document_title: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film)

question_text: who plays the mom on the new diary of a wimpy kid movie

text: Plot[edit]

text: One year after the previous film, while at the Corny's family restaurant, the Heffley family plans to attend Meemaw's 90th birthday. However, after Greg rescues his younger brother Manny, who got stuck inside a tube in the play area, Greg ends up in a ball pit with a diaper stuck on his hand. He subsequently becomes infamous after the people around him record him and post the footage on the internet, leading Greg to be dubbed as "Diaper Hands".

text: Later, at the Heffley residence, Greg learns that Player Expo is taking place not very far from Meemaw's house in Indianapolis. Greg's gaming star, Mac Digby, will be attending, and Greg hopes to meet him and get in one of his videos so he will gain popularity. He acknowledges that he will have to somehow sneak off from the road trip and attend the Expo without his parents' knowledge, however. The Heffley family hits the road, where Greg, Rodrick, Frank, and Manny's devices are immediately confiscated by Susan, who wants the road trip to be absolutely technology-free.

text: After arriving at a motel, Greg discreetly gets into the car and takes his phone out of the bag Susan had put it in and plans to use it. Later, when Greg and Rodrick are relaxing in the hot tub, Rodrick hears a notification from Greg's phone and discovers his plans to go to Player Expo. Greg discourages Rodrick from telling Susan, saying that they had a rock band video game tournament there that Rodrick could participate in. Liking the idea, Rodrick opts to go with Greg to the Expo.

text: Going to sleep, Greg is annoyed by a loud bang noise created by the Beardo siblings, who playfully crash a trolley into a wall, and storms out of the room. He confronts them but Brandi, the eldest sibling, rolls the trolley — which is meant for Greg — into their car, leaving a huge scratch. Just as Mr. Beardo comes out of his motel room, Brandi blames Greg responsible and Mr. Beardo goes after him but he manages to outrun him. Greg returns to his room, but the next morning, he actually slept next to Mr. Beardo, who chases him again, but he manages to escape from the motel with his family.

text: The Heffleys attend a county fair where Manny wins a pig, but Mr. Beardo and his family notices Greg and begins chasing after him but manages to outrun again. Back at the road, the Heffleys, unable to take care of the pig, drop it off at the petting zoo, much to Manny's dismay, but not before Greg reroutes the GPS to the Player Expo convention. Checking at the hotel room, Greg and Rodrick sneak out to go to Player Expo using the excuse that they are going to get a present for Meemaw. However, after Frank and Susan see their children on live TV, they go to get the boys themselves.

text: Greg finally sees Mac Digby participating in a video game competition. Desperate to be in one of his videos, Greg instructs Rodrick to record him going up on stage with Mac so his popularity will boost. But the attempt fails when Susan storms into the stage and inadvertently reveals that he is Diaper Hands to the public, causing them to chant at him. Susan opens up to Greg and says that all she wanted was a nice road trip that would bring the family closer together, and she accuses Greg of not caring. Greg snaps back at Susan, saying that she doesn't care about what he wants, which is why he had to sneak out to the Expo in the first place. Hurt by her son's words, Susan hands her phone to Greg because she doesn't care anymore.

text: On the road again, the tarp on the boat — hitched to the car — carrying the majority of their belongings flies off all across the road. The Heffleys recover their belongings but the Beardo's van pulls up and begins stealing suitcases and clothes. This causes Susan to be very upset that the trip became a disaster. Greg saw his family hit rock bottom. He encourages them to continue the trip. They found the Beardos. They get into the motel room, where the Beardos occupied, and successfully retrieve their belongings.

text: After encountering some obstacles, the Heffleys celebrate happily at Meemaw's and get their car fixed, but the radiator breaks due to the AC not being cranked up all the way. A Spanish-speaking man, Mr. Luis, who works for a towing company pulls over to assist them, but none of the Heffleys can understand him, except Manny, who speaks in fluent Spanish (thanks to the Spanish tutorial CD Susan put in during the road trip) to the man and explains their current situation.

text: Luis then tows their car and Manny gives him instructions to the petting zoo where his pig is, and the two reunite. At the end, Greg explains that although the road trip wasn't perfect, he still wouldn't change a thing. He says that Manny was allowed to keep his pig as a pet, Rodrick was able to get a new van, and Dad was able to explain having time off from work to bond with family. Greg expresses excitement for where they'll be going next year, but Susan steps in to say they will be flying.

text: In a mid-credits scene, two girls take selfies with Greg, who they recognize as Diaper Hands.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jason Drucker as Gregory "Greg" Heffley
Alicia Silverstone as Susan Heffley, Greg's mother
Tom Everett Scott as Frank Heffley, Greg's father
Charlie Wright as Rodrick Heffley, Greg's older brother
Owen Asztalos as Rowley Jefferson, Greg's best friend
Wyatt and Dylan Walters as Manny Heffley, Greg's little brother[6]
Joshua Hoover as Mac Digby, a popular internet gamer who Greg idolizes
Chris Coppola as Mr. Beardo, the main antagonist of the film
Kimberli Lincoln as Mrs. Beardo, Mr. Beardo's wife
Mira Silverman as Brandi Beardo, Mr. Beardo's rude and spoiled daughter who blames Greg for damaging their car
Mimi Gould as Meemaw, Susan's grandmother and Greg's great-grandmother

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 2012, the series' third entry, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days was described as the last live action film in the franchise.[7][8] In August 2012, while doing press for the film, author Jeff Kinney and actors Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron each indicated that there were no plans for a fourth movie, but did not dismiss the possibility entirely.[7][8][9]

text: Kinney replied to inquiries regarding the possibility of another sequel, stating, "At present, we don’t have a fourth film in development, but you never know!"[9] When describing the likelihood of starring in another film in the series, Gordon explained, "Dog Days most likely will be the last movie. The main problem is [the cast] is getting older. You can't stop it. There's no way to temporarily stop us from changing and growing up. You know, that's the problem because the characters are supposed to be timeless."[7]

text: In March 2013, Gordon stated in a Spreecast live stream that there would not be a fourth live action film. Previously, Kinney had indicated that instead of making a live action film of the third novel, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw, instead he would like to see Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever adapted into an animated film, stating in an interview, "I hope that it gets made into an animated movie. but I'd really like to see it turn into an animated television special."

text: Pre production[edit]

text: On July 29, 2016, it was announced that a fourth live action Diary of a Wimpy Kid film was in production, and will have a completely different cast, as many of the members from the original cast were too old and have outgrown from their roles.[citation needed] Jason Drucker and Owen Asztalos portray Greg and Rowley, with David Bowers returning as the director. Alicia Silverstone and Tom Everett Scott portray Greg's parents, Susan and Frank, and Charlie Wright portrays Greg's older brother Rodrick.[4]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming of The Long Haul began on September 20, 2016, in Atlanta, and concluded on November 18, 2016.

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: The film somewhat acts as a parody film, referencing two films directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The film in one scene parodies the film The Birds, where the Heffley family getting mauled by seagulls. The film also parodies the film Psycho in the third act, where Greg Heffley is caught by Mr. Beardo in the shower, which Greg is stuck in, which Mr. Beardo nearly catches him, and wet mud goes down the drain. Additionally, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul also referenced a scene of the film Are We There Yet?. When Greg Heffley was in the ball pit in the start of the film, the film referenced a scene in Jingle All the Way.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released on May 17, 2017, in the Philippines, May 19, 2017, in the United States, and May 20, 2017, in the United Kingdom.[5]

text: Trailer reactions[edit]

text: On February 23, 2017, a theatrical poster and teaser trailer were released, and the following month, the official trailer was released. Both trailers received negative feedback from fans for its recasting of the main characters, most notably Charlie Wright as Rodrick. To further express their outrage, the fans took to social media and started the hashtag "#NotMyRodrick" (a parody of the "#NotMyPresident" trend that followed the election of U.S. president Donald Trump), which has spawned countless online memes. Other hashtags included "#NotMyHeffleys" and "#NotMyRowley".[10]

text: Both trailers received significant backlash from audiences, and the official trailer received over 46 thousand dislikes, compared to only 9 thousand likes.[11]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of August 12, 2017[update], Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul had grossed $20.7 million in the United States and Canada and $19.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $40,077,469 million, against a production budget of $22 million thus making the film the lowest grossing film of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series.[3]

text: In North America, the film was released alongside Everything, Everything and Alien: Covenant, and was initially projected to gross around $12 million from 3,129 theaters during its opening weekend.[4] However, after grossing $2 million on its first day, projections were lowered to $7 million. It ended up finishing with $7.1 million, placing 6th at the box office and marking the lowest opening of the franchise.[12] When the film was released in the United Kingdom, it opened on #2, behind Pirates of The Caribbean: Salazars Revenge with £1,444,092.[13]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 20% based on 66 reviews and an average rating of 4.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With an all-new cast but the same juvenile humor, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul finds the franchise still stuck in arrested – and largely unfunny – development."[14] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 39 out of 100 based on 16 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[15] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[16]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul was released on Digital HD from Amazon Video and iTunes on August 1, 2017, and on Blu-ray and DVD on August 8, 2017.[17][18]


document_title: Founding Fathers of the United States

question_text: when did the founding fathers write the constitution

root

text: Founding Fathers of the United States

text: Background[edit]

text: The First Continental Congress met briefly in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1774, consisting of fifty-six delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies (excluding Georgia) that became the United States of America. Among them was George Washington, who would soon be drawn out of military retirement to command the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Also in attendance was Patrick Henry, and John Adams, who like all delegates were elected by their respective colonial assemblies. Other delegates included Samuel Adams from Massachusetts, John Dickinson from Pennsylvania and New York's John Jay. This congress in addition to formulating appeals to the British crown, established the Continental Association to administer boycott actions against Britain.

tag: p

text: When the Second Continental Congress convened on May 10, 1775, it essentially reconstituted the First Congress. Many of the same 56 delegates who attended the first meeting participated in the second.[13] New arrivals included Benjamin Franklin and Robert Morris of Pennsylvania, John Hancock of Massachusetts, and John Witherspoon of New Jersey. Hancock was elected Congress President two weeks into the session when Peyton Randolph was recalled to Virginia to preside over the House of Burgesses. Thomas Jefferson replaced Randolph in the Virginia congressional delegation.[14] The second Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. Witherspoon was the only active clergyman to sign the Declaration. He also signed the Articles of Confederation and attended the New Jersey (1787) convention that ratified the Federal Constitution.[15]

text: The newly founded country of the United States had to create a new government to replace the British Parliament. The U.S. adopted the Articles of Confederation, a declaration that established a national government with a one-house legislature. Its ratification by all thirteen colonies gave the second Congress a new name: the Congress of the Confederation, which met from 1781 to 1789.[16] The Constitutional Convention took place during the summer of 1787, in Philadelphia.[17] Although the Convention was called to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset for some including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton was to create a new frame of government rather than amending the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the United States Constitution and the replacement of the Continental Congress with the United States Congress.

text: Interesting facts and commonalities[edit]

text: The Founding Fathers represented a cross-section of 18th-century U.S. leadership. Almost all of them were well-educated men of means who were leaders in their communities. Many were also prominent in national affairs. Virtually every one had taken part in the American Revolution; at least 29 had served in the Continental Army, most of them in positions of command. Scholars have examined the collective biography of them as well as the signers of the Declaration and the Constitution.[18]

text: Education[edit]

text: Many of the Founding Fathers attended or held degrees from the colonial colleges, most notably Columbia known at the time as "King's College", Princeton originally known as "The College of New Jersey", Harvard College, the College of William and Mary, Yale College and University of Pennsylvania. Some had previously been home schooled or obtained early instruction from private tutors or academies.[19] Others had studied abroad. Ironically, Benjamin Franklin who had little formal education himself would ultimately establish the College of Philadelphia based on European models (1740); "Penn" would have the first medical school (1765) in the thirteen colonies where another Founder, Benjamin Rush would eventually teach.

text: With a limited number of professional schools established in the U.S., Founders also sought advanced degrees from traditional institutions in England and Scotland such as the University of Edinburgh, the University of St. Andrews, and the University of Glasgow.

text: Colonial colleges attended[edit]

text:
College of William and Mary: Thomas Jefferson[20]
Harvard College: John Adams, John Hancock and William Williams
King's College (now Columbia): John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, Gouverneur Morris, Robert R. Livingston and Egbert Benson.[21]
College of New Jersey (now Princeton): James Madison, Gunning Bedford Jr., Aaron Burr, Benjamin Rush and William Paterson
College of Philadelphia later merged into the University of Pennsylvania: Hugh Williamson
Yale College: Oliver Wolcott
James Wilson attended the University of St. Andrews, the University of Glasgow,[22] and the University of Edinburgh though he never received a degree.

tag: ul

text: Advanced degrees and apprenticeships[edit]

text: Doctors of Medicine[edit]

text:
University of Edinburgh: Rush [23]
University of Utrecht, Netherlands: Williamson

text: Theology[edit]

text:
University of Edinburgh: Witherspoon (attended, no degree)
University of St. Andrews: Witherspoon (honorary doctorate)

text: Legal apprenticeships[edit]

text: Several like John Jay, James Wilson, John Williams and George Wythe[24] were trained as lawyers through apprenticeships in the colonies while a few trained at the Inns of Court in London.

text: Self-taught or little formal education[edit]

text: Franklin, Washington, John Williams and Henry Wisner had little formal education and were largely self-taught or learned through apprenticeship.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: Some of the Founding Fathers were natives of the Thirteen Colonies.

text:
Massachusetts: Adams, Franklin
New York: Jay
Pennsylvania: Morris
Virginia: Washington, Jefferson, Madison

text: At least nine were born outside of the Thirteen Colonies

text:
England: Robert Morris
Ireland: Butler, Fitzsimons, McHenry, and Paterson
West Indies: Hamilton
Scotland: Wilson and Witherspoon

text: Many of them had moved from one state to another. Eighteen had already lived, studied or worked in more than one state or colony: Baldwin, Bassett, Bedford, Davie, Dickinson, Few, Franklin, Ingersoll, Hamilton, Livingston, Alexander Martin, Luther Martin, Mercer, Gouverneur Morris, Robert Morris, Read, Sherman, and Williamson.

text: Several others had studied or traveled abroad.

text: Occupations[edit]

text: The Founding Fathers practiced a wide range of high and middle-status occupations, and many pursued more than one career simultaneously. They did not differ dramatically from the Loyalists, except they were generally younger and less senior in their professions.[25]

text:
As many as thirty-five including Adams, Hamilton and Jay were trained as lawyers though not all of them practiced law. Some had also been local judges.[26]
Washington trained as a land surveyor before he became commander of a small militia
At the time of the convention, 13 men were merchants: Blount, Broom, Clymer, Dayton, Fitzsimons, Shields, Gilman, Gorham, Langdon, Robert Morris, Pierce, Sherman, and Wilson.
Broom and Few were small farmers.
Three had retired from active economic endeavors: Franklin, McHenry, and Mifflin.
Franklin and Williamson were scientists, in addition to their other activities.
McClurg, McHenry, Rush, and Williamson were physicians
Johnson and Witherspoon were college presidents.

text: Finances[edit]

text: Historian Caroline Robbins in 1977 examined the status of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence and concluded:

text:
Seven were major land speculators: Blount, Dayton, Fitzsimmons, Gorham, Robert Morris, Washington, and Wilson.
Eleven speculated in securities on a large scale: Bedford, Blair, Clymer, Dayton, Fitzsimons, Franklin, King, Langdon, Robert Morris, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and Sherman.
Many derived income from plantations or large farms which they owned or managed, which relied upon the labor of enslaved men and women particularly in the southern colonies: Bassett, Blair, Blount, Davie,[29] Johnson, Butler, Carroll, Jefferson, Jenifer, Madison, Mason, Charles Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Rutledge, Spaight, and Washington.
Eight of the men received a substantial part of their income from public office: Baldwin, Blair, Brearly, Gilman, Livingston, Madison, and Rutledge.

text: Prior political experience[edit]

text: Several of the Founding Fathers had extensive national, state, local and foreign political experience prior to the adoption of the Constitution in 1787. Some had been diplomats. Several had been members of the Continental Congress or elected President of that body.

text:
Benjamin Franklin began his political career as a city councilman and then Justice of the Peace in Philadelphia. He was next elected to the Pennsylvania Assembly and was sent by them to London as a colonial agent which helped hone his diplomatic skills.
Jefferson, Adams, Jay and Franklin all acquired significant political experience as ministers to countries in Europe.
John Adams and John Jay drafted the Constitutions of their respective states, Massachusetts and New York, and successfully navigated them through to adoption.
Jay, Thomas Mifflin and Nathaniel Gorham had served as President of the Continental Congress.
Gouverneur Morris had been a member of the New York Provincial Congress.
John Dickinson, Franklin, Langdon, and Rutledge had been governors or presidents of their states.
Robert Morris had been a member of the Pennsylvania Assembly and President of Pennsylvania's Committee of Safety (American Revolution). He was also a member of the Committee of Secret Correspondence.
Roger Sherman had served in the Connecticut House of Representatives.
Elbridge Gerry was a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress.
Carroll served in the Maryland Senate.
Wythe's first exposure to politics was as a member of Virginia's House of Burgesses.
Read's entry into the political arena was as a commissioner of the town of Charlestown, Maryland.
Clymer was a member of the Philadelphia Committee of Safety and the Continental Congress.
Wilson's time as a member of the Continental Congress in 1776 was his introduction to colonial politics.

text: Nearly all of the 55 Constitutional Convention delegates had some experience in colonial and state government, and the majority had held county and local offices.[30] Those who lacked national congressional experience were Bassett, Blair, Brearly, Broom, Davie, Dayton, Alexander Martin, Luther Martin, Mason, McClurg, Paterson, Charles Pinckney, Strong, and Yates.

text: Religion[edit]

text: Franklin T. Lambert (2003) has examined the religious affiliations and beliefs of some of the Founders. Of the 55 delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention, 28 were Anglicans (in the Church of England; or Episcopalian, after the American Revolutionary War was won), 21 were Protestants, and two were Roman Catholics (D. Carroll, and Fitzsimons).[31] Among the Protestant delegates to the Constitutional Convention, eight were Presbyterians, seven were Congregationalists, two were Lutherans, two were Dutch Reformed, and two were Methodists.[31]

text: A few prominent Founding Fathers were anti-clerical Christians such as Thomas Jefferson,[32][33][34] who constructed the Jefferson Bible, and Benjamin Franklin.[35]

text: Historian Gregg L. Frazer argues that the leading Founders (Adams, Jefferson, Franklin, Wilson, Morris, Madison, Hamilton, and Washington) were neither Christians nor Deists, but rather supporters of a hybrid "theistic rationalism".[36]

text: The Faiths of the Founding Fathers is a book that discusses the religion held by the founding fathers, written in 2006 by historian of U.S. religion David L. Holmes.

text: Ownership of slaves and position on slavery[edit]

text: One of the greatest contradictions of the Founding Fathers was their disunity with regard to slavery at a time that they were seeking liberty for themselves. This hypocrisy was as evident in the North as it was in the South for many wealthy Northerners owned domestic slaves. In her study of Thomas Jefferson, historian Annette Gordon-Reed emphasizes this irony, "Others of the founders held slaves, but no other founder drafted the charter for freedom, "[37] In addition to Jefferson, George Washington, John Jay and many other of the Founding Fathers practiced slavery but were also conflicted by the institution which many saw as immoral and politically divisive.[38]

text: Franklin, though he was a key founder of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society[39] originally owned slaves whom he later manumitted. John Jay would try unsuccessfully to abolish slavery as early as 1777 in the State of New York.[40] He nonetheless founded the New York Manumission Society in 1785, for which Hamilton became an officer. They and other members of the Society founded the African Free School in New York City, to educate the children of free blacks and slaves. It was not until Jay was governor of New York in 1798, that he signed into law a gradual abolition law; fully ending slavery as of 1827. He freed his own slaves in 1798. Alexander Hamilton opposed slavery, as his experiences in life left him very familiar with slavery and its effect on slaves and on slaveholders,[41] although he did negotiate slave transactions for his wife's family, the Schuylers.[42] John Adams, Samuel Adams, and Thomas Paine never owned slaves.[43]

text: Slaves and slavery are mentioned only indirectly in the 1787 Constitution. For example, Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3 prescribes that "three fifths of all other Persons" are to be counted for the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives and direct taxes. Additionally, in Article 4, Section 2, Clause 3, slaves are referred to as "persons held in service or labor".[39][44] The Founding Fathers, however, did make important efforts to contain slavery. Many Northern states had adopted legislation to end or significantly reduce slavery during and after the American Revolution.[44] In 1782 Virginia passed a manumission law that allowed slave owners to free their slaves by will or deed.[45] As a result, thousands of slaves were manumitted in Virginia.[45] Thomas Jefferson, in 1784, proposed to ban slavery in all the Western Territories, which failed to pass Congress by one vote.[44] Partially following Jefferson's plan, Congress did ban slavery in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, for lands north of the Ohio River.[44]

text: The international slave trade was banned in all states except South Carolina, by 1800. Finally in 1807, President Jefferson called for and signed into law a Federally-enforced ban on the international slave trade throughout the U.S. and its territories. It became a federal crime to import or export a slave.[46] However, the domestic slave trade was allowed, for expansion, or for diffusion of slavery into the Louisiana Territory.[47]

text: Attendance at conventions[edit]

text: In the winter and spring of 1786–1787, twelve of the thirteen states chose a total of 74 delegates to attend the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. Nineteen delegates chose not to accept election or attend the debates; for example, Patrick Henry of Virginia thought that state politics were far more interesting and important than national politics, though during the ratification controversy of 1787–1788 he claimed, "I smelled a rat." Rhode Island did not send delegates because of its politicians' suspicions of the Convention delegates' motivations. As the colony was founded by Roger Williams as a sanctuary for Baptists, Rhode Island's absence at the Convention in part explains the absence of Baptist affiliation among those who did attend. Of the 55 who did attend at some point, no more than 38 delegates showed up at one time.[48]

text: Spouses and children[edit]

text: Most of the Founding Fathers married and had children. Many of their spouses, like Eliza Schuyler Hamilton, Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, Sarah Livingston Jay, Dolley Madison, Mary White Morris and Catherine Alexander Duer were strong women and made significant contributions of their own to the fight for liberty.[49]

text: Sherman fathered the largest family: 15 children by two wives. At least nine (Bassett, Brearly, Johnson, Mason, Paterson, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Sherman, Wilson, and Wythe) married more than once. Four (Baldwin, Gilman, Jenifer, and Alexander Martin) were lifelong bachelors. Many of the delegates also had children conceived illegitimately.[50] George Washington, "The Father of our Country,"[51] had no biological descendants.

text: Charters of freedom and historical documents of the United States[edit]

text: The National Archives and Records Administration also known as NARA, defines U.S. Founding Documents, or Charters of Freedom, as the Declaration of Independence (1776), The Constitution (1787) and the Bill of Rights (1791). These original instruments which represent the philosophy of the United States are housed in Washington, D.C. in the NARA Rotunda.[52] The Library of Congress further identifies the Articles of Confederation, also preserved at NARA, as a primary U.S. document.[53] The Articles of Confederation served as the first constitution of the United States until its replacement by the present Constitution on March 4, 1789.

text: Signatories of the Continental Association (CA), Declaration of Independence (DI), Articles of Confederation (AC), and the United States Constitution (USC)):

text:
Name
Province/state
CA (1774)
DI (1776)
AC (1777)
USC (1787)

Andrew Adams
Connecticut

Yes

John Adams
Massachusetts
Yes
Yes

Samuel Adams
Massachusetts
Yes
Yes
Yes

Thomas Adams
Virginia

Yes

John Alsop
New York
Yes

Abraham Baldwin
Georgia

Yes

John Banister
Virginia

Yes

Josiah Bartlett
New Hampshire

Yes
Yes

Richard Bassett
Delaware

Yes

Gunning Bedford Jr.
Delaware

Yes

Edward Biddle
Pennsylvania
Yes

John Blair
Virginia

Yes

Richard Bland
Virginia
Yes

William Blount
North Carolina

Yes

Simon Boerum
New York
Yes

Carter Braxton
Virginia

Yes

David Brearley
New Jersey

Yes

Jacob Broom
Delaware

Yes

Pierce Butler
South Carolina

Yes

Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Maryland

Yes

Daniel Carroll
Maryland

Yes
Yes

Richard Caswell
North Carolina
Yes

Samuel Chase
Maryland
Yes
Yes

Abraham Clark
New Jersey

Yes

William Clingan
Pennsylvania

Yes

George Clymer
Pennsylvania

Yes

Yes

John Collins
Rhode Island

Yes

Stephen Crane
New Jersey
Yes

Thomas Cushing
Massachusetts
Yes

Francis Dana
Massachusetts

Yes

Jonathan Dayton
New Jersey

Yes

Silas Deane
Connecticut
Yes

John De Hart
New Jersey
Yes

John Dickinson
Delaware

Yes
Yes

Pennsylvania
Yes

William Henry Drayton
South Carolina

Yes

James Duane
New York
Yes

Yes

William Duer
New York

Yes

Eliphalet Dyer
Connecticut
Yes

William Ellery
Rhode Island

Yes
Yes

William Few
Georgia

Yes

Thomas Fitzsimons
Pennsylvania

Yes

William Floyd
New York
Yes
Yes

Nathaniel Folsom
New Hampshire
Yes

Benjamin Franklin
Pennsylvania

Yes

Yes

Christopher Gadsden
South Carolina
Yes

Joseph Galloway
Pennsylvania
Yes

Elbridge Gerry
Massachusetts

Yes
Yes

Nicholas Gilman
New Hampshire

Yes

Nathaniel Gorham
Massachusetts

Yes

Button Gwinnett
Georgia

Yes

Lyman Hall
Georgia

Yes

Alexander Hamilton
New York

Yes

John Hancock
Massachusetts

Yes
Yes

John Hanson
Maryland

Yes

Cornelius Harnett
North Carolina

Yes

Benjamin Harrison
Virginia
Yes
Yes

John Hart
New Jersey

Yes

John Harvie
Virginia

Yes

Patrick Henry
Virginia
Yes

Joseph Hewes
North Carolina
Yes
Yes

Thomas Heyward Jr.
South Carolina

Yes
Yes

Samuel Holten
Massachusetts

Yes

William Hooper
North Carolina
Yes
Yes

Stephen Hopkins
Rhode Island
Yes
Yes

Francis Hopkinson
New Jersey

Yes

Titus Hosmer
Connecticut

Yes

Charles Humphreys
Pennsylvania
Yes

Samuel Huntington
Connecticut

Yes
Yes

Richard Hutson
South Carolina

Yes

Jared Ingersoll
Pennsylvania

Yes

William Jackson
South Carolina

Yes

John Jay
New York
Yes

Thomas Jefferson
Virginia

Yes

Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
Maryland

Yes

Thomas Johnson
Maryland
Yes

William Samuel Johnson
Connecticut

Yes

Rufus King
Massachusetts

Yes

James Kinsey
New Jersey
Yes

John Langdon
New Hampshire

Yes

Edward Langworthy
Georgia

Yes

Henry Laurens
South Carolina

Yes

Francis Lightfoot Lee
Virginia

Yes
Yes

Richard Henry Lee
Virginia
Yes
Yes
Yes

Francis Lewis
New York

Yes
Yes

Philip Livingston
New York
Yes
Yes

William Livingston
New Jersey
Yes

Yes

James Lovell
Massachusetts

Yes

Isaac Low
New York
Yes

Thomas Lynch
South Carolina
Yes

Thomas Lynch Jr.
South Carolina

Yes

James Madison
Virginia

Yes

Henry Marchant
Rhode Island

Yes

John Mathews
South Carolina

Yes

James McHenry
Maryland

Yes

Thomas McKean
Delaware
Yes
Yes
Yes

Arthur Middleton
South Carolina

Yes

Henry Middleton
South Carolina
Yes

Thomas Mifflin
Pennsylvania
Yes

Yes

Gouverneur Morris
New York

Yes

Pennsylvania

Yes

Lewis Morris
New York

Yes

Robert Morris
Pennsylvania

Yes
Yes
Yes

John Morton
Pennsylvania
Yes
Yes

Thomas Nelson Jr.
Virginia

Yes

William Paca
Maryland
Yes
Yes

Robert Treat Paine
Massachusetts
Yes
Yes

William Paterson
New Jersey

Yes

Edmund Pendleton
Virginia
Yes

John Penn
North Carolina

Yes
Yes

Charles Pinckney
South Carolina

Yes

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
South Carolina

Yes

Peyton Randolph
Virginia
Yes

George Read
Delaware
Yes
Yes

Yes

Joseph Reed
Pennsylvania

Yes

Daniel Roberdeau
Pennsylvania

Yes

Caesar Rodney
Delaware
Yes
Yes

George Ross
Pennsylvania
Yes
Yes

Benjamin Rush
Pennsylvania

Yes

Edward Rutledge
South Carolina
Yes
Yes

John Rutledge
South Carolina
Yes

Yes

Nathaniel Scudder
New Jersey

Yes

Roger Sherman
Connecticut
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

James Smith
Pennsylvania

Yes

Jonathan Bayard Smith
Pennsylvania

Yes

Richard Smith
New Jersey
Yes

Richard Dobbs Spaight
North Carolina

Yes

Richard Stockton
New Jersey

Yes

Thomas Stone
Maryland

Yes

John Sullivan
New Hampshire
Yes

George Taylor
Pennsylvania

Yes

Edward Telfair
Georgia

Yes

Matthew Thornton
New Hampshire

Yes

Matthew Tilghman
Maryland
Yes

Nicholas Van Dyke
Delaware

Yes

George Walton
Georgia

Yes

John Walton
Georgia

Yes

Samuel Ward
Rhode Island
Yes

George Washington
Virginia
Yes

Yes

John Wentworth Jr.
New Hampshire

Yes

William Whipple
New Hampshire

Yes

John Williams
North Carolina

Yes

William Williams
Connecticut

Yes

Hugh Williamson
North Carolina

Yes

James Wilson
Pennsylvania

Yes

Yes

Henry Wisner
New York
Yes

John Witherspoon
New Jersey

Yes
Yes

Oliver Wolcott
Connecticut

Yes
Yes

George Wythe
Virginia

Yes

tag: table

text: Post-constitution life[edit]

text: Subsequent events in the lives of the Founding Fathers after the adoption of the Constitution were characterized by success or failure, reflecting the abilities of these men as well as the vagaries of fate.[54] Washington, Adams, Jefferson and Madison served in highest U.S. office of President. Jay would be appointed as Chief Justice of the United States and later elected to two terms as Governor of New York.

text: Seven (Fitzsimons, Gorham, Luther Martin, Mifflin, Robert Morris, Pierce, and Wilson) suffered serious financial reversals that left them in or near bankruptcy. Robert Morris spent three of the last years of his life imprisoned following bad land deals.[49] Two, Blount and Dayton, were involved in possibly treasonous activities. Yet, as they had done before the convention, most of the group continued to render public service, particularly to the new government they had helped to create.

text: Youth and longevity[edit]

text: Many of the Founding Fathers were under 40 years old at the time of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776: James Armistead Lafayette was 15, Marquis de Lafayette was 18, Alexander Hamilton was 19, Aaron Burr was 20, Gouverneur Morris and Betsy Ross were 24. The oldest were Benjamin Franklin, 70, and Samuel Whittemore, 81.[55]

text: Secretary Charles Thomson lived to the age of 94. Johnson died at 92. John Adams lived to the age of 90. A few – Franklin, Jay, Jefferson, Madison, Hugh Williamson, and George Wythe – lived into their eighties. Approximately 16 died in their seventies, 21 in their sixties, 8 in their fifties, and 5 in their forties. Three (Alexander Hamilton, Richard Dobbs Spaight and Button Gwinnett) were killed in duels.

text: Friends and political adversaries John Adams and Thomas Jefferson both died on the same day – July 4, 1826.[56]

text: The last remaining founders, also called the "Last of the Romans", lived well into the nineteenth century.[57]

text: Founders who were not signatories or delegates[edit]

text: The following men and women are also recognized by many as having been founders of the United States, based upon their contributions to the formation of American nation and democracy.

text:
Abigail Adams, advisor, First Lady and mother of a president[58]
Ethan Allen, military and political leader in Vermont[59]
Richard Allen, African-American bishop[60]
John Bartram, botanist, horticulturist and explorer[61]
Egbert Benson, politician from New York[62]
Elias Boudinot, New Jersey delegate to Continental Congress[63]
Aaron Burr, Vice President under Jefferson[64]
George Rogers Clark, army general[65]
George Clinton, New York governor and Vice President of the U.S[66]
Tench Coxe, economist in the Continental Congress[67]
William Richardson Davie, delegate to the Constitutional Convention (leaving before he could sign it), and Governor of North Carolina.
Albert Gallatin, politician and Treasury Secretary[68]
Horatio Gates, army general[65]
Nathanael Greene, army general[65]
Nathan Hale, captured U.S. soldier executed in 1776[58]
Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, wife of Alexander Hamilton[69][70]
Esek Hopkins, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Navy
James Iredell, advocate for Constitution, judge[66]
John Paul Jones, navy captain[65]
Henry Knox, army general, Secretary of War[66]
Tadeusz Kościuszko, Polish army general[68]
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, French army general[68]
Henry Lee III, army officer and Virginia governor[65]
Robert R. Livingston, diplomat and jurist[58]
William Maclay, Pennsylvania politician and U.S. Senator[66]
Dolley Madison, spouse of President James Madison[58]
John Marshall, fourth Chief Justice of the United States[58]
George Mason, revolutionary writer, co-father of the Bill of Rights[71]
Philip Mazzei, Italian physician, merchant and author[72]
James Monroe, fifth President of the United States[73]
Daniel Morgan, military hero and Virginia Congressman[65]
Samuel Nicholas, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Marines
James Otis Jr., Massachusetts lawyer and politician[74]
Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense[75][76]
Andrew Pickens, army general and South Carolina congressman[65]
Timothy Pickering, U.S. Secretary of State from Massachusetts[77]
Israel Putnam, army general[78]
Edmund Randolph, first United States Attorney General, second Secretary of State[79]
Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, French army general[68]
Haym Solomon, financier and spy for Continental Army[80]
Thomas Sumter, SC military hero and congressman[65]
Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, Prussian officer[68]
Joseph Warren, doctor, revolutionary leader[78]
Mercy Otis Warren, political writer[66]
Anthony Wayne, army general and politician[65]
Noah Webster, writer, lexicographer, educator[81]
Thomas Willing, banker[82]
Paine Wingate, oldest survivor, Continental Congress[83][84]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Institutions formed by Founders[edit]

text: Several Founding Fathers were instrumental in establishing schools and societal institutions that still exist today:

text:
Franklin founded the University of Pennsylvania, while Jefferson founded the University of Virginia.
Rush founded Dickinson College and Franklin College, (today Franklin and Marshall) as well as the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, the oldest medical society in America.
Hamilton founded the New York Post, as well as the United States Coast Guard.
Knox[85] helped found the Society of the Cincinnati in 1783; the society was predicated on service as an officer in the Revolutionary War and heredity. Members included Washington, Hamilton and Burr. Other Founders like Sam Adams, John Adams, Franklin and Jay criticized the formation of what they considered to be an elitist body and threat to the Constitution. Franklin would later accept an honorary membership though Jay declined.[86]

text: Scholarship on the Founders[edit]

text: Articles and books by twenty-first century historians combined with the digitization of primary sources like handwritten letters continue to contribute to an encyclopedic body of knowledge about the Founding Fathers.

text: Historians who focus on the Founding Fathers[edit]

text: Ron Chernow won the Pulitzer Prize for his biography of George Washington. His bestselling book about Alexander Hamilton inspired the blockbuster musical of the same name.

text: Joseph J. Ellis – According to Ellis, the concept of the Founding Fathers of the U.S. emerged in the 1820s as the last survivors died out. Ellis says "the founders", or "the fathers", comprised an aggregate of semi-sacred figures whose particular accomplishments and singular achievements were decidedly less important than their sheer presence as a powerful but faceless symbol of past greatness. For the generation of national leaders coming of age in the 1820s and 1830s – men like Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun – "the founders" represented a heroic but anonymous abstraction whose long shadow fell across all followers and whose legendary accomplishments defied comparison.

text: We can win no laurels in a war for independence," Webster acknowledged in 1825. "Earlier and worthier hands have gathered them all. Nor are there places for us ... [as] the founders of states. Our fathers have filled them. But there remains to us a great duty of defence and preservation.[87]

text: Joanne B. Freeman Freeman's area of expertise is the life and legacy of Alexander Hamilton as well as political culture of the revolutionary and early national eras.[88][89][90] Freeman has documented the often opposing visions of the Founding Fathers as they tried to build a new framework for governance, "Regional distrust, personal animosity, accusation, suspicion, implication, and denouncement—this was the tenor of national politics from the outset." [91]

text: Annette Gordon-Reed is an American historian and Harvard Law School professor. She is noted for changing scholarship on Thomas Jefferson regarding his relationship with Sally Hemings and her children. She has studied the challenges facing the Founding Fathers particularly as it relates to their position and actions on slavery. She points out "the central dilemma at the heart of American democracy: the desire to create a society based on liberty and equality" that yet does not extend those privileges to all." [37]

text: Jack N. Rakove – Thomas Jefferson

text: Peter S. Onuf – Thomas Jefferson

text: Noted collections of the Founding Fathers[edit]

text:
Adams Papers Editorial Project
Founders Online – a searchable database of over 178,000 documents authored by or addressed to George Washington, John Jay, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams (and family), Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.
The Papers of Alexander Hamilton
The Selected Papers of John Jay at Columbia University
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson at Princeton University
The Papers of James Madison at University of Virginia
The Washington Papers at University of Virginia
The Franklin Papers at Yale University

text: In stage and film[edit]

text: The Founding Fathers were portrayed in the Tony Award winning musical 1776, a stage production about the debates over, and eventual adoption of, the Declaration of Independence; the popular performance was later turned into the 1972 film

text: More recently, several of the Founding Fathers – Hamilton, Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Laurens and Burr – were reimagined in Hamilton, an acclaimed production about the life of Alexander Hamilton, with music, lyrics and book by Lin-Manuel Miranda.The show was inspired by the 2004 biography Alexander Hamilton by historian Ron Chernow. The rap musical won 11 Tony Awards.[92]

text: Children's books[edit]

text: In their 2015 children's book, The Founding Fathers author Jonah Winter and illustrator Barry Blitt categorized 14 leading patriots into two teams based on their contributions to the formation of America - the Varsity Squad (Washington, Franklin, Jefferson, John Adams, Madison, Jay, and Hamilton) and the Junior Varsity Squad (Sam Adams, Hancock, Henry, Morris, Marshall, Rush, and Paine).[93]


document_title: Dwarf planet

question_text: what is the name of the dwarf planets

question_tokens: what is the name of the dwarf planets

text: Dwarf planet

text: History of the concept[edit]

text: Starting in 1801, astronomers discovered Ceres and other bodies between Mars and Jupiter which were for decades considered to be planets. Between then and around 1851, when the number of planets had reached 23, astronomers started using the word asteroid for the smaller bodies and then stopped naming or classifying them as planets.[17]

text: With the discovery of Pluto in 1930, most astronomers considered the Solar System to have nine planets, along with thousands of significantly smaller bodies (asteroids and comets). For almost 50 years Pluto was thought to be larger than Mercury,[18][19] but with the discovery in 1978 of Pluto's moon Charon, it became possible to measure Pluto's mass accurately and to determine that it was much smaller than initial estimates.[20] It was roughly one-twentieth the mass of Mercury, which made Pluto by far the smallest planet. Although it was still more than ten times as massive as the largest object in the asteroid belt, Ceres, it had one-fifth the mass of Earth's Moon.[21] Furthermore, having some unusual characteristics, such as large orbital eccentricity and a high orbital inclination, it became evident that it was a different kind of body from any of the other planets.[22]

text: In the 1990s, astronomers began to find objects in the same region of space as Pluto (now known as the Kuiper belt), and some even farther away.[23] Many of these shared several of Pluto's key orbital characteristics, and Pluto started being seen as the largest member of a new class of objects, plutinos. This led some astronomers to stop referring to Pluto as a planet. Several terms, including subplanet and planetoid, started to be used for the bodies now known as dwarf planets.[24][25] By 2005, three trans-Neptunian objects comparable in size to Pluto (Quaoar, Sedna, and Eris) had been reported.[26] It became clear that either they would also have to be classified as planets, or Pluto would have to be reclassified.[27] Astronomers were also confident that more objects as large as Pluto would be discovered, and the number of planets would start growing quickly if Pluto were to remain a planet.[28]

text: Eris (then known as 2003 UB313) was discovered in January 2005;[29] it was thought to be slightly larger than Pluto, and some reports informally referred to it as the tenth planet.[30] As a consequence, the issue became a matter of intense debate during the IAU General Assembly in August 2006.[31] The IAU's initial draft proposal included Charon, Eris, and Ceres in the list of planets. After many astronomers objected to this proposal, an alternative was drawn up by the Uruguayan astronomers Julio Ángel Fernández and Gonzalo Tancredi: they proposed an intermediate category for objects large enough to be round but which had not cleared their orbits of planetesimals. Dropping Charon from the list, the new proposal also removed Pluto, Ceres, and Eris, because they have not cleared their orbits.[32]

text: The IAU's final Resolution 5A preserved this three-category system for the celestial bodies orbiting the Sun. It reads:

text: The IAU ... resolves that planets and other bodies, except satellites, in our Solar System be defined into three distinct categories in the following way:

text:
(1) A planet1 is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (c) has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit.
(2) A "dwarf planet" is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape,2 (c) has not cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit, and (d) is not a satellite.
(3) All other objects,3 except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as "Small Solar System Bodies."

text: Although concerns were raised about the classification of planets orbiting other stars,[16] the issue was not resolved; it was proposed instead to decide this only when such objects start to be observed.[32]

text: Name[edit]

text: The term dwarf planet has itself been somewhat controversial, as it could imply that these bodies are planets, much as dwarf stars are stars. This is the conception of the Solar System that Stern promoted when he coined the phrase. The older word planetoid ("having the form of a planet") has no such connotation, and is also used by astronomers for bodies that fit the IAU definition.[33] Brown states that planetoid is "a perfectly good word" that has been used for these bodies for years, and that the use of the term dwarf planet for a non-planet is "dumb", but that it was motivated by an attempt by the IAU division III plenary session to reinstate Pluto as a planet in a second resolution.[34] Indeed, the draft of Resolution 5A had called these median bodies planetoids,[35][36] but the plenary session voted unanimously to change the name to dwarf planet.[1] The second resolution, 5B, defined dwarf planets as a subtype of planet, as Stern had originally intended, distinguished from the other eight that were to be called "classical planets". Under this arrangement, the twelve planets of the rejected proposal were to be preserved in a distinction between eight classical planets and four dwarf planets. Resolution 5B was defeated in the same session that 5A was passed.[34] Because of the semantic inconsistency of a dwarf planet not being a planet due to the failure of Resolution 5B, alternative terms such as nanoplanet and subplanet were discussed, but there was no consensus among the CSBN to change it.[37]

text: In most languages equivalent terms have been created by translating dwarf planet more-or-less literally: French planète naine, Spanish planeta enano, German Zwergplanet, Russian karlikovaya planeta (карликовая планета), Arabic kaukab qazm (كوكب قزم), Chinese ǎixíngxīng (矮行星), Korean waesohangseong (왜소행성; 矮小行星), but in Japanese they are called junwakusei (準惑星) meaning "subplanets" or "almost-planets".

text: IAU Resolution 6a of 2006[38] recognizes Pluto as "the prototype of a new category of trans-Neptunian objects". The name and precise nature of this category were not specified but left for the IAU to establish at a later date; in the debate leading up to the resolution, the members of the category were variously referred to as plutons and plutonian objects but neither name was carried forward, perhaps due to objections from geologists that this would create confusion with their pluton.[1]

text: On June 11, 2008, the IAU Executive Committee announced a name, plutoid, and a definition: all trans-Neptunian dwarf planets are plutoids.[15] The authority of that initial announcement has not been universally recognized:

text: "...in part because of an email miscommunication, the WG-PSN [Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature] was not involved in choosing the word plutoid. ... In fact, a vote taken by the WG-PSN subsequent to the Executive Committee meeting has rejected the use of that specific term..."[39]

text: Characteristics[edit]

text:
Planetary discriminants[40]

Body

M/M⊕ (1)

Λ (2)

µ (3)

Π (4)

Mercury

0.055

1.95 × 103

9.1 × 104

1.3 × 102

Venus

0.815

1.66 × 105

1.35 × 106

9.5 × 102

Earth

1

1.53 × 105

1.7 × 106

8.1 × 102

Mars

0.107

9.42 × 102

1.8 × 105

5.4 × 101

Ceres

0.00015

8.32 × 10−4

0.33

4.0 × 10−2

Jupiter

317.7

1.30 × 109

6.25 × 105

4.0 × 104

Saturn

95.2

4.68 × 107

1.9 × 105

6.1 × 103

Uranus

14.5

3.85 × 105

2.9 × 104

4.2 × 102

Neptune

17.1

2.73 × 105

2.4 × 104

3.0 × 102

Pluto

0.0022

2.95 × 10−3

0.077

2.8 × 10−2

Eris

0.0028

2.13 × 10−3

0.10

2.0 × 10−2

Sedna

0.00022

3.64 × 10−7

<0.07[41]

1.6 × 10−4

Showing the planets and the largest known sub-planetary objects (purple) covering the orbital zones containing likely dwarf planets. All known possible dwarf planets have smaller discriminants than those shown for that zone.

(1)
Mass in M⊕, the unit of mass equal to that of Earth (5.97 × 1024 kg).

(2)
Λ is the capacity to clear the neighbourhood (greater than 1 for planets) by Stern and Levison. Λ = k M2 a−3/2, where k = 0.0043 for units of Yg and AU, and a is the body's semi-major axis.[42]

(3)
µ is Soter's planetary discriminant (greater than 100 for planets). µ = M/m, where M is the mass of the body, and m is the aggregate mass of all the other bodies that share its orbital zone.

(4)
Π is the capacity to clear the neighbourhood (greater than 1 for planets) by Margot. Π = k M a−9/8, where k = 807 for units of Earth masses and AU.[43]

text: Orbital dominance[edit]

text: Alan Stern and Harold F. Levison introduced a parameter Λ (lambda), expressing the likelihood of an encounter resulting in a given deflection of orbit.[42] The value of this parameter in Stern's model is proportional to the square of the mass and inversely proportional to the period. This value can be used to estimate the capacity of a body to clear the neighbourhood of its orbit, where Λ > 1 will eventually clear it. A gap of five orders of magnitude in Λ was found between the smallest terrestrial planets and the largest asteroids and Kuiper belt objects.[40]

text: Using this parameter, Steven Soter and other astronomers argued for a distinction between planets and dwarf planets based on the inability of the latter to "clear the neighbourhood around their orbits": planets are able to remove smaller bodies near their orbits by collision, capture, or gravitational disturbance (or establish orbital resonances that prevent collisions), whereas dwarf planets lack the mass to do so.[42] Soter went on to propose a parameter he called the planetary discriminant, designated with the symbol µ (mu), that represents an experimental measure of the actual degree of cleanliness of the orbital zone (where µ is calculated by dividing the mass of the candidate body by the total mass of the other objects that share its orbital zone), where µ > 100 is deemed to be cleared.[40]

text: Jean-Luc Margot refined Stern and Levison's concept to produce a similar parameter Π (Pi).[43] It is based on theory, avoiding the empirical data used by Λ. Π > 1 indicates a planet, and there is again a gap of several orders of magnitude between planets and dwarf planets.

text: There are several other schemes that try to differentiate between planets and dwarf planets,[6] but the 2006 definition uses this concept.[1]

text: Hydrostatic equilibrium[edit]

text: Sufficient internal pressure, caused by the body's gravitation, will turn a body plastic, and sufficient plasticity will allow high elevations to sink and hollows to fill in, a process known as gravitational relaxation. Bodies smaller than a few kilometers are dominated by non-gravitational forces and tend to have an irregular shape. Larger objects, where gravitation is significant but not dominant, are "potato" shaped; the more massive the body is, the higher its internal pressure and the more rounded its shape, until the pressure is sufficient to overcome its internal compressive strength and it achieves hydrostatic equilibrium. At this point a body is as round as it is possible to be, given its rotation and tidal effects, and is an ellipsoid in shape. This is the defining limit of a dwarf planet.[44]

text: When an object is in hydrostatic equilibrium, a global layer of liquid covering its surface would form a liquid surface of the same shape as the body, apart from small-scale surface features such as craters and fissures. If the body does not rotate, it will be a sphere, but the faster it rotates, the more oblate or even scalene it becomes. If such a rotating body were to be heated until it melted, its overall shape would not change when liquid. The extreme example of a non-spherical body in hydrostatic equilibrium is Haumea, which is twice as long along its major axis as it is at the poles. If the body has a massive nearby companion, then tidal forces come into effect as well, distorting it into a prolate spheroid. An example of this is Jupiter's moon Io, which is the most volcanically active body in the Solar System due to effects of tidal heating. Tidal forces also cause a body's rotation to gradually become tidally locked, such that it always presents the same face to its companion. An extreme example of this is the Pluto–Charon system, where both bodies are tidally locked to each other. Earth's Moon is also tidally locked, as are many satellites of the gas giants.

text: The upper and lower size and mass limits of dwarf planets have not been specified by the IAU. There is no defined upper limit, and an object larger or more massive than Mercury that has not "cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit" would be classified as a dwarf planet.[45] The lower limit is determined by the requirements of achieving a hydrostatic equilibrium shape, but the size or mass at which an object attains this shape depends on its composition and thermal history. The original draft of the 2006 IAU resolution redefined hydrostatic equilibrium shape as applying "to objects with mass above 5×1020 kg and diameter greater than 800 km",[16] but this was not retained in the final draft.[1]

text: Empirical observations suggest that the lower limit will vary according to the composition and thermal history of the object. For a body made of rigid silicates, such as the stony asteroids, the transition to hydrostatic equilibrium should occur at a diameter of approximately 600 km and a mass of 3.4×1020 kg. For a body made of less rigid water ice, the limit should be about 320 km and 1019 kg.[46] In the asteroid belt, Ceres is the only body that clearly surpasses the silicaceous limit (though it is actually a rocky–icy body), and its shape is an equilibrium spheroid. 2 Pallas and 4 Vesta are rocky and are just below the limit. Pallas, at 525–560 km and 1.85–2.4×1020 kg, is "nearly round" but still somewhat irregular. Vesta, at 530 km and 2.6×1020 kg, deviates from an ellipsoid shape primarily due to a large impact basin at its pole.

text: Dwarf planets and possible dwarf planets[edit]

text: Many trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are thought to have icy cores and therefore would require a diameter of perhaps 400 km (250 mi)—only about 3% of that of Earth—to relax into gravitational equilibrium.[47] As of  January 2015[update], about 150 known TNOs are considered potential dwarf planets, although only rough estimates of the diameters of most of these objects are available.[11] A team is investigating thirty of these, and think that the number will eventually prove to be around 200 in the Kuiper belt, with thousands more beyond.[47]

text: Recognized[edit]

text: The IAU has recognized five bodies as dwarf planets since 2008: Ceres, Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake.[48] Ceres and Pluto are known to be dwarf planets through direct observation.[49] Eris is recognized as a dwarf planet because it is more massive than Pluto (measurements by New Horizons  indicate that Pluto's diameter is larger than that of Eris), whereas Haumea and Makemake qualify based on their absolute magnitudes.[9][38] In relative distance from the Sun, the five are:

text:
Ceres  – discovered on January 1, 1801, 45 years before Neptune. Considered a planet for half a century before reclassification as an asteroid. Accepted as a dwarf planet by the IAU on September 13, 2006.
Pluto ♇ – discovered on February 18, 1930. Classified as a planet for 76 years. Reclassified as a dwarf planet by the IAU on August 24, 2006.
Haumea – discovered on December 28, 2004. Accepted by the IAU as a dwarf planet on September 17, 2008.
Makemake – discovered on March 31, 2005. Accepted by the IAU as a dwarf planet on July 11, 2008.
Eris – discovered on January 5, 2005. Called the "tenth planet" in media reports. Accepted by the IAU as a dwarf planet on September 13, 2006.

tag: ol

text: Proposed[edit]

text: Mike Brown considers an additional six trans-Neptunian objects to be "nearly certainly"[11] dwarf planets with diameters at or above 900 kilometers. These objects are:

text:
Quaoar – discovered on June 5, 2002
2002 MS4 – discovered on June 18, 2002
Sedna – discovered on November 14, 2003
Orcus – discovered on February 17, 2004
Salacia – discovered on September 22, 2004
2007 OR10 – discovered on July 17, 2007

text: Tancredi et al. advised the IAU to officially accept Orcus, Sedna and Quaoar. In addition, Gonzalo Tancredi considers the five TNOs Varuna, Ixion, 2003 AZ84, 2004 GV9, and 2002 AW197 to be dwarf planets as well.[49]

text:
Objects recognized by the IAU as dwarf planets

Orbital attributes[50]

Name

Region of the Solar System

Orbital  radius (AU)

Orbital period  (years)

Mean orbital  speed (km/s)

Inclination  to ecliptic

Orbital  eccentricity

Planetary  discriminant

Ceres

Asteroid belt

2.77

4.60

17.882

10.59°

0.079

0.33

Pluto

Kuiper belt (plutino)

39.48

248.09

4.666

17.14°

0.249

0.077

Haumea

Kuiper belt (12:7)

43.13

283.28

28.22°

0.195

0.020

Makemake

Kuiper belt (cubewano)

45.79

309.9

4.419

28.96°

0.159

0.02

Eris

Scattered disc

67.67

557

3.436

44.19°

0.442

0.10

Physical attributes

Name

Diameter  relative to  the Moon

Diameter  (km)

Mass  relative to  the Moon

Mass  (×1021 kg)

Density  (g/cm3)

Surface  gravity  (m/s2)

Escape  velocity  (km/s)

Axial  inclination

Rotation  period  (days)

Moons

Surface  temp.  (K)

Atmosphere

H

Ceres

27%

946

1.3%

0.94

2.17

0.29

0.51

≈ 3°

0.38

0

167

none

3.3

Pluto

68%

7003238000000000000♠2380±0.4

17.8%

13.05

1.87

0.58

1.2

119.59°

−6.39

5

44

transient

−0.76

Haumea

≈ 36%

1632[51]7003124000000000000♠1240+69−58[52]

5.5%

7000401000000000000♠4.01±0.04

1.885–1.757[51]2.6–3.3 (?)

0.44

0.84

0.16

2

7001320000000000000♠32±3

?

0.2

Makemake

41%

7003143000000000000♠1430±14

?

?

> 1.4[53]

?

0.32

1

≈ 30

none[54]

−0.3

Eris

67%

7003232600000000000♠2326±12

22.7%

16.7

2.5

≈ 0.8

1.3

≈ 1 (0.75–1.4)

1

≈ 42

transient?

−1.1

text:
Additional objects recognized by Brown and Tancredi as dwarf planets

Orbital attributes[50]

Name

Region of the Solar System

Orbital  radius (AU)

Orbital period  (years)

Mean orbital  speed (km/s)

Inclination  to ecliptic

Orbital  eccentricity

Planetary  discriminant

Orcus

Kuiper belt (plutino)

39.17

245.18

20.57°

0.227

0.003

2002 MS4

Kuiper belt (cubewano)

41.931

271.53

17.693°

0.14135

Salacia

Kuiper belt (cubewano)

42.1889

274.03

23.9396°

0.10312

Quaoar

Kuiper belt (cubewano)

43.405

285.97

8.00°

0.039

0.007–0.010

2007 OR10

Scattered disc (10:3)

67.21

550.98

30.70°

0.500

?

Sedna

Detached

518.57

≈ 11,400

11.93°

0.853

< 0.07

Physical attributes

Name

Diameter  relative to  the Moon

Diameter  (km)

Mass  relative to  the Moon

Mass  (×1021 kg)

Density  (g/cm3)

Surface  gravity  (m/s2)

Escape  velocity  (km/s)

Axial  inclination

Rotation  period  (days)

Moons

Surface  temp.  (K)

Atmosphere

H

Orcus

26%

7002917000000000000♠917±25

0.9%

0.63

0.55

1

< 44

2.2

2002 MS4

≈ 27%

7002934000000000000♠934±47

?

?

0

≈ 43

3.7

Salacia

≈ 25%

7002854000000000000♠854±45

0.6%

0.45

7000115999999999999♠1.16+0.59−0.36

0.25

1

3.9

Quaoar

32%

7003111000000000000♠1110±5

1.8–2.0%

7000139999999999999♠1.4±0.1

0.74

1

≈ 43

2.4

2007 OR10

≈ 44%

7003153500000000000♠1535+75−225

?

1.87

1

1.8

Sedna

≈ 30%

7002995000000000000♠995±80

≈ 1.4%

≈ 1

0.42

0

≈ 12

1.5

text:
Vesta, the next-most-massive body in the asteroid belt after Ceres, is roughly spherical, deviating mainly because of massive impacts that formed Rheasilvia and Veneneia crater after it solidified.[55] Furthermore, its triaxial dimensions are not consistent with hydrostatic equilibrium.[56][57]
Triton is thought to be a captured dwarf planet.[58] Phoebe is a captured body that, like Vesta, is no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium, but is thought to have been so early in its history.[59]

text: Exploration[edit]

text: On March 6, 2015, the Dawn spacecraft began to orbit Ceres, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit a dwarf planet.[60] On July 14, 2015, the New Horizons space probe flew by Pluto and its five moons. Dawn has also explored the former dwarf planet Vesta. Phoebe has been explored by Cassini (most recently) and Voyager 2, which also explored Triton. These three are thought to be former dwarf planets and therefore their exploration helps in the study of the evolution of dwarf planets.

text: Contention[edit]

text: In the immediate aftermath of the IAU definition of dwarf planet, some scientists expressed their disagreement with the IAU resolution.[6] Campaigns included car bumper stickers and T-shirts.[61] Mike Brown (the discoverer of Eris) agrees with the reduction of the number of planets to eight.[62]

text: NASA has announced that it will use the new guidelines established by the IAU.[63] Alan Stern, the director of NASA's mission to Pluto, rejects the current IAU definition of planet, both in terms of defining dwarf planets as something other than a type of planet, and in using orbital characteristics (rather than intrinsic characteristics) of objects to define them as dwarf planets.[64] Thus, in 2011, he still referred to Pluto as a planet,[65] and accepted other dwarf planets such as Ceres and Eris, as well as the larger moons, as additional planets.[66] Several years before the IAU definition, he used orbital characteristics to separate "überplanets" (the dominant eight) from "unterplanets" (the dwarf planets), considering both types "planets".[42]

text: Planetary-mass moons[edit]

text: Nineteen moons are known to be massive enough to have relaxed into a rounded shape under their own gravity, and seven of them are more massive than either Eris or Pluto. They are not physically distinct from the dwarf planets, but are not dwarf planets because they do not directly orbit the Sun. The seven that are more massive than Eris are the Moon, the four Galilean moons of Jupiter (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto), one moon of Saturn (Titan), and one moon of Neptune (Triton). The others are six moons of Saturn (Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, and Iapetus), five moons of Uranus (Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon), and one moon of Pluto (Charon). There are additional possibilities among TNOs, including Dysnomia orbiting Eris. Alan Stern calls these moons "satellite planets", one of three categories of planet together with dwarf planets and classical planets.[66] The term planemo ("planetary-mass object") covers all three.[67]

text: In a draft resolution for the IAU definition of planet, both Pluto and Charon would have been considered dwarf planets in a binary system, given that they both satisfied the mass and shape requirements for dwarf planets and revolved around a common center of mass located between the two bodies (rather than within one of the bodies).[note 1][16] The IAU currently states that Charon is not considered to be a dwarf planet and is just a satellite of Pluto, although the idea that Charon might qualify to be a dwarf planet in its own right may be considered at a later date.[68] The location of the barycenter depends not only on the relative masses of the bodies, but also on the distance between them; the barycenter of the Sun–Jupiter orbit, for example, lies outside the Sun.


document_title: List of Adventures in Odyssey characters

question_text: who plays mr whittaker in adventures in odyssey

text: Major characters (currently active)[edit]

text:
John Avery Whittaker,[1] voiced by Hal Smith (1987–1994), Paul Herlinger (1996–2008), and Andre Stojka (2009 - ), often known as "Whit," is the main fictional character of Adventures in Odyssey and the namesake of Odyssey's most famous attraction, Whit's End. He is viewed as a spiritual Christian leader to the children, and adults also, in Odyssey. He was originally voiced by Hal Smith, but after Smith's death in 1994, the character of Whit left Odyssey to lead an archaeological mission in Israel for the Universal Press Foundation. Whit returned to Odyssey in 1996; he had been voiced by Paul Herlinger until 2008. Andre Stojka took the role following Herlinger's retirement. This is the second character voiced by Stojka that was previously voiced by Hal Smith (the first being Owl from Disney's Winnie the Pooh franchise, with Stojka having voiced the character from 1997 to 2006).
Connie Kendall[2] (1987 - ), voiced by Katie Leigh, is probably the second-most major character in Adventures in Odyssey, appearing in more episodes than any other character except John Avery Whittaker. Connie has been voiced by Katie Leigh since her arrival in Odyssey in episode #4: "Connie Comes to Town."
Eugene Meltsner[3] (1988 - ), voiced by Will Ryan, is a longtime employee at Whit's End. He is very intelligent, having a reputation for erudition and a fondness for trivia. Major plot arcs involving Eugene include his conversion to Christianity and his courtship, engagement, and then marriage to Katrina Shanks. Another major storyline about Eugene is the rediscovery of his father, whom he had believed dead since he was seven years old.
Katrina Shanks-Meltsner,[4] voiced by Pamela Hayden (1994 - 2002) and Audrey Wasilewski (2005 - ), is the wife of Eugene Meltsner. She is the daughter of wealthy father Armitage Shanks and mother Millie. She also has two brothers that have never been named.
Jules Kendall,[5] voiced by Shona Kennedy  (2013-) who is Connie's younger half-sister. Her name is short for July, since her father Bill has an odd fascination with marrying women with names of the months. She wears thick  black eye liner and is annoyed by awkward situations. Jules is not a Christian, and believes that life is just a part of the "food chain." She is used to her father's strange situations such as being unknown to her sister. Her first appearance was in "Life Expectancy, Part 2." In "The Ties That Bind," she was also the Perilous Pen's informant.
Jason Whittaker[6] (1994 - ), voiced by Townsend Coleman, is Whit's son and former National Security Agency agent. He ran Whit's End while Whit was in the Middle East. Jason came very close to marrying his longtime sweetheart, Tasha Forbes, but they broke up while parked in front of the Justice of the Peace's house. Jason currently runs the J&J Antiques shop.
Wooton Bassett[7] (2001 - ), voiced by Jess Harnell, is an Odyssey mailman who is also the author of several comic series including Power Boy, Captain Absolutely, and Sleuth Family Robinson. In some ways, he seems to have not grown up yet (example: he collects Smiley Meal toys and has a slide going out of his house), although he occasionally shows his mature/serious side.  He currently has a strained relationship with his father and his twin brother Wellington because Wooton is a Christian.  At the end of Album 58, "The Ties That Bind," he proposed to his long-time girlfriend, Penny Wise.
Chris (1987 - ), voiced by Chris Anthony, is the show's announcer from the first episodes until the present time. It was made clear in early episode introductions that she is also a resident of Odyssey.
Penny Bassett (2011 - ), voiced by Kimmy Robertson is very cheery. She is easily entertained by the small things in life, though she can become easily distracted. She is a Christian, but she can be swayed by false teachings if she doesn't know better. She is quite eccentric and a fairly abstract thinker, which helps her with one of her principle talents—art. Penny is also Connie's best friend and roommate. In the album "Taking The Plunge," she agreed to marry Wooton Bassett.*
David Parker (2010-), voiced by Marc Evan Jackson, is the father of the Parker family. He has three kids (Olivia, Matthew, and Camilla), and is married to his Hispanic wife, Eva. His mother-in-law is Lucia, and his sister-in-law is named Rosalita. David is also an architect.
Eva Parker (2010-), voiced by Amanda Troop, is the wife to David Parker and mother of Olivia, Matthew, and Camilla. She is a sensible mom who works part-time as a nurse at a local clinic. She has to find the right balance between raising her family and dealing graciously with her mother, who wants to make sure their Hispanic heritage doesn’t get lost.

text: Major characters (currently inactive)[edit]

text: Adults[edit]

text:
Jack Allen[8] (1994 - 2012), voiced by Alan Young, is a childhood friend of Whit, former manager of "Whit's End" when Whit was in the Middle East, and owner of the J & J Antique Gallery, along with his wife Joanne Allen. He last appeared in Album 50 in 2008, and a couple of Darien's Rise episodes in 2009. His final appearance was in Album 56 in 2012, with the announcement that he and Joanne would be traveling to Scotland in their retirement, and handing over management of the antiques shop to Jason Whittaker. Young died in 2016.
Bart Rathbone,[9] (1987-2008) voiced by Walker Edmiston and Robert Easton, is the schemish manager of the Electric Palace. Bart's character often attempts publicity stunts, such as a television game show, and ran as an unfocused, ill-informed candidate for mayor, against Tom Riley and later Margaret Faye. Both Edmiston and Easton have since died.
Bernard Walton[10] (1990 - 2008), voiced by Dave Madden is Odyssey's window-washer. Though kind-hearted, Bernard is somewhat cynical and grumpy, but is most widely known for his metaphorical humor and penchant for storytelling. He hosts B-TV, a Christian television show in Odyssey. He is also Eugene's distant relative. The character was retired from the show upon the retirement of Dave Madden, who has since died.
Tom Riley[11] (1987 - 2008), voiced by Walker Edmiston, is a local farmer and good friend of Whit. Edmiston died shortly before the recording of album 50, so Tom's character has recently been retired as well. Tom is said to be a longtime conservative member and chairman of the Odyssey City Council, as well as a one-term mayor of the town.
George Barclay[12] (1988 - 1997, 2003 - 2004), voiced by Chuck Bolte,  A family man, George eventually left Odyssey with his wife and kids for Pokenberry Falls to become pastor at local church (which served as the basis for a spoof of the film It's a Wonderful Life in album 31). He returned for several episodes in 2003 and 2004 to perform Connie and Mitch's wedding, which ultimately never happened. He also came by town for the unreleased 2009 episode/live event "BTV Live: God's Calling." (Barclay's name shares a pronunciation with that of Bishop George Berkeley, the 18th century philosopher after whom the University of California, Berkeley is named.) Each member of the Barclay family was named after characters and actors from It's a Wonderful Life.
Mary Barclay[13] (1989 - 1997), voiced by Patricia Parris and Carol Bilger. Mary is the wife of Pastor George Barclay and mother of three children, Donna, Jimmy, and Stewart Barclay.
Dr. Regis Blackgaard[14] (1989, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2000), voiced by Earl Boen is Whit's nemesis. Dr. Blackgaard was supposedly killed in an explosion of his own making in 1995. However, he left behind a virus in the Imagination Station that was destroyed a few years later after attempting to gain a corporeal form from Aubrey Shepard.  Some of Dr. Blackgaard's biggest fans refuse to admit he was killed in the explosion, saying he's still alive but biding his time before returning to Odyssey again, if he ever does.
Robert "Mitch" Mitchell (2001 - 2003, 2012), voiced by Steve Burns is Connie's boyfriend and an FBI agent also known as AREM (phonetical spelling of RM, his initials). Mitch's relationship with Connie was a turbulent one, plagued by misunderstandings and Connie's reluctance to trust him because of the secrecy of his work. Mitch was placed in witness protection during the Novacom Saga and was presumed dead until Connie discovered the truth.  After the Novacom Saga, he proposed to Connie, but the two decided to call off the wedding at the last minute and temporarily separate. He briefly returned to Odyssey in album 55 in an FBI investigation, with his partner Maureen, who was his new fiancé.
Dale Jacobs (1989 - 1998, 2012 - 2014), voiced by Phil Lollar, is the editor of The Odyssey Times.[citation needed] He had two daughters, Robyn and Melanie; Robyn (1989–92) was one of the more popular kid characters during her time on the show.
Richard Maxwell (1989 - 2000), voiced by Nathan Carlson, debuted in the episode "An Encounter with Mrs. Hooper", and returned as a manipulative bully who worked as a counselor at Campbell County Community College and victimized his young charge, Nicholas Adamsworth in the episode "Eugene's Dilemma". After the truth about Richard's actions was revealed and he was dismissed from the college, Richard entered the employment of Dr. Regis Blackgaard, but had a change of heart after one of Blackgaard's schemes landed Lucy Cunningham-Schultz in the hospital.  Having burned down Tom Riley's barn (for which Tom refused to forgive him for years afterward) and hacked into John Avery Whittaker's computer on Blackgaard's orders, Richard served two years in the Campbell County Detention Center before being released on parole.  He foiled a number of Blackgaard's plans as part of his quest for personal redemption.[citation needed]
Peter Bourland (2002 - 2003), voiced by Keith Silverstein, was an FBI Agent who helped investigate the Novacom case.[citation needed]
Arthur Dent (2000 - 2002), named after the character from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and voiced by Christopher Snell, was an employee of Andromeda. Arthur Dent was driven to temporary paranoia by the realization of the corporation’s goals and apparent power. He later destroyed a radio tower with fertilizer explosives, thinking that it was the tower from which Andromeda would be broadcasting its mind-control signals. After a court trial, he did not make any further appearances in Odyssey.[citation needed]
Armitage Shanks, voiced by Bernard Erhard (1995 - 1998) and Brian Cummings (2002), was the father of Katrina Shanks; now deceased (allegedly murdered by poisoning during the Novacom Saga). He was a bit overprotective of his daughter, and was frequently at odds with Eugene during the early stages of Eugene and Katrina's relationship; however, he was motivated more by love of his daughter than by malice toward Eugene.[citation needed]

text: Children[edit]

text:
Rodney Rathbone[15] (1989 - 2007), voiced by Steve Burns, the son of Bart Rathbone, is a mischievous local bully and head of The Bones of Rath, a gang of teenagers who cause mischief. Since the character of Bart was retired with the death of Walker Edmiston, Rodney is no longer a resident of Odyssey as well.
Aubrey Shepard,[16] voiced by Camilla Belle (1998-1999) and Danielle Judovits (1999-2005), was a creative and introspective girl who loves books and poetry. She has a tendency to act impetuously, which often gets her into trouble. Aubrey lived in Tom Riley's Timothy Center with her father Ben, mother Ellen, and younger sister Bethany. She was initially unhappy about her parents' newfound Christianity and often made a point to rebel against it, but became a Christian herself during the Novacom Saga. She later left for college.
Sam Johnson[17] (1991 - 1996), voiced by Kyle Ellison, was a good-hearted boy who also tended to be somewhat naive.
Lawrence Hodges (1992 - 1995, 2008), voiced by Gabriel Encarnacion, is a hyper-active kid with a run-away imagination to the point where he was having trouble separating his make-believe world and the real world, He was briefly heard over a phone-interview in the two part 2008 episode "The Triangled Web" (He is working at a laundromat as he has been kicked out of NASA.)Template:AIO 50-The Best Small Town
Lucy Cunningham-Schultz[18] (1988 - 1996, 2008), voiced by Genni Long, was a pre-teen reporter for both her middle school's newspaper The Odyssey Owl and The Odyssey Times. She reappeared as a college student in "The Triangled Web" and got married to Jack Davis.
Donna Barclay[19] (1988 - 1997), voiced by Azure Janosky.  Daughter of George and Mary, older sister of Jimmy; often portrayed as a typical teenage girl who liked boys and shopping.  Donna had a rebellious streak and could be somewhat temperamental also, but had a good heart and moral compass.  Her best friend was Dale Jacobs' elder daughter, Robyn Jacobs (voiced by Sage Bolte, 1989-1992), who was herself the central character in many episodes.
James (Jimmy) Barclay[20] (1988 - 1996, 2004, 2008), voiced by David Griffin.  Probably the most popular child character in the show's history. He and his family were in numerous episodes. He was the only child star kept after the death of the 1st Whit and was kept after his voice changed (it was common practice for AIO to drop actors when their voice changed). He has the second most appearances for a child character, behind Lucy. Jimmy lived in Washington, D.C. for a while, working as a reporter for a tabloid, but eventually admitted to his dad that he wasn't in the best of places and returned to Pokenberry Falls. Returned for "The Triangled Web".
Grady McKay[21] (2004 - 2008), voiced by Jordan Orr, is a friend of Wooton.
Tamika Washington[22] (2003 - 2008), voiced by Courtney Brown, is the daughter of Ed and Elaine.
Digger Digwillow (1988), voiced by Chad Reisser, was the first person to experience the Imagination Station, and the founder of "Wonderworld."  Oddly enough, he was only in three episodes (The Imagination Station I & II, Heatwave).[citation needed]
Isaac Morton, (1989 - 1993) voiced by Justin Morgan, is a friend of Lucy, although before Curt. He was a good-hearted but cowardly kid who had a lot of run-ins with a bully named Rodney Rathbone, leader of the "Bones of Rath" gang.[citation needed]
Jack Davis, (1988 - 1989, 1992 - 1994, 2008) voiced by Donald Long, is another of Lucy's acquaintances. Most known for the being the "coolest" kid. He later became engaged with Lucy in "The Triangled Web".Template:AIO 50-The Triangled Web, Parts I and II
Curt Stevens, (1990 - 1992, 2008) voiced by Fabio Stephens, had a relationship with Lucy and was always getting into trouble. He also returned for "The Triangled Web".[citation needed]
Jenny Roberts, Voiced by Natalie Babbitt, was the show's second of two blind characters. Despite her disability, she never let it get her down and fit in quite easily in Odyssey.  In the three-episode The Perfect Witness, she was kidnapped from Holstein's Bookstore and made use of her heightened senses of smell and hearing to help catch the criminals. She was also the longtime pen-pal to Melanie Jacobs, as seen in the Episode "Pen Pal."[citation needed]
Liz Horton,[23] (1998 - 2007) voiced by Lauren Schaffel, was the reporter for Odyssey Owl and best friend of Mandy Straussberg. Also, it was revealed that she has a crush on Alex Jefferson in "Slumber Party".
Jared DeWhite[24] (1997 - 1999, 2001 - 2004, 2008), Voiced by Brandon Gilberstadt, was a trouble maker and conspiracy theorist who moved away after a few seasons.  He returned during the Novacom series (he and his family had been placed in Witness Protection) and tipped off Sarah and Mandy to the activities of Novacom.
Dwayne Oswald, (1997 - 1999) voiced by Kris Kachurak, is best known as a foil for Jared DeWhite, Dwayne began as a character who was no good at anything and turned into an honor student later on.[citation needed]
Alex Jefferson,[25] (1999 - 2003) voiced by Travis Tedford, played a pivotal role in the Novacom saga with his cousin Cal.
Marvin Washington,[26] voiced by Kyle Massey (2003), Jordan Colloway (2003 - 2004), and Kendré Berry (2004 - 2008, 2017) was a child character and an African American; lives with his parents Ed and Elaine and his sister Tamika.  While the Washington family were not the first African-American characters on Adventures in Odyssey, they are arguably the first to be considered "major" characters.
Nick Mulligan (1997 - 2005), voiced by Christopher Castile, (the nephew and adopted son of Mike and Tracy Mulligan) was portrayed early on as a brash, tough-talking street kid from New York City who smoked and frequently clashed with his cousin/adopted sister Lisa, but eventually he quit smoking and became an employee at Whit's End, and his character mellowed slightly.[citation needed]
Mandy Straussberg[27] (1998 - 2008), voiced by Aria Curzon, is very gifted in writing stories and plays, and in the episode "The Present Long Ago", it is revealed that she will one day marry the middle school's other top student, Trent DeWhite.
Rusty Gordon (1993 - 1995), Voiced by Shawn Svoboda, is a member of Rodney's gang, the Bones of Rath.  He later wrote a book that painted a very negative portrait of Odyssey, which inspired Connie to write her own book.[citation needed] In "The Ties That Bind," he is revealed to have criminal connections.
Trent DeWhite (2003 - 2008), voiced by Corey Padnos, is Jared's little brother. Possessing a toned-down version of his brother's vivid imagination, Trent has been known to overreact and daydream at times. He is a top student at Odyssey Middle School, and at one point developed a crush on Mandy Straussberg, who he will one day marry as revealed in "The Present Long Ago".[citation needed]
Shannon Everett (1992 - 1994), is a rich and popular cheerleader who often resorted to bullying tactics and/or deception to get her way.[citation needed]

text: Minor characters[edit]

text:
Officer Patrick O'Ryan[28], voiced by Will Ryan, is a slightly goofy Irish-accented Odyssey police officer who replaced Officer David Harley because Harley was perceived as a disrespectful portrayal of police officers for children. He originally appeared on June 16, 1990, in the episode "An Act of Mercy," which was a remake of the Harley episode "The Quality of Mercy."
Edwin Blackgaard[29] (1992 - 2008), voiced by Earl Boen, is the twin brother of Dr. Regis Blackgaard and owner of the Harlequin Dinner Theatre.  Despite being a little full of himself, he means well and wishes to bring culture to Odyssey.
Walter Shakespeare (1992 -  2008), voiced by Corey Burton, is the assistant to Edwin at the Harlequin Dinner Theatre.
Doris Rathbone[30] (1993 - 1998), voiced by Pamela Hayden and Diane Hsu (2007–present), is Rodney's mother.
Harlow Doyle[31] (1992 - 2000, 2005, 2008, 2010), voiced by Will Ryan. The town's resident private detective, Harlow was introduced to fill the gap left when Officer Dave Harley, a similar character, left Odyssey.
Tasha Forbes, voiced by Christie Nimitz (1994 - 1996) and Mandy Steckelberg (2008), is Jason Whittaker's on-again, off-again girlfriend/fiancée. Jason almost married her before deciding against it because she wasn't a Christian.
Joe Finneman (1991 - 1994), voiced by Parley Baer, was Connie's great uncle, owner of "Finneman's Market".
June Kendall (1988 - 1996, 2002 - 2003), voiced by Maggie Malooly, is the mother of Connie. She eventually became a Christian, unlike her ex-husband Bill Kendall, and died in album 57.
Agnes Riley, voiced by Julia Kazarian (1988) and Susan Silo (1996, 2002 - 2005) is Tom Riley's wife, also known to her close friends as "Rose" (her middle name).  Agnes, an artistic woman who enjoys painting and music, suffers from dementia and resides in an assisted-living facility.  She was so infrequently seen by Odyssey residents that the first time Rodney Rathbone saw Tom talking to her (and being unaware that they were married), he assumed Tom was having an illicit affair with her.
Margaret Faye (1997 - 1998, 2006, 2008), voiced by Alexandra Kenworthy, ran for Odyssey Mayor against Bart Rathbone and won. She had feelings for Mr. Whittaker and asked him to marry her as well as manage her campaign, but Whit, not agreeing with many of the issues she supported, declined, which infuriated her. Connie later worked on her campaign.
Phillip Glossman (1988 - 1990, 1992, 1994 - 1995, 2008), voiced by Paul McCusker, is a state Congressman who harbors a personal vendetta against John Avery Whittaker dating back to the founding of Whit's End.
Leonard Meltsner (2006 - 2007), voiced by Phil Proctor is the father of Eugene. He returned to America for a while and then returned to Africa to minister to the local natives with Eugene's brother Everett. He is now a Christian.
Mrs. Kramer (2011- 2018), voiced by Mitzi McCall, is the current librarian in Odyssey and also spends time working at the Odyssey Retirement Home. She is known to be jaded, cynical, and easily annoyed. She keeps tabs on everything and has joined every community club possible in the hope that she will get a raise. She hates at least 100 things, one of which is a Valentine's Day gift with no candy. ("To Mend or Repair") She says she has a lack of faith in youth. ("Mistaken for Good") She dislikes Wooton with a passion.