document_title: Scotland at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: when did scotland last play in the world cup

text: Scotland at the FIFA World Cup

text: History[edit]

text: Scotland, like the other Home Nations, did not enter the three FIFA World Cups held during the 1930s. This was because the four associations had been excluded from FIFA due to a disagreement regarding the status of amateur players.[9] The four associations, including Scotland, returned to the FIFA fold after the Second World War.[9] The readmission of the Scottish Football Association to FIFA meant that Scotland were now eligible to enter the 1950 FIFA World Cup. FIFA advised that places would be awarded to the top two teams in the 1949–50 British Home Championship, but the SFA announced that Scotland would attend the finals only if Scotland won the competition.[10] Scotland won their first two matches, but a 1–0 home defeat by England meant that the Scots finished as runners-up.[10] The SFA stood by this proclamation, despite pleas to the contrary by the Scotland players, supported by England captain Billy Wright and the other England players.[10][11] Sportswriter Brian Glanville later described the SFA as showing "baffling insularity and pique" in their refusal to send a team to the World Cup.[10]

text: The same qualification rules as in 1950 were in place for the 1954 FIFA World Cup, with the 1953–54 British Home Championship acting as a qualifying group. Scotland again finished second, but this time the SFA allowed a team to participate in the Finals, held in Switzerland. To quote the SFA website, "The preparation was atrocious".[12] The SFA only sent 13 players to the finals, even though FIFA allowed 22-man squads at the tournament.[13][14] Despite this self-imposed hardship in terms of players, the SFA dignitaries travelled in numbers, accompanied with their wives.[13] Scotland lost 1–0 against Austria in their first game in the finals.[14] After falling out with the SFA, probably due to the poor preparation of the team, manager Andy Beattie resigned hours before the game against Uruguay.[10][15][14] Uruguay were reigning champions and had never before lost a game at the World Cup finals. The gulf in class was exposed in horrific fashion as Uruguay won 7–0.[10][12][16][14]

text: Scotland qualified for the 1958 FIFA World Cup, finishing ahead of Spain.[10] Matt Busby had been due to manage the team at the World Cup, but the severe injuries he suffered in the Munich air disaster meant that trainer Dawson Walker took charge of the team instead.[10] In their first match at the finals Scotland achieved a creditable draw against Yugoslavia.[10] Players Archie Robertson and Tommy Docherty were sent to watch next opponents Paraguay and they reported back that Paraguay was a "rough, fit and good" team.[10] Walker chose to ignore this advice and left out some of his combative players, including Docherty, and Scotland lost 3–2.[10] They exited the competition after also losing to France.[10]

text: Scotland failed to qualify for another World Cup in the next 16 years.[10] A "skilful but fragile" team lost a play-off to Czechoslovakia in qualification for 1962.[10] A team managed by Jock Stein, but deprived of many of its best players due to club commitments, lost a decisive qualifier against Italy in Naples for the 1966 tournament.[10] A narrow defeat by West Germany in Hamburg then ended hopes of qualifying for 1970.[10]

text: Willie Ormond was appointed Scotland manager in 1973. Ormond lost his first match in charge 5–0 to England, but recovered to steer Scotland to their first World Cup finals in 16 years in 1974. At the 1974 World Cup finals in West Germany, Scotland achieved their most impressive performance at a World Cup tournament.[17] The team was unbeaten but failed to progress beyond the group stages on goal difference.[10][17] After beating Zaire, they drew with both Brazil and Yugoslavia, and went out because they had beaten Zaire by the smallest margin.[5] This performance has been assessed as a "gallant failure", but the choice to retain possession instead of pressing for more goals against Zaire has been criticised.[10]

text: Scotland appointed Ally MacLeod as manager in 1977. Scotland qualified for the 1978 FIFA World Cup with victories over Czechoslovakia and Wales.[18] During the build-up to the tournament, MacLeod fuelled the hopes of the nation by stating that Scotland would come home from Argentina with a medal.[19] As the squad left for the finals, they were given an enthusiastic send off as they were paraded around a packed Hampden Park.[20] Thousands more fans lined the route to Prestwick Airport as the team set off for South America.[19] This enthusiasm was not just generated internally, as respected coaches such as Rinus Michels and Miljan Miljanić rated Scotland amongst the favourites to win the competition.[10][21] The Royal Mail commissioned designs of commemorative stamps that would have been circulated if Scotland had won the World Cup.[22]

text: Scotland's first game was against Peru in Córdoba. Two spectacular goals by Teófilo Cubillas meant that the result was a 3–1 loss. The second game was a very disappointing 1–1 draw against Iran.[19] Scotland had not even scouted Iran. The disconsolate mood of the nation was reflected by footage of Ally MacLeod in the dugout with his head in his hands.[23] MacLeod had made strange selection choices, picking inexperienced full-backs and retaining the out-of-form Bruce Rioch and Don Masson.[10]

text: After taking a single point from their opening two games, Scotland had to defeat the Netherlands by three clear goals to progress.[6] Despite the Dutch taking the lead, Scotland fought back to win 3–2 with a goal from Kenny Dalglish and two from Archie Gemmill, the second of which is considered one of the greatest World Cup goals ever;[19] Gemmill beat three Dutch defenders before lifting the ball over goalkeeper Jan Jongbloed into the net.[19][24] The victory was not sufficient to secure a place in the second round, however, as Scotland were eliminated on goal difference for the second successive World Cup.[6] This performance against strong opponents only heightened the frustration at the poor results earlier in the competition.[10] MacLeod initially retained his position, but resigned later that year.[10]

text: Jock Stein, who had won nine consecutive Scottish league titles and the European Cup as manager of Celtic, was appointed Scotland manager in 1978.[25] After failing to qualify for the 1980 European Championship,[18] Scotland qualified for the 1982 FIFA World Cup from a tough group including Sweden, Portugal, Israel and Northern Ireland, losing just one match in the process.[26] They were then drawn in a "Group of death" with New Zealand, Brazil and the Soviet Union.[10] Scotland beat New Zealand by 5–2 in their first game, but then lost 4–1 to a Brazil team containing Socrates, Zico, Eder and Falcão.[7] Scotland were again eliminated on goal difference, after a 2–2 draw with the Soviet Union. This match is best remembered for defenders Alan Hansen and Willie Miller colliding while chasing a long ball, which allowed the Soviets to run through and score.[10]

text: Scotland qualified for the 1986 FIFA World Cup, their fourth in succession, in traumatic circumstances. The squad went into their last qualification match against Wales needing a point to progress to a qualifying playoff against Australia. With only nine minutes remaining and Wales leading 1–0, Scotland were awarded a penalty kick, which was calmly scored by Davie Cooper.[27] The 1–1 draw meant that Scotland progressed, but as the players and fans celebrated, national coach Jock Stein suffered a heart attack and died shortly afterwards.[27] His assistant Alex Ferguson took over.[25] Scotland qualified by winning 2–0 against Australia in a two-leg playoff, but were again drawn into a group of death, this time with Uruguay, Denmark and West Germany.[10][28] Scotland were eliminated from the tournament with just one point from their three matches, a goalless draw with Uruguay.[29]

text: Scotland qualified for their fifth consecutive World Cup in 1990 by finishing second in their qualifying group, ahead of France.[30] Scotland were drawn in a group with Costa Rica, Sweden, and Brazil, but the Scots lost 1–0 to Costa Rica.[31] While they recovered to beat Sweden 2–1 in their second game, they lost to Brazil in their third match 1–0 and were once again eliminated after the first round.[31] Goalkeeper Jim Leighton fumbled a shot that allowed Brazil to score the only goal.[10]

text: Craig Brown guided Scotland to qualification for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, finishing as the best runners-up. Scotland were drawn against holders Brazil in the opening game of the World Cup.[32] John Collins scored from the penalty spot to level the score at 1–1, but a Tom Boyd own goal led to a 2–1 defeat. Scotland drew their next game 1–1 with Norway in Bordeaux,[2] but the final match against Morocco ended in a 3–0 defeat.[33] Scotland have not appeared at the World Cup since.

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Tournament summary[edit]

text:
Year
Final Tournament
Qualification

Round
Pld
W
D
L
F
A
Round
Pld
W
D
L
F
A

1930
Did not enter[4]

1934

1938

1950
Withdrew[8]
Group – 2nd
3
2
0
1
10
3

1954
Round 1
2
0
0
2
0
8
Group – 2nd
3
1
1
1
8
8

1958
Round 1
3
0
1
2
4
6
Group – 1st
4
3
0
1
10
9

1962
Did not qualify
Group – 2nd
5
3
0
2
12
11

1966
Group – 2nd
6
3
1
2
8
8

1970
Group – 2nd
6
3
1
2
18
7

1974
Round 1
3
1
2
0
3
1
Group – 1st
4
3
0
1
8
3

1978
Round 1
3
1
1
1
5
6
Group – 1st
4
3
0
1
6
3

1982
Round 1
3
1
1
1
8
8
Group – 1st
8
4
3
1
9
4

1986
Round 1
3
0
1
2
1
3
Play-off
8
4
2
2
10
4

1990
Round 1
3
1
0
2
2
3
Group – 2nd
8
4
2
2
12
12

1994
Did not qualify
Group – 4th
10
4
3
3
14
13

1998
Round 1
3
0
1
2
2
6
Group – 2nd
10
7
2
1
15
3

2002
Did not qualify
Group – 3rd
8
4
3
1
12
6

2006
Group – 3rd
10
3
4
3
9
7

2010
Group – 3rd
8
3
1
4
6
11

2014
Group – 4th
10
3
2
5
8
12

2018
Group – 3rd
10
5
3
2
17
12

2022
TBD

Total
8/21
23
4
7
12
25
41

125
62
28
35
192
136

text: Matches played[edit]

text:
World Cup
(manager)
Round
Opponent
Score
Result
Venue
Scotland scorers

1954
(Beattie)
Group stage
 Austria
0–1
L
Zürich
&
—

 Uruguay
0–7
L
Basel
&
—

1958
(Walker)
Group stage
 Yugoslavia
1–1
D
Västerås
Murray

 Paraguay
2–3
L
Norrköping
Mudie, Collins

 France
1–2
L
Örebro
Baird

1974
(Ormond)
Group stage
 Zaire
2–0
W
Dortmund
Lorimer, Jordan

 Brazil
0–0
D
Frankfurt
&
—

 Yugoslavia
1–1
D
Frankfurt
Jordan

1978
(MacLeod)
Group stage
 Peru
1–3
L
Córdoba
Jordan

 Iran
1–1
D
Córdoba
Eskandarian (o.g.)

 Netherlands
3–2
W
Mendoza
Dalglish, Gemmill (2)

1982
(Stein)
Group stage
 New Zealand
5–2
W
Málaga
Dalglish, Wark (2), Robertson, Archibald

 Brazil
1–4
L
Seville
Narey

 Soviet Union
2–2
D
Málaga
Jordan, Souness

1986
(Ferguson)
Group stage
 Denmark
0–1
L
Nezahualcóyotl
&
—

 West Germany
1–2
L
Querétaro
Strachan

 Uruguay
0–0
D
Nezahualcóyotl
&
—

1990
(Roxburgh)
Group stage
 Costa Rica
0–1
L
Genoa
&
—

 Sweden
2–1
W
Genoa
McCall, Johnston

 Brazil
0–1
L
Turin
&
—

1998
(Brown)
Group stage
 Brazil
1–2
L
Saint-Denis
Collins

 Norway
1–1
D
Bordeaux
Burley

 Morocco
0–3
L
Saint-Étienne
&
—

text: Head to head records[edit]

text:
Final tournament head-to-head

Opponent
P
W
D
L
GF
GA
%W
%D
%L

 Austria
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
100

 Brazil
4
0
1
3
2
7
0
25
75

 Costa Rica
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
100

 Denmark
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
100

 France
1
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
100

 Iran
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
100
0

 Morocco
1
0
0
1
0
3
0
0
100

 Netherlands
1
1
0
0
3
2
100
0
0

 New Zealand
1
1
0
0
5
2
100
0
0

 Norway
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
100
0

 Paraguay
1
0
0
1
2
3
0
0
100

 Peru
1
0
0
1
1
3
0
0
100

 Soviet Union
1
0
1
0
2
2
0
100
0

 Sweden
1
1
0
0
2
1
100
0
0

 Uruguay
2
0
1
1
0
7
0
50
50

 West Germany
1
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
100

 Yugoslavia
2
0
2
0
2
2
0
100
0

 Zaire
1
1
0
0
2
0
100
0
0

text: Qualifying[edit]

text:
Qualifying head-to-headshow

Opponent
P
W
D
L
GF
GA
%W
%D
%L

 Australia
2
1
1
0
2
0
50
50
0

 Austria
4
2
1
1
4
3
50
25
25

 Belarus
4
2
1
1
5
2
50
25
25

 Belgium
4
0
1
3
2
8
0
25
75

 Croatia
4
2
2
0
4
1
50
50
0

 Cyprus
4
4
0
0
18
3
100
0
0

 Czechoslovakia
7
3
0
4
10
15
42.86
0
57.14

 Denmark
2
2
0
0
6
1
100
0
0

 England
4
0
1
3
4
10
0
25
75

 Estonia
4
3
1
0
8
1
75
25
0

 Finland
2
2
0
0
5
2
100
0
0

 France
2
1
0
1
2
3
50
0
50

 Iceland
4
4
0
0
8
2
100
0
0

 Ireland
1
1
0
0
8
2
100
0
0

 Israel
2
2
0
0
4
1
100
0
0

 Italy
6
1
2
3
3
9
16.67
33.33
50

 Latvia
4
4
0
0
7
1
100
0
0

 Lithuania
2
1
1
0
4
1
50
50
0

 Macedonia
4
1
2
1
5
3
25
50
25

 Malta
4
4
0
0
12
1
100
0
0

 Moldova
2
1
1
0
3
1
50
50
0

 Netherlands
2
0
0
2
0
4
0
0
100

 Northern Ireland
3
1
2
0
4
2
33.33
66.67
0

 Norway
6
1
2
3
4
9
16.67
33.33
50

 Poland
2
0
1
1
2
3
0
50
50

 Portugal
4
0
2
2
1
7
0
50
50

 Republic of Ireland
2
2
0
0
7
1
100
0
0

 San Marino
2
2
0
0
6
0
100
0
0

 Serbia
2
0
1
1
0
2
0
50
50

 Slovakia
2
1
0
1
1
3
50
0
50

 Slovenia
4
2
2
0
6
2
50
50
0

 Spain
4
2
0
2
8
8
50
0
50

 Sweden
4
3
0
1
5
2
75
0
25

  Switzerland
4
2
1
1
7
7
50
25
25

 Wales
8
3
2
3
4
1
37.5
25
37.5

 West Germany
2
0
1
1
3
4
0
50
50

 Yugoslavia
2
0
1
1
2
4
0
50
50

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
No.
Name
Matches
World Cups

1
Jim Leighton
9
1986, 1990 and 1998

2
Kenny Dalglish
8
1974, 1978 and 1982

3
Joe Jordan
7
1974, 1978 and 1982

4
Alan Rough
6
1978 and 1982

Graeme Souness
6
1978, 1982 and 1986

Gordon Strachan
6
1982 and 1986

Roy Aitken
6
1986 and 1990

8
Martin Buchan
5
1974 and 1978

Danny McGrain
5
1974 and 1982

Willie Miller
5
1982 and 1986

David Narey
5
1982 and 1986

Alex McLeish
5
1982, 1986 and 1990

Maurice Malpas
5
1986 and 1990

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text:
No.
Name
Goals
World Cups

1
Joe Jordan
4
1974 (2), 1978 (1) and 1982 (1)

2
Archie Gemmill
2
1978

Kenny Dalglish
2
1978 and 1982

John Wark
2
1982

5
Thirteen players
1

text: Squads[edit]

text:
show
Scotland squads at FIFA World Cup finals

show

v
t
e

Scotland squad – 1954 FIFA World Cup

1 Martin
2 Cunningham (c)
3 Aird
4 Evans
5 Docherty
6 Davidson
7 Cowie
8 McKenzie
9 Hamilton
10 Brown
11 Mochan
12 Fernie
13 Ormond
14 Anderson
15 Johnstone
16 Henderson
17 Mathers
18 Wilson
19 Binning
20 Combe
21 Copland
22 McMillan
Coach: Beattie

show

v
t
e

Scotland squad – 1958 FIFA World Cup

1 Younger (c)
2 Docherty
3 Parker
4 Caldow
5 Hewie
6 Haddock
7 McColl
8 Turnbull
9 Evans
10 Cowie
11 Mackay
12 Brown
13 Baird
14 Leggat
15 Scott
16 Murray
17 Mudie
18 Coyle
19 Collins
20 Robertson
21 Imlach
22 Fernie
Coach: Walker

show

v
t
e

Scotland squad – 1974 FIFA World Cup

1 Harvey
2 Jardine
3 McGrain
4 Bremner (c)
5 Holton
6 Blackley
7 Johnstone
8 Dalglish
9 Jordan
10 Hay
11 Lorimer
12 Allan
13 Stewart
14 Buchan
15 Cormack
16 Donachie
17 Ford
18 Hutchison
19 Law
20 Morgan
21 McQueen
22 Schaedler
Coach: Ormond

show

v
t
e

Scotland squad – 1978 FIFA World Cup

1 Rough
2 Jardine
3 Donachie
4 Buchan
5 McQueen
6 Rioch (c)
7 Masson
8 Dalglish
9 Jordan
10 Hartford
11 Johnston
12 Blyth
13 Kennedy
14 Forsyth
15 Gemmill
16 Macari
17 Johnstone
18 Souness
19 Robertson
20 Clark
21 Harper
22 Burns
Coach: MacLeod

show

v
t
e

Scotland squad – 1982 FIFA World Cup

1 Rough
2 McGrain
3 Gray
4 Souness (c)
5 Hansen
6 Miller
7 Strachan
8 Dalglish
9 Brazil
10 Wark
11 Robertson
12 Wood
13 McLeish
14 Narey
15 Jordan
16 Hartford
17 Evans
18 Archibald
19 Sturrock
20 Provan
21 Burley
22 Leighton
Coach: Stein

show

v
t
e

Scotland squad – 1986 FIFA World Cup

1 Leighton
2 Gough
3 Malpas
4 Souness (c)
5 McLeish
6 Miller
7 Strachan
8 Aitken
9 Bannon
10 Bett
11 McStay
12 Goram
13 Nicol
14 Narey
15 Albiston
16 McAvennie
17 Archibald
18 Sharp
19 Nicholas
20 Sturrock
21 Cooper
22 Rough
Coach: Ferguson

show

v
t
e

Scotland squad – 1990 FIFA World Cup

1 Leighton
2 McLeish
3 Aitken (c)
4 Gough
5 McStay
6 Malpas
7 Johnston
8 Bett
9 McCoist
10 MacLeod
11 Gillespie
12 Goram
13 Durie
14 McInally
15 Levein
16 McCall
17 McKimmie
18 Collins
19 McPherson
20 McAllister
21 Fleck
22 Gunn
Coach: Roxburgh

show

v
t
e

Scotland squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup

1 Leighton
2 McNamara
3 Boyd
4 Calderwood
5 Hendry (c)
6 T. McKinlay
7 Gallacher
8 Burley
9 Durie
10 Jackson
11 Collins
12 Sullivan
13 Donnelly
14 Lambert
15 Gemmill
16 Weir
17 W. McKinlay
18 Elliott
19 Whyte
20 Booth
21 Gould
22 Dailly
Coach: Brown


document_title: Death in Paradise (TV series)

question_text: who is the new detective in death in paradise

root

text: Death in Paradise (TV series)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: British detective Richard Poole (Ben Miller) is assigned to investigate the murder of a British police officer on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint Marie.[7] After he successfully finds the murderer, he is reluctantly required by his supervisors to replace the victim and stay on as the detective inspector (DI) of the island, solving new cases as they appear, and being the object of many fish-out-of-water jokes.[8] At the start of Series 3, Poole is killed and maladroit London detective Humphrey Goodman (Kris Marshall) arrives to investigate the death of his strait-laced predecessor. He then stays in the job as chief investigator on the island. In the second half of Series 6, he resigns so he can stay in London with his new girlfriend Martha Lloyd. His replacement on Saint Marie is DI Jack Mooney, played by Ardal O'Hanlon.

tag: p

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired
Ave. UK viewers
(millions)[9]

First aired
Last aired

1
8
25 October 2011 (2011-10-25)
13 December 2011 (2011-12-13)
5.89

2
8
8 January 2013 (2013-01-08)
26 February 2013 (2013-02-26)
7.67

3
8
14 January 2014 (2014-01-14)
4 March 2014 (2014-03-04)
8.46

4
8
8 January 2015 (2015-01-08)
26 February 2015 (2015-02-26)
9.03

5
8
7 January 2016 (2016-01-07)
25 February 2016 (2016-02-25)
8.67

6
8
5 January 2017 (2017-01-05)
23 February 2017 (2017-02-23)
9.10

7
8
4 January 2018 (2018-01-04)
22 February 2018 (2018-02-22)
8.34

tag: table

text: Format[edit]

text: While Death in Paradise has continued to be in the top three most popular programmes on British television, critics have called the crime drama "unremarkable" and "an undemanding detective show, with nice Caribbean scenery".[10] The show is known for its formulaic approach to its plots[11] with each episode roughly the same in both style and narrative structure.

text: Each episode begins with a pre-credits sequence showing the events leading up to a murder, and often the discovery of the body afterwards; this sequence also serves to introduce that particular episode's guest characters.[12] The police force of Saint Marie are subsequently informed of the murder, preliminary investigations and interviews take place to establish the suspects and photographs of the suspects and crime scene are placed on the whiteboard at police headquarters.[13]

text: Often towards the end, the lead DI will have a moment of realisation, perhaps brought on by something that someone says or does or by some occurrence. In this moment, the how, why, and who of the murder are comprehended by the DI, but are not revealed to the audience. The suspects are then all gathered together and the DI talks through the evidence; often, flashbacks are used to show what happened. The murderer and the motive are revealed in the dénouement of the episode.[14]

text: Normally, each episode ends with a comedic scene or a celebratory trip by the police force to Catherine's bar.[15] The final episode of most series has included a subplot wherein the lead DI is tempted to return to the UK by the prospect of a job offer or personal relationship, but in the end, he decides to remain on the island. This format was subverted in the sixth series when the two-part storyline in the fifth and sixth episodes saw the team travel to London to follow up on a current case, resulting in then-lead detective Humphrey Goodman deciding to remain to be with his new girlfriend; D.I. Jack Mooney travelled back to Saint-Marie, initially as a holiday, but decided to remain as the new detective inspector of the island in the series finale.

text: Setting[edit]

text: Saint Marie[edit]

text: Death in Paradise is set on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint Marie, described in Episode 3.3 as a "pretty island" that is "situated in the Eastern Caribbean Sea" and "one-tenth the size of its north-west neighbour Guadeloupe"; this would make Saint Marie about 63 square miles (160 km2) in size. Saint Marie is a British Overseas Territory, but about 30% of its people are French, due to previous history, with the language still widely spoken.

text: The back-story appears to be a blend of two real-world islands near to Guadeloupe, with size and location aligning with Marie-Galante and history and language aligning with Dominica.

text: In the TV show, the fictional Saint Marie island has a volcano, rainforest, sugar plantations, a fishing harbour, an airport, a university, a convent, approximately 100 public beaches and a Crown Court. It also has its own newspaper, The Saint Marie Times. Honoré, the main town, has a leisure/commercial marina, market, bars, and restaurants as well as the police station. The neighbouring town to Honoré is named as Port Royal. Saint Marie's main economic ties are to Guadeloupe, the UK, and France. The island's main religions are Catholicism and Voodoo, with several religious festivals featuring in the programme, including the Saint Ursula Festival (in reality, a major festival of the Virgin Islands) and some Voodoo festivals.

text: Other locations[edit]

text: Episode 3.7 is largely set on an islet just off Saint Marie; it is privately owned and relatively small. This episode was actually filmed on the island of Kahouanne, around 1.2 miles (1.9 km) off the north-west coast of Guadeloupe where the series is normally filmed. It can often be seen in the background from a beach on Saint Marie.

text: Episodes 6.5 and 6.6 are largely set in London when DI Goodman, DS Cassell and Officer Myers form a liaison team with future lead DI Jack Mooney in order to track down suspects in a murder investigation in Saint Marie, and later to investigate the murder of one of the suspects.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Character
Actor
Position
Series

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Richard Poole
Ben Miller
DI
Main
Guest

Camille Bordey
Sara Martins
DS
Main

Dwayne Myers
Danny John-Jules
Officer
Main

Fidel Best
Gary Carr
Officer/Sergeant
Main

Selwyn Patterson
Don Warrington
Commissioner
Main

Catherine Bordey
Élizabeth Bourgine
Restaurateur, Mayor (Series 7-)
Recurring
Main

Humphrey Goodman
Kris Marshall
DI

Main

Florence Cassel
Joséphine Jobert
Sergeant/DS

Main

JP Hooper
Tobi Bakare
Officer

Main

Martha Lloyd
Sally Bretton

Guest
Main

Jack Mooney
Ardal O'Hanlon
DI

Main

Ruby Patterson
Shyko Amos
Officer

Main

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Character
Actor
Years
Series

Aidan Miles
Adrian Dunbar
2011
1.7–1.8

Sally Goodman
Morven Christie
2014
3.1a, 3.8

Martin Goodman, QC
James Fox
2015
4.7a–4.8

Rosey Hooper (née Fabrice)
Fola Evans-Akingbola[16][17]
2016
5.3, 5.5–5.6, 5.8

Nelson Myers
Ram John Holder
2017-2018
6.5–6.6, 7.7–7.8

Siobhan Mooney
Grace Stone
2017-2018
6.6–7.1

Darlene Curtis
Ginny Holder
2018
7.3–7.5, 7.7

text: ^a Made a voice cameo in this episode.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series is filmed on the French island of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles, mainly in the commune of Deshaies (which doubles for the town of Honoré on the fictional island of Saint Marie), with the help of the Bureau d’accueil des tournages de la Région Guadeloupe.[18] The site of the Honoré police station is a church hall in Deshaies with the priest's office appearing as the incident room.[19]

text: Miller left the series at the start of series 3, as he felt he was spending too much time away from his family since his wife was unable to join him on the island during production. Marshall's family joined him on the island during his first three six-month shoots and his son Thomas enrolled at a local school. When his family did not join him during the filming of the sixth season, following the birth of his baby daughter Elsie, it left him feeling "bereft and empty" and he quit the show.[20] From episode 7 of the sixth season the lead role was taken by Ardal O'Hanlon playing DI Jack Mooney, a London colleague.[21]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Viewing figures[edit]

text: Regarding British TV ratings, Death in Paradise has gained in popularity over time.

text: Series 1 (2011) has been the least-watched to date, averaging 5.89 million viewers, with the 5.3 million viewers for the sixth episode, “An Unhelpful Aid” the lowest the show has had. Even so, each episode was among the top five most-watched programmes of the day, and in the top forty most-watched programmes of the week.

text: Series 2 (2013) averaged 7.67 million viewers, almost 2 million more than the previous series. Each episode was among the top two most-watched programmes of the day, and in the top fifteen most-watched programmes of the week.

text: Series 3 (2014) averaged 8.46 million viewers. Each episode was among the top two most-watched programmes of the day, and in the top ten most-watched programmes of the week.

text: Season 4 (2015) averaged 9.03 million viewers. Based on consolidated figures, each episode was among the top three most-watched programmes of the day, and in the top ten most-watched programmes of the week.

text: Season 5 (2016) averaged 8.67 million viewers. Based on consolidated figures, each episode was the most-watched programme of the day, and in the top four most-watched programmes of the week.

text: Season 6 (2017) has been the most-watched so far, averaging 9.1 million viewers. The season premiere, “Erupting in Murder” is the most-watched episode of the show to date with 9.81 million viewers. Based on consolidated figures, each episode of Series 6 was the most-watched programme of the day, and in the top four most-watched programmes of the week.

text: Series 7 (2018) averaged 8.34 million viewers. Based on consolidated figures, each episode was the most-watched programme of the day, and in the top ten most-watched programmes of the week.[22]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The series has received mixed reviews from critics, with most criticism directed towards its formulaic structure. The first series was praised for its refreshing style and setting. Kris Marshall's introduction at the start of series 3 was particularly well received, with Rebecca Smith of The Daily Telegraph citing Marshall as a "winning addition" to the cast.[23] The series 4 premiere was described as "a little piece of escapism" and was generally praised. Mark Monahan of The Daily Telegraph criticised the laid-back tone of the series, calling it too methodical with nothing unique about it besides the setting.[24]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Red Planet Pictures was nominated for, and won, the "Diversity in a Drama Production Award" for Death In Paradise. Sara Martins, Danny John-Jules, Don Warrington and Tobi Bakare collected the award at a ceremony supported by the BBC and ITV that took place on 15 February 2015.[25]

text: DVD release[edit]

text:
Series
Region 2
Region 1
Region 4
Discs
Extras

1
8 October 2012[26]
17 June 2014[27]
2 August 2012 [28]
2
N/A

2
4 March 2013
16 September 2014[29]
3 July 2013 [30]
3
N/A

3
10 March 2014
5 May 2015[31]
25 May 2014 [32]
3
The Making of Death in Paradise on disc three. Seven short insights into the making of Death in Paradise.

4
2 March 2015[33]
5 July 2016[34]
18 March 2015 [35]
3
N/A

5
29 February 2016
13 December 2016[36]
16 March 2016 [37]
3
The Making Of Death In Paradise
Creating The Puzzle
Harry The Lizzard
Tour Of Honoré Police Station
The Vehicles

1–5
29 February 2016
N/A
16 March 2016 [38]
14
same extras that were on series 3 and 5 (no extra were made for series 1–2 and 4)

6
27 February 2017
12 December 2017[39]
29 March 2017 [40]
3
N/A

1–6
N/A
N/A
29 March 2017 [41]
17
same extras that were on series 3 and 5

7
26 February 2018
N/A
14 March 2018 [42]
3

1–7
N/A
N/A
14 March 2018 [43]
20

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: In the U.K., all series were shown on BBC One. The first series was broadcast in late 2011. The second series was broadcast in January 2013, with subsequent series filling the same January slot; all series were shown in a 9:00–10:00 pm slot.[a] The series has also been shown on repeat on the Alibi channel, although with each episode missing the pre-intro sequence and a few expendable scenes due to the need for adverts on Alibi.

text: In France the programme is broadcast on France 2.

text: In the U.S., many, but not all, member stations of PBS broadcast Death In Paradise. Series 1 and 2 were broadcast in the San Francisco Bay Area on KQED Mystery Night in 2013.[44] Series 1 aired in January and February 2013 and series 2 aired in April and May 2013.

text: In the New England area, WGBH-TV started airing Series 1 and 2 in 2013. Other PBS stations that air the programme as of 2016 include WPBA, WLIW, WTTW, KAET, KUAT, KUHT Houston, and WNED, among others. In Seattle-Tacoma, WA area broadcast on KBTC TV (PBS), Seasons 1-6.

text: All episodes of series 1–5 are available on Netflix for online streaming in the UK. All episodes of series 1–6 are available on Netflix for online streaming in the U.S.

text: In Australia, recent series have aired nationally on Foxtel within a few hours of their UK release. Series 1–6 were broadcast on ABC One a few months behind original broadcast in the U.K. Generally, this was shown in a 7:30pm Saturday timeslot.

text: In Canada, all series have been broadcast on BBC Canada on Thursdays at 9:00 pm. The last two series have been shown about a month after the BBC One showing.

text: Music[edit]

text: Theme music[edit]

text: The theme music is an instrumental version of a Jamaican song from the 1960s, "You're Wondering Now," written by Coxsone Dodd, originally recorded by Andy & Joey in Jamaica. It was later made famous by The Skatalites and in Europe by ska band The Specials and later still by Amy Winehouse as featured on some editions of the deluxe version of her album Back to Black. In the first episode of the third series, the cover version recorded by The Skatalites in 1994 is played at the bar. It appeared on the official Death in Paradise soundtrack, released in January 2015, alongside other music from all four series. In the French version, the opening song is "Sunday Shining" by Finley Quaye.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: In January 2015, an official soundtrack compiling 26 songs from the first four series of the show was released by the BBC. It contains original music for Death in Paradise and already extant tunes, though it does not include the theme music from the show.

text: Novels[edit]

text: The creator of the show, Robert Thorogood, signed a three-book deal to write Death in Paradise novels featuring the original characters (D.I. Richard Poole, D.S. Camille Bordey, Officer Dwayne Myers, Sergeant Fidel Best and Comm. Selwyn Patterson). The first of these, A Meditation on Murder (A Death in Paradise novel),[45] was published in January 2015. Early reviews were generally favourable, with the Daily Express in particular being complimentary, giving it four stars.[46] The second book was released in 2016 with the title The Killing of Polly Carter.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Series 4, episode 7 was shown in an earlier timeslot of 8.25 pm-9.25 pm due to EastEnders Live 30th anniversary celebrations.

tag: ol


document_title: Just Do It

question_text: when did nike just do it come out

question_tokens: when did nike just do it come out

text: Just Do It

text: Just Do It (stylized as JUST DO IT.)[1] is a trademark of shoe company Nike, and one of the core components of Nike's brand. The slogan was coined in 1988 at an advertising agency meeting. The founder of Wieden+Kennedy agency, Dan Wieden credits the inspiration for his "Just Do It" Nike slogan to Gary Gilmore’s last words: "Let's do it."[2] The "Just Do It" campaign allowed Nike to further increase its share of the North American domestic sport-shoe business from 18% to 43%, (from $877 million to $9.2 billion in worldwide sales) from 1988 to 1998.[3] In many Nike-related situations, "Just Do It" appears alongside the Nike logo, known as the Swoosh.

text: Campaign[edit]

text: This Section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The "Just Do It" campaign launched in 1988 was highly successful with the Age selecting the campaign as one of the top two taglines of the 20th century with it being both "universal and intensely personal".[2][not in citation given] While Reebok was directing their campaign at aerobics during the fitness craze of the 1980s, Nike responded with "a tough, take no prisoners ad campaign". One of the campaign's objectives was to target all Americans regardless of age, gender or physical fitness level [3] which led to Nike becoming worn as a fashion statement, not just as fitness gear (Nearly 80% of Nike’s running shoes are not worn for their intended purpose). Nike’s fundamental objective was to represent sneakers as a fashion statement to consumers, especially females, teens and males aged 18–40.

text: Throughout the campaign Nike enlisted numerous notable athletes in order to attract customers and promote the image of Nike as being reliable to not only everyday customers but professional athletes. Athletes such as football stars Ronaldinho and Wayne Rooney, basketball stars Michael Jordan, and Kobe Bryant and tennis stars Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal were used in their advertisements, including a range of people from varying ethnicities and races.[4][unreliable source?]

text: Nike was faced with criticism by Ernst & Young surrounding the campaign, with the pay of elite athletes compared to those in overseas shoe factories, and for violating the minimum wage in their operations in Vietnam.[5][unreliable source?] [6]

text: The "Just Do It" campaign went out to a range of media outlets including merchandise, outdoor billboards, print media, and graffiti art.

text: The campaign embodied Nike's image as an innovative American icon associated with success through the combination of professional athletes and motivational slogans emphasizing sportsmanship and health. This led to customers associating their purchases with the prospect of achieving greatness.[7][unreliable source?]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In 2015, actor Shia LaBeouf used this phrase in LaBeouf, Rönkkö & Turner's #INTRODUCTIONS video, which later become an Internet meme.[8]


document_title: Rishton Ka Chakravyuh

question_text: real name of satrupa in rishton ka chakravyuh

text: Rishton Ka Chakravyuh

text: Synopsis[edit]

text:
Seventeen-year-old Anami, abandoned at birth and adopted by a pandit family in Banaras, returns as the sole yet reluctant heir to a royal family in Laal Mahal in Bihar badlands and a saga begins.
Satrupa brings back Anami to Laal Mahal after her son and Anami's twin brother,Vatsalya's death. Reluctantly, Anami agrees to go back to Laal Mahal. Adhiraj Pandey, the CBI officer who is handling the case of whatever is related to lal Mahal, gradually develops a close bond with Anami and the two become best friends. Slowly, Anami learns about the past of Laal Mahal and gets to know her dead brother through his diary. She decides to stay in Laal Mahal and find the true culprit behind her brother's death. Because Adhiraj is her best friend and actually loves her without knowing it, he helps her in any decision she makes without denying. She also brings Sudha, her biological father's past affairs and also the mother of Narottom, (Anami’s half-brother)to Laal Mahal to make Narottom’s life happy. She is unaware of Sudha's true motives who wants all the money, power and property of Lal Mahal. Behind Anami’s back she plans and plots without Anami knowing it. Satrupa warns Anami for Sudha, but because of Anami’s stubborn behaviour and misconception about Satrupa, she never trusts her. At first, Anami trusts Sudha blindfolded but gradually Adhiraj suspects Sudha and tells Anami to watch out for her. Anami tries running away from Lal Mahal to go and live with her Pagli Panditayn and father(Anami’s foster parents) when her brother Laddo(son of her foster parents) was kidnapped by Purushottam (sudha’s brother)and later kept secretive by Satrupa to stay close to Anami. Adhiraj stops her in the middle of the way and plans to go with her for her safety and to spend the last few moments he can before she leaves him forever. Both of them don't want to leave each other but Anami couldn't stay in Lal Mahal. When Anami and Adhiraj, along with laddo reach to Anami’s foster parents, they spend a night in one of her dad’s friend’s house. Sudha gets the house on fire through people whom she had hired to work for her. Anami thinks it was Satrupas plan and decides to go back to seek revenge. Meanwhile Adhiraj expresses his feelings for Anami and she seeks some time for her to know and accept her feelings towards him.She gets to know Sudha’s true motives when Adhiraj gets proof against her which let's her to be imprisoned.The proof was provided by Narottam which was a self confessed audio recording. Anami knows that Satrupa is not guilty. In the end Sudha is exposed and Anami asks Satrupa for forgiveness. Both share a huge hug and the whole family is happy. Baldev and Satrupa get back together.When Narottam was about to leave Laal mahal Anami asks the reason and he tells that since his mother and maternal uncle were involved in Vatsalya’s accident he has no right to stay with the family.Anami promises to keep the secret and ask him not to leave. Terms are settled between Baldev-Satrupa and Narottam.Anami tells Adhiraj about the accident and he makes Sudha confess her crimes.Adiraj and Anami bring Madhu and Murari Pathak to Laal mahal.Satrupa requests them to stay with them at Laal mahal. Seeing the closeness between Anami and Adhiraj Dhiru Pandey (Adhiraj’s father) gets Adhiraj transferred. Learning this Baldev along with Gayatri (his mother) comes to Pandey’s and ask for forgiveness for all their deeds and mistakes and makes a friendship call. Baldev accepts and agrees to stay.Gayatri invites the Pandey family for dinner and everyone share a happy time until they come to a huge shock. Vatsalya comes into Lal Mahal calling Satrupa(Maa). Everyone is shocked including Anami and then the scene ends with Anami and Vatsalya’s face.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Narayani Shastri as Satrupa Vikram Singh, Baldev's wife & Anami and Vaatsalya's mother
Mahima Makwana as Anami Vikram Singh, Baldev-Satrupa's estranged daughter, Vaatsalya's sister
Devarshi Shah as Vatsalya Vikram Singh, Baldev Satrupa's son, Anami's biological twin brother
Sangita Ghosh as Sudha, Baldev's former lover & Narottam's Mother[5]
Ankit Siwach[1] as CBI officer Adhiraj Pandey
Ajay Chaudhary as Baldev Vikram Singh, Satrupa's husband, Anami, Vaatsalya and Narottam's father & Pujan's cousin

tag: ul

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Anju Mahendru as Gayatri Singh, Baldev's mother, Pujan's Aunt & Anami's grandmother
Ram Gopal Bajaj as Vikramaditya Singh[6], Head of Lal Mahal and Royal Steel, Gayatri's husband & Baldev's father
Payal Nair as Daamo, Satrupa's assistant and confidant
Bhupinder Singh as Dhirenda Pandey (Dhiru), Adhiraj & Tanya's father
Akash Gill as Narottam[7][8], Baldev's illegitimate son
Praneet Bhat as Pujan Singh, Baldev's cousin
Karishma Kapur as Kamini, Pujan's wife
Ieshaan Sehgaal as Avdhoot Pratap Singh, Pujan-Kamini's son
Vaishnavi Rao as Tanya Pandey, Adhiraj's Sister
Tom Alter as Somdev Guruji
Mohit Chauhan as Pandit Murari Pathak, Anami's foster father
Lubna Salim as Madhu Pathak, Anami's foster mother
Devyansh Tapuria as Lakshya "Ladoo" Pathak, Anami's foster brother
Sanyukta Timsina as Ila, Adhiraj's assistant at CBI office
Shristhi Mitra as Poonam, Anami's assistant

text: nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee

Result

2017

ITA Award

ITA Award for Best Actor - Female

Mahima Makwana,Narayani shastri

Nominated

ITA Award for Best Actor - Drama

Narayani shastri

Nominated

ITA Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role

Sangita Ghosh

Nominated

ITA Award for Best Actor - Male

Ajay Chaudhary

Nominated

ITA Award for Best TV Show

Rishton Ka Chakravyuh

Nominated


document_title: Metalworking

question_text: the operation of joining two or more parts together by molten metal is called

question_tokens: the operation of joining two or more parts together by molten metal is called

text: Metalworking

text: Prehistory[edit]

text: The oldest archaeological evidence of copper mining and working was the discovery of a copper pendant in northern Iraq from 8,700 BCE.[3] The earliest substantiated and dated evidence of metalworking in the Americas was the processing of copper in Wisconsin, near Lake Michigan. Copper was hammered until brittle then heated so it could be worked some more. This technology is dated to about 4000-5000 BCE.[4] The oldest gold artifacts in the world come from the Bulgarian Varna Necropolis and date from 4450 BCE.

text: Not all metal required fire to obtain it or work it. Isaac Asimov speculated that gold was the "first metal".[5] His reasoning is that by its chemistry it is found in nature as nuggets of pure gold. In other words, gold, as rare as it is, is sometimes found in nature as the metal that it is. There are a few other metals that sometimes occur natively, and as a result of meteors. Almost all other metals are found in ores, a mineral-bearing rock, that require heat or some other process to liberate the metal. Another feature of gold is that it is workable as it is found, meaning that no technology beyond a stone hammer and anvil to work the metal is needed. This is a result of gold's properties of malleability and ductility. The earliest tools were stone, bone, wood, and sinew, all of which sufficed to work gold.

text: At some unknown point the connection between heat and the liberation of metals from rock became clear, and rocks rich in copper, tin, and lead came into demand. These ores were mined wherever they were recognized. Remnants of such ancient mines have been found all over Southwestern Asia.[6] Metalworking was being carried out by the South Asian inhabitants of Mehrgarh between 7000–3300 BCE.[7] The end of the beginning of metalworking occurs sometime around 6000 BCE when copper smelting became common in Southwestern Asia.

text: Ancient civilisations knew of seven metals. Here they are arranged in order of their oxidation potential (in volts):

text:
Iron +0.44 V,
Tin +0.14 V
Lead +0.13 V
Copper −0.34 V
Mercury −0.79 V
Silver −0.80 V
Gold −1.50 V.

text: The oxidation potential is important because it is one indicator of how tightly bound to the ore the metal is likely to be. As can be seen, iron is significantly higher than the other six metals while gold is dramatically lower than the six above it. Gold's low oxidation is one of the main reasons that gold is found in nuggets. These nuggets are relatively pure gold and are workable as they are found.

text: Copper ore, being relatively abundant, and tin ore became the next important players in the story of metalworking. Using heat to smelt copper from ore, a great deal of copper was produced. It was used for both jewelry and simple tools. However, copper by itself was too soft for tools requiring edges and stiffness. At some point tin was added into the molten copper and bronze was born. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. Bronze was an important advance because it had the edge-durability and stiffness that pure copper lacked. Until the advent of iron, bronze was the most advanced metal for tools and weapons in common use (see Bronze Age for more detail).

text: Outside Southwestern Asia, these same advances and materials were being discovered and used around the world. China and Great Britain jumped into the use of bronze with little time being devoted to copper. Japan began the use of bronze and iron almost simultaneously. In the Americas things were different. Although the peoples of the Americas knew of metals, it was not until the European colonisation that metalworking for tools and weapons became common. Jewelry and art were the principal uses of metals in the Americas prior to European influence.

text: Around 2700 BCE, production of bronze was common in locales where the necessary materials could be assembled for smelting, heating, and working the metal. Iron was beginning to be smelted and began its emergence as an important metal for tools and weapons. The period that followed became known as the Iron Age.

text: History[edit]

text: By the historical periods of the Pharaohs in Egypt, the Vedic Kings in India, the Tribes of Israel, and the Maya civilization in North America, among other ancient populations, precious metals began to have value attached to them. In some cases rules for ownership, distribution, and trade were created, enforced, and agreed upon by the respective peoples. By the above periods metalworkers were very skilled at creating objects of adornment, religious artifacts, and trade instruments of precious metals (non-ferrous), as well as weaponry usually of ferrous metals and/or alloys. These skills were finely honed and well executed. The techniques were practiced by artisans, blacksmiths, atharvavedic practitioners, alchemists, and other categories of metalworkers around the globe. For example, the granulation technique was employed by numerous ancient cultures before the historic record shows people traveled to far regions to share this process. This and many other ancient techniques are still used by metalsmiths today.

text: As time progressed metal objects became more common, and ever more complex. The need to further acquire and work metals grew in importance. Skills related to extracting metal ores from the earth began to evolve, and metalsmiths became more knowledgeable. Metalsmiths became important members of society. Fates and economies of entire civilizations were greatly affected by the availability of metals and metalsmiths. The metalworker depends on the extraction of precious metals to make jewelry, build more efficient electronics, and for industrial and technological applications from construction to shipping containers to rail, and air transport. Without metals, goods and services would cease to move around the globe on the scale we know today.

text: General processes[edit]

text: Metalworking generally is divided into the following categories, forming, cutting, and, joining. Each of these categories contain various processes.

text: Prior to most operations, the metal must be marked out and/or measured, depending on the desired finished product.

text: Marking out (also known as layout) is the process of transferring a design or pattern to a workpiece and is the first step in the handcraft of metalworking. It is performed in many industries or hobbies, although in industry, the repetition eliminates the need to mark out every individual piece. In the metal trades area, marking out consists of transferring the engineer's plan to the workpiece in preparation for the next step, machining or manufacture.

text: Calipers are hand tools designed to precisely measure the distance between two points. Most calipers have two sets of flat, parallel edges used for inner or outer diameter measurements. These calipers can be accurate to within one-thousandth of an inch (25.4 μm). Different types of calipers have different mechanisms for displaying the distance measured. Where larger objects need to be measured with less precision, a tape measure is often used.

text:
Compatibility chart of materials versus processes[8]

Material

Process
Iron
Steel
Aluminium
Copper
Magnesium
Nickel
Refractory metals
Titanium
Zinc
Brass
Bronze

Sand casting
X
X
X
X
X
X

0
0
X

Permanent mold casting
X
0
X
0
X
0

0
0
X

Die casting

X
0
X

X

Investment casting

X
X
X
0
0

0
X

Ablation casting

X
X
X
0
0

Closed-die forging

X
0
0
0
0
0
0

Extrusion

0
X
X
X
0
0
0

Cold heading

X
X
X

0

Stamping & deep drawing

X
X
X
0
X

0
0

Screw machine
0
X
X
X
0
X
0
0
0
X
X

Powder metallurgy
X
X
0
X

0
X
0

Key: X = Routinely performed, 0 = Performed with difficulty, caution, or some sacrifice, blank = Not recommended

text: Casting[edit]

text: Casting achieves a specific form by pouring molten metal into a mold and allowing it to cool, with no mechanical force. Forms of casting include:

text:
Investment casting (called lost wax casting in art)
Centrifugal casting
Die casting
Sand casting
Shell casting
Spin casting

text: Forming processes[edit]

text: These forming processes modify metal or workpiece by deforming the object, that is, without removing any material. Forming is done with a system of mechanical forces and, especially for bulk metal forming, with heat.

text: Bulk forming processes[edit]

text: Plastic deformation involves using heat or pressure to make a workpiece more conductive to mechanical force. Historically, this and casting were done by blacksmiths, though today the process has been industrialized. In bulk metal forming, the workpiece is generally heated up.

text:
Cold sizing
Extrusion
Drawing
Forging
Powder metallurgy
Friction drilling
Rolling
Burnishing[9]

text: Sheet (and tube) forming processes[edit]

text: These types of forming process involve the application of mechanical force at room temperature. However, some recent developments involve the heating of dies and/or parts. Advancements in automated metalworking technology have made progressive die stamping possible which is a method that can encompass punching, coining, bending and several other ways below that modify metal at less cost while resulting in less scrap.[10]

text:
Bending
Coining
Decambering
Deep drawing (DD)
Flowforming
Hydroforming (HF)
Hot metal gas forming
Hot press hardening[11]
Incremental forming (IF)
Spinning, Shear forming or Flowforming

A metal spun brass vase

Raising
Roll forming
Roll bending
Repoussé and chasing
Rubber pad forming
Shearing
Stamping
Superplastic forming (SPF)
Wheeling using an English wheel (wheeling machine)

text: Cutting processes[edit]

text: Cutting is a collection of processes wherein material is brought to a specified geometry by removing excess material using various kinds of tooling to leave a finished part that meets specifications. The net result of cutting is two products, the waste or excess material, and the finished part. In woodworking, the waste would be sawdust and excess wood. In cutting metals the waste is chips or swarf and excess metal.

text: Cutting processes fall into one of three major categories:

text:
Chip producing processes most commonly known as machining
Burning, a set of processes wherein the metal is cut by oxidizing a kerf to separate pieces of metal
Miscellaneous specialty process, not falling easily into either of the above categories

text: Drilling a hole in a metal part is the most common example of a chip producing process. Using an oxy-fuel cutting torch to separate a plate of steel into smaller pieces is an example of burning. Chemical milling is an example of a specialty process that removes excess material by the use of etching chemicals and masking chemicals.

text: There are many technologies available to cut metal, including:

text:
Manual technologies: saw, chisel, shear or snips
Machine technologies: turning, milling, drilling, grinding, sawing
Welding/burning technologies: burning by laser, oxy-fuel burning, and plasma
Erosion technologies: by water jet, electric discharge, or abrasive flow machining.
Chemical technologies: Photochemical machining

text: Cutting fluid or coolant is used where there is significant friction and heat at the cutting interface between a cutter such as a drill or an end mill and the workpiece. Coolant is generally introduced by a spray across the face of the tool and workpiece to decrease friction and temperature at the cutting tool/workpiece interface to prevent excessive tool wear. In practice there are many methods of delivering coolant.

text: Milling[edit]

text: Milling is the complex shaping of metal or other materials by removing material to form the final shape. It is generally done on a milling machine, a power-driven machine that in its basic form consists of a milling cutter that rotates about the spindle axis (like a drill), and a worktable that can move in multiple directions (usually two dimensions [x and y axis] relative to the workpiece). The spindle usually moves in the z axis. It is possible to raise the table (where the workpiece rests). Milling machines may be operated manually or under computer numerical control (CNC), and can perform a vast number of complex operations, such as slot cutting, planing, drilling and threading, rabbeting, routing, etc. Two common types of mills are the horizontal mill and vertical mill.

text: The pieces produced are usually complex 3D objects that are converted into x, y, and z coordinates that are then fed into the CNC machine and allow it to complete the tasks required. The milling machine can produce most parts in 3D, but some require the objects to be rotated around the x, y, or z coordinate axis (depending on the need). Tolerances come in a variety of standards, depending on the locale. In countries still using the imperial system, this is usually in the thousandths of an inch (Unit known as Thou), depending on the specific machine. In many other European countries, standards following the ISO are used instead.

text: In order to keep both the bit and material cool, a high temperature coolant is used. In most cases the coolant is sprayed from a hose directly onto the bit and material. This coolant can either be machine or user controlled, depending on the machine.

text: Materials that can be milled range from aluminum to stainless steel and almost everything in between. Each material requires a different speed on the milling tool and varies in the amount of material that can be removed in one pass of the tool. Harder materials are usually milled at slower speeds with small amounts of material removed. Softer materials vary, but usually are milled with a high bit speed.

text: The use of a milling machine adds costs that are factored into the manufacturing process. Each time the machine is used coolant is also used, which must be periodically added in order to prevent breaking bits. A milling bit must also be changed as needed in order to prevent damage to the material. Time is the biggest factor for costs. Complex parts can require hours to complete, while very simple parts take only minutes. This in turn varies the production time as well, as each part will require different amounts of time.

text: Safety is key with these machines. The bits are traveling at high speeds and removing pieces of usually scalding hot metal. The advantage of having a CNC milling machine is that it protects the machine operator.

text: Turning[edit]

text: Turning is a metal cutting process for producing a cylindrical surface with a single point tool. The workpiece is rotated on a spindle and the cutting tool is fed into it radially, axially or both. Producing surfaces perpendicular to the workpiece axis is called facing. Producing surfaces using both radial and axial feeds is called profiling.[12]

text: A lathe is a machine tool which spins a block or cylinder of material so that when abrasive, cutting, or deformation tools are applied to the workpiece, it can be shaped to produce an object which has rotational symmetry about an axis of rotation. Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include candlestick holders, crankshafts, camshafts, and bearing mounts.

text: Lathes have four main components: the bed, the headstock, the carriage, and the tailstock. The bed is a precise & very strong base which all of the other components rest upon for alignment. The headstock's spindle secures the workpiece with a chuck, whose jaws (usually three or four) are tightened around the piece. The spindle rotates at high speed, providing the energy to cut the material. While historically lathes were powered by belts from a line shaft, modern examples uses electric motors. The workpiece extends out of the spindle along the axis of rotation above the flat bed. The carriage is a platform that can be moved, precisely and independently parallel and perpendicular to the axis of rotation. A hardened cutting tool is held at the desired height (usually the middle of the workpiece) by the toolpost. The carriage is then moved around the rotating workpiece, and the cutting tool gradually removes material from the workpiece. The tailstock can be slid along the axis of rotation and then locked in place as necessary. It may hold centers to further secure the workpiece, or cutting tools driven into the end of the workpiece.

text: Other operations that can be performed with a single point tool on a lathe are:[12]

text:
Chamfering: Cutting an angle on the corner of a cylinder.
Parting: The tool is fed radially into the workpiece to cut off the end of a part.
Threading: A tool is fed along and across the outside or inside surface of rotating parts to produce external or internal threads.
Boring: A single-point tool is fed linearly and parallel to the axis of rotation to create a round hole.
Drilling: Feeding the drill into the workpiece axially.
Knurling: Uses a tool to produce a rough surface texture on the work piece. Frequently used to allow grip by hand on a metal part.

text: Modern computer numerical control (CNC) lathes and (CNC) machining centres can do secondary operations like milling by using driven tools. When driven tools are used the work piece stops rotating and the driven tool executes the machining operation with a rotating cutting tool. The CNC machines use x, y, and z coordinates in order to control the turning tools and produce the product. Most modern day CNC lathes are able to produce most turned objects in 3D.

text: Nearly all types of metal can be turned, although more time & specialist cutting tools are needed for harder workpieces.

text: Threading[edit]

text: There are many threading processes including: cutting threads with a tap or die, thread milling, single-point thread cutting, thread rolling, cold root rolling and forming, and thread grinding. A tap is used to cut a female thread on the inside surface of a pre-drilled hole, while a die cuts a male thread on a preformed cylindrical rod.

text: Grinding[edit]

text: Grinding uses an abrasive process to remove material from the workpiece. A grinding machine is a machine tool used for producing very fine finishes, making very light cuts, or high precision forms using an abrasive wheel as the cutting device. This wheel can be made up of various sizes and types of stones, diamonds or inorganic materials.

text: The simplest grinder is a bench grinder or a hand-held angle grinder, for deburring parts or cutting metal with a zip-disc.

text: Grinders have increased in size and complexity with advances in time and technology. From the old days of a manual toolroom grinder sharpening endmills for a production shop, to today's 30000 RPM CNC auto-loading manufacturing cell producing jet turbines, grinding processes vary greatly.

text: Grinders need to be very rigid machines to produce the required finish. Some grinders are even used to produce glass scales for positioning CNC machine axis. The common rule is the machines used to produce scales be 10 times more accurate than the machines the parts are produced for.

text: In the past grinders were used for finishing operations only because of limitations of tooling. Modern grinding wheel materials and the use of industrial diamonds or other man-made coatings (cubic boron nitride) on wheel forms have allowed grinders to achieve excellent results in production environments instead of being relegated to the back of the shop.

text: Modern technology has advanced grinding operations to include CNC controls, high material removal rates with high precision, lending itself well to aerospace applications and high volume production runs of precision components.

text: Filing[edit]

text: Filing is combination of grinding and saw tooth cutting using a file. Prior to the development of modern machining equipment it provided a relatively accurate means for the production of small parts, especially those with flat surfaces. The skilled use of a file allowed a machinist to work to fine tolerances and was the hallmark of the craft. Files can vary in shape, coarseness, and whether the teeth or single cut or double cut depending on what application the file is to be used for.[13] Today filing is rarely used as a production technique in industry, though it remains as a common method of deburring.

text: Other[edit]

text: Broaching is a machining operation used to cut keyways into shafts. Electron beam machining (EBM) is a machining process where high-velocity electrons are directed toward a work piece, creating heat and vaporizing the material. Ultrasonic machining uses ultrasonic vibrations to machine very hard or brittle materials.

text: Joining processes[edit]

text: Welding[edit]

text: Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material that cools to become a strong joint, but sometimes pressure is used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld.

text: Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. While often an industrial process, welding can be done in many different environments, including open air, underwater and in space. Regardless of location, however, welding remains dangerous, and precautions must be taken to avoid burns, electric shock, poisonous fumes, and overexposure to ultraviolet light.

text: Brazing[edit]

text: Brazing is a joining process in which a filler metal is melted and drawn into a capillary formed by the assembly of two or more work pieces. The filler metal reacts metallurgically with the workpiece(s) and solidifies in the capillary, forming a strong joint. Unlike welding, the work piece is not melted. Brazing is similar to soldering, but occurs at temperatures in excess of 450 °C (842 °F). Brazing has the advantage of producing less thermal stresses than welding, and brazed assemblies tend to be more ductile than weldments because alloying elements can not segregate and precipitate.

text: Brazing techniques include, flame brazing, resistance brazing, furnace brazing, diffusion brazing, inductive brazing and vacuum brazing.

text: Soldering[edit]

text: Soldering is a joining process that occurs at temperatures below 450 °C (842 °F). It is similar to brazing in the way that a filler is melted and drawn into a capillary to form a join, although at a lower temperature. Because of this lower temperature and different alloys used as fillers, the metallurgical reaction between filler and work piece is minimal, resulting in a weaker joint.

text: Riveting[edit]

text: Riveting is one of the most ancient metalwork joining processes. Its use has declined markedly during the second half of the 20th century, but it still retains important uses in industry and construction, and in artisan crafts such as jewellery, medieval armouring and Metal Couture into the 21st century. The earlier use of rivets is being superseded by improvements in welding and component fabrication techniques.

text: A rivet is essentially a two-headed and unthreaded bolt which holds two other pieces of metal together. Holes are drilled or punched through the two pieces of metal to be joined. The holes being aligned, a rivet is passed through the holes and permanent heads are formed onto the ends of the rivet utilizing hammers and forming dies (by either coldworking or hotworking). Rivets are commonly purchased with one head already formed.

text: When it is necessary to remove rivets, one of the rivet's heads is sheared off with a cold chisel. The rivet is then driven out with a hammer and punch.

text: Associated processes[edit]

text: While these processes are not primary metalworking processes, they are often performed before or after metalworking processes.

text: Heat treatment[edit]

text: Metals can be heat treated to alter the properties of strength, ductility, toughness, hardness or resistance to corrosion. Common heat treatment processes include annealing, precipitation hardening, quenching, and tempering. The annealing process softens the metal by allowing recovery of cold work and grain growth. Quenching can be used to harden alloy steels, or in precipitation hardenable alloys, to trap dissolved solute atoms in solution. Tempering will cause the dissolved alloying elements to precipitate, or in the case of quenched steels, improve impact strength and ductile properties.

text: Often, mechanical and thermal treatments are combined in what is known as thermo-mechanical treatments for better properties and more efficient processing of materials. These processes are common to high alloy special steels, super alloys and titanium alloys.

text: Plating[edit]

text: Electroplating is a common surface-treatment technique. It involves bonding a thin layer of another metal such as gold, silver, chromium or zinc to the surface of the product by hydrolysis. It is used to reduce corrosion, create abrasion resistance and improve the product's aesthetic appearance. Plating can even change the properties of the original part including conductivity, heat dissipation or structural integrity. There are four main electroplating methods to ensure proper coating and cost effectiveness per product: mass plating, rack plating, continuous plating and line plating.[14]

text: Thermal spraying[edit]

text: Thermal spraying techniques are another popular finishing option, and often have better high temperature properties than electroplated coatings due to the thicker coating. The four main thermal spray processes include electric wire arc spray, flame (oxy acetylene combustion) spray, plasma spray and high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) spray.[15]


document_title: River Severn

question_text: river that joins the severn near chepstow crossword

text: River Severn

text: Etymology and mythology[edit]

text: The name Severn is thought to derive from a Celtic original name *sabrinnā, of uncertain meaning.[6] That name then developed in different languages to become Sabrina to the Romans, Hafren in Welsh, and Severn in English. A folk etymology later developed, deriving the name from a mythical story of a nymph, Sabrina, who drowned in the river.[7] Sabrina is also the goddess of the River Severn in Celtic mythology. The story of Sabrina is featured in Milton's Comus.[8] There is a statue of Sabrina in the Dingle Gardens at the Quarry, Shrewsbury, as well as a metal sculpture erected in 2013 also in the town.[9] As the Severn becomes tidal the associated deity changed to Nodens, who was represented mounted on a seahorse, riding on the crest of the Severn bore.[10]

text: Tributary rivers[edit]

text: The River Stour rises in the north of Worcestershire in the Clent Hills, near St Kenelm's Church at Romsley. It flows north into the adjacent West Midlands at Halesowen. It then flows westwards through Cradley Heath and Stourbridge where it leaves the Black Country. It is joined by the Smestow Brook at Prestwood before it winds around southwards to Kinver, and then flows back into Worcestershire. It then passes through Wolverley, Kidderminster and Wilden to its confluence with the Severn at Stourport-on-Severn.

text: The River Vyrnwy, which begins at Lake Vyrnwy, flows eastwards through Powys before forming part of the border between England and Wales, joining the Severn near Melverley, Shropshire. The Rea Brook flows north from its source in the Stiperstones and joins the Severn at Shrewsbury. The River Tern, after flowing south from Market Drayton and being joined by the River Meese and the River Roden, meets the Severn at Attingham Park.

text: The River Worfe joins the Severn, just above Bridgnorth. The River Stour rising on the Clent Hills and flowing through Halesowen, Stourbridge, and Kidderminster, joins the Severn at Stourport. On the opposite bank, the tributaries are only brooks, Borle Brook, Dowles Brook draining the Wyre Forest, Dick Brook and Shrawley Brook.

text: The River Teme flows eastwards from its source in Mid Wales, straddling the border between Shropshire and Herefordshire, it is joined by the River Onny, River Corve and River Rea before it finally joins the Severn slightly downstream of Worcester. Shit Brook near Much Wenlock was culverted to flow into the Severn.

text: One of the several rivers named Avon, in this case the Warwickshire Avon, flows west through Rugby, Warwick and Stratford-upon-Avon. It is then joined by its tributary the River Arrow, before finally joining the Severn at Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire.

text: The port of Bristol is on the Severn Estuary, where another River Avon flows into it through the Avon Gorge.

text: The River Wye, from its source in Plynlimon, Wales (2 miles (3 km) from the source of the Severn), flows generally south east through the Welsh towns of Rhayader and Builth Wells. It enters Herefordshire, flows through Hereford, and is shortly afterwards joined by the River Lugg, before flowing through Ross-on-Wye and Monmouth, and then southwards where it forms part of the boundary between England (Forest of Dean) and Wales. It flows into the Severn near the town of Chepstow, slightly upstream of the Bristol Avon on the opposite bank.

text: The River Usk flows into the Severn Estuary just south of Newport.

text: The Rad Brook is a small river in Shropshire, England. It flows through Shrewsbury and enters the River Severn there.

text: Settlements[edit]

text: Below is a list of major towns and cities that the Severn flows through (in order running downstream):

text: Through Powys:

text:
Llanidloes
Newtown
Welshpool

text: Through Shropshire:

text:
Shrewsbury (county town)
Ironbridge
Bridgnorth

text: Through Worcestershire:

text:
Bewdley
Stourport
Worcester (county town)
Upton

text: Through Gloucestershire:

text:
Tewkesbury
Gloucester (county town)

text: Transport[edit]

text: Bridges[edit]

text: The Severn is bridged at many places, and many of these bridges are notable in their own right, with several designed and built by the engineer Thomas Telford. There also is the famous Iron Bridge at Ironbridge, which was the world's first iron arch bridge.

text: The two road bridges of the Severn crossing link Wales with the southern counties of England.

text:
Severn Bridge — opened in 1966 carrying what is now the M48
Second Severn Crossing — opened in 1996 carrying the M4 motorway

text: Prior to the construction of the first bridge in 1966, the channel was crossed by the Aust Ferry.

text: Other notable bridges include:

text:
Buttington Bridge — built in 1872
Montford Bridge — Thomas Telford's first ever bridge design, built between 1790 and 1792
Welsh Bridge (pictured) — in the centre of Shrewsbury, built in 1795 at a cost of £8,000
English Bridge — also in Shrewsbury, designed and completed in 1774 by John Gwynn
Atcham Bridges — the old one built in 1774, while the newer one in 1929 carries the B4380
Albert Edward Bridge — in Coalbrookdale, a railway bridge opened in 1864
Coalport Bridge — like its neighbour Ironbridge, is made of cast iron, built in 1818
Bewdley Bridge — designed by Telford, completed in 1798
Holt Fleet Bridge — in Worcestershire and designed by Telford and opened in 1828
Upton Town Bridge — built in 1940, the only bridge to cross between Worcester and Tewkesbury
Queenshill Viaduct — carries the M50 between Junction 1 and 2
Mythe Bridge — designed by Telford and opened in April 1826, located in Tewkesbury
Haw Bridge — a steel beam bridge, west of Tewkesbury
Maisemore Bridge — carries the A417 and is a single masonry arch, dating back to 1230.
Over Bridge — single masonry arch, built by Telford
Over Rail Bridge — carrying the Gloucester to Newport Line, currently the last bridge before the Severn Crossings, which is 30 miles (48 km) downstream
Severn Rail Bridge — linking the Forest of Dean to Sharpness docks, partially collapsed in 1960 and was dismantled in 1967–70

text: Rail[edit]

text: The Severn Tunnel, completed in 1886 by John Hawkshaw on behalf of the Great Western Railway, lies near the Second Severn Crossing road bridge, and carries the South Wales Main Line section of the Great Western Main Line under the channel. The original line built before the Severn Tunnel was the South Wales Railway from Gloucester, that followed the estuary alongside present day stations of Lydney, Chepstow, Caldicot and Severn Tunnel Junction to Newport.

text: Cars could also be transported through the Severn Tunnel. In the 1950s three trains a day made round trips between Severn Tunnel Junction and Pilning. The vehicles were loaded onto open flat bed carriages and pulled by a small pannier tank locomotive, although sometimes they were joined to a scheduled passenger train. The prudent owner paid to cover the vehicle with a sheet, as sparks often flew when the steam locomotive tackled the slope leading to the tunnel exit. A railway coach was provided for passengers and drivers. Reservations could be made and the fee for the car was about thirty shillings (£1.50) in the early 1950s.

text: Disasters[edit]

text: There have been many disasters on the Severn and it has claimed many lives (figures vary depending on how it is recorded, circa 300 people), especially during the 20th century. The Severn Railway Bridge was badly damaged by the collision of two river barges in 1960, which led to its demolition in 1970. Five crew members of both the Arkendale H and Wastdale H died in the accident.[11] More recently the river flooded during the 2007 United Kingdom floods.

text: Navigation[edit]

text: There is a public right of navigation between Pool Quay, near Welshpool, and Stourport. However this stretch of the river has little traffic, other than small pleasure boats, canoes and some tour boats in Shrewsbury. Below Stourport, where the river is more navigable for larger craft, users must obtain permits from the Canal & River Trust, who are the navigation authority. During spring freshet the river can be closed to navigation.

text: At Upper Parting above Gloucester, the river divides into two, and flows either side of Alney Island to Lower Parting. The West Channel is no longer navigable. The East Channel is navigable as far as Gloucester Docks, from where the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal provides a navigable channel south. Between the docks and Lower Parting Llanthony Weir marks the Normal Tidal Limit (NTL) of the East Channel of the river.[12]

text: In the tidal section of the river below Gloucester, the Gloucester Harbour Trustees are the competent harbour authority. The Trustees maintain navigation lights at various points along the river (including on Chapel Rock and Lyde Rock, and leading lights at Slime Road, Sheperdine and Berkeley Pill).

text: Locks[edit]

text: There are locks on the lower Severn to enable seagoing boats to reach as far as Stourport. The most northerly lock is at Lincombe, about 1 mile (1.6 km) downstream from Stourport.

text: Associated canals[edit]

text:
[hide]
[

v
t
e

]
River Severn

Legend

Bewdley

Limit of navigation

Stourport-on-Severn

Stourport basins

Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal

Lincombe lock

Holt lock

River Salwarpe

Droitwich Canal

Bevere lock and weir

Cotswold Line

Worcester

Worcester and Birmingham Canal

Diglis weir and locks

River Avon

Avon lock

Tewkesbury

Upper Lode lock

Coombe Hill Canal

Maisemore weir and lock

Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal

South Wales Railway

Llanthony lock

Llanthony weir

Gloucester lock

Gloucester Dock and Victoria Basin

Gloucester and Sharpness Canal

New Swing Bridge

Stroudwater Canal

River Severn

Sharpness Old Lock

Sharpness Lock

Lydney Canal

Severn Bridge M48 motorway

River Wye

Second Severn Crossing M4 motorway

Severn Estuary

River Avon

Bristol Channel

text: The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, the Worcester and Birmingham Canal, (both narrow beam) and the Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal join the Severn at Stourport, Worcester and Gloucester respectively. The Droitwich Barge Canal, a broad beam canal, joins the Severn at Hawford, near to the River Salwarpe, and connects to the Droitwich Canal (narrow beam) in the name town, which then forms a link to the Worcester and Birmingham Canal. The two Droitwich canals re-opened in 2010 after major restoration.

text: The Gloucester and Sharpness Canal connects the Severn at Gloucester to the Severn at Sharpness, avoiding a stretch of the tidal river which is dangerous to navigate. The Stroudwater Navigation used to join the tidal Severn at Framilode, but since the 1920s has connected to the Severn only via the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal.

text: The Lydney Canal is a short canal which connects Lydney to the river.

text: The section of the river between Tewkesbury and Worcester forms part of the Avon Ring, a 109-mile (175 km) circular cruising route which includes 129 locks and covers parts of three other waterways.

text: Passenger transport[edit]

text: The tidal river[edit]

text: Paddle steamers were operated in the Severn Estuary from the mid 19th century to the late 1970s by P and A Campbell of Bristol. The vessels, Cardiff Queen, Bristol Queen, Glen Usk, Glen Gower and Britannia all operated on this route in the 1950s and 1960s. Since 1986 Waverley Excursions has operated occasional sailings to Sharpness and Lydney by the MV Balmoral.[13]

text: A number of ferries were also operated on the tidal river, for example at New Passage, Purton and Arlingham. The last ferry was the Aust Ferry, which closed in 1966 when the Severn Bridge opened. One of the Aust ferries, Severn Princess, is still in Chepstow although largely derelict.

text: The upper river[edit]

text: In Worcester, the Worcester River Cruises have boat trips up and down the river between Tewkesbury and Stourport, operating the boats The Pride of the Midlands and The Earl Grosvenor.[14]

text: The Cathedral Ferry, a foot passenger ferry, also operates on summer weekends from the steps of Worcester Cathedral.[citation needed]

text: In Shropshire the Hampton Loade Ferry operated across the river though it has not been run recently (as of 2017) prompting speculation that it is permanently closed. This has not been confirmed by any reliable news sources but according to the nearby Severn Valley Railway it has ceased operation.[15].

text: In Shrewsbury, boat trips around the loop of the town centre are at present provided by the Sabrina and depart from Victoria Quay near the Welsh Bridge during the summer.[16]

text: Severn Estuary[edit]

text: The river becomes tidal at Maisemore, on the West Channel just north of Gloucester, and at Llanthony Weir on the East Channel. The tidal river downstream from Gloucester is sometimes referred to as the Severn Estuary, but the river is usually considered to become the Severn Estuary after the Second Severn Crossing near Severn Beach, South Gloucestershire (the point to which the jurisdiction of the Gloucester Harbour Trustees extends), or at Aust, the site of the Severn Bridge.

text: The Severn Estuary extends to a line from Lavernock Point (south of Cardiff) to Sand Point near Weston-super-Mare. West of this line is the Bristol Channel. In the Severn Estuary (or the Bristol Channel in the last two cases, depending where the boundary is drawn) are the rocky islands called Denny Island, Steep Holm and Flat Holm.

text: The estuary is about 2 miles (3 km) wide at Aust, and about 9 miles (14 km) wide between Cardiff and Weston-super-Mare.

text: Severn Sea[edit]

text: Until Tudor times the Bristol Channel was known as the Severn Sea, and it is still known as this in both Welsh and Cornish (Môr Hafren and Mor Havren respectively, with Môr meaning Sea).

text: During the 18th century, the Devon, Somerset and Exmoor coastline was full of smugglers. Coastguards patrolled the shores all night in all weathers, one man for every 1⁄4 mile (400 m) of the path. Almost every officer and man in the Royal Navy must have taken part either in smuggling or in its prevention. The resulting skill in foul weather seamanship and coastal raiding certainly contributed to the Navy's success against Napoleon Bonaparte.[citation needed]

text: Severn bore[edit]

text: A curious phenomenon associated with the lower reaches of the Severn is the tidal bore,[17] which forms somewhat upstream of the port of Sharpness.

text: It is frequently asserted that the river's estuary, which empties into the Bristol Channel, has the second largest tidal range in the world—48 feet (15 m),[18][19] exceeded only by the Bay of Fundy. However a tidal range greater than that of the Severn is recorded from the lesser known Ungava Bay in Canada.[20] During the highest tides, the rising water is funnelled up the Severn estuary into a wave that travels rapidly upstream against the river current. The largest bores occur in spring, but smaller ones can be seen throughout the year. The bore is accompanied by a rapid rise in water level which continues for about one and a half hours after the bore has passed.

text: Industry[edit]

text: A 3-mile (4.8 km) stretch of the River Severn in Shropshire, is known as Ironbridge Gorge. It was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986. Its historic importance is due to its role as the centre of the iron industry in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution. The gorge and the village of Ironbridge get their name from the Iron Bridge across the Severn, built in 1779, which was the first cast-iron arch bridge ever constructed.[21]

text: Wildlife[edit]

text: The sides of the estuary are also important feeding grounds for waders, notably at the Bridgwater Bay National Nature Reserve and the Slimbridge Wildfowl Trust. River shingle habitat can also be found on the lower estuary, notable for its population of the endangered 5-spot Ladybird.[22]

text: Literary and musical allusions[edit]

text: The River Severn is named several times in A.E. Housman's A Shropshire Lad (1896): "It dawns in Asia, tombstones show/And Shropshire names are read;/And the Nile spills his overflow/Beside the Severn's dead" (“1887"); "Severn stream" (“The Welsh Marches"); and "Severn shore" (“Westward from the high-hilled plain...”).

text: In William Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1, Henry Hotspur Percy recalls the valor of Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March in a long battle against Welshman Owain Glyndŵr upon the Severn's banks, claiming the flooding Severn "affrighted with (the warriors') bloody looks ran fearfully among the trembling reeds and hid his crisp head in the hollow bank, bloodstained with these valiant combatants."

text: The Severn was the inspiration for a number of works by Gloucestershire composer Ivor Gurney, including the songs "Western Sailors" (1925) and "Severn Meadows" (1917).

text: Gloucestershire writer and poet Brian Waters published Severn Tide with J. M. Dent in 1947 and followed it with Severn Stream in 1949. With anecdotal stories about his travels, both books tell of the lives of the people who lived and worked on and along the river, describing the landscape with a poet's eye. Waters links Nodens with the Seven Bore and the association of the Celtic deity with the river is explored at length by Rogers.[8]

text: Several 20th century English composers wrote works inspired by the river. Gerald Finzi (1901-1956) wrote A Severn Rhapsody, his Opus 3, in 1923; taking the Severn River and its surrounding countryside as his inspiration. Edward Elgar (1857-1934) wrote The Severn Suite, Opus 87, in 1930. Elgar lived much of both his early life and his later life near Worcester, through which the Severn runs. Herbert Howells (1892-1983), born close to the Severn in Lydney, wrote the complex Missa Sabrinensis (Mass of the Severn) in 1954, and an earlier hymn tune simply entitled Severn.

text: The Severn is often mentioned in Ellis Peters' The Cadfael Chronicles, set in or around Shrewsbury Abbey, beside the river.