document_title: Krillin

question_text: when does krillin come back to life in dragon ball

text: Krillin

text: Design and appearance[edit]

text: Toriyama originally created Krillin along with the Tenka'ichi Budōkai as a method to help add depth to the story, as his editor Kazuhiko Torishima had stated that the series' protagonist, Goku, was too plain.[4] Torishima explained that in order to develop Goku's characterization, they needed someone petty and mischievous to provide contrast. Leading to the introduction of Krillin.[5] Yūsuke Watanabe, who wrote the screenplay for the film Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods, had originally written the film to take place at Krillin and Android #18's wedding, but Toriyama wrote it to take place at Bulma's birthday party. Watanabe thought Toriyama made the change because he wanted fans to imagine the wedding for themselves.[6] Toriyama cited Krillin and Bulma's older ages at the end of the manga as a reason he chose for Battle of Gods to take place after the Boo arc since they were in their "strongest condition at that time."[7]

text: Krillin's appearance stays relatively the same for the majority of the series. He is first introduced at age 13, with a shaved head and still dressed in the yellow-and-orange clothing worn at the monastery at which he had been training. He does not possess a visible nose, and has six spots of moxibustion burns on his forehead, a reference to the practice of Shaolin monks. Toriyama once stated, seemingly humorously, that Krillin's lack of a nose is because he has a "physical idiosyncrasy" that allows him to breathe through the pores of his skin.[8] Later, he wears the orange gi uniform that is presented to both himself and Goku by Kame-Sen'nin in honor of their first martial arts competition.[9] Occasionally he is seen in casual clothes, but for the most part continues to dress for training or fighting at all times.[10] During the Freeza arc, he wears Saiyan armor provided by Vegeta,[11] but during the Cell arc he returns to wearing the orange gi, accompanied by a blue short-sleeved undershirt and boots.[12] After the defeat of Cell, Krillin stops shaving his head, and grows his black hair out, before later shaving it again during Frieza's resurrection.[13] When he settles down with his family, Krillin is shown wearing a workout outfit consisting of a red T-shirt and brown drawstring pants.[14]

text: Appearances[edit]

text: In Dragon Ball[edit]

text: Krillin first appears arriving at Kame-Sen'nin's island to become his apprentice,[15] meeting Son Goku, and the two become rivals. However, after doing the hardships that Kame-Sen'nin assigns, the two become friends. After finishing their training, Kame-Sen'nin has Krillin and Goku compete in the 21st Tenka'ichi Budōkai.[9] Krillin beats the odored fighter Bacterian, who uses his stench as a weapon, and makes it to the semi-finals. However, he is defeated by Jackie Chun, who is really Kame-Sen'nin in disguise preventing his students from becoming arrogant with too many victories. Krillin continues to train with Kame-Sen'nin and helps Goku to collect the Dragon Balls by fighting against General Blue and participating in Baba Uranai's tournament. However, he is quickly defeated by Dracula Man, who bites down on his head, causing blood to pour out.[16] Three years later, Krillin enters the 22nd Tenka'ichi Budōkai.[17] Again, he makes it to the semi-finals by defeating Chaozu, but loses to Goku. Soon after, Krillin is killed by a henchman of Piccolo Daimao, who wanted to steal Goku's Dragon Ball.[18] After Goku defeats Piccolo, Krillin is revived by the Dragon Balls. Another 3 years later, Krillin enters the 23rd Tenka'ichi Budōkai.[19] This time however, he only makes it to the quarter-finals, losing to Piccolo Junior.[20] Krillin then tries to intervene in the fight between Piccolo and Goku when Piccolo gains the upper hand, until realizing he is outclassed.[21]

text: Several years later, in the span of a day, Krillin is attacked by Raditz while attending a reunion,[22] and is unable to save Gohan from Piccolo, who takes him for training.[23] A year afterward, Krillin confronts the Saiyan invaders Vegeta and Nappa along with his friends,[24] following months of training in preparation for their arrival. After Yamcha's death, he avenges his friend by killing most of the Saibermen. In the battle against Nappa, Krillin tries to get involved in his fight with Tenshinhan after Nappa severs the latter's arm, though is stopped by Nappa.[25] Krillin double teams Nappa with Piccolo, creating multiple copies of themselves with the Tri-Form and failing thanks to the clones cutting their power.[26] Krillin later goes toe-to-toe with Nappa alone, launching a Kienzan at him that Nappa almost catches before Vegeta warns him, and is saved from an attack from Nappa by Piccolo.[27] After Nappa is defeated, and Goku arrives, Krillin requests that he fight Vegeta elsewhere to prevent their friends' corpses from being destroyed. He and Gohan leave the battlefield but return after Gohan worries for Goku, who is being crushed by Vegeta in his Oozaru form. Krillin unsuccessfully attempts cutting Vegeta's tail in a sneak attack,[28] and later is given the Genki Dama to launch at Vegeta by Goku, which misses initially but is bounded back by Gohan.[29] After Vegeta yields from further conflict given his extensive injuries, Krillin takes Yajirobe's sword and moves in to kill him, but agrees to spare his life per Goku's request.[30] He then travels with Gohan and Bulma to planet Namek to use the Namekian Dragon Balls to revive their dead friends, since the Earth's Dragon Balls vanished due to Piccolo's death.[31] Once there, they save a young Namekian called Dende from death at the hands of Freeza's henchmen. Krillin receives an increase in power from Guru, the grand elder of the Namekians, when he unlocks his hidden potential.[32] After a few close encounters with Vegeta, Krillin and Gohan are forced to team up with him in order to fight Freeza's strongest warriors, the Ginyu Force. They are overpowered by them until Goku arrives and defeats the Force.[33] After Krillin and Gohan collect the seven Dragon Balls and wish back Piccolo, they begin a battle against Freeza, during which Krillin is stabbed in the chest,[34] removes Freeza's tail following being healed by Dende, thereby distracting Freeza from continuing to crush Gohan to death,[35] and injures Vegeta in an attempt to capitalize on his Saiyan ability to grow stronger when in a near-death state at Vegeta's request.[36] After a long fight between Goku and Freeza, Goku decides to use the Genki-dama, Krillin giving his energy to Piccolo so he can stall Freeza and attacking Freeza himself with his last bit of strength.[37] When the group recovers from the Genki-dama, and Freeza emerges unscathed, the latter detonates Krillin from the inside, killing him instantly, which triggers Goku's first ever transformation into a Super Saiyan.[38] After Freeza's defeat, Krillin is revived by the Namekian Dragon Balls.[39]

text: Krillin trains for three years to confront Dr. Gero who tries to use his androids to kill Goku.[40] Krillin is momentarily forced to leave his friends with the androids to take Yamcha away from the battlefield in the aftermath of his deadly encounter with Gero, who Krillin finds the base of and signals the others to his location after having a fight with Gero.[41] When the Androids, #16, #17 and #18 are released, Krillin is the only hero present that does not engage #17 and #18 due to his fear. After the duo defeat his friends, Krillin unsuccessfully pleads for the androids to spare Goku's life, and becomes infatuated with the female #18 after she kisses him on the cheek, and he then heals his defeated friends. After Krillin encounters the artificial life form Cell, Krillin and Trunks travel to Dr. Gero's laboratory basement, where Krillin kills the present timeline version of Cell and the two discover the weakness to the androids is a deactivating controller, which Bulma constructs and gives to Krillin. Krillin soon after encounters #18 with the module and after a period of deliberation, destroys it.[42] Because of this, regardless of his efforts, Cell absorbs her and achieves his perfect form.[43] Enraged over her loss, Krillin engages Cell in combat, the latter standing in place while Krillin's attacks have no effect and striking Krillin only once, placing Krillin in a near-death state.[44] After Krillin is revived by Trunks, he warns Trunks of Cell's strength, having been able to sense his true power right before being attacked. He moves Vegeta away from the impending fight between Trunks and Cell, healing Vegeta during the battle between the two.[45] He later participates in the Cell Games, a martial arts tournament created by Cell for entertainment, and fights one of the Cell Juniors who attack him and his friends, but is saved by Gohan.[46] After Gohan punches Cell in the stomach, he regurgitates Android #18 and Krillin cares for her comatose body while Gohan destroys Cell. After Cell's death,[47] Krillin then travels to the lookout, where he uses the second wish from the Dragon Balls to remove the bombs from #17 and #18.[48]

text: Seven years later, Krillin has quit fighting, settled down with #18, with whom he has a daughter named Marron (マーロン, Māron).[1] This left Goku confused, until Krillin explained that Android 18 is a cyborg (meaning she is human still), and she was able to have a baby with him.[14] However, after learning of Goku's return from the afterlife to compete in the 25th Tenka'ichi Budōkai, he decides to also participate, also being encouraged to do so for the money by #18. During Goten and Trunks' match, Krillin worries that Trunks' energy attack will hit the crowd.[49] Krillin wins his sole match, against Pintar, during the competition with ease.[50] After the Kaiō-shin enlists several of Krillin's friends to help him defeat the wizard Bobbidi, Krillin joins them, in doing so forfeiting his entry in the tournament, but is stopped from assisting any further thanks to Dabura turning him into stone with his spit.[51] Upon Dabura's death however, Krillin is freed[52] and he saves Goten and Trunks from the impact of Vegeta's self-explosion. Krillin later evacuates Earth after Majin Boo's awakening.[53] When Boo has transformed, he finds Krillin's groups and kills them. During Goku and Vegeta's fight against Boo, Krillin is brought back to life by the Namekian Dragon Balls and gives his energy to Goku's Genki-Dama attack, which is used to destroy Boo.[54]

text: In Toriyama's films and Dragon Ball Super[edit]

text: Krillin appears in two of the three Dragon Ball films; in the second, Krillin is used as leverage by Lucifer to convince Goku to give the Sleeping Princess to him;[55] and in the third, Krillin trains for the World Martial Arts Tournament, held in Mifan.[56] Krillin appears in fourteen out of the fifteen Dragon Ball Z films; in the first movie, he assists during the battle against Garlic Junior after he kidnaps Gohan;[57] in the second, Krillin battles Dr. Willow, firing a Kamehameha wave in an unsuccessful attempt to defeat him;[58] in the third, Krillin unintentionally brings Turles to Earth by using the Dragon Balls to restore the forest after a fire and fights the Saiyan's henchmen;[59] in the fourth, Krillin tries to prevent the Earth from being destroyed by a meteorite containing Lord Slug and his henchmen;[60] in the fifth, Krillin shelters Goku after he is injured by Cooler and is defeated in a fight with Salza;[61] in the sixth, Krillin travels to New Namek and combats Cooler's forces;[62] in the seventh, Krillin avoids fighting Android 13 though is injured during the battle;[63] in the eighth, Krillin tours New Planet Vegeta;[64] in the ninth, Krillin participates in a tournament and fights Zangya;[65] in the tenth, Krillin comes to the aid of Trunks and Goten in combating Broly;[66] in the eleventh, Krillin, Android 18, Goten and Trunks combat the bio-engineered Broly in a factory;[67] in the thirteenth, Krillin appears before Hirudegarn is released;[68] in the fourteenth, Krillin backs down from engaging Beerus due to not knowing his power;[69] and lastly, in the fifteenth, Krillin works as a police officer[70] and after having his head shaven by Android 18, joins in the fight against the resurrected Freeza afterward.[71] After the events of the last two films, Krillin assists in acquiring two more members for his universe's team in a tournament, namely Piccolo and Majin Boo,[72] after learning about it from Android #18 and reunites with Trunks,[73] who he tries to stop from attacking Android #18 when she greets him, revealing her as his wife.[74] #18 tries to get Krillin a gift with the Dragon Balls until being convinced by Bulma her presence alone is good enough for him,[75] and Krillin later participates in a baseball game between Universes 6 and 7.[76] Krillin tries stopping a pair of wrongdoers when he is knocked out by an arriving Gohan in his Saiyaman guise.[77] Krillin agrees to train with Goku after some reluctance and the two travel to get Paradise Grass from an island, encountering large, physical versions of past enemies that Krillin becomes fearful of.[78] The two are revealed to be in the "Forest of Fear", Krillin saving Goku from a phantom of Super Shenron that the two destroy together.[79] Krillin is requested by Goku and Gohan for participation in the Tournament of Power; he accepts.[80] Krillin eliminates Universe 4's Shosa and Majora before being eliminated himself by Frost.[81]

text: Voice actors[edit]

text: Krillin is voiced by Mayumi Tanaka in the original Japanese anime and in all related media. Toriyama chose Tanaka after hearing her portrayal of the protagonist Giovanni in the film Night on the Galactic Railroad.[82] When Krillin and Yajirobe, another character voiced by Tanaka, appeared in the same frame she gave the latter a Nagoya dialect in order to distinguish them.[83]

text: When Dragon Ball received a short-lived English dub by Saban Entertainment, Funimation, and Ocean Productions in the mid 1990s, Krillin would be voiced by Terry Klassen. He would reprise his role in the Ocean dub of the latter half of the series produced by AB Groupe for European and Canadian markets. Another short-lived English dub produced by Harmony Gold in the late-1980s featured Wanda Nowicki as the voice of Krillin (here named Bongo). In the Blue Water 2003 re-dub of Dragon Ball, he is voiced by Mike Thiessen. Dan Gascon voiced him in the Blue Water dub of Dragon Ball GT. When the series' full production was taken over by Funimation in the US, Krillin would be voiced by Laurie Steele as a child in Dragon Ball and Sonny Strait as an adult in all media released to the US. Strait gained the role following auditioning in Texas and moved to Los Angeles to keep it. He found the character's constant deaths amusing and thought him comical: "Krillin is the party. If you don’t wish back the party, you’re going to be bored."[84] In the rare English dub distributed exclusively in Europe by AB Groupe he was voiced by Sharon Mann (here named Clearin).[85] Apollo Abraham voiced Krillin (here named Kurin) in an English dub distributed in the Philippines by Creative Products Corporation. Krillin is voiced by Brian Beacock in the Toonami Asia broadcast of Dragon Ball Super.

text: Abilities[edit]

text: Krillin has many abilities including, super-strength, super-speed, and the ability to fly using his ki energy, known as Bukū-jutsu (舞空術, lit. "Air Dance Technique"). His main techniques include the Kamehameha (かめはめ波, lit. "Turtle Destruction Wave"), an attack he learned from Master Roshi, which enables him to emit a powerful ki energy blast from his hands.[86] Kakusandan (拡散弾, lit. "Scattershots"), another chi attack, involves firing two blasts, one from each hand, and merging them before directing the blast above an opponent where it will break up and rain down on them, he was only seen using this twice—the first time was very successful as he managed to wipe out three Saibamen with it. From Tenshinhan, he obtained the Taiyōken (太陽拳, lit. "Solar Fist", renamed "Solar Flare" in the English anime dub), an attack Krillin is capable of using to blind his opponents, sometimes used to make a quick escape.[87] One of his signature techniques is the Kienzan (気円斬, lit. "Energy Disc Razor", renamed "Destructo Disc" in the English anime dub), where he puts a hand in the air to create an electric floating disc, using it to slice through his enemies. Lacking the other protagonists' advantage of getting stronger every time he is injured, Krillin is however the strongest Earthling and was recognized as having great technique by Vegeta.[88][citation needed]

text: Appearances in other media[edit]

text: In a filler episode of Dragon Ball, Krillin trains with Kame-Sen'nin[89] and after the 23rd Tenka'ichi Budōkai, Krillin can be seen on a plane with his friends.

text: In filler episodes of Dragon Ball Z, during the Saiyan arc, Krillin fails to tell Chi-Chi of Goku's passing after being tasked with informing her,[90] though does inform Yamcha when coming to one of his baseball games followed by recruiting him for training with Kami,[91] and trains for the Saiyans by facing members of their race from the past using the Pendulum Room.[92] Before the Namek arc, Krillin encounters a group of children who help him find Namek[93] and spends some time on a fake version of the planet searching for Dragon Balls during a distraction and preventing his ship from being stolen. After the Namek arc, Krillin is one of a few not affected by the Black Water Mist set by Garlic Jr., Krillin having to fight his friends[94] before journeying to Kami's Lookout, where he appears to fall under the effects of the Black Water Mist, only to be revealed as faking[95] as part of a plan by Piccolo.[96] Krillin's near-death state by the hands of the Spice Boys, Spice and Vinegar, triggers Gohan's power boost and subsequent killing of the pair.[97] During this time, he breaks up with Maron once he becomes convinced she deserves better than himself, learning afterward that she would have married him.[98] During the Cell arc, he stops Cell from murdering a girl and her younger brother[99] and while waiting for the Cell Games, celebrates Gohan's birthday.[100] In the Boo arc, Krillin charges Boo after Boo escapes the Room of Spirit and Time, being easily defeated and attacks Boo again in the afterlife. After Boo's defeat, Krillin attends a gathering with his family.

text: In Dragon Ball GT, Krillin is killed by Android #17[101] after succeeding in snapping Android #18 from his brainwashing and trying to persuade him against his developing villainy. His death prompts #18 to seek vengeance and assist Goku in defeating Super 17. Krillin is revived by Shenlong after the defeat of Omega Shenron and has a match with Goku, who decided to leave Earth.[102] He is shown in GT sporting a mustache, wearing grey pants, shirt and tie with a cardigan in his few appearances.[103]

text: Krillin appears in multiple Dragon Ball-related video games, sometimes as a playable character. He also appears in the crossover game Jump Superstars.[104] In the 1992 Videkko game Dragon Ball: Get Together! Goku World, Krillin along with Goku, Trunks, Bulma, and Gohan travels back in time to examine event in the past.[105] In the 2002 game Dragon Ball Z: Budokai, Cell has a nightmare where he accidentally absorbs Krillin and becomes Cellin (セルリン, Serurin), the form making him weaker.[106] In the 2015 video game Dragon Ball: Xenoverse, Krillin serves as a mentor to the player character, teaching his Kienzan. He also appears during Android 18's mentorship of the player, fighting them alongside her.[107] In the Freeza arc, Krillin and Vegeta being defeated by Freeza, leaving Gohan alone to fight the tyrant, causes Goku to exit the healing chamber still wounded.[108] In the final fight against Demigra, Krillin gives energy to the player. In the 2016 game Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2, during the Freeza arc, the player assists Krillin in battling Zarbon,[109] and Krillin later leaves the player to fight Lord Slug and Turles alone per the player's request.[110]

text: In June 1988, Krillin along with other Dragon Ball characters were featured in two public safety announcement shorts. The first was entitled The Goku Traffic Safety (悟空の交通安全, Gokū no Kōtsū Anzen),[111] and the second called The Goku Fire Fighting Regiment (悟空の消防隊, Gokū no Shōbō-tai) where he along with Kame-Sen'nin, Yamcha, and later Goku become volunteer fire fighters.[111]

text: Krillin also appears in the Dragon Ball and One Piece crossover manga Cross Epoch where he and Tony Tony Chopper run the Kuri-Chopa Marine Train Coster. In 2003, He would appear in the interactive feature entitled Kyutai Panic Adventure! (球体パニックアドベンチャー!, Kyūtai Panikku Adobenchā!, Orb Panic Adventure!). Where he and Gohan attempt to save visitors of at Fuji Television's orb section from drowning, while Goku battles Freeza.[112][113] In the 2004 followup Kyūtai Panic Adventure Returns! (球体パニックアドベンチャーリターンズ!, Kyūtai Panikku Adobenchā Ritānzu!, Orb Panic Adventure Returns!), Krillin is one of the seven Dragon Ball characters who delivers the Dragon Balls to restore the aqua city of Odaiba after Goku and Monkey D. Luffy's battle with Eneru.[114]

text: Krillin has performed many songs throughout the years. These songs feature his voice actor Mayumi Tanaka in character singing cheerfully about certain thing pertaining to Krillin. First with the song "Asa - Hiru - Yoru - Kimi - Boku" from the album Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection IV: Character Special released in 1990.[115] Then with "Ichido wa Kekkon Shitai Manbo" from Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection 8: Character Special 2 released in 1991. Where he happily sings about the desire to get married.[116] And the title track from Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection 17: Hippy Hoppy Shake!! released in 1995.[117]

text: Before and after Dragon Ball Z debuting in the U.S. in 1996, Krillin became a part of the country's pop culture. In 1994, the character was featured on the cover of Voodoo Glow Skulls' first full-length album Who Is, This Is?, though his face was removed in the 2012 digital re-release. The song "Blessing" by Chance the Rapper mentions Krillin referencing Android 18 to the lyricist's delight.[118] Krillin appears in an episode of Mad watching the other Dragon Ball characters after they are drafted for the Oakland A's by Billy Beane in a parody of the film Moneyball.[119]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Krillin is a popular character in the series; in 2004 Japanese fans voted him the seventh most popular character.[120] In January 2007, Oricon held a poll in which they asked Japanese fans of manga and anime which characters from any series they would most like to see in spin-off series. Krillin ranked third in the men's poll and sixth in the overall poll.[121] In 2016, Krillin was ranked No. 3 on the saikoplus.com list 10 Most Popular Characters in Dragon Ball Z.[122] When younger fans would belittle the character as weak, Krillin's voice actress Mayumi Tanaka said she would explain to them that Krillin and Yamcha are the strongest earthlings, the other characters are all aliens. She also said it was more fun to play Krillin when he was a dirty-minded bad kid, that she was not fond of him growing his hair out and was shocked when he died for the first time.[83]

text: Various publications for manga, anime and other media have commented on Krillin's character, adding praise and criticism to his development and traits in the series. Anime News Network writer Carl Kimlinger liked Krillin and Goku's childhood, noting it to be the warmth that the later Dragon Ball Z anime does not have.[123] Also believing the first anime to have more development than the sequel, Tim Jones from Them Anime Reviews cited how Krillin was not a friend to Goku when first introduced.[124] David F. Smith of IGN comments that Krillin and #18's relationship really help make the storyline more interesting. Additionally, he liked Krillin's appearances in the fight against Cell as he has more screen time than the main character, Goku.[125] Although Chris Beveridge from Mania Entertainment thought that Krillin had a drastic change in Dragon Ball GT, he mentioned that fans from the prequels would like some of its episodes due to the appearance of Krillin and other older characters.[126]


document_title: Brothers Cider

question_text: in what year did brothers first start selling pear cider at glastonbury festival

root

text: Brothers Cider

text: History[edit]

text: Brothers Drinks Co. Limited was started in 1992 by four Showering brothers, whose parents were involved with the production of Babycham from the 1950s.[1] It is based in Shepton Mallet, Somerset and employs 110 people. Brothers' Cider is fermented and bottled on the former site of the Anglo-Bavarian Brewery, which has been claimed as the first lager brewery in the United Kingdom,[2] although the claim is disputed.

tag: p

text: In 1995, Michael Eavis offered the Brothers space for a bar at the Glastonbury Festival,[3] near the Jazz World Stage, but with sales restricted to Perry-based drinks. When the offer of “Perry” was met with little understanding the Brothers would describe it as “like cider but made from pears” and after repeating this tens of thousands of times the shorthand “Pear Cider” was introduced and understood.[4] Ten years later, in 2005, Brothers was packaged and launched into pubs and the retail trade.[5]

text: In 2007, Brothers began bottling soft drinks for Fever-Tree. 50% of Brothers' capacity is accounted for by Fever-Tree. Brothers became a minority shareholder in Fever-Tree in 2013. [6]

text: In 2009, Brothers Cider won a Cool Brand award at The Drum Marketing Awards.[7]

text: In 2013 a new range of packaging was launched,[8] for the company with a turnover of £46 million per annum.[9]

text: Festivals[edit]

text: Brothers has expanded from their one site at the Glastonbury Festival to attend a number of live music events and festivals each year. These include events such as Big Beach Boutique, Creamfields and the Glade Festival. Brothers can also be found at international festivals such Peats Ridge in Australia.

text: Current flavours[edit]

text: Brothers Cider is available in a number of flavours:

text:
Strawberry Pear Cider – 4.0% abv Strawberry infused pear cider.
Wild Fruit Pear Cider – 4.0% abv Replaced the Tutti Frutti flavour with the Brothers rebrand in 2013, with added flavour of blueberries, raspberries and blackberries.
Toffee Apple Cider – 4.0% abv
Festival Edition Pear Cider – 7.0% abv "Perry".
Pear Cider – 5.0% abv "Perry", Light and naturally sparkling with a clean and refreshing taste
Premium Apple Cider – 5.5% abv Fresh Apple cider made in a traditional West Country method.
Cloudy Lemon – 4.0% abv Lemon infused pear cider.
Coconut and Lime Cider – 4.0% abv, launched in 2015 to mark the 20th anniversary of the brand. Using real coconut water and lime juice, it is the first cider with coconut in the UK market. [10]
Strawberry and Kiwi Cider – 4.0% abv, limited edition flavour launched in 2015 to mark the 20th anniversary of the brand.[11]

tag: ul

text: Discontinued flavours[edit]

text:
Lemon and Pear Cider – 4.0% abv Launched as a result of demand generated at 2007 festivals. It was discontinued but made a brief return in 2012. Replaced with Cloudy Lemon.
Bittersweet Apple Cider – 4.0% abv. Replaced with Premium Apple Cider.
Ginger Cider – 4.0% abv A special edition version of the Bittersweet Apple Cider with added Ginger extract.
Tutti Frutti Pear Cider – 4.0% abv Created as a response to demand after people mixed the Strawberry, Lemon and Toffee Apple flavours together to create a new flavour at Glastonbury 2009. Replaced with similar Wild Fruit flavour in 2013.
Rhubarb and Custard Syrup – The result of a competition in early 2012 to decide on a new Brothers flavour. Rhubarb and Custard syrup was made available in the Scream chain of pubs where it is mixed with regular tapped Brothers Pear cider.


document_title: Vice President of the United States

question_text: when did the vice-president gain a seat at cabinet meetings

text: Vice President of the United States

text: Origin[edit]

text: No mention of an office of vice president was made at the 1787 Constitutional Convention until near the end, when an 11-member committee on "Leftover Business" proposed a method of electing the chief executive (president).[10] Delegates had previously considered the selection of the Senate's presiding officer, deciding that, "The Senate shall choose its own President," and had agreed that this official would be designated the executive's immediate successor. They had also considered the mode of election of the executive but had not reached consensus. This all changed on September 4, when the committee recommended that the nation's chief executive be elected by an Electoral College, with each state having a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that state's allocation of representatives and senators.[6][11]

text: The proposed presidential election process called for each state to choose members of the electoral college, who would use their discretion to select the candidates they individually viewed as best qualified.[12] Recognizing that loyalty to one's individual state outweighed loyalty to the new federation, the Constitution's framers assumed that individual electors would be inclined to choose a candidate from their own state (a so-called "favorite son" candidate) over one from another. So they created the office of vice president and required that electors vote for two candidates, requiring that at least one of their votes must be for a candidate from outside the elector's state, believing that this second vote could be cast for a candidate of national character.[11][13] Additionally, to guard against the possibility that some electors might strategically throw away their second vote in order to bolster their favorite son's chance of winning, it was specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president. Creating this new office imposed a political cost on strategically discarded electoral votes, incentivizing electors to make their choices for president without resort to electoral gamesmanship and to cast their second ballot accordingly.[11]

text: The resultant method of electing the president and vice president, spelled out in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, allocated to each state a number of electors equal to the combined total of its Senate and House of Representatives membership. Each elector was allowed to vote for two people for president (rather than for both president and vice president), but could not differentiate between their first and second choice for the presidency. The person receiving the greatest number of votes (provided that it was an absolute majority of the whole number of electors) would be president, while the individual who received the next largest number of votes became vice president. If there were a tie for first or for second place, or if no one won a majority of votes, the president and vice president would be selected by means of contingent elections protocols stated in the clause.[14][15]

text: The emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns during the 1790s (which the Constitution's framers had not contemplated) soon frustrated this original plan. In the election of 1796, Federalist John Adams won the presidency, but his bitter rival, Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson came second and became vice president. Thus, the president and vice president were from opposing parties; and Jefferson used the vice presidency frustrate the president's policies. Then, four years later, in the election of 1800, Jefferson, and fellow Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr each received 73 electoral votes. In the contingent election that followed, Jefferson finally won on the 36th ballot, and Burr became vice president. Afterward, the system was overhauled through the Twelfth Amendment in time to be used in the 1804 election.[16]

text: Roles of the vice president[edit]

text:
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text: Although delegates approved establishing the office, with both its executive and senatorial functions, not many understood the office, and so they gave the vice president few duties and little power.[17] Only a few states had an analogous position. Among those that did, New York's constitution provided that, "The lieutenant-governor shall, by virtue of his office, be president of the Senate, and, upon an equal division, have a casting voice in their decisions, but not vote on any other occasion."[18] As a result, the vice presidency originally had authority in only a few areas. The present day power of the office flows primarily from delegations from the President and Congress, as well as through constitutional amendments.[7]

text: Preside over the United States Senate[edit]

text: Article I, Section 3, Clause 4 confers upon the vice president the title President of the Senate and authorizes him to preside over Senate meetings. In this capacity, the vice president charged with maintaining order and decorum, recognizing members to speak, and interpreting the Senate's rules, practices, and precedent. The first two vice presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, both of whom gained the ofice by virtue of being runners-up in presidential contests, presided regularly over Senate proceedings, and did much to shape the role of Senate president.[17][19] Several 19th century vice presidents—such as George Dallas, Levi Morton, and Garret Hobart—followed their example and lead effectively; others were rarely present however.[17]

text: With this position comes the authority (ex officio, for vice president is not an elected member of the Senate) to cast a tie-breaking vote. In practice, the number of times vice presidents have exercised this right has varied greatly. John C. Calhoun holds the record at 31 votes, followed closely by John Adams with 29.[17] During his first year in office (through January 24, 2018), Mike Pence cast eight tie breaking votes; his predecessor, Joe Biden, did not cast any during his eight years in office.[20]

text: As the framers of the Constitution anticipated that the vice president would not always be available to fulfil this responsibility, the Constitution provides that the Senate may appointment of a President pro tempore (or "president for a time") in order to maintain the proper ordering of the legislative process. In practice, since the early 20th century, the President of the Senate rarely presides, nor does the President pro tempore. He regularly appoints delegates the task to other Senate members.[21] Rule XIX, which governs debate, does not authorize the vice president to participate in debate, and grants only to members of the Senate (and, upon appropriate notice, former presidents of the United States) the privilege of addressing the Senate, without granting a similar privilege to the sitting vice president. Thus, Time magazine wrote in 1925, during the tenure of Vice President Charles G. Dawes, "once in four years the Vice President can make a little speech, and then he is done. For four years he then has to sit in the seat of the silent, attending to speeches ponderous or otherwise, of deliberation or humor."[22]

text: Preside over impeachment trials[edit]

text: As President of the Senate he may also preside over most of the impeachment trials of federal officers. However, whenever the President of the United States is on trial, the Constitution requires that the Chief Justice of the United States must preside. This stipulation was designed to avoid the possible conflict of interest in having the vice president preside over the trial for the removal of the one official standing between him and the presidency.[23] Curiously, the framers made no mention of who would preside in the instance where the vice president is the officer impeached; thus leaving a loophole whereby a vice president, as President of the Senate, could presided at their own impeachment trial.[7]

text: Supervise electoral vote count[edit]

text: The Twelfth Amendment, like the superseded Article II clause, provides that the vice president, in his capacity as President of the Senate, also presides over counting and presentation of the votes of the Electoral College.[14] This process occurs during a joint session of Congress held, as prescribed by federal statute, on January 6 of the year following the presidential election. It will next take place following the 2020 presidential election, on January 6, 2021 (unless Congress sets a different date by law).[15] In this capacity, four vice presidents have been able to announce their own election to the presidency: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Martin Van Buren, and George H. W. Bush.[17] In January 1961, it fell to Richard Nixon to preside over this process, and to announce the election of his 1960 opponent, John F. Kennedy.[24] John C. Breckinridge, in 1861,[25] and Al Gore, in 2001,[26] have also had to announce their opponant's election. In 1969, Vice President Hubert Humphrey would have done so as well, following his 1968 loss to Richard Nixon; however, on the date of the Congressional joint session, Humphrey was in Norway attending the funeral of Trygve Lie, the first elected Secretary-General of the United Nations. The president pro tempore presided in his absence.[24]

text: Succession to the presidency[edit]

text: Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 stipulates that the vice president takes over the "powers and duties" of the presidency in the event of a president's removal, death, resignation, or inability.[27] Even so, it does not clearly state whether the vice president became President of the United States or simply acted as president in a case of succession. Debate records from the 1787 Constitutional Convention, along with various participants' later writings on the subject, show that the framers of the Constitution intended that the vice president would temporarily exercise the powers and duties of the office in the event of a president's death, disability or removal, but not actually become President of the United States in their own right.[28][29]

text: This understanding was first tested in 1841, following the death of President William Henry Harrison, only 31 days into his term. Harrison's vice president, John Tyler, asserted that he had succeeded to the office of President, not just to its powers and duties. He took the presidential oath of office, and declined to acknowledge documents referring to him as "Acting President."[30] Although some in Congress denounced Tyler's claim as a violation of the Constitution,[27] he adhered to his position. Tyler's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to acknowledge him as President,[31] setting a momentous precedent for an orderly transfer of presidential power following a president's death,[30] one made explicit by Section 1 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967.[32] In total, nine vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency intra-term. In addition to Tyler they are Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Gerald Ford.[28]

text: Presidential disabilities[edit]

text: Even after the precedent regarding presidential succession following a president's death was set, there remained ambiguity in the Article II succession clause regarding a disabled president. What constituted an "inability"? Who determined the existence of an inability? Did a vice president become president for the rest of the presidential term in the case of an inability; or was the vice president merely "acting as President"? During the 19th and first half of the 20th century several presidents experienced periods of severe illness, physical disability or injury, some lasting for weeks or month. During these times, even though the nation needed effective presidential leadership, no vice president wanted to seem like a usurper, and so power was never transferred. After President Dwight D. Eisenhower openly addressed his health issues and made it a point to enter into an agreement with Vice President Richard Nixon that provided for Nixon to act on his behalf in the event that Eisenhower became unable to provide effective presidential leadership (Nixon did informally assumed some of the president's duties for several weeks on each of three occasions when Eisenhower was ill), discussions began in Congress about clearing-up the Constitution's ambiguity on the subject.[27][33]

text: Sections 3 and 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment provide for situations where the president is temporarily unable to lead, such as if the president has a surgical procedure, becomes seriously ill or injured, or is otherwise unable to discharge the powers or duties of the presidency. Section 3 deals with self-declared incapacity, and Section 4 addresses incapacity declared by the joint action of the vice president and of a majority of the Cabinet.[33] While Section 4 has never been invoked, Section 3 has been invoked on three occasions by two presidents. Ronald Reagan did so once, on July 13, 1985, before undergoing surgery – Vice President George H. W. Bush was acting president for approximately eight hours. George W. Bush did so twice, on June 29, 2002 and July 21, 2007, prior to undergoing medical procedures, which were done under sedation – Vice President Dick Cheney was acting president for approximately two hours on each occasion.[34]

text: Informal roles[edit]

text: The extent of any informal roles and functions of the vice president depend on the specific relationship between the president and the vice president, but often include tasks such as drafter and spokesperson for the administration's policies, adviser to the president, and being a symbol of American concern or support. The influence of the vice president in this role depends almost entirely on the characteristics of the particular administration. Dick Cheney, for instance, was widely regarded as one of President George W. Bush's closest confidants. Al Gore was an important adviser to President Bill Clinton on matters of foreign policy and the environment.

text: Under the American system of government the president is both head of state and head of government,[35] and the ceremonial duties of the former position are often delegated to the vice president. The vice president will on occasion represent the president and the U.S. government at state funerals abroad, or at various events in the United States. This often is the most visible role of the vice president. The vice president may also meet with other heads of state at times when the administration wishes to demonstrate concern or support but cannot send the president personally.

text: Selection process[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Eligibility[edit]

text: To be Constitutionally eligible to serve as the nation's vice president, a person must, according to the Twelfth Amendment, meet the eligibility requirements to become president (which are stated in Article II, Section 1, Clause 5). Thus, to serve as vice president, an individual must:

text:
be a natural-born U.S. citizen;
be at least 35 years old;
be a resident in the U.S. for at least 14 years.[36]

text: A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of vice president under the following conditions:

text:
Under Article I, Section 3, Clause 7, upon conviction in impeachment cases, the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office, including that of vice president;
Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment, no person who has sworn an oath to support the Constitution, who has later has gone to war against the United States, or given aid and comfort to the nation's enemies can serve in a state or federal office – including as vice president. This disqualification, originally aimed at former supporters of the Confederacy, may be removed by a two-thirds vote of each house of the Congress.[37]

text: Nominating process[edit]

text: Though the vice president does not need to have any political experience, most major-party vice presidential nominees are current or former United States Senators or Representatives, with the occasional nominee being a current or former Governor, a high-ranking military officer, or a holder of a major post within the Executive Department.  The vice presidential candidates of the major national political parties are formally selected by each party's quadrennial nominating convention, following the selection of the party's presidential candidates. The official process is identical to the one by which the presidential candidates are chosen, with delegates placing the names of candidates into nomination, followed by a ballot in which candidates must receive a majority to secure the party's nomination.

text: In practice, the presidential nominee has considerable influence on the decision, and in the 20th century it became customary for that person to select a preferred running mate, who is then nominated and accepted by the convention. In recent years, with the presidential nomination usually being a foregone conclusion as the result of the primary process, the selection of a vice presidential candidate is often announced prior to the actual balloting for the presidential candidate, and sometimes before the beginning of the convention itself.  The first presidential aspirant to announce his selection for vice president before the beginning of the convention was Ronald Reagan who, prior to the 1976 Republican National Convention announced that Richard Schweiker would be his running mate.  Reagan's supporters then sought to amend the convention rules so that Gerald R. Ford would be required to name his vice presidential running mate in advance as well.  The proposal was defeated, and Reagan did not receive the nomination in 1976.  Often, the presidential nominee will name a vice presidential candidate who will bring geographic or ideological balance to the ticket or appeal to a particular constituency.

text: The vice presidential candidate might also be chosen on the basis of traits the presidential candidate is perceived to lack, or on the basis of name recognition. To foster party unity, popular runners-up in the presidential nomination process are commonly considered. While this selection process may enhance the chances of success for a national ticket, in the past it often insured that the vice presidential nominee represented regions, constituencies, or ideologies at odds with those of the presidential candidate. As a result, vice presidents were often excluded from the policy-making process of the new administration. Many times their relationships with the president and his staff were aloof, non-existent, or even adversarial.

text: The ultimate goal of vice presidential candidate selection is to help and not hurt the party's chances of getting elected, nonetheless several vice presidential selections have been controversial. In 1984, Democratic nominee Walter Mondale's groundbreaking choice of Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate (the first woman in U.S. history nominated for Vice President by a major political party), became a drag on the ticket due to repeated questions about her husband's finances. A selection whose positive traits make the presidential candidate look less favorable in comparison or which can cause the presidential candidate's judgment to be questioned often backfire, such as in 1988 when Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis chose experienced Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen; Bentsen was considered a more seasoned statesman in federal politics and somewhat overshadowed Dukakis. Questions about Dan Quayle's experience were raised in the 1988 presidential campaign of George H. W. Bush, but the Bush-Quayle ticket still won handily. James Stockdale, the choice of third-party candidate Ross Perot in 1992, was seen as unqualified by many and Stockdale had little preparation for the vice presidential debate, but the Perot-Stockdale ticket still won about 19% of the vote. In 2008, Republican John McCain chose Sarah Palin as his running mate over his primary rivals and/or campaign surrogates such as Mitt Romney or Tom Ridge. This surprise move would, it was hoped, draw women voters disappointed by Hillary Clinton's defeat in the Democratic presidential primaries into the McCain camp. Palin's selection soon came to be seen as a negative for McCain, due to her several controversies during her gubernatorial tenure which were highlighted by the press, and her feuding with McCain campaign chairman Steve Schmidt. This perception continued to grow throughout the campaign, especially after her interviews with Katie Couric led to concerns about her fitness for the presidency.[38]

text: Historically, vice presidential candidates were chosen to provide geographic and ideological balance to a presidential ticket, widening a presidential candidate's appeal to voters from outside his regional base or wing of the party. Candidates from electoral-vote rich states were usually preferred. However, in 1992, moderate Democrat Bill Clinton (of Arkansas) chose moderate Democrat Al Gore (of Tennessee) as his running mate. Despite the two candidates' near-identical ideological and regional backgrounds, Gore's extensive experience in national affairs enhanced the appeal of a ticket headed by Clinton, whose political career had been spent entirely at the local and state levels of government. In 2000, George W. Bush chose Dick Cheney of Wyoming, a reliably Republican state with only three electoral votes, and in 2008, Barack Obama mirrored Bush's strategy when he chose Joe Biden of Delaware, a reliably Democratic state, likewise one with only three electoral votes. Both Cheney and Biden were chosen for their experience in national politics (experience lacked by both Bush and Obama) rather than the ideological balance or electoral vote advantage they would provide.

text: Prior to the 2000 election, both George W. Bush and Dick Cheney lived in and voted in Texas. While nothing in the Constitution prohibits a presidential candidate and his or her running mate being from the same state, the "inhabitant clause" of the Twelfth Amendment does mandate that every presidential elector must cast a ballot for at least one candidate who is not from their own state. To avoid creating a potential problem for Texas' electors, Cheney changed his residency back to Wyoming prior to the campaign.[36]

text: The first presidential candidate to choose his vice presidential candidate was Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940.[39] The last not to name a vice presidential choice, leaving the matter up to the convention, was Democrat Adlai Stevenson in 1956. The convention chose Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver over Massachusetts Senator (and later president) John F. Kennedy. At the tumultuous 1972 Democratic convention, presidential nominee George McGovern selected Senator Thomas Eagleton as his running mate, but numerous other candidates were either nominated from the floor or received votes during the balloting. Eagleton nevertheless received a majority of the votes and the nomination, though he later resigned from the ticket, resulting in Sargent Shriver becoming McGovern's final running mate; both lost to the Nixon-Agnew ticket by a wide margin, carrying only Massachusetts and the District of Columbia.

text: In cases where the presidential nomination is still in doubt as the convention approaches, the campaigns for the two positions may become intertwined. In 1976, Ronald Reagan, who was trailing President Gerald R. Ford in the presidential delegate count, announced prior to the Republican National Convention that, if nominated, he would select Senator Richard Schweiker as his running mate. This move backfired to a degree, as Schweiker's relatively liberal voting record alienated many of the more conservative delegates who were considering a challenge to party delegate selection rules to improve Reagan's chances. In the end, Ford narrowly won the presidential nomination and Reagan's selection of Schweiker became moot.

text: In the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries which pitted Hillary Clinton against Barack Obama, Clinton suggested a Clinton-Obama ticket with Obama in the vice president slot as it would be "unstoppable" against the presumptive Republican nominee. Obama rejected the offer outright saying "I want everybody to be absolutely clear. I'm not running for vice president. I'm running for president of the United States of America" while noting "With all due respect. I won twice as many states as Sen. Clinton. I've won more of the popular vote than Sen. Clinton. I have more delegates than Sen. Clinton. So, I don't know how somebody who's in second place is offering vice presidency to the person who's in first place". Obama stated that the nomination process would have to be a choice between himself and Clinton, saying "I don't want anybody here thinking that 'Somehow, maybe I can get both'", by nominating Clinton as president and assuming he would be her running mate".[40][41] Some suggested that it was a ploy by the Clinton campaign to denigrate Obama as less qualified for the presidency.[42] Later, when Obama became the presumptive Democratic nominee, former President Jimmy Carter cautioned against Clinton being picked for the vice president slot on the ticket, saying "I think it would be the worst mistake that could be made. That would just accumulate the negative aspects of both candidates", citing opinion polls showing 50% of US voters with a negative view of Hillary Clinton.[43]

text: Election[edit]

text: The vice president is elected indirectly by the voters of each state and the District of Columbia through the Electoral College, a body of electors formed every four years for the sole purpose of electing the president and vice president to concurrent four-year terms. As prescribed by the Twelfth Amendment, each state is entitled to a number of electors equal to the size of its total delegation in both houses of Congress. Additionally, the Twenty-third Amendment provides that the District of Columbia is entitled to the number it would have if it were a state, but in no case more than that of the least populous state.[44] Currently, all states and D.C. select their electors based on a popular election held on Election Day.[15] In all but two states, the party whose presidential-vice presidential ticket receives a plurality of popular votes in the state has its entire slate of elector nominees chosen as the state's electors.[45] Maine and Nebraska deviate from this winner-take-all practice, awarding two electors to the statewide winner and one to the winner in each congressional district.[46][47]

text: On the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, about six weeks after the election, the electors convene in their respective state capitals (and in Washington D.C.) to vote for president and, on a separate ballot, for vice president. They typically vote for the candidates of the party that nominated them. While there is no constitutional mandate or federal law requiring them to do so, the District of Columbia and 30 states have laws requiring that their electors vote for the candidates to whom they are pledged.[15][48] Following the vote, each state then sends a certified record of their electoral votes to Congress. The votes of the electors are opened and counted during a joint session of Congress, held in the first week of January. A candidate who receives an absolute majority of electoral votes for vice president (currently 270 of 538) is declared the winner. Otherwise, the Senate must meet to elect a vice president using a contingent election procedure in which senators, casting votes individually, choose between the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president. For a candidate to win, he or she must receive votes from an absolute majority of senators (currently 51 of 100).[15]

text: There has been only one vice presidential contingent election since the Twelfth Amendment was ratified. It occurred on February 8, 1837, after no candidate received a majority of the electoral votes cast for vice president in the 1836 election. By a 33–17 vote, Richard Mentor Johnson (Martin Van Buren's running mate) was elected the nation's ninth vice president over Francis Granger.[49]

text: Tenure[edit]

text: Inauguration[edit]

text: Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment, the vice president's term of office begins at noon on January 20, as does the president's.[50] The first presidential and vice presidential terms to begin on this date, known as Inauguration Day, were the second terms of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Vice President John Nance Garner in 1937.[51] Previously, Inauguration Day was on March 4. As a result of the date change, the first term (1933–37) of both men had been shortened by 43 days.[52]

text: Also in 1937, the Vice President's swearing-in ceremony was held on the Inaugural platform on the Capitol's east front immediately before the president's swearing in. Up until then, most Vice Presidents took the oath of office in the Senate chamber, prior to the President's swearing-in ceremony.[53] Although the Constitution contains the specific wording of the presidential oath, it only contains a general requirement, in Article VI, that the vice president and other government officers shall take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution. The current form, which has been used since 1884 reads:

text: I, (first name last name), do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.[54]

text: Term of office[edit]

text: The term of office for both the vice president and the president is four years. While the Twenty-Second Amendment generally restricts the president to two terms,[55] there is no such limitation on the office of vice president, meaning an eligible person could hold the office as long as voters continued to vote for electors who in turn would reelect the person to the office; one could even serve under different presidents. This has happened twice: George Clinton (1805–1812) served under both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison; and John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) served under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson.[17] Additionally, neither the Constitution's eligibility provisions nor the Twenty-second Amendment's presidential term limit explicitly disqualify a twice-elected president from serving as vice president. As of the 2016 election cycle however, no former president has tested the amendment's legal restrictions or meaning by running for the vice presidency.[56][57]

text: Impeachment[edit]

text: Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution allows for the removal of federal officials, including the president, from office for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." Article I, Section 2, Clause 5 authorizes the House of Representatives to serve as a "grand jury" with the power to impeach said officials by a majority vote.[58] Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 authorizes the Senate to serve as a court with the power to remove impeached officials from office, by a two-thirds vote to convict.[59] No vice president has ever been impeached.

text: Salary[edit]

text: The vice president's salary is $230,700.[60] The salary was set by the 1989 Government Salary Reform Act, which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees. The vice president does not automatically receive a pension based on that office, but instead receives the same pension as other members of Congress based on his position as President of the Senate.[61] The vice president must serve a minimum of two years to qualify for a pension.[62]

text: Office as stepping stone to the presidency[edit]

text: In recent decades, the vice presidency has frequently been used as a platform to launch bids for the presidency. The transition of the office to its modern stature occurred primarily as a result of Franklin Roosevelt's 1940 nomination, when he captured the ability to nominate his running mate instead of leaving the nomination to the convention. Prior to that, party bosses often used the vice presidential nomination as a consolation prize for the party's minority faction. A further factor potentially contributing to the rise in prestige of the office was the adoption of presidential preference primaries in the early 20th century. By adopting primary voting, the field of candidates for vice president was expanded by both the increased quantity and quality of presidential candidates successful in some primaries, yet who ultimately failed to capture the presidential nomination at the convention.

text: Of the thirteen presidential elections from 1956 to 2004, nine featured the incumbent president; the other four (1960, 1968, 1988, 2000) all featured the incumbent vice president. Former vice presidents also ran in 1984 (Walter Mondale) and in 1968 (Richard Nixon, against the incumbent vice president, Hubert Humphrey). The presidential election of 2008 was the first presidential election since 1928 that saw neither an incumbent president nor an incumbent or former vice president take part in any primary or general election for the presidency on a major party ticket. Nixon is the only vice president to have been elected president while not an incumbent, as well as the only person elected twice to both the presidency and vice presidency.

text: Vacancies[edit]

text: Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, no constitutional provision existed for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency. As a result, when one occurred, the office was left vacant until filled through the next ensuing election and inauguration. Between 1812 and 1967, the vice presidency was vacant on sixteen occasions—as a result of seven deaths, one resignation, and eight cases in which the vice president succeeded to the presidency.[63]

text: Section 2 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment established a procedure for filling such a vacancy:

text: Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.[4]

text: This procedure has been implemented twice since the amendment came into force. The first instance occurred in 1973 following the October 10 resignation of Spiro Agnew, when Gerald Ford was nominated by President Richard Nixon and confirmed by Congress. The second occurred 10 months later following Ford's August 9, 1974 accession to the presidency upon Nixon's resignation, when Nelson Rockefeller was nominated by President Ford and confirmed by Congress.[27][63] Had it not been for this new constitutional mechanism, the vice presidency would have remained vacant after Agnew's resignation and Speaker of the House Carl Albert would have become Acting President when Nixon resigned, under the terms of the Presidential Succession Act of 1947.[64]

text:
Vice-presidential vacancies[17][28]

Period of vacancy
Cause of vacancy
Length
How vacancy filled

01 • April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813
Death of George Clinton
7002318000000000000♠318 days
Election of 1812

02 • November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817
Death of Elbridge Gerry
7002832000000000000♠832 days
Election of 1816

03 • December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833
Resignation of John C. Calhoun
7001660000000000000♠66 days
Election of 1832

04 • April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845
Accession of John Tyler as president
7003143000000000000♠1,430 days
Election of 1844

05 • July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853
Accession of Millard Fillmore as president
7002969000000000000♠969 days
Election of 1852

06 • April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857
Death of William R. King
7003141600000000000♠1,416 days
Election of 1856

07 • April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869
Accession of Andrew Johnson as president
7003141900000000000♠1,419 days
Election of 1868

08 • November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877
Death of Henry Wilson
7002468000000000000♠468 days
Election of 1876

09 • September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885
Accession of Chester A. Arthur as president
7003126200000000000♠1,262 days
Election of 1884

10 • November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889
Death of Thomas A. Hendricks
7003119500000000000♠1,195 days
Election of 1888

11 • November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901
Death of Garret Hobart
7002468000000000000♠468 days
Election of 1900

12 • September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905
Accession of Theodore Roosevelt as president
7003126700000000000♠1,267 days
Election of 1904

13 • October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913
Death of James S. Sherman
7002125000000000000♠125 days
Election of 1912

14 • August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925
Accession of Calvin Coolidge as president
7002580000000000000♠580 days
Election of 1924

15 • April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949
Accession of Harry S. Truman as president
7003137900000000000♠1,379 days
Election of 1948

16 • November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965
Accession of Lyndon B. Johnson as president
7002425000000000000♠425 days
Election of 1964

17 • October 10, 1973 – December 6, 1973
Resignation of Spiro Agnew
7001570000000000000♠57 days
Confirmation of successor

18 • August 9, 1974 – December 19, 1974
Accession of Gerald Ford as president
7002132000000000000♠132 days
Confirmation of successor

text: Growth of the office[edit]

text: For much of its existence, the office of vice president was seen as little more than a minor position. John Adams, the first vice president, was the first of many frustrated by the "complete insignificance" of the office. To his wife Abigail Adams wrote, "My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man . . . or his imagination contrived or his imagination conceived; and as I can do neither good nor evil, I must be borne away by others and met the common fate."[65] John Nance Garner, who served as vice president from 1933 to 1941 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, claimed that the vice presidency "isn't worth a pitcher of warm piss."[66] Harry Truman, who also served as vice president under Roosevelt, said that the office was as "useful as a cow's fifth teat."[67]

text: Thomas R. Marshall, the 28th vice president, lamented: "Once there were two brothers. One ran away to sea; the other was elected Vice President of the United States. And nothing was heard of either of them again."[68] His successor, Calvin Coolidge, was so obscure that Major League Baseball sent him free passes that misspelled his name, and a fire marshal failed to recognize him when Coolidge's Washington residence was evacuated.[69]

text: When the Whig Party asked Daniel Webster to run for the vice presidency on Zachary Taylor's ticket, he replied "I do not propose to be buried until I am really dead and in my coffin."[70] This was the second time Webster declined the office, which William Henry Harrison had first offered to him. Ironically, both of the presidents making the offer to Webster died in office, meaning the three-time presidential candidate could have become president if he had accepted either. Since presidents rarely died in office, however, the better preparation for the presidency was considered to be the office of Secretary of State, in which Webster served under Harrison, Tyler, and later, Taylor's successor, Fillmore.

text: In the first 100 years of the United States no fewer than seven proposals to amend the constitution to abolish the office of Vice President were advanced in the United States Congress.[71] The first such amendment was presented by Samuel W. Dana in 1800 and was defeated by a vote of 27 to 85 in the United States House of Representatives.[71] A second proposed amendment, introduced by United States Senator James Hillhouse in 1808 was also defeated.[71] During the late-1860s and 1870s, five additional amendments were proposed.[71] One supporter of the proposals, James Mitchell Ashley , opined that the office of Vice President was "superfluous" and dangerous.[71]

text: Garret Hobart, the first vice president under William McKinley, was one of the very few vice presidents at this time who played an important role in the administration. A close confidant and adviser of the president, Hobart was called "Assistant President."[72] However, until 1919, vice presidents were not included in meetings of the President's Cabinet. This precedent was broken by President Woodrow Wilson when he asked Thomas R. Marshall to preside over Cabinet meetings while Wilson was in France negotiating the Treaty of Versailles.[73] President Warren G. Harding also invited his vice president, Calvin Coolidge, to meetings. The next vice president, Charles G. Dawes, did not seek to attend Cabinet meetings under President Coolidge, declaring that "the precedent might prove injurious to the country."[74] Vice President Charles Curtis was also precluded from attending by President Herbert Hoover.

text: In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt raised the stature of the office by renewing the practice of inviting the vice president to cabinet meetings, which every president since has maintained. Roosevelt's first vice president, John Nance Garner, broke with him over the "court-packing" issue, early in his second term, and became Roosevelt's leading critic. At the start of that term, on January 20, 1937, Garner had been the first Vice President to be sworn into office on the Capitol steps in the same ceremony with the president; a tradition that continues. Prior to that time, vice presidents were traditionally inaugurated at a separate ceremony in the Senate chamber. Gerald R. Ford and Nelson A. Rockefeller, who were both appointed to the office under the terms of the 25th amendment, were inaugurated in the House and Senate chambers, respectively.

text: Henry Wallace, Roosevelt's vice president during his third term (1941–1945), was given major responsibilities during World War II. However, after numerous policy disputes between Wallace and other Roosevelt Administration and Democratic Party officials, he was denied renomination to office at the 1944 Democratic National Convention. Harry Truman was selected instead.  During his 82 day vice presidency, Truman was not informed about any war or post-war plans, including the Manhattan Project, leading Truman to remark, wryly, that the job of the Vice President was to "go to weddings and funerals." As a result of this experience, Truman, after succeeding to the presidency upon Roosevelt's death, recognized the need to keep the Vice President informed on national security issues. Congress made the vice president one of four statutory members of the National Security Council in 1949.

text: The stature of the vice presidency grew again while Richard Nixon was in office (1953–1961). He attracted the attention of the media and the Republican party, when Dwight Eisenhower authorized him to preside at Cabinet meetings in his absence. Nixon was also the first vice president to formally assume temporary control of the executive branch, which he did after Eisenhower suffered a heart attack on September 24, 1955, ileitis in June 1956, and a stroke in November 1957.

text: Until 1961, vice presidents had their offices on Capitol Hill, a formal office in the Capitol itself and a working office in the Russell Senate Office Building. Lyndon B. Johnson was the first vice president to be given an office in the White House complex, in the Old Executive Office Building. The former Navy Secretary's office in the OEOB has since been designated the "Ceremonial Office of the Vice President" and is today used for formal events and press interviews. President Jimmy Carter was the first president to give his vice president, Walter Mondale, an office in the West Wing of the White House, which all vice presidents have since retained. Because of their function as Presidents of the Senate, vice presidents still maintain offices and staff members on Capitol Hill.

text: Though Walter Mondale's tenure was the beginning of the modern day power of the vice presidency, the tenure of Dick Cheney saw a rapid growth in the office of the vice president. Vice President Cheney held a tremendous amount of power and frequently made policy decisions on his own, without the knowledge of the President.[75] After his tenure, and during the 2008 presidential campaign, both vice presidential candidates, Sarah Palin and Joe Biden, stated the office had expanded too much under Cheney's tenure and both claimed they would reduce the role to simply being an adviser to the president.[76] This rapid growth has led to calls for abolition of the vice presidency from various constitutional scholars and political commentators such as: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., Matthew Yglesias, and Bruce Ackerman.[77][78][79]

text: Post-vice presidency[edit]

text: There are currently (since January 20, 2017) six living former vice presidents.[80] In order of office they are:

text:
Walter Mondale (age 90)since 1981

George H. W. Bush (age 94)since 1989

Dan Quayle (age 71)since 1993

Al Gore (age 70)since 2001

Dick Cheney(age 77) since 2009

Joe Biden (age 75)since 2017

text: Since 1977, former presidents and vice presidents who are elected or re-elected to the Senate are entitled to the largely honorific position of Deputy President pro tempore. To date, the only former vice president to have held this title is Hubert Humphrey following his return to the Senate. Also, under the terms of an 1886 Senate resolution, all former vice presidents are entitled to a portrait bust in the Senate wing of the United States Capitol, commemorating their service as presidents of the Senate. Dick Cheney is the most recent former vice president to be so honored.[81]

text: Unlike former presidents, whose pension is fixed at the same rate, regardless of their time in office, former vice presidents receive their retirement income based on their role as President of the Senate.[82] Additionally, Since 2008, each former vice president and their immediate family is entitled (under the "Former Vice President Protection Act of 2008") to Secret Service protection for up to six months after leaving office, and again temporarily at any time thereafter if warranted.[83]

text: Timeline of vice presidents[edit]

text: This is a graphical timeline listing of the Vice Presidents of the United States.