document_title: Melissa Horton

question_text: who played melissa on days of our lives

question_tokens: who played melissa on days of our lives

text: Melissa Horton

text:
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text:
Melissa Horton

Lisa Trusel as Melissa Horton

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by
Joseph Trent Everett (1971)
Matthew Bowman (1971)
Kim Durso (1975–76)
Debbie Lytton (1977–83)
Lisa Trusel (1983–88, 1994–2010)
Camilla Scott (1990–91)

Duration

1971
1975–80
1982–88
1990–91
1994
1996
2002
2010

First appearance
October 18, 1971

Last appearance
June 28, 2010

Created by
William J. Bell

Introduced by
Betty Corday

Classification
Former, regular

Profile

Other names

Melissa Phillips
Melissa Anderson

Residence
Nashville, Tennessee

[show]Family

Family
Horton (adoptive)

Parents
Jim Phillips
Linda Anderson

Adoptive parents
Mickey Horton
Maggie Horton

Siblings
Janice Barnes (foster)
Sarah Horton (adoptive)
Daniel Jonas (adoptive)
Summer Townsend (adoptive)

Spouse
Pete Jannings (1985–87)

Children
Nathan Horton

Grandparents
Tom Horton (adoptive)
Alice Horton (adoptive)
Elmer Simmons (adoptive)
Dorothy Simmons (adoptive)

Aunts and uncles
Tom Horton, Jr. (adoptive)
Bill Horton (adoptive)
Marie Horton (adoptive)
Addie Horton (adoptive)

Nieces and nephews
Melanie Jonas (adoptive)
Parker Jonas (adoptive)
Holly Jonas (adoptive)

First cousins
Sandy Horton (adoptive)
Hope Williams (adoptive)
Julie Williams (adoptive)
Steve Olson (adoptive)
Mike Horton (adoptive)
Jennifer Horton (adoptive)
Lucas Roberts (adoptive)
Jessica Blake (adoptive)

text: Melissa Horton is a fictional character from the NBC soap opera, Days of Our Lives. She was played by child actors Joseph Trent Everett from October 18 to November 29, 1971, Matthew Bowman from December 16 to 29, 1971, and Kim Durso from April 15, 1975, to June 25, 1976. A teenaged Melissa was portrayed by Debbie Lytton from May 31, 1977, to April 17, 1980, and March 16, 1982, to November 29, 1982. Lisa Trusel played an adult Melissa from May 12, 1983, to November 8, 1988, with returns from June 28 to July 4, 1994, November 1 to 15, 1996, May 30 to June 3, 2002; January 14 to 19, 2010, and June 18 to 28, 2010. Camilla Scott played the role from February 14, 1990, to June 13, 1991. Trusel's run as Melissa earned her various nominations and a Daytime Emmy award nomination.

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Born to Jim and Linda Phillips, Linda claimed that Mickey Horton was Melissa's father, but when Mickey's wife Laura revealed to her in private that Mickey was sterile (a fact that Mickey did not even know about as Laura had been keeping it from him so that he wouldn't discover that he was not the father of Laura's son Mike), Linda reluctantly admitted that Jim was Melissa's father.

text: Melissa later took the name Anderson following Linda's marriage to Bob Anderson. Melissa became a teenager (as a result of SORAS), running away from her private school, unable to deal with her trouble-making mother, Linda who wanted her back in order to get her hands on Anderson manufacturing. Melissa ends up in Mickey and Maggie's home, having begun several years before to consider Mickey and Maggie surrogate parents. When Linda discovers her there, she tries to have her removed physically, and Mickey and Maggie decide to fight for custody of her. At the hearing, Linda does not show up, and the judge grants custody to the Hortons. Melissa and her cousin Hope Williams became good friends and Melissa also became good friends with Hope's boyfriend Bo Brady. In 1984, Melissa became involved with gang member Pete Jennings. That relationship had its series of ups and downs, and when Linda returned to town, she tried to sabotage the romance by pretending to have slept with him. She tried to make Melissa think that she was going crazy so she could get her hands on Melissa's Anderson manufacturing stock. Her scheme failed, and Linda decided to leave town, making a last attempt to make amends before departing, which Melissa begrudgingly accepted. Melissa and Pete married in 1986 but later divorced when Melissa, an aspiring dancer, fell for her mentor Lars Englund. Melissa's relationship with Lars eventually fell apart after Melissa was injured. The injury also put an end to Melissa's promising dancing career.

text: Melissa eventually fell in love with Jack Deveraux but was heartbroken when he married Kayla Brady instead. Melissa was eventually accused of being behind Kayla's poisoning but was cleared. In 1988, Melissa was one of the few people who stood by Jack after Jack committed marital rape against Kayla. To the horror of her family and friends, Melissa made plans to marry Jack after his divorce from Kayla came through. Shortly before their wedding, Melissa saw Jack with another woman and discovered that Jack was only using her to make himself look good. She called off the wedding and denounced Jack to the rest of Salem before leaving town.

text: Melissa returned two years later in 1990 and immediately realized that her cousin Jennifer Horton had fallen in love with Jack, who by this time was genuinely trying to become a better person and make amends for his evil behavior. Melissa tried to discourage her cousin from getting involved with her former fiance and encouraged Jennifer's boyfriend Emilio to propose. However, Melissa and Emilio eventually realized that they were attracted to one another and got together while Jack and Jennifer were away on the Cruise of Deception. Melissa and Emilio were free to be together after Jack and Jennifer returned and revealed that they had become a couple on the cruise. Unfortunately, the relationship was short-lived as Melissa accidentally believed to have killed Emilio in a struggle. Melissa eventually left Salem with her adoptive sister Sarah Horton in 1991. The two settled in Nashville. In subsequent visits to Salem, it has been revealed that Melissa has married again and had a child but the name of her husband remains unknown to the audience. In June 2009, Melissa's son, going by the name of Nathan Horton, arrived in Salem as a first year medical intern at Salem University Hospital eager to follow in the footsteps of his great-grandfather, Tom.

text: On January 14, 2010 Melissa returned for Mickey's funeral. At the memorial, she spoke about the opportunities Mickey and Maggie have given her. She was also able to reunite with her son Nathan and the rest of the Horton family.

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Days of Our Lives

Current
characters

Brady Black
John Black
Caroline Brady
Claire Brady
Eric Brady
Hope Brady
Kayla Brady
Roman Brady
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Abe Carver
Theo Carver
Tripp Dalton
Abigail Deveraux
JJ Deveraux
Andre DiMera
Chad DiMera
Marlena Evans
Eli Grant
Valerie Grant
Gabi Hernandez
Rafe Hernandez
Jennifer Horton
Lucas Horton
Maggie Horton
Adrienne Johnson
Steve Johnson
Parker Jonas
Justin Kiriakis
Sonny Kiriakis
Victor Kiriakis
Chloe Lane
Paul Narita
Lani Price
Kate Roberts
Nicole Walker
Doug Williams
Julie Olson Williams

Notable past
characters

Alice Horton
Tom Horton
Lawrence Alamain
Vivian Alamain
Susan Banks
Belle Black
Bo Brady
Carrie Brady Reed
Cassie Brady
Chelsea Brady
Ciara Brady
Frankie Brady
Kimberly Brady
Max Brady
Sami Brady
Shawn Brady
Dr. Lexie Carver
Liz Chandler
Xander Cook
Don Craig
Neil Curtis
Cameron Davis
Jack Deveraux
Anna DiMera
Daphne DiMera
EJ DiMera
Kristen DiMera
Johnny DiMera
Santo DiMera
Stefano DiMera
Sydney DiMera
Tony DiMera
Drew Donovan
Eve Donovan
Shane Donovan
Theresa Donovan
Nick Fallon
Megan Hathaway
Benjy Hawk
Arianna Hernandez
Eduardo Hernandez
Addie Horton
Allie Horton
Bill Horton
Jeremy Horton
Laura Horton
Marie Horton
Melissa Horton
Mickey Horton
Nathan Horton
Sarah Horton
Tommy Horton
Will Horton
Robin Jacobs
Madison James
Aiden Jennings
Chase Jennings
Joey Johnson
Stephanie Johnson
Daniel Jonas
Melanie Jonas
Calliope Jones
Deimos Kiriakis
Philip Kiriakis
Paige Larson
Bonnie Lockhart
Mimi Lockhart
Patrick Lockhart
Carly Manning
Alex Marshall
Serena Mason
Colin Murphy
Tori Narita
Celeste Perrault
Austin Reed
Billie Reed
Curtis Reed
Jordan Ridgeway
Ben Rogers
Jan Spears
Isabella Toscano
Ava Vitali
Gina Von Amberg
Brandon Walker
Taylor Walker
Nancy Wesley
Clyde Weston

Related information

Cast members
Producers and writers
Awards and nominations
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
Doug and Julie
Bo and Hope
Sami and EJ
John and Marlena
Jack and Jennifer
Steve and Kayla
Shawn and Belle
Lucas and Sami
Will and Sonny
Shane and Kimberly
Salem
Cruise of Deception

Fictional families

DiMera family
Horton family
Brady family
Kiriakis family
Johnson family
Roberts family

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Days of Our Lives characters

[show]
Present and future characters

Hattie Adams
Brady Black
John Black
Tate Black
Claire Brady
Eric Brady
Hope Brady
Kayla Brady
Roman Brady
Abe Carver
Theo Carver
Tripp Dalton
Abigail Deveraux
JJ Deveraux
André DiMera
Chad DiMera
Thomas DiMera
Shane Donovan
Marlena Evans
Eli Grant
Valerie Grant
Gabi Hernandez
Rafe Hernandez
Arianna Horton
Jennifer Horton
Lucas Horton
Maggie Horton
Will Horton
Adrienne Johnson
Steve Johnson
Justin Kiriakis
Sonny Kiriakis
Victor Kiriakis
Chloe Lane
Bonnie Lockhart
Anne Milbauer
Paul Narita
Lani Price
Kate Roberts
Holly Walker
Nicole Walker
Ben Weston
Doug Williams
Julie Olson Williams

[show]
Past characters

Tom Horton
Alice Horton
Lawrence Alamain
Vivian Alamain
Susan Banks
Bart Beiderbecke
Belle Black
Peter Blake
Bo Brady
Caroline Brady
Carrie Brady
Cassie Brady
Chelsea Brady
Ciara Brady
Frankie Brady
Kimberly Brady
Max Brady
Rex Brady
Sami Brady
Shawn Brady
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Lexie Carver
Liz Chandler
Xander Cook
Don Craig
Neil Curtis
Cameron Davis
Anjelica Deveraux
Jack Deveraux
Anna DiMera
Daphne DiMera
EJ DiMera
Johnny DiMera
Kristen DiMera
Santo DiMera
Stefano DiMera
Sydney DiMera
Tony DiMera
Drew Donovan
Eve Donovan
Theresa Donovan
Lee DuMonde
Renée DuMonde
Nick Fallon
Megan Hathaway
Benjy Hawk
Arianna Hernandez
Dario Hernandez
Eduardo Hernandez
Addie Horton
Allie Horton
Bill Horton
Jeremy Horton
Laura Horton
Marie Horton
Melissa Horton
Mickey Horton
Nathan Horton
Sarah Horton
Tommy Horton
Robin Jacobs
Madison James
Aiden Jennings
Chase Jennings
Joey Johnson
Stephanie Johnson
Daniel Jonas
Melanie Jonas
Parker Jonas
Deimos Kiriakis
Philip Kiriakis
Maxine Landis
Paige Larson
Mimi Lockhart
Patrick Lockhart
Carly Manning
Alex Marshall
Serena Mason
Mia McCormick
Jade Michaels
Colin Murphy
Tori Narita
Celeste Perrault
Austin Reed
Billie Reed
Curtis Reed
Jordan Ridgeway
Wilhelm Rolf
Jan Spears
Isabella Toscano
Ava Vitali
Gina Von Amberg
Brandon Walker
Fay Walker
Taylor Walker
Nancy Wesley
Clyde Weston

[show]
Character lists

1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
Cast members
Previous cast members
Producers and writers
Doug and Julie
Bo and Hope
Sami and EJ
John and Marlena
Jack and Jennifer
Steve and Kayla
Shawn and Belle
Lucas and Sami
Shane and Kimberly
Will and Sonny
Salem
Cruise of Deception
Horton family
Brady family
DiMera family
Kiriakis family
Johnson family
Roberts family

text: Days of Our Lives characters

text: Articles lacking sources from March 2010All articles lacking sourcesArticles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2010All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fictionWikipedia articles with incorrect tenses


document_title: You Do Something to Me

question_text: who sang you do something to me originally

root

text: You Do Something to Me

text: "You Do Something to Me" is a song written by Cole Porter. It is notable in that it was the first number in Porter's first fully integrated-book musical Fifty Million Frenchmen (1929). In the original production, the song was performed by Genevieve Tobin and William Gaxton, performing the roles of Looloo Carroll and Peter Forbes, respectively.

tag: p

text: The song has been revived and rerecorded many times since, notably by Howard McGillin and Susan Powell in 1991. There are two verses and two rounds of the chorus. The song has been described as "a tender prequel" to "Let's Do It, Let's Fall In Love," Porter's first popular song. The song has been recorded by artists including Mario Lanza, Frank Sinatra, Marlene Dietrich, Doris Day, Susannah McCorkle, Bryan Ferry, Sinéad O'Connor on Red Hot + Blue (1990), and Skunk Anansie. Ella Fitzgerald, the First Lady of Song, recorded this song on both her Cole Porter Songbook albums and on her Pablo classic, Ella à Nice. Bing Crosby made a recording for radio, featured on the album "Bing Crosby CBS Radio Recordings 1954-56." Bette Midler's version of the song plays over the final credits of the 1991 film Scenes From A Mall starring Midler and Woody Allen.

text: According to the liner notes for It's De Lovely — The Authentic Cole Porter Collection, the line "the voodoo that you do so well" is quoted in the 1993 Salt-N-Pepa song "Shoop".[1]

text: The "voodoo" line is also quoted by Hedley Lamarr (Harvey Korman) in the 1974 film Blazing Saddles as he exhorts his gang to attack a frontier town.


document_title: Forest cover by state in India

question_text: how much area is covered with forest in india

text: Forest cover by state in India

text:
States and union
territories of India
ordered by

Area
Population

Abbreviations
Capitals
Child Nutrition
Crime rate
Electricity penetration
Fertility rate
Forest cover
GDP (per capita)
Highest point
HIV awareness
HDI
Home ownership
Household size
Human Trafficking
Institutional delivery
Life expectancy at birth
Literacy rate
Media exposure
Number of Vehicles
Number of voters
Obesity
Open defecation
Origin of name
Places of worship
Poverty
Power capacity
Safe Drinking Water
Safety of Women
School Enrollment Rate
Sex ratio
Suicides
Tax revenues
TV ownership
Toilet availability
Transport network
Underweight people
Unemployment
Vaccination coverage

v
t
e

tag: table

text: The forest cover (in square kilometres) in 2017 in India by state and union territory as published by the Forest Survey of India.[1]

text:
State / UT
Geographical Area
Very dense
Moderately dense
Open forest
Total forest area
% of forested area
% change since 2015

Andhra Pradesh
162,968
1,957
14,051
12,139
28,147
17.27%
+1.31%

Arunachal Pradesh
83,743
20,721
30,955
15,288
66,964
79.96%
-0.23%

Assam
78,438
2,797
10,192
15,116
28,105
35.83%
+0.72%

Bihar
94,163
332
3,260
3,707
7,299
7.75%
+0.05%

Chhattisgarh
135,192
7,064
32,215
16,268
55,547
41.09%
-0.01%

Delhi
1,483
7
56
129
192
12.97%
+0.25%

Goa
3,702
538
576
1,115
2,229
60.21%
+0.51%

Gujarat
196,244
378
5,200
9,179
14,757
7.52%
+0.02%

Haryana
44,212
28
452
1,108
1,588
3.59%
+0.02%

Himachal Pradesh
55,673
3,110
6,705
5,285
15,100
27.12%
+0.71%

Jammu & Kashmir
222,236
4,075
8,579
10,587
23,241
10.46%
+0.11%

Jharkhand
79,716
2,598
9,686
11,269
23,553
29.55%
+0.04%

Karnataka
191,791
4,502
20,444
12,604
37,550
19.58%
+0.57%

Kerala
38,852
1,663
9,407
8,251
20,321
52.30%
+2.68%

Madhya Pradesh
308,252
6,563
34,571
36,280
77,414
25.11%
-0.00%

Maharashtra
307,713
8,736
20,652
21,294
50,682
16.47%
-0.01%

Manipur
22,327
908
6,510
9,928
17,346
77.69%
+1.18%

Meghalaya
22,429
453
9,386
7,307
17,146
76.76%
-0.52%

Mizoram
21,081
131
5,861
12,194
18,186
86.27%
-2.52%

Nagaland
16,579
1,279
4,587
6,623
12,489
75.33%
-2.71%

Odisha
155,707
6,967
21,370
23,008
51,345
32.98%
+0.57%

Punjab
50,362
8
806
1,023
1,837
3.65%
+0.13%

Rajasthan
342,239
78
4,340
12,154
16,572
4.84%
+0.14%

Sikkim
7,096
1,081
1,575
688
3,344
47.13%
-0.13

Tamil Nadu
130,060
3,672
10,979
11,630
26,281
20.21%
+0.06%

Telangana
112,077
1,596
8,738
10,085
20,419
18.22%
+0.50%

Tripura
10,486
656
5,246
1,824
7,726
73.68%
-1.56%

Uttar Pradesh
240,928
2,617
4,069
7,993
14,679
6.09%
+0.12%

Uttarakhand
53,483
4,969
12,884
6,442
24,295
45.43%
+0.04%

West Bengal
88,752
2,994
4,147
9,706
16,847
18.98%
+0.02%

Andaman & Nicobar Islands
8,249
5,678
684
380
6,742
81.73%
-0.11%

Chandigarh
114
1
14
6
22
18.91%
-0.09%

Dadra & Nagar Haveli
491
0
80
127
207
42.16%
+0.20%

Daman & Diu
111
1
6
13
20
18.46%
+0.79%

Lakshadweep
30
0
17
10
27
90.33%
0.13%

Puducherry
490
0
18
36
54
10.95%
-0.67%

Total
3,287,469
98,158
308,318
301,797
708,273
21.54%
+0.21%


document_title: St James's Palace

question_text: where did the king live before buckingham palace

text: St James's Palace

text: History[edit]

text: Tudors[edit]

text: The palace was commissioned by Henry VIII, on the site of a former leper hospital dedicated to Saint James the Less.[n 1] The new palace, secondary in the king's interest to Henry's Whitehall Palace, was constructed between 1531 and 1536 as a smaller residence to escape formal court life.[2] Much smaller than the nearby Whitehall, St James's was arranged around a number of courtyards, including the Colour Court, the Ambassador's Court and the Friary Court. The most recognisable feature is the north gatehouse; constructed with four storeys, the gatehouse has two crenellated flanking octagonal towers at its corners and a central clock dominating the uppermost floor and gable; the clock is a later addition, and dates from 1731.[3] It is decorated with the initials H.A. for Henry and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Henry constructed the palace in red brick, with detail picked out in darker brick.[2]

text: The palace was remodelled in 1544, with ceilings painted by Hans Holbein, and was described as a "pleasant royal house".[4] Two of Henry VIII's children died at Saint James's, Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset[5] and Mary I.[6] Elizabeth I often resided at the palace, and is said to have spent the night there while waiting for the Spanish Armada to sail up the Channel.[4]

text: Stuarts[edit]

text: In 1638, Charles I gave the palace to Marie de Medici, the mother of his wife Henrietta Maria. Marie remained in the palace for three years, but the residence of a Catholic former queen of France proved unpopular with parliament and she was soon asked to leave for Cologne. Charles I spent his final night at St James's before his execution.[1] Oliver Cromwell then took it over, and turned it into barracks during the English Commonwealth period. Charles II, James II, Mary II and Anne were all born at the palace.[1]

text: The palace was restored by Charles II following the demise of the Commonwealth, laying out St James's Park at the same time. It became the principal residence of the monarch in London in 1698, during the reign of William III and Mary II after Whitehall Palace was destroyed by fire, and became the administrative centre of the monarchy, a role it retains.

text: House of Hanover[edit]

text: The first two monarchs of the House of Hanover used St James's Palace as their principal London residence. George I and George II both housed their mistresses, the Duchess of Kendal and the Countess of Suffolk respectively, at the palace.[1] In 1757, George II donated the Palace library to the British Museum;[7] this gift was the first part of what later became the Royal Collection.[8] In 1809, a fire destroyed part of the palace, including the monarch's private apartments at the south east corner. These apartments were not replaced, leaving the Queen's Chapel in isolation, and Marlborough Road now runs between the two buildings.[citation needed]

text: George III found St James's increasingly unsuitable. The Tudor palace was regarded as uncomfortable and too cramped for his ever-growing family. In 1762 George purchased Buckingham House – the predecessor to Buckingham Palace – for his queen, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz [9] The royal family began to spend the majority of their time at Buckingham House, with St James's being used for only the most formal of occasions; thrice-weekly levées and public audiences were still held there. In the late 18th century, George III refurbished the state apartments but neglected the living quarters.[10] Queen Victoria formalised the move in 1837, ending St James's status as the primary residence of the monarch. It was nevertheless where Victoria married her husband, Prince Albert, in 1840, and where, eighteen years later, Victoria and Albert's eldest child, Princess Victoria, married her husband, Prince Frederick of Prussia.[1]

text: For most of the time of the personal union between Great Britain (later the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) and the Electorate of Hanover from 1714 until 1837 the ministers of the German Chancery were working in two small rooms within St James's Palace.[citation needed]

text:
St James's Palace in 1819

North Front

King's Presence Chamber

Queen's Levée Room

Guard Chamber

From a series of paintings by Charles Wild, as published in W.H. Pyne (1819), The History of the Royal Residences

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Second Round Table Conference (September – December 1931) pertaining to Indian independence was held here. On 12 June 1941, Representatives of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and of the exiled governments of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Yugoslavia, as well as General de Gaulle of France, met and signed the Declaration of St James's Palace which was the first of six treaties signed that established the United Nations and composed the Charter of the United Nations.[11]

text: Today[edit]

text: St James's Palace is still a working palace, and the Royal Court is still formally based there, despite the monarch residing elsewhere. It is also the London residence of the Princess Royal; Princess Beatrice of York; Princess Eugenie of York; and Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy. The palace is used to host official receptions, such as those of visiting heads of state, and charities of which members of the royal family are patrons. The Palace forms part of a sprawling complex of buildings housing Court offices and officials' apartments. The immediate palace complex includes York House, the former home of the Prince of Wales and his sons, Princes William and Harry. Lancaster House located next-door, is used by HM Government for official receptions, and the nearby Clarence House, the former home of the Queen Mother is now the residence of the Prince of Wales.[12]

text: The nearby Queen's Chapel, built by Inigo Jones, adjoins St James's Palace. While the Queen's Chapel is open to the public at selected times, the Chapel Royal in the palace is not accessible to the public. They both remain active places of worship.[12]

text: The offices of the Royal Collection Department, the Marshal of the Diplomatic Corps, the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood, the Chapel Royal, the Gentlemen at Arms, the Yeomen of the Guard and the Queen's Watermen are all housed at St James's Palace. Since the beginning of the 2000s, the Royal Philatelic Collection has been housed at St James's Palace, after spending the entire 20th century at Buckingham Palace.[12]

text: On 1 June 2007 the palace, Clarence House and other buildings within its curtilage (other than public pavement on Marlborough Road) were designated as a protected site for the purposes of Section 128 of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005. The effect of the act was to make it a specific criminal offence for a person to trespass into the site.[13]


document_title: Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 theatrical film)

question_text: journey to the center of the eart cast

question_tokens: journey to the center of the eart cast

text: Plot[edit]

text: Max Anderson (Jean-Michel Paré) is being pursued by a Tyrannosaurus until a fissure vent opens in the ground. When he tries to jump across, he calls out his brother's name before falling into the vent. Ten years later, Max's 13-year-old son, Sean Anderson (Josh Hutcherson), visit Max's brother, volcanologist Trevor Anderson (Brendan Fraser). In a box of items that belonged to Max is a book, Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne. Notes written by Max are found inside the book.

text: In Trevor's volcanology laboratory, a device shows activity on Snæfell, a dormant volcano in Iceland. Trevor and Sean travel to Iceland to investigate. They try to contact Icelandic volcanologist Sigurbjörn Ásgeirsson, but instead encounter his daughter Hannah Ásgeirsson (Anita Briem) since her father had died some years earlier.[3] It turns out that Sigurbjörn and Max were both Vernians, a group of people who believe the works of Jules Verne to be fact and not fiction.

text: Hannah offers to help them climb the volcano. While the group is hiking up the volcano, a lightning storm forces them to take shelter in a cave. The cave entrance collapses, trapping them in what appears to be an abandoned mine. The trio rappel down a giant hole and ride on out-of-control mine carts, in which the tracks start to branch off in three ways. Hannah and Trevor save each other from dead-ends and Sean reunites with them. They reach the bottom of a volcanic vent filled with different varieties of crystals, including Diamonds, but learn the floor is actually Muscovite. Sean accidentally drops a diamond, which breaks the Muscovite, and they begin to fall towards the center of the Earth. The vent eventually becomes a water slide which drops them safely into a lake in the center of the Earth, which turns out to be a completely separate world contained within the Earth.

text: The group starts seeking a way back to the surface. Along the way, they find evidence that someone had been there a hundred years ago. Trevor remarks that some instruments found are Lidenbrock's (the name of a character in the book), suggesting that another group had previously made the journey, somehow returned to the surface and recounted the tale of their adventure to Verne. They find a large tree with some of Max's things inside of it. While Trevor and Sean are examining what they've found, Hannah finds Max's body. They bury Max on the beach of the underground ocean and Trevor reads a letter to Sean found in Max's journal. Trevor discovers that his brother died due to dehydration because of hot magma surrounding the center of the Earth.

text: Using information from Max's journal, Trevor determines that they must find a geyser that can send them to the surface before the temperature rises to 200 °F (about 93 °C). Further, they must reach the geyser within 48 hours or the water for the geyser will have evaporated. They build a raft and begin crossing the underground ocean, but soon encounter a pack of Xiphactinus. They use large branches has bats to hit them away, until a pod of Elasmosaurus attacks the Xiphactinus, allowing the trio to escape. The raft's sail becomes loose. Sean tries to hold on, but is blown away and separated from the two adults.

text: A little Bio-luminescent bird guides Sean towards the river. Meanwhile, Trevor and Hannah decide to take a rest, but are attacked by Carnivorous Plants. Hannah is captured and starts being strangled by the plants. Trevor tears the plant that is holding Hannah by the neck out of the ground, and they continue towards the geyser.

text: When they arrive at the river, Trevor calls out to Sean but gets no response. Trevor says he is going to look for Sean, but tells Hannah she should continue on to the geyser and save herself. Before he goes, Hannah kisses Trevor in case he does not return. Meanwhile, Sean has entered an arid, bone-filled area. He hears roars, hides behind a rock and looks at both sides of him but doesn't see anything until a puddle of saliva falls in front of him, he looks up and sees an enormous Albino Tyrannosaurus Rex, which upon seeing him, begins to chase after him. Trevor finds him, after he is cornered by the dinosaur, and Trevor runs toward a field of Muscovite, the carnivore follows him and the ground collapses under it's massive weight, causing it to fall into the sinkhole, seemingly killing it. When they get to a river, they find Hannah sailing a boat fashioned from the bottom jaw of a carnivorous dinosaur. They sail to a volcano with magma rising in its crater, but realized they missed the geyser that will get them back to the surface.

text: Sean notices that the crater walls are wet. Trevor hears water flowing on the other side of the walls and sees that the crater walls contain magnesium. After he uses a flare to ignite the magnesium, the resulting water-magma collision triggers the geyser, shooting them up and out of the center of the Earth through Mount Vesuvius. When they fall, they accidentally destroy some of the vines in a vineyard. To make amends with the vineyard's farmer, Sean gives the owner a diamond that he found while in the center of the Earth. Trevor sees that Sean has many more diamonds in his backpack.

text: After the adventure, Sean visits Trevor and Hannah in their new home, purchased using some of the diamonds Sean took from the cave; Trevor is also using them to fund his late brother's laboratory. Trevor hands Sean a book about another strange land, Atlantis: The Antediluvian World by Ignatius L. Donnelly, and suggests they get together during Sean's Christmas break. Sean reveals that he has brought the little bird back from the center of the Earth to keep as a pet. However, the bird happily flies away, possibly reproducing his extinct species.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Brendan Fraser as Professor Trevor "Trev" Anderson, a volcanologist, Sean's uncle and Max’s brother
Josh Hutcherson as Sean Anderson, Trevor's nephew and Liz and Max’s son
Anita Briem as Hannah Ásgeirsson
Seth Meyers as Professor Alan Kitzens
Jean-Michel Paré as Maxwell "Max" Anderson, Sean’s father, Trevor's brother and Liz’s husband
Jane Wheeler as Elizabeth "Liz" Anderson, Sean's mother and Max's wife
Giancarlo Caltabiano as Leonard
Garth Gilker as Sigurbjörn Ásgeirsson

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development and filming[edit]

text: On September 22, 2001, Walden Media announced that Eric Brevig was hired and set to direct Journey to the Center of the Earth based on the book of the same name by Jules Verne. Michael D. Weiss, Mark Levin and Jennifer Flackett wrote the script for the film. Beau Flynn and Charlotte Huggins produced the film with the budget of $60 million for release in 2008. On April 16, 2003, it was announced that Brendan Fraser, Anita Briem, Josh Hutcherson, Seth Meyers, Jean-Michel Paré, Jane Wheeler, Giancarlo Caltabiano and Garth Gilker joined the film. On 9 December 2005, it was announced that Andrew Lockington would compose the music for the film. On March 2006, development and filming of the film was completed in Canada and Iceland. On April 20, 2006, principal photography and production began. On January 2, 2007, New Line Cinema acquired distribution rights to the film. Journey to the Center of the Earth was filmed in 2006. The film transposes the novel into the present day and is mostly live action, with only the landscape and creatures supplied by computer-generated graphics.[4] The film is projected using Real D Cinema and Dolby 3D.[5]

text: Josh Hutcherson's character, Sean, is named after the professor and conservation biologist Dr. Sean Anderson.[6]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first trailer was shown before screenings of Meet the Robinsons, the re-release of The Nightmare Before Christmas and the release of Beowulf, with the Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert, and during the 2008 Kids' Choice Awards. Warner Bros. marketed the film like a theme park attraction.[7] However, the studio had to slightly tweak the campaign (including dropping "3D" from the title) when it became clear that the film would be shown in 3-D in far fewer theaters than anticipated.[8]

text: Theme parks[edit]

text: In May 2009, the film premiered as "Journey to the Center of the Earth 4-D" at Stone Mountain Park in Georgia.[9] It also opened in the motion simulator at Dollywood under the same name on June 12, 2009.[10] It also featured in the new 4D Cinema at the Weston Super-Mare Grand Pier in the U.K. It was also shown in Movieworld on the Gold Coast.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Journey to the Center of the Earth was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 28, 2008, in standard 2-D format as well as a magenta / green anaglyph. It opened at #2 at the DVD sales chart, selling 843,224 units in the 1st week which translates to $13,238,617 in revenue.[11] As per the latest figures, 1,642,994 DVD units have been sold, bringing in $25,346,260 in revenue. This doesn't include Blu-ray Disc sales / DVD rentals.[11] The 2008 2-disc BD edition of the movie doesn't conform to the – only later established – Blu-ray 3D specifications, which means that this version doesn't take advantage of any dedicated 3D HDTVs, although it can be watched on 3D HDTVs,  as well as on any other TV in anaglyph 3D, by using red-cyan paper glasses (four pairs are included). A 3D Blu-ray version was released on January 17, 2012.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received mixed to positive reviews. It received a 61% approval rating by Rotten Tomatoes, based on 158 reviews with an average rating of 6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Modern visuals and an old fashioned storyline make this family adventure/comedy a fast-paced, kitschy ride."[12] Metacritic gave the film a 57 out of 100, based on 35 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[13]Roger Ebert gave the film 2 stars out of 4. Peter Travers gave it 2.5 stars and Owen Glieberman gave it a B-.

text: Box office[edit]

text: Journey to the Center of the Earth grossed $101.7 million in the US and $139.2 million foreign sales, with a total of $242 million worldwide.[1]

text: The film opened at #3 in North America, behind Hellboy II: The Golden Army and Hancock. The film grossed $21,018,141 in 2,811 theaters in its first week of release with an average of $7,477. 57 percent of the opening gross was taken from theaters which showed the film in 3-D. In second weekend it dropped to $12,340,435 and in third to $9,717,217.[7]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Year
Category
Result
Cast/Crew

Teen Choice Awards
2008
Choice Summer Movie: Action Adventure
Nominated

Young Artist Award
2009
Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor
Nominated
Josh Hutcherson

BMI Film & TV Awards
2009

Won
Andrew Lockington

World Soundtrack Awards
2009
Discovery of the Year
Nominated
Andrew Lockington

text: International releases[edit]

text:
Brazil - July 11, 2008
Canada - July 11, 2008
Ireland - July 11, 2008
United Kingdom - July 11, 2008
United States - July 11, 2008
Chile - August 7, 2008
Singapore - August 7, 2008

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In March 2009, Walden Media announced a sequel to Journey to the Center of the Earth, Journey 2: The Mysterious Island, with Josh Hutcherson, Dwayne Johnson, Michael Caine, Luis Guzman, and Vanessa Hudgens. Jane Wheeler was replaced by Kristin Davis. Journey 2 was filmed between November 2010 and February 2011 and was released in February 2012.  Like the first film, the sequel was shot in 3D, and the script is loosely based on a Verne novel – this time The Mysterious Island.

text: Journey to the Center of the Earth: 4-D Adventure[edit]

text: Journey to the Center of the Earth 4-D Adventure is a 15-minute 4D film shown at various 4D theatres all over the world. It retells the condensed story of the film with the help of 3D projection and sensory effects, including moving seats, wind, mist and scents. Produced by SimEx-Iwerks,[14] the 4D experience premiered in 2009. Locations included Warner Bros. Movie World (2010–2012),[15] Dollywood (2009–2012),[16] Enchanted Kingdom (2009–),[17] Stone Mountain, and Rainbows End.


document_title: The Fall of the House of Usher

question_text: when was the fall of the house of usher written

text: The Fall of the House of Usher

text: Plot[edit]

text: The story begins with the unnamed narrator arriving at the house of his friend, Roderick Usher, having received a letter from him in a distant part of the country complaining of an illness and asking for his help. As he arrives, the narrator notes a thin crack extending from the roof, down the front of the building and into the adjacent lake.

text: Although Poe wrote this short story before the invention of modern psychological science, Roderick's condition can be described according to its terminology. It includes a form of sensory overload known as hyperesthesia (hypersensitivity to textures, light, sounds, smells and tastes), hypochondria (an excessive preoccupation or worry about having a serious illness) and acute anxiety.[citation needed] It is revealed that Roderick's twin sister, Madeline, is also ill and falls into cataleptic, deathlike trances. Roderick and Madeline are the only remaining members of the Usher family.

text: The narrator is impressed with Roderick's paintings, and attempts to cheer him by reading with him and listening to his improvised musical compositions on the guitar. Roderick sings "The Haunted Palace", then tells the narrator that he believes the house he lives in to be alive, and that this sentience arises from the arrangement of the masonry and vegetation surrounding it. Further, Roderick believes that his fate is connected to the family mansion.

text: Roderick later informs the narrator that his sister has died and insists that she be entombed for two weeks in the family tomb located in the house before being permanently buried. The narrator helps Roderick put the body in the tomb, and he notes that Madeline has rosy cheeks, as some do after death. They inter her, but over the next week both Roderick and the narrator find themselves becoming increasingly agitated for no apparent reason. A storm begins. Roderick comes to the narrator's bedroom, which is situated directly above the vault, and throws open his window to the storm. He notices that the tarn surrounding the house seems to glow in the dark, as it glowed in Roderick Usher's paintings, although there is no lightning.

text: The narrator attempts to calm Roderick by reading aloud The Mad Trist, a novel involving a knight named Ethelred who breaks into a hermit's dwelling in an attempt to escape an approaching storm, only to find a palace of gold guarded by a dragon. He also finds, hanging on the wall, a shield of shining brass on which is written a legend:

text: With a stroke of his mace, Ethelred kills the dragon, who dies with a piercing shriek, and proceeds to take the shield, which falls to the floor with an unnerving clatter.

text: As the narrator reads of the knight's forcible entry into the dwelling, cracking and ripping sounds are heard somewhere in the house. When the dragon is described as shrieking as it dies, a shriek is heard, again within the house. As he relates the shield falling from off the wall, a reverberation, metallic and hollow, can be heard. Roderick becomes increasingly hysterical, and eventually exclaims that these sounds are being made by his sister, who was in fact alive when she was entombed.

text: Additionally, Roderick somehow knew that she was alive. The bedroom door is then blown open to reveal Madeline standing there. She falls on her brother, and both land on the floor as corpses. The narrator then flees the house, and, as he does so, notices a flash of moonlight behind him which causes him to turn back, in time to see the moon shining through the suddenly widened crack. As he watches, the House of Usher splits in two and the fragments sink into the tarn.

text: Publication history[edit]

text: "The Fall of the House of Usher" was first published in September 1839 in Burton's Gentleman's Magazine. It was slightly revised in 1840 for the collection Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque. It contains within it Poe's poem "The Haunted Palace", which had earlier been published separately in the April 1839 issue of the Baltimore Museum magazine.

text: In 1928, Éditions Narcisse, predecessor to the Black Sun Press, published a limited edition of 300 numbered copies with illustrations by Alastair.

text: Sources of inspiration[edit]

text: Poe's inspiration for the story may be based upon events of the Hezekiah Usher House, which was located on the Usher estate that is now a three-block area bounded in modern Boston by Tremont Street to the northwest, Washington Street to the southeast, Avery Street to the south and Winter Street to the north. The house was constructed in 1684 and either torn down or relocated in 1830.[2]

text: Other sources indicate that a sailor and the young wife of the older owner were caught and entombed in their trysting spot by her husband. When the Usher House was torn down in 1830, two bodies were found embraced in a cavity in the cellar.[3]

text: Another source of inspiration may be from an actual couple by the name Mr. and Mrs. Luke Usher, the friends and fellow actors of his mother Eliza Poe.[4] The couple took care of Eliza's three children (including Poe) during her time of illness and eventual death.[citation needed]

text: German writer E. T. A. Hoffmann, who was a role model and inspiration for Poe, published the story Das Majorat in 1819. There are many similarities between the two stories, like the breaking in two of a house, eerie sounds in the night, the story within a story and the house owner being called "Roderich". As Poe was familiar with Hoffmann's works he certainly knew the story and cleverly drew from it using the element for his own purposes.[5]

text: Another German author, Heinrich Clauren's, 1812 story The Robber's Castle, as translated into English by John Hardman and published in Blackwood's Magazine in 1828 as "The Robber's Tower", may have served as an inspiration according to Arno Schmidt and Thomas Hansen.[6]

text: As well as common elements, such as a young woman with a fear of premature burial interred in a sepulchre directly beneath the protagonist's chamber, stringed instruments and the living twin of the buried girl, Diane Hoeveler identifies textual evidence of Poe's use of the story, and concludes that the inclusion of Vigiliae Mortuorum secundum Chorum Ecclesiae Maguntinae (Vigils for the Dead according to the Use of the Church of Mainz) is drawn from the use of a similarly obscure book in "The Robber's Tower".[7][8]

text: Analysis[edit]

text: "The Fall of the House of Usher" is considered the best example of Poe's "totality", wherein every element and detail is related and relevant.[9]

text: The theme of the crumbling, haunted castle is a key feature of Horace Walpole's Castle of Otranto (1764), which largely contributed in defining the Gothic genre. The presence of a capacious, disintegrating house symbolizing the destruction of the human body is a characteristic element in Poe's later work.[10]

text: "The Fall of the House of Usher" shows Poe's ability to create an emotional tone in his work, specifically feelings of fear, doom, and guilt.[11]

text: These emotions center on Roderick Usher, who, like many Poe characters, suffers from an unnamed disease. Like the narrator in "The Tell-Tale Heart", his disease inflames his hyperactive senses. The illness manifests physically but is based in Roderick's mental or even moral state. He is sick, it is suggested, because he expects to be sick based on his family's history of illness and is, therefore, essentially a hypochondriac.[12] Similarly, he buries his sister alive because he expects to bury her alive, creating his own self-fulfilling prophecy.[citation needed]

text: The House of Usher, itself doubly referring both to the actual structure and the family, plays a significant role in the story. It is the first "character" that the narrator introduces to the reader, presented with a humanized description: its windows are described as "eye-like" twice in the first paragraph. The fissure that develops in its side is symbolic of the decay of the Usher family and the house "dies" along with the two Usher siblings. This connection was emphasized in Roderick's poem "The Haunted Palace" which seems to be a direct reference to the house that foreshadows doom.[13]

text: L. Sprague de Camp, in his Lovecraft: A Biography, wrote that "[a]ccording to the late [Poe expert] Thomas O. Mabbott, [H. P.] Lovecraft, in 'Supernatural Horror', solved a problem in the interpretation of Poe" by arguing that "Roderick Usher, his sister Madeline, and the house all shared one common soul".[14]

text: The explicit psychological dimension of this tale has prompted many critics to analyze it as a description of the human psyche, comparing, for instance, the House to the unconscious, and its central crack to a split personality. Mental disorder is also evoked through the themes of melancholy, possible incest, and vampirism. An incestuous relationship between Roderick and Madeline is never explicitly stated, but seems implied by the strange attachment between the two.[15]

text: Opium, which Poe mentions several times in both his prose and poems, is mentioned twice in the tale. The gloomy sensation occasioned by the dreary landscape around the Usher mansion is compared by the narrator to the sickness caused by the withdrawal symptoms of an opiate-addict. The narrator also describes Roderick Usher's appearance as that of an "irreclaimable eater of opium."[16]

text: Allusions and references[edit]

text:
The opening epigraph quotes "Le Refus" (1831) by the French songwriter Pierre-Jean de Béranger, translated to English as "his heart is a suspended lute, as soon as it is touched, it resounds". Béranger's original text reads "Mon cœur" (my heart) and not "Son cœur" (his/her heart).
The narrator describes one of Usher's musical compositions as "a ... singular perversion and amplification of the wild air of the last waltz of Von Weber". Poe here refers to a popular piano work of his time — which, though going by the title "Weber's Last Waltz" was actually composed by Carl Gottlieb Reissiger.[17] A manuscript copy of the music was found among Weber's papers upon his death in 1826 and the work was mistakenly attributed to him.
Usher's painting reminds the narrator of the Swiss-born British painter Henry Fuseli.

text: Literary significance and criticism[edit]

text: Along with "The Tell-Tale Heart", "The Black Cat" and "The Cask of Amontillado", "The Fall of the House of Usher" is considered among Poe's most famous works of prose.[18]

text: This highly unsettling macabre work is recognized as a masterpiece of American Gothic literature. Indeed, as in many of his tales, Poe borrows much from the already developed Gothic tradition. Still, as G. R. Thomson writes in his Introduction to Great Short Works of Edgar Allan Poe, "the tale has long been hailed as a masterpiece of Gothic horror; it is also a masterpiece of dramatic irony and structural symbolism."[19]

text: "The Fall of the House of Usher" has been criticized for being too formulaic. Poe was criticized for following his own patterns established in works like "Morella" and "Ligeia," using stock characters in stock scenes and stock situations. Repetitive themes like an unidentifiable disease, madness, and resurrection are also criticized.[20] Washington Irving explained to Poe in a letter dated November 6, 1839, "You have been too anxious to present your pictures vividly to the eye, or too distrustful of your effect, and had laid on too much colouring. It is erring on the best side--the side of luxuriance."[21]

text: John McAleer maintained that the idea for "objectifying Ahab's flawed character" came from the "evocative force" of Poe's 'The Fall of the House of Usher.' In both Ahab and the house of Usher, the appearance of fundamental soundness is visibly flawed — by Ahab's livid scar, and by the fissure in the masonry of Usher.[22]

text: In other media[edit]

text: La Chute de la maison Usher is a 1928 silent French horror film directed by Jean Epstein starring Marguerite Gance, Jean Debucourt, and Charles Lamy. Actress Gwendoline Watford made her film debut playing Lady Usher in The Fall of the House of Usher, a British black and white film version made in 1947 but not released until 1950.[citation needed]

text: In the low-budget Roger Corman B-film from 1960, known in the United States as House of Usher starring Vincent Price as Roderick Usher, the narrator is Philip Winthrop (Mark Damon), who had fallen in love with the sickly Madeline (Myrna Fahey) during her brief residence in Boston and become engaged to her. As Roderick reveals, the Usher family has a history of evil and cruelty so great that he and Madeline pledged in their youth never to have children and to allow their family to die with them. Winthrop tries desperately to convince Madeline to leave with him in spite of Roderick's disapproval, and is on the point of succeeding when Madeline falls into a deathlike catalepsy; her brother (who knows that she is still alive) convinces Winthrop that she is dead and rushes to have her placed in the family crypt. When she wakes up, Madeline goes insane from being buried alive and breaks free. She confronts her brother and begins throttling him to death. Suddenly the house, already aflame due to fallen coals from the fire, begins to collapse, and Winthrop flees as Roderick is killed by Madeline and both she and the Ushers' sole servant are consumed by the falling house. The film was Corman's first in a series of eight films inspired by the works of Edgar Allan Poe.

text: Another monochrome version appeared on British television in 1966 as part of the first series of Mystery and Imagination (1966–68) starring Denholm Elliott as Roderick Usher. It's one of only two surviving episodes of the otherwise lost first series (the other being "The Open Door" starring Jack Hawkins. It is available on the Network DVD label in the UK. It was filmed on studio sets, recorded on videotape and broadcast on ITV on 12 February 1966.[citation needed]

text: A devout fan of the works of Poe, cult director Curtis Harrington tackled the story in his first and last films. Casting himself in dual roles as Roderick and Madeline Usher in both versions, Harrington shot his original 10-minute silent short on 8mm in 1942,[23] and he shot a new 36 minute version simply titled Usher on 35mm[23] in 2000 which he intended to utilize in a longer Poe anthology film that never came to fruition.[24] Both versions were included on the 2013 DVD/Blu-ray release Curtis Harrington: The Short Film Collection.

text: In the early 1970s, Steven Berkoff worked on a theatrical adaptation called 'The Fall of the House of Usher' whose 35 brief scenes follow closely the course of Poe's story. Published by Amber Lane Press, it was performed at the Edinburgh Festival in 1974 and subsequently at the Hampstead Theatre Club in 1975.[citation needed]

text: In 2002 Lance Tait wrote a one-act play The Fall of the House of Usher, based on Poe's tale. Laura Grace Pattillo wrote in The Edgar Allan Poe Review (2006), "[Tait's] play follows Poe's original story quite closely, using a female Chorus figure to help further the tale as the 'Friend' (as Tait names the narrator) alternates between monologue and conversation with Usher."[25]

text: The Fall of the House of Usher (2015), narrated by Christopher Lee, animated short film which is part of Extraordinary Tales[26][27]

text: Between 1908-17, French composer Claude Debussy worked on an opera called La chute de la maison Usher. The libretto was his own, based on Poe, and the work was to be a companion piece to another short opera (Le diable dans le beffroi) based on Poe's "The Devil in the Belfry". At Debussy's death the work was unfinished, however. In recent years completions have been attempted by three different musicologists.[citation needed]

text: Another operatic version, composed by Philip Glass in 1987 with a libretto by Arthur Yorinks, premiered at the American Repertory Theatre and the Kentucky Opera in 1988 and was revived at the Nashville Opera in 2009.[28] The Long Beach Opera mounted a version of this work in February 2013 at the Warner Grand Theatre in San Pedro, Los Angeles.[29]

text: In 2008, a musical theatre adaptation ("Usher") written by two Yale students (Sarah Hirsch and Molly Fox) won the Best Musical award at the New York International Fringe Festival.[30][31][32]

text: Dave Malloy's 2014 song cycle Ghost Quartet includes, amongst other interwoven narratives a retelling of the story, with several major changes. These changes include the presence of two Usher children, and the moving of Roderick's symptoms to his wife, Lady Usher.[33]


document_title: History of the Supreme Court of the United States

question_text: in what case did the us supreme court hand down its first opinion on august the 3rd 1791

text: The Jay, Rutledge, and Ellsworth Courts (1789–1801)[edit]

text: The first Chief Justice of the United States was John Jay; the Court's first docketed case was Van Staphorst v. Maryland (1791), and its first recorded decision was West v. Barnes (1791).[2] Perhaps the most controversial of the Supreme Court's early decisions was Chisholm v. Georgia, in which it held that the federal judiciary could hear lawsuits against states. Soon thereafter, responding to the concerns of several states, Congress proposed the Eleventh Amendment, which granted states immunity from certain types of lawsuits in federal courts. The Amendment was ratified in 1795.

text: Jay was succeeded as Chief Justice by John Rutledge, and then by Oliver Ellsworth. No major cases came before the Supreme Court during this time.

text: The Marshall Court (1801–1835)[edit]

text:
“
The Constitution . . . is a mere thing of wax in the hands of the judiciary, which they may twist and shape into any form they please.
”

— Thomas Jefferson, about the Marshall Court, [3][4]

text: One of the most significant periods during the history of the Court was the tenure of Chief Justice John Marshall (1801 to 1835). In the landmark case Marbury v. Madison (1803), Marshall held that the Supreme Court could overturn a law passed by Congress if it violated the Constitution, legally cementing the power of judicial review. The Marshall Court also made several important decisions relating to federalism. Marshall took a broad view of the powers of the federal government—in particular, the interstate commerce clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause. For instance, in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the Court ruled that the interstate commerce clause and other clauses permitted Congress to create a national bank, even though the power to create a bank is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution. Similarly, in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), the Court found that the interstate commerce clause permitted Congress to regulate interstate navigation.

text: The Marshall Court also made several decisions restraining the actions of state governments. The notion that the Supreme Court could consider appeals from state courts was established in Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816) and Cohens v. Virginia (1821). In several decisions, the Marshall Court confirmed the supremacy of federal laws over state laws. For example, in McCulloch, the Court held that a state could not tax an agency of the federal government. At the same time, however, the Marshall Court held in the landmark case Barron v. Baltimore (1833) that the Bill of Rights restricted the federal government alone, and did not apply to the states. Nonetheless, the Supreme Court would in later years hold that the Fourteenth Amendment had the effect of applying most provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states.

text: Marshall's forceful personality allowed him to steer his fellow Justices; only once did he find himself on the losing side in a constitutional case. In that case (Ogden v. Saunders in 1827), Marshall set forth his general principles of constitutional interpretation:[5]

text:
“
To say that the intention of the instrument must prevail; that this intention must be collected from its words; that its words are to be understood in that sense in which they are generally used by those for whom the instrument was intended; that its provisions are neither to be restricted into insignificance, nor extended to objects not comprehended in them, nor contemplated by its framers; -- is to repeat what has been already said more at large, and all that can be necessary.
”

text: Marshall was in the dissenting minority only eight times throughout his tenure at the Court, partly because of his influence over the associate justices. As Oliver Wolcott observed when both he and Marshall served in the Adams administration, Marshall had the knack of "putting his own ideas into the minds of others, unconsciously to them".[6] However, he regularly curbed his own viewpoints, preferring to arrive at decisions by consensus.[7] He adjusted his role to accommodate other members of the court as they developed.

text: Marshall had charm, humor, a quick intelligence, and the ability to bring men together. His sincerity and presence commanded attention. His opinions were workmanlike but not especially eloquent or subtle. His influence on learned men of the law came from the charismatic force of his personality, and his ability to seize upon the key elements of a case and make highly persuasive arguments. Together with his vision of the future greatness of the nation, these qualities are apparent in his historic decisions and gave him the sobriquet, The Great Chief Justice.[8][9][10]

text: Marshall ran a congenial court; there was seldom any bickering. The Court met in Washington only two months a year, from the first Monday in February through the second or third week in March. Six months of the year the justices were doing circuit duty in the various states. Marshall was therefore based in Richmond, his hometown, for most of the year. When the Court was in session in Washington, the justices boarded together in the same rooming house, avoided outside socializing, and discussed each case intently among themselves. Decisions were quickly made usually in a matter of days. Marshall wrote nearly half the decisions during his 33 years in office. Lawyers appearing before the court, including the most brilliant in the United States, typically gave oral arguments and did not present written briefs. The justices did not have clerks, so they listened closely to the oral arguments, and decided among themselves what the decision should be. The court issued only one decision; the occasional dissenter did not issue a separate opinion.[11]

text: While Marshall was very good at listening to the oral briefs, and convincing the other justices of his interpretation of the law, he was not widely read in the law, and seldom cited precedents. After the Court came to a decision, he would usually write it up himself. Often he asked Justice Story, a renowned legal scholar, to do the chores of locating the precedents, saying, "There, Story; that is the law of this case; now go and find the authorities."[12]

text: The Taney Court (1836–1864)[edit]

text: In 1836, Marshall was succeeded as Chief Justice by Roger B. Taney, who had a somewhat more limited view of the powers of the federal government. At a time when sectional tensions between the North and South were high, many of the Supreme Court's decisions—particularly those relating to slavery—met with controversy and contention. Most controversial was the Taney Court's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). Dred Scott, a slave from Missouri, sued for his freedom on the grounds that his master had taken him into Illinois and the territory of Wisconsin, both of which prohibited slavery, for extended periods of time. Taney, however, ruled that members of the African race were not and could never become citizens of the United States. Consequently, he ruled that Scott therefore had no standing to file the lawsuit. Moreover, he held that the Missouri Compromise, under which Congress prohibited slavery in certain territories that formed part of the Louisiana Purchase, was unconstitutional. The controversial decision met with outrage from abolitionists, and contributed to the tensions that led to the Civil War during the next decade.

text: The Chase, Waite, and Fuller Courts (1864–1910)[edit]

text: In the midst of the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln appointed Salmon P. Chase to be Chief Justice. Chase had strong anti-slavery credentials and had previously served Lincoln as Secretary of the Treasury. His post-Civil War tenure featured several key decisions affirming the indestructibility of the Union. Chase was considered highly ambitious, even for a politician. In 1872, Chase, while serving on the Supreme Court, ran for the Presidency, but his efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. Chase continued to serve as Chief Justice until his death in 1873.

text: In the aftermath of the Civil War Congress passed and the states ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, which, among other things, prevented states from abridging the "privileges and immunities of citizens," from denying due process of law, and from denying equal protection of the laws to any person. Many cases that came before the Court in the post–Civil War era involved interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment. In the Civil Rights Cases (1883), the Court under Chief Justice Morrison Waite held that Congress could not prohibit racial discrimination by private individuals (as opposed to governments) on the grounds of the Fourteenth Amendment. Later, in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Court under Chief Justice Melville Fuller determined that the equal protection clause did not prohibit racial segregation in public facilities, as long as the facilities were equal (giving rise to the infamous term "separate but equal"). The sole dissenter in that case was John Marshall Harlan.[13]

text: The White and Taft courts (1910–1930)[edit]

text: In the early twentieth century, the Supreme Court established that the Fourteenth Amendment protected the "liberty of contract." On the grounds of the Fourteenth Amendment and other provisions of the Constitution, it controversially overturned many state and federal laws designed to protect employees. The first important decision of the era was Lochner v. New York (1905), in which the Court overturned a New York law limiting the number of hours bakers could work each week. In Adair v. United States (1908), the Court overruled a federal law which forbade "yellow dog contracts" (contracts that prohibited workers from joining unions). Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923) involved a decision that a District of Columbia minimum wage law was unconstitutional.

text: In 1925, the Supreme Court made a landmark ruling in Gitlow v. New York, establishing the doctrine of incorporation, under which provisions of the Bill of Rights were deemed to restrict the states. Originally, as Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in Barron v. Baltimore (1833), the Bill of Rights restricted only the federal government; however, during the twentieth century, the Supreme Court held in a series of decisions the Fourteenth Amendment had the effect of applying some (but not all) provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states. The first such decision was Gitlow, in which the Supreme Court incorporated the protection of freedom of speech afforded by the First Amendment. Important decisions relating to incorporations were made during later decades, especially the 1960s.

text: The Hughes, Stone, and Vinson courts (1930–1953)[edit]

text: During the 1930s, the Supreme Court contained both a solid liberal bloc and a conservative bloc of Justices. The four conservative Justices, known as "The Four Horsemen," were James McReynolds, George Sutherland, Willis Van Devanter and Pierce Butler. Their liberal opponents on the bench—Louis Brandeis, Benjamin Cardozo and Harlan Stone—were conversely known "The Three Musketeers", while Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes and Justice Owen Roberts controlled the balance by serving as the swing votes. Hughes, as a progressive Republican, tended to side with the Four Horsemen, as he did in Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States, whilst Roberts was also swayed to the side of the conservatives.

text: As a result, The Court continued to enforce a Federal laissez-faire approach, overturning many of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs, which were designed to combat the Great Depression, by 5–4 margins. Most notably, the National Industrial Recovery Act was overturned in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935), and the Agricultural Adjustment Act was struck down in United States v. Butler (1936). In response, President Roosevelt proposed the Judiciary Reorganization Bill (called the "court-packing bill" by its opponents), which would have increased the size of the Supreme Court and permitted the appointment of additional (presumably pro-New Deal) Justices. The bill, however, had many opponents, including Roosevelt's own Vice President John Nance Garner, and was defeated in Congress.

text: Soon after the proposal of the court-packing plan, however, the Supreme Court ended the trend that had prevailed since Lochner. Justice Roberts, who had previously voted with the conservative bloc in invalidating New Deal legislation, began to vote on the opposite side. Roberts' decision spelled the end of the Lochner era and has been dubbed the "switch in time that saved nine." As the Horsemen retired, Roosevelt, the longest-serving President in history, availed repeatedly of opportunity to replace them with more liberal Justices. After Hughes retired, Stone—The last remaining "Musketeer"—was appointed by Roosevelt to be elevated to the position of Chief Justice. In 1945, eight of the nine sitting Justices had been appointed by President Roosevelt, the sole exception being Owen Roberts.

text: The Warren Court (1953–1969)[edit]

text: In 1953, President Dwight David Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren, who was then governor of California, to the position of Chief Justice. Warren's term, which lasted until 1969, was arguably one of the most significant in the history of the Court. Under him, the Court made a long series of landmark decisions. Notable members of the liberal wing of the Court aside from Warren included Hugo Black, William O. Douglas (the longest-serving Justice in the Court's history) and William J. Brennan. The foremost conservative members of the Court were Felix Frankfurter and John Marshall Harlan II (grandson of the first Justice Harlan). The first important case of Warren's tenure was Brown v. Board of Education (1954), in which the Court unanimously declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional, effectively reversing the precedent set earlier in Plessy v. Ferguson and other cases.

text: The Warren Court also made several controversial decisions relating to the Bill of Rights. The doctrine of incorporation, which had first taken root in Gitlow v. New York, was applied fully to most provisions of the Bill of Rights. In Engel v. Vitale (1962), the Court declared that officially sanctioned prayer in public schools was unconstitutional under the First Amendment. Similarly, in Abington School District v. Schempp (1963), it struck down mandatory Bible readings in public schools. The Court also expanded and incorporated the rights of criminal defendants, on the basis of the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments. In Mapp v. Ohio (1961), the Court incorporated the Fourth Amendment and ruled that illegally seized evidence could not be used in a trial. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) established that states were required to provide attorneys to indigent defendants. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) held that the police must inform suspects of their rights (including the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney) before being interrogated. (The decision is the source of the famous Miranda warning.) Another significant and controversial decision made by the Warren Court was Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), which established that the Constitution protected the right to privacy.

text: The Burger Court (1969–1986)[edit]

text: Chief Justice Earl Warren was succeeded by Warren E. Burger, who served from 1969 to 1986. The Burger Court is best remembered for its ruling in Roe v. Wade (1973), which held that there is a constitutionally protected right to have an abortion in some circumstances. The Court also made important decisions relating to the First Amendment. In Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), it established the "Lemon test" for determining if legislation violates the establishment clause. Similarly, it established the "Miller test" for laws banning obscenity in Miller v. California (1973).

text: Other rulings include Landmark Communications v. Virginia in which the court ruled for fining a newspaper for revealing the identity of a judge under investigation by state commissioner H. Warrington Sharp. The Burger Court also established a moratorium on capital punishment in Furman v. Georgia (1972), holding that states generally awarded death sentences arbitrarily and inconsistently. The moratorium, however, was lifted four years later in Gregg v. Georgia (1976). Also in United States v. Nixon (1974), the court ruled that the courts have the final voice in determining constitutional questions and that no person, not even the President of the United States, is completely above law.

text: The Rehnquist Court (1986–2005)[edit]

text: Chief Justice William Rehnquist served from Burger's retirement in 1986 until his own death on September 3, 2005. The Rehnquist Court generally took a limited view of Congress's powers under the commerce clause, as exemplified by United States v. Lopez (1995). The Court made numerous controversial decisions, including Texas v. Johnson (1989), which declared that flag burning was a form of speech protected by the First Amendment; Lee v. Weisman (1992), which declared officially-sanctioned, student-led school prayers unconstitutional; Stenberg v. Carhart (2000), which voided laws prohibiting late-term abortions; and Lawrence v. Texas (2003), which struck down laws prohibiting sodomy. (Some commentators see these decisions as part of the "culture wars.") Another controversial decision of the Rehnquist court in 2003 was Grutter v. Bollinger which upheld affirmative action. Perhaps the most controversial decision made by the Court came in Bush v. Gore (2000), which ended election recounts in Florida following the presidential election of 2000, allowing George W. Bush to become the forty-third U.S. President.

text: Rehnquist led a remarkably stable Court - for the eleven years preceding Rehnquist's death, the composition of the Court remained unchanged - the longest such stretch in over 180 years.[14]

text: The Roberts Court (2005–)[edit]

text: Chief Justice John G. Roberts was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 29, 2005, and presided over the Court for the first time on October 3, 2005, the day the 2005–2006 session opened. On October 31, 2005, President George W. Bush announced that he was nominating Samuel Alito to replace retiring Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, and Bush submitted the nomination to the Senate on November 10, 2005. Under Roberts the Court has drifted primarily to the right in areas like the death penalty (Kansas v. Marsh), abortion (Gonzales v. Carhart), the exclusionary rule for Fourth Amendment violations (Hudson v. Michigan), and campaign-finance regulation (Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission). On November 20, 2007, the Court agreed to hear a case, District of Columbia v. Heller, that was regarded as the first important and historically significant decision on the Second Amendment to the Constitution since 1875. On March 18, 2008, the Supreme Court heard arguments concerning the constitutionality of a District of Columbia ban on handguns.[15] On June 26, 2008, the Supreme Court ruled that "The Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia, and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home."[16]

text: On August 8, 2009, Sonia Sotomayor became the first Hispanic-American to serve on the Supreme Court after being nominated by Barack Obama and confirmed by the Senate to replace the retiring Justice David Souter. On May 10, 2010, President Obama nominated Elena Kagan to replace the retiring Justice John Paul Stevens. She was confirmed on August 7, 2010. On January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Neil Gorsuch to replace the late Justice Antonin Scalia, who died on February 13, 2016. Gorsuch was confirmed on April 7, 2017. This marks the first time that there's one justice who is neither a Roman Catholic nor a Protestant (five Catholics, three Jews, and one raised Catholic but attends an Episcopalian Church).


document_title: Book of Jasher (biblical references)

question_text: where is the book of jasher mentioned in the bible

text: Book of Jasher (biblical references)

text: Biblical references[edit]

text: The book appears to be referenced from around the reign of David. 2 Samuel 1:18 states:

text: David's lament for Jonathan immediately follows.[1] The King James Version of the English Bible has the phrase "the use of" in italics, showing that it is material the translator(s) added in order to render the original text into what they considered understandable and comfortable English. Other versions, such as the English Standard Version, indicate that what David taught the people was The Bow, that is, a poetic lament regarding the death of Saul and Jonathan.[2] If the interpretation offered in the ESV footnote is to be accepted, then The Bow is a lament or a tune that was — at the time of the composition of the Book of Samuel — also included in the extra-canonical Book of Jashar.

text: The Book of Jasher is also mentioned in the Biblical Book of Joshua amid the descriptions of Joshua's military exploits in the land of Canaan, specifically after Adonizedek, king of Jerusalem, and his allies attacked Gibeon for allying themselves with Israel and Joshua and the Israelites came to Gibeon's aid (Joshua 9-10). When "YHWH gave the Amorites over to the sons of Israel", Joshua told the sun to stand still over Gibeon and the moon to stand still over Valley of Aijalon (Joshua 9:1-2). Then the Book of Joshua 10:13 states:

text: The presence of this event in a book of poetry has been interpreted as a poetic description of the prolonged battle.[4] Some think the reference to the Book of Jashar was inserted because Joshua wanted to show to those who disbelieved the event that others, besides himself, accepted it and recorded it, thus authenticating the event.[citation needed]

text: The Septuagint translation renders sefer hayashar in both cases as 'Book of the Just'. The reference to the bow is here missing, so that the text reads:

text: According to the Medieval Jewish scholar Rashi, Sefer HaYashar refers to the Pentateuch, as a fulfillment of Jacob's prophecy regarding Ephraim — “His seed will fill the nations” (Gen. 48:19) — and that this prophecy refers to Joshua's renown after the miracle of the standing of the sun.[6]


document_title: Schitt's Creek

question_text: who plays the mom in schitt's creek

question_tokens: who plays the mom in schitt 's creek

text: Schitt's Creek

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series stars Eugene Levy as Johnny Rose, a wealthy video store magnate, and Catherine O'Hara as his wife Moira, a formerly successful soap star. The family loses their fortune when their business manager fails to pay their taxes. They are forced to rebuild their lives with their sole remaining asset: a small town named Schitt's Creek which they had  bought their son as a joke birthday gift years before. The story revolves around the family's life living in two adjacent rooms of a rundown motel with their pampered twenty-something adult children, David and Alexis, played by Dan Levy and Annie Murphy respectively.[12] Additional cast includes Chris Elliott,[12] Jennifer Robertson and Emily Hampshire. The show is based on a series of situations contrasting the once-rich family and their worldly big-city attitudes with sudden small-town living and the honest, down-to-earth, hard-working residents of Schitt's Creek.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series is filmed on location in Goodwood, Ontario, the Regional Municipality of Durham of the Greater Toronto Area, and Mono, Ontario, where the motel scenes are filmed.[13] The interior scenes for the first two seasons were filmed at Pinewood Toronto Studios in Toronto,[14] while the interior scenes for the third season were shot at Dufferin Gate Studios in Toronto.[15]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Eugene Levy as Johnny Rose
Catherine O'Hara as Moira Rose
Dan Levy as David Rose
Annie Murphy as Alexis Rose
Chris Elliott as Roland Schitt, the mayor
Jennifer Robertson as Jocelyn Schitt, the mayor's wife
Emily Hampshire as Stevie Budd, the motel clerk (and later, motel owner)
Tim Rozon as Mutt Schitt
Sarah Levy as Twyla Sands, the diner waitress
Dustin Milligan as Ted Mullens, the town's veterinarian[16]
Robin Duke as Wendy Kurtz, dress shop owner who employed David (Season 2 only)[17]
Rizwan Manji as Ray Butani, the only real estate agent in town and a member of the town council
John Hemphill as Bob Currie, proprietor of Bob's Garage and a member of the town council
Karen Robinson as Ronnie Lee, a member of the town council
Steve Lund as Jake
Jasmin Geljo as Ivan
Noah Reid as Patrick

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired113January 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)March 31, 2015 (2015-03-31)213January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)March 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)313January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)412 (+1)January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)

text: Reception[edit]

text: Schitt's Creek has received mixed reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes the first season has a rating of 59%, based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 6.38/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "The title is one of the best jokes of Schitt's Creek, but performances from Eugene Levy and Catherine O'Hara give the writing a comedic boost."[18] On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 64 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[19]

text: Reactions from Canadian reviewers have ranged from raves to pans. Vinon Minay of the Toronto Star wrote that the show "is not just a welcome addition to prime time: it is one of the best CBC comedies in years."[20] John Doyle of The Globe and Mail, however, sharply criticized the show saying "Schitt’s Creek is droll? Try smug and self-satisfied....There is no edge to Schitt's Creek. It's cozy comedy and perhaps the tightness of the ensemble – bound by family, old alliances – blinds then to the lack of hilarity in what they're doing. Comedy is hard and the show is soft-core comedy." Doyle concluded saying "Many viewers will approach Schitt's Creek with advance affection. They will relish seeing Eugene Levy and Catherine O'Hara working together again. They will savour the father/son dynamic between Eugene and Dan Levy. That's peachy too. But it will camouflage the fact that the show is as anodyne and polite as the feel-good remarks made by its stars when asked about it. It's nice and it's droll, but it fails."[21]

text: After being picked up by Pop, American reception has been similarly mixed. The Los Angeles Times described the show as "very funny, beautifully played, sometimes touching and, though its premise is familiar — rich family loses money — quite its own animal."[22] and the New York Post stated that "The Levys nicely develop their fish-out-of-water concept by showing how the family tries to fit in out of necessity."[23]  On the other end of the spectrum, Mike Hale of The New York Times called Schitt's Creek "a show that’s drab and underwritten, with potentially amusing (if familiar) situations that never build to more than a chuckle or a nod of recognition: Yeah, that could have been funny."[24]

text: The series has also been noted for its portrayal of a pansexual character, played by Dan Levy.[25][26]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: In 2015, Schitt's Creek's first season received two Directors Guild of Canada awards from three nominations. At the 2016 ceremony, season one received nine Canadian Screen Awards from 16 nominations. Schitt's Creek's second season has received a total of 13 nominations at the 5th Canadian Screen Awards.[27]

text: International broadcast[edit]

text: The series was picked up in the United States by Pop and premiered on February 11, 2015.[28][29] The show has also been picked up in New Zealand by TV2 and TVNZ on Demand.[30] The four seasons appear, though not always together, on different streaming television services worldwide.  Netflix UK, Ireland, South Africa and Australia carries all series. In India, the show is broadcast on Comedy Central India.


document_title: History of rugby union matches between England and Scotland

question_text: when did scotland last beat england in rugby union

text: Calcutta Cup[edit]

text: The Calcutta Cup has been the trophy for the annual fixture between the teams since 1879 and is currently played for in the Six Nations Championship match.

text: Summary[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text:
Details
Played
Won by
 England
Won by
 Scotland
Drawn
England points
Scotland points

In England
66
45
14
7
944
543

In Scotland
69
29
29
11
676
632

Neutral venue
1
1
0
0
16
12

Overall
136
75
43
18
1,636
1,187

text: Records[edit]

text: Note: Date shown in brackets indicates when the record was or last set.

text:
Record
England
Scotland

Longest winning streak
10 (16 Feb 1991–2 Apr 2000)
4 (21 Mar 1970–17 Mar 1973)

Largest points for

Home
61 (11 March 2017)
33 (15 February 1986)

Away
35 (21 February 2004)
22 (19 March 2005)

Largest winning margin

Home
40 (3 March 2001, 11 March 2017)
27 (15 February 1986)

Away
26 (2 February 2002)
15 (9 March 1901)

text: Results[edit]

text:
No.
Date
Venue
Score
Winner
Competition

1
27 March 1871
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
1G – 0
 Scotland
1871 Scotland versus England rugby union match

2
5 February 1872
Kennington Oval, London
2G – 1G
 England
1871-72 Home Nations rugby union matches

3
3 March 1873
West of Scotland F.C., Glasgow
0 – 0
draw
1872-73 Home Nations rugby union matches

4
23 February 1874
Kennington Oval, London
1G – 0
 England
1873-74 Home Nations rugby union matches

5
8 March 1875
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
0 – 0
draw
1874-75 Home Nations rugby union matches

6
6 March 1876
Kennington Oval, London
1G – 0
 England
1875-76 Home Nations rugby union matches

7
5 March 1877
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
1G – 0
 Scotland
1876-77 Home Nations rugby union matches

8
4 March 1878
Kennington Oval, London
0 – 0
draw
1877-78 Home Nations rugby union matches

9
10 March 1879
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
1G – 1G
draw
1878-79 Home Nations rugby union matches

10
28 February 1880
Whalley Range, Manchester
2G – 1G
 England
1879-80 Home Nations rugby union matches

11
19 March 1881
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
1G – 1G
draw
1880-81 Home Nations rugby union matches

12
4 March 1882
Whalley Range, Manchester
0 – 0G (2T)
 Scotland
1881-82 Home Nations rugby union matches

13
3 March 1883
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
(1T) 0G – 0G (2T)
 England
1883 Home Nations Championship

14
1 March 1884
Rectory Field, London
1G – 0
 England
1884 Home Nations Championship

15
13 March 1886
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
0 – 0
draw
1886 Home Nations Championship

16
5 March 1887
Whalley Range, Manchester
0 – 0
draw
1887 Home Nations Championship

17
1 March 1890
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
0 – 6
 England
1890 Home Nations Championship

18
7 March 1891
Athletic Ground, Richmond
3 – 9
 Scotland
1891 Home Nations Championship

19
6 March 1892
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
0 – 5
 England
1892 Home Nations Championship

20
4 March 1893
Headingley, Leeds
0 – 8
 Scotland
1893 Home Nations Championship

21
17 March 1894
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
6 – 0
 Scotland
1894 Home Nations Championship

22
9 March 1895
Athletic Ground, Richmond
3 – 6
 Scotland
1895 Home Nations Championship

23
14 March 1896
Hampden Park, Glasgow
11 – 0
 Scotland
1896 Home Nations Championship

24
13 March 1897
Fallowfield, Manchester
12 – 3
 England
1897 Home Nations Championship

25
12 March 1898
Powderhall, Scotland
3 – 3
draw
1898 Home Nations Championship

26
11 March 1899
Rectory Field, London
0 – 5
 Scotland
1899 Home Nations Championship

27
10 March 1900
Inverleith, Edinburgh
0 – 0
draw
1900 Home Nations Championship

28
9 March 1901
Rectory Field, London
3 – 18
 Scotland
1901 Home Nations Championship

29
15 March 1902
Inverleith, Edinburgh
3 – 6
 England
1902 Home Nations Championship

30
21 March 1903
Athletic Ground, Richmond
6 – 10
 Scotland
1903 Home Nations Championship

31
19 March 1904
Inverleith, Edinburgh
6 – 3
 Scotland
1904 Home Nations Championship

32
18 March 1905
Athletic Ground, Richmond
0 – 8
 Scotland
1905 Home Nations Championship

33
17 March 1906
Inverleith, Edinburgh
3 – 9
 England
1906 Home Nations Championship

34
16 March 1907
Rectory Field, England
3 – 8
 Scotland
1907 Home Nations Championship

35
21 March 1908
Inverleith, Edinburgh
16 – 10
 Scotland
1908 Home Nations Championship

36
20 March 1909
Athletic Ground, Richmond
8 – 18
 Scotland
1909 Home Nations Championship

37
19 March 1910
Inverleith, Edinburgh
5 – 14
 England
1910 Five Nations Championship

38
18 March 1911
Twickenham, London
13 – 8
 England
1911 Five Nations Championship

39
16 March 1912
Inverleith, Edinburgh
8 – 3
 Scotland
1912 Five Nations Championship

40
15 March 1913
Twickenham, London
3 – 0
 England
1913 Five Nations Championship

41
21 March 1914
Inverleith, Edinburgh
15 – 16
 England
1914 Five Nations Championship

42
20 March 1920
Twickenham, London
13 – 4
 England
1920 Five Nations Championship

43
19 March 1921
Inverleith, Edinburgh
0 – 18
 England
1921 Five Nations Championship

44
18 March 1922
Twickenham, London
11 – 5
 England
1922 Five Nations Championship

45
17 March 1923
Inverleith, Edinburgh
6 – 8
 England
1923 Five Nations Championship

46
15 March 1924
Twickenham, London
19 – 0
 England
1924 Five Nations Championship

47
21 March 1925
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
14 – 11
 Scotland
1925 Five Nations Championship

48
20 March 1926
Twickenham, London
9 – 17
 Scotland
1926 Five Nations Championship

49
19 March 1927
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
21 – 13
 Scotland
1927 Five Nations Championship

50
17 March 1928
Twickenham, London
6 – 0
 England
1928 Five Nations Championship

51
16 March 1929
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
12 – 6
 Scotland
1929 Five Nations Championship

52
15 March 1930
Twickenham, London
0 – 0
  draw
1930 Five Nations Championship

53
21 March 1931
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
28 – 19
 Scotland
1931 Five Nations Championship

54
19 March 1932
Twickenham, London
16 – 3
 England
1932 Home Nations Championship

55
18 March 1933
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
3 – 0
 Scotland
1933 Home Nations Championship

56
17 March 1934
Twickenham, London
6 – 3
 England
1934 Home Nations Championship

57
16 March 1935
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
10 – 7
 Scotland
1935 Home Nations Championship

58
21 March 1936
Twickenham, London
9 – 8
 England
1936 Home Nations Championship

59
20 March 1937
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
3 – 6
 England
1937 Home Nations Championship

60
19 March 1938
Twickenham, London
16 – 21
 Scotland
1938 Home Nations Championship

61
18 March 1939
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6 – 9
 England
1939 Home Nations Championship

62
15 March 1947
Twickenham, London
24 – 5
 England
1947 Five Nations Championship

63
20 March 1948
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6 – 3
 Scotland
1948 Five Nations Championship

64
19 March 1949
Twickenham, London
19 – 3
 England
1949 Five Nations Championship

65
18 March 1950
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
13 – 11
 Scotland
1950 Five Nations Championship

66
17 March 1951
Twickenham, London
5 – 3
 England
1951 Five Nations Championship

67
15 March 1952
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
3 – 19
 England
1952 Five Nations Championship

68
21 March 1953
Twickenham, London
26 – 8
 England
1953 Five Nations Championship

69
20 March 1954
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
3 – 13
 England
1954 Five Nations Championship

70
19 March 1955
Twickenham, London
9 – 6
 England
1955 Five Nations Championship

71
17 March 1956
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6 – 11
 England
1956 Five Nations Championship

72
16 March 1957
Twickenham, London
16 – 3
 England
1957 Five Nations Championship

73
15 March 1958
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
3 – 3
  draw
1958 Five Nations Championship

74
21 March 1959
Twickenham, London
3 – 3
  draw
1959 Five Nations Championship

75
19 March 1960
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
12 – 21
 England
1960 Five Nations Championship

76
18 March 1961
Twickenham, London
6 – 0
 England
1961 Five Nations Championship

77
17 March 1962
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
3 – 3
  draw
1962 Five Nations Championship

78
16 March 1963
Twickenham, London
10 – 8
 England
1963 Five Nations Championship

79
21 March 1964
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
15 – 6
 Scotland
1964 Five Nations Championship

80
20 March 1965
Twickenham, London
3 – 3
  draw
1965 Five Nations Championship

81
19 March 1966
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6 – 3
 Scotland
1966 Five Nations Championship

82
18 March 1967
Twickenham, London
27 – 14
 England
1967 Five Nations Championship

83
16 March 1968
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6 – 8
 England
1968 Five Nations Championship

84
15 March 1969
Twickenham, London
8 – 3
 England
1969 Five Nations Championship

85
21 March 1970
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
14 – 5
 Scotland
1970 Five Nations Championship

86
20 March 1971
Twickenham, London
15 – 16
 Scotland
1971 Five Nations Championship

87
27 March 1971
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
26 – 6
 Scotland
RFU centenary match

88
18 March 1972
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
23 – 9
 Scotland
1972 Five Nations Championship

89
17 March 1973
Twickenham, London
20 – 13
 England
1973 Five Nations Championship

90
2 February 1974
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
16 – 14
 Scotland
1974 Five Nations Championship

91
15 March 1975
Twickenham, London
7 – 6
 England
1975 Five Nations Championship

92
21 February 1976
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
22 – 12
 Scotland
1976 Five Nations Championship

93
15 January 1977
Twickenham, London
26 – 6
 England
1977 Five Nations Championship

94
4 March 1978
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
0 – 15
 England
1978 Five Nations Championship

95
3 February 1979
Twickenham, London
7 – 7
  draw
1979 Five Nations Championship

96
15 March 1980
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
18 – 30
 England
1980 Five Nations Championship

97
21 February 1981
Twickenham, London
23 – 17
 England
1981 Five Nations Championship

98
16 January 1982
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
9 – 9
  draw
1982 Five Nations Championship

99
5 March 1983
Twickenham, London
12 – 22
 Scotland
1983 Five Nations Championship

100
4 February 1984
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
18 – 6
 Scotland
1984 Five Nations Championship

101
16 March 1985
Twickenham, London
10 – 7
 England
1985 Five Nations Championship

102
15 February 1986
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
33 – 6
 Scotland
1986 Five Nations Championship

103
4 April 1987
Twickenham, London
21 – 12
 England
1987 Five Nations Championship

104
5 March 1988
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6 – 9
 England
1988 Five Nations Championship

105
4 February 1989
Twickenham, London
12 – 12
  draw
1989 Five Nations Championship

106
17 March 1990
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
13 – 7
 Scotland
1990 Five Nations Championship

107
16 February 1991
Twickenham, London
21 – 12
 England
1991 Five Nations Championship

108
26 October 1991
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6 – 9
 England
1991 Rugby World Cup semi-final

109
18 January 1992
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
7 – 25
 England
1992 Five Nations Championship

110
6 March 1993
Twickenham, London
26 – 12
 England
1993 Five Nations Championship

111
5 February 1994
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
14 – 15
 England
1994 Five Nations Championship

112
18 March 1995
Twickenham, London
24 – 12
 England
1995 Five Nations Championship

113
2 March 1996
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
9 – 18
 England
1996 Five Nations Championship

114
1 February 1997
Twickenham, London
41 – 13
 England
1997 Five Nations Championship

115
22 March 1998
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
20 – 34
 England
1998 Five Nations Championship

116
20 February 1999
Twickenham, London
24 – 21
 England
1999 Five Nations Championship

117
2 April 2000
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
19 – 13
 Scotland
2000 Six Nations Championship

118
3 March 2001
Twickenham, London
43 – 3
 England
2001 Six Nations Championship

119
2 February 2002
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
3 – 29
 England
2002 Six Nations Championship

120
22 March 2003
Twickenham, London
40 – 9
 England
2003 Six Nations Championship

121
21 February 2004
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
13 – 35
 England
2004 Six Nations Championship

122
19 March 2005
Twickenham, London
43 – 22
 England
2005 Six Nations Championship

123
25 February 2006
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
18 – 12
 Scotland
2006 Six Nations Championship

124
3 February 2007
Twickenham, London
42 – 20
 England
2007 Six Nations Championship

125
8 March 2008
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
15 – 9
 Scotland
2008 Six Nations Championship

126
21 March 2009
Twickenham, London
26 – 12
 England
2009 Six Nations Championship

127
13 March 2010
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
15 – 15
  draw
2010 Six Nations Championship

128
13 March 2011
Twickenham, London
22 – 16
 England
2011 Six Nations Championship

129
1 October 2011
Eden Park, Auckland, New Zealand
16 – 12
 England
2011 Rugby World Cup

130
4 February 2012
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6 – 13
 England
2012 Six Nations Championship

131
2 February 2013
Twickenham, London
38 – 18
 England
2013 Six Nations Championship

132
8 February 2014
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
0 – 20
 England
2014 Six Nations Championship

133
14 March 2015
Twickenham, London
25 – 13
 England
2015 Six Nations Championship

134
6 February 2016
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
9 – 15
 England
2016 Six Nations Championship

135
11 March 2017
Twickenham, London
61 – 21
 England
2017 Six Nations Championship

136
24 February 2018
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
25 – 13
 Scotland
2018 Six Nations Championship

text: Breakdown[edit]

text: In the World Cup, the teams have played on two occasions, 1991 and 2011, with England winning both. In these games, England have scored 25 points, and Scotland 18.

text: In the Home Nations Championship (1871–1909 and 1932–1939), England played Scotland on 44 occasions, England winning 16, Scotland 19 and nine matches have been drawn. In these games, England have scored 149 points, and Scotland 204.

text: In the Five Nations (1910–1931 and 1947–1999), England played Scotland on 70 occasions, England winning 43, Scotland 19 and eight matches have been drawn. In these games, England have scored 946 points, and Scotland 688.

text: In the Six Nations (2000–present), England have played Scotland on 18 occasions, England winning 14, Scotland 4 and one match has been drawn. In these games, England have scored 514 points, and Scotland 257.

text: In other test matches, England have played Scotland on just one occasion, in 1971, at Murrayfield, to mark the 100th anniversary of the very first match played between England and Scotland at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh, with Scotland winning the match by 26 points to 6.