document_title: Black Death

question_text: where did the black death originate in europe

text: Black Death

text: Chronology

text: Origins of the disease

text: The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, Northern India and Uganda.[9] Nestorian graves dating to 1338–1339 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic, from which it could easily have spread to China and India.[10] In October 2010, medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in China.[11] In China, the 13th-century Mongol conquest caused a decline in farming and trading. However, economic recovery had been observed at the beginning of the 14th century. In the 1330s, a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine, starting in 1331, with a deadly plague arriving soon after.[12] Epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million Chinese and other Asians during the 15 years before it reached Constantinople in 1347.[13][14]

text: The disease may have travelled along the Silk Road with Mongol armies and traders or it could have come via ship.[15] By the end of 1346, reports of plague had reached the seaports of Europe: "India was depopulated, Tartary, Mesopotamia, Syria, Armenia were covered with dead bodies".[16]

text: Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347. After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants. The Genoese traders fled, taking the plague by ship into Sicily and the south of Europe, whence it spread north.[17] Whether or not this hypothesis is accurate, it is clear that several existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather contributed to the severity of the Black Death.

text: European outbreak

text:
The seventh year after it began, it came to England and first began in the towns and ports joining on the seacoasts, in Dorsetshire, where, as in other counties, it made the country quite void of inhabitants so that there were almost none left alive.
... But at length it came to Gloucester, yea even to Oxford and to London, and finally it spread over all England and so wasted the people that scarce the tenth person of any sort was left alive.

Geoffrey the Baker, Chronicon Angliae

tag: div

text: There appear to have been several introductions into Europe. The plague reached Sicily in October 1347, carried by twelve Genoese galleys,[18] and rapidly spread all over the island. Galleys from Kaffa reached Genoa and Venice in January 1348, but it was the outbreak in Pisa a few weeks later that was the entry point to northern Italy. Towards the end of January, one of the galleys expelled from Italy arrived in Marseille.[19]

text: From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland.[20] Finally it spread to northwestern Russia in 1351. The plague was somewhat less common in parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours, including the majority of the Basque Country, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent.[21][22]

text: Modern researchers do not think that the plague ever became endemic in Europe or its rat population. The disease repeatedly wiped out the rodent carriers so that the fleas died out until a new outbreak from Central Asia repeated the process. The outbreaks have been shown to occur roughly 15 years after a warmer and wetter period in areas where plague is endemic in other species such as gerbils.[23][24]

text: Middle Eastern outbreak

text: The plague struck various regions in the Middle East during the pandemic, leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures. As it spread to western Europe, the disease entered the region from southern Russia also. By autumn 1347, the plague reached Alexandria in Egypt, probably through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea. During 1347, the disease travelled eastward to Gaza, and north along the eastern coast to cities in Lebanon, Syria and Palestine, including Ashkelon, Acre, Jerusalem, Sidon, Damascus, Homs, and Aleppo. In 1348–1349, the disease reached Antioch. The city's residents fled to the north, most of them dying during the journey, but the infection had been spread to the people of Asia Minor.[citation needed]

text: Mecca became infected in 1349. During the same year, records show the city of Mawsil (Mosul) suffered a massive epidemic, and the city of Baghdad experienced a second round of the disease. In 1351 Yemen experienced an outbreak of the plague, coinciding with the return of Sultan al-Mujahid Ali of Yemen from imprisonment in Cairo. His party may have brought the disease with them from Egypt.[citation needed]

text: Signs and symptoms

text: Contemporary accounts of the plague are often varied or imprecise. The most commonly noted symptom was the appearance of buboes (or gavocciolos) in the groin, the neck and armpits, which oozed pus and bled when opened.[25] Boccaccio's description is graphic:

text: In men and women alike it first betrayed itself by the emergence of certain tumours in the groin or armpits, some of which grew as large as a common apple, others as an egg...From the two said parts of the body this deadly gavocciolo soon began to propagate and spread itself in all directions indifferently; after which the form of the malady began to change, black spots or livid making their appearance in many cases on the arm or the thigh or elsewhere, now few and large, now minute and numerous. As the gavocciolo had been and still was an infallible token of approaching death, such also were these spots on whomsoever they showed themselves.[26]

text: The only medical detail that is questionable in Boccaccio's description is that the gavocciolo was an 'infallible token of approaching death', as, if the bubo discharges, recovery is possible.[27]

text: This was followed by acute fever and vomiting of blood. Most victims died two to seven days after initial infection. Freckle-like spots and rashes,[28] which could have been caused by flea-bites, were identified as another potential sign of the plague.

text: Some accounts, like that of Lodewijk Heyligen, whose master the Cardinal Colonna died of the plague in 1348, noted a distinct form of the disease that infected the lungs and led to respiratory problems[25] and is identified with pneumonic plague.

text: It is said that the plague takes three forms. In the first people suffer an infection of the lungs, which leads to breathing difficulties. Whoever has this corruption or contamination to any extent cannot escape but will die within two days. Another form...in which boils erupt under the armpits,...a third form in which people of both sexes are attacked in the groin.[29]

text: Causes

text: Medical knowledge had stagnated during the Middle Ages. The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a "great pestilence in the air".[31] This report became the first and most widely circulated of a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers. That the plague was caused by bad air became the most widely accepted theory. Today, this is known as the miasma theory. The word plague had no special significance at this time, and only the recurrence of outbreaks during the Middle Ages gave it the name that has become the medical term.

text: The importance of hygiene was recognised only in the nineteenth century; until then it was common that the streets were filthy, with live animals of all sorts around and human parasites abounding. A transmissible disease will spread easily in such conditions. One development as a result of the Black Death was the establishment of the idea of quarantine in Dubrovnik in 1377 after continuing outbreaks.[32]

text: The dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to Yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India. The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894, among whom was the French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin, after whom the pathogen was named Yersinia pestis.[33] The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul-Louis Simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating Y. pestis several days after feeding on an infected host. This blockage results in starvation and aggressive feeding behaviour by the fleas, which repeatedly attempt to clear their blockage by regurgitation, resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site, infecting the host. The bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents: one resistant to the disease, which act as hosts, keeping the disease endemic, and a second that lack resistance. When the second population dies, the fleas move on to other hosts, including people, thus creating a human epidemic.[33]

text: The historian Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the Great Pestilence in 1893[34] and suggested that "it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague". He was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the Black Death for the second edition in 1908, implicating rats and fleas in the process, and his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics, such as the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire from 541 to 700 CE.[33]

text: An estimate of the mortality rate for the modern bubonic plague, following the introduction of antibiotics, is 11%, although it may be higher in underdeveloped regions.[35] Symptoms of the disease include fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Left untreated, of those that contract the bubonic plague, 80 per cent die within eight days.[36] Pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 per cent. Symptoms include fever, cough, and blood-tinged sputum. As the disease progresses, sputum becomes free-flowing and bright red. Septicemic plague is the least common of the three forms, with a mortality rate near 100%. Symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches (purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation). In cases of pneumonic and particularly septicemic plague, the progress of the disease is so rapid that there would often be no time for the development of the enlarged lymph nodes that were noted as buboes.[37]

text: A number of alternative theories – implicating other diseases in the Black Death pandemic – have also been proposed by some modern scientists (see below – "Alternative Explanations").

text: DNA evidence

text: In October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences. The authors concluded that this new research, together with prior analyses from the south of France and Germany,[38] "ends the debate about the cause of the Black Death, and unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages".[39]

text: The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis, suggesting the plague may have entered Europe in two waves. Surveys of plague pit remains in France and England indicate the first variant entered Europe through the port of Marseille around November 1347 and spread through France over the next two years, eventually reaching England in the spring of 1349, where it spread through the country in three epidemics. Surveys of plague pit remains from the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom showed the Y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the Low Countries from 1350 differed from that found in Britain and France, implying Bergen op Zoom (and possibly other parts of the southern Netherlands) was not directly infected from England or France in 1349 and suggesting a second wave of plague, different from those in Britain and France, may have been carried to the Low Countries from Norway, the Hanseatic cities or another site.[39]

text: The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended. Based on genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 "that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y. pestis that may no longer exist."[40] A study published in Nature in October 2011 sequenced the genome of Y. pestis from plague victims and indicated that the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease.[41]

text: DNA taken from 25 skeletons from the 14th century found in London have shown the plague is a strain of Y. pestis that is almost identical to that which hit Madagascar in 2013.[42][43]

text: Alternative explanations

text: The plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970, who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague, leading him to conclude that contemporary accounts were exaggerations.[33] In 1984 zoologist Graham Twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly, and his doubts about the identity of the Black Death have been taken up by a number of authors, including Samuel K. Cohn, Jr. (2002 and 2013), David Herlihy (1997), and Susan Scott and Christopher Duncan (2001).[33]

text: It is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms, but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period. Most work has been done on the spread of the plague in England, and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by over 100% as no census was undertaken between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377.[44] Estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures from the clergy.

text: In addition to arguing that the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic, sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague); that transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance; and that the DNA results may be flawed and might not have been repeated elsewhere, despite extensive samples from other mass graves.[33] Other arguments include the lack of accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks of plague between the 14th and 17th centuries; temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas; that, despite primitive transport systems, the spread of the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague; that mortality rates of the Black Death appear to be very high; that, while modern bubonic plague is largely endemic as a rural disease, the Black Death indiscriminately struck urban and rural areas; and that the pattern of the Black Death, with major outbreaks in the same areas separated by 5 to 15 years, differs from modern bubonic plague—which often becomes endemic for decades with annual flare-ups.[33]

text: McCormick has suggested that earlier archaeologists were simply not interested in the "laborious" processes needed to discover rat remains.[45] Walløe complains that all of these authors "take it for granted that Simond's infection model, black rat → rat flea → human, which was developed to explain the spread of plague in India, is the only way an epidemic of Yersinia pestis infection could spread", whilst pointing to several other possibilities.[46] Similarly, Green has argued that greater attention is needed to the range of (especially non-commensal) animals that might be involved in the transmission of plague.[47]

text: A variety of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward. Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax, and Norman Cantor (2001) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics. Scott and Duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that they characterise as hemorrhagic plague similar to Ebola. Archaeologist Barney Sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of a large number of rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in London and that the plague spread too quickly to support the thesis that the Y. pestis was spread from fleas on rats; he argues that transmission must have been person to person.[48][49] However, no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance.[33] Many scholars arguing for the Y. pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases, including typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections. In addition to the bubonic infection, others point to additional septicemic (a type of "blood poisoning") and pneumonic (an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body) forms of the plague, which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms.[25] In 2014, scientists with Public Health England announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed from the Clerkenwell area of London, as well as of wills registered in London during the period, which supported the pneumonic hypothesis.[42]

text: Consequences

text: Death toll

text: There are no exact figures for the death toll; the rate varied widely by locality. In urban centres, the greater the population before the outbreak, the longer the duration of the period of abnormal mortality.[50] It killed some 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia.[1][2][3] According to medieval historian Philip Daileader in 2007:

text: The trend of recent research is pointing to a figure more like 45–50% of the European population dying during a four-year period. There is a fair amount of geographic variation. In Mediterranean Europe, areas such as Italy, the south of France and Spain, where plague ran for about four years consecutively, it was probably closer to 75–80% of the population. In Germany and England ... it was probably closer to 20%.[51]

text: A death rate as high as 60% in Europe has been suggested by Norwegian historian Ole Benedictow:

text: Detailed study of the mortality data available points to two conspicuous features in relation to the mortality caused by the Black Death: namely the extreme level of mortality caused by the Black Death, and the remarkable similarity or consistency of the level of mortality, from Spain in southern Europe to England in north-western Europe. The data is sufficiently widespread and numerous to make it likely that the Black Death swept away around 60 per cent of Europe's population. It is generally assumed that the size of Europe's population at the time was around 80 million. This implies that around 50 million people died in the Black Death.[52]

text: The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate of about a third.[53] The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population.[54] Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people died. In Italy, the population of Florence was reduced from 110,000–120,000 inhabitants in 1338 down to 50,000 in 1351. At least 60% of the population of Hamburg and Bremen perished,[55] and a similar percentage of Londoners may have died from the disease as well.[42] While contemporary reports account of mass burial pits being created in response to the large numbers of dead, recent scientific investigations of a burial pit in Central London found well-preserved individuals to be buried in isolated, evenly spaced graves, suggesting at least some pre-planning and Christian burials at this time.[56] Before 1350, there were about 170,000 settlements in Germany, and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450.[57] In 1348, the plague spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government authorities had time to reflect upon its origins, about a third of the European population had already perished. In crowded cities, it was not uncommon for as much as 50% of the population to die.[33] The disease bypassed some areas, and the most isolated areas were less vulnerable to contagion. Monks and priests were especially hard-hit since they cared for victims of the Black Death.[58]

text: Persecutions

text: Renewed religious fervour and fanaticism bloomed in the wake of the Black Death. Some Europeans targeted "various groups such as Jews, friars, foreigners, beggars, pilgrims",[59] lepers,[59][60] and Romani, thinking that they were to blame for the crisis. Lepers, and other individuals with skin diseases such as acne or psoriasis, were singled out and exterminated throughout Europe.

text: Because 14th-century healers were at a loss to explain the cause, Europeans turned to astrological forces, earthquakes, and the poisoning of wells by Jews as possible reasons for the plague's emergence.[61] The governments of Europe had no apparent response to the crisis because no one knew its cause or how it spread. The mechanism of infection and transmission of diseases was little understood in the 14th century; many people believed only God's anger could produce such horrific displays.[citation needed]

text: There were many attacks against Jewish communities.[62] In February 1349, the citizens of Strasbourg murdered 2,000 Jews.[62] In August 1349, the Jewish communities in Mainz and Cologne were annihilated. By 1351, 60 major and 150 smaller Jewish communities had been destroyed.[63]

text: Recurrence

text: The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries.[64] According to Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671.[65] The Second Pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–1363; 1374; 1400; 1438–1439; 1456–1457; 1464–1466; 1481–1485; 1500–1503; 1518–1531; 1544–1548; 1563–1566; 1573–1588; 1596–1599; 1602–1611; 1623–1640; 1644–1654; and 1664–1667. Subsequent outbreaks, though severe, marked the retreat from most of Europe (18th century) and northern Africa (19th century).[66] According to Geoffrey Parker, "France alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628–31."[67]

text: In England, in the absence of census figures, historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300,[68] and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million.[69] By the end of 1350, the Black Death subsided, but it never really died out in England. Over the next few hundred years, further outbreaks occurred in 1361–1362, 1369, 1379–1383, 1389–1393, and throughout the first half of the 15th century.[70] An outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10–15% of the population, while the death rate of the plague of 1479–1480 could have been as high as 20%.[71] The most general outbreaks in Tudor and Stuart England seem to have begun in 1498, 1535, 1543, 1563, 1589, 1603, 1625, and 1636, and ended with the Great Plague of London in 1665.[72]

text: In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris.[73] During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time.[74] The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 and 1490.[75] Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665,[76] reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years.[77] Over 10% of Amsterdam's population died in 1623–1625, and again in 1635–1636, 1655, and 1664.[78] Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528.[79] The plague of 1576–1577 killed 50,000 in Venice, almost a third of the population.[80] Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629–1631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679. Over 60% of Norway's population died in 1348–1350.[81] The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.[82]

text: In the first half of the 17th century, a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14% of the population.[83] In 1656, the plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants.[84] More than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century Spain.[85] The plague of 1649 probably reduced the population of Seville by half.[86] In 1709–1713, a plague epidemic that followed the Great Northern War (1700–1721, Sweden v. Russia and allies)[87] killed about 100,000 in Sweden,[88] and 300,000 in Prussia.[86] The plague killed two-thirds of the inhabitants of Helsinki,[89] and claimed a third of Stockholm's population.[90] Europe's last major epidemic occurred in 1720 in Marseille.[81]

text: The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world.[91] Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850.[92] Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost 30,000–50,000 inhabitants to it in 1620–1621, and again in 1654–1657, 1665, 1691, and 1740–1742.[93] Plague remained a major event in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century. Between 1701 and 1750, thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in Constantinople, and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800.[94] Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague, and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out.[95]

text: Third plague pandemic

text: The third plague pandemic (1855–1859) started in China in the mid-19th century, spreading to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone.[96] Twelve plague outbreaks in Australia between 1900 and 1925 resulted in well over 1,000 deaths, chiefly in Sydney. This led to the establishment of a Public Health Department there which undertook some leading-edge research on plague transmission from rat fleas to humans via the bacillus Yersinia pestis.[97]

text: The first North American plague epidemic was the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904, followed by another outbreak in 1907–1908.[98][99][100][101][102][103][104] From 1944 through 1993, 362 cases of human plague were reported in the United States; approximately 90% occurred in four western states: Arizona, California, Colorado, and New Mexico.[105]

text: Modern treatment methods include insecticides, the use of antibiotics, and a plague vaccine. The plague bacterium could develop drug resistance and again become a major health threat. One case of a drug-resistant form of the bacterium was found in Madagascar in 1995.[106] A further outbreak in Madagascar was reported in November 2014.[107]

text: Names

text: The 12th-century French physician Gilles de Corbeil's On the Signs and Symptoms of Diseases (Latin: De signis et sinthomatibus egritudinum) uses the phrase "black death" (atra mors) to refer to a pestilential fever (febris pestilentialis).[108]

text: Writers contemporary with the plague referred to the event as the "Great Mortality"[109] or the "Great Plague".[61]

text: The phrase "black death" (mors nigra) was used in 1350 by Simon de Covino or Couvin, a Belgian astronomer, who wrote the poem "On the Judgment of the Sun at a Feast of Saturn" (De judicio Solis in convivio Saturni), which attributes the plague to a conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn.[110] In 1908, Gasquet claimed that use of the name atra mors for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in a 1631 book on Danish history by J. I. Pontanus: "Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death" (Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant).[111] The name spread through Scandinavia and then Germany, gradually becoming attached to the mid 14th-century epidemic as a proper name.[112] In England, it was not until 1823, that the medieval epidemic was first called the Black Death.[113]


document_title: Elections in New Jersey

question_text: is new jersey an open or closed primary

question_tokens: is new jersey an open or closed primary

root

text: Elections in New Jersey

text: Political history[edit]

text: American Revolution[edit]

text: In 1776, the first Constitution of New Jersey was drafted. It was written during the Revolutionary War, and was created a basic framework for the state government. The constitution granted the right of suffrage to women and black men who met certain property requirements. The New Jersey Constitution of 1776[3] allowed "all inhabitants of this Colony, of full age, who are worth fifty pounds proclamation money" to vote. This included blacks, spinsters, and widows; married women could not own property under the common law. The Constitution declared itself temporary, and it was to be void if there was reconciliation with Great Britain.[4][5] Both parties in elections mocked the other party for relying on "petticoat electors" and accused the other of allowing unqualified women to vote.

tag: p

text: 19th century[edit]

text: The second version of the New Jersey State Constitution was written in 1844. The constitution provided the right of suffrage only to white males, removing it from women and black men. Some of the important components of the second State Constitution include the separation of the powers of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The new constitution also provided a bill of rights. The people had the right to directly elect the governor.

text: Recent trends[edit]

text: In national elections, the New Jersey has recently leaned towards the national Democratic Party.

text: For much of the second half of the 20th century, New Jersey was one of the most Republican states in the Northeast. It gave comfortable margins of victory to the Republican candidate in the close elections of 1948, 1968, and 1976. New Jersey was a crucial swing state in the elections of 1960, 1968, and 1992.

text: However, the brand of Republicanism in New Jersey has historically been a moderate one. As the national party tilted more to the right, the state's voters became more willing to support Democrats at the national level. This culminated in 1992, when Bill Clinton narrowly carried the state, becoming the first Democrat to win it since 1964. Since then, the only relatively close presidential race in New Jersey was in 2004, when Democrat John F. Kerry defeated George W. Bush in New Jersey by a margin of about seven percentage points. Clinton won it handily in 1996, and Al Gore won it almost as easily in 2000. In the 2008 and the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama carried the state by more than 15 percentage points. Indeed, the 2004 election is the only election in recent years where the race hasn't been called for the Democrat soon after the polls closed. As a result, at the presidential level New Jersey is now considered part of the solid bloc of blue states in the Northeast.

text: The most recent victory by a Republican in a U.S. Senate race in the state was Clifford P. Case's reelection in 1972. Only Hawaii has had longer periods of exclusive Democratic victories in U.S. Senate races. The last Republican to hold a Senate seat from New Jersey was Jeffrey Chiesa, who was appointed a U.S. Senator by Governor Chris Christie in 2013 after Democrat Frank Lautenberg died in office. Chiesa served four months in office and did not seek election in his own right.

text: After Kean won the biggest victory for a gubernatorial race in New Jersey in 1985, no Republican ever won 50 percent of the vote in a New Jersey election for three decade. Until Chris Christie was re-elected in 2013 with 60% of the vote. Christine Todd Whitman was elected governor with 47 percent of the vote in 1993 and with 49 percent in 1997.

text: On November 3, 2009, incumbent Democratic Governor Jon Corzine was unseated by Republican challenger Chris Christie. Christie's margin of victory was 49%-45%.[6] Four years later, Christie was reelected with 60 percent of the vote, becoming the first Republican to clear the 50 percent mark since 1985.

text: Partisan strongholds[edit]

text: The state's Democratic strongholds include Mercer County around the cities of Trenton and Princeton; Essex County and Hudson County, the state's two most urban counties, around the state's two largest cities, Newark and Jersey City; as well as Camden County and New Brunswick/Middlesex County and most of the other urban communities just outside Philadelphia and New York City. The northeastern and southwestern counties, with over two million voters between them, make it extremely difficult for a Republican presidential candidate to carry New Jersey. In 2004, for instance, Bush lost the state largely due to being completely shut out in those areas.

text: The state's more rural to suburban northwestern and counties are Republican strongholds, especially mountainous Sussex County, Morris County, Hunterdon County and Warren County. Somerset, a more rural northwestern county, also leans Republican but can be competitive in national races. In the 2004 presidential election, Bush received about 52% in Somerset and 60% in Hunterdon, while in rural Republican Sussex County, Bush garnered 64% of the vote. Parts of rural to suburban northwestern Bergan County and Passaic County which are also mountainous, are also usually Republican.

text: The southeastern counties along the coast also favor Republicans, notably Ocean County, Monmouth County, and Cape May County. However, Atlantic County, which includes urban Atlantic City, has recently swung Democratic in national elections.

text: Swing counties[edit]

text: About half of the counties in New Jersey, are considered swing counties, though most lean toward one party, usually the Democrats. For example, Bergen County, is solidly Republican in the wealthier and in some places rural and mountainous north and solidly Democratic in the more populated south causing it to usually vote slightly Democratic; it has not gone Republican in a presidential election since 1988. The same is true of Passaic County which has a densely populated, heavily Hispanic Democratic south and a rural Republican north. Some other counties such as Salem County lean Republican because the urbanized areas in those counties are relatively small compared to those of the more heavily Democratic counties. Statistically, Atlantic County is the most representative county.

text: Unaffiliated voters[edit]

text: Unaffiliated is a status for registered voters in New Jersey. Those voters who do not specify a political party affiliation when they register to vote are listed as unaffiliated.[7] Affiliated voters may change their status to unaffiliated or to another political party if they wish, although any such change must be filed with the state 55 days before the primary election.[7] As of 2017, there were 2.4 million unaffiliated voters in New Jersey, more than members of any party in the state.[8]

text: New Jersey is a closed primary state.[9] This means that only voters who affiliate with a political party may vote in that party's candidate selection process (i.e., the primary election). However, unaffiliated voters may declare their party affiliation up to and including the day of the primary election.[7] Unaffiliated status does not affect participation in general elections.

text: New Jersey Congressional Districts[edit]

text: Following each decennial census, the New Jersey Redistricting Commission forms to realign the districts. New Jersey currently has 12 House districts In the 115th Congress, seven of New Jersey's seats are held by Democrats and five are held by Republicans.

text: The more urban districts tend to be controlled by Democrats, while the rural and most of the suburban districts are Republican. The only district in New Jersey that is competitive as of 2006 is the 7th Congressional District (NJ-07) which includes urban, suburban and rural areas in North-Central New Jersey. The 2006 election in NJ-07 was won by the Republican incumbent by just over 3,000 votes or approximately 1%. Incumbents won handily by margins over 10% in the 2006 election in the other 12 districts, though two other districts (New Jersey's 2nd congressional district and New Jersey's 3rd congressional district) were only marginally won by President Bush in 2004.


document_title: Christopher Pike (Star Trek)

question_text: why did star trek change from pike to kirk

text: Christopher Pike (Star Trek)

text: Depiction[edit]

text: According to dialogue in The Cage, he is from the city of Mojave on Earth and once owned a horse named Tango.

text: Pike is the second captain of the USS Enterprise NCC-1701 and the first to be shown in Star Trek canon. The animated Star Trek series reveals that Captain Robert April predated Pike, and printed Star Trek fiction and reference books also identify April as Pike's predecessor.[4][5] Pike took command of the USS Enterprise in the year 2252, at the age of 38, taking over command from Robert April, who commanded the Enterprise for nine years.

text: "The Cage"[edit]

text: At the beginning of "The Cage", set in the year 2254, Pike and his crew are recuperating from a mission to Rigel VII during which several members of the landing party were killed by the inhabitants. The incident filled Pike with so much guilt that he is considering resigning his commission.

text: Meanwhile, the Enterprise is en route to Vega Colony to drop off wounded crew members when it receives a distress call from the survey vessel SS Columbia, lost eighteen years previously. Pike orders the ship diverted to Talos IV to rescue survivors.

text: Pike soon learns that all but one of the survivors are illusions created by the Talosians in order to lure the Enterprise crew to Talos IV. The Talosians make every effort to provide sexual fantasies that they hope will appeal to Pike, using Vina, the only real Columbia survivor, as the object of desire. After Pike escapes from his prison cell with the aid of his first officer, Number One, and Yeoman J.M. Colt, the Talosians reveal, to Pike, Vina's real appearance as a disfigured older woman. The Talosians saved her life after the Columbia crashed, but they had no guide on how to repair a human body. Pike requests that the Talosians restore her illusion of beauty and the Enterprise leaves Talos IV.

text: "The Menagerie"[edit]

text: At some point prior to The Menagerie, Pike is promoted to fleet captain. He is severely injured while rescuing several cadets from a baffle plate rupture on board a J-class training vessel, the delta ray radiation leaving him paralyzed, unable to speak, badly scarred, and using a brainwave-operated wheelchair for mobility. His only means of communicating is through a light on the chair: one flash meaning "yes" and two flashes indicating "no".

text: In The Menagerie, the Enterprise, now under the command of Captain James T. Kirk, travels to Starbase 11. Spock, who had served with Pike for "eleven years, four months, and five days", makes clandestine arrangements to take Pike back to Talos IV, despite travel to Talos IV being the only criminal offense still punishable by death in Starfleet. Spock undergoes court-martial, with his evidence presented during the trial being footage from "The Cage". At the two-part episode's conclusion, it is revealed that the entire procedure was a Talosian-generated illusion to ensure that the Enterprise reached Talos. The Talosians invite Captain Pike to spend the remainder of his life among them, "unfettered by his natural body", which was the entire purpose of Spock's actions. Pike accepts the offer and Spock, now cleared of all charges, sees him off. The Talosians then show Captain Kirk an image of Pike in perfect health and reunited with Vina (another scene from "The Cage").

text: Later references[edit]

text: Pike is referenced in the episode "Mirror, Mirror". An alternate-universe version of Captain Kirk reportedly assassinated Pike to become captain of the ISS Enterprise (the Mirror Universe version of the USS Enterprise).

text: In the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Most Toys", the name Pike can be seen briefly on the side of the shuttlecraft Lt. Commander Data was going to pilot at the beginning of the episode.

text: A citation named for Pike is revealed in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Tears of the Prophets"; Captain Benjamin Sisko receives the "Christopher Pike Medal of Valor" for his actions during the Dominion War.

text: In the Star Trek: Discovery episode "Choose Your Pain", Pike is shown listed on the Starfleet Database as one of Starfleet's most decorated Captains as of 2256. Also included in the list are: Jonathan Archer, Matthew Decker, Philippa Georgiou, and Robert April.

text: Reboot[edit]

text: Captain Pike appears in the 2009 reboot Star Trek, this time portrayed by Bruce Greenwood. In the film, Pike encourages a young, directionless James T. Kirk (Chris Pine) to follow in the footsteps of his hero father and enlist in Starfleet.[6] Pike is the first Captain of the USS Enterprise, with Kirk on board as a stowaway. During the Battle of Vulcan, Pike is taken prisoner by Nero (Eric Bana) and tortured for information about Earth's defenses. He is later rescued by Kirk, whom Pike also manages to save from an attacking Reman (a close cousin of the Romulan race), despite his wounds. At the end of the film, Pike is promoted to the rank of admiral and uses a wheelchair. Unlike his counterpart in The Menagerie, however, Pike still retains the ability to speak and to use his upper body. He proudly yields command of the Enterprise to Kirk while he recovers from his injuries, stating that Kirk's father would be proud of his actions.

text: Greenwood reprised his role as Pike in the next film, Star Trek Into Darkness. In the film, Pike has partially recovered from the trauma Nero inflicted, and uses a cane rather than a wheelchair.[7] After Kirk violates the Prime Directive to rescue Spock (Zachary Quinto), Pike briefly retakes command of the Enterprise and warns Kirk that the Admiralty is threatening to put him back into the Academy. Pike confronts Kirk about his reckless behavior and how his own actions can get those nearest to him killed. Despite his anger at Kirk, however, Pike retains him as his First Officer, sparing him from having to return to the Academy. He later explains to Kirk that he still believes in him and that he also sees a "greatness" behind his recklessness. During a meeting with the Starfleet commanders, including veteran Admiral Marcus and Captain Kirk, Pike is killed in a terrorist attack on Starfleet by John Harrison. Pike's death incites a desire for revenge in Kirk, who seeks to hunt Harrison down, which nearly brings the Federation into a full-scale war with the Klingons. It is revealed that "John Harrison" is an alias, and Harrison's true identity is Khan Noonien Singh. Khan reveals a secret agenda of Admiral Marcus to militarize Starfleet via war with the Klingons and the use of the huge Dreadnought class starship, USS Vengeance, which was designed by Khan. At the end of the film, a memorial service is held for Pike and all of the other people who died as a result of Admiral Marcus' and Khan's actions. Pike's death also deeply affects Kirk and Spock, Kirk because of their close relationship and Spock because he'd been mind-melding with Pike as he died and felt his death.

text: Appearances in licensed spin-off media[edit]

text: Novels and short stories[edit]

text: Pike has significant roles in the Pocket Books novels Enterprise: The First Adventure (Vonda N. McIntyre, 1986), Final Frontier (Diane Carey, 1988), Vulcan's Glory (D. C. Fontana, 1989), Burning Dreams (Margaret Wander Bonanno, 2006), and Child of Two Worlds (Greg Cox, 2015).

text: A mirror-universe version of Pike (established in "Mirror, Mirror", as having been assassinated by the mirror James T. Kirk.[5])

text: He also appears in the novel Dark Victory (William Shatner, 1999), and the short story "The Greater Good" (Margaret Wander Bonanno) in the anthology Star Trek: Mirror Universe: Shards and Shadows (2009).

text: Dave Stern's 2010 original series novel The Children of Kings was set aboard Pike's Enterprise.

text: Captain Pike has his own novel in "Captain's Table" series, Where Sea Meets Sky, written by Jerry Oltion and published in October 1998.

text: Comics[edit]

text: Star Trek: Early Voyages[edit]

text: In the Paramount-licensed Star Trek comic book series published by Marvel Comics, Star Trek: Early Voyages chronicled the adventures of the Enterprise under the command of Pike. The earliest issues lead up to the events seen in "The Cage", which was retold from Yeoman Colt's point of view. Although extremely popular, the comic series ended on a cliffhanger when Marvel lost the Star Trek license rights.[citation needed]

text: Star Trek Annual #2 – "The Final Voyage" (DC comics, 1986)[edit]

text: In this issue, the Enterprise tries to return home to Earth only to find itself around Talos IV. They discover that the Klingons have gone to the planet reasoning anything that scared the Federation enough to maintain the death penalty could be used as a weapon. While on the surface they also discover two Klingons torturing Pike, who is back in his chair due to the Klingons having partially mastered the Talosian's mind powers. One of the Klingons then tortures the crew of the Enterprise by making them live their worst fears. Kirk, forced to relive the death of Edith Keeler, goes berserk with rage and breaks the illusion. Kirk then beats the Klingon tormenting them to death with his bare hands. The crew quickly free the Talosians, who mentally imprison the Klingons in illusions of peaceful, tranquil settings as they purge their memories of Talos IV. The crew returns home with Pike remaining on Talos IV to continue his illusionary life.

text: Starfleet Academy comic series[edit]

text: In the Paramount-licensed Star Trek comic book series published by Marvel Comics, Starfleet Academy, Nog and some fellow cadets encounter a solid image of Pike on Talos IV.[citation needed]

text: Star Trek Captain's Log: Pike (IDW Publishing, 2010)[edit]

text: Captain's Log: Pike published by IDW details the events leading up to and including Pike becoming disabled from the baffle plate rupture aboard the USS Exeter (NCC-1788) under the watch of Captain Colt, Pike's former yeoman on the Enterprise. The story also reveals Colt's unrequited love for her former Captain.

text: Star Trek: The New Voyages[edit]

text: In an episode of the non-canon fan film series Star Trek: New Voyages, a time-traveling Kirk and Spock attempt to warn Pike not to attempt to rescue the trapped cadets. Pike attempts it, in spite of what future-Kirk and future-Spock say, causing him to be injured by the delta rays and subsequently transition to a life in the wheelchair and its light communication device.


document_title: List of United States Senators from Alabama

question_text: when was the last time a democrat senator won in alabama

text: List of Senators[edit]

text:
Class 2
Class 2 U.S. Senators belong to the electoral cycle that were first elected for two United States Congresses in the election of 1819, and then the seat was contested again for the 18th, 21st, and every three Congresses (six years) thereafter. Those seats in recent years have been contested in 2002, 2008, 2014, and the next election will be in 2020.

C
o
n
g
r
e
s
s

Class 3
Class 3 U.S. Senators belong to the electoral cycle that were first elected for three U.S. Congresses in the election of 1819, and then the seat was contested again for the 19th, 22nd, and every three Congresses (six years) thereafter. Those seats in recent years have been contested in 1998, 2004, 2010, and 2016. The next election will be in 2022.

#
Senator
Party
Years in office
Electoral history
T
e
r
m
T
e
r
m
Electoral history
Years in office
Party
Senator
#

1

William R. King
Democratic-
Republican
December 14, 1819 –
April 15, 1844
Elected in 1819.
1
16th
1
Elected in 1819.

Resigned.
December 14, 1819 –
December 12, 1822
Democratic-
Republican

John Williams Walker
1

17th

Elected to finish Walker's term.

Retired.
December 12, 1822 –
March 3, 1825
Democratic-
Republican
William Kelly
2

Jackson
Democratic-
Republican
Re-elected in 1822.
2
18th
Jackson
Democratic-
Republican

Jacksonian
19th
2
Elected in 1824 or 1825.

Died.
March 4, 1825 –
January 24, 1826
Jacksonian

Henry H. Chambers
3

January 24, 1826 –
February 17, 1826
Vacant

Appointed to continue Chambers's term.

Successor elected.
February 17, 1826 –
November 27, 1826
Jacksonian

Israel Pickens
4

Elected to finish Chambers's term.

Lost re-election.
November 27, 1826 –
March 3, 1831
Jacksonian

John McKinley
5

20th

Re-elected in 1828.
3
21st

22nd
3
Elected in 1831.

Lost re-election.
March 4, 1831 –
March 3, 1837
Jacksonian

Gabriel Moore
6

23rd
Anti-Jacksonian

Re-elected in 1834.
4
24th

Democratic
25th
4
Elected in 1837.

Resigned to become U.S. Supreme Court justice.
March 4, 1837 –
April 22, 1837
Democratic

John McKinley
7

April 22, 1837 –
June 19, 1837
Vacant

Elected to finish McKinley's term.

Resigned.
June 19, 1837 –
November 15, 1841
Democratic

Clement Comer Clay
8

26th

Re-elected in 1840.

Resigned to become U.S. Minister to France.
5
27th

November 15, 1841 –
November 24, 1841
Vacant

Elected to finish Clay's term.
November 24, 1841 –
June 16, 1848
Democratic

Arthur P. Bagby
9

28th
5
Re-elected in 1842.

Resigned to become U.S. Minister to Russia.

Vacant
April 15, 1844 –
April 22, 1844

2

Dixon Hall Lewis
Democratic
April 22, 1844 –
October 24, 1848
Appointed to finish King's term.

29th

Elected in 1847.

Died.
6
30th

June 16, 1848 –
July 1, 1848
Vacant

Appointed to continue Bagby's term.

Elected to finish Bagby's term.
July 1, 1848 –
December 20, 1852
Democratic

William R. King
10

Vacant
October 24, 1848 –
November 25, 1848

3

Benjamin Fitzpatrick
Democratic
November 25, 1848 –
November 30, 1849
Appointed to continue Lewis's term.

Successor elected.

31st
6
Re-elected in 1848 or 1849
[Data unknown/missing.].

Resigned due to poor health.

4

Jeremiah Clemens
Democratic
November 30, 1849 –
March 3, 1853
Elected to finish Lewis's term.

Retired.

32nd

December 20, 1852 –
January 14, 1853
Vacant

Appointed to continue King's term.

Elected December 12, 1853,[1]</ref> to finish King's term.
January 14, 1853 –
March 3, 1855
Democratic

Benjamin Fitzpatrick
11

Vacant
March 4, 1853 –
November 29, 1853
Legislature failed to elect.
7
33rd

5

Clement Claiborne Clay
Democratic
November 29, 1853 –
January 21, 1861
Elected late in 1853.

34th
7
Legislature failed to elect.
March 4, 1855 –
November 26, 1855
Vacant

Elected late.

Withdrew.[2]
November 26, 1855 –
January 21, 1861
Democratic

Benjamin Fitzpatrick

35th

Re-elected in 1858.

Withdrew.[2]
8
36th

Vacant
January 21, 1861 –
July 13, 1868
Civil War and Reconstruction
Civil War and Reconstruction
January 21, 1861 –
July 13, 1868
Vacant

37th
8

38th

9
39th

40th
9

6

Willard Warner
Republican
July 13, 1868 –
March 3, 1871
Elected in 1868 to finish vacant term.

Lost re-election.
Elected in 1868 to finish vacant term.
July 13, 1868 –
March 3, 1879
Republican

George E. Spencer
12

41st

7

George Goldthwaite
Democratic
March 4, 1871 –
March 3, 1877
Elected in 1870.

Retired.
10
42nd

43rd
10
Re-elected in 1872.

Retired.

44th

8

John Tyler Morgan
Democratic
March 4, 1877 –
June 11, 1907
Elected in 1876.
11
45th

46th
11
Elected in 1878.

Died.
March 4, 1879 –
December 31, 1879
Democratic

George S. Houston
13

December 31, 1879 –
January 7, 1880
Vacant

Appointed to continue Houston's term.

Successor qualified.
January 7, 1880 –
November 23, 1880
Democratic

Luke Pryor
14

Elected to finish Houston's term.
November 24, 1880 –
March 3, 1897
Democratic

James L. Pugh
15

47th

Re-elected in 1882.
12
48th

49th
12
Re-elected in 1884.

50th

Re-elected in 1888.
13
51st

52nd
13
Re-elected in 1890.

Lost renomination.[3]

53rd

Re-elected in 1894.
14
54th

55th
14
Elected in 1897.[4]
March 4, 1897 –
July 27, 1907
Democratic

Edmund Pettus
16

56th

Re-elected in 1900.
15
57th

58th
15
Re-elected January 26, 1903.

Re-elected early in 1907,[5][6] but died.

59th

Re-elected January 22, 1907.[5][6]

Died.
16
60th

Vacant
June 11, 1907 –
June 18, 1907

9

John H. Bankhead
Democratic
June 18, 1907 –
March 1, 1920
Appointed to continue Morgan's term.

Elected July 16, 1907, to finish Morgan's term.

July 27, 1907 –
August 6, 1907
Vacant

Elected to finish Pettus's term.
August 6, 1907 –
August 8, 1913
Democratic

Joseph F. Johnston
17

61st
16
Elected August 6, 1907, to next term.

Died.

62nd

Re-elected early January 17, 1911.
17
63rd

Henry D. Clayton (D) was appointed August 12, 1913, to continue the term, but his appointment was challenged and withdrawn.
Franklin P. Glass (D) was appointed November 17, 1913, to continue the term, but the Senate refused to seat him.[7]
August 8, 1913 –
May 11, 1914
Vacant

Elected to finish Johnston's term.

Retired.
May 11, 1914 –
March 3, 1915
Democratic

Francis S. White
18

64th
17
Elected in 1914.
March 4, 1915 –
March 3, 1927
Democratic

Oscar Underwood
19

65th

Re-elected in 1918.

Died.
18
66th

Vacant
March 1, 1920 –
March 5, 1920

10

B. B. Comer
Democratic
March 5, 1920 –
November 2, 1920
Appointed to continue Bankhead's term.

Successor elected.

11

James Thomas Heflin
Democratic
November 3, 1920 –
March 3, 1931
First elected to finish Bankhead's term.

67th
18
Re-elected in 1920.

Retired.

68th

Re-elected in 1924.

Disqualified.
19
69th

70th
19
Elected in 1926.
March 4, 1927 –
August 19, 1937
Democratic

Hugo Black
20

71st

12

John H. Bankhead II
Democratic
March 4, 1931 –
June 12, 1946
Elected in 1930.
20
72nd

73rd
20
Re-elected in 1932.

Resigned to become U.S. Supreme Court justice.

74th

Re-elected in 1936.
21
75th

Appointed (by her husband, the Governor) to finish Black's term.

Resigned.
August 20, 1937 –
January 10, 1938
Democratic

Dixie Bibb Graves
21

Appointed to continue Graves's term.

Elected April 26, 1938, to finish Graves's term.
January 11, 1938 –
January 3, 1969
Democratic

J. Lister Hill
22

76th
21
Re-elected in 1938.

77th

Re-elected in 1942.

Died.
22
78th

Vacant
June 12, 1946 –
June 15, 1946

13

George R. Swift
Democratic
June 15, 1946 –
November 5, 1946
Appointed to continue Bankhead's term.

Successor elected.

14

John Sparkman
Democratic
November 6, 1946 –
January 3, 1979
Elected to finish Bankhead's term.
78th

79th
22
Re-elected in 1944.

80th

Re-elected in 1948.
23
81st

82nd
23
Re-elected in 1950.

83rd

Re-elected in 1954.
24
84th

85th
24
Re-elected in 1956.

86th

Re-elected in 1960.
25
87th

88th
25
Re-elected in 1962.

Retired.

89th

Re-elected in 1966.
26
90th

91st
26
Elected in 1968.
January 3, 1969 –
June 1, 1978
Democratic

James Allen
23

92nd

Re-elected in 1972.

Retired.
27
93rd

94th
27
Re-elected in 1974.

Died.

95th

Appointed to continue her husband's term.

Lost nomination to finish her husband's term.
June 8, 1978 –
November 7, 1978
Democratic

Maryon Pittman Allen
24

Elected to finish James Allen's term.

Lost renomination; resigned one day early to give successor advantageous seniority.
November 7, 1978 –
January 2, 1981
Democratic

Donald W. Stewart
25

15

Howell Heflin
Democratic
January 3, 1979 –
January 3, 1997
Elected in 1978.
28
96th

Appointed to finish Stewart's term, having already been elected to the next term.
January 2, 1981 –
January 3, 1987
Republican

Jeremiah Denton
26

97th
28
Elected in 1980.

Lost re-election.

98th

Re-elected in 1984.
29
99th

100th
29
Elected in 1986.
January 3, 1987 –
November 9, 1994
Democratic

Richard Shelby
27

101st

Re-elected in 1990.

Retired.
30
102nd

103rd
30
Re-elected in 1992. Changed party in 1994 with the Republican Revolution.

November 9, 1994 –
Present
Republican

104th

16

Jeff Sessions
Republican
January 3, 1997 –
February 8, 2017
Elected in 1996.
31
105th

106th
31
Re-elected in 1998.

107th

Re-elected in 2002.
32
108th

109th
32
Re-elected in 2004.

110th

Re-elected in 2008.
33
111th

112th
33
Re-elected in 2010.

113th

Re-elected in 2014.

Resigned to become U.S. Attorney General.
34
114th

115th
34
Re-elected in 2016.

17

Luther Strange
Republican
February 9, 2017 –
January 3, 2018
Appointed to continue Sessions's term.

Lost nomination to finish Sessions's term.

18

Doug Jones
Democratic
January 3, 2018 –
Present
Elected December 12, 2017 to finish Sessions's term.

116th

To be determined in the 2020 election.
35
117th

118th
35
To be determined in the 2022 election.

#
Senator
Party
Years in office
Electoral history
T
e
r
m

T
e
r
m
Electoral history
Years in office
Party
Senator
#

Class 2
Class 3

tag: table

text: Living former U.S. Senators from Alabama[edit]

text: As of January 2018[update], there are four living former U.S. Senators from Alabama. The most recent senator to die was Jeremiah Denton on March 28, 2014, who is also the most recently serving senator to die.

text:
Senator
Term of office
Date of birth (and age)

Maryon P. Allen
June 8, 1978 – November 7, 1978
(1925-11-30) November 30, 1925 (age 92)

Donald W. Stewart
November 7, 1978 – January 2, 1981
(1940-02-04) February 4, 1940 (age 78)

Jeff Sessions
January 3, 1997 – February 8, 2017
(1946-12-24) December 24, 1946 (age 71)

Luther Strange
February 9, 2017 – January 3, 2018
(1953-03-01) March 1, 1953 (age 65)


document_title: List of undefeated NCAA Division I football teams

question_text: when was the last time a college team went undefeated

text: Division I Football Bowl Subdivision[edit]

text: NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) is currently the highest division of play in college football. However this nomenclature and these categories of divisional play have only existed since 2006 and 1978, respectively. Prior to the formation of the NCAA in 1906, there was no differentiation between the level of play from one college to another, and thus all intercollegiate teams can be thought of as having played in the same division. Likewise, even after the formation of the NCAA, there was no differentiation into divisions until 1956, when play was separated in the upper "University" division and lower "Collegiate" division. In 1973, a three division reorganization occurred placing teams into NCAA Division I (highest), Division II, or Division III (lowest). In 1978, Division I was further subdivided into Division I-A (highest) and Division I-AA. In 2006, these subdivisions were renamed Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) and Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), respectively.[1]

text: The following categories represent the historical equivalents of the highest level of play over the history of college football, and the subsequent tables list the teams for each season that went undefeated while competing in these highest categories:

text:
uncategorized (pre-NCAA) 1869 to 1905
NCAA 1906 to 1955
NCAA University Division from 1956 until 1972
NCAA Division I from 1973 to 1977
NCAA Division I-A from 1978 to 2005
NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) from 2006–present

tag: ul

text: Undefeated and untied[edit]

text: These teams finished the season having won every game in which they played, thus completing a "perfect season".[2]

text:
Year
Team
Record
Notes

1870
Princeton
1–0–0[3]

1872
Princeton
1–0–0[3]

1872
Yale
1–0–0[4]

1873
Princeton
1–0–0[3]

1874
Princeton
4–0–0[3]

1874
Yale
3–0–0[4]

1875
Harvard
4–0–0[5]

1875
Princeton
2–0–0[3]

1876
Rutgers
1–0–0[6]

1876
Yale
3–0–0[4]

1877
Amherst
1–0–0[6]

1878
Princeton
6–0–0[3]

1879
Amherst
1–0–0[7]

1880
Michigan
1–0–0[8]

1881
Georgetown
1–0–0[7]

1881
Penn State
1–0–0[9]

1882
Michigan
1–0–0[8]

1882
Navy
1–0–0[10]

1882
Yale
8–0–0[4]

1883
California
2–0–0[11]

1883
Princeton
4–0–0[3]

1883
NYU
1–0–0[7]

1883
Albion
1–0–0[7]

1884
Michigan
2–0–0[8]

1884
Navy
1–0–0[10]

1884
Wabash
1–0–0[7]

1884
Yale
9–0–0[4]

1885
Albion
1–0–0[7]

1885
Michigan
3–0–0[8]
Michigan was unscored upon.

1885
Princeton
9–0–0[3]

1886
California
4–0–0[11]

1886
Fordham
1–0–0[7]

1886
Michigan
2–0–0[8]
Michigan was unscored upon.

1887
Michigan
3–0–0[8]
Michigan was unscored upon.

1887
Minnesota
2–0–0[12]
Minnesota was unscored upon.

1887
Penn State
2–0–0[9][13]
Penn State was unscored upon.

1887
Yale
9–0–0[4]

1887
Hanover
2–0–0[7]

1888
Colorado School of Mines
1–0–0[14]

1888
Notre Dame
1–0–0[15]

1888
USC
2–0–0[16]

1888
Yale
13–0–0[4]
Yale was unscored upon.

1889
Beloit
1–0–0[7]

1889
Butler
2–0–0[7]

1889
California
4–0–0[11]

1889
Colorado School of Mines
1–0–0[14]

1889
Miami (OH)
4–0–0[17]

1889
Notre Dame
1–0–0[15]

1889
Ohio State
1–0–0[18]

1889
Princeton
10–0–0[3]

1889
USC
2–0–0[16]

1889
Colorado School of Mines
6–0–0[14]

1890
Harvard
11–0–0[5]

1890
Kentucky
1–0–0[7]

1890
Nebraska
2–0–0[19]

1890
Vanderbilt
1–0–0[7]

1891
Albion
4–0–0[7]

1891
Detroit
1–0–0[7]

1891
Duke
3–0–0[7]

1891
Purdue
4–0–0[7]

1891
Wake Forest
1–0–0[7]

1891
Yale
13–0–0[4]

1892
Case Western Reserve
3–0–0[20]

1892
Colgate
3–0–0[6]

1892
Minnesota
5–0–0[12]

1892
NC State
1–0–0[7]

1892
Purdue
8–0–0[6]

1892
USC
1–0–0[16]

1892
Utah St.
1–0–0[21]

1892
Wyoming
1–0–0[7]

1892
Yale
13–0–0[4]

1893
Case Western Reserve
3–0–0[20]

1893
Fordham
4–0–0[7]

1893
Maryland
6–0–0

1893
Minnesota
6–0–0[12]

1893
NC State
2–0–0[7]

1893
Princeton
11–0–0[3]

1893
Texas
4–0–0[22]

1894
North Dakota St.
2–0–0[23]

1894
Columbia Physicians & Surgeons
3–0–0[7]

1894
New Mexico State
2–0–0[7]

1894
Penn
12–0–0[24]

1894
USC
1–0–0[16]

1894
Wyoming
3–0–0[7]

1894
Yale
16–0–0[4]

1894
Case Western Reserve
7–0–0[20]

1895
Arkansas
1–0–0[25]

1895
Bloomsburg
1–0–0[7]

1895
Miami (OH)
3–0–0[17]

1895
Hanover
2–0–0[7]

1895
LSU
3–0–0[7]

1895
Marquette
4–0–0[7]

1895
Oregon
4–0–0[26]

1895
Penn
14–0–0[24]

1895
St. Bonaventure
4–0–0[7]

1895
Texas
5–0–0[22]
Texas was unscored upon.

1895
Tulsa
1–0–0[7]

1895
Washington State
2–0–0[27]

1895
Wyoming
1–0–0[7]

1896
Fordham
1–0–0[7]

1896
Georgia
4–0–0[7]

1896
LSU
6–0–0[7]

1896
NC State
1–0–0[7]

1896
North Dakota
2–0–0[7]

1896
Oklahoma
2–0–0[28]

1896
St. John's
1–0–0[7]

1896
Tennessee
4–0–0[29]

1896
Wyoming
2–0–0[7]

1897
Alabama
1–0–0[30]

1897
Butler
1–0–0[7]

1897
Buffalo
8–0–0[7]

1897
Oklahoma
2–0–0[28]

1897
Oregon State
2–0–0[31]

1897
Penn
15–0–0[24]

1897
Washington State
2–0–0[27]

1897
Wichita State
1–0–0[7]

1897
Wyoming
2–0–0[7]

1898
Colorado School of Mines
9–0–0[14]

1898
Detroit
5–0–0[7]

1898
Drexel
7–0–0[32]

1898
Harvard
11–0–0[5]

1898
Kalamazoo
7–0–0[7]
MIAA champions

1898
Kentucky
7–0–0[33]

1898
LSU
1–0–0[7]

1898
Michigan
10–0–0[8]

1898
North Carolina
9–0–0[7]

1898
Oklahoma
2–0–0[28]

1898
Tulsa
1–0–0[7]

1899
Sewanee
12–0–0[34]
Won five road games in six days.

1899
New Mexico State
1–0–0[7]

1899
North Dakota
6–0–0[7]

1899
Utah St.
1–0–0[21]

text: 1900 to present[edit]

text:
Year
Team
Coach
W
L
PF
PA
Point Differential
Avg.
Point Differential

1900
Auburn[35]
Watkins
4
0
148
5
143
35.8

1900
Baylor[36]
Hamilton
3
0
44
6
38
12.7

1900
Central Michigan[37]

1
0
20
5
15
15.0

1900
Clemson[38]
Heisman
6
0
222
10
212
35.3

1900
Idaho[39]
Herbold
1
0
12
6
6
6.0

1900
Texas[22]
Thompson
6
0
113
13
100
16.7

1900
Tulane
Summersgill
5
0
105
0
105
21.0

1900
Yale[4]
McBride
12
0
336
10
326
27.2

1901
Harvard[5]
Reid
12
0
254
24
230
19.2

1901
Michigan[8]
Yost
11
0
550
0
550
50.0

1901
North Dakota State[23]
Harrison
7
0
261
17
244
34.9

1901
Saint Louis[40]

10
0
233
14
219
21.9

1901
Wisconsin[41]
King
9
0
316
5
311
34.6

1901
Wyoming
McMurray
1
0
38
0
38
38.0

1902
Arizona
Gillette
5
0
134
0
134
26.8

1902
California[11]
Whipple
8
0
168
12
156
19.5

1902
Central Michigan[37]
Tambling
4
0
82
0
82
20.5

1902
Michigan[8]
Yost
11
0
644
12
632
57.5

1902
Nebraska[19]
Booth
10
0
186
0
186
18.6

1902
North Dakota State[23]
Cochems
4
0
168
0
168
42.0

1902
Oklahoma A&M[28]

1
0
40
0
40
40.0

1902
South Dakota
Whittemore
10
0
239
0
239
23.9

1902
Wyoming
McMurray
1
0
18
0
18
18.0

1903
Arizona State
Irish
2
0
33
0
33
16.5

1903
Central Michigan[37]
Tambling
6
0
69
11
58
9.7

1903
Nebraska[19]
Booth
11
0
291
17
274
24.9

1903
North Dakota
Kennedy
8
0
298
11
287
35.9

1903
Princeton[3]
Hillebrand
11
0
259
6
253
23.0

1903
Utah State[21]
Campbell
3
0
78
0
78
26.0

1904
Arizona State
Irish
4
0
116
0
116
29.0

1904
Auburn[35]
Donahue
6
0
170
11
159
26.5

1904
Charleston (WV)
Ropp
3
0
90
0
90
30.0

1904
Michigan[8]
Yost
10
0
567
22
545
54.5

1904
Minnesota[12]
Williams
13
0
725
12
713
54.8

1904
New Mexico
McEwan
1
0
11
0
11
11.0

1904
Northern Illinois
Fleager
5
0
90
17
73
14.6

1904
Penn[24]
Williams
12
0
222
4
218
18.2

1904
Pittsburgh[42]
Mosse
10
0
406
5
401
40.1

1904
Saint Louis[40]

11
0
349
0
349
31.7

1904
Vanderbilt[43]
McGugin
9
0
474
4
470
52.2

1905
Chicago[44]
Stagg
11
0
271
5
266
24.2

1905
Colorado School of Mines[14]
Ellsworth
6
0
125
16
109
18.2

1905
Idaho[39]
Griffith
5
0
113
2
111
22.2

1905
LSU
Killian
3
0
36
0
36
12.0

1905
New Mexico State
Miller
3
0
96
0
96
32.0

1905
Stanford
Lanagan
8
0
138
13
125
15.6

1905
Yale[4]
Owsley
10
0
226
4
222
22.2

1906
Butler
Robinson
1
0
17
0
17
17.0

1906
New Mexico State
Miller
4
0
71
12
59
14.8

1906
North Dakota State[23]
Dobie
4
0
236
4
232
58.0

1906
Saint Louis[40]
Cochems
11
0
407
20
387
35.2

1906
Washington State[27]
Bender
6
0
44
0
44
7.3

1906
Wisconsin[41]
Hutchins
5
0
78
15
63
12.6

1907
New Mexico
Angel
1
0
44
0
44
44.0

1907
New Mexico State
Miller
3
0
88
6
82
27.3

1907
North Dakota State[23]
Dobie
3
0
163
10
153
51.0

1907
Oregon State[31]
Norcross
6
0
137
0
137
22.8

1907
South Carolina
McKay
3
0
30
4
26
8.7

1908
Arizona
Galbraith
5
0
136
6
130
26.0

1908
Charleston (WV)

3
0
49
10
39
13.0

1908
Kansas[45]
Kennedy
9
0
131
20
111
12.3

1908
Southwestern Louisiana
McNaspy
6
0
93
16
77
12.8

1908
LSU
Wingard
10
0
442
11
431
43.1

1908
Miami (OH)[17]
Foster
7
0
113
10
103
14.7

1909
Arkansas[25]
Bezdek
7
0
186
18
168
24.0

1909
Colorado[46]
Folsom
6
0
141
0
141
23.5

1909
Washington[47]
Dobie
7
0
214
6
208
29.7

1909
Western Michigan[48]
Spaulding
7
0
194
9
185
26.4

1909
Yale[4]
Jones
10
0
209
0
209
20.9

1910
Arizona
Shipp
5
0
87
8
79
15.8

1910
Colorado[46]
Folsom
6
0
121
3
118
19.7

1910
Colorado College[49]

7
0
120
30
90
12.9

1910
Illinois[50]
Hall
9
0
89
0
89
9.9

1910
Louisiana Tech
Prince
7
0
265
6
259
37.0

1910
Pittsburgh[42]
Thompson
9
0
282
0
282
31.3

1910
Washington[47]
Dobie
6
0
150
8
142
23.7

1911
Colorado[46]
Folsom
6
0
88
5
83
13.8

1911
New Mexico State
Badenoch
7
0
192
6
186
26.6

1911
Oklahoma[28]
Owen
8
0
282
15
267
33.4

1911
Utah State[21]
Teetzel
5
0
164
0
164
32.8

1911
Washington[47]
Dobie
7
0
277
9
268
38.3

1912
Harvard[5]
Haughton
9
0
176
22
154
17.1

1912
Middle Tennessee
Weber
1
0
29
7
22
22.0

1912
Notre Dame[15]
Marks
7
0
389
27
362
51.7

1912
Penn State[9]
Hollenback
8
0
285
6
279
34.9

1912
Troy
Penton
3
0
61
10
51
17.0

1912
Washington[47]
Dobie
6
0
190
17
173
28.8

1912
Wisconsin[41]
Juneau
7
0
246
29
217
31.0

1913
Auburn[35]
Donahue
8
0
224
13
211
26.4

1913
Chicago[44]
Stagg
7
0
124
27
97
13.9

1913
Harvard[5]
Haughton
9
0
225
21
204
22.7

1913
Michigan State
Macklin
7
0
180
28
152
21.7

1913
Nebraska[19]
Stiehm
8
0
138
28
110
13.8

1913
Notre Dame[15]
Harper
7
0
268
41
227
32.4

1913
Rice
Arbuckle
4
0
81
14
67
16.8

1913
Washington[47]
Dobie
7
0
266
20
246
35.1

1913
Western Michigan[48]
Spaulding
4
0
59
15
44
11.0

1914
Army[37]
Daly
9
0
219
20
199
22.1

1914
Connecticut
Warner, D.
3
0
48
9
39
13.0

1914
Illinois[50]
Zuppke
7
0
224
22
202
28.9

1914
Tennessee[29]
Clevenger
9
0
374
37
337
37.4

1914
Texas[22]
Allerdice
8
0
358
21
337
42.1

1914
Washington & Lee[51]

9
0
324
12
312
34.7

1914
Western Michigan[48]
Spaulding
6
0
180
7
173
28.8

1915
Colorado State[52]
Hughes
7
0
243
31
212
30.3

1915
Cornell[53]
Sharpe
9
0
287
50
237
26.3

1915
Nebraska[19]
Stiehm
8
0
282
39
243
30.4

1915
Oklahoma[28]
Owen
10
0
370
54
316
31.6

1915
Pittsburgh[42]
Warner
8
0
247
19
228
28.5

1915
Washington[47]
Dobie
7
0
274
14
260
37.1

1915
Washington State[27]
Dietz
7
0
204
10
194
27.7

1916
Army[37]
Daly
9
0
235
36
199
22.1

1916
Ohio State[18]
Wilce
7
0
258
29
229
32.7

1916
Pittsburgh[42]
Warner
8
0
255
25
230
28.8

1916
Tulsa
McBirney
10
0
566
40
526
52.6

1917
Denver
Fike
8
0
226
45
181
22.6

1917
Georgia Tech[54]
Heisman
9
0
491
17
474
52.7

1917
Mare Island Marines

8
0
na
na
na

1917
Middle Tennessee
Floyd
7
0
201
0
201
28.7

1917
Pittsburgh[42]
Warner
10
0
260
21
239
23.9

1917
Texas A&M[55]
Bible
8
0
270
0
270
33.8

1917
Tuskegee[56]
Gayle
7
0
279
14
265
37.9

1918
Army[37]
Mitchell
1
0
20
0
20
20.0

1918
Bucknell
Wingard
6
0
236
7
229
31.2

1918
Central Michigan[37]
Tambling
1
0
41
6
35
35.0

1918
Colorado School of Mines[14]
Barron
4
0
184
21
163
40.8

1918
Michigan[8]
Yost
5
0
96
6
90
18.0

1918
Middle Tennessee

1
0
12
7
5
5.0

1918
Oklahoma[28]
Owen
6
0
278
7
271
45.2

1918
Presbyterian
Shaw
2
0
33
7
26
13.0

1918
Texas[22]
Juneau
9
0
194
14
180
20.0

1918
Virginia Tech
Bernier
7
0
152
13
139
19.9

1918
Washington (MO)

6
0
163
27
136
22.7

1919
Centre
Moran
9
0
485
23
462
51.3

1919
Marshall
Reilly
8
0
302
13
289
36.1

1919
Middle Tennessee
Miles
4
0
148
6
142
35.5

1919
Notre Dame[15]
Rockne
9
0
229
47
182
20.2

1919
Texas A&M[55]
Bible
10
0
275
0
275
27.5

1920
Boston College
Cavanaugh
8
0
181
16
165
20.6

1920
California[11]
Smith
9
0
510
14
496
55.1

1920
Notre Dame[15]
Rockne
9
0
251
44
207
23.0

1920
Texas[22]
Whitaker
9
0
282
13
269
29.9

1920
USC[16]
Henderson
6
0
170
21
149
24.8

1920
VMI
Clarkson
9
0
431
20
411
45.7

1921
Cornell[53]
Dobie
8
0
392
21
371
46.4

1921
Iowa[57]
Jones
7
0
185
36
149
21.3

1921
Lafayette
Sutherland
9
0
274
26
248
27.6

1921
Louisiana Tech
Clark
6
0
106
20
86
14.3

1921
Miami (OH)[17]
Little
8
0
238
13
225
28.1

1921
Texas State[58]
Strahan
7
0
185
26
159
22.7

1922
Western Michigan[48]
Olander
6
0
160
0
160
26.7

1922
Cornell[53]
Dobie
8
0
339
27
312
39.0

1922
Princeton[3]
Roper
8
0
127
34
93
11.6

1922
Iowa[57]
Jones
7
0
208
33
175
25.0

1922
California[11]
Smith
9
0
398
34
364
40.4

1922
Drake
Solem
7
0
155
26
129
18.4

1923
Illinois[50]
Zuppke
8
0
136
20
116
14.5

1923
Michigan[8]
Yost
8
0
150
12
138
17.3

1923
New Mexico State
Brown
9
0
218
17
201
22.3

1923
Yale[4]
Jones
8
0
230
38
192
24.0

1923
Colorado[46]
Witham
9
0
280
27
253
28.1

1923
Cornell[53]
Dobie
8
0
320
33
287
35.9

1923
SMU[59]
Freeland
Morrison
9
0
207
9
198
22.0

1924
Hawaii
Klum
8
0
185
12
173
21.6

1924
Notre Dame[15]
Rockne
10
0
285
54
231
23.1

1925
Alabama[30]
Wade
10
0
297
26
271
27.1

1925
Dartmouth[60]
Hawley
8
0
340
29
311
38.9

1925
Eastern Michigan[61]
Rynearson
8
0
106
6
100
12.5

1925
Hawaii
Klum
10
0
421
17
404
40.4

1925
Louisville
King
8
0
133
2
131
16.4

1926
Tuskegee[56]
Abbott
10
0
288
84
204
20.4

1926
Utah[62]
Armstrong
7
0
164
23
141
20.1

1927
Eastern Michigan[61]
Rynearson
8
0
186
13
173
21.6

1928
Boston College
McKenney
9
0
263
39
224
24.9

1928
Georgia Tech[54]
Alexander
10
0
221
47
174
17.4

1928
Detroit
Dorais
9
0
267
27
240
26.7

1929
Notre Dame[15]
Rockne
9
0
145
38
107
11.9

1929
Purdue
Phelan
8
0
187
44
143
17.9

1929
Tulane
Bierman
9
0
279
45
234
26.0

1929
Tuskegee[56]
Abbott
9
0
249
26
223
24.8

1929
Utah[62]
Armstrong
7
0
219
23
196
28.0

1930
Notre Dame[15]
Rockne
10
0
265
74
191
19.1

1930
Fresno State
Borleske
8
0
154
66
88
11.0

1930
Alabama[30]
Wade
10
0
271
13
258
25.8

1930
Utah[62]
Armstrong
8
0
340
20
320
40.0

1931
Louisiana Tech
Bohler
7
0
167
36
131
18.7

1932
USC[16]
Jones
10
0
201
13
188
18.8

1932
Colgate
Kerr
9
0
264
0
264
29.3

1932
Michigan[8]
Kipke
8
0
123
13
110
13.8

1933
DePauw
Neal
7
0
136
0
136
19.4

1933
Princeton[3]
Crisler
9
0
217
8
209
23.2

1934
Minnesota[12]
Bierman
8
0
270
38
232
29.0

1934
Alabama[30]
Thomas
10
0
316
45
271
27.1

1934
Hawaii
Klum
6
0
142
21
121
20.1

1935
Alma[63]
Campbell
8
0
180
13
167
20.9

1935
Middle Tennessee
Floyd
8
0
128
25
103
12.9

1935
Princeton[3]
Crisler
9
0
256
32
224
24.9

1935
Minnesota[12]
Bierman
8
0
194
46
148
18.5

1936
Case Western Reserve[20]
Edwards
10
0
244
28
216
21.6

1938
Case Western Reserve[20]
Edwards
9
0
259
31
228
25.3

1938
Georgetown
Hagerty
8
0
185
26
159
19.9

1938
TCU
Meyer
11
0
269
60
209
19.0

1938
Memphis
McKeen
10
0
281
41
240
24.0

1938
Tennessee[29]
Neyland
11
0
293
16
277
25.2

1939
San Jose State
DeGroot
13
0
324
29
295
22.7

1939
Texas A&M[55]
Norton
11
0
212
31
181
16.5

1939
Cornell[53]
Snavely
8
0
197
52
145
18.1

1940
Minnesota[12]
Bierman
8
0
154
71
83
10.4

1940
Stanford
Shaughnessy
10
0
196
85
111
11.1

1940
Boston College
Leahy
11
0
339
65
274
24.9

1940
Hardin–Simmons
Kimbrough
9
0
229
76
153
17.0

1940
Lafayette
Mylin
9
0
238
33
205
22.8

1941
East Carolina
Christenbury
7
0
159
20
139
19.9[64]

1941
Western Michigan[48]
Gary
8
0
183
27
156
19.5

1941
Minnesota[12]
Bierman
8
0
186
38
148
18.5

1941
Duquesne
Donelli
8
0
143
23
120
15.0

1942
Alma[63]
MacDonald
7
0
163
26
137
19.6

1942
Central Michigan[37]
Finch
6
0
93
21
72
12.0

1942
Grambling State
Robinson
9
0
164
0
164
18.2

1942
Southern Miss
Green
4
0
142
7
135
33.8

1943
Eastern Michigan[61]
Rynearson
2
0
28
0
28
14.0

1943
New Mexico State
Moulder
4
0
107
20
87
21.8

1943
Purdue
Burnham
9
0
214
55
159
17.7

1943
USNTC Bainbridge

7
0

1943
Colorado College[49]

7
0
199
27
172
24.6

1943
Vanderbilt[43]
Alley
5
0
143
33
110
22.0

1944
Army[37]
Blaik
9
0
504
35
469
52.1

1944
Northern Illinois
Evans
7
0
113
48
65
9.3

1944
Ohio State[18]
Widdoes
9
0
287
79
208
23.1

1944
Randolph Field

12
0

1944
USNTC Bainbridge

9
0

1944
NAS Norman

9
0

1944
Fort Pierce

9
0

1945
Arizona
Casteel
5
0
193
12
181
36.2

1945
Army[37]
Blaik
9
0
412
46
366
40.7

1945
Alabama[30]
Thomas
9
0
430
80
350
38.9

1945
Oklahoma A&M
Lookabaugh
9
0
285
76
209
23.2

1946
Georgia
Butts
11
0
392
110
282
25.6

1946
Delaware
Murray
10
0
358
45
313
31.3

1947
Notre Dame[15]
Leahy
9
0
291
52
239
26.6

1947
Michigan[8]
Crisler
10
0
394
53
341
34.1

1948
Alma[63]
Sebo
8
0
170
57
113
14.1

1948
Clemson[38]
Howard
11
0
274
76
198
18.0

1948
Michigan[8]
Oosterbaan
9
0
252
44
208
23.1

1948
Michigan Tech
Bovard
7
0
209
58
151
21.6

1949
Army[37]
Blaik
9
0
354
68
286
31.8

1949
Ball State
Magnabosco
8
0
276
61
215
26.9

1949
Notre Dame[15]
Leahy
10
0
360
86
274
27.4

1949
Oklahoma[28]
Wilkinson
11
0
399
88
311
28.3

1949
Pacific
Siemering
11
0
575
66
509
46.3

1950
Florida State
Veller
8
0
219
54
165
20.6

1950
Lehigh[65]
Leckonby
9
0
301
77
224
24.9

1950
Wyoming
Wyatt
10
0
363
59
304
30.4

1951
Michigan State
Munn
9
0
270
114
156
17.3

1951
Maryland
Tatum
10
0
381
75
306
30.6

1951
Northern Illinois
Evans
9
0
223
101
122
13.6

1951
Princeton[3]
Caldwell
9
0
310
82
228
25.3

1951
San Francisco
Kuharich
9
0
286
72
214
23.8

1952
Georgia Tech[54]
Dodd
12
0
325
59
266
22.2

1952
Michigan State
Munn
9
0
312
84
228
25.3

1954
Ohio State[18]
Hayes
10
0
249
75
174
17.4

1954
UCLA
Sanders
9
0
367
40
327
36.3

1954
Oklahoma[28]
Wilkinson
10
0
304
62
242
24.2

1955
Oklahoma[28]
Wilkinson
11
0
385
60
325
29.5

1955
Miami (OH)[17]
Parseghian
9
0
226
47
179
19.9

1955
Drexel[66]
Eddie Allen
8
0
198
72
126
15.8

1956
Oklahoma[28]
Wilkinson
10
0
466
51
415
41.5

1956
Wyoming
Dickens
10
0
252
112
140
14.0

1957
Auburn[35]
Jordan
10
0
207
28
179
17.9

1957
Arizona State
Devine
10
0
397
66
331
33.1

1958
LSU
Dietzel
11
0
282
53
229
20.8

1959
Syracuse
Schwartzwalder
11
0
413
73
340
30.9

1960
Yale[4]
Olivar
9
0
253
73
180
20.0

1960
Missouri
Devine
11
0
295
93
202
18.4

1960
New Mexico State
Woodson
11
0
394
113
281
25.5

1961
Alabama[30]
Bryant
11
0
297
25
272
24.7

1961
Rutgers
Bateman
9
0
246
102
144
16.0

1962
USC[16]
McKay
11
0
261
92
169
15.4

1962
Ole Miss
Vaught
10
0
247
53
194
19.4

1963
Texas[22]
Royal
11
0
243
71
172
15.6

1964
Arkansas[25]
Broyles
11
0
231
64
167
15.2

1964
Princeton[3]
Colman
9
0
216
53
163
18.1

1966
Alabama[30]
Bryant
11
0
301
44
257
23.4

1968
Ohio State[18]
Hayes
10
0
323
150
173
17.3

1968
Penn State[9]
Paterno
11
0
354
120
234
21.3

1969
Texas[22]
Royal
11
0
435
119
316
28.7

1969
Penn State[9]
Paterno
11
0
322
90
232
21.1

1969
San Diego State
Coryell
11
0
492
194
298
27.1

1969
Toledo[67]
Lauterbur
11
0
385
160
225
20.5

1970
Arizona State
Kush
11
0
405
148
257
23.4

1970
Toledo[67]
Lauterbur
12
0
384
88
296
24.7

1970
Dartmouth[60]
Blackman
9
0
311
42
269
29.9

1971
Nebraska[19]
Devaney
13
0
507
104
403
31.0

1971
Toledo[67]
Murphy
12
0
383
96
287
23.9

1972
USC[16]
McKay
12
0
467
134
333
27.8

1973
Notre Dame[15]
Parseghian
11
0
382
89
293
26.6

1973
Penn State[9]
Paterno
12
0
447
129
318
26.5

1973
Miami (OH)[17]
Mallory
11
0
223
76
147
13.4

1974
Oklahoma[28]
Switzer
11
0
473
92
381
34.6

1975
Arizona State
Kush
12
0
347
127
220
18.3

1975
Arkansas State
Davidson
11
0
355
81
274
24.9

1976
Pittsburgh[42]
Majors
12
0
381
133
248
20.7

1976
Rutgers
Burns
12
0
287
81
206
17.2

1979
Alabama[30]
Bryant
12
0
383
67
316
26.3

1980
Georgia
Dooley
12
0
333
137
196
16.3

1981
Clemson[38]
Ford
12
0
338
105
233
19.4

1984
BYU
Edwards
13
0
456
183
273
21.0

1986
Penn State[9]
Paterno
12
0
340
133
207
17.3

1987
Miami (FL)
Johnson
12
0
412
125
287
23.9

1988
Notre Dame[15]
Holtz
12
0
393
156
237
19.8

1991
Miami (FL)
Erickson
12
0
386
100
286
23.8

1991
Washington[47]
James
12
0
495
115
380
31.7

1992
Alabama[30]
Stallings
13
0
366
122
244
18.8

1993
Auburn[35]
Bowden, Terry
11
0
353
192
161
14.6

1994
Nebraska
Osborne[19]
13
0
459
162
297
22.8

1994
Penn State[9]
Paterno
12
0
564
252
312
26.0

1995
Nebraska[19]
Osborne
12
0
638
174
464
38.7

1997
Michigan[8]
Carr
12
0
322
114
208
17.3

1997
Nebraska[19]
Osborne
13
0
607
214
393
30.2

1998
Tennessee[29]
Fulmer
13
0
431
189
242
18.6

1998
Tulane
Bowden, Tommy
Scelfo
12
0
540
295
245
20.4

1999
Florida State
Bowden, B.
12
0
458
203
255
21.3

1999
Marshall
Pruett
13
0
463
137
326
25.1

2000
Oklahoma[28]
Stoops
13
0
481
194
287
22.1

2001
Miami (FL)
Coker
12
0
512
117
395
32.9

2002
Ohio State[18]
Tressel
14
0
410
183
227
16.2

2004
USC[16]
Carroll
13
0
496
169
327
25.2

2004
Auburn[35]
Tuberville
13
0
417
147
270
20.8

2004
Utah[62]
Meyer
12
0
544
234
310
25.8

2005
Texas[22]
Brown
13
0
652
213
439
33.8

2006
Boise State
Petersen
13
0
516
229
287
22.1

2008
Utah[62]
Whittingham
13
0
480
224
256
19.7

2009
Boise State
Petersen
14
0
591
240
351
25.1

2009
Alabama[30]
Saban
14
0
449
164
285
20.4

2010
TCU
Patterson
13
0
520
137
383
29.5

2010
Auburn
Chizik
14
0
577
337
240
17.1

2012
Ohio State
Meyer
12
0
458
276
182
15.2

2013
Florida State
Fisher
14
0
723
170
553
39.5

2017
UCF
Frost
13
0
627
329
298
22.9

text: note: in 1917, 1918, 1943 and 1944, football teams from military training facilities competed alongside college programs

text: Undefeated with ties[edit]

text: These teams all finished the season with no losses, but with ties.[2]

text:
Year
Team
Record
Notes

1873
Harvard
1–0–1[5]

1877
Princeton
2–0–1[3]

1877
Yale
3–0–1[4]

1878
Columbia
0–0–2[6]

1879
Princeton
4–0–1[3]

1879
Michigan
1–0–1

1879
Yale
3–0–2[4]

1879
Navy
0–0–1[10]

1880
Princeton
4–0–1[3]

1880
Yale
4–0–1[4]

1881
Princeton
7–0–2[3]

1881
Yale
5–0–1[4]

1881
Dartmouth
1–0–1[60]

1883
Yale
3–0–1[4]

1884
Yale
3–0–1[4]

1884
Princeton
3–0–1[3]

1884
Penn
3–0–1[24]

1886
Wabash
2–0–1[7]

1886
Yale
9–0–1[4]

1886
Princeton
7–0–1[3]

1888
Depauw
0–0–1[7]

1889
South Dakota
1–0–1[7]

1890
Butler
3–0–1[7]

1890
Washington
0–0–1[47]

1892
Stanford
4–0–2[7]

1893
Auburn
3–0–2[35]

1892
Stanford
9–0–1[7]

1894
Penn State
6–0–1[9]

1895
Stanford
4–0–1[7]

1895
Washington
4–0–1[47]

1896
Princeton
10–0–1[3]

1896
Lafayette
11–0–1[6]

1896
Texas A&M
2–0–1[55]

1897
Auburn
2–0–1[35]

1897
Yale
9–0–2[4]

1897
Hanover
4–0–1[7]

1898
Princeton
11–0–1[3]

1899
Denver
0–0–1[7]

1899
Ohio State
9–0–1[18]
Ohio State allowed only five points.

1899
Harvard
10–0–1[5]

1899
Chicago
16–0–2[44]

1899
Iowa
8–0–1[57]

1899
Wabash
1–0–1[7]

1900
Iowa
7–0–1[57]

1900
Minnesota
10–0–2[12]

1901
Georgia Tech
4–0–1[54]

1901
Marquette
4–0–1[7]

1902
Texas A&M
7–0–2[55]

1902
Yale
11–0–1[4]

1903
Michigan
11–0–1[8]

1903
Minnesota
14–0–1[12]

1903
Stanford
8–0–3[7]

1904
Colorado School of Mines
5–0–1[14]

1904
Dartmouth
7–0–1[60]

1904
Colorado School of Mines
4–0–1[14]

1904
Albion
7–0–1[7]

1905
Penn
12–0–1[24]

1905
Georgia Tech
6–0–1[54]

1905
Colorado School of Mines
5–0–1[14]

1906
Colorado School of Mines
3–0–2[14]

1906
Princeton
9–0–1[3]

1906
Yale
9–0–1[4]

1906
Clemson
4–0–3[38]

1906
Colorado School of Mines
3–0–2[14]

1906
Eastern Michigan
5–0–1[61]

1907
Yale
9–0–1[4]

1907
Notre Dame
6–0–1[68]

1908
Albion
5–0–2[7]

1908
Penn
11–0–1[24]

1908
Harvard
9–0–1[5]

1908
Chicago
5–0–1[44]

1908
Kansas
12–0–1[45]

1908
Virginia
7–0–1[6]

1908
Washington
6–0–1[47]
Part of NCAA Division I FBS record 64-game unbeaten streak[69]

1909
Texas A&M
7–0–1[55]

1909
Lafayette
7–0–1[6]

1909
Penn State
5–0–2[9]

1909
Missouri
7–0–1[6]

1910
Harvard
8–0–1[5]

1910
Michigan
3–0–3

1910
Vanderbilt
12–0–1[43]

1910
Navy
8–0–1[10]

1910
Michigan
3–0–3[6]

1910
Baylor
6–0–2[36]

1910
NC State
4–0–2[6]

1911
Princeton
8–0–2[3]

1911
Minnesota
6–0–1[12]

1911
Penn State
8–0–1[9]

1911
Navy
6–0–3[10]

1911
Florida
5–0–1[6]

1913
Washington & Jefferson[70]
10–0–1

1914
Auburn
8–0–1[35]

1914
Harvard
7–0–2[5]

1914
Colorado School of Mines
5–0–1[14]

1914
Nebraska
7–0–1[19]

1914
Oregon State
7–0–2[31]

1914
Washington
6–0–1[47]
Part of NCAA Division I FBS record 64-game unbeaten streak[69]

1915
Minnesota
6–0–1[12]

1915
Georgia Tech
7–0–1[54]

1915
Illinois
5–0–2[50]

1916
Miami (OH)
7–0–1[17]

1916
Georgia Tech
8–0–1[54]

1916
Oregon
7–0–1[26]

1916
Tennessee
8–0–1[29]

1916
Colorado State
5–0–2[52]

1916
Washington
6–0–1[47]
Part of NCAA Division I FBS record 64-game unbeaten streak[69]

1917
Miami (OH)
6–0–2[17]

1917
Ohio State
8–0–1[18]

1917
Washington State
6–0–1[27]

1917
Utah State
7–0–1[21]

1918
Miami (OH)
5–0–1[17]

1918
Naval Station Great Lakes
6–0–2[6]

1919
Harvard
9–0–1[5]

1920
Oklahoma
6–0–1[28]

1920
Georgia
8–0–1[6]

1920
Harvard
8–0–1[5]

1920
Pittsburgh
6–0–2[42]

1920
Princeton
6–0–1[3]

1920
Penn State
7–0–2[9]

1921
Washington & Jefferson
10–0–1[70]

1921
Vanderbilt
7–0–1[43]

1921
Penn State
8–0–2[9]

1921
California
9–0–1[11]

1922
West Virginia
10–0–1[6]

1922
Michigan
6–0–1[6]

1922
Vanderbilt
8–0–1[43]

1922
Army
8–0–2[37]

1923
California
9–0–1[11]

1923
Kansas
5–0–3[45]

1923
King[citation needed]
8–0–1[71]

1923
Texas
8–0–1[22]

1924
California
8–0–2[11]

1924
Connecticut[72]
6–0–2

1924
Dartmouth
7–0–1[60]

1924
Gonzaga
5–0–2[6]

1924
Yale
6–0–2[4]

1925
Colgate
7–0–2[6]

1925
North Dakota State
5–0–2[23]

1925
Tulane
9–0–1[6]

1926
Alabama
9–0–1[30]

1926
Stanford
10–0–1[73]

1926
Navy
9–0–1[10]

1926
SMU
8–0–1[59]

1926
Brown
9–0–1[6]

1927
Illinois
10–0–1[50]

1927
Minnesota
6–0–2[12]

1927
Texas A&M
8–0–1[55]

1927
Washington & Jefferson
7–0–2[70]

1927
Tennessee
8–0–1[29]

1928
USC
9–0–1[16]

1928
Tennessee
9–0–1[29]

1928
Utah
5–0–2[62]

1929
Memphis
8–0–2[74]

1929
TCU
9–0–1[6]

1929
Tennessee
9–0–1[29]

1929
SMU
6–0–4[59]

1930
Michigan
8–0–1[6]

1930
Marquette
8–0–1[6]

1932
Auburn
9–0–1[35]

1932
Western Michigan
6–0–1[48]

1933
Michigan
7–0–1[73]

1935
Case Western Reserve
9–0–1[20]

1936
Alabama
8–0–1[30]

1937
Pittsburgh
9–0–1[42]

1937
California
10–0–1[11]

1937
Fordham
7–0–1

1937
Villanova
8–0–1

1937
Dartmouth
7–0–2[60]

1937
Holy Cross
8–0–2

1937
Marshall
9–0–1

1938
Villanova
8–0–1

1939
USC
8–0–2[16]

1939
UCLA
6–0–4

1939
Duquesne
8–0–1

1940
Mississippi State
10–0–1

1941
Notre Dame
8–0–1[15]

1941
Utah
6–0–2[62]

1944
USC
8–0–2[16]

1945
Eastern Michigan
5–0–1[61]

1945
Indiana
9–0–1

1946
Notre Dame
8–0–1[15]

1946
Army
9–0–1[37]

1947
Miami (OH)
9–0–1[17]

1947
SMU
9–0–2[59]

1947
Penn State
9–0–1[9]

1947
Penn
7–0–1[24]

1948
Notre Dame
9–0–1[15]

1948
Army
8–0–1[37]

1950
Clemson
9–0–1[38]

1951
Illinois
9–0–1[50]

1951
Georgia Tech
11–0–1[54]

1953
Notre Dame
9–0–1[15]

1954
Virginia Poletechnic
8–0–1[75]

1956
Texas A&M
9–0–1[55]

1957
VMI
9–0–1

1958
Army
8–0–1[37]

1958
Auburn
9–0–1[35]

1958
Air Force
9–0–2

1960
Ole Miss
10–0–1

1961
Ohio State
8–0–1[18]

1963
Memphis State
9–0–1[76]

1966
Notre Dame
9–0–1[15]

1966
Michigan State
9–0–1

1969
USC
10–0–1[16]

1970
Nebraska
11–0–1[19]

1973
Michigan
10–0–1

1973
Ohio State
10–0–1[18]

1973
Oklahoma
10–0–1[28]

1974
Miami (OH)
10–0–1[17]

1979
Central Michigan
10–0–1[37]

1979
USC
11–0–1[16]

1982
SMU
11–0–1[59]

1985
Fresno State
11–0–1

1987
Syracuse
11–0–1

1990
Georgia Tech
11–0–1[54]

1992
Michigan
9–0–3

1994
Texas A&M
10–0–1[55]

1995
Toledo
11–0–1[67]

text: Teams with multiple undefeated seasons[edit]

text: This section is incomplete. This is because some teams are missing from the table. (November 2015)

text: Teams ordered by the number of undefeated seasons in the top division. Teams in italics no longer compete in Division I FBS.

text:
Team
Undefeated
Perfect

Yale[4]
30
16

Princeton[3]
29
18

Michigan[8]
23
15

Notre Dame[15]
22
13

USC[16]
16
9

Harvard[5]
14
8

Oklahoma[28]
13
11

Penn State[9]
14
8

North Dakota State[23]
12
10

Alabama[30]
12
10

Auburn[35]
12
7

Washington[47]
12
7

Nebraska[19]
11
9

Miami (OH)[17]
11
6

Minnesota[12]
11
6

Texas[22]
10
9

Colorado School of Mines[14]
10
6

Ohio State[18]
9
6

Washington State[27]
9
4

Georgia Tech[54]
9
3

Texas A&M[55]
9
3

Pittsburgh[42]
8
6

Penn[24]
8
4

Army[37]
8
4

Central Michigan[37]
8
6

Utah[62]
7
5

Tennessee[29]
7
4

Dartmouth[60]
7
3

Case Western Reserve[20]
6
5

Western Michigan[48]
6
5

Illinois[50]
6
3

California[11]
6
2

Utah St.[21]
6
4

Cornell[53]
5
5

Clemson[38]
5
3

Eastern Michigan[61]
5
3

SMU[59]
5
1

Colorado[46]
4
4

Toledo[67]
4
3

Chicago[44]
4
2

Iowa[57]
4
2

Lafayette
4
2

Vanderbilt[43]
4
1

Arizona State
3
3

Florida State
3
3

Miami (FL)
3
3

Purdue
3
3

Rutgers
3
3

Saint Louis[40]
3
3

Wisconsin[41]
3
3

Michigan State
3
2

Oregon State[31]
3
2

Georgia
3
2

TCU
3
2

Tulane
3
2

Navy[10]
3
0

Washington & Jefferson[70]
3
0

Arkansas[25]
2
2

Arkansas St.
2
2

Boise State
2
2

LSU
2
2

Marshall
2
2

Maryland
2
2

Colorado College[49]
2
2

Ole Miss
2
1

Connecticut
2
1

Colorado State[52]
2
1

Duquesne
2
1

Kansas[45]
2
1

Memphis
2
1

Stanford
2
1

Syracuse
2
1

UCLA
2
1

USNTC Bainbridge
2
2

Villanova
2
0

text: Coaches with multiple undefeated seasons[edit]

text: Coaches ordered by the number of undefeated seasons in the top division.

text:
Team
Undefeated
Perfect

Gil Dobie[77]
14
11

Fielding H. Yost[78]
9
6

Earl Blaik[79]
7
3

John Heisman[80]
7
3

Frank Leahy[81]
7
3

Bernie Bierman[82]
6
5

Howard Jones[83]
6
4

Glenn Scobey Warner[84]
6
4

Cleveland L. Abbott[85]
6
2

Robert Neyland[86]
6
1

Joe Paterno[87]
5
5

Knute Rockne[88]
5
5

Ike Armstrong[89]
5
3

Percy Haughton[90]
5
2

Hugo Bezdek[91]
5
1

Bear Bryant[92]
4
3

Bennie Owen[93]
4
3

Elton Rynearson[94]
4
3

Warren B. Woodson[95]
4
3

Dana X. Bible[96]
4
2

Walter Camp[97]
4
2

Woody Hayes[98]
4
2

Amos Alonzo Stagg[99]
4
2

Robert Zuppke[100]
4
2

Dan McGugin[101]
4
1

Francis Schmidt[102]
4
0

text: Coaches with three undefeated seasons include Don Coryell, Fritz Crisler, Bill Edwards, Don Faurot, T. A. Dwight Jones, John McKay, Ace Mumford, Frank Murray, William D. Murray, Tom Osborne, Ara Parseghian, Frank Thomas, Wallace William Wade and George Washington Woodruff.

text: Division I Football Championship Subdivision[edit]

text: This section covers teams that competed in the second tier of Division I since it was split in 1978:

text:
Division I-AA from 1978 to 2005
Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) from 2006

text: Note that Division I FCS features a single-elimination championship tournament, reducing the likelihood of multiple teams finishing the season with undefeated records. However, several conferences voluntarily do not compete in the tournament, thus there exists a chance to have multiple undefeated teams in the same year.

text: In both lists in this section, teams in bold competed in the I-AA or FCS playoffs, thereby winning the national title.

text: Undefeated and untied[edit]

text: These teams finished the season with no losses or ties in Division I-AA or FCS football since 1978.[103]

text:
Year
Team
Record
Coach

1982
Eastern Kentucky
13–0–0
Kidd

1984
Tennessee State
11–0–0
Thomas

1986
Penn
10–0–0[24]
Zubrow

1987
Holy Cross
11–0–0
Duffner

1989
Georgia Southern
15–0–0
Russell

1991
Holy Cross
11–0–0
Duffner

1993
Penn
10–0–0[24]
Bagnoli

1994
Penn
9–0–0[24]
Bagnolli

1996
Marshall
15–0
Pruett

1996
Dayton
11–0
Kelly

1996
Dartmouth
11–0[60]
Lyons

2000
Davidson
11–0
Susan

2000
Robert Morris
10–0
Walton

2001
Sacred Heart
10–0
Fleming

2001
Harvard[5]
9–0
Murphy

2003
Penn
10–0[24]
Bagnoli

2004
Harvard[5]
10–0
Murphy

2009
South Alabama
7–0
Jones

2010
South Alabama
10–0
Jones

2013
North Dakota State
15–0
Bohl

2014
Harvard
10–0
Murphy

text: Undefeated with ties[edit]

text: These teams finished the season with no losses, but with ties, in Division I-AA or FCS football since 1978.

text:
Year
Team
Record

1991
Alabama State
11–0–1[104]

1994
Youngstown State
14–0–1[105]