document_title: Akkadian Empire

question_text: who was the king of the akkadians who conquered all of mesopotamia

text: Akkadian Empire

text: History of research[edit]

text: The Bible refers to Akkad in Genesis 10:10[10], which states that the beginning of Nimrod's kingdom was in the land of Akkad. Nimrod's historical identity is unknown, but some have compared him with the legendary Gilgamesh, founder of Uruk.[11][12] Today, scholars have documented some 7,000 texts from the Akkadian period, written in both Sumerian and Akkadian. Many later texts from the  successor states of Assyria and Babylonia also deal with the Akkadian Empire.[12]

text: Understanding of the Akkadian Empire continues to be hampered by the fact that its capital Akkad has not yet been located, despite numerous attempts.[13][14] Precise dating of archaeological sites is hindered by the fact that there are no clear distinctions between artifact assemblages thought to stem from the preceding Early Dynastic period, and those thought to be Akkadian. Likewise, material that is thought to be Akkadian continues to be in use into the Ur III period.[15]

text: Many of the more recent insights on the Akkadian Empire have come from excavations in the Upper Khabur area in modern northeastern Syria which was to become a part of Assyria after the fall of Akkad. For example, excavations at Tell Mozan (ancient Urkesh) brought to light a sealing of Tar'am-Agade, a previously unknown daughter of Naram-Sin, who was possibly married to an unidentified local endan (ruler).[16] The excavators at nearby Tell Leilan (ancient Shekhna/Shubat-Enlil) have used the results from their investigations to argue that the Akkadian Empire came to an end due to a sudden drought, the so-called 4.2 kiloyear event.[17] The impact of this climate event on Mesopotamia in general, and on the Akkadian Empire in particular, continues to be hotly debated.[18]

text: Excavation at the modern site of Tell Brak has suggested that the Akkadians rebuilt a city ("Brak" or "Nagar") on this site, for use as an administrative center. The city included two large buildings including a complex with temple, offices, courtyard, and large ovens.[19][20]

text: Dating and periodization[edit]

text: The Akkadian Period is generally dated to either: c. 2334 BC – c. 2154 BC (according to the middle chronology timeline of the Ancient Near East), or c. 2270 BC – c. 2083 BC (according to the short chronology timeline of the Ancient Near East.) It was preceded by the Early Dynastic Period of Mesopotamia (ED) and succeeded by the Ur III Period, although both transitions are blurry. For example: it is likely that the rise of Sargon of Akkad coincided with the late ED Period and that the final Akkadian kings ruled simultaneously with the Gutian kings alongside rulers at the city-states of both: Uruk and Lagash. The Akkadian Period is contemporary with: EB IV (in Israel), EB IVA and EJ IV (in Syria), and EB IIIB (in Turkey.)[12][21]

text: Timeline of rulers[edit]

text: The relative order of Akkadian kings is clear. The absolute dates of their reigns are approximate (as with all dates prior to the late Bronze Age collapse c. 1200 BC).[22]

text:
Ruler

Middle ChronologyAll dates BC

Short ChronologyAll dates BC

Sargon

2334–2279

Rimush

2278–2270

Manishtushu

2269–2255

Naram-Sin

2254–2218

Shar-Kali-Sharri

2217–2193

Interregnum

2192–2190

Dudu

2189–2169

Shu-turul

2168–2154

text: Development of the empire[edit]

text: Pre-Sargonic Akkad[edit]

text: The Akkadian Empire takes its name from the region and the city of Akkad, both of which were localized in the general confluence area of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Although the city of Akkad has not yet been identified on the ground, it is known from various textual sources. Among these is at least one text predating the reign of Sargon. Together with the fact that the name Akkad is of non-Akkadian origin, this suggests that the city of Akkad may have already been occupied in pre-Sargonic times.[13][23]

text: Sargon of Akkad[edit]

text: Sargon of Akkad (Sharru-kin = "legitimate king", possibly a title he took on gaining power) defeated and captured Lugal-zage-si in the Battle of Uruk and conquered his empire. The earliest records in the Akkadian language date to the time of Sargon. Sargon was claimed to be the son of La'ibum or Itti-Bel, a humble gardener, and possibly a hierodule, or priestess to Ishtar or Inanna. One legend related to Sargon in Assyrian times says that

text: My mother was a changeling, my father I knew not. The brothers of my father loved the hills. My city is Azurpiranu (the wilderness herb fields), which is situated on the banks of the Euphrates. My changeling mother conceived me, in secret she bore me. She set me in a basket of rushes, with bitumen she sealed my lid. She cast me into the river which rose not over me. The river bore me up and carried me to Akki, the drawer of water. Akki, the drawer of water, took me as his son and reared me. Akki the drawer of water, appointed me as his gardener. While I was gardener Ishtar granted me her love, and for four and (fifty?) ... years I exercised kingship.[24]

text: Later claims made on behalf of Sargon were that his mother was an "entu" priestess (high priestess). The claims might have been made to ensure a descendancy of nobility, considering only a highly placed family can be made such a position.[25]

text: Originally a cupbearer (Rabshakeh) to a king of Kish with a Semitic name, Ur-Zababa, Sargon thus became a gardener, responsible for the task of clearing out irrigation canals. This gave him access to a disciplined corps of workers, who also may have served as his first soldiers. Displacing Ur-Zababa, Sargon was crowned king, and he entered upon a career of foreign conquest.[26] Four times he invaded Syria and Canaan, and he spent three years thoroughly subduing the countries of "the west" to unite them with Mesopotamia "into a single empire".

text: However, Sargon took this process further, conquering many of the surrounding regions to create an empire that reached westward as far as the Mediterranean Sea and perhaps Cyprus (Kaptara); northward as far as the mountains (a later Hittite text asserts he fought the Hattian king Nurdaggal of Burushanda, well into Anatolia); eastward over Elam; and as far south as Magan (Oman) — a region over which he reigned for purportedly 56 years, though only four "year-names" survive. He consolidated his dominion over his territories by replacing the earlier opposing rulers with noble citizens of Akkad, his native city where loyalty would thus be ensured.[27]

text: Trade extended from the silver mines of Anatolia to the lapis lazuli mines in modern Afghanistan, the cedars of Lebanon and the copper of Magan. This consolidation of the city-states of Sumer and Akkad reflected the growing economic and political power of Mesopotamia. The empire's breadbasket was the rain-fed agricultural system of Assyria and a chain of fortresses was built to control the imperial wheat production.

text: Images of Sargon were erected on the shores of the Mediterranean, in token of his victories, and cities and palaces were built at home with the spoils of the conquered lands. Elam and the northern part of Mesopotamia (Assyria/Subartu) were also subjugated, and rebellions in Sumer were put down. Contract tablets have been found dated in the years of the campaigns against Canaan and against Sarlak, king of Gutium. He also boasted of having subjugated the "four quarters" — the lands surrounding Akkad to the north (Assyria), the south (Sumer), the east (Elam), and the west (Martu). Some of the earliest historiographic texts (ABC 19, 20) suggest he rebuilt the city of Babylon (Bab-ilu) in its new location near Akkad.[28]

text: Sargon, throughout his long life, showed special deference to the Sumerian deities, particularly Inanna (Ishtar), his patroness, and Zababa, the warrior god of Kish. He called himself "The anointed priest of Anu" and "the great ensi of Enlil" and his daughter, Enheduanna, was installed as priestess to Nanna at the temple in Ur.

text: Troubles multiplied toward the end of his reign. A later Babylonian text states:

text: In his old age, all the lands revolted against him, and they besieged him in Akkad (the city) [but] he went forth to battle and defeated them, he knocked them over and destroyed their vast army.

text: It refers to his campaign in "Elam", where he defeated a coalition army led by the King of Awan and forced the vanquished to become his vassals.[29]

text: Also shortly after, another revolt took place:

text: the Subartu (mountainous tribes of Assyria) the upper country—in their turn attacked, but they submitted to his arms, and Sargon settled their habitations, and he smote them grievously.

text: Rimush and Manishtushu[edit]

text: Sargon had crushed opposition even at old age. These difficulties broke out again in the reign of his sons, where revolts broke out during the nine-year reign of Rimush (2278–2270 BC), who fought hard to retain the empire, and was successful until he was assassinated by some of his own courtiers. Rimush's elder brother, Manishtushu (2269–2255 BC) succeeded him. The latter seems to have fought a sea battle against 32 kings who had gathered against him and took control over their pre-Arab country, consisting of modern-day United Arab Emirates and Oman. Despite the success, like his brother he seems to have been assassinated in a palace conspiracy.[30]

text: Naram-Sin[edit]

text:
Manishtushu's son and successor, Naram-Sin (2254–2218 BC), due to vast military conquests, assumed the imperial title "King Naram-Sin, king of the four quarters" (Lugal Naram-Sîn, Šar kibrat 'arbaim), the four quarters as a reference to the entire world. He was also for the first time in Sumerian culture, addressed as "the god (Sumerian = DINGIR, Akkadian = ilu) of Agade" (Akkad), in opposition to the previous religious belief that kings were only representatives of the people towards the gods.[32][33]
He also faced revolts at the start of his reign,[34] but quickly crushed them.

text: Naram-Sin also recorded the Akkadian conquest of Ebla as well as Armanum and its king.[35] Armanum location is debated; it is sometimes identified with a Syrian kingdom mentioned in the tablets of Ebla as Armi, the location of Armi is also debated; while historian Adelheid Otto identifies it with the Citadel of Bazi – Tall Banat complex on the Euphrates River between Ebla and Tell Brak,[36][37] others like Wayne Horowitz identify it with Aleppo.[38] Further, if most scholars place Armanum in Syria, Michael C. Astour believes it to be located north of the Hamrin Mountains in northern Iraq.[39]

text:
To better police Syria, he built a royal residence at Tell Brak, a crossroads at the heart of the Khabur River basin of the Jezirah. Naram-Sin campaigned against Magan which also revolted; Naram-Sin "marched against Magan and personally caught Mandannu, its king", where he instated garrisons to protect the main roads. The chief threat seemed to be coming from the northern Zagros Mountains, the Lulubis and the Gutians. A campaign against the Lullubi led to the carving of the "Victory Stele of Naram-Suen", now in the Louvre. Hittite sources claim Naram-Sin of Akkad even ventured into Anatolia, battling the Hittite and Hurrian kings Pamba of Hatti, Zipani of Kanesh, and 15 others.
This newfound Akkadian wealth may have been based upon benign climatic conditions, huge agricultural surpluses and the confiscation of the wealth of other peoples.[40]

text: The economy was highly planned. Grain was cleaned, and rations of grain and oil were distributed in standardized vessels made by the city's potters. Taxes were paid in produce and labour on public walls, including city walls, temples, irrigation canals and waterways, producing huge agricultural surpluses.[41]

text: In later Assyrian and Babylonian texts, the name Akkad, together with Sumer, appears as part of the royal title, as in the Sumerian LUGAL KI-EN-GI KI-URI or Akkadian Šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi,[42] translating to "king of Sumer and Akkad".[43] This title was assumed by the king who seized control of Nippur,[42] the intellectual and religious center of southern Mesopotamia.

text: During the Akkadian period, the Akkadian language became the lingua franca of the Middle East, and was officially used for administration, although the Sumerian language remained as a spoken and literary language. The spread of Akkadian stretched from Syria to Elam, and even the Elamite language was temporarily written in Mesopotamian cuneiform. Akkadian texts later found their way to far-off places, from Egypt (in the Amarna Period) and Anatolia, to Persia (Behistun).

text: Collapse[edit]

text: The empire of Akkad fell, perhaps in the 22nd century BC, within 180 years of its founding, ushering in a "Dark Age" with no prominent imperial authority until Third Dynasty of Ur. The region's political structure may have reverted to the status quo ante of local governance by city-states.[44]

text: Shu-Durul appears to have restored some centralized authority, however, he was unable to prevent the empire eventually collapsing outright from the invasion of barbarian peoples from the Zagros Mountains known as the Gutians.

text: Little is known about the Gutian period, or how long it endured. Cuneiform sources suggest that the Gutians' administration showed little concern for maintaining agriculture, written records, or public safety; they reputedly released all farm animals to roam about Mesopotamia freely and soon brought about famine and rocketing grain prices. The Sumerian king Ur-Nammu (2112–2095 BC) cleared the Gutians from Mesopotamia during his reign.

text: The Sumerian King List, describing the Akkadian Empire after the death of Shar-kali-shari, states:

text: Who was king?  Who was not king?  Irgigi the king; Nanum, the king; Imi the king; Ilulu, the king—the four of them were kings but reigned only three years. Dudu reigned 21 years; Shu-Turul, the son of Dudu, reigned 15 years. ... Agade was defeated and its kingship carried off to Uruk. In Uruk, Ur-ningin reigned 7 years, Ur-gigir, son of Ur-ningin, reigned 6 years; Kuda reigned 6 years; Puzur-ili reigned 5 years, Ur-Utu reigned 6 years. Uruk was smitten with weapons and its kingship carried off by the Gutian hordes.

text: However, there are no known year-names or other archaeological evidence verifying any of these later kings of Akkad or Uruk, apart from a single artefact referencing king Dudu of Akkad. The named kings of Uruk may have been contemporaries of the last kings of Akkad, but in any event could not have been very prominent.

text: In the Gutian hordes, (first reigned) a nameless king; (then) Imta reigned 3 years as king; Shulme reigned 6 years; Elulumesh reigned 6 years; Inimbakesh reigned 5 years; Igeshuash reigned 6 years; Iarlagab reigned 15 years; Ibate reigned 3 years; ... reigned 3 years; Kurum reigned 1 year; ... reigned 3 years; ... reigned 2 years; Iararum reigned 2 years; Ibranum reigned 1 year; Hablum reigned 2 years; Puzur-Sin son of Hablum reigned 7 years; Iarlaganda reigned 7 years; ... reigned 7 years; ... reigned 40 days. Total 21 kings reigned 91 years, 40 days.

text: The period between c. 2112 BC and 2004 BC is known as the Ur III period. Documents again began to be written in Sumerian, although Sumerian was becoming a purely literary or liturgical language, much as Latin later would be in Medieval Europe.[24]

text: One explanation for the end of the Akkadian empire is simply that the Akkadian dynasty could not maintain its political supremacy over other independently powerful city-states.[46][44]

text: Drought[edit]

text: One theory associates regional decline at the end of the Akkadian period (and of the First Intermediary Period following the Old Kingdom in Ancient Egypt) was associated with rapidly increasing aridity, and failing rainfall in the region of the Ancient Near East, caused by a global centennial-scale drought.[47][48] Harvey Weiss has shown that "archaeological and soil-stratigraphic data define the origin, growth, and collapse of Subir, the third millennium rain-fed agriculture civilization of northern Mesopotamia on the Habur Plains of Syria. At 2200 BC, a marked increase in aridity and wind circulation, subsequent to a volcanic eruption, induced a considerable degradation of land-use conditions. After four centuries of urban life, this abrupt climatic change evidently caused abandonment of Tell Leilan, regional desertion, and collapse of the Akkadian empire based in southern Mesopotamia. Synchronous collapse in adjacent regions suggests that the impact of the abrupt climatic change was extensive".[17] Peter B. deMenocal, has shown "there was an influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the stream flow of the Tigris and Euphrates at this time, which led to the collapse of the Akkadian Empire".[49]

text: Excavation at Tell Leilan suggests that this site was abandoned soon after the city's massive walls were constructed, its temple rebuilt and its grain production reorganised. The debris, dust and sand that followed show no trace of human activity. Soil samples show fine wind-blown sand, no trace of earthworm activity, reduced rainfall and indications of a drier and windier climate. Evidence shows that skeleton-thin sheep and cattle died of drought, and up to 28,000 people abandoned the site, seeking wetter areas elsewhere. Tell Brak shrank in size by 75%. Trade collapsed. Nomadic herders such as the Amorites moved herds closer to reliable water suppliers, bringing them into conflict with Akkadian populations. This climate-induced collapse seems to have affected the whole of the Middle East, and to have coincided with the collapse of the Egyptian Old Kingdom.[17]

text: This collapse of rain-fed agriculture in the Upper Country meant the loss to southern Mesopotamia of the agrarian subsidies which had kept the Akkadian Empire solvent. Water levels within the Tigris and Euphrates fell 1.5 metres beneath the level of 2600 BC, and although they stabilised for a time during the following Ur III period, rivalries between pastoralists and farmers increased. Attempts were undertaken to prevent the former from herding their flocks in agricultural lands, such as the building of a 180 km (112 mi) wall known as the "Repeller of the Amorites" between the Tigris and Euphrates under the Ur III ruler Shu-Sin. Such attempts led to increased political instability; meanwhile, severe depression occurred to re-establish demographic equilibrium with the less favourable climatic conditions.[50][51][52]

text: Richard Zettler has critiqued the drought theory, observing that the chronology of the Akkadian empire is very uncertain and that available evidence is not sufficient to show its economic dependence on the northern areas excavated by Weiss and others. He also criticizes Weiss for taking Akkadian writings literally to describe certain catastrophic events.[53]

text: According to Joan Oates, at Tell Brak the soil "signal" associated with the drought lies below the level of Naram-Sin's palace. However, evidence

text: may suggest a tightening of Akkadian control following the Brak 'event', for example the construction of the heavily fortified 'palace' itself and the apparent introduction of greater numbers of Akkadian as opposed to local officials, perhaps a reflection of unrest in the countryside of the type that often follows some natural catastrophe.

text: Furthermore, Brak remained occupied and functional after the fall of the Akkadians.[54]

text: Government[edit]

text: The Akkadian government formed a "classical standard" with which all future Mesopotamian states compared themselves. Traditionally, the ensi was the highest functionary of the Sumerian city-states. In later traditions, one became an ensi by marrying the goddess Inanna, legitimising the rulership through divine consent.

text: Initially, the monarchical lugal (lu = man, gal =Great) was subordinate to the priestly ensi, and was appointed at times of troubles, but by later dynastic times, it was the lugal who had emerged as the preeminent role, having his own "é" (= house) or "palace", independent from the temple establishment. By the time of Mesalim, whichever dynasty controlled the city of Kish was recognised as šar kiššati (= king of Kish), and was considered preeminent in Sumer, possibly because this was where the two rivers approached, and whoever controlled Kish ultimately controlled the irrigation systems of the other cities downstream.

text: As Sargon extended his conquest from the "Lower Sea" (Persian Gulf), to the "Upper Sea" (Mediterranean), it was felt that he ruled "the totality of the lands under heaven", or "from sunrise to sunset", as contemporary texts put it. Under Sargon, the ensis generally retained their positions, but were seen more as provincial governors. The title šar kiššati became recognised as meaning "lord of the universe". Sargon is even recorded as having organised naval expeditions to Dilmun (Bahrain) and Magan, amongst the first organised military naval expeditions in history.  Whether he also did in the case of the Mediterranean with the kingdom of Kaptara (possibly Cyprus), as claimed in later documents, is more questionable.

text: With Naram-Sin, Sargon's grandson, this went further than with Sargon, with the king not only being called "Lord of the Four Quarters (of the Earth)", but also elevated to the ranks of the dingir (= gods), with his own temple establishment. Previously a ruler could, like Gilgamesh, become divine after death but the Akkadian kings, from Naram-Sin onward, were considered gods on earth in their lifetimes. Their portraits showed them of larger size than mere mortals and at some distance from their retainers.[55]

text: One strategy adopted by both Sargon and Naram-Sin, to maintain control of the country, was to install their daughters, Enheduanna and Emmenanna respectively, as high priestess to Sin, the Akkadian version of the Sumerian moon deity, Nanna, at Ur, in the extreme south of Sumer; to install sons as provincial ensi governors in strategic locations; and to marry their daughters to rulers of peripheral parts of the Empire (Urkesh and Marhashe). A well documented case of the latter is that of Naram-Sin's daughter Tar'am-Agade at Urkesh.[56]

text: Records at the Brak administrative complex suggest that the Akkadians appointed locals as tax collectors.[57]

text: Economy[edit]

text: The population of Akkad, like nearly all pre-modern states, was entirely dependent upon the agricultural systems of the region, which seem to have had two principal centres: the irrigated farmlands of southern Iraq that traditionally had a yield of 30 grains returned for each grain sown and the rain-fed agriculture of northern Iraq, known as the "Upper Country."

text: Southern Iraq during Akkadian period seems to have been approaching its modern rainfall level of less than 20 mm (0.8 in) per year, with the result that agriculture was totally dependent upon irrigation. Before the Akkadian period the progressive salinisation of the soils, produced by poorly drained irrigation, had been reducing yields of wheat in the southern part of the country, leading to the conversion to more salt-tolerant barley growing. Urban populations there had peaked already by 2,600 BC, and demographic pressures were high, contributing to the rise of militarism apparent immediately before the Akkadian period (as seen in the Stele of the Vultures of Eannatum). Warfare between city states had led to a population decline, from which Akkad provided a temporary respite.[58] It was this high degree of agricultural productivity in the south that enabled the growth of the highest population densities in the world at this time, giving Akkad its military advantage.

text: The water table in this region was very high and replenished regularly—by winter storms in the headwaters of the Tigris and Euphrates from October to March and from snow-melt from March to July. Flood levels, that had been stable from about 3,000 to 2,600 BC, had started falling, and by the Akkadian period were a half-meter to a meter lower than recorded previously. Even so, the flat country and weather uncertainties made flooding much more unpredictable than in the case of the Nile; serious deluges seem to have been a regular occurrence, requiring constant maintenance of irrigation ditches and drainage systems. Farmers were recruited into regiments for this work from August to October—a period of food shortage—under the control of city temple authorities, thus acting as a form of unemployment relief. Gwendolyn Leick has[59] suggested that this was Sargon's original employment for the king of Kish, giving him experience in effectively organising large groups of men; a tablet reads, "Sargon, the king, to whom Enlil permitted no rival—5,400 warriors ate bread daily before him".[60]

text: Harvest was in the late spring and during the dry summer months. Nomadic Amorites from the northwest would pasture their flocks of sheep and goats to graze on the stubble and be watered from the river and irrigation canals. For this privilege, they would have to pay a tax in wool, meat, milk, and cheese to the temples, who would distribute these products to the bureaucracy and priesthood. In good years, all would go well, but in bad years, wild winter pastures would be in short supply, nomads would seek to pasture their flocks in the grain fields, and conflicts with farmers would result. It would appear that the subsidizing of southern populations by the import of wheat from the north of the Empire temporarily overcame this problem,[61] and it seems to have allowed economic recovery and a growing population within this region.

text: As a result, Sumer and Akkad had a surplus of agricultural products but was short of almost everything else, particularly metal ores, timber and building stone, all of which had to be imported. The spread of the Akkadian state as far as the "silver mountain" (possibly the Taurus Mountains), the "cedars" of Lebanon, and the copper deposits of Magan, was largely motivated by the goal of securing control over these imports. One tablet reads "Sargon, the king of Kish, triumphed in thirty-four battles (over the cities) up to the edge of the sea (and) destroyed their walls. He made the ships from Meluhha, the ships from Magan (and) the ships from Dilmun tie up alongside the quay of Agade. Sargon the king prostrated himself before (the god) Dagan (and) made supplication to him; (and) he (Dagan) gave him the upper land, namely Mari, Yarmuti, (and) Ebla, up to the Cedar Forest (and) up to the Silver Mountain".

text: Culture[edit]

text: Art[edit]

text: In art, there was a great emphasis on the kings of the dynasty, alongside much that continued earlier Sumerian art. Little architecture remains. In large works and small ones such as seals, the degree of realism was considerably increased,[62] but the seals show a "grim world of cruel conflict, of danger and uncertainty, a world in which man is subjected without appeal to the incomprehensible acts of distant and fearful divinities who he must serve but cannot love.  This sombre mood ... remained characteristic of Mesopotamian art..."[63]

text: Language[edit]

text: During the 3rd millennium BC, there developed a very intimate cultural symbiosis between the Sumerians and the Akkadians, which included widespread bilingualism.[5] The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian (and vice versa) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence.[5] This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the third millennium as a sprachbund.[5] Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around 2000 BC (the exact dating being a matter of debate),[6] but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary, and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century AD.[64]

text: Poet–priestess Enheduanna[edit]

text: Sumerian literature continued in rich development during the Akkadian period. Enheduanna, the "wife (Sumerian dam = high priestess) of Nanna [the Sumerian moon god] and daughter of Sargon"[65] of the temple of Sin at Ur, who lived c. 2285–2250 BC, is the first poet in history whose name is known. Her known works include hymns to the goddess Inanna, the Exaltation of Inanna and In-nin sa-gur-ra. A third work, the Temple Hymns, a collection of specific hymns, addresses the sacred temples and their occupants, the deity to whom they were consecrated. The works of this poet are significant, because although they start out using the third person, they shift to the first person voice of the poet herself, and they mark a significant development in the use of cuneiform. As poet, princess, and priestess, she was a person who, according to William W Hallo, "set standards in all three of her roles for many succeeding centuries"[66]

text: In the Exultation of Inanna,

text: Enheduanna depicts Inanna as disciplining mankind as a goddess of battle. She thereby unites the warlike Akkadian Ishtar's qualities to those of the gentler Sumerian goddess of love and fecundity. She likens Inanna to a great storm bird who swoops down on the lesser gods and sends them fluttering off like surprised bats. Then, in probably the most interesting part of the hymn, Enheduanna herself steps forward in the first person to recite her own past glories, establishing her credibility, and explaining her present plight. She has been banished as high priestess from the temple in the city of Ur and from Uruk and exiled to the steppe. She begs the moon god Nanna to intercede for her because the city of Uruk, under the ruler Lugalanne, has rebelled against Sargon. The rebel, Lugalanne, has even destroyed the temple Eanna, one of the greatest temples in the ancient world, and then made advances on his sister-in-law.[67]

text: Curse of Akkad[edit]

text: Later material described how the fall of Akkad was due to Nara-Sin's attack upon the city of Nipper. When prompted by a pair of inauspicious oracles, the king sacked the E-kur temple, supposedly protected by the god Enlil, head of the pantheon. As a result of this, eight chief deities of the Anunnaki pantheon were supposed to have come together and withdrawn their support from Akkad.[68]

text: The kings of Akkad were legendary among later Mesopotamian civilizations, with Sargon understood as the prototype of a strong and wise leader, and his grandson Naram-Sin considered the wicked and impious leader (Unheilsherrscher in the analysis of Hans Gustav Güterbock) who brought ruin upon his kingdom.[69][70]

text: Technology[edit]

text: Tablets from the periods reads, "(From the earliest days) no-one had made a statue of lead, (but) Rimush king of Kish, had a statue of himself made of lead. It stood before Enlil; and it recited his (Rimush's) virtues to the idu of the gods". The copper Bassetki Statue, cast with the lost wax method, testifies to the high level of skill that craftsmen achieved during the Akkadian period.[71]

text: Achievements[edit]

text: The empire was bound together by roads, along which there was a regular postal service. Clay seals that took the place of stamps bear the names of Sargon and his son. A cadastral survey seems also to have been instituted, and one of the documents relating to it states that a certain Uru-Malik, whose name appears to indicate his Canaanite origin, was governor of the land of the Amorites, or Amurru as the semi-nomadic people of Syria and Canaan were called in Akkadian. It is probable that the first collection of astronomical observations and terrestrial omens was made for a library established by Sargon. The earliest "year names", whereby each year of a king's reign was named after a significant event performed by that king, date from Sargon's reign.  Lists of these "year names" henceforth became a calendrical system used in most independent Mesopotamian city-states. In Assyria, however, years came to be named for the annual presiding limmu official appointed by the king, rather than for an event.


document_title: Tears Dry on Their Own

question_text: where was tears dry on their own filmed

question_tokens: where was tears dry on their own filmed

root

text: Tears Dry on Their Own

text: Composition[edit]

text: "Tears Dry on Their Own" has been described by NME as a "Motown-influenced pop song",[1] while Billy Hamilton of Drowned in Sound believed the song to be a soul song.[2]

tag: p

text: Music video[edit]

text: The song's music video was shot in Los Angeles,[3][4] and was directed by David LaChapelle on 22 May 2007.[5] The clip features footage of Winehouse making her way down Hollywood Blvd and in a dim motel room. The hotel is the Grand Motel at 1479 S La Cienega Blvd, in Los Angeles. She doesn't pay attention to her surroundings (Why people walk into her) as she goes down Hollywood Blvd, and in the hotel room there are empty bottles and cigarettes hinting at her real life habits. The video for this song was the second to last filmed prior to Winehouse's death on 23 July 2011.

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: "Tears Dry on Their Own" became Winehouse's fourth consecutive single to chart inside the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart, when it entered at number 37 on 5 August 2007. It also became her eighth UK R&B top 40 hit. The single spent four weeks at number one on the UK Airplay Chart during August. After the song's physical release, the single climbed into the top 20, peaking at number 16. Therefore, "Tears Dry on Their Own" is Winehouse's second highest-charting single behind "Rehab" and the fourth consecutive top 30 hit from her second album. To date, it has spent 19 non-consecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart, making it her fourth longest-running hit behind "Rehab" (57 weeks), "Valerie" (39 weeks), and "Back to Black" (34 weeks).

text: With sales of 84,750,[citation needed] "Tears Dry on Their Own" went on to become the UK's 93rd best-selling single of 2007.[6]

text: On 31 July, 2011, the song re-entered the UK Singles Chart at 27 after Winehouse's death.

text: Track listings and formats[edit]

text:
UK CD single
"Tears Dry on Their Own" – 3:09
"You're Wondering Now" – 2:31
"Tears Dry on Their Own" (Alix Alvarez Sole Channel Mix) – 6:42
"Tears Dry on Their Own" (Al Usher Remix) – 7:00
"Tears Dry on Their Own" (Video)
UK limited edition clear 7" single
Side A:
"Tears Dry on Their Own" – 3:05
Side B:
"Tears Dry on Their Own" (NYPC's Fucked Mix) – 4:39

UK 12" single
Side A:
"Tears Dry on Their Own" (Alix Alvarez Sole Channel Mix) – 6:42
Side B:
"Tears Dry on Their Own" (Al Usher Remix) – 7:00
"Tears Dry on Their Own" – 3:05

tag: table

text:
"Tears Dry on Their Own" (Vodafone Live at TBA) – 3:23
"Tears Dry on Their Own" (Alix Alvarez Sole Channel Mix) – 5:35
"Tears Dry on Their Own" (NYPC's Fucked Mix) – 4:39
"Tears Dry on Their Own" (Al Usher Remix) – 6:59
"Tears Dry on Their Own" (Kardinal Beats Remix) – 3:21

tag: ol

text: Official versions and remixes[edit]

text:
Album Version – 3:05
Al Usher Remix – 7:00
Alix Alvarez Sole Channel Mix – 6:42
Kardinal Beats Remix – 3:20
NYPC's Fucked Mix – 4:39

tag: ul

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2007–08)

Peakposition

Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[8]

3

Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[9]

15

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[10]

100

European Hot 100 Singles[11]

49

France (SNEP)[12]

87

Germany (Official German Charts)[13]

56

Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[14]

38

Ireland (IRMA)[15]

26

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[16]

24

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[17]

16

UK R&B Singles Chart[citation needed]

6

US Adult R&B (Billboard)[18]

40

Chart (2011)

Peakposition

Belgian Back Catalogue Singles (Flanders)[19]

8

Belgian Back Catalogue Singles (Wallonia)[9]

23

Ireland (IRMA)[20]

44

text: Personnel[edit]

text: "Tears Dry on Their Own"

text:
Recorded by Franklin Socorro
Mixed by Tom Elmhirst
Producer – Salaamremi.com*
Recorded by Gleyder "Gee" Disla, Shomari "Sho" Dillon
Bass, piano, guitar – Salaam Remi
Written by Amy Winehouse
Drums, tambourine – Troy Auxilly-Wilson
Mixed by Matt Paul
Trumpet (bass), trumpet, flugelhorn – Bruce Purse
Saxophone (baritone, tenor and alto), flute, clarinet, piano, celesta (celeste), guitar – Vincent Henry
Backing vocals – Amy Winehouse[21]

text: "You're Wondering Now"

text:
Recorded by Jon Moon
Featuring – Ade*, Zalon*
Written by Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson*, Clement Dodd[21]


document_title: Three-Fifths Compromise

question_text: what nullified the 3/5 compromise in the us constitution

text: Three-Fifths Compromise

text: Enactment[edit]

text:
Part of a series on
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text: The Convention had unanimously accepted the principle that representation in the House of Representatives would be in proportion to the relative state populations. However, since slaves could not vote, leaders in slave states would thus have the benefit of increased representation in the House and the Electoral College. Delegates opposed to slavery proposed that only free inhabitants of each state be counted for apportionment purposes, while delegates supportive of slavery, on the other hand, opposed the proposal, wanting slaves to count in their actual numbers. The compromise that was finally agreed upon—of counting "all other persons" as only three-fifths of their actual numbers—reduced the representation of the slave states relative to the original proposals, but improved it over the Northern position.[2] An inducement for slave states to accept the Compromise was its tie to taxation in the same ratio, so that the burden of taxation on the slave states was also reduced.

text: The Three-Fifths Compromise is found in Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution, which reads:

text: Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.

text: The three-fifths ratio originated with a 1783 amendment proposed to the Articles of Confederation. The amendment was to have changed the basis for determining the wealth of each state, and hence its tax obligations, from real estate to population, as a measure of ability to produce wealth. The proposal by a committee of the Congress had suggested that taxes "shall be supplied by the several colonies in proportion to the number of inhabitants of every age, sex, and quality, except Indians not paying taxes".[3][4] The South immediately objected to this formula since it would include slaves, who were viewed primarily as property, in calculating the amount of taxes to be paid. As Thomas Jefferson wrote in his notes on the debates, the southern states would be taxed "according to their numbers and their wealth conjunctly, while the northern would be taxed on numbers only".[5]

text: After proposed compromises of one-half by Benjamin Harrison of Virginia and three-fourths by several New Englanders failed to gain sufficient support, Congress finally settled on the three-fifths ratio proposed by James Madison.[6] But this amendment ultimately failed, falling two states short of the unanimous approval required for amending the Articles of Confederation (only New Hampshire and New York were opposed).

text: A contentious issue at the 1787 Constitutional Convention was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress or would instead be considered property and, as such, not be considered for purposes of representation. Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation, but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population. Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation, but not in determining representation.

text: The proposed ratio was, however, a ready solution to the impasse that arose during the Constitutional Convention. In that situation, the alignment of the contending forces was the reverse of what had obtained under the Articles of Confederation. In amending the Articles, the North wanted slaves to count for more than the South did because the objective was to determine taxes paid by the states to the federal government. In the Constitutional Convention, the more important issue was representation in Congress, so the South wanted slaves to count for more than the North did.[citation needed]

text: Much has been said of the impropriety of representing men who have no will of their own.... They are men, though degraded to the condition of slavery. They are persons known to the municipal laws of the states which they inhabit, as well as to the laws of nature. But representation and taxation go together.... Would it be just to impose a singular burden, without conferring some adequate advantage?

text: Impact before the Civil War[edit]

text: The Three-Fifths Compromise gave a disproportionate representation of slave states in the House of Representatives relative to the voters in free states until the American Civil War. In 1793, for example, Southern slave states had 47 of the 105 members but would have had 33, had seats been assigned based on free populations. In 1812, slave states had 76 out of 143 instead of the 59 they would have had; in 1833, 98 out of 240 instead of 73. As a result, Southern states had disproportionate influence on the presidency, the speakership of the House, and the Supreme Court in the period prior to the Civil War.[8] Along with this must be considered the number of slave and free states, which remained mostly equal until 1850, safeguarding the Southern bloc in the Senate as well as Electoral College votes.

text: Historian Garry Wills has postulated that without the additional slave state votes, Jefferson would have lost the presidential election of 1800. Also, "slavery would have been excluded from Missouri ... Jackson's Indian removal policy would have failed ... the Wilmot Proviso would have banned slavery in territories won from Mexico ... the Kansas-Nebraska bill would have failed."[8] While the Three-Fifths Compromise could be seen to favor Southern states because of their large slave populations, for example, the Connecticut Compromise tended to favor the Northern states (which were generally smaller). Support for the new Constitution rested on the balance of these sectional interests.[9]

text: After the Civil War[edit]

text: Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) later superseded Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3 and explicitly repealed the compromise. It provides that "representatives shall be apportioned ... counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed." A later provision of the same clause reduced the Congressional representation of states who denied the right to vote to adult male citizens, but this provision was never effectively enforced.[10] (The Thirteenth Amendment, passed in 1865, had already eliminated almost all persons from the original clause's jurisdiction by banning slavery; the only remaining persons subject to it were those sentenced for a crime to penal servitude, which the amendment excluded from the ban.)

text: After the Reconstruction Era came to an end in 1877, however, the former slave states subverted the objective of these changes by using various strategies to disenfranchise their black citizens, while obtaining the benefit of apportionment of representatives on the basis of the total populations. These measures effectively gave white Southerners even greater voting power than they had in the antebellum era, inflating the number of Southern Democrats in the House of Representatives as well as the number of votes they could exercise in the Electoral College in the election of the president.

text: The disenfranchisement of black citizens eventually attracted the attention of Congress, and in 1900 some members proposed stripping the South of seats, related to the number of people who were barred from voting.[11] In the end, Congress did not act to change apportionment, largely because of the power of the Southern bloc. The Southern bloc comprised Southern Democrats voted into office by white voters and constituted a powerful voting bloc in Congress until the 1960s. Their representatives, re-elected repeatedly by one-party states, controlled numerous chairmanships of important committees in both houses on the basis of seniority, giving them control over rules, budgets and important patronage projects, among other issues. Their power allowed them to defeat federal legislation against racial violence and abuses in the South.[12][not in citation given]


document_title: Kung Fu Panda 3

question_text: who plays may may in kung fu panda 3

question_tokens: who plays may may in kung fu panda 3

text: Kung Fu Panda 3

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the spirit realm, Oogway fights against an adversary named Kai, who has defeated other kung fu masters in the realm and taken their chi. Oogway willingly gives in and also has his chi stolen, but not before warning Kai that the Dragon Warrior, Po, will stop him. Kai takes this as a challenge to steal the Dragon Warrior's chi and returns to the mortal realm.

text: Meanwhile, Master Shifu announces his retirement from teaching and passes the role of teacher to Po. An initially excited Po realizes that teaching kung fu is not as easy as he thought, and the Furious Five are injured as a result. Po is demoralized because of his failure, and begins questioning who he really is. In response, Shifu advises Po that instead of trying to be a teacher, he should try to be himself. Po returns home where he meets a panda, Li Shan, whom they both realize is his long-lost biological father. They quickly bond with each other, much to the jealousy of Po's adoptive father, Mr. Ping.

text: After introducing Li to Shifu and his friends, Po and the Five defend the Valley of Peace from jade zombies that Kai has created from the chi of past kung fu masters. The team learns through research that in order to defeat Kai, Po must learn to master the use of chi himself, an ability utilized by ancient pandas. Li offers to teach him by taking him to his secret panda village home. Po and Li travel to the village while Shifu and the Furious Five stay behind to deal with Kai; Mr. Ping follows the pandas, worried that he will lose Po's affections to Li. Although Po is eager to learn chi, Li tells him he must first learn the relaxed life of a panda in the village, which he feels grateful to be a part of.

text: Kai takes the chi of nearly every kung fu master in China, including Shifu and the Furious Five except Tigress, who warns the pandas of Kai's intention to steal their chi. Afraid, Li and the pandas prepare to run away. When Po demands that Li teach him how to use chi, Li confesses that he does not know how, and that he lied out of fear of losing his son again. Po is hurt over his father's misdirection; Mr. Ping, who realizes Po has become happier with Li a part of his life, encourages Li and the other pandas to stay and ask Po to train them so they can fight back. Realizing what had previously made him fail as a teacher, Po agrees and teaches them using their everyday activities as their assets.

text: Kai arrives and sends his jade zombie minions to capture Po, but they are held off by the pandas, Ping, and Tigress, distracting Kai. The plan works in holding off the army, but when Po tries to use his signature Wuxi Finger Hold on Kai to send him back to the spirit realm, Kai reveals that it can only work on mortals, not a spirit warrior like himself. Kai gains the upper hand in their fight, but Po uses the Wuxi Finger Hold again on himself while gripping Kai, transporting them both to the spirit realm. They fight again, with Kai regaining the advantage to subdue Po. Using what they learned from Po and about who they are, Li, Tigress, Mr. Ping, and the pandas are able to use their chi to revive and empower him. After realizing who he really is, finally mastering chi in the process, Po harnesses the chi to create a giant dragon figure which he uses to overload Kai, causing him to explode, defeating him and restoring all of the fallen masters to normal.

text: In an ethereal golden pond, Oogway appears to Po and informs him that his journey as the Dragon Warrior has come full circle, declaring Po to be his true successor. By choice, Po wields a mystic jade yin-yang staff bestowed by Oogway to return to the mortal world. He and his extended family all return to the valley, where they continue practicing kung fu and their chi under the guidance of Po and the Furious Five.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jack Black as Po[7]
Bryan Cranston as Li Shan, Po's biological father and the uncle of Dim and Sum[7][8][9]
Dustin Hoffman as Master Shifu[10]
Angelina Jolie as Master Tigress[7]
J.K. Simmons as Kai, a yak.[11] A powerful and vicious spirit warrior who was the former brother-in-arms of Oogway and has a supernatural ability to steal other warriors' chi.[12]
Seth Rogen as Master Mantis[10]
David Cross as Master Crane[10]
Lucy Liu as Master Viper[10]
Jackie Chan as Master Monkey[10]
James Hong as Mr. Ping, Po's adopted father.[13]
Kate Hudson as Mei Mei[7][8][14]
Randall Duk Kim as Grand Master Oogway[10]
Jean-Claude Van Damme as Master Croc
Fred Tatasciore as Master Bear
Stephen Kearin as Master Chicken
Steele Gagnon as Bao[15]
Barbara Dirikson as Grandma Panda, an elderly giant panda.
Al Roker as Dim, the twin brother of Sum who is the nephew of Li Shan and the cousin of Po.
Willie Geist as Sum, the twin brother of Dim who is the nephew of Li Shan and the cousin of Po.
Radzi Chinyanganya as Mi
Pax Jolie-Pitt as Yoo
Knox Jolie-Pitt as Ku Ku
Zahara Jolie-Pitt as Meng Meng
Shiloh Jolie-Pitt as Shuai Shuai
Liam Knight as Lei Lei
Lindsey Russell as Peony

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 2010, DreamWorks Animation CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg announced that the Kung Fu Panda franchise was planned to have six movies, or "chapters", altogether.[16] In April 2012, Jack Black first spoke to the press about the possible development of another Kung Fu Panda sequel: "I think they're writing it, writing hard as we speak," he shared. "I'd love to [return]. Yeah, it's a blast."[17] In July 2012, Kung Fu Panda 3 was officially confirmed by Bill Damaschke, DWA's chief creative officer.[18]

text: The film was made as a co-production between DreamWorks Animation and Oriental DreamWorks, a Shanghai-based studio, founded in 2012 as a partnership between DreamWorks Animation and Chinese companies. One third of the film was made in China, and the rest in the United States, at DWA.[19][20] This was the first time that any major American animated feature film had been co-produced with a Chinese firm.[21] The filmmakers worked closely with SAPPRFT to ensure the film's release in China.[22] The film's co-production status in China allowed the production companies to circumvent the country's strict import quota and take a greater share of box-office revenue than imported films.[20][23] To ensure the film's success in China, in addition to the English version, the Chinese version of the film was also fully animated, making them the only versions that will have the characters' lips synchronized with their voices.[4]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Kung Fu Panda 3 saw the crew from the second film reunite, including director Jennifer Yuh Nelson, producer Melissa Cobb, screenplay writers Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger, and Guillermo del Toro as executive producer.[24] Initially, Nelson was directing the film alone, but by February 2015, Alessandro Carloni had joined her as a co-director. According to the report, Carloni, who was an animation supervisor on the first film and a story artist on the second, joined Nelson following her request to strengthen "the director's bench" to ensure that the film is completed in a timely manner.[25]

text: On April 9, 2013, DreamWorks Animation announced that Rebel Wilson, Bryan Cranston, and Mads Mikkelsen had joined the cast of the film.[7] By April 2015, J.K. Simmons had replaced Mikkelsen, whose character had been rewritten.[26] Five months later, Wilson was replaced by Kate Hudson due to an extended production schedule.[14] The studio had to reanimate previously completed scenes to reflect Hudson's interpretation of the character.[14]

text: In 2017, however, Wilson claimed in a lawsuit that a number of articles published by Bauer Media Group's media entities have accused her of lying about her name, age, and upbringing, and resulted in her being sacked from the movie.[27]

text: The film's antagonist, Kai, is the first supernatural villain of the Kung Fu Panda series.[28] Described by del Toro as "the most formidable villain yet,"[29] the creators wanted him to stand apart from his predecessors.[28] Nelson reasoned: "You can't go brawler because Tai Lung was brawler. You can't go smarter because Shen was smarter. Where can you go? You have to go supernatural, bigger, and even more intimidating."[28] Blue Peter presenters Radzi Chinyanganya and Lindsey Russell cameoed in the film.[30]

text: Music[edit]

text: On July 25, 2014, it was announced that Hans Zimmer would return to score the film.[1] The score includes performances from renowned Asian musicians such as Chinese pianist Lang Lang, Chinese cellist Jian Wang, erhu virtuoso Karen Hua-Qi Ottosson (returned for her third time on Kung Fu Panda 3, this time not only on erhu but also on zhonghu and gaohu), Erhu musician Guo Gan, Taiwanese pop singer Jay Chou and Canadian-Taiwanese young singer Patrick Brasca. The soundtrack album was released on January 22, 2016.[31] John Powell, who collaborated with Zimmer on the first two films, did not return for the third installment due to dropping out of the film because of his work on Pan.[citation needed] A portion of the score includes a melody from the song "I'm So Sorry" by the rock band Imagine Dragons. The Vamps recorded a cover of the song "Kung Fu Fighting" for the soundtrack. Chinese pop singer Luhan also recorded the song "Deep" for the movie.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
Kung Fu Panda 3 (Music from the Motion Picture)

Soundtrack album by Hans Zimmer

Released
January 22, 2016

Label
Sony Classical Records

text:
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Oogway's Legacy"
Hans Zimmer, Lang Lang
2:00

2.
"Hungry for Lunch"
Zimmer
1:15

3.
"The Power of Chi"
Zimmer
4:12

4.
"The Arrival of Kai"
Zimmer
2:01

5.
"A New Father"
Zimmer
3:13

6.
"The Hall of Heroes"
Zimmer
2:59

7.
"The Legend of Kai"
Zimmer
4:01

8.
"The Panda Village"
Zimmer
3:39

9.
"Mei Mei's Ribbon Dance"
Zimmer
2:05

10.
"Jaded"
Zimmer
3:54

11.
"How To Be a Panda"
Zimmer
1:53

12.
"Portrait of Mom"
Zimmer, Lang
1:48

13.
"Po Belongs"
Zimmer, Lang
2:52

14.
"Kai is Closer"
Zimmer
3:15

15.
"Two Fathers"
Zimmer
3:11

16.
"The Battle of Legends"
Zimmer
3:31

17.
"The Spirit Realm"
Zimmer
3:18

18.
"The Dragon Warrior"
Zimmer
2:51

19.
"Passing the Torch"
Zimmer
4:15

20.
"Father and Son"
Zimmer
3:00

21.
"Kung Fu Fighting (Celebration Time)"
Shanghai Roxi Musical Studio Choirs, Metro Voices London
2:59

22.
"Try"
Jay Chou, Patrick Brasca
4:00

23.
"Kung Fu Fighting"
The Vamps
3:05

text: Promotional single[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Deep (海底)"
Luhan
4:02

text: Release[edit]

text: On September 10, 2012, it was announced that Kung Fu Panda 3 would be released on March 18, 2016.[24] On April 9, 2013, the film's release date was moved up to December 23, 2015.[7] In December 2014, the film was moved back to its original release date of March 18, 2016, to avoid competition with Star Wars Episode VII: The Force Awakens.[34] In April 2015, the release date was once again shifted, this time to January 29, 2016.[35] AMC Theatres partnered with Fox and DWA to play the movie in Mandarin at seven theatres and in Spanish at 14 locations in the U.S and Canada meaning there will be a mix of subtitled and dubbed formats of Kung Fu Panda 3. This will mark the first time that AMC is playing a major theatrical release in dubbed/subtitled Mandarin.[36] The film had a day-and-date release starting from January 28 in China, Russia, Ukraine, Jamaica and Puerto Rico and South Korea and the US and Canada on January 29, 2016. Other markets will follow on March and April.[37][38] According to Deadline.com, the strategy behind such a staggered release was to take advantage of certain opportunistic dates which presented themselves such as the Chinese New Year in February for China.[37]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Kung Fu Panda 3 was released digitally on May 13, 2016, and was released on DVD, Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D on June 28, 2016.[39] The film debuted in first place on the home video sales chart for the week ending on July 3, 2016.[40]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Kung Fu Panda 3 grossed $143.5 million in North America and $377.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $521.2 million, and is the lowest-grossing film in the series.[6] According to Deadline Hollywood, the threequel made a net profit of $76.65 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it one of the top twenty most profitable release of 2016.[41]

text: In the United States and Canada, early tracking suggested the film will open to about $40–45 million, with Box Office Mojo reporting as high as $53 million, which was on par with Kung Fu Panda 2's $47.7 million opening in 2011 but much lower than the original film's $60.2 million opening in 2008.[36][38][42][43][44] However, DreamWorks Animation and Fox were being more conservative suggesting a "mid-$40 million" opening.[42] The lower end of the projection was because of winter and only 4% of all K–12 schools were off per Rentrak.[45] According to digital data monitored and compiled by Moviepilot from various online social activities like Facebook likes, YouTube views, tweets and Google search among others, it predicted an opening of $48–50 million.[46] Paul Dergarabedian, senior analyst at Rentrak said the film, "should land somewhere between the first two installments" noting that after moviegoers – mostly from the East Coast – were affected by the 2016 United States blizzard, patrons, mostly families, would be on the look-out for entertainment movies which Kung Fu Panda 3 delivers.[43] On January 27, two days before the film's release, Fandango reported that Kung Fu Panda 3 was the top advance ticket seller for the weekend, outstripping previous DWA films Home as well as Kung Fu Panda 2 at the same point in their sale cycles.[36] Box office pundits also noted that the film didn't face any serious competition with its counterparts of newly released films such as The Finest Hours and Fifty Shades of Black, as well as holdovers Fox's own The Revenant and Disney/Lucasfilm's Star Wars: The Force Awakens, as all were expected to gross around $10 million.[36] In China, expectations were high for the film with Nancy Tartaglione of Deadline.com reporting a bigger opening weekend than the US and a bigger total gross. Conservative estimates for its Middle Kingdom opening were at $35 million and rising to well upwards of $50 million.[37][47][48] Even before the film's official release in China, it was already projected to emerge as the highest-grossing animated film there, a record held by Monkey King: Hero Is Back ($153 million) at that time,[49] with local box office analysts predicting at least RMB 2 billion ($300 million) for its final gross[50] since it had the added benefit of opening a week before the Chinese New Year, as well as Valentine's Day and debuting amidst the school holidays, the Lunar New Year blackout period in which foreign films are banned from entering the state meaning lesser competition and longer legs, and since it has the special privilege to run throughout the period and is also not limited to running 30 days in theatres.[37][48][49]

text: The film was not screened for Thursday night previews in the US.[51] On its opening day, it made $10.5 million, which is the lowest among the series but nonetheless topped the box office.[5][52] The demographics on its opening day were evenly split with 56% women, and 58% of the crowd under 25.[53] During its opening weekend, it earned $41.2 million from 3,955 theatres, easily topping the box office[54] and marking the biggest January opening for an animated film (breaking The Nut Job's record),[55] and third-ever biggest January opening,[56] but recorded the lowest opening among the series.[57] It retained the top spot at the box office during its second weekend – during the Super Bowl weekend – after falling 48.5% to $21.2 million and despite facing competition with three new wide releases; Hail, Caesar!, Pride and Prejudice and Zombies and The Choice. This was in line with the second film's 49.9% second-weekend drop.[58][59] It was finally overtaken by Fox's own Deadpool in its third weekend after adding $19.8 million after the later opened to $132.7 million.[60]

text: Internationally, the film earned $75.7 million in its opening weekend from six overseas markets with 77% ($58.3 million) coming from China alone.[61] In its second weekend, it was overtaken by The Studio's The Revenant which took the top spot while Kung Fu Panda 3 fell to No. 2.[62] In South Korea, it opened at No. 1 earning $11.4 million from 1.6 million admissions between Thursday and Sunday on 1,364 screens and represented about 65% of the market share.[61][63] However, this was slightly lower than the last instalment's $12.8 million opening. Roughly $380,000 of the total gross came from 17 IMAX screens.[61] It fell to No. 2 in its second weekend after adding another $4.1 million and being dethroned by A Violent Prosecutor.[62] In Russia, where a flu epidemic was declared in Moscow a week prior to the film's release, it managed to open at No. 1 with $5.1 million on 1,190 screens which is well below the $15 million opening of its immediate predecessor at the end of May 2011.[61] It topped the box office there for two consecutive weekends.[64] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it easily took the top spot in its first weekend with $6.8 million (including $2.29 million in previews) from 583 theatres dethroning London Has Fallen, although this was down from its two predecessors.[65][66] It also topped the box office there for two straight weekends.[67][68] Elsewhere, Mexico opened with $4.9 million, Italy with $3.6 million and had the biggest opening for DreamWorks Animation in Germany ($1.8 million), Hong Kong ($1.37 million) and Argentina ($1.27 million).[69][70] As of February 14, it has grossed $24.1 million and $9 million in South Korea and Russia, respectively.[71] It will next open in Australia and New Zealand.[70]

text: The film was released in China on January 22, 2016 in a limited release, a week before its United States release. It had a 3-hour special sneak preview where it earned $6.4 million from two different versions of the film[72] topping the daily box office charts.[73] This broke the previous Saturday preview record held by Surprise: Journey to the West.[37] Buoyed by good word-of-mouth,[49] it had a single-day opening of ¥107 million ($16.3 million) from over 15,000 screens which is the biggest of 2016 thus far and second-biggest for an animated movie behind the $18.8 million opening of Minions in 2015 and including previews from its Saturday showings earned a total of $23.1 million (unofficial figure) which is one of the biggest opening and single-day gross in China.[47][74][75] It grossed a total of $40–43 million (including previews) in just two days.[48] Through its opening weekend, it earned an estimated $52.2 million (per Entgroup), setting a new record for an animated film (breaking Minions' previous record) from 278,000 screenings in over 15,000 screens viewed by over 9.38 million people accounting for 75% of ticket sales from Friday to Sunday and including previews made ¥384.4 million ($58.3 million).[50][61][76][77][78] It was No. 1 on Friday ($15.6 million), Saturday ($19.1 million) and Sunday ($16.1 million).[78] It made $3.8 million from 272 IMAX screens, a new record for an animated film besting the previous four-day $2.87 million gross record held by How to Train Your Dragon 2.[61][78] Despite having an opening weekend much higher than the US, box office analysts felt the figures to be somewhat disappointing given the rapid expansion of the Chinese movie industry, good word-of-mouth and Chinese-American co-production that the film could've benefited from.[50] Jonathan Papish of China Film Insider attributed the mediocre opening to the film's release timing; it opened a week ahead of the Lunar New Year which is historically one of the slowest moviegoing periods of the Chinese release calendar during which millions of Chinese travel back to their hometowns during chūnyùn (春运), the largest annual mass human migration in the world where people devote less time for leisure activities such as going to the movies.[50] The following weekend, it fell precipitously by 70% and added $15.4 million which is the biggest second-weekend drop for a Hollywood film since Spectre dropped 75% in its second weekend in 2015. The huge amount of drop can be attributed to the Chinese New Year since the film struggled to find audiences amidst the holiday. Nevertheless, it has passed $100 million in just two weekends with $101.65 million and remains as the biggest market for the film even ahead of the US and Canada.[62] By February 8, Kung Fu Panda 3 witnessed steep decline in the number of screenings as well as in generating overall revenue. It saw only 8,864 to 9,212 showings since a bulk of the screens were devoted to the arrival of big Chinese films like The Mermaid, From Vegas to Macau III and The Monkey King 2. In comparison, the three films had a combined 186,717 showings.[79][80] After two straight wins at the Chinese box office, it was finally surpassed by The Mermaid in its third weekend.[81] On February 21, it passed Monkey King: Hero Is Back to become the highest-grossing animated film of all time in China with 975 million yuan ($149.1 million)[82][83][84] only to be overtaken by Disney's Zootopia the next month on March 20.[82]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 87% based on 155 reviews and has an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Kung Fu Panda 3 boasts the requisite visual splendor, but like its rotund protagonist, this sequel's narrative is also surprisingly nimble, adding up to animated fun for the whole family".[85] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 66 out of 100 based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[86] In CinemaScore polls, cinema audiences gave the film an average score of "A" on an A+ to F scale. Women as well as under-25s gave the film an "A+" grade.[45]

text: IGN gave the film score of 8.5 out of 10, saying, "Kung Fu Panda 3 offers a fun-filled, action-packed conclusion to DreamWorks' endearing animated series."[87] Screen Rant awarded it 2.5 out of 5, saying "At times, it's a beautiful movie, filled with likable characters, as well as digestible gags, that should keep kids smiling and giggling – but, with a plethora of more ambitious animated options out there, passable might not justify the money (or time) required for a viewing."[88] Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com awarded it 3 out of 4 stars, saying "In spite of its abundant action – and for all the interspecies mashups, this is as much an action-adventure animated movie as it is a funny-animal animated movie – is a pretty relaxing experience for the adult viewer."[89] Entertainment Weekly awarded it a score of B, saying it was "Just complicated enough to reward steady viewers and just simple enough for parent escorts to enjoy without much prior knowledge."[90] The Hollywood Reporter awarded it a positive review, saying "While the storyline, in which Jack Black's dumpling-downing Dragon Warrior is reunited with his biological father, doesn't quite fulfill its prophecies, dramatically speaking, visually speaking it's all quite impressive — one of those very rare animated features that completely justifies its 3D glasses."[91] The Escapist awarded it 3 out of 5, saying "It's a perfectly fine film, and if all you want is "more of the same," it won't disappoint."[92] Forbes awarded it a mildly positive review, saying "While visually gorgeous and generally entertaining, this third installment of the DreamWorks Animation franchise is a comedown from the first two superb entries."[93] Variety also awarded it a positive review, saying "A winning lightness of touch prevails in this delightful continuation of the durable DreamWorks franchise."[94]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Annie Awards
February 4, 2017
Best Animated Feature
Kung Fu Panda 3
Nominated
[95]

Outstanding Achievement, Animated Effects in an Animated Production
Matt Titus, Jeff Budsberg, Carl Hooper, Louis Flores and Jason Mayer

Outstanding Achievement, Character Animation in a Feature Production
Ludovic Bouancheau

Outstanding Achievement, Production Design in an Animated Feature Production
Raymond Zibach and Max Boas

British Academy Children's Awards
November 20, 2016
BAFTA Kids' Vote
Kung Fu Panda 3
[96][97]

2017 Kid Choice Awards
March 11, 2017
Most Wanted Pet
Jack Black
[98]

MTV Movie Awards
April 10, 2016
Best Virtual Performance
[99]

Saturn Awards
June 22, 2016
Best Animated Film
"Kung Fu Panda 3"
[100]

text: Video game[edit]

text: Kung Fu Panda: Showdown of Legendary Legends is an RPG[citation needed] martial arts video game that features characters from all three Kung Fu Panda films.[101] Developed by Vicious Cycle Software and published by Little Orbit, the game was released on December 1, 2015, for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Nintendo 3DS, Xbox One, and PlayStation 4.[102] The Wii U version was released on December 15, 2015.[102]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In 2010, DreamWorks Animation CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg said that the Kung Fu Panda franchise was planned to have six films, or "chapters", altogether.[16]

text: On January 13, 2016, Collider asked the filmmakers of Kung Fu Panda 3 about the possibility of a fourth film.[103] Co-director Jennifer Yuh Nelson said, "It's one at a time. We want to make this a perfect jewel, and then we'll see what happens after that."[103] Co-director Alessandro Carloni said, "With the sequels, we don't want to try to have them feel open-ended. We want it to feel like a completed journey, and we feel this movie does. And then, if a fantastic story presents itself, great."[103]