document_title: List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl

question_text: who sang star spangled banner for super bowl

text: Performances[edit]

text:
No.
Year
Venue
Performer(s)[1]

I
1967
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, California
The Pride of Arizona, Michigan Marching Band, and UCLA choir

II
1968
Orange Bowl, Miami
GSU Tiger Marching Band

III
1969
Lloyd Geisler of the Washington National Symphony Orchestra[2]
An NFL.com reference ([1]) states that Anita Bryant performed the anthem, but NBC's broadcast of game, available from the Paley Center for Media's collection, shows that Geisler performed it.

IV
1970
Tulane Stadium, New Orleans
Al Hirt

V
1971
Orange Bowl, Miami
Tommy Loy (trumpet)

VI
1972
Tulane Stadium, New Orleans
U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale

VII
1973
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Little Angels (children's choir) of Chicago's Holy Angels Church

VIII
1974
Rice Stadium, Houston, Texas
Charley Pride

IX
1975
Tulane Stadium, New Orleans
GSU Tiger Marching Band (2)

X
1976
Orange Bowl, Miami
Tom Sullivan

XI
1977
Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California
None (Vikki Carr sang "America the Beautiful")

XII
1978
Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans
Phyllis Kelly of Northeast Louisiana University

XIII
1979
Orange Bowl, Miami
The Colgate Thirteen

XIV
1980
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Cheryl Ladd

XV
1981
Superdome, New Orleans
Helen O'Connell

XVI
1982
Pontiac Silverdome, Pontiac, Michigan
Diana Ross

XVII
1983
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Leslie Easterbrook

XVIII
1984
Tampa Stadium, Tampa, Florida
Barry Manilow

XIX
1985
Stanford Stadium, Stanford, California
San Francisco Boys Chorus, San Francisco Girls Chorus, Piedmont Children's Chorus, and San Francisco Children's Chorus

XX
1986
Superdome, New Orleans
Wynton Marsalis (trumpet)

XXI
1987
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Neil Diamond

XXII
1988
Jack Murphy Stadium, San Diego
Herb Alpert (trumpet)

XXIII
1989
Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami
Billy Joel

XXIV
1990
Superdome, New Orleans
Aaron Neville

XXV
1991
Tampa Stadium, Tampa
Whitney Houston with The Florida Orchestra directed by Jahja Ling

XXVI
1992
Metrodome, Minneapolis
Harry Connick, Jr.
ASL (American Sign Language): Lori Hilary

XXVII
1993
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Garth Brooks
ASL: Marlee Matlin

XXVIII
1994
Georgia Dome, Atlanta
Natalie Cole
ASL: Courtney Keel Foley

XXIX
1995
Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami
Kathie Lee Gifford
ASL: Heather Whitestone

XXX
1996
Sun Devil Stadium, Tempe, Arizona
Vanessa L. Williams
ASL: Mary Kim Titla

XXXI
1997
Superdome, New Orleans
Luther Vandross
ASL: Erika Rachael Schwarz

XXXII
1998
Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego
Jewel
ASL: Phyllis Frelich

XXXIII
1999
Pro Player Stadium, Miami
Cher
ASL: Speaking Hands

XXXIV
2000
Georgia Dome, Atlanta
Faith Hill
ASL: Briarlake Elementary School Signing Choir

XXXV
2001
Raymond James Stadium, Tampa
Backstreet Boys
AASL: Tom Cooney

XXXVI
2002
Superdome, New Orleans
Mariah Carey
ASL: Joe Narcisse

XXXVII
2003
Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego
Dixie Chicks
ASL: Janet Maxwell

XXXVIII
2004
Reliant Stadium, Houston
Beyoncé
ASL: Suzanna Christy

XXXIX
2005
Alltel Stadium, Jacksonville, Florida
Combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Air Force Academy (2), and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets
ASL: Wesley Tallent

XL
2006
Ford Field, Detroit
Aaron Neville (2) and Aretha Franklin,
Dr. John (piano accompaniment)
ASL: Angela LaGuardia

XLI
2007
Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida
Billy Joel (2)
ASL: Marlee Matlin (2)

XLII
2008
University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona
Jordin Sparks
ASL: A Dreamer[3]

XLIII
2009
Raymond James Stadium, Tampa, Florida
Jennifer Hudson
ASL: Kristen Santos

XLIV
2010
Sun Life Stadium, Miami Gardens
Carrie Underwood
ASL: Kinesha Battles

XLV
2011
Cowboys Stadium, Arlington, Texas
Christina Aguilera
ASL: Candice Villesca[4]

XLVI
2012
Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis
Kelly Clarkson
ASL: Rachel Mazique[5]

XLVII
2013
Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans
Alicia Keys[6]
ASL: John Maucere[7]

XLVIII
2014
MetLife Stadium, East Rutherford, New Jersey
Renée Fleming
ASL: Amber Zion

XLIX
2015
University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona[8]
Idina Menzel
ASL: Treshelle Edmond[9]

50
2016
Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara, California
Lady Gaga
ASL: Marlee Matlin (3)[10]

LI
2017
NRG Stadium, Houston, Texas
Luke Bryan
ASL: Kriston Lee Pumphery[11].

LII
2018
U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Pink
ASL: Alexandria Wailes[12].

text: Multiple and hometown performances[edit]

text: Acts that have performed three times:

text: Marlee Matlin (ASL), (XXVII, XLI, and 50)

text: Acts that have performed two times:

text:
GSU Tiger Marching Band (II and IX)
Billy Joel (XXIII and XLI)
Aaron Neville (XXIV and XL)
U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale[13] (VI and XXXIX)

text: Singers that performed in or near their hometown metropolitan area:

text:
Beyoncé (XXXVIII, Houston)
Aretha Franklin (XL, Detroit)
Al Hirt (IV, New Orleans)
Aaron Neville (XXIV & XL, New Orleans)
Diana Ross (XVI, Detroit)
Jordin Sparks (XLII, Phoenix)

text: Notable performances[edit]

text: The performance by Whitney Houston at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, during the Gulf War, had been for many years regarded as one of the best renditions ever.[14][15][16][17][18][19] It was released as a single a few weeks later, appeared on the album Whitney: The Greatest Hits, and was re-released as a single in 2001 shortly after the September 11 attacks.

text: The 1992 performance marked the first time American Sign Language was used alongside the lead singer.

text: Faith Hill performed the anthem at Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000.[20] It became popular in country radio. Following the September 11 attacks, her version entered the country singles chart at number 35, despite not being released as an official single, and reentered the same chart at number 49 in July 2002.[citation needed]

text: At Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014, in an emotional and groundbreaking performance, soprano Renée Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the national anthem,[21] scoring the highest ratings for a Fox Network program in its history, and the second-highest ratings for any television program in history.

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Just days after Super Bowl XXV, a report surfaced that Whitney Houston lip synced her performance. It was confirmed that she was actually singing into a dead microphone, but the performance heard in the stadium and on television was prerecorded.[22][14][15]

text: Since 1993, the NFL has required performers to supply a backup track.[14] This came after Garth Brooks walked out of the stadium prior to his XXVII performance. Only 45 minutes before kickoff, he refused to take the stage, due to a dispute with NBC. Brooks requested that the network premiere his new music video "We Shall Be Free" during the pregame. The network chose not to air the video, due to content some felt was disturbing imagery. Brooks had also refused to pre-record the anthem, which meant the league had nothing to play if he left. Television producers spotted Jon Bon Jovi in the grandstands, and were prepared to use him as a replacement. After last-minute negotiations, NBC agreed to air a clip of the video during the broadcast of the game,[23] and Brooks was coaxed back into the stadium and sang.[19]

text: Following the "wardrobe malfunction" controversy during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004, all scheduled performers for Super Bowl XXXIX were chosen under heavy scrutiny.[24] Game organizers decided not to use a popular music vocalist.[25] The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the Naval Academy, Air Force Academy, Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets were invited to perform. This was the first time since the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 that all four service academies sang together.[13][26]

text: Two days after Super Bowl XLIII, it was revealed that Jennifer Hudson also had lip synced.[14]

text: At the beginning of Super Bowl XLV, Christina Aguilera sang the lyrics incorrectly. Instead of singing "O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming", the pop star sang "What so proudly we watched at the twilight's last gleaming".[27][28] According to the New York Times, she also changed "gleaming" to "reaming".[29]

text: Other patriotic performances[edit]

text: The following Super Bowls featured other patriotic performances besides the national anthem. Since 2009, "America the Beautiful" is sung before the national anthem.[30]

text:
1969: Apollo 8 crew
1970: Apollo astronauts
1973: Apollo 17 crew

text:
1977: Vikki Carr (in place of the national anthem)
2001: Ray Charles
2002: Mary J. Blige, Marc Anthony and the Boston Pops Orchestra
2005: Alicia Keys and a tribute video to the recently deceased Ray Charles
2009: Faith Hill
2010: Queen Latifah
2011: Lea Michele
2012: Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert
2013: Jennifer Hudson with the Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus[31][32]
2014: Queen Latifah with the New Jersey Youth Chorus
2015: John Legend [9]
2016: U.S. Armed Forces Chorus [33]
2017: Phillipa Soo, Renee Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones.[34]
2018: Leslie Odom Jr..[35].

text: 2003: Céline Dion


document_title: Samwell Tarly

question_text: where did sam go to become a maester

question_tokens: where did sam go to become a maester

root

text: Samwell Tarly

text: Character[edit]

text: Description[edit]

text: Samwell Tarly, called Sam, is the elder son of Lord Randyll Tarly of Horn Hill. Ten chapters throughout A Storm of Swords and A Feast for Crows are told from his point of view. In spite of his self-professed cowardice, Sam is highly intelligent, resourceful, and loyal. Randyll, renowned as one of Westeros' finest military commanders, tried to groom Sam as a worthy heir when he was young, but Sam's complete lack of martial abilities and his interest in scholarly pursuits ultimately forced Randyll to raise Sam's younger brother Dickon to take Sam's place instead. Randyll refused to let Sam join the Citadel to become a maester,[clarification needed] but instead forced him to join the Night's Watch, implying that he would have Sam killed and his death staged as a hunting accident if he refused. Sam agreed to join the Night's Watch.

tag: p

text: Creation and overview[edit]

text: Samwell Tarly is a background character in the first two novels of the series, and his actions and thoughts are interpreted by others point of view characters, like Jon Snow. He then becomes a point of view character in the novels, as of third novel, A Storm of Swords.[5] George R. R. Martin has said that the character Samwell Tarly is the closest to himself of all the characters he has written.[6] Asked why, Martin said in a 2014 interview because he's "the fat kid who likes to read books and doesn't like to go up a lot of stairs."[6]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: In the books[edit]

text: A Game of Thrones[edit]

text: Upon arriving at the Wall, Sam is soon bullied by Ser Alliser Thorne and the fellow recruits for his weight, shyness and clumsiness in training. Jon Snow takes pity on Sam and defends him in arms training. Later on, Sam confesses his life story to Jon, who sympathizes with Sam and secretly uses his influence among the recruits (making violent threats when necessary) to protect Sam from harm. When Sam fails to progress in fight training and is not deemed worthy to join the Night's Watch, Jon persuades Maester Aemon take in Sam as a personal steward assigned to help Aemon in the rookery and library.

text: Sam is the first person to notice something strange about the corpse of rangers Othor and Jafer Flowers (who are actually wights sent to assassinate Lord Commander Jeor Mormont). When Jon tries to abandon the Night's Watch to join Robb Stark's army and avenge the death of his father Eddard Stark, Sam alerts their fellow recruits, who catch up to Jon and convince to not break his vows to the Night's Watch.

text: A Clash of Kings[edit]

text: Sam takes part in the Great Ranging beyond the Wall, to take care of the ravens as Lord Commander Jeor Mormont's aide. While stopping at Craster's Keep, Sam befriends one of Craster's daughter-wives, Gilly. Gilly is pregnant and fears that, if her child is a boy, Craster will sacrifice him to the Others. Sam is horrified, but unable to help. Later, at camp at the Fist of the First Men, Sam and Jon's direwolf Ghost discover a cache of dragonglass daggers buried underground.

text: A Storm of Swords[edit]

text: The Night's Watch's camp at the Fist of the First Men comes under attack and is overwhelmed by an army of wights sent by the Others, with Sam one of the survivors who manage to break out. The survivors then flee to Craster's Keep, but Sam and two other brothers, Small Paul and Grenn, become separated from the group. They are attacked by an Other that kills Paul before Sam stabs it with a dragonglass dagger in desperation, killing it instantly. Sam and Grenn then regroup with the other survivors at Craster's Keep, where Gilly gives birth to a son. Soon after, a mutiny breaks out, and Mormont and Craster are among those killed in the fight. Sam flees with Gilly and her son, and are accosted by wights before being rescued by a mysterious man, Coldhands, who looks like a wight but is friendly and supposedly a fellow black brother. Coldhands takes them to the Nightfort and asks them to escort Bran Stark and his party through the Wall.

text: Sam and Gilly then encounter a group of black brothers led by Denys Mallister and Bowen Marsh and join them on the march to Castle Black. They arrive to find that Stannis Baratheon has defeated the Wildlings besieging Castle Black. Due to Lord Commander Mormont's death, the Night's Watch undergoes an election for a new leader. Mallister and Cotter Pyke are the leading candidates, but Janos Slynt, who Sam thinks will be a disastrous leader, is gaining popularity. When Stannis threatens to appoint a leader himself if the Watch cannot decide on a leader within a few days, Sam approaches Mallister and Pyke (who despise each other) independently, claiming that Stannis plans to name the other as Lord Commander, and suggesting that they both support Jon as middle-ground candidate instead. Thanks to Sam's machinations, Jon is elected Lord Commander with overwhelming majority vote.

text: A Feast for Crows[edit]

text: Jon sends Sam to Oldtown to become a Maester, accompanied by another brother, Dareon (who is appointed as a recruiter), Maester Aemon (who Jon fears will be sacrificed by Melisandre for his royal blood) and Gilly and her baby. During the voyage to Braavos, Gilly grows despondent, and Sam realises that Jon had swapped Gilly's baby with Mance Rayder's newborn son lest he be sacrificed as well. Aemon falls ill during the voyage and they are forced to spend their money on a healer and lodging in Braavos. In Braavos, Sam also encounters Arya Stark, though he does not realise her identity. Aemon hears of his great-grandniece Daenerys Targaryen and her dragons, and comes to believe that she fulfills the prophecy of a "prince that was promised", asking them to inform the Citadel. Dareon decides to desert and Sam fights him, before being thrown into a canal. He is rescued by a Summer Islander, Xhondo, who offers Sam and Gilly passage to Oldtown. Aemon ultimately passes away early in the journey, and Sam and Gilly briefly become lovers in their grief.

text: Sam plans to have Gilly sent to Horn Hill, with the baby passed off as Sam's bastard. Meanwhile, Sam arrives at Oldtown to meet with Archmaester Marwyn, telling him of Aemon's request. Marwyn resolves to travel to Slaver's Bay to meet with Daenerys, ordering Sam to keep his story secret from the other maesters.

text: In the show[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Sam is quickly identified as being soft and weak by Castle Black's master-at-arms Ser Alliser Thorne and suffers in sword-training until Jon Snow convinces the other new recruits to go easy on him. Sam is assigned to the order of stewards, to serve Maester Aemon. When Jon tries to abandon the Night's Watch, Sam follows with Pyp and Grenn and convinces Jon to remain loyal to the Night's Watch.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Sam joins the Night's Watch in the Great Ranging. Along the journey the party rests at Craster's Keep, where Sam encounters and falls in love with Craster's pregnant daughter-wife Gilly. While camping at the Fist of the First Men, Sam discovers a cache of weapons made from dragonglass. While Sam is out collecting dung for fires, the White Walkers march on the Fist of the First Men. Sam is unable to outrun the army of the dead, but for unknown reasons their leader spares Sam.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Sam and the survivors of the resulting massacre flee back to Craster's Keep. Sam witnesses Gilly give birth to a baby boy, with Gilly and Sam realising that they must keep the birth secret to stop Craster giving the baby to the White Walkers. A brawl later breaks out among Craster and the Night's Watch, and Sam flees with Gilly and the baby. They are followed by a White Walker who tries to take the baby, but Sam kills it by stabbing it with a dragonglass dagger. Sam and Gilly pass through the Wall at the Nightfort, where they discover Jon's half-brother Bran Stark and his party, headed beyond the Wall. Sam is unable to dissuade them to come to Castle Black, but promises not to tell Jon of their destination.

text: Arriving back at Castle Black, Sam warns Aemon of the advancing White Walkers and Aemon has Sam send the warning throughout the Seven Kingdoms. Later, Jon returns to Castle Black, gravely wounded and disguised as a Wildling. Sam recognises Jon and orders him to be attended to.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: Sam reveals to Jon that Bran is alive and headed beyond the Wall. Sam decides to send Gilly to Mole's Town to work as a maid in the brothel, as he fears for her safety at Castle Black. Mole's Town is attacked by the Wildlings, who slaughter the entire populace of the town; Sam is distraught, unaware that Gilly and her baby had been spared by Ygritte. Gilly later makes it to Castle Black moments before the Wildlings attack. Sam participates in the battle, and manages to kill the Thenn Warg.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: When the Night's Watch convenes to choose their new Lord Commander, Sam speaks up to nominate Jon, who is ultimately elected. Sam spends his time researching the weaknesses of the White Walkers and tending to a dying Maester Aemon, and comforts Aemon in his final moments as he dies of old age. Later, Sam is beaten while defending Gilly from two black brothers who attempt to rape her, but they are saved by Jon's direwolf Ghost. Gilly tends to his wounds, and the two finally consummate their relationship. After Jon returns from Hardhome, Sam entreats Jon to send him to the Citadel in Oldtown in order to train as a Maester, while also taking Gilly and her baby to safety.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: As women are banned from the Citadel, Sam intends to leave Gilly and Little Sam at the Tarly seat of Horn Hill, though he warns Gilly to hide her Wildling heritage due to his father's bigotry towards the Wildlings. At dinner with the members of House Tarly, Randyll insults Sam's lack of fighting prowess. Gilly defends Sam by revealing that he killed a White Walker, in doing so accidentally revealing that she is a Wildling. Though disgusted, Randyll acquiesces to Gilly staying at Horn Hill as a servant, but forbids Sam from ever returning to Horn Hill. Sam decides to take Gilly and Little Sam with him to the Citadel, also stealing House Tarly's Valyrian steel sword Heartsbane. They travel on to Oldtown, where Sam is scheduled to explain events at Castle Black to the Archmaester. While he waits, Sam is permitted to peruse the Citadel's library, and is awestruck by the library's expanse.

text: Season 7[edit]

text: Sam's early days in Oldtown are frustrating, as he is assigned to menial tasks in the Citadel. The only person who believes his account of the White Walkers' return is Archmaester Ebrose; however, Ebrose refuses to let Sam access forbidden textbooks to learn more about the White Walkers, as he does not consider them a threat serious enough to break with protocol. Sam steals a key to take the books back to his and Gilly's quarters. He discovers the location of a large deposit of dragonglass in a map of Dragonstone, and sends word to Jon (now King in the North) of its existence.

text: Sam encounters Jeor's son Jorah, who is infected by the terminal disease greyscale. Sam discovers a cure for greyscale in an old medical text. Although Ebrose forbids him from attempting it, Sam treats Jorah anyway, out of gratitude for Jeor's saving his life. Sam is successful in curing Jorah, who is discharged from the Citadel. Ebrose is grudgingly impressed, but reassigns Sam to transcribe papers in danger of decomposing.

text: Sam overhears Ebrose and several other maesters discussing a warning sent by Bran about the White Walkers' march on the Wall, and is dismayed when the maesters are skeptical. While transcribing the papers in his quarters, Gilly discovers from a recently-deceased High Septon's journal that Rhaegar Targaryen had his marriage to Elia Martell annulled and married another woman (Lyanna Stark) in secret, but Sam does not realize the significance of this information due to Gilly having mispronounced Rhaegar as 'Ragger'. Annoyed at being unable to help in the battle against the White Walkers from the Citadel, Sam steals scrolls pertaining to the White Walkers and leaves Oldtown with Gilly and Little Sam.

text: Sam and his family arrive at Winterfell in the season finale, where Sam is reunited with Bran. When Bran tells Sam that Jon is actually the bastard son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark, Sam is reminded of the record detailing Rhaegar receiving an annulment to marry another woman and tells Bran of his discovery. Bran then uses his greenseeing abilities to witness the wedding, and deduces that Jon is a trueborn Targaryen and the actual heir to the Iron Throne.

text: Family tree of House Tarly[edit]

text:
Randyll

Melessa Florent

Samwell

Talla

Daughter

Daughter

Dickon

Eleanor
Mooton

tag: table

text: TV adaptation[edit]

text: Samwell Tarly is played by John Bradley in the television adaption of the series of books.[7][8][9] Samwell Tarly appeared for the first time in the fourth episode of first season, as new recruit of the Night's Watch and a self-described coward. It was John Bradley's first professional appearance after graduating from the Manchester Metropolitan School of Theatre. The scene used in the auditions belonged to "Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things," with Sam explaining to Jon how his father forced him to take the black. According to author and executive producer George R. R. Martin, Bradley delivered "a heartbreaking performance."[10] When asked which character he personally would be on the show, Martin said of Samwell Tarly, "I love Sam, too. He's a great character - Tyrion might be who I want to be, but Sam is probably closer to who I actually am. The fat kid who likes to read books and doesn't like to go up a lot of stairs."[6]

text: Remarking on the character's sex life with Gilly:

text: I think Sam would just happily accept more of the same. He's not one of the people that tries to inject exotica into his sex life, - Sam thinks about sex the way that most people think about space. It goes on. He has nothing to do with it. He's fascinated by it in a childlike way.[11]


document_title: American Sociological Association

question_text: when was sociology's code of ethics first published quizlet

question_tokens: when was sociology 's code of ethics first published quizlet

text: American Sociological Association

text: Mission[edit]

text: The mission of the ASA is to advance sociology as a scientific discipline and as a profession serving the public good.[4]

text: History[edit]

text: Founding[edit]

text: The American Sociological Association was founded in December 1905 at Johns Hopkins University by a group of fifty people. The first president of the association was Lester Frank Ward.[5]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: The American Sociological Association is governed by a code of ethics and ethical standards. In 1970, the first ASA code of ethics was written. Since 1970, the code of ethics has been revised. The Committee on Professional Ethics worked to write this code and upon completing and approving it in 1997, the code focused on three goals. These three goals were to make the code more educative, accessible, easier to use, and more helpful for sociologists to understand ethical issues.[6]

text: In 1993, then-doctoral student Rik Scarce was jailed for more than five months as a result of following the ASA's code of ethics. Scarce's Ph.D. research was on the radical environmental movement. Based on an FBI investigation of an Animal Liberation Front break-in, federal prosecutors argued in court that Scarce may have engaged in conversations with individuals believed to be involved with the incident. Prosecutors demanded that Scarce testify to a federal grand jury about those conversations, but Scarce refused to answer three dozen questions, citing the ASA Code of Ethics and the First Amendment as his reasoning for remaining unresponsive.[7] Scarce's refusal to answer resulted in a contempt of court citation and 159 days spent in jail. He was never suspected of wrongdoing and—in keeping with contempt of court practice—he was never read his Miranda rights, arrested, or tried.[8]

text: In early 2010, ASA publicly expressed outrage over a controversy involving Frances Fox Piven and Glenn Beck, asking Fox News to stop Beck's comments.[9] An article written by Piven concerning mobilization of unemployed individuals had spurred the commentary by Beck.[10] ASA suggests in their public statements that the line should be drawn at name calling and that political commentators should instead rely on gathering evidence related to the topics and then drawing the proper conclusions.

text: In January 2012, a United States district court ordered Boston College to turn over material from the "Belfast Project", an oral history project pertaining to the violence in Northern Ireland. Boston College filed an appeal in February 2012, challenging the district court's decision. ASA became involved in the case to help protect human participants from the subpoena of confidential project research data.[11] The statement by the ASA council cited the potential damage this ruling would have on social science research by stifling the ability to study controversial topics. ASA is looking for an affirmation by the court for confidentiality in research.[citation needed]

text: ASA style[edit]

text: ASA style is a widely accepted format for writing university research papers that specifies the arrangement and punctuation of footnotes and bibliographies. Standards for ASA style are specified in the ASA Style Guide, which is designed to aid authors in preparing manuscripts for ASA journals and publications.

text: Journals[edit]

text: The association publishes the following academic journals:[12]

text:
American Sociological Review
City and Community
Contemporary Sociology
Contexts
Journal of Health and Social Behavior
Journal of World-Systems Research
Social Psychology Quarterly
Sociological Methodology
Sociological Theory
Sociology of Education
Teaching Sociology

tag: ul

text: Organizational structure[edit]

text: Officers of the association are:[13]

text:
President
President-Elect
Vice-President
Vice-President-Elect
Secretary
Council-Members-At Large

text: Presidents[edit]

text: The following persons have been president of the American Sociological Association:[14]

text:
Lester F. Ward 1906–1907
William G. Sumner 1908–1909
Franklin H. Giddings 1910–1911
Albion Woodbury Small 1912–1913
Edward A. Ross 1914–1915
George E. Vincent 1916
George E. Howard 1917
Charles Cooley 1918
Frank W. Blackmar 1919
James Q. Dealey 1920
Edward C. Hayes 1921
James P. Lichtenberger 1922
Ulysses G. Weatherly 1923
Charles A. Ellwood 1924
Robert E. Park 1925
John L. Gillin 1926
W. I. Thomas 1927
John M. Gillette 1928
William F. Ogburn 1929
Howard W. Odum 1930
Emory S. Bogardus 1931
Luther L. Bernard 1932
Edward B. Reuter 1933
Ernest W. Burgess 1934
F. Stuart Chapin 1935
Henry P. Fairchild 1936
Ellsworth Faris 1937
Frank H. Hankins 1938
Edwin Sutherland 1939
Robert M. MacIver 1940
Stuart A. Queen 1941
Dwight Sanderson 1942
George A. Lundberg 1943
Rupert B. Vance 1944
Kimball Young 1945
Carl C. Taylor 1946
Louis Wirth 1947
E. Franklin Frazier 1948
Talcott Parsons 1949
Leonard S. Cottrell, Jr. 1950
Robert C. Angell 1951
Dorothy Swaine Thomas 1952
Samuel A. Stouffer 1953
Florian Znaniecki 1954
Donald Young 1955
Herbert Blumer 1956
Robert K. Merton 1957
Robin M. Williams, Jr. 1958
Kingsley Davis 1959
Howard P. Becker 1960 (died in office)
Robert E.L. Faris 1961
Paul Lazarsfeld 1962
Everett C. Hughes 1963
George C. Homans 1964
Pitirim A. Sorokin 1965
Wilbert E. Moore 1966
Charles P. Loomis 1967
Philip M. Hauser 1968
Arnold Marshall Rose 1969 (died in office)
Ralph Turner 1969
Reinhard Bendix 1970
William H. Sewell 1971
William J. Goode 1972
Mirra Komarovsky 1973
Peter M. Blau 1974
Lewis A. Coser 1975
Alfred McClung Lee 1976
John Milton Yinger 1977
Amos H. Hawley 1978
Hubert M. Blalock, Jr. 1979
Peter H. Rossi 1980
William Foote Whyte 1981
Erving Goffman 1982
Alice S. Rossi 1983
James F. Short, Jr. 1984
Kai T. Erikson 1985
Matilda White Riley 1986
Melvin L. Kohn 1987
Herbert J. Gans 1988
Joan Huber 1989
William Julius Wilson 1990
Stanley Lieberson 1991
James S. Coleman 1992
Seymour Martin Lipset 1993
William A. Gamson 1994
Amitai Etzioni 1995
Maureen T. Hallinan 1996
Neil Smelser 1997
Jill Quadagno 1998
Alejandro Portes 1999
Joe R. Feagin 2000
Douglas S. Massey 2001
Barbara F. Reskin 2002
William T. Bielby 2003
Michael Burawoy 2004
Troy Duster 2005
Cynthia Fuchs Epstein 2006
Frances Fox Piven 2007
Arne L. Kalleberg 2008
Patricia Hill Collins 2009
Evelyn Nakano Glenn 2010
Randall Collins 2011
Erik Olin Wright 2012
Cecilia L. Ridgeway 2013
Annette Lareau 2014
Paula England 2015
Ruth Milkman 2016
Michèle Lamont 2017
Eduardo Bonilla-Silva 2018

text: Membership[edit]

text: There are five different types of membership categories:[15]

text:
Regular membership
Student members
Associate members
International associate members
Emeritus members

text: ASA Members may also join special interest sections at an additional cost to their membership.[16]

text: Sections[edit]

text: The association comprises the following specialist sections:[17]

text:
Aging and the Life Course
Alcohol, Drugs, and Tobacco
Altruism, Morality and Social Solidarity
Animals and Society
Asia and Asian America
Body and Embodiment
Children and Youth
Collective Behavior and Social Movements
Communication and Information Technologies
Community and Urban Sociology
Comparative and Historical Sociology
Consumers and Consumption
Crime, Law and Deviance
Culture
Development
Disability and Society
Economic Sociology
Education
Emotions
Environment and Technology
Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis
Evolution, Biology and Society
Family
Global and Transnational Sociology
History of Sociology
Human Rights
Inequality, Poverty and Mobility
International Migration
Inequality, Poverty and Mobility
Labor and Labor Movements
Latina/o Sociology
Law
Marxist sociology
Mathematical Sociology
Medical Sociology
Mental Health
Methodology
Organizations, Occupations and Work
Peace, War and Social Conflict
Political Economy of the World System
Political Sociology
Population
Race, Gender and Class
Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Rationality and Society
Religion
Science, Knowledge and Technology
Sex and Gender
Sexualities
Social Psychology
Sociological Practice and Public Sociology
Teaching and Learning
Theory

text: Meetings[edit]

text: The Annual Meeting of the ASA is held each August to provide opportunity for professionals involved in the study of society to share knowledge and new directions in research and practice. It provides networking outlets for nearly 3,000 research papers and 4,600 presenters.[18] The meeting is spread across four days and covers 600 program sessions.

text: Committee meetings[edit]

text: All ASA Committees and Task Forces also meet during the annual meeting. The ASA Council and several Constitutional Committees meet mid-year during the winter months in Washington D.C.[19]

text: Regional meetings[edit]

text: Regional Associations associated with the ASA are:[20]

text:
District of Columbia Sociological Society
Eastern Sociological Society
Mid-South Sociological Association
Mid-West Sociological Society
New England Sociological Association
North Central Sociological Association
Pacific Sociological Association
Southern Sociological Society
Southwestern Sociological Association

text: The ASA is also aligned with various state-based associations, international associations, cause-oriented associations, and academic associations.[20]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Every year, in August, the ASA presents awards to individuals and groups deserving of recognition. The awards presented are:[21]

text:
Distinguished Scholarly Book Major ASA Award
Dissertation Major ASA Award
Excellence in the Reporting of Social Issues Major ASA Award
Jessie Bernard Major ASA Award
Cox-Johnson-Frazier Major ASA Award
Award for the Public Understanding of Sociology Major ASA Award
Distinguished Career Major ASA Award for the Practice of Sociology
Distinguished Contributions to Teaching Major ASA Award
W.E.B. DuBois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award

text: Additionally, the Sections of the ASA administer separate multiple awards, which are presented each August during the Annual Meeting.[22]

text: Wikipedia initiative[edit]

text: In the fall of 2011, the ASA launched its "Sociology in Wikipedia" initiative. Erik Olin Wright, President of the American Sociological Association, called for improvement in sociological entries in Wikipedia. He asked that professors and students to get more involved by having Wikipedia-writing assignments in class. The basic goal set forth by the initiative is to make it easier for sociologists to contribute to Wikipedia. In conjunction with the Wikimedia Foundation and a research group at Carnegie Mellon University, the ASA developed its Wikipedia Portal in an attempt to achieve the initiative’s goal by providing tutorials on how to contribute, video discussions of norms and procedures, and lists of articles and subject areas that need improvement. The Wikipedia Portal also provides instructions for professors on how to use Wikipedia writing assignments for academic courses. The overall goal of the initiative is for sociologists to become involved in the writing and editing processes to ensure that social science articles are up-to-date, complete, accurate, and written appropriately.[23]


document_title: Frosty (frozen dairy dessert)

question_text: when did wendy's release the vanilla frosty

question_tokens: when did wendy 's release the vanilla frosty

text: Frosty (frozen dairy dessert)

text: The Frosty is the signature frozen dairy dessert of Wendy's fast-food restaurants, introduced in 1969 when the first restaurant opened. The Frosty's original light chocolate flavor, actually a combination of chocolate and vanilla, was initially the only flavor offered. Wendy's founder Dave Thomas thought that a pure chocolate flavor would overwhelm the taste of the restaurant's hamburgers. In August 2006, a vanilla flavor was introduced after repeated consumer requests.[1]


document_title: List of Britain's Got Talent finalists

question_text: who came second on britain's got talent

question_tokens: who came second on britain 's got talent

text: List of Britain's Got Talent finalists

text: Britain's Got Talent is a British talent reality television series that first aired in 2007. As of 31 May 2016, there have been ten completed series. The show has been spun off around the world under the Got Talent franchise. The competition is open to people of all ages who possess a talent. After the initial rounds of auditions, successful contestants are narrowed down by the judges.

text: In the first series, 24 contestants made it into the three semi-finals, and in subsequent series this has been increased to 40 (45 in series 6-10) contestants across five live shows. The act which receives the most public votes in each semi-final goes through to the final, with the second finalist being decided by the judges from the second and third most popular contestants. In series 6, a "wildcard" element was introduced. This is where judges pick an eliminated act from the semi-finals, and that act is sent through to the final. In series 6, the wildcard act selected was The Mend. In series 7, the wildcard was Steve Hewlett and in series 8,al Jon Clegg. Series 9 featured a second wildcard, voted for by the public from the five acts who lost the judges' vote in the semi-finals.[1] The judges' wildcard was Boyband and the public's wildcard was Jessie-Jane McParland.

text: In the final, each of the finalists perform again, but this time the result is determined purely from the public vote, with the winner receiving £250,000 (£100,000 in series 1–5, £500,000 in series 6) and the chance to perform their act at the Royal Variety Performance.

text: Opera singer Paul Potts won the first series of the competition in 2007, street dancer George Sampson won the second series in 2008, dance troupe Diversity won the third series in 2009, gymnast troupe Spelbound won the fourth series in 2010, singer Jai McDowall won the fifth series in 2011, dancing dog act Ashleigh and Pudsey won the sixth series in 2012, shadow theatre group, Attraction won the seventh series in 2013, classical singers Collabro won the eighth series in 2014, and musical canine freestyle act Jules O'Dwyer & Matisse won the ninth series in 2015. Magician Richard Jones won the tenth series in 2016. Pianist Tokio Myers won the eleventh series in 2017.

text: Contestants[edit]

text: For more details on each of the contestants, see the relevant series article.

text:
Name
Series
Act
Finished
Ref

2 Grand
3
Singing duo
10 !10th

100 Voices of Gospel
10
Gospel choir
08 !8th
[2][3]

Alex Magala
10
Sword-swallower
09 !9th
[2][3]

Aquabatique
6
Synchronised swimmers
10 !10th

Arisxandra
7
Singer
08 !8th

Asanda
7
Singer
11 !11th

Ashleigh and Pudsey
6
Dancing dog act
01 !1st

Attraction
7
Shadow theatre group
01 !1st

The Addict Initiative
8
Dance troupe
10 !10th

Balance Unity
10
Dancer
10 !10th
[2][3]

Bar Wizards, TheThe Bar Wizards
1
Juggling
Finalist

Bars & Melody
8
Singing/rapping duo
03 !3rd

Beau Dermott
10
Musical theatre singer
05 !5th
[2][3]

Boogie Storm
10
Dance troupe
03 !3rd
[2][3]

Boyband
9
Dance troupe
12th
[4]

Boyle, SusanSusan Boyle
3
Singer
02 !2nd

Burling, PaulPaul Burling
4
Impressionist
05 !5th

Calum Scott
9
Singer
06 !6th
[5]

Jack Carroll
7
Stand-up comedian
02 !2nd

Daliso Chaponda
11
Stand-up comedian
03 !3rd
[6]

Cheeky Monkeys
2
Child dance duo
Finalist

Jon Clegg
8
Impressionist
07 !7th

Côr Glanethwy
9
Welsh choir
03 !3rd
[5]

Collabro
8
Classical singers
01 !1st

Collings, MichaelMichael Collings
5
Singer/guitarist
05 !5th
[7][8]

Connected[A]
4
Child singers
08 !8th

Craig Ball
10
Impressionist singer
06 !6th
[2][3]

Cursons, BessieBessie Cursons
1
Musical theatre performer
Finalist

Cutler, JaneyJaney Cutler
4
Singer
09 !9th

Danny Posthill
9
Impressionist
07 !7th
[5]

Darcy Oake
8
Magician
05 !5th

Davis, AidanAidan Davis
3
Streetdancer
05 !5th

Diversity
3
Streetdance troupe
01 !1st

DNA
11
Mentalists
11 !11th
[6]

Matt Edwards
11
Comedy magician
04 !4th
[6]

Entity Allstars
9
Dance troupe
11 !11th
[5]

Escala
2
String quartet
Finalist

Flawless
3
Streetdance troupe
08 !8th

Francine Lewis
7
Impressionist
10 !10th

Gabz
7
Singer/rapper
07 !7th

Gaffney, KieranKieran Gaffney
4
Drummer
03 !3rd

Gbegbaje, PaulPaul Gbegbaje
5
Pianist
06 !6th
[7][9]

Gibson, LesLes Gibson
5
Impressionist
09 !9th
[7][10]

Gogonea, RazyRazy Gogonea
5
Breakdancer/Body-Popping
04 !4th
[7][8]

Hall, StevenSteven Hall
5
Comedy dancer
07 !7th
[7][11]

Hewlett, SteveSteve Hewlett
7
Ventriloquist
04 !4th

Isaac Waddington
9
Pianist
05 !5th
[5]

Sarah Ikumu
11
Singer
07 !7th
[6]

Hobley, JamesJames Hobley
5
Dancer
08 !8th
[7][10]

Jamie Raven
9
Magician
02 !2nd
[5]

Jafargholi, ShaheenShaheen Jafargholi
3
Child Singer
07 !7th

Jasmine Elcock
10
Singer
04 !4th
[2][3]

Jessie-Jane McParland
9
Martial artist
08 !8th
[5]

Jonathan and Charlotte
6
Opera duo
02 !2nd

Johnston, AndrewAndrew Johnston
2
Child Soprano
03 !3rd

Kai and Natalia
6
Ballroom dancers
11 !11th

Kate and Gin
2
Musical canine freestyle
Finalist

Lucy & Trip Hazard
10
Dancing dog
07 !7th
[2][3]

Lucy Kay
8
Opera singer
02 !2nd

Kelly, SamSam Kelly
6
Singer/guitarist
09 !9th

Kombat Breakers
1
Dance troupe
Finalist

Lettice Rowbotham
8
Violinist
08 !8th

Loveable Rogues
6
Acoustic vocal group
04 !4th

Luminites
7
Vocal group
05 !5th

McDowall, JaiJai McDowall
5
Singer
01 !1st
[7][11]

Jules O'Dwyer & Matisse
9
Musical canine freestyle
01 !1st
[5]

Jordan O'Keefe
7
Singer/guitarist
06 !6th

Liam McNally
4
Child Soprano
10 !10th

Martyn, JeanJean Martyn
5
Organist
10 !10th
[7][12]

Mead, TobiasTobias Mead
4
Dancer
06 !6th

Mend, TheThe Mend
6
Boy band
07 !7th

Mel & Jamie
10
Singers
12 !12th
[2][3]

MerseyGirls
11
Dancers
09 !9th
[6]

Missing People Choir
11
Choir
08 !8th
[6]

Andrew Muir
2
Singer
Finalist

Tokio Myers
11
Pianist
01 !1st
[6]

The Neales
9
Vocal group
09 !9th
[5]

Nemesis
2
Dance troupe
Finalist

New Bounce
5
Child Singers
03 !3rd
[7][12]

Nu Sxool
6
Dance troupe
08 !8th

Old Men Grooving
9
Dance troupe
04 !4th
[5]

Only Boys Aloud
6
Male choir
03 !3rd

Paddy & Nico
8
Salsa dancers
09 !9th

Richard and Adam
7
Opera duo
03 !3rd

O'Shaughnessy, RyanRyan O'Shaughnessy
6
Singer-songwriter/guitarist
05 !5th

Jack Pack
8
Singing group
04 !4th

Parke, RonanRonan Parke
5
Child Singer
02 !2nd
[7][9]

The Pensionalities
11
Singers
05 !5th
[6]

Potts, PaulPaul Potts
1
Opera Singer
01 !1st

Rainford, MollyMolly Rainford
6
Singer
06 !6th

Richard Jones
10
Close-up magician
01 !1st
[2][3][13]

Sampson, GeorgeGeorge Sampson
2
Streetdancer
01 !1st

Scott, DamonDamon Scott
1
Puppeteer
Finalist

Pre Skool
7
Dance troupe
09 !9th

Shannon & Peter
10
Contemporary dancers
11 !11th
[2][3]

Signature
2
Bhanghra dancers
02 !2nd

Issy Simpson
11
Child magician
02 !2nd
[6]

James Smith
8
Singer
06 !6th

Smith, FarylFaryl Smith
2
Classical Singer
Finalist

Smith, JulianJulian Smith
3
Saxophonist
03 !3rd

Smith, ShaunShaun Smith
3
Child Singer
09 !9th

Spelbound
4
Gymnastic troupe
01 !1st

Stavros Flatley
3
Comedy dance duo
04 !4th

Steel, HollieHollie Steel
3
Child singer/dancer
06 !6th

Stone, ChristopherChristopher Stone
4
Singer
07 !7th

Strike
2
Martial arts demo
Finalist

Talbot, ConnieConnie Talbot
1
Child Singer
Finalist

Kyle Tomlinson
11
Singer
06 !6th
[6]

UDI
9
Electronic light dance troupe
10 !10th
[5]

Woodward, WayneWayne Woodward
10
Swing singer
02 !2nd
[2][3]

Ned Woodman
11
Child Stand-up comedian
10 !10th
[6]

Yanis Marshall, Arnaud & Mehdi
8
Dance troupe
11 !11th

Tina and Chandi
4
Dancing Dog act
04 !4th

Twist and Pulse
4
Dance duo
02 !2nd

text: Jump up ^ Connected split up shortly after the competition. Brothers Harry and Max Mondryk, along with friend Matt Fitzgerald, reformed as ReConnected. The remaining members, Myles and Connor Ryan, came together under the name Myles and Connor and have signed a recording contract.

tag: ol


document_title: Top of the Lake

question_text: top of the lake china girl series 2 how many episodes

text: Top of the Lake

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Elisabeth Moss as Robin Griffin, a Sydney detective specialising in sexual assault who is visiting her remote New Zealand hometown of Laketop, agrees to investigate the pregnancy and disappearance of a local 12-year-old girl, Tui Mitcham. Her ability to empathise with Tui's circumstances is based on a horrific event during her own teenage years.
David Wenham as Al Parker, an old-school and well-liked detective sergeant, based in Queenstown, who also manages a café where young offenders are given a second chance.
Peter Mullan as Matt Mitcham, a Scotsman and head of the Mitcham family. He is the informal leader of the town, feared by the townspeople, but with a complex inner life.
Tom Wright (Season 1) as Johnno Mitcham, Matt's estranged youngest son, and Robin's teenage sweetheart. He recently returned to Laketop after serving eight years in Bangkwang, a Thai prison, for drug possession.
Holly Hunter as GJ, an androgynous Swiss spiritual leader, arriving at Paradise with a group of troubled women, who hope GJ and Laketop will help them rediscover themselves.

text: Supporting[edit]

text:
Kip Chapman and Jay Ryan as Luke and Mark Mitcham, Matt's brute sons.
Jacqueline Joe as Tui Angel Mitcham, Matt's 12-year-old daughter who disappears after it is discovered that she is five months pregnant.
Robyn Nevin as Jude Griffin, Robin's mother, who is suffering from cancer.
Calvin Tuteao as Turangi, Jude's caring Māori boyfriend, who has a violent temper.

text:
Alison Bruce as Anne-Marie
Georgi Kay as Melissa
Lucy Lawless as Caroline Platt
Genevieve Lemon as Bunny
Robyn Malcolm as Anita
Griz Pomirska as "the Naked Lady"
Sarah Valentine as Prue
Skye Wansey as Grishina

text:
Ben Barrington as Terry
James Blake as Shotover
Byron Coll as Penguin
Cohen Holloway as Mike
Oscar Redding as Sarge
Edwin Wright as Scuzz

text:
Luke Buchanan as Jamie
Sam Dickson as Jase
Connor Olivia Moore as Kayla
Layne Opetaia as Daniel
Alice Ward as Gemma

text:
Stephen Lovatt as Officer Pete
Gavin Rutherford as Officer Joy
Madeleine Sami as Zena the secretary

text:
Edward Campbell as Putty, the "village idiot".
Lauren Dawes as Mandy, Johnno's girlfriend.
Erica Englert as Narelle, Matt's housekeeper.
Mirrah Foulkes as Simone, Jamie's mother.
Dra McKay as Delia, Tui's teacher.

text: Top of the Lake: China Girl[edit]

text:
Gwendoline Christie as Miranda Hilmarson, a 35-year-old Constable in the Sydney Police Force, who becomes Robin's partner.[5]
Alice Englert as Mary Edwards, Robin's 17-year-old daughter, whom she gave up for adoption at two days old. Suffering from anxiety and low self-esteem, Mary has begun to act out, due to the separation of her parents.[5]
Nicole Kidman as Julia Edwards, Mary's overbearing adoptive mother. She has recently become estranged from her husband and daughter, due to having an affair with a female teacher from Mary's school, with whom she now lives.[2]
Ewen Leslie as Pyke Edwards, a successful lawyer and Mary's adoptive father. Mary resents him for his passivity in his relationship with Julia.[6]
David Dencik as Alexander "Puss" Braun, a 42-year-old charismatic German, who owns a building in Sydney he rents to a brothel. He is also Mary's boyfriend. Puss's grooming of Mary frightens Robin, Pyke and Julia.[7]
Clayton Jacobson as Detective Sergeant Adrian Butler, Robin's boss[8]
Kym Gyngell as Bootie, who owns the Silk 41 brothel in Sydney, in space rented from Puss[9]
Ling Cooper Tang as Dang, Bootie's Thai-born wife and madam of the brothel
Geoff Morrell as Ray, the police pathologist
Liv Hewson as Michaela, Mary's best friend at school
Christiaan Van Vuuren as Stally, a police constable interested in Robin
Lincoln Vickery, as Brett Iles, a young computer science student in love with a missing brothel worker, Cinnamon
Mark Leonard Winter as Johnno, Robin's childhood love and now ex-fiancé, whom she dumped on their wedding day

text: Production[edit]

text: Top of the Lake[edit]

text: Actress Jennifer Ehle auditioned for the role of GJ, which went to Holly Hunter. Jane Campion originally offered the role of Robin to Anna Paquin, who had worked with her on The Piano (1993). Paquin declined due to her pregnancy, and the role went to American Elisabeth Moss.[10]

text: The series was originally intended as a co-production with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. But after Moss was cast as Robin, the network pulled their funding before production began, citing a prior agreement to put an Australian actress in the lead.[11] Australian-based channel UKTV, owned by BBC Worldwide, filled the funding gap left by the ABC.[12] Philippa Campbell was the New Zealand-based producer.

text: Filming took 18 weeks and was shot entirely on location in Queenstown and Glenorchy, in Otago, on the South Island of New Zealand. While Queenstown is referred to during the series, Glenorchy doubles as the fictitious town of Laketop. The scenes in the women's commune were filmed at Moke Lake.[10]

text: Top of the Lake: China Girl[edit]

text: In early 2013, co-creator Jane Campion said that Top of the Lake comes to a distinct ending, and there would be no additional series.[13] Despite this, it was announced in October 2014 that the series had been renewed for a second season.[14] China Girl began shooting on location in Sydney, Australia in December 2015.[15][16]

text: Campion returned as co-writer and co-director. Gerard Lee returned as co-writer. The original co-director, Garth Davis, was replaced by Ariel Kleiman due to scheduling conflicts.[17] Philippa Campbell returned as producer. Actress Nicole Kidman joined the cast for China Girl, which is the second time she has worked with Campion. Kidman "plays an Australian mother, Julia, whose story dovetails with that of Detective Robin Griffin", played by Elisabeth Moss.[18] Christie, a fan of Campion's The Piano, joined the cast after sending a letter through a mutual friend.[19]

text: Release[edit]

text: Top of the Lake screened in its entirety at the January 2013 Sundance Film Festival, in a single seven-hour session with one intermission and a break for lunch. This was the first such screening in the history of the festival.[20] Top of the Lake was additionally shown at the 63rd Berlin International Film Festival.

text: The US premiere was on the Sundance Channel on 18 March 2013,[21] in Australia on BBC UKTV on 24 March 2013,[22] and in New Zealand on 25 March, also on BBC UKTV.[23]

text: China Girl was screened in its entirety at the May 2017 Cannes Film Festival.[24] In the UK, it premiered on BBC Two on 27 July 2017, and the entire series was released on the BBC iPlayer immediately afterwards. [25] In the US, it premiered in September 2017, on Sundance TV,[26] and each episode will be available on Hulu the day after its screening on SundanceTV.[27] In Canada, China Girl premiered on October 25, 2017, on CBC Television.[28]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series 1[edit]

text:
Sundance episodes

No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
1
"Episode 1"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
18 March 2013 (2013-03-18)

In the small town of Laketop, New Zealand, a young girl named Tui Mitcham is discovered standing chest-deep in the icy, glacial waters of the titular lake. Afterwards, a school nurse notices that the girl is pregnant. Robin Griffin, who grew up in the area, is now a police inspector in Sydney who specializes in cases involving children. While home visiting her sick mother, she agrees to interview Tui at the local police station.

2
2
"Episode 2"
Garth Davis with Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
18 March 2013 (2013-03-18)

Robin encounters two women from Paradise. They tell her Tui was with them the day before she disappeared but was gone in the morning. Robin organizes the local authorities to search for Tui. During the search, Robin walks into the lake and has a vision of Tui doing the same, the latter clenching her fists in the water.

3
3
"Episode 3"
Garth Davis
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
25 March 2013 (2013-03-25)

Matt Mitcham goes to Paradise and sits in on a session with GJ, the enigmatic leader of the camp. In a mocking tone, Matt asks the group about the human mind. GJ tells Matt that the human mind schemes. Later, Al meets Matt in the middle of the lake for a secret meeting.

4
4
"Episode 4"
Garth Davis with Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
1 April 2013 (2013-04-01)

Robin has dinner at Al's ultramodern, immaculate, lakeside house. Robin tells Al she thinks Tui's note, that said "No One", meant there were multiple rapists. Al counsels Robin she is getting too involved in Tui's case, likely because of Robin's own history of having been gang raped, at age 15.

5
5
"Episode 5"
Jane Campion with Garth Davis
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
8 April 2013 (2013-04-08)

Robin asks Johnno what he wanted to tell her about the night she was raped. Johnno describes how he heard Robin screaming and he peed himself. He says he found a latch to get out of the dog cage in the back of the truck but was too afraid to persist in trying to stop the men from raping her.

6
6
"Episode 6"
Garth Davis with Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
15 April 2013 (2013-04-15)

Robin reveals to Johnno that she plans to make a case against Matt Mitcham, in hopes of encouraging Tui to come home. Robin shares that she caught Jamie attempting to take Tui with rohypnol, a "date rape" drug that Robin suspects Matt manufactures. Johnno warns Robin against bringing a case against Matt, as Matt's drug business provides much of the town with a livelihood.

7
7
"Episode 7"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
15 April 2013 (2013-04-15)

Robin goes to work at the police station the next day and tells Al that Matt said he was her father. Matt, certain that Tui could not be pregnant, searches for and finds her with her newborn baby. As he is about to kill the baby, Tui appears and kills Matt. Robin discovers that Al has been pimping young boys and girls from the barista training, including Tui, to other men for sex.

text:
BBC episodes

No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
UK air date
UK[29] viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Paradise Sold"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
13 July 2013 (2013-07-13)
2.70

Tui's pregnancy is discovered, and the Paradise community moves in.

2
2
"Searchers Search"
Garth Davis
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
20 July 2013 (2013-07-20)
1.92

Robin's search for Tui begins.

3
3
"The Edge of the Universe"
Garth Davis
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
27 July 2013 (2013-07-27)
1.57

Robin makes a breakthrough. Over dinner at Al's place he warns her about her past being known.

4
4
"A Rainbow Above Us"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
3 August 2013 (2013-08-03)
1.32

Al dismisses Robin from the case. Her passionate affair with Johnno intensifies.

5
5
"The Dark Creator"
Garth Davis
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
10 August 2013 (2013-08-10)
1.50

Robin is back on the case. Matt gathers troops to hunt Tui down. Tui's friends celebrate her birthday in the mountains.

6
6
"No Goodbyes Thanks"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
17 August 2013 (2013-08-17)
1.72

Matt reveals his secret about Robin, and the investigation concludes.

text: Series 2: China Girl[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
UK air date
UK[30] viewers
(millions)

7
1
"China Girl"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
27 July 2017 (2017-07-27)
3.39

In Sydney, brothel owners Bootie and Dang throw a heavy suitcase off a cliff into the ocean. Four years after the events with Tui, Robin tries to adjust back to life in Sydney while dealing with residual PTSD from shooting Al Parker. Parker turned witness in the case of the paedophile ring in exchange for immunity, but has now filed a civil suit against Robin, claiming the shooting was personally motivated. Robin's daughter, Mary, is now nearly 18 and exhibiting signs of mental instability that her adoptive parents worry is more than teen angst. Unbeknownst to her parents, Mary is dating a 42-year-old German, Alexander, nicknamed "Puss", who lives above a brothel, Silk 41. Mary is enamoured with Puss, who claims to be "empowering" the young Asian prostitutes by teaching them English and other life lessons. Mary is aggressively rebelling and openly hostile against her adoptive parents, Pyke and Julia, who are getting a divorce after Julia came out as a lesbian. Pyke and Julia are appalled after meeting Puss, who informs them he plans to marry Mary. Robin's new boss, Detective Sergeant Adrian Butler, brings a large stuffed panda to a young Asian woman. Brett, a socially awkward university student who frequents brothels, worries because he can't find a prostitute named Cinnamon, whom he believes is his girlfriend. Meanwhile, the suitcase washes up on Bondi Beach and it contains the decomposing body of a woman. Robin and a rookie constable, the awkward Miranda, are assigned to the case.

8
2
"The Loved One"
Ariel Kleiman
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
3 August 2017 (2017-08-03)
2.38

A flashback reveals that four weeks earlier, Johnno was arrested on their wedding day after his pot farm was raided, and Robin left him after discovering he had cheated on her as well. Meanwhile, Tui is now raising her son at the women's commune. In the present, Robin, who had three miscarriages while with Johnno, has nightmares about babies. Robin is obsessed with the case of the Asian Jane Doe found in the suitcase, dubbed "China Girl," whose cause of death was possibly strangulation. With no matching reports from missing persons, they suspect she was working as a prostitute, possibly entering the country with a false passport. Robin and Miranda observe the autopsy, where the coroner learns that China Girl was about 17 weeks pregnant. An emotional Miranda leaves the autopsy when she sees the tiny foetus, and she later reveals she is 18 weeks pregnant. Robin is irritated by Miranda, but Adrian insists they work together, because nobody else will work with either of them. They visit brothels, which are legal in Sydney. Robin notices a large stuffed panda at one, Silk 41, and asks Adrian what happened to the one he had in his office. He claims he gave it to his son. Brett goes to Silk 41 to find Cinnamon, and is eventually told she went to Canberra. He refuses to believe she would without telling him. Robin finally works up the courage to contact Mary, leaving a letter at the Edwards' home. She first meets with Pyke and Julia at his office, and Julia angrily informs her that Mary's behavioural problems began four years earlier, after she never received a reply to the letter she sent Robin. She chastises her for not having the decency to respond, and that Mary agonised over whether she had said something wrong in the letter. Julia storms off, but Pyke is more patient and listen as Robin explains she was just 16 years old when Mary was born. Robin is able to meet Mary, who behaves oddly and exhibits very low self-esteem. Mary reveals she assumed that she was the product of rape, which Robin confirms. Mary volunteers to murder her mother's rapist, and Robin confesses that she never knew who the father was, being a victim of a gang rape. A DNA test on the male foetus reveals China Girl was not his biological mother, mystifying the pathologist. Robin, though, realises the dead girl was acting as a surrogate mother, changing the course of the investigation.

9
3
"Surrogate"
Ariel Kleiman
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
10 August 2017 (2017-08-10)
1.97

Robin believes that China Girl was acting as an illegal surrogate, as the law states surrogates must be over 25 and have already had a child of their own, and thus the biological parents were working outside the normal system. She and Miranda visit a fertility clinic, where a doctor tells Robin that although many parents may be desperate enough to try illegal surrogacy, that would bring great risk as the law would side with the surrogate mother, who could decide to keep the child. Robin comes out to see Miranda arguing with the receptionist. Robin gets a lead after potentially finding the biological parents for whom China Girl was a surrogate, after a mentally unstable woman is wandering in traffic, crying about her missing baby. Robin visits the woman, Felicity, and her husband, Mike, in the psychiatric ward. Mike, who has a criminal record for cocaine possession, eventually agrees to take a DNA test. Robin is irritated by Miranda, who smokes and drinks despite her pregnancy, and who is now sleeping with Robin's brother on top of having an affair with the married Adrian. Another detective, Stally, continues to make unwanted advances on Robin. After some investigating, Pyke and Julia confront Puss with the fact that he is already married, causing him to have a bizarre outburst in a restaurant and a further rift between them and Mary. Puss locks himself in his apartment and refuses to see Mary or any of the prostitutes in to see him. After being called by Pyke, Robin takes Mary to her apartment, where Mary breaks down because of Puss refusing to see her. Robin's mediation with Al, now confined to a wheelchair, does not go as planned when he tries to kill her before it begins.

10
4
"Birthday"
Ariel Kleiman
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
17 August 2017 (2017-08-17)
1.92

Puss manipulates Mary to start working as a prostitute when she turns 18, mocking her for her privileged upbringing and implying she thinks she is better than her friends at the brothel. Pyke and Mary attend her school's Daddy/Daughter dance, which he has been looking forward to. Mary at first stops to check on Puss, who talks his way into attending, claiming he is her "Daddy." At the dance, he interrupts Pyke and Mary's waltz and causes outrage when he begins dancing sexually with Mary, and is thrown out. Brett, who has seen the news about the Asian Jane Doe, contacts the police and gives them a photo of Cinnamon. Upset that the police consider him a suspect, Brett tells them about the creepy guy at the brothel. As he describes him, Robin fears he is talking about Mary's boyfriend. Mary takes some of the prostitutes (whom she claims are students) to the beach with her, Pyke and Robin, to teach them how to swim. Puss comes along and, after noticing Robin's air of hostility towards him, he brings up her rape, makes sexually suggestive remarks and then violently attacks her, biting her on the nose. Mary, screaming and hitting herself in the head, convinces Robin not to press charges. The DNA test reveals that Felicity and Mike are not the biological parents, but Robin is shocked to find out they have three young Asian women as surrogate mothers. Mary asks Dang to start working there, and Dang refuses. On Mary's 18th birthday, Puss takes Mary to a hookers' strip. She says she is afraid and he hits her in the face. He tells her that is worse than what any John will do to her, and now she doesn't have to be afraid, and then leaves her there. Unable to complete the act, she is thrown out of a car by a John, and phones Robin for help. In Robin's car, Mary sees the photo of Cinnamon, whom she recognises. Robin hints that Mary is in great danger. At Robin's apartment, Mary breaks down crying, saying she doesn't know how to leave him.

11
5
"Who's Your Daddy"
Jane Campion
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
24 August 2017 (2017-08-24)[31]
1.69

Mary leaves the safety of Robin's home to reconnect with Puss, who learns from her that Robin is looking into the murder of Cinnamon. Robin tells Pyke about picking Mary up from under the overpass. Pyke wants to kill Puss, and Robin says even she arrests him, she knows he won't be held long. Brett becomes further unhinged after identifying her Cinnamon's body and begins suffering from hallucinations. Miranda has another crying spell at work and admits she fears her baby has died. They return to the same fertility clinic where Miranda shows the receptionist the photo of Cinnamon, and demands to know if she recognises her. Miranda informs her that the girl in the photo was not a student, but a sex worker, and then starts screaming that she wants an ultrasound. Robin takes her out to the beach to calm down, where Miranda reveals she is not actually pregnant and that her pregnancy is being done via surrogacy because of her own fertility issues. Miranda says their surrogate is pregnant with a daughter but has gone missing, and she fears it is because of a miscarriage. Miranda still insists that their surrogate was a student, but Robin asks if Adrian gave her a stuffed panda, because she saw one at Silk 41. A doctor at the fertility clinic, unaware that the girls were sex workers, connects Robin with a couple who identify Cinnamon as their surrogate mother, whose real name was Pathma. With the assistance of Mary's schoolfriend Michaela, Puss directs make some sort of "art film" with the prostitutes and Caucasian babies, set in a Thai village. Mary becomes worried when Caramel, another pregnant girl from Silk 41, is taken away by Puss and Dang. Connected by concern over Mary and Puss, Robin and Pyke grow closer, much to Julia's annoyance and jealousy. Brett, armed with a rifle, shows up at the brothel and demands to see Puss. Puss pushes Mary in front of him and escapes in the elevator as Brett fires the gun.

12
6
"The Battle of the Mothers"
Ariel Kleiman
Jane Campion & Gerard Lee
31 August 2017 (2017-08-31)[31]
1.84

Robin and Pyke make love when she receives a late-night call from Mary. Nobody speaks, but Robin hears people arguing about a taxi fare and Mary screams before the phone is disconnected. Miranda calls and tells her there was a shooting at Silk 41, and that the suspect is Brett Iles, who took Mary hostage. The taxi is found at Bondi Beach, with the taxi driver shot dead. Security footage from the brothel shows Puss escaping as Brett shot Bootie, before leaving with Mary. The security footage also shows another room, in which Miranda spots her surrogate. That room is not at the brothel, and none of the sex workers know its location. The next day, Pyke and Julia go to Mary's school to appeal to her classmates for any information. Michaela tells them about a place on Liverpool Street called Stasi Cafe, where Mary first met Puss. The manhunt for Brett intensifies, but Robin is convinced he's still on Bondi Beach, now packed with people. She notices an empty case of beer that was there the previous night. She and Miranda move in and try to quietly move beachgoers away from the box. One group refuses to move and distracts Robin while Miranda discovers a shoe sticking out from the sand. She kicks the box away to find Brett's face peeking out, his eyes closed. Miranda moves in to check his pulse. Robin yells at Miranda to draw her weapon but she freezes. Brett suddenly pulls the rifle out of the sand and shoots Miranda in the abdomen. Robin jumps on him, her gun to his head, demanding to know where Mary is. Meanwhile, Mary shows up at home, unharmed. Crying, Julia begs her to stay, promising that she will change and try to understand her, but Mary leaves. Robin visits the hospital, where Miranda is in a coma, her outlook grim. Adrian vows to tell everyone he loves her, and begs Robin to find their surrogate. Robin finds Pyke at Stasi Cafe, where they kiss and embrace. He leaves after getting a text from Julia informing him that Mary's passport is missing. Robin then finds Puss in the kitchen, where she cuts him with a kitchen knife. He claims that Cinnamon hanged herself. Robin puts her gun to his head and he discloses the address of the missing surrogates, giving her the key. She shows up to find not only Adrian but the other expectant couples, including Felicia and Mike, all of whom received calls from their surrogates. They find the apartment empty, with a DVD left behind. Meanwhile, Mary escorts the dozen or so surrogates through the airport. Puss shows up as they board the plane, and Mary, upset, tells him that she could have been shot while he fled. He lies and tells her the elevator doors closed and he couldn't do anything. She asks what will happen to the babies and who will love them, and he tells them the "people who made them" will buy them back. She pulls away and he slaps her. She hits him back, over and over. Caramel calls for Mary, but she refuses to board and watches him leave. At the apartment, Adrian plays the DVD, which shows the video shot at the brothel of the Thai women with the babies. Puss narrates, mocking the parents, and accusing the West of exploiting the bodies of oppressed Asian women through prostitution and now surrogacy. He declares that their babies have flown away but each one will bring enough money to feed an entire poor village, as the video shows Bootie handing a bundle of cash in exchange for a white baby. Robin rushes to the airport, while the couples become hysterical, begging Adrian to call the airport and detain the women who are kidnapping their children. Adrian, stunned, tells them there is nothing that can be done legally, as the women can do whatever they want, even while pregnant with another mother's child. Robin arrives at the airport and finds an empty gate, with just the stuffed panda. Mary, however, is safe with her parents. Robin arrives at the Edwards' home, where Julia says she and Pyke are going to give it another try as a couple. Before she leaves, Robin asks if she can borrow the DVD Pyke told her about, showing Mary growing up. Julia protests and says it is their only copy, so Pyke says he will come pick it up as soon as Robin has finished watching it, which Robin says she will do that evening. Julia looks concerned, but says nothing. Later that night, Robin watches the video, crying happy tears, then looks up as she hears a knock on her door – presumably from Pyke.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviews of Top of the Lake have been positive, referring to the series as "masterfully made", "beautiful", "mysterious", "riveting", and "a masterpiece".[32][33][34][35][36] It received a score of 86 out of 100 from Metacritic[37] and a score of 93 per cent from Rotten Tomatoes.[38]

text: There were also some less positive reviews. Mike Hale of The New York Times criticized the "elaborately introduced plotlines" and described Tui's disappearance as "less a story element than a metaphor for the kind of armed resistance to male hegemony that constitutes the central idea of Ms Campion’s body of work."[39]

text: Top of the Lake was lauded by feminist critics[40] for its explicit effort to analyse rape culture[41] as well as its radical construction of narratives entirely foregrounding the experiences of single women.[citation needed]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: AACTA Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2014
Best Telefeature, Mini Series or Short Run Series
Emile Sherman, Iain Canning, Jane Campion and Philippa Campbell
Won

Best Direction in a Drama or Comedy
Garth Davis for "The Dark Creator"
Nominated

Best Guest or Supporting Actor in a Television Drama
Peter Mullan
Nominated

Best Guest or Supporting Actress in a Television Drama
Robyn Nevin
Nominated

Best Cinematography in Television
Adam Arkapaw for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator"
Won

Best Sound in Television
Richard Flynn, Tony Vaccher, John Dennison, Craig Butters, Danny Longhurst and Blair Slater, for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator"
Won

Best Original Music Score in Television
Mark Bradshaw, for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator"
Nominated

Best Production Design in Television
Fiona Crombie for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator"
Nominated

Best Costume Design in Television
Emily Seresin for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator"
Nominated

Best Editing in Television
Scott Gray for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator"
Nominated

text: Critics' Choice Television Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2013
Best Movie/Miniseries
—
Nominated

Best Actress in a Movie/Miniseries
Elisabeth Moss
Won

Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries
Peter Mullan
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries
David Wenham
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries
Thomas M. Wright
Nominated

text: Emmy Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2013
Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Miniseries or Movie

Nominated

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie
Elisabeth Moss
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie
Peter Mullan
Nominated

Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special
Jane Campion, Garth Davis
Nominated

Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special
Jane Campion, Gerard Lee
Nominated

Creative Arts Emmy Awards

Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special

Nominated

Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries or Movie
Episode: "Part 1"
Won

Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or Movie
Episode: "Part 5"
Nominated

text: Golden Globe Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2014
Best Miniseries or Television Film
—
Nominated

Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film
Elisabeth Moss
Won

text: Golden Nymph Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2014
Best Miniseries
—
Won

Best Actor — Miniseries
Peter Mullan
Won

Best Actress — Miniseries
Elisabeth Moss
Won

text: Screen Actors Guild Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2014
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie
Elisabeth Moss
Nominated

2014
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie
Holly Hunter
Nominated

text: New Zealand Film Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Result
Ref

2013
Best Television Feature or Drama Series
Won
[42]

text: Screen Producers Australia Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Result
Ref

2013
Drama Television Production of the Year
Won
[43]

text: Equity Ensemble Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Result
Ref

2013
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Miniseries or Telemovie
Won
[44]