during season two.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: By season three, ratings were falling and the future of the series seemed uncertain. To attract new viewers, Dozier opted to introduce a female character. He came up with the idea of using Batgirl, who in her civilian identity would be Commissioner Gordon's daughter, Barbara, and asked the editor of the Batman comics to further develop the character (who had made her debut in a 1966 issue of Detective Comics).[7] To convince ABC executives to introduce Batgirl as a regular on the show, a promotional short featuring Yvonne Craig as Batgirl and Tim Herbert as Killer Moth was produced.[8] The show was reduced to once a week, with mostly self-contained episodes, although the following week's villain would be introduced in a tag at the end of each episode, similar to a soap opera. Accordingly, the narrator's cliffhanger phrases were mostly eliminated, most episodes ending with him encouraging viewers to watch next week.[notes 1]

text: Aunt Harriet was reduced to just two cameo appearances during the third season, due to Madge Blake's poor health and the issue of trying to fit so many characters (Batman, Robin, Batgirl, Alfred, Commissioner Gordon, Chief O'Hara and a guest villain) into a half hour episode. Another cast change for the final season was replacing Julie Newmar, who had been a popular recurring guest villain as the Catwoman for the first two seasons. Singer-actress Eartha Kitt assumed the role for season three, as Newmar was working on the film Mackenna's Gold at that time and thus unable to appear. In the United States, Kitt's performance in the series marked the second mainstream television success of a black female, following Nichelle Nichols as Lt. Uhura in Star Trek and continued breaking the racial boundaries of the time. Kitt's performance as Catwoman would also, later, inspire Halle Berry's portrayal of the character in the 2004 film Catwoman, in which Berry would mimic Kitt's famous purrs. Frank Gorshin, the original actor to play the Riddler, returned for a single appearance after a one-season hiatus, during which John Astin made one appearance in the role.

text: The nature of the scripts and acting started to enter into the realm of surrealism. For example, the set's backgrounds became mere two-dimensional cut-outs against a stark black stage. In addition, the third season was much more topical, with references to hippies, mods, and distinctive 1960s slang, which the previous two seasons had avoided.

text: Cancellation[edit]

text: Near the end of the third season, ratings had dropped significantly, and ABC cancelled the show. But NBC had agreed to take over the series and was ready to continue. Before that could happen, it was discovered that someone had destroyed the Batman sets which cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to build, and the deal with NBC was lost.[9] Reruns of the series have been seen on a regular basis in the United States. They are currently shown on the classic TV networks Heroes & Icons on Saturday mornings, MeTV on Saturday nights,[10] weekdays dubbed in Spanish on TeleXitos, as well as Saturday mornings on IFC.[11]

text: Batmobile[edit]

text: The original Batmobile from the 1960s TV series was auctioned on January 19, 2013, at the Barrett-Jackson auction house in Scottsdale, Arizona.[12] It was sold for $4.2 million.[13]

text: Tie-in music[edit]

text: Several cast members recorded music tied into the series. Adam West released a single titled "Miranda", a country-tinged pop song that he actually performed in costume during live appearances in the 1960s. Frank Gorshin released a song titled "The Riddler", which was composed and arranged by Mel Tormé. Burgess Meredith recorded a spoken-word single called "The Escape" backed with "The Capture", which consisted of the Penguin narrating his recent crime spree to a jazz beat. Burt Ward recorded a song called "Boy Wonder, I Love You", written and arranged by Frank Zappa.

text: In 1966, Batman: The Exclusive Original Soundtrack Album was released on LP, featuring music by Nelson Riddle and snippets of dialogue from Adam West, Burt Ward, Burgess Meredith, Frank Gorshin, Anne Baxter (as Zelda the Great) and George Sanders (the first Mr. Freeze). The "Batman Theme" was included, along with titles like "Batusi A Go! Go!", "Batman Thaws Mr. Freeze" and "Batman Blues". It was reissued later on compact disc.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: The show lasted for three seasons, consisting of 120 episodes:

text:
Season One consisted of 34 episodes, and aired from January 12, 1966 to May 5, 1966
Season Two consisted of 60 episodes, and aired from September 7, 1966 to March 30, 1967
Season Three consisted of 26 episodes, and aired from September 14, 1967 to March 14, 1968

text: Adaptations[edit]

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text: The show featured numerous adaptations of various Batman comics stories – particularly in its first season. These first-season episodes were adaptations:

text:
The episodes "Hi Diddle Riddle" and "Smack in the Middle" were adaptations of "Remarkable Ruse of the Riddler" from Batman #171 (May 1965), written by Gardner Fox; in it, the Riddler, jealous of the attention Batman is giving the Mole Hill Mob, arranges a trap so Batman will apprehend the gang and give the Riddler the Caped Crusader's undivided attention.
The episodes "Fine Feathered Finks" and "The Penguin's a Jinx" are based on "Partners in Plunder!" from Batman #169 (February 1965), written by France Eddie Herron; the only difference is the Penguin steals the jeweled meteorite (which was mentioned in the comic), instead of kidnapping Dawn Robbins (who did not appear in the comic).
Many events of the episodes "The Joker Is Wild" and "Batman Is Riled" are based on the silver age comic book story "The Joker's Utility Belt" from Batman #73 (October 1952) by David Vern Reed.
The episodes "Instant Freeze" and "Rats Like Cheese" were inspired by "The Ice Crimes of Mr. Zero" from Batman #121 (February 1959) by Dave Wood and Sheldon Moldoff.
The episodes "Zelda The Great" and "A Death Worse Than Fate" are based on "Batman's Inescapable Doom-Trap!" from Detective Comics #346 (December 1965) by John Broome. Although the evil character Eivol Ekdol appeared in the story, Zelda did not; instead, the magician was a man named Carnado.
The episodes "The Thirteenth Hat" and "Batman Stands Pat" borrow several elements from several comic book stories such as "The Mad Hatter of Gotham City" by Bill Finger and Sheldon Moldoff, from Detective Comics #230 (April 1956), and "The New Crimes of the Mad Hatter" by Dave Wood and Sheldon Moldoff from Batman #161 (February 1964). Also the Mad Hatter's plan of impersonating the sculptor working on a Batman statue for the city (for which Batman himself is, of course, posing) in an attempt to steal Batman's cowl comes from the Batman #49 story "The Scoop of the Century!" (October 1948) by Bill Finger.
The episodes "The Penguin Goes Straight" and "Not Yet, He Ain't" have a plot point of the Penguin framing Batman for a theft actually comes from Detective Comics #58 (December 1941) by Bill Finger, which is ironic as it was the issue in which the Penguin first appeared.
The episodes "The Joker Trumps an Ace" and "Batman Sets the Pace" have several plot points similar to the comic story "A Hairpin, a Hoe, a Hacksaw, a Hole In the Ground!" by Bill Finger, from Batman #53 (June 1949).
The episodes "Death in Slow Motion" and "The Riddler's False Notion" used a few elements from "The Joker's Comedy Capers" by Gardner Fox, from Detective Comics #341 (July 1965), only replacing the main villain of the Joker with the Riddler.

text: Episode format[edit]

text:
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text: Each story relied on using the same formula, so that the audience quickly came to expect a series of familiar set pieces: a phone call from the police asking for Batman's help, a dash to the Batcave, a race in the Batmobile to police headquarters, a conference in the Commissioner's office, investigating the scene of the crime, examining clues in the crime-lab at the Batcave, rushing to the villain's secret hideout, falling into the pre-arranged trap. By relying heavily on a formula, it became easy to spoof various elements of that formula.

text: Teaser and exposition[edit]

text: The typical story begins with a villain's caper (such as stealing a fabulous treasure, kidnapping a prominent person, or attempting to take over Gotham City). In his office, Commissioner Gordon, along with Chief O'Hara, learn of the crime and the culprit. Helpless to stop the villain, they contact Batman via the Batphone – a bright red telephone that provides a direct phone link to Batman (be it at Wayne Manor, the Batcave or the Batmobile). At "stately Wayne Manor", Alfred (Wayne's butler) answers the Batphone and informs Bruce Wayne of the call. Frequently, Wayne and his ward, Dick Grayson, are found talking with Dick's aunt, Harriet Cooper, who is unaware of Bruce and Dick's secret identities. Alfred discreetly interrupts and they excuse themselves to go to the Batphone in Wayne's study. Upon learning the details from Gordon, Wayne turns a switch concealed within a bust of Shakespeare that stands on his desk to reveal two fireman's poles hidden behind a sliding bookcase. "To the Batpoles!" Wayne exclaims, and he and Grayson slide down the poles that lead to the Batcave.

text: The title sequence features animated versions of Batman and Robin, drawn in the then-current style of the comic books, running towards camera and then fighting an assortment of villains, including several "marquee" villains such as the Joker and the Penguin.

text: Similar in style and content to the 1940s serials, Batman and Robin would arrive at the bottom of the Batpoles in the Batcave in full costume (reference is made later in the series to some sort of costuming device that functions on the way down the poles). They then jump into the Batmobile. Robin checks the gauges and reports, "Atomic batteries to power...turbines to speed." Batman responds, "Roger, ready to move out." With that, the two would drive out of the cave at high speed. As the Batmobile approached the mouth of the cave (actually a tunnel entrance in Los Angeles' Bronson Canyon), a camouflaged door would swing open and a hinged road barrier outside the Batcave would drop down to allow the car to exit onto the road. The duo then speeds to police headquarters to meet with Gordon and be briefed on the criminal they must thwart. Most of the footage following the opening title sequence from Batman and Robin sliding down the Batpoles through their arrival at police headquarters was reused in each episode. After the National Safety Council complained that Batman and Robin should set a good example, the repeated sequence was changed to show them fastening seat belts before starting out.[14][15]

text: Investigation[edit]

text: The initial discussion of the crime usually leads to Batman and Robin conducting their investigation alone, although the police are often used for assistance and to implement plans or traps that Batman devises to catch the villain. Typically Batman and Robin must use deduction from the clues left by the villain to determine elements such as the villain's identity, plan, target, and/or location. This usually results in a meeting with the villain, a fistfight with the villain's henchmen, and the villain's escape, leaving a further series of unlikely clues for the duo to investigate. Later, they would face the villain's henchmen again, be captured and one or both heroes placed in a deathtrap leading to a cliffhanger ending, which was usually resolved in the first few minutes of the next episode.

text: After the cliffhanger[edit]

text: The latter part(s) of multi-episode stories begins with a brief recap of the first part(s). After the opening credits and the theme music, the cliffhanger is resolved.

text: The same general plot pattern of investigation and confrontation repeats in the following episode until the villain is defeated in a major brawl.

text: Other recurring elements[edit]

text: The series used a narrator (executive producer William Dozier, uncredited) who parodied both the breathless narration style of the 1940s serials and Walter Winchell's bombastic narration of The Untouchables. He would end many of the cliffhanger episodes by intoning, "Tune in tomorrow – same Bat-time, same Bat-channel!" In the episodes following cliffhangers, recaps of the previous episode consisted of a series of short phrases from Dozier accompanying short, silent clips of the prior episode, which usually ended in a freeze-frame. In the third season, when single-episode stories were introduced, the narrator would end the show by encouraging viewers to tune in the following week.

text: During the climactic fistfights in each episode, the punches and other impacts were punctuated by onomatopoeia (sound effects) superimposed in bright colors over the action on the screen, as in comic-book fight scenes ("POW!", "BAM!", "ZONK!", etc.). As a money saving device, after the first season, instead of being superimposed over the fight scene, the sound effects were merely printed on cards and inserted into the action.

text: Despite the regular fighting on the show, Batman and Robin typically use non-lethal force; only three criminal characters die during the series: the Riddler's moll Molly (played by Jill St. John in the pilot episode), who accidentally falls into the Batcave's atomic reactor, and two out-of-town gunmen who shoot at Batman and Robin, but kill each other instead, toward the end of "Zelda The Great/A Death Worse Than Fate". In the film, six criminals die in total: Five henchmen are dehydrated by the Penguin in order to infiltrate the Batcave, but this plan fails when the henchmen unexpectedly disappear into antimatter once struck. A sixth henchman is presumably killed when he is caught in a trap meant for Batman and sprung into an exploding octopus. Twice, the Catwoman (Julie Newmar) appears to fall to her death (into a bottomless pit and from a high building into a river), but returned in later episodes. In "Instant Freeze", Mr. Freeze freezes a butler solid and knocks him over, and sound-effects suggest that he is shattered into pieces. A later reference suggests the butler survived. In "Green Ice", Mr. Freeze freezes a policeman solid; it is left unclear whether he survived. In "The Penguin's Nest", a policeman suffers an electric shock at the hands of the Penguin's accomplices, but he is presumed to survive, as he appears in some later episodes.

text: A catch-phrase popularized by the series was Robin's saying "Holy [subject], Batman!" whenever he encountered something startling. This phrase was parodied in the 1995 film Batman Forever.

text: In many episodes, Batman and Robin must get to a high point of a building or other structure. They do this via the Batrope which is thrown and anchored above the high point, and which Batman and Robin climb by walking up the side of the structure with the aid of the rope. The climbing sequences were filmed by rotating the camera 90 degrees and building a set for the "side" of the structure along the studio floor. The heroes' capes were pulled back (to replicate the pull of gravity) with invisible lines. In many episodes, celebrities made cameo appearances by popping their heads out of windows along these climbs to speak to the heroes.

text: In one episode, the Catwoman's hideout is a hair salon owned by a "Mr. Oceanbring." The real-life inspiration for the character, hair stylist (and future Manson family victim) Jay Sebring, appears uncredited during the fight scene and has a couple of spoken lines.

text: The villains commonly have henchmen whose names are somehow associated with the villain's identity; for example, Catwoman's henchmen have cat-related names like Felix and Leo. Characters commonly use alliterations. Examples include Batman referring to the Joker as a "hateful harlequin" and the Penguin calling Catwoman a "feline floozy".

text: Only two of the show's guest villains ever discovered Batman's true identity: Egghead by deductive reasoning, and King Tut on two occasions – the first time with a bug placed on the Batmobile and the second time by accidentally mining into the Batcave. Egghead was tricked into disbelieving his discovery, though, as was Tut in the episode when he bugged the Batmobile. In the episode when Tut tunneled into the Batcave, he was hit on the head by a rock, which made him forget his discovery and jarred him back into his identity as a mild-mannered professor of Egyptology at Yale University. While under the spell of the Siren (Joan Collins), Commissioner Gordon found the Batcave beneath Wayne Manor and deduced Batman's true identity, but Alfred gassed him to prevent his informing her, the memory of the discovery gone after leaving the Siren's spell.

text: The show's campiness was played up in elements, including the design of the villains, dialogue and in signs appearing on various props. Batman would frequently reveal one of his many crime-fighting gadgets, which were usually given a ridiculous-sounding name that somehow incorporated the word "bat" – often simply by adding the word "bat" to an otherwise normal descriptor, such as Shark Repellant Bat-Spray, Bat-Computer, Extra-Strong Bat-Knockout Gas, etc. Most of Batman's items in the Batcave, bat-vehicles and on the utility belt were given superfluous and simplistic block-letter labels, even though Batman, Robin and Alfred, the only people who used the equipment, clearly knew what all of it was.

text: Reunions[edit]

text:
In 1977, Adam West and Burt Ward returned as voice actors for the second Filmation-produced animated series, The New Adventures of Batman.
In 1979, West, Ward, and Frank Gorshin reunited and reprised their respective roles on NBC for Hanna-Barbera's two Legends of the Superheroes television specials.
In the 1980s, several cast members teamed up for a series of celebrity editions of Family Feud. The participants were Adam West, Burt Ward, Yvonne Craig, Lee Meriwether, and Vincent Price.
In 1984 West would once again reprise his role as Batman in animated form when he succeeded Olan Soule in the final two seasons of Super Friends.
In 2003, West and Ward reunited for a tongue-in-cheek television movie titled Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt which combined dramatized recreations of the filming of the original series (with younger actors standing in for the stars), with modern footage of West and Ward searching for a stolen Batmobile. The film included cameo appearances by Newmar, Gorshin, and Lee Meriwether, as well as Lyle Waggoner, who had been an early candidate for the role of Batman. Yvonne Craig did not appear in the movie—she reportedly disliked the script. The movie was released on DVD in May 2005.

text: Spin-offs & Sequels[edit]

text: Batman (1966 film)[edit]

text: A film based on the television show, Batman, was released in 1966. The film was originally intended to be produced before the series as a way to introduce the series to the public. However, the series' premiere was moved up and the film was forced to wait until the summer hiatus after the first season. The film was produced quickly to get into theatres prior to the start of season two of the television series.

text: The film did not initially perform well at the cinema. Originally, the movie had been conceived to help sell the television series abroad, but the success of the series in America was sufficient publicity. The film was shot after season one was filmed. The movie's budget allowed for producers to build the Batboat and lease a helicopter that would be made into the Batcopter, both of which were used in the second and third seasons of the television show.[16]

text: Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders[edit]

text: West and Ward announced at the Mad Monster Party that one or two Batman animated movies would be released in 2016 with the two doing voiced roles as their characters for the show's 50th anniversary along with Julie Newmar returning.[17][18]

text: The trailer for Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders made its debut on August 17, 2016.[19] The film was released on Digital HD and Digital Media on October 11, 2016 and on DVD and Blu-ray November 1, 2016.[20]

text: Batman vs. Two-Face[edit]

text: A sequel to Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders called Batman vs. Two-Face was released on October 10, 2017. The film starred William Shatner voicing Two-Face as the main antagonist.[21][22] Adam West died before it was released;[23] however, he did complete his voiceover work before his passing. This was one of Adam West's final roles before he passed away from leukemia.

text: Batman '66 comic[edit]

text: In 2013, DC began publication of Batman '66, a comic book series telling all-new stories set in the world of the 1966–68 TV series. Jeff Parker writes the series, which features cover art by Mike Allred and interior art by different artists each issue.[24][25][26] In the course of this series, the Bookworm, the Minstrel, Sandman, Olga Queen of the Cossacks, Zelda The Great, Shame, and Marsha Queen of Diamonds all have their first appearance in Batman comics. Penguin, Joker, Riddler, Catwoman and Mr. Freeze also appear in the series. Issue #3 of Batman '66 introduced the Red Hood and Dr. Quinn into the series continuity. In issue #7, Batman used a new vehicle, the Bat-Jet, to follow False-Face to Mount Rushmore. The series was to have introduced Killer Croc into the continuity, as well as a new villainess named Cleopatra. In April 2014, the first five issues were compiled into the Batman '66 Vol. 1 trade paperback. Kevin Smith and Ralph Garman likewise worked on a Batman and Green Hornet crossover, titled Batman '66 meets The Green Hornet. The six-issue miniseries began publication in June 2014.[27] Jeff Parker wrote a Batman and The Man from U.N.C.L.E. team-up titled Batman '66 meets The Man from U.N.C.L.E. released in 2016.[28] Ian Edginton wrote a Batman team-up with John Steed and Emma Peel of The Avengers titled Batman '66 Meets Steed and Mrs. Peel.[29][30][31] Batman teams up with Wonder Woman in the crossover team up Batman' 66 Meets Wonder Woman '77 writing by both Parker and Marc Andreyko.[32] Whether Batman '66 is represented in one of the current New 52 DC Multiverse alternative Earths is uncertain. Thus far, this has not been the case, although several such alternative Earths inhabitants and representative metahumans remain undisclosed.[33]

text: Other comics[edit]

text: Bluewater Comics has released a series of comics that take their cue from the TV show. They are The Mis-Adventures of Adam West, The Secret Lives of Julie Newmar, and Burt Ward, Boy Wonder and are similar in tone to the TV series. The Mis-Adventures of Adam West was a four-issue miniseries and a regular series that ran nine issues. The Secret Lives of Julie Newmar was a four-issue miniseries and Burt Ward, Boy Wonder was going to be a four-issue miniseries, but has not yet been published.

text: Crossovers[edit]

text: The Green Hornet and Kato on Batman[edit]

text: Van Williams and Bruce Lee made a cameo appearance as the Green Hornet and Kato in "window cameos" while the Batman and Robin were climbing a building. This was in part one of a two-part second-season episode of the Batman TV series, "The Spell of Tut", which aired on September 28, 1966.[34]

text: Later that same season, the Green Hornet and Kato appeared in the two-part second-season episodes A Piece of the Action and Batman's Satisfaction, which aired on March 1–2, 1967. In the two episodes, the Green Hornet and Kato are in Gotham City to bust a counterfeit stamp ring run by Colonel Gumm (portrayed by Roger C. Carmel).[35] The Batman's Satisfaction episode leads to a mixed fight, with both Batman & Robin and The Green Hornet & Kato fighting Colonel Gumm and his gang. Once Gumm's crew was defeated, Batman and Robin squared off against The Green Hornet and Kato, resulting in a stand-off that was interrupted by the police. In this episode, Batman, Robin and the police consider the Green Hornet and Kato to be criminals, although Batman and Robin were cordial to the duo in the earlier window appearance. There is also a mention of The Green Hornet TV series on the Batman TV series episode The Impractical Joker (episode 55, Part 1, aired November 16, 1966): while watching TV together, Alfred, Dick Grayson and Bruce Wayne (who says, "It's time to watch The Green Hornet", and you hear the Hornet buzzing sound) are interrupted by the Joker; then, after the interruption, The Green Hornet TV series theme music is heard.

text: Batman and Robin on The Green Hornet[edit]

text: In the December 9, 1966 Green Hornet episode "The Secret Of The Sally Bell", the Batmobile can be seen revolving on its turntable floor in the batcave on a bad guy's TV set. In the February 3, 1967 Green Hornet episode "Ace in the Hole" (which aired between the September 1966 and March 1967 Batman appearances mentioned above), Batman and Robin can be seen climbing a building on a television set. There was one other Green Hornet & Kato appearance that was not on the Batman TV series nor on The Green Hornet TV series: a segment of the Milton Berle Show/The Hollywood Palace aired in the Fall of 1966 brought together The Green Hornet and Kato (Van Williams and Bruce Lee), and Batman (Adam West), in a comedy sketch with Milton Berle, in which Bruce Lee demonstrates his martial arts expertise. Burt Ward as "Robin" was not included in this appearance.

text: Public service announcements[edit]

text: The Batman character appeared in three public service announcements.

text: U.S. Savings Bonds[edit]

text: In 1966, West, as Batman, encouraged schoolchildren to heed then-President Lyndon B. Johnson's call for them to buy U.S. Savings stamps, a children's version of U.S. Savings bonds, to support the Vietnam War.[36]

text: British Road Safety[edit]

text: In 1967 a one minute film was created for the Central Office of Information.[37] The information film was filmed in Kenning, London and showed Batman played Adam West taking a break from fighting crime and helping children with their technique of road safety.[37]

text: U.S. Department of Labor[edit]

text: In a 1974 PSA for the U.S. Department of Labor Wage & Hour Division narrated by William Dozier, Batman and Robin were tied to a post amid the threat of a ticking time bomb, but Batgirl (Yvonne Craig) refused to release them because she was paid less than Robin (Burt Ward), in violation of the Federal Equal Pay Law.[38] Dick Gautier played Batman this time, because West was, at the time, trying to distance himself from the role.

text: Broadcast history[edit]

text: International broadcast[edit]

text:
[show]List of broadcasts

United States

ABC (January 12, 1966 – March 14, 1968)

United Kingdom

ITV (1989–1992)
Channel 4 (1993–1996) (Channel 4 started running the series in 1993 at the rate of one episode a week. Then: ITV4 started running the series in 2011 at the rate of one episode a week.)
ITV4 (2011–2014) (18 Years Of Channels : Channel 4 started running the series in 1993 at the rate of one episode a week. Then: ITV4 started running the series in 2011 at the rate of one episode a week.)
The Children's Channel/The Family Channel/Bravo (1993–2001)

Australia

The 0-10 Network
Seven Network
Fox Classics
SBS Viceland

text: Reception[edit]

text: The live action television show was extraordinarily popular, called "the biggest TV phenomenon of the mid-1960s".[39] At the height of its popularity, it was the only prime-time television show other than Peyton Place to be broadcast twice in one week as part of its regular schedule, airing at 7:30 pm Wednesdays and Thursdays. Episodes of the show were filmed as two-part cliffhangers, with each storyline beginning on Wednesday and ending on the Thursday episode. In the second season, a pair of three-parters was also seen; at the very end of the Thursday night segment, a brief tag featuring the next week's villain would be shown, such as, "Next week: Batman jousts with The Joker again!" This started on the third week of the series' run and continued until the end of season two. The first episode of a storyline would typically end with Batman and Robin being in a deathtrap, while the narrator (Dozier) would tell viewers to watch the next night with the repeated phrase: "Tune in tomorrow—same Bat-time, same Bat-channel!" Even decades after the show ceased production, this catch-phrase remains a long-running punchline in popular culture.

text: Television critics Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz ranked Batman as the 82nd greatest American television show of all time in their 2016 book titled TV (The Book), stating that "West's performance, the brilliance of which has required decades to be properly recognized, played as if series creator William Dozier and chief developer Lorenzo Semple Jr., had taken the establishment's fantasy of itself and dolled it up in tights and a cape .... The anarchic gangs of supervillains and henchmen that kept trying to capture or destroy Gotham City stood in for the forces of chaos that kept threatening to engulf so-called civilized America throughout the sixties, only made colorfully grotesque and knowingly silly."[40] In 1997, TV Guide ranked the episodes "The Purr-fect Crime" and "Better Luck Next Time" #86 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes.[41] In 2009, "Better Luck Next Time" was ranked #72.[42]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The series' stars, Adam West and Burt Ward, were typecast for decades afterwards, with West especially finding himself unable to escape the reputation of a hammy, camp actor. However, years after the series' impact faded, an episode of Batman: The Animated Series paid tribute to West with an episode titled "Beware The Gray Ghost". In this episode, West himself provided the voice of an aging star of a superhero television series Bruce Wayne had watched as a child and from which he later found inspiration. This gave West new popularity with the next generation of fans. He also played Gotham City's Mayor Grange as a somewhat recurring role in The Batman. In addition, West played the voice of Thomas Wayne, Bruce Wayne's father in the episode "Chill of the Night" from the series Batman: The Brave and the Bold.

text: In other media[edit]

text: Pinball machine[edit]

text: The company Stern released the pinball machine Batman '66, based on the TV series, in December 2016. It is the first Stern game that features a full color LCD in the backbox instead of a Dot-matrix display. There are three different versions of the pinball machine: Super Limited Edition, Limited Edition and Premium.[43][44]

text: Home media releases[edit]

text:
DVD/Blu-ray name
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

The Complete First Season (DVD)
November 11, 2014
TBA
TBA

The Second Season: Part One (DVD)
February 10, 2015
TBA
TBA

The Second Season: Part Two (DVD)
July 14, 2015
TBA
TBA

The Complete Third Season (DVD)
November 3, 2015[45]
TBA
TBA

The Complete Series (DVD & Blu-ray)
November 11, 2014
16 Feb. 2015
TBA

text: In January 2014, Conan O'Brien posted on his Twitter account, and Warner Bros. later confirmed, that Warner Bros. would release an official DVD and Blu-ray boxed set of the complete series sometime in 2014.[46]

text: On April 10, 2014, the website tvshowsondvd.com quoted Burt Ward in saying that Warner Bros. would release the complete series on November 11, 2014, in time for the holiday season from 20th Century Fox Television, and that Adam West and he were doing special features for the release.

text: Prior to the announcement, multiple conflicting reports were given for the reason the series had not been released officially. These included:

text:
Negotiations between DC Comics (and parent company Warner Bros.), owners of the Batman character and 20th Century Fox, owners of the program itself.[notes 2]
Greenway/ABC/Fox rights issues: The Batman series was conceived as an equal partnership between William Dozier's Greenway Productions and Fox in 1964, before Fox entered into a separate agreement with ABC to produce the series in 1965. With three companies involved almost from the outset, some speculation indicates 'these rights' are tangled even before the DC Comics character ownership rights are to be considered. Moreover:

In 2006, Deborah Dozier Potter, "the successor-in-interest to Greenway Productions" sued Fox for allegedly withholding monies under the Fox/ABC agreement.[47][48] Dozier Potter further claimed that this came to her attention when, in March 2005, "she considered releasing the series on DVD", implying that (from her perspective at least) Greenway/Dozier Potter has some say in the matter of potential DVD release of the series. The case was resolved/dismissed in November 2007. In February 2005, John Stacks had approached Deborah Dozier Potter to market the series on DVD. There were many offers and lots of interest in the release of the series, as can be read in Joel Eisner's The Official Batbook Revised Bat Edition 2008.[notes 3]

Other complications/rights issues:

Christopher D. Heer, writing at the "1966 Batman Message Board", clarified a quote by moderator Lee Kirkham, noting that there will likely be the need for complicated deals regarding cameos, since "...at least some of the cameos were done as uncredited, unpaid walk-ons – which means that Fox does NOT have home video clearances for them. Either those scenes would have to be cut or an agreement reached with the actors."[49]
Kirkham's initial quote also noted that, alongside music clearance issues, there could also be problems over some of the costumes, and the original Batmobile:

text: The series, under the Fox/ABC deal, is still in syndication, and regularly shown on a number of channels around the world, currently appearing in the United States on Me-TV and IFC as of July 4, 2014. Until 2014, only the 1966 feature film was available on DVD from 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment for nonbroadcast viewing in North America. This affected the 2003 television movie reunion Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt, also released to DVD, which was able to make use of footage only from the 1966 movie.

text: With Batman being unavailable for home-video release until 2014, an unusual situation occurred in which material that would be considered DVD featurettes was released separately. In 2004, Image Entertainment released Holy Batmania, a two-DVD set that included documentaries on the making of the series, as well as rare footage such as the original screen tests of the cast and Lyle Waggoner.[51] In 2008, Adam West released a privately issued DVD with the tongue-in-cheek title Adam West Naked for which he recorded anecdotes regarding all 120 episodes of the series.[52] In 2013 PBS aired an episode of Pioneers of Television called "Superheroes" that featured interviews with Adam West and Burt Ward, and talked about the 1960s TV series. It was released on DVD March 11, 2013.

text: Also in 2013, PBS produced and transmitted a documentary titled Superheroes: A Never-Ending Battle. This documentary talked a little bit about the series and included an interview with Adam West.

text: On November 11, 2014, Warner Bros. released the full 120-episode Batman collection on Blu-ray and DVD with a variety of extras including a miniature Batmobile, a 32-page episode guide, and Adam West Scrapbook.[53] A second box released on Warner Bros.' own batmanondvd website replaces the Batmobile and the trading cards with a script from the episode "The Joker is Wild" and a bonus box containing the movie and the "Adam West Naked" documentary. This series is also available at the iTunes Store.[54]

text: Collectibles[edit]

text: Starting in 1966, an enormous amount of Batman merchandise was manufactured and marketed to cash-in on the TV show's vast popularity. This includes trading cards, bubblegum cards, scale model kits of the Batmobile and Batboat, coloring books, and board games. Items from this particular era have gained substantial collector appeal with their remarkable variety, scarcity, and style.

text: One of the most desired collectibles involves the episodes introducing Catwoman ("The Purr-fect Crime" / "Better Luck Next Time"), which were the subject of a View-Master reel & booklet set in 1966 (Sawyers Packet # B492). While the series was first-run on ABC, packet cover indicia reflected the "Bat Craze" cultural phenomenon by referring to the booklet as a Batbooklet, Dynamically illustrated. By the time the television series was cancelled in 1968 and GAF had taken over the View-Master product, Batbooklet was removed in favor of then-standard View-Master packaging for all future releases in the decades to follow, right up to the period when the standard packet line was discontinued. The first season's superimposed fight onomatopoeias were not used for the View-Master's scenes of fights. Instead, black-lined "blast" balloons (transparent inside), and series-like onomatopoeias were illustrated and superimposed over fight images.

text: The popularity of the TV series has carried several decades after its debut; toy company Mattel has made the 1966 Batmobile in various scales for the Hot Wheels product line. The Batmobile with Batboat were also produced under the Matchbox and Corgi names in the UK, during this period.

text: Warner Bros. acquired merchandising rights to the series in 2012,[2] and in 2013 Mattel released an action figure line based on the television series. To date only a single series of figures have been produced: Batman, the Joker, the Penguin, the Riddler, Catwoman and, exclusive to a boxset, Robin. Three Batman variants were also produced, a limited SDCC exclusive boxed figure, with an action feature that replicates the famous Batusi dance, a carded Surf's Up Batman figure complete with surfboard and trunks, and a boxed, unmasked Batman with Batcomputer and Bruce Wayne's study accessories. A carded Joker variant, with surfboard and trunks, and a boxed Batgirl figure followed. Each figure has the likeness of their respective actor (with Catwoman resembling Newmar and the Riddler resembling Gorshin) and came packaged with a display base and collector card. A Batmobile was also sold to retail making this the first time the classic model has been produced for action figures in the 6-inch scale.

text: In 2013, Hong Kong–based entertainment collectible manufacturer, Hot Toys, produced 1⁄6 scale versions of West's Batman and Ward's Robin. A large range of 8" action figures with the TV cast's likenesses have been released by Figures Toy Company (FTC) from 2013-2018 and, in 2017, a single wave of 3.75" figures (including King Tut, Bookworm and two Mr Freezes) from Funko.

text: References in popular culture[edit]

text: References In animation[edit]

text: Referenced in Batman: The Brave and the Bold[edit]

text: The animated television series Batman: The Brave and the Bold is influenced by the 1960s television series. The opening credits feature Batman rope-climbing up a building, something that Adam West and Burt Ward often did in the show.[55] Several villains from the 1960s show including King Tut, Egghead, Mad Hatter, Archer, Bookworm, False Face, Black Widow, Siren, Marsha Queen of Diamonds, Louie the Lilac, Ma Parker, and Shame make cameo appearances as prisoners at Iron Heights prison in the episode "Day of the Dark Knight!" They are all captured by Batman and Green Arrow during a mass escape attempt. In Mayhem of the Music Meister! the same villains have brief cameos. The episode "Game Over for Owlman!" shows a room in the Batcave containing "souvenirs" of deathtraps that the Joker employed in the 1960s series, with accompanying flashbacks: the giant key from the "Human Key Duplicator" from "The Impractical Joker", the slot machine-controlled electric chair from "The Joker Goes to School", and the giant clam from "The Joker's Hard Times". The episode "The Color of Revenge!" begins with a flashback to the time of the 1960s television series, using attributes such as the red Batphone, the Shakespeare bust, the sliding bookcase, the Batpoles, Robin in his old television-series costume, and the shot of Batman and Robin fastening their seat belts in the Batmobile. Additionally, the Adam West Batman briefly appears in "Night of the Batmen!" as part of an army of Batmen gathered across the Multiverse.

text: Referenced in Young Justice[edit]

text: The Young Justice episode "Schooled" briefly references the show, as well, by featuring a Shakespeare bust in Bruce's office at the Waynetech building in Metropolis. As a further homage to the series, Bruce is shown accessing an emergency Batsuit hidden in his desk by flipping a switch concealed within the bust.

text: Referenced in Robot Chicken[edit]

text: Adam West and Burt Ward lend their voices and likeness to the third DC Comics Special on Robot Chicken. In the plot, when Batman brings over a Superman from another dimension to make him jealous, Superman retaliates by bringing the Adam West Batman, who trumps the Robot Chicken Batman by addressing the glucose issue of muffins and dancing. He is later seen battling the Arkham versions of Batman's villains and is killed by Penguin's anthrax gas. Burt Ward kidnaps him as well as the Robot Chicken Robin and takes them to the Lazarus Pit, where he resurrects West's Batman and makes himself younger to relive the glory days. He only kidnapped Robot Chicken Robin so he could have his outfit.

text: Referenced in The Lego Batman Movie[edit]

text: The animated spin-off of The Lego Movie starring Batman features a number of references to the television series. When Alfred addresses similar phases of Batman's life (in which he references all the years a Batman live-action film was released), he mentions "that weird one in 1966" in which the film briefly shows a clip of Adam West's Batman dancing in an episode. During the film's climax, Alfred dons an identical costume to Adam West's Batman out of nostalgia. When Batman and Robin take on a room of villains, they hit them so hard that onomatopoeia pops out of thin air while a remix of the 60s theme song plays in the background.

text: References in live action[edit]

text: Referenced in Batman Forever[edit]

text: A line spoken by Robin (Chris O'Donnell) in Batman Forever is a homage to the television Robin's catch-phrase exclamations that started "Holy" and sometimes ended "Batman!" - for instance "Holy bargain basements, Batman!" (from the television series' first season) and "Holy flypaper, Batman!" (from the television series' second season). During the movie, Robin says "Holy rusted metal, Batman!" after the duo climbs onto twisted metal girders beside some water. This catchphrase also appeared for a time in Batman comic books.

text: Referenced in Birds of Prey[edit]

text: In the third episode of Birds of Prey "Prey for the Hunter", the famous William Shakespeare bust from the series has a cameo. However, instead of bending the neck back to expose the button, it is simply turned to the left, giving it the same function—exposing a hidden passageway.

text: Referenced in Animal House[edit]

text: In the film, a damaged car belonging to Flounder's older brother (which was earlier reported stolen) was re-purposed for the climactic scene by Bluto and D-Day. The car initially appears as a parade float depicting a layer cake, with the words 'Eat Me' on the front; when the float is cut away, it reveals the car repainted in black and red, in a style similar to the Batmobile of the television series, but also incorporating a black armored turret with the word 'DEATHMOBILE' on it in red. This would technically be anachronistic, as the film is set in 1962, but given the parodic nature of the film this is generally ignored.

text: References in video games[edit]

text: Referenced in Batman: Arkham[edit]

text:
In the Batman: Arkham Origins video game, exclusive DLC for the PlayStation 3 includes a Batman skin based on the Batman TV series.
In Batman: Arkham Knight, the stone bust containing a hidden button used in the TV series as the secret entrance lever to the Batcave appears as one of the game's Easter eggs. The stone bust concealing a button can be seen and interacted with in the Clock Tower and Wayne Office areas of the game. The Batman skin is also featured as DLC in with the 1960s series Robin and Catwoman skins, as well as the Batmobile.
Rather than having a massive grin as in the comics the Joker in the Arkham games has a painted on smile to make his already unnaturally large smile even larger. The painted on smile and the general look of it massively resembles Cesar Romero's Joker, who also had a painted on smile along with the red lips.

text: Referenced in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham[edit]

text: In Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, an extra level is based on the 1966 Batman TV series, along with characters including: 1966 Batman, 1966 Robin; 1966 Batgirl, 1966 Joker, 1966 Catwoman, 1966 Riddler, and 1966 Penguin. Also, Adam West is a playable character. The 1966 Batmobile is also included as a drivable vehicle. The end credits sequence remakes the Batclimb window cameos.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Adam West, dictating Back to the Batcave to Jeff Rovin, admitted to having resented the development; in his words, "...We were now calculating and titillating. These kinds of things are always short-term solutions to problems...."
Jump up ^ From Lambert, David (December 5, 2005). "Batman – 1966 Batman Series Still Not Coming To DVD Yet". Archived from the original on April 16, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2008.

Fox (which owns the footage) and DC Comics (owner of the characters, and sister company of Warner Bros.) are still deep in the process of sorting out the legalities and licensing situations for this release. Other license issues may be involved, as well, such as music.

Jump up ^ The relevant passage reads: "The lawsuit filed by Debra Dozier Potter was dismissed with prejudice on 11/26/07. Furthermore, a notice of unconditional settlement was filed by the Plaintff on 11/19/07. The case is DEBORAH DOZIER POTTER VS TWENTIETH CENTURY FOX FILM CORPORATION Case No BC357067."

tag: ol


document_title: Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions

question_text: when was 12 steps and 12 traditions written

text: Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions

text:
Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions

First edition

Author
Bill W.

Country
United States of America

Language
English

Subject
Alcoholism, Alcoholics Anonymous, Twelve Steps, Twelve Traditions

Published
1953 Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc.

Media type
Print (Hardback, Paperback and Online)

text: Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions is a 1953 book, which explains the twenty-four basic principles of Alcoholics Anonymous and their application.[1] The book dedicates a chapter to each step and each tradition, providing a detailed interpretation of these principles for personal recovery and the organization of the group.[2] Bill W. began work on this project in early 1952. By 1957, 50,000 copies were in circulation.[1]


document_title: Tommy Boy

question_text: who plays beverly's son in tommy boy

question_tokens: who plays beverly 's son in tommy boy

text: Tommy Boy

text: Plot[edit]

text: After seven years at college, Thomas R. "Tommy" Callahan III (Chris Farley) barely graduates from Marquette University and returns to his hometown of Sandusky, Ohio. His father, industrialist and widower Thomas R. "Big Tom" Callahan, Jr. (Brian Dennehy), gives him an executive job at the family's auto parts plant, Callahan Auto. In addition to the new job and office, Big Tom reveals that he plans to marry Beverly Barrish-Burns (Bo Derek), a woman he had met at a fat farm, and that her son Paul (Rob Lowe) will become Tommy's new stepbrother. At the wedding, Big Tom suddenly dies of a heart attack. After the funeral, doubting the future of the company without Big Tom, the bank reneges on promises of a loan for a new brake pad division and seeks immediate payment of Callahan Auto's debts. Ray Zalinsky (Dan Aykroyd), owner and operator of rival automotive parts company Zalinsky Auto Parts in Chicago, offers to buy them out while the company's shares are high, but Tommy suggests a deal: he will let the bank hold his inherited shares and house in exchange for helping to sell the new brake pads. The bank agrees, but they also want the company to prove it still has viability by selling 500,000 brake pads. If they fail, the bank will foreclose, but if they succeed, the bank will underwrite Big Tom's brake pad venture. Tommy volunteers to go on a cross-country sales trip with his father's sycophantic assistant, Richard Hayden (David Spade), a childhood acquaintance who has a particularly antagonistic relationship with Tommy.

text: Meanwhile, Beverly and Paul are shown kissing romantically, revealing that they are not mother and son, but rather married con artists with criminal records. Paul thinks Big Tom's death is ideal, since their original plan was to eventually divorce Big Tom and take half of his estate, but Beverly thinks they are in trouble, as Big Tom only left her a controlling interest in Callahan Auto, which may evaporate. She authorizes the quick sale to Zalinsky to make a fast buck.

text: On the road, Tommy's social anxiety and hyperactivity alienate numerous potential buyers. The lack of any progress leads to tension between Tommy and Richard. Additionally, the duo encounters a variety of incidents that lead to the near destruction of Richard's car. When all seems lost, Tommy persuades a surly waitress to serve him chicken wings after the kitchen closes. Richard realizes that Tommy has the ability to read people, just like his father, and suggests this is how he should sell. The two mend their friendship and start to sell effectively to numerous automotive plants, eventually putting them over the half million mark.

text: However, Paul sabotages the company's computers, causing sales posted by sales manager Michelle Brock (Julie Warner) to either be lost or rerouted. With half of the sales now canceled, the bank forecloses. Beverly and Paul approve the sale of Callahan Auto to Zalinsky. Hoping that they can persuade Zalinsky to reconsider, Tommy and Richard travel to Chicago, boarding a plane as flight attendants. In Chicago, they get a brief meeting with Zalinsky, but he informs them he only wants Callahan for the brand name, not the employees, and that after the sale he will dissolve the company, leaving the Sandusky workers destitute.

text: Tommy and Richard are denied entry to the Zalinsky boardroom since Tommy does not have any standing (his shares having been repossessed due to the apparent failure). After briefly wallowing on the curb in self-pity, Michelle arrives with Paul and Beverly's police records. Tommy devises 'a plan': dressed as a suicide bomber by using road flares, he gains the attention of a live television news crew and then, with Michelle and Richard, forces his way into the boardroom. Back in Sandusky, Callahan workers watch the drama on a television. In a final move of pure persuasion, Tommy quotes Zalinsky's own advertising slogan, that he is on the side of the "American working man." As the TV audience watches, Zalinsky signs Tommy's purchase order for 500,000 brake pads. Although Zalinsky says that the purchase order is meaningless since he will soon own Callahan Auto, Michelle reveals the police records, which include Paul's outstanding warrants for fraud. Since Paul is the true husband of Beverly, her marriage to Big Tom was bigamous and therefore illegitimate. Therefore, Beverly's inheritance is voided and Tommy is the next of kin, and thus the rightful heir of Big Tom. Since Tommy refuses to sell the shares, the deal with Zalinsky is off, and since Tommy still holds Zalinsky's purchase order, the company is saved. Paul attempts to escape but is arrested. Zalinsky admits that Tommy outplayed him and honors the large sales order. Later, Tommy assumes the presidency of Callahan Auto Parts, giving a speech to the employees that the door is always open to them. The film ends with Tommy drifting in his dinghy on a lake, telling his father's spirit he will continue his legacy at Callahan and says he must go ashore to have dinner with Michelle's family.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Chris Farley as Thomas "Tommy" Callahan III
David Spade as Richard Hayden
Rob Lowe as Paul Barish (uncredited)
Bo Derek as Beverly Barish
Dan Aykroyd as Ray Zalinsky
Julie Warner as Michelle Brock
Brian Dennehy as Thomas "Big Tom" Callahan Jr.
William Patterson Dunlop as R.T.
Sean McCann as Frank Rittenhauer
Zach Grenier as Ted Reilly
James Blendick as Ron Gilmore
David Hemblen as Archer
Clinton Turnbull as Young Tommy
Ryder Britton as Young Richard
Maria Vacratsis as Helen
Colin Fox as Ted Nelson
Jonathan Wilson as Marty
David Huband as Gas Attendant
Lorri Bagley as Woman in Pool
Cole Johnston as Chris Farley's stunt double

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Tommy Boy opened on March 31, 1995 and grossed $8 million in its opening weekend, finishing first at the box office.[6] The film had a total box office gross of $32.7 million.[6]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Tommy Boy received mixed reviews from critics upon its release. Rotten Tomatoes rates the film at 44%, based on 41 reviews, with the critical consensus reading, "Though it benefits from the comic charms of its two leads, Tommy Boy too often feels like a familiar sketch stretched thin."[3]

text: Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Daily News gave the film a positive review, calling it "sweet natured..." and a "good belly laugh of a movie".[3][7] Brian Webster of the Online Film Critics Society also received the film positively, saying that the film would please Farley fans.[3] Dan Marcucci and Nancy Serougi of Broomfield Enterprise said the film was "Farley at his best",[3] and Scott Weinberg of DVDTalk.com said that it was "pretty damn funny".[3]

text: Among the negative reviews, Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert wrote: "Tommy Boy is one of those movies that plays like an explosion down at the screenplay factory. You can almost picture a bewildered office boy, his face smudged with soot, wandering through the ruins and rescuing pages at random. Too bad they didn't mail them to the insurance company instead of filming them."[8] The film is on Ebert's "Most Hated" list.[9] Caryn James of The New York Times wrote that the film was "the very poor cousin of a dopey Jim Carrey movie".[10] Owen Gleiberman graded the film a "C" on an A+ to F scale, and Ken Hanke of Mountain Xpress said that it was "nothing great."[3] Bo Derek was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
"I Love It Loud (Injected Mix)" – written by Gene Simmons & Vincent Cusano, performed by Phunk Junkeez
Graduation – David Spade
"Silver Naked Ladies" – Paul Westerberg
Lalaluukee – Chris Farley
"Call On Me" – Primal Scream
How Do I Look? – David Spade
"Wait For The Blackout" – written by The Damned (Scabies/Sensible/Gray/Vanian/Billy Karloff), performed by The Goo Goo Dolls
Bong Resin – David Spade
"My Hallucination" – Tommy Shaw & Jack Blades
"Air" – written by Pamela Laws & Nancy Hess, performed by Seven Day Diary
Fat Guy In Little Coat – Chris Farley
"Superstar" – written by Leon Russell, Delaney Bramlett, & Bonnie Bramlett, performed by The Carpenters
Jerk Motel – David Spade
"Is Chicago, Is Not Chicago" – Soul Coughing
My Pretty Little Pet – Chris Farley
"Come On Eileen" – Dexys Midnight Runners
"It's the End of the World as We Know It (And I Feel Fine)" – R.E.M.
"Eres Tú" – written by Juan Carlos Calderón, performed by Mocedades
Housekeeping – David Spade
"My Lucky Day" – Smoking Popes

text:
"What'd I Say" – written by Ray Charles, performed by Chris Farley and Brian Dennehy
"Maniac" – written by Michael Sembello and Dennis Matkosky
"Ain't Too Proud To Beg" – written by Eddie Holland & Norman Whitfield, performed by Louis Price
"Amazing Grace" – performed by The Pipes and Drums and Military of The King's Own Scottish Borderers
"Crazy" – written by Willie Nelson, performed by Patsy Cline
"I'm Sorry" – written by Ronnie Self & Dub Allbritten, performed by Brenda Lee
"Ooh Wow" – written by Sidney Cooper, performed by Buckwheat Zydeco
"The Future's So Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades" – written by Pat MacDonald, performed by Timbuk 3
"The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down" – Cliff Friend & Dave Franklin

text: Incidentally, the soundtrack album was not released by Tommy Boy Records (a Warner subsidiary at one time).


document_title: List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom

question_text: who has the most shops in the uk

question_tokens: who has the most shops in the uk

text: List of current UK supermarket chains[edit]

text:
Supermarket
Image
Founded
/ came to UK
Owned by
August 2017
Market
share
February 2017
Market
share
2015
Market
share[6]
2007
Market
share[2]
2000
Market
share[7]
Number
of stores
Notes

Aldi

1990

Aldi Süd GmbH
7.0 [8]
6.2 [9]
5.3
2.6
1.5
560
No frills supermarket

Asda

1949

Walmart through subsidiary Corinth Services Ltd
15.3 [10]
15.6
17.1
16.6
14.1
603
Founded from the merger of Associated Dairies and the Asquith family owned Queens Supermarket, originally called ASDA Queens

Booths

1847

Booth Family and staff

-
-
-
28
Found in Lancashire, Cumbria, Yorkshire, and Cheshire.

Budgens

1872

Booker Group[11]

0.4
0.4
0.4
190
Found in England and Wales, with stores up to 10,000 square feet (930 m2)

Co-op,* and Co-op Food or The Co-operative Food

1844

Various consumers' co-operatives
6.3 [12]
6.0
6.0
4.4
5.4
4,022
Identities shared by about 20 retail co-operatives, including:

The Co-operative Group
East of England Co-operative Society
Midcounties Co-operative
Central England Co-operative
Scotmid

See also: The Co-operative Group#List of corporate members

Farmfoods

1955

-
0.7
0.5
-
320
-

Fulton's Foods

1974

UK private company

-
-
-
100
Small supermarket chain based in South Yorkshire with branches across the Midlands and North of England

Heron Foods

1979

UK private company

-
-
-
290
Primarily frozen foods; operates stores throughout the Midlands and the North in 2017 Cooltrader were rebranded as Heron foods, five years after being sold to that company.[13]

Iceland

1970

2.1
2.1
2.3
2.2
1.6
2.8
850
First store opened at Oswestry, Shropshire in 1970

Lidl

1994

Lidl Stiftung & Co. KG
5.2 [14]
4.5 [9]
3.7
2.2
1.3
630
No frills supermarket

Marks & Spencer

1884

Publicly traded on the London Stock Exchange

3.8[15]
4.3[16]
-
852
Clothing and food retailer

Morrisons

1899

Publicly traded on the London Stock Exchange
10.4
10.9 [17]
10.9
11.2
4.9
569
Fourth biggest supermarket in the UK

Ocado

2002

Publicly traded on the London Stock Exchange
1.4 [18]

-
-
-
0
Online only, product supply partnership with Waitrose; outsourced branded delivery partnership with Morrisons

Sainsbury's

1869

Publicly traded on the London Stock Exchange
15.8
16.5
16.9
16.2
17.9
1,304
Superstores, as well as 'Local' and 'Central' sites

Tesco

1919

Publicly traded on the London Stock Exchange
27.8
28.1 [17]
28.4
31.6
25.0
3,493 (UK)
Including Extra, Superstores, Metro, 'Express and Homeplus outlets; UK's largest all-purpose retailer

Waitrose

1904

John Lewis Partnership
5.1
5.3
5.1
3.9
2.7
344
Waitrose has a variety of store styles, including:

Waitrose Stores
Convenience Stores and Little Waitrose
John Lewis Foodhall
Food, Fashion & Home
Food & Home
Welcome Break outlets (motorway services)

text: List of defunct UK supermarket chains[edit]

text: These supermarkets are either no longer trading, have been renamed, or have been taken over and rebranded.

text:
Supermarket
Image
Founded
/ came to UK
Fate
Closed
Notes

APT Stores

Chain of small supermarkets with the catchphrase The Store with More.[19]

Bejam

1968
Bought by Iceland
1989
Frozen foods

Big W

1998
Discontinued, rebranded as Woolworths.
2004
21 store chain of megastores styled after Walmart in America; 7 of the stores were sold to Asda and Tesco (the stores that had permission to stock groceries) and the remaining 14 stores were rebranded and downsized under the regular Woolworths banner.

Bishops

Bought by Budgens[20]
1984
63 stores in south east England

BP Safeway

1962
Dissolved following Safeway takeover by Morrisons

Partnership between BP plc and Safeway, listed as Equinox retailing; some stores now Tesco Express

Brian Ford's Discount Store

1975
Bought by Tesco in 2004
2010
Opened by Brian Ford after the sale of the family Ford & Lock business to Gateway in 1974. The business opened in the former Deveres Kensington engineering building in Barnstaple, Devon expanding with an extension in 1981. The business was based on the 'cash & carry' principle. The business was purchased by Tesco in 2004 but continued to be run as Brian Fords until permission was gained to build a Tesco Extra.[21]

Burton Supermarkets

Bought by Fine Fare

Small Nottinghamshire based supermarket chain purchased by Fine Fare and re-branded

Capital Freezer Centres

Now owned by Farmfoods

Chain of freezer stores located in England and Scotland; owned by United Biscuits since 1979; a management buyout happened in 1989[22][23]

Carrefour

1970s
UK business sold to Gateway/Somerfield, then later to Asda
1990

Cartier's Superfoods

c.1970
Bought by Tesco
1979
Small Kent based supermarket chain taken over by Tesco

Cater Brothers

1958
Became part of Prestos
1979
Cater Brothers were a South East-based chain. In 1972 they were bought out by Debenhams after the death of the chairman Leslie Cater in the same plane crash that killed F J Wallis. In 1979 Debenhams sold the chain to Allied Suppliers who re-branded the stores under their Presto brand.

Challenge Supermarket

Became part of Frank Dee

Supermarket based in Yorkshire that was purchased by Frank Dee in the 1980s and incorporated into the chain.[24]

Cooltrader

brought out by Heron Foods
2017
Opened in Wrexham, founded by Iceland founder Malcolm Walker.[25] Cooltrader became part of Iceland after Malcolm Walker's takeover of that business, then sold in 2012 to Heron Foods.[13]

Coopers & Co

Bought by Fine Fare
1955
Scotland based supermarket and grocers chain bought by Fine Fare and re-branded as Coopers Fine Fare

Cordon Bleu

1964[26]
Owned by Argyll Supplies

Chain of freezer shops owned by Argyll Supplies; stores were re-branded under the Lo-cost or Presto name

County Stores

Sold to Gateway, converted to Somerfield
1990

Crazy Prices

Bought by Tesco

ABF owned Northern Ireland group

Dalgety Freezer Centres

Bought by James Gullivers Argyll Supplies

38 freezer centre bought by James Gulliver and added to Argyll Supplies Cordon Bleu business.[27]

David Greig

Bought by Fitch Lovell

Merged into Key Markets

DEE Discount Stores

Re-branded as Gateway, later Somerfield now owned by Co-op

Chain of supermarkets based in North East of England; parent company Linfood Holdings purchased the smaller Gateway chain and re-branded stores as Gateway and the parent company as Dee Corporation

Downsway Supermarkets

Bought by Fine Fare
1978
East Anglian based supermarket group with 80 stores owned by Vestey Group; sold in 1978 and converted to Fine Fare stores

Elmo

Bought by Fine Fare

Small chain of 28 stores based in East Anglia and the South of England; bought for £1m by Fine Fare; rebranded as Fine Fare

Fairway

c.1960s
Bought by Frank Dee
1980s
Doncaster based chain of supermarkets bought by Frank Dee in 1980s and converted into that chain[28]

Fine Fare

1951
Bought by Gateway
1986
Britain's third supermarket until the 1980s behind Tesco and Sainsburys; bought by Gateway Corp. in 1986 and shops rebranded as Gateway by 1988

Ford & Lock

1960
Sold to Gateway
1974
36 shops across south-west England; owner Brian Ford went on to open a new store in his own name[29]

Freeze Fair

66 freezer store chain owned by Jobs Dairies bought by Argyll Supplies and added to Cordon Bleu chain.[27]

Freezeway

Bought by Farmfoods

Small chain of freezershops bought by Farmfoods[23]

FreshXpress

2007
Administration in 2008, liquidated in 2009
2009
Smaller stores of former Kwik Save chain; bought out by management team led by Brendan Murtagh

Frank Dee Supermarkets

Re-branded as Gateway, later Somerfield now owned by Co-op

Chain of supermarkets based in North East of England; parent company Linfood Holdings purchased the smaller Gateway chain and re-branded stores as Gateway and the parent company as Dee Corporation

Galbraith supermarkets

1894
Bought by Allied Suppliers, then Argyll Group

Scottish chain

Gateway Foodmarkets

1950
Rebranded as Somerfield
1992

Grandways

Some stores sold to Argyll Group for their Presto chain and Kwik Save, remainder renamed Jacksons
1992/3
Regional in Yorkshire

GT Smith

Bought by Co-operative Group
2002
Regional in West Yorkshire

Haldanes

2009
(including UGO stores)
2011
Went into administration 2011

Hanburys

1889
Bought by Co-Op
1997
Started in 1889 when Jeremiah Hanbury opened a small store in Market Street, Farnworth, selling butter and bacon. In 1929, the business was bought by Bolton wholesale grocers E.H. Steele Ltd. In 1997 the 31 Hanburys stores, which cover the north-west, including 8 in Bolton, were acquired by United Norwest Co-op and subsequently re-branded.

Hillards

1880
Bought by Tesco
1988
Several locations throughout Midlands, North East

Hintons

Bought by Argyll Foods to become part of Presto

Mainly in North East England and Yorkshire

Irwin's Stores

Bought by Tesco

International

1874
Bought by Dee Corporation
1996
Stores were re-branded gateway or sold off to competitors

Jacksons

Bought by J Sainsbury
2008
See also Grandways, above, which was originally part of the same group. Stores originally traded under the Jacksons name, and were slowly converted to the Grandways brand. After the sale to Sainsbury, the Jackson name was revived for a chain of smaller stores in the Wm Jackson until they were sold and were re-branded Sainsbury Local.

Kenton Supermarkets

Small chain based in North West of England

Key Markets

Bought by Dee Corporation

Created by food giant Fitch Lovell. Re-branded as Gateway.

Kibby's Supermarkets

Chain of supermarkets bought by Unigate. Stores were sold off to various companies including WM Low and International Stores.

Kwik Save

1959
Brand now owned by Costcutter

Company purchased by Somerfield in 1998. Name and 177 stores sold by Somerfield in 2006 but went into administration in 2007.

Laws Stores

c.1890s
Bought by Wm Low for £7.1 million in 1985
1985
Chain of supermarkets focused on North East England

Lennons Supermarkets

1958
Bought by Dee Corporation

Chain of Supermarkets based in North East. Started as small chain of grocers but opened first supermarket in 1956 in Widnes. Bought by the Dee Corporation before being re-branded as Gateway.

Leos

Rebranded Co-op

Name given to larger co-operative stores during the 1980s

Liptons

1871
Bought by Allied Suppliers

Converted to Presto or Lo-Cost stores

Lo-Cost

Converted to Safeway

Lowfreeze

Bought by Bejam

Small chain of freezer shops bought by Bejam[23]

Mac Fisheries

Bought by Dee Group
1978
Wet fish shops closed

Mainstop

Acquired by Morrisons
1981

Moore Stores

Bought by Cavenham and added to Allied Suppliers group
1976
Chain of small supermarkets based in the North East of England which had a turnover of £53m in 1969/70[30] Rebranded either Liptons or Presto.

Netto

1990

Bought by Asda in 2010 for £778M from Dansk Supermarked Group. 147 stores were rebranded in 2011 as Asda local stores. The remaining 47 stores have been sold off to other companies such as Morrisons and new convenience store UGO and other retailers due to competition laws. Netto then returned to UK, with a partnership with Sainsbury's and is initially opening 15 stores in the north of England.[31] In July 2016, Sainsbury's ended the joint venture, scrapping the Netto name in the UK once again.
2011
Was a no frills supermarket. On 30 September 2011, Netto UK ceased trading. In 2014, the supermarket announced they would be returning to the UK with 15 stores.[31]

Normans supermarkets

Bought by Plymco

Normid

Rebranded Co-op

Was owned by United Co-operatives

Norco

Rebranded Co-op

Aberdeen based co-operative society

Orchard Frozen Foods

Bought by Iceland
1986
Chain of freezer centres based in the South East of England

Premier Supermarkets

Bought by Mac Fisheries
1965
Subsidiary of Express Dairies, opened UK's first supermarket in Streatham, South London in 1951.[5] Sold after losing out on purchase of Irwin's stores to Tesco

Presto

1977
After buying out Safeway, all stores were converted to Safeway
1998

Price Rite

Chain of stores purchased by British American Tobacco and incorporated into International Stores; stores re-branded as International Stores, before being sold off to Fine Fare and Argyll Foods

Quality Fare

Bought by the Co-operative Group

Queens Supermarkets

1958
Merged with Associated Dairies and GEN to form ASDA
1965
Small chain of supermarkets started by Asquith family in Pontefract. In 1965 merged with Associated Dairies and purchased the GEN brand, relaunching as ASDA Queens, before becoming ASDA. ASDA is an abbreviation of ASquith and DAiries.

Rainbow

Discontinued, rebranded as parent Co-op

Richway Supermarkets

Retail chain operating in South of England and the Isle of Wight

Safeway

1962
Bought by Morrisons
2005
Safeway Compact stores sold to Somerfield. Was still trading under Safeway in Channel Islands until becoming Waitrose in 2010.

Sainsbury's Freezer Centres

1974
Bought by Bejam
1986
Sainsburys opened the chain of freezer shops to try and compete with the new style of food store, with the first store opening in Southbourne near Bournemouth. By 1980 there was 21 freezer centres, but these were sold off in 1986 to Bejam.

Sainsbury's Savacentre

1977
Discontinued, Rebranded Sainsbury's
2005
Savacentre was a joint project started by Sainsburys and BHS to compete in Hypermarket scene. Sainsburys added when BHS pulled out of the company.

Saverite

1968
Bought by West Midlands Co-operative Society which later became Mid-counties Co-operative after a merger with Oxford, Swindon and Gloucester Co-operative
2000
Shropshire based grocery business started in 1869. Renamed Saverite in 1968 (from Morris & Co) and expanded into supermarkets. Sold to Mid-Counties Co-operative in 2000.[32]

Schofield & Martin

Rebranded Waitrose
c.1965
Small chain of grocers based in South Essex purchased by Waitrose in 1944. Had the first self-service supermarket store within the Waitrose group in 1951.

Shoppers Paradise

Taken over by Gateway

Discount food store chain created by Associated British Food from un-profitable Fine Fare stores. Became part of Gateway as part of Fine Fare purchase.

Shop Rite

1972
Bought by Kwik Save, Still trades as ShopRite in the Isle of Man stocking a range of Waitrose & Iceland products as well as locally produced goods
1994
Discount supermarket chain

Smiths Freezer Centres

c.1990s
Small chain of freezer stores located in Essex; went into liquidation during the 1990s

Somerfield

1865
Purchase agreed by the Co-operative Group on 16 July 2008 for £1.56bn; from 2009 many larger stores were sold off and smaller stores rebranded to The Co-operative Food[33]
2011

Food Giant

Originally part of Somerfield group, all stores converted to Kwik Save following the Somerfield/Kwik Save merger

Solo

Trading name of Gateways - rebranded Somerfield

Trading name created by Gateways

St Catherine's Freezer Centres

Bought by Iceland
1983
Chain of 18 freezer centres located in Bristol and South West area

Stewarts Supermarket Limited

Bought by Tesco

ABF owned Northern Ireland group

Stitchers Supermarkets

Bought by Downsway

Small chain of supermarkets purchased by Downsway and re-branded

Supernational Stores

1935
Bought by Gateway

Templeton supermarkets

1880
Bought by Allied Suppliers then Argyll Group

Scottish chain, rebranded as Presto

Victor Value

Bought by Tesco
1968/1986
Independent chain; larger stores were rebranded as Tesco, remaining sold to Bejam in 1986

Wallis

1955
Bought by Somerfield
2003
Founded by Francis J Wallis of Rainham Essex in 1955. By 1968 there were 38 stores. In 1977 the chain's 100 stores were sold to British American Tobacco and merged with their already owned chain International Stores. The stores were re-branded International. The company officially still existed and was wound up by Somerfield, who had purchased International Stores in 2003.

Wavy Line

Small chain of small supermarkets and convenience stores located in the South and South East of England

Walter Willson

Bought by Alldays

Chain of small supermarkets and convenience stores in the north east of England and Cumbria

Wellworths

Bought by Musgrave Group & Safeway
1997
Northern Ireland supermarket chain split into Supervalu and Safeway

Whelan Discount Stores

Bought by Morrisons for £1.5 million[34]
1978
Chain of supermarkets based in Lancashire started by Wigan Athletic FC owner David Whelan

Wm Low

Bought by Tesco

Presence in Scotland and northern England

Williamson & Treadgold

Bournemouth based grocers that opened a supermarket at The Hampshire Centre.[35] The store was eventually purchased by Sainsburys.

Woolco

1966
Discontinued, rebranded as Woolworth and later bought by Gateway in 1986
1982
Hypermarket chain started by Woolworth

text: Waitrose Effect[edit]

text: Proximity to a supermarket has been widely reported[36][37][38][39] to be an amenity that can have a significant effect on residential property prices in Britain. Beginning under Andy Hulme[40] and continuing under Mike Songer,[41] the home mortgage unit of Lloyds Bank has published pricing research that examines the premiums commanded by homes in a given neighbourhood against comparables in the same post-code and correlates the difference in price with convenience of access to the various supermarkets. The following table averages information from neighbourhoods across England and Wales, compiled by Lloyds Bank for their 2016 report using supermarket location information from CACI Datalab and house price information from the UK Land Registry.[42]

text:
Supermarket
Nearby property
premium (%)
Nearby property
premium (£)

Waitrose
10%
£38,666

Sainsbury's
10%
£27,939

Marks & Spencer
9%
£27,182

Tesco
9%
£22,072

Iceland
8%
£20,034

Co-op
8%
£17,904

Morrisons
5%
£10,558

Asda
2%
£5,026

Lidl
2%
£3,926

Aldi
1%
£1,333


document_title: Advance Australia Fair

question_text: when was advance australia fair proclaimed as the national anthem

text: Advance Australia Fair

text: History[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text:
"Advance Australia Fair"

Performed in 1915
Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: "Advance Australia Fair" was composed in the late 19th century by Peter Dodds McCormick under the pen-name "Amicus" (which means "friend" in Latin). It was first performed by Andrew Fairfax at a function of the Highland Society of New South Wales in Sydney on 30 November 1878. The song quickly gained popularity and an amended version was sung by a choir of around 10,000 at the inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901. In 1907 the Australian Government awarded McCormick £100 for his composition.[1]

text: In a letter to R.B. Fuller, dated 1 August 1913, McCormick described the circumstances that inspired him to write "Advance Australia Fair":

text: One night I attended a great concert in the Exhibition Building, when all the National Anthems of the world were to be sung by a large choir with band accompaniment. This was very nicely done, but I felt very aggravated that there was not one note for Australia. On the way home in a bus, I concocted the first verse of my song & when I got home I set it to music. I first wrote it in the Tonic Sol-fa notation, then transcribed it into the Old Notation, & I tried it over on an instrument next morning, & found it correct. Strange to say there has not been a note of it altered since. Some alteration has been made in the wording, but the sense is the same. It seemed to me to be like an inspiration, & I wrote the words & music with the greatest ease.[2]

text: The earliest known sound recording of "Advance Australia Fair" appears in The Landing of the Australian Troops in Egypt (circa 1916), a short commercial recording dramatising the arrival of Australian troops in Egypt en route to Gallipoli.[3]

text: Before its adoption as Australia's national anthem, "Advance Australia Fair" had considerable use elsewhere. For example, Australia's national broadcaster, the Australian Broadcasting Commission, used it to announce its news bulletins until 1952.[4] It was also frequently played at the start or end of official functions. Towards the end of World War II it was one of three songs played in certain picture theatres, along with "God Save the King" and the US national anthem.[5]

text: Competitions, plebiscite and adoption[edit]

text: In 1951 there was a competition for a new national anthem to celebrate the golden jubilee of the Federation of Australia.  The entry by the Austrian-born conductor Henry Krips, "This Land of Mine", won the competition but it was decided to make no change to the status quo.[6]

text: Until 1974 "God Save the Queen" was Australia's national anthem. In 1973 the Whitlam government decided that the country needed an anthem that could represent Australia with "distinction" and started a competition to find one. This decision by Whitlam was driven by the desire to forge a new nationalism separate from Great Britain. In 1973, Gough Whitlam dedicated an entire Australia Day speech to the search for a new anthem saying that it will be a "symbolic expression of our national pride and dignity".[7] The Australia Council for the Arts organised the contest, which was dubbed the "Australian National Anthem Quest". The contest was held in two stages, the first seeking lyrics and the second music, each having an A$5,000 prize for the winning entry. On the recommendation of the Council for the Arts, none of the new entries were felt worthy enough, so the contest ended with the suggestions for "Advance Australia Fair", "Waltzing Matilda" and "Song of Australia".[8]

text: In 1974 the Whitlam government then performed a nationwide opinion survey to determine the song to be sung on occasions of national significance. Conducted through the Australian Bureau of Statistics, it polled 60,000 people nationally. "Advance Australia Fair" was chosen and was enshrined as the national song, to be used on all occasions excepting those of a specifically regal nature. A spokesman for the Prime Minister Gough Whitlam stated that the Government regarded the tune primarily as the national anthem.  During the 1975 election campaign following the dismissal of Whitlam by Sir John Kerr, it was proposed by David Combe that the song be played at the start of the Labor Party's official campaign launch on 24 November 1975 at Festival Hall, Melbourne. Whitlam's speechwriter Graham Freudenberg rejected this idea, on two grounds, one of which was that the status of the anthem was still tentative.[9]

text: In January 1976 the Fraser government reinstated "God Save the Queen" for royal, vice-regal, defence and loyal toast occasions as well as making plans to conduct a national poll to find a song for use on ceremonial occasions when it was desired to mark a separate Australian identity. This was conducted as a plebiscite to choose the National Song, held as an optional additional question in the 1977 referendum on various issues. "Advance Australia Fair" received 43.29% of the vote, defeating the three alternatives, "Waltzing Matilda" (28.28%), "Song of Australia" (9.65%) and the existing national anthem, "God Save the Queen" (18.78%).[10]

text: "Advance Australia Fair", with modified lyrics from the original (see development of lyrics), was adopted as the Australian national anthem on 19 April 1984 by a proclamation by the Governor-General, Sir Ninian Stephen,[11] on a recommendation by the Labor government of Bob Hawke. "God Save the Queen", now known as the royal anthem, continues to be played alongside the Australian national anthem at public engagements in Australia that are attended by the Queen or members of the Royal Family.

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: The lyrics of "Advance Australia Fair" were officially adopted in 1984 as follows:[12]

text:
Australians all let us rejoice,
For we are young and free;
We've golden soil and wealth for toil;
Our home is girt by sea;
Our land abounds in nature's gifts
Of beauty rich and rare;
In history's page, let every stage
Advance Australia Fair.
In joyful strains then let us sing,
Advance Australia Fair.

text:
Beneath our radiant Southern Cross
We'll toil with hearts and hands;
To make this Commonwealth of ours
Renowned of all the lands;
For those who've come across the seas
We've boundless plains to share;
With courage let us all combine
To Advance Australia Fair.
In joyful strains then let us sing,
Advance Australia Fair.

text: Copyright[edit]

text: Even though any copyright of Peter Dodds McCormick's original lyrics has expired, as he died in 1916, the Commonwealth of Australia claims copyright on the official lyrics and particular arrangements of music. Non-commercial use of the anthem is permitted without case-by-case permission, but the Commonwealth government requires permission for commercial use.[13]

text: Orchestral version[edit]

text: The wordless orchestral version of "Advance Australia Fair" that is now regularly played for Australian victories at international sporting medal ceremonies, and at the openings of major domestic sporting, cultural and community events, is by Tommy Tycho, an immigrant from Hungary. It was first commissioned by ABC Records in 1984 and then televised by Channel 10 in 1986 in their Australia Day Broadcast, featuring Julie Anthony as the soloist.[14]

text: Development of lyrics[edit]

text: Since the original lyrics were written in 1879, there have been several changes, in some cases with the intent of increasing the anthem's inclusiveness and gender neutrality. Some of these were minor while others have significantly changed the song. The original song was four verses long. For its adoption as the national anthem, the song was cut from four verses to two. The first verse was kept largely as the 1879 original, except for the change in the first line from "Australia's sons let us rejoice" to "Australians all let us rejoice".[12] The second, third and fourth verses of the original were dropped, in favour of a modified version of the new third verse which was sung at Federation in 1901.[15]

text: The original lyrics published in 1879 were as follows:[16]

text:
Australia's sons let us rejoice,
For we are young and free;
We've golden soil and wealth for toil,
Our home is girt by sea;
Our land abounds in Nature's gifts
Of beauty rich and rare;
In hist'ry's page, let ev'ry stage
Advance Australia fair.
In joyful strains then let us sing,
Advance Australia fair.

text:
When gallant Cook from Albion sailed,
To trace wide oceans o'er,
True British courage bore him on,
Til he landed on our shore.
Then here he raised Old England's flag,
The standard of the brave;
"With all her faults we love her still"
"Britannia rules the wave."
In joyful strains then let us sing
Advance Australia fair.

text:
While other nations of the globe
Behold us from afar,
We'll rise to high renown and shine
Like our glorious southern star;
From England soil and Fatherland,
Scotia and Erin fair,
Let all combine with heart and hand
To advance Australia fair.
In joyful strains then let us sing
Advance Australia fair.

text:
Should foreign foe e'er sight our coast,
Or dare a foot to land,
We'll rouse to arms like sires of yore,
To guard our native strand;
Britannia then shall surely know,
Though oceans roll between,
Her sons in fair Australia's land
Still keep their courage green.
In joyful strains then let us sing
Advance Australia fair.

text: The 1901 Federation version of the third verse was originally sung as:

text:
Beneath our radiant Southern Cross,
We'll toil with hearts and hands;
To make our youthful Commonwealth,
Renowned of all the lands;
For loyal sons beyond the seas
We've boundless plains to share;
With courage let us all combine
To advance Australia fair.
In joyful strains then let us sing
Advance Australia fair!

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Both the lyrics and melody of the Australian national anthem have been criticised in some quarters as being dull and unendearing to the Australian people. A National Party senator, Sandy Macdonald, said in 2001 that "Advance Australia Fair" is so boring that the nation risks singing itself to sleep, with boring music and words impossible to understand.[17]  A parliamentary colleague, Peter Slipper, said that Australia should consider another anthem.[18] One suggested replacement was "I Am Australian", notably in 2011 by former Victorian Premier Jeff Kennett.[19]

text: Specific criticism is also directed at the fourth line of lyrics, "our home is girt by sea", for its use of the archaic word "girt" to acknowledge the fact that Australia is an island.[20] The current version of the anthem has a mix of old and new language, rather than having one style of language consistently throughout. Criticism has come from various people, including Australian Labor Party politician Craig Emerson,[21] but others, including former Labor leader Kim Beazley, have defended it.[22]

text: The line "for we are young and free" has been criticised by a Victorian judge who said that many indigenous Australians find the words offensive.[23]  Australian Aboriginal soprano, Deborah Cheetham, has refused to sing "Advance Australia Fair" at the AFL grand finals, citing this lyric, and has advocated for the lyrics to be rewritten.[24]

text: Unofficial Christian variant[edit]

text: A variant of the national anthem penned in 1988 by Sri Lankan immigrant Ruth Ponniah and sung in some Christian schools replaces the second verse with the following:[25][26]

text:
With Christ our head and cornerstone,
We'll build our nation's might;
Whose way and truth and light alone,
Can guide our path aright;
Our lives a sacrifice of love,
Reflect our master's care;
With faces turned to heav'n above,
Advance Australia Fair;
In joyful strains then let us sing,
Advance Australia Fair.