document_title: Pete's Dragon (2016 film)

question_text: where was the movie pete's dragon filmed

question_tokens: where was the movie pete 's dragon filmed

text: Pete's Dragon (2016 film)

text: Plot

text: In 1977, Pete Healy, a five-year-old boy, is on a road trip with his parents when their car flips off the road following a near-collision with a deer. Pete’s mom and dad are killed, but Pete survives the accident and is chased into the forest by a pack of wolves. He is rescued by a huge dragon with green fur, yellow eyes, and wings. The dragon quickly bonds with Pete and becomes protective of the boy. Pete names the dragon "Elliot" after the character of a lost puppy from his favorite book.

text: Six years later, Pete, now 11, spots a lumberjack crew chopping down trees near his home. Natalie, the daughter of the ethical site foreman Jack, spots and chases him. When Natalie accidentally falls from a tree, her screams attract her father Jack and his girlfriend, park ranger Grace Meacham. Pete tries to run away, but Gavin, Jack's pragmatic brother, accidentally knocks him unconscious. After realizing that Pete has vanished, Elliot stumbles around looking for him and ends up knocking over a tree near the lumber camp, leading Gavin to organize a hunting party to find him. Meanwhile, Pete wakes up in a local hospital, which he escapes in an effort to return to the forest. Before the police can catch the boy, Grace finds Pete and asks him to come to her home and promises to take him to the forest the next day.

text: Gavin and his men locate Pete and Elliot's treehouse, but when they try to search it, Elliot reveals himself and scares them away. He follows them to town trying to find Pete. After seeing Pete settling in with Grace's family, he leaves. After Pete gives Grace a drawing of Elliot, she shows her father, Mr. Meacham. He says that he discovered the same dragon as a young man. He advises her to trust Pete, and to find Elliot.

text: The next day, Pete, Grace, Natalie, and Mr. Meacham travel to the forest to meet Elliot. A group of hunters led by Gavin surprise Elliot and shoot him with tranquilizer darts, then lock him up in Jack's warehouse. Before the authorities can inspect the dragon, Pete and Natalie free him from his chains and escape on a lumber truck with Mr. Meacham.

text: Angered, Gavin sets up a roadblock at the bridge to stop them. When Elliot tries to fly, he crashes into the truck, damaging its brakes and it goes through the barricade. Confused and frightened, Elliot perches on top of the bridge and starts breathing fire at the police. The bridge begins to collapse under the intense heat, causing Grace and Jack's truck to fall through. Gavin tries to save the pair from falling to their deaths. Elliot emerges from the ravine with Grace and Jack riding safely on his back. With a firefighting helicopter approaching, Pete decides to flee with Elliot back to the woods.

text: Pete pleads with Elliot to let him stay so he can protect him from his attackers, just as Elliot protected him. However, Elliot concludes that as long as they stay close together, Pete will always be in danger. He points out Pete's book to encourage him to return to stay with Grace and Jack. Pete is reluctant & worried for Elliott's safety, but ultimately trusts the dragon's judgment. After a very tearful hug, Elliot returns to the mountains and Pete returns to live with Grace and Jack as his new family.

text: In the years that follow, Grace and Jack marry and adopt Pete as their son. Not only has Elliot slowly faded from the town's memory, but Gavin has learned to be more scrupulous and has moved on from the experience. Pete and his family eventually go on vacation, and see that Elliot is finally reunited with his fellow dragons.

text: Cast

text:
Bryce Dallas Howard as Grace Meacham, a forest ranger.
Oakes Fegley as Pete Healy, a young orphan who lives in the forest with Elliot the Dragon.
Levi Alexander as 5-year-old Pete
Wes Bentley as Jack Magary, a widowed lumber mill owner who is Natalie's father and Grace's boyfriend. He has a moral compass and tries to restrain his brother Gavin's more unethical tendencies.
Karl Urban as Gavin Magary, a hunter and lumberjack who is Jack's brother and Natalie's uncle. He is a pragmatic man who chafes under his brother's scruples.[5]
Oona Laurence as Natalie Magary, Jack's daughter and Gavin's niece.
Robert Redford as Mr. Meacham, Grace's father
Isiah Whitlock Jr. as Sheriff Gene Dentler
Marcus Henderson as Woodrow, a lumberjack
Aaron Jackson as Abner, a lumberjack
Phil Grieve as Bobby, a lumberjack
Jim McLarty as Ranger Wentworth
Ian Harcourt as Deputy West
Steve Barr as Deputy Smalls
John Kassir as the voice of Elliot the Dragon

text: Production

text: In March 2013, Walt Disney Pictures announced it would remake Pete's Dragon, as non-musical, dramatic film to be written by David Lowery and Toby Halbrooks, and directed by Lowery. Disney intended to rework the core story as a dramatic story, rather than a musical. It set the new work in the Pacific Northwest of the early 1980s, rather than the Northern New England of the early 1900s in the 1977 film.[6][7]

text: The film was shot in live-action using Panavision Panaflex cameras. The dragon, Elliot, was entirely animated by Weta Digital in CGI, instead of the original hand-drawn animation.[8][9]

text: On September 19, 2014, Disney cast Oakes Fegley and Oona Laurence to star as Pete and Natalie.[10] On October 2, Barrie M. Osborne was set to be the executive producer for the film.[11] On October 16, Robert Redford was in early talks to play a local storyteller who remembers seeing a dragon in the woods.[8] On November 20, Bryce Dallas Howard was in talks for the female lead role, a forest ranger who finds the boy and does not believe his stories about a dragon.[12] On January 7, 2015, Wes Bentley joined the cast of the film.[13] On January 9, Michael C. Hall was also added to the cast.[14] On January 29, Karl Urban replaced Hall.[15]

text: Principal photography commenced in January 2015 in New Zealand, with Lowery directing.[16] Rehearsals began early January 2015,[17] while news reported the beginning of the shooting on January 26, 2015, set to last through April.[8][18] Live-action filming locations included Bay of Plenty, Taupo and Wellington, while CGI was done at Stone Street Studios.[19] On February 10, 2015, a press release confirmed that principal photography had commenced.[9] Shooting took place in and around Wellington and Rotorua, before transferring to Tapanui, where the old Blue Mountain Lumber mill was used as the mill in the film, and the main street became Millhaven for two weeks.[20][21] Production concluded on April 30, 2015.[22]

text: Soundtrack

text:
Pete's Dragon (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)Soundtrack album / Film score by Daniel HartReleased
August 12, 2016Recorded
2016Studio
Air StudiosBritish Grove StudiosGenre
Soundtrack, Film scoreLength
75:29Label
Walt DisneyProducer

Daniel Hart
Jake Jackson
David Lowery (exec.)
Jim Whitaker (exec.)
Adam Borba (exec.)
Daniel Hart film scores chronology

Lost in the Sun(2015)Lost in the Sun2015

Pete's Dragon(2016)

Half the Perfect World(2016)Half the Perfect World2016

text:
Academy Award-winning composer Howard Shore was originally chosen to write the music for the film.
He was replaced during post-production by Daniel Hart, who had previously worked with director Lowery on other films, most notably Ain't Them Bodies Saints (2013).[23] The soundtrack was released on August 12, 2016 by Walt Disney Records.  Candle on the Water was the only original song to be featured on the 2016 soundtrack from the 1977 soundtrack.  Though the song was not used in the film, it was re-recorded by Okkervil River for the 2016 soundtrack.  The original version, performed by Australian singer Helen Reddy (who played Nora in the original film), was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song in 1977.

text: Track listing

text: No.TitlePerformer(s)Length1."The Dragon Song"Bonnie “Prince” Billy2:282."Something Wild"Lindsey Stirling and Andrew McMahon in the Wilderness3:433."Nobody Knows"The Lumineers3:084."Something on Your Mind"St. Vincent2:595."So Long, Marianne"Leonard Cohen5:386."Gina Anne"Bosque Brown2:407."An Adventure" 3:048."Are You Gonna Eat Me?" 2:319."Brown Bunny" 1:0110."Reverie" 2:5211."Tree Fort" 1:0312."North Star" 1:2513."Bedtime Compass" 2:1514."Timber" 1:1915."Breathe" 2:2716."Gavin Knows What He's Doing" 3:4217."You Are Not Alone" 1:5818."Elliot Gets Lost" 4:2619."Takedown" 1:4420."It'll Be Just Like It Used to Be" 2:0321."Follow That Dragon" 3:0122."Elliot at the Bridge" 2:1923."Abyss" 1:3524."Go North" 1:4425."Saying Goodbye" 5:0326."The Bravest Boy I've Ever Met" 2:4627."The Dragon Song Revisited"Bonnie “Prince” Billy2:3428."Candle on the Water"Okkervil River4:01Total length:75:29

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: Pete's Dragon grossed $76.2 million in North America and $67.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $143.7 million, against a budget of $65 million.[2]

text: In the United States and Canada, Pete's Dragon opened on August 12, 2016, across 3,702 theaters, of which 2,884 were in 3D, and 150 were premium large-format screens, as well as in 57 D-Box and 16 Dolby Cinema sites.[24] It was projected to gross $20–25 million in its opening weekend.[25] The film did not have Thursday night previews, and made $7 million on its first day, Friday.[26] In its opening weekend, it earned $21.5 million, finishing third at the box office, behind Suicide Squad and Sausage Party.[27] The opening was reminiscent of Disney's July release The BFG, which also carried strong reviews into the weekend only to deliver $18.7 million in its first three days,[28] and far from the $67–116 million debuts of other Disney live action-adaptations, such as Cinderella, Maleficent, Oz: The Great and Powerful, The Jungle Book and Alice in Wonderland. However, many box office critics did not worry about the opening figure, given the film's modest budget, and the fact that the film is not anywhere near as well known as those films' respective source material.[26][29] Disney’s distribution chief Dave Hollis was optimistic that film would become profitable by saying, "People who are coming out of the theater are just loving it and their advocacy is going to help us put together a nice, solid run."[30] Forbes noted that the film did not have any box office draws other than the stellar reviews and the notion of another Disney "live-action fairy tale."[26] Although the film witnessed a steep decline on its second Friday (-55%), it fell just by 47.2% on its second weekend, grossing $11.3 million.[31] On its third weekend, it fell just by 35%, grossing $7.3 million.[32] The following weekend, Pete's Dragon declined only 14.7%, grossing $6.5 million and moved up to fourth place.[33][34]

text: Outside North America, Pete's Dragon received a scattered release pattern.[35] The film was released day-and-date in conjucture with its U.S. premiere in 12 markets (roughly 30% of the overseas market), including the United Kingdom, Italy, and Russia.[24] It earned a total of $5.3 million, with Russia ($1.5 million), Italy ($1.4 million) and the U.K. ($1.1 million) representing its largest takings.[35] Moreover, it also opened in France ($1.8 million).[36] It had just a 1% drop in attendance in the U.K. in its second weekend.[36] It expanded to Germany the following weekend and continued its roll out in Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Korea throughout September, and finally Japan on December 23.[25][35]

text: Critical response

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 88%, based on 217 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Pete's Dragon continues Disney's current live-action winning streak with an update that gives the original a visual overhaul without overwhelming its sweet, soulful charm."[37] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 71 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[38] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A".[39]

text: The movie was given three-and-a-half out of four stars in The New York Post by Kyle Smith who called it, "A cinematic enchantment" as well as, "one of the year’s best movies."[40] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote, "Thanks to director David Lowery's humanizing magic, this tale of an orphan boy and a dragon is that rare family film you really can take to heart."[41] Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News gave the film a "B+" and said that while the remake, "may owe more to E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, along with a dash of The Jungle Book than it does to the original Pete's Dragon," she overall concluded that "this story of two vulnerable souls who help each other find their way works, too."[42] Barry Hertz of The Globe and Mail praised the film for its sincerity as well as its "honest effort to entertain and enthrall" audiences rather than simply being a cash grab.[43]

text: Glenn Kenny of The New York Times felt mixed about the film in his review saying, "It is slightly unfair to say that this reboot of Pete's Dragon is middling on a larger scale, but it's not entirely inaccurate either."[44] Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film two out of four stars and wrote, "While Pete's Dragon does a fine job of evoking the delight one might feel at flying over hill and dale on the back of a mythological creature, it is less successful in rendering real human emotion."[45]

text: Accolades

text:
Award

Date of Ceremony

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

Ref(s)

Golden Tomato Awards

January 12, 2017

Best Kids/Family Movie 2016

Pete's Dragon

4th Place

[46]

Heartland Film Festival

October 30, 2016

Truly Moving Picture Award

David Lowery, Walt Disney Pictures and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures

Won

[47]

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

March 11, 2017

Favorite Movie

Pete's Dragon

Nominated

[48]

Saturn Awards

June 28, 2017

Best Fantasy Film

Pete's Dragon

Nominated

[49]

text: Home media

text: Pete's Dragon was released on Blu-ray, DVD and digital download on November 29, 2016.[50] The film topped the home video sales charts for the week ending on December 4, 2016.[51]

text: The movie is available on Netflix "watch instantly" as of March 15, 2017.[52]


document_title: Forever My Girl

question_text: who does travis tritt play in forever my girl

root

text: Forever My Girl

text: Plot[edit]

text:
In Saint Augustine, Louisiana, Josie is left at the altar by her fiancé Liam. Eight years later, Liam is a successful country singer. The day after a concert in New Orleans, Liam learns that Mason, one of his groomsmen from the wedding, has been killed in a car accident.
Liam returns to St. Augustine and attends Mason's funeral. Although Liam attempts to be discreet, Josie recognizes him. After Mason's burial, Josie approaches Liam and punches him in the stomach.

tag: p

text: Liam stays with his father, Pastor Brian, although his father is bitter that Liam never kept in contact after becoming famous. While becoming reacquainted with the town, Liam encounters Josie at a flower shop she owns. Liam learns that Josie has a seven-year old daughter, Billy, and that he is the father. Josie confesses that she found out she was pregnant two weeks after he left her at the altar. Although Josie tried to contact him, Liam never returned her call. Liam eventually persuades Josie to let him spend time with Billy, albeit on Josie's terms. Billy quickly realizes Liam is her father, much to Josie's surprise, and supports Liam's idea.

text:
Liam and Billy bond, with Billy displaying her father's musical ability. Josie even agrees to let Billy stay the night with Liam. As Liam tucks her in, Billy asks him why he left Josie, and Liam admits he was young and confused, although he regrets his decision. After Billy falls asleep, Josie asks Liam on a date. Liam flies Josie to New Orleans for their date, although they are stopped by the press. Liam publicly announces his love for Josie.
After returning to Saint Augustine, Liam and Billy continue to bond. Billy chokes on her lunch, but Liam is frozen after having a flashback to his mother’s death. Jake, Josie’s brother, saves Billy. Distraught at his inability to act, Liam gets drunk at a bar. Jake visits Liam and tells him that Josie and Billy would be better off without him. Liam leaves the next morning without telling Josie or Billy.

text: Liam returns to his tour and performs in London. However, his manager Sam inspires him to return to his family. Liam returns to Saint Augustine and reunites with Josie. Liam and Josie are married, and Liam performs a song on stage with Billy in Berlin.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Alex Roe as Liam Page – Country Singer
Jessica Rothe as Josie – Girlfriend
Abby Ryder Fortson as Billy – Daughter
Travis Tritt as Walt
Peter Cambor as Sam – Manager
Gillian Vigman as Doris – Publicist
Judith Hoag as Dr. Whitman
Stephen T. Riggs as Jake – Josie's Brother
John Benjamin Hickey as Pastor Brian Page – Liam's Father

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Author Heidi McLaughlin was inspired to write  Forever My Girl  after seeing a picture of a man on Facebook who looked like he was trying to apologize to a girl. To choose the name of Liam Page it took her a total of 10 or 15 minutes, and that same night she wrote the first 5,000 words.[6] After her book was published, she received an offer from LD Entertainment for a film based on the book.[6] On adapting the book for film, Roe said, "It was difficult to accommodate everything in an hour and a half obviously and there were also other changes that Bethany [Wolf] thought were important."[7]

text: Casting[edit]

text:
McLaughlin said that writing for Liam and Josie was easy because she has friends who are in bands.[6] For the role of Liam, Roe had to learn to sing and play the guitar. Brett Boyett, the film's musical supervisor, helped him practice every day for almost three months. To research his accent Roe watched interviews of country music singers.[8][9] He was nervous about acting on stage and talked to country group Little Big Town about performing in front of 50,000 people. Roe formed a band in Los Angeles and held several performances for close friends to practice.[8] McLaughlin positively compared Roe to actor Stephen Amell, stating that, "Alex Roe looks like Amell but younger, so for me it's a perfect choice."[6]
Rothe said she was attracted to the role of Josie for her strength and female empowerment.[10] McLaughlin originally pictured the Australian supermodel Miranda Kerr for the role, and remarked that Rothe resembled a blonde version of Kerr.[6]
Rothe and Roe did not know each other beforehand but had several friends in common, and hung out several times before filming in Atlanta to feel comfortable around each other.[10]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Forever My Girl opened on January 19, 2018 and grossed $4.7 million from 1,115 theaters in its opening weekend, finishing 10th.[11] It held well in its second weekend, dropping just 12% to $3.7 million.[12] The film went on to make a total of $16.4 million, against a production budget of $3.5 million.[1]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 21% based on 43 reviews, with an average rating of 4.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Forever My Girl offers a suitably picturesque placeholder for romance fans between Nicholas Sparks films, but other viewers may end up crying for the wrong reasons."[13] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 36 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[14] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[11]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on April 24, 2018.


document_title: History of the Los Angeles Raiders

question_text: where did the raiders play when they were in la

text: History of the Los Angeles Raiders

text: History[edit]

text: Start[edit]

text: Prior to the 1980 season, Al Davis attempted unsuccessfully to have improvements made to the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, specifically the addition of luxury boxes. That year, he signed a Memorandum of Agreement to move the Raiders from Oakland to Los Angeles. The move, which required three-fourths approval by league owners, was defeated 22–0 (with five owners abstaining). When Davis tried to move the team anyway, he was blocked by an injunction. In response, the Raiders not only became an active partner in an antitrust lawsuit filed by the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (who had recently lost the Los Angeles Rams), but filed an antitrust lawsuit of their own.[1] After the first case was declared a mistrial, in May 1982 a second jury found in favor of Davis and the Los Angeles Coliseum, clearing the way for the move.[2][3][4] With the ruling, the Raiders finally relocated to Los Angeles for the 1982 season to play their home games at the Los Angeles Coliseum.

text: The team finished 8–1 in the strike-shortened 1982 season, first in the AFC, defeat the Cleveland Browns in the first round of the Super Bowl Tournament, but lost in the second round of the playoffs to the New York Jets. The following season, the team finished 12–4 and won convincingly against the Steelers and Seattle Seahawks in the AFC playoffs. Against the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XVIII, the Raiders built a 21–3 halftime lead en route to a 38–9 victory and their third NFL championship. The team had another successful regular season in 1984, finishing 11–5, but a three-game losing streak forced them to enter the playoffs as a wildcard, where they fell to the Seahawks. The 1985 campaign saw 12 wins and a division title, but that was followed by an embarrassing home loss to the Patriots.

text: 1986–1989: Struggles, beginning of the end[edit]

text: The Raiders' fortunes declined after that, and from 1986 through 1989, the team finished no better than 8–8 and posted consecutive losing seasons for the first time since 1961–62. Also 1986 saw Al Davis get into a widely publicized argument with RB Marcus Allen, whom he accused of faking injuries. The feud continued into 1987, and Davis retaliating by signing Bo Jackson in Allen's place. However, Jackson was also a left fielder for the Kansas City Royals, and could not play full-time until baseball season ended in October. Even worse, another strike cost the NFL one game and prompted them to use substitute players. The Raiders fill-ins achieved a 1–2 record before the regular team returned. After a weak 5–10 finish, Tom Flores moved to the front office and was replaced by Denver Broncos offensive assistant coach Mike Shanahan. Shanahan led the team to a 7–9 season in 1988, and Allen and Jackson continued to trade places as the starting RB. Low game attendance and fan apathy were evident by this point, and In the summer of 1988, rumors of a Raiders return to Oakland intensified when a preseason game against the Houston Oilers was scheduled at Oakland Coliseum.[5]

text: As early as 1986, Davis began to seek a new, more modern stadium away from the Coliseum and the dangerous neighborhood that surrounded it at the time (which caused the NFL to schedule the Raiders' Monday Night Football appearances as away games). In addition to sharing the venue with the USC Trojans, the Coliseum was aging and still lacked the luxury suites and other amenities that Davis was promised when he moved the Raiders to Los Angeles.[6] Finally, the Coliseum had 100,000 seats and was rarely able to fill all of them, and so most Raiders home games were blacked out on television. In August 1987, it was announced that the city of Irwindale paid Davis $10 million as a good-faith deposit for a prospective stadium site.[7] When the bid failed, Davis kept the non-refundable deposit.[8][9]

text: 1989–1994: Final years[edit]

text: Negotiations with Oakland[edit]

text: Negotiations between Davis and Oakland commenced in January 1989, and on March 11, 1990, Davis announced his intention to bring the Raiders back to Oakland.[10] By September 1990, however, numerous delays had prevented the completion of the deal between Davis and Oakland. On September 11, Davis announced a new deal to stay in Los Angeles, leading many fans in Oakland to burn Raiders paraphernalia in disgust.[11][12]

text: New coach[edit]

text: After starting the 1989 season with a 1–3 record, Shanahan was fired by Davis, which began a long-standing feud between the two.[13] He was replaced by former Raider offensive lineman Art Shell, who had been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame earlier in the year. With the hiring, Shell became the first African American head coach in the modern NFL era, but the team still finished a middling 8–8.[14] In 1990, Shell led Los Angeles to a 12–4 record. They beat the Bengals in the divisional round of the playoffs, but Bo Jackson had his left femur ripped from the socket after a tackle. Without him, the Raiders were crushed in the AFC Championship by the Buffalo Bills. Jackson was forced to quit football as a result, although surgery allowed him to continue playing baseball until he retired in 1994.

text: Postseason losses[edit]

text: The team's fortunes faded after the loss. They made two other playoff appearances during the 1990s, and finished higher than third place only three times. The Todd Marinovich fiasco overshadowed the Raiders' 1991 and 1992 efforts. Marinovich was groomed from childhood to play football; his strict upbringing led to him being called "Robo QB" in the sports press. He attended USC and was the 24th overall pick in the 1991 draft. However, he struggled on field and was cut after the 1992 season due to repeated substance abuse problems. In 1991, they got into the postseason as a wild card after a 9–7 regular season, but fell to Kansas City. 1992 saw them drop to 7–9. This period was marked by the injury of Jackson in 1991, the failure of troubled quarterback Todd Marinovich, the acrimonious departure of Marcus Allen in 1993, and the retirement of Hall of Fame defensive end Howie Long after the 1993 season, where the Raiders went 10–6 and lost to Buffalo in the divisional round of the playoffs. Shell was fired after posting a 9–7 record in the 1994 season.

text: Shell's five-plus-year tenure as head coach in Los Angeles was marked particularly by a bitter dispute between star running back Marcus Allen and Al Davis. The exact source of the friction is completely unknown but a contract dispute led Davis to refer to Allen as "a cancer on the team."[15] By the late 1980s, injuries began to reduce Allen's role in the offense. This role was reduced further in 1987, when the Raiders drafted Bo Jackson—even though he originally decided to not play professional football in 1986 (when drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the first round).[16] By 1990, Allen had dropped to fourth on the team's depth chart, leading to resentment on the part of his teammates. In late 1992 Allen lashed out publicly at Davis, and accused him of trying to ruin his career.[17][18] In 1993, Allen left to play for the rival Kansas City Chiefs.

text: End of the Los Angeles Raiders[edit]

text: In May 1995 after the departure of the Rams' for St. Louis, the owners of the National Football League teams approved with a 27–1 vote with two abstentions, a resolution supporting a plan to build a $200 million, privately financed stadium on property owned by Hollywood Park in Inglewood for the Raiders. Al Davis balked and refused the deal over a stipulation that he would have to accept a second team at the stadium.[19]

text: On June 23, 1995, Davis signed a letter of intent to move the Raiders back to Oakland. The move was approved by the Alameda County Board of Supervisors the next month,[20] as well as by the NFL. The move was greeted with much fanfare,[21] and under new head coach Mike White. Hollywood Park would later become the site of an NFL Stadium for their former rivals, the Los Angeles Rams, set to open in 2020.

text: Attempted return to Los Angeles[edit]

text: On February 19, 2015, the Raiders and the Chargers announced that they would build a privately financed $1.78 billion stadium in Carson, California if they were to move to the Los Angeles market.[22] Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities.[23]

text: On April 22, 2015, the Carson City Council bypassed the option to put the stadium to public vote and approved the plan 3–0.[24] The council voted without having clarified several issues, including who would finance the stadium, how the required three-way land swap would be performed, and how it would raise enough revenue if only one team moved in as tenant.[25][26]

text: On May 19, 2015, the Chargers and Raiders announced that they had finalized a deal to secure land in Carson which was transferred to a joint powers authority in Carson after the 157-acre site was purchased by Carson Holdings a company set up by the two teams.[27]

text: The League was skeptical of the site and seemed to prefer the Rams' stadium plan on a site at Hollywood Park in Inglewood, the same place rejected by the Raiders in 1995. In response, Jerry Richardson, owner of the Carolina Panthers, who supported the plan, convinced Dean Spanos to recruit Bob Iger, CEO of The Walt Disney Company. Iger was appointed non-executive chairman of the Carson stadium project.[28]

text: On January 4, 2016, the Raiders filed for relocation alongside the Chargers and Rams.[29][30]

text: Despite the sales pitch from Bob Iger, many owners held reservations about the Carson site, with Jerry Jones even making a wise crack about Bob Iger.[31] The Committee set up by the league initially recommended the Carson Site,[32] but the Chargers and Raiders were unable to secure the votes they needed to move. After hours of debate, the league voted to allow the St. Louis Rams to move on January 12, 2016 with the San Diego Chargers having the option to join them within a year.

text: It was still possible, however, for the Raiders to move as they could have moved into the Rams' new stadium in Inglewood with the Rams if the Chargers opted to stay in San Diego.[33] On January 12, 2017 the Chargers opted to join the Rams in Los Angeles thereby closing the door on the return of the Raiders to the city although with an AFC West rival playing in Los Angeles, the Raiders get at least one game in Los Angeles each season playing the Los Angeles Chargers.[34]

text: Cultural impact and legacy[edit]

text: The Raiders time in Los Angeles had a large cultural impact on both the Raiders and Los Angeles. During and due to the time that the Raiders were in L.A. there was an explosion of popularity in both the team and the Raiders brand due to being in America's second largest media market, the team's early success and the exposure the brand got by way of Hollywood celebrities and most notably the gangsta rap group N.W.A. wearing Raider gear. This period is chronicled by the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary Straight Outta L.A.. This period is also considered by many to have been the beginnings of Raider Nation.

text: Today Los Angeles and Southern California continue to have a vary large number of Raider fans. Many after the Raiders left LA began to travel to Oakland to see the Raiders play. The Southern California fans are considered essential to the Raiders approved and planned relocation to Las Vegas being successful.


document_title: History of the United States public debt

question_text: when was the last time the us had a budget surplus

text: Early history[edit]

text: Except for about a year during 1835–1836, the United States has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since its Constitution went into effect on March 4, 1789. During the American Revolution, the Continental Congress, under the Articles of Confederation, amassed huge war debts, but lacked the power to repay these obligations through taxation or duties on imports.[1][2]

text: On the founding of the United States, the financial affairs of the new federation were in disarray, exacerbated by an economic crisis in urban commercial centers.[3] In 1790, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton pushed for Congress to pass a financial plan, called the First Report on the Public Credit,[4] a controversial part of which involved the federal government assuming state debts incurred during the Revolutionary War.[5] Northern states had accumulated a huge amount of debt during the war, amounting to $21.5 million, and wanted the federal government to assume their burden. The Southern states, which had lower or no debts, whose citizens would effectively pay a portion of this debt if the federal government assumed it, were disinclined to accept the proposal. Some states, including Virginia, had already paid off almost half of their debts, and felt that their taxpayers should not be assessed again to bail out the less provident, and further argued that the plan was beyond the constitutional power of the new government. James Madison, then a representative from Virginia, led a group of legislators from the South in blocking the provision and prevent the plan from gaining approval. Jefferson supported Madison[6] The plan was finally adopted as part of the Compromise of 1790, as the Funding Act of 1790. The compromise meant that the state debts were all picked up by the federal Treasury, and the permanent national capital would be located in the South, along the Virginia-Maryland border in what became the District of Colombia.

text: The assumption issue[edit]

text: Historian Max M. Edling has explained how assumption worked. It was the critical issue; the location of the capital was a bargaining ploy. Hamilton proposed that the federal Treasury take over and pay off all the debt that states had incurred to pay for the American Revolution. The Treasury would issue bonds that rich people would buy, thereby giving the rich a tangible stake in the success of the national government. Hamilton proposed to pay off the new bonds with revenue from a new tariff on imports. Jefferson originally approved the scheme, but Madison had turned him around by arguing that federal control of debt would consolidate too much power in the national government. Edling points out that after its passage in 1790, the assumption was accepted. Madison did try to pay speculators below 100%, but they were paid the face value of the state debts they held regardless of how little they paid for them. When Jefferson became president he continued the system. The credit of the U.S. was solidly established at home and abroad, and Hamilton was successful in signing up many of the bondholders in his new Federalist Party. Good credit allowed Jefferson's Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin to borrow in Europe to finance the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, as well as to borrow to finance the War of 1812.[7]

text: The Southern states extracted a major concession from Hamilton in the recalculation of their debt under the fiscal plan.[8] For example, in the case of Virginia, a zero-sum arrangement was contrived, in which Virginia paid $3.4 million to the federal government, and received exactly that amount in federal compensation.[9] The revision of Virginia’s debt, coupled with Potomac residence issue, ultimately netted it over $13 million.[10] Another result of federal assumption of state debts was to give the federal government much more power by placing the country's most serious financial obligation in the hands of the federal government rather than the state governments. The federal government was able to avoid competing in interest with the States.

text: The debts of the federal government on January 1, 1791 amounted to $75,463,476.52, of which about $40 million was domestic debt, $12 million was foreign debt, and $18.3 million were state debts assumed by the federal government, of the $21.5 million that had been authorized.[11]

text: 1790s to 1910[edit]

text: To reduce the debt, from 1796 to 1811 there were 14 budget surpluses and 2 deficits. There was a sharp increase in the debt as a result of the War of 1812. In the 20 years following that war, there were 18 surpluses. The United States actually paid off its debt entirely in January 1835, only to begin accruing debt anew by 1836 (the debt on January 1, 1836 was $37,000).[12][13]

text: Another sharp increase in the debt occurred as a result of the Civil War. The debt was just $65 million in 1860, but passed $1 billion in 1863 and reached $2.7 billion by the end of the war. During the following 47 years, there were 36 surpluses and 11 deficits. During this period 55% of the national debt was paid off.

text: World War I and Great Depression[edit]

text: Debt increased again during World War I (1914–1918), reaching $25.5 billion at its conclusion. Approximately $17 billion in debt was raised through the selling of Liberty Bonds to the general public to finance the U.S.'s military effort. The war was followed by 11 consecutive surpluses that saw the debt reduced by 36% by the end of the 1920s.[14]

text: Warren G. Harding was elected president in 1920 and believed the federal government should be fiscally managed in a way similar to private sector businesses. He had campaigned in 1920 on the slogan, "Less government in business and more business in government."[15] Under Harding, federal spending declined from $6.3 billion in 1920 to $5 billion in 1921 and $3.3 billion in 1922. Over the course of the 1920s, under the leadership of Calvin Coolidge, the national debt was reduced by one third.[16] The decrease was even greater when the growth in GDP and inflation is taken into account.

text: Debt held by the public was $15.05 billion or 16.5% of GDP in 1930. When Franklin D. Roosevelt took office in 1933, the public debt was almost $20 billion, 20% of GDP. Decreased tax revenues and spending on social programs during the Great Depression increased the debt and by 1936, the public debt had increased to $33.7 billion, approximately 40% of GDP.[17] During its first term, the Roosevelt administration ran large annual deficits of between 2 and 5% of GDP. By 1939, the debt held by the public had increased to $39.65 billion or 43% of GDP. The buildup and involvement in World War II during the presidencies of F.D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman led to the largest increase in public debt. Public debt rose over 100% of GDP to pay for the mobilization before and during the war. Public debt was $251.43 billion or 112% of GDP at the conclusion of the war in 1945 and was $260 billion in 1950.

text: After World War II[edit]

text: The public debt fell rapidly after the end of World War II under the presidency of Harry S. Truman, as the U.S. and the rest of the world experienced a post-war economic expansion. Unlike previous wars, the Korean War (1950–53) was largely financed by taxation and did not lead to an increase in the public debt.[18]

text: Growth rates in Western countries began to slow in the mid-1960s. Beginning in the mid-1970s and afterwards, U.S. national debt began to increase faster than GDP.[19][20]

text: The public debt reached a post-World War II low of 24.6% in 1974.[14][21] In that year, the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 reformed the budget process to allow Congress to challenge the president's budget more easily, and, as a consequence, deficits became increasingly difficult to control.[22] National debt held by the public increased from its postwar low of 24.6% of GDP in 1974 to 26.2% in 1980.[23]

text: Debt held by the public relative to GDP rose rapidly again in the 1980s. President Ronald Reagan's economic policies lowered tax rates (Reagan slashed the top income tax rate from 70% to 28%, although bills passed in 1982 and 1984 later partially reversed those tax cuts.)[22][24] and increased military spending, while congressional Democrats blocked cuts to social programs.[20][22][24][22] As a result, debt as a share of GDP increased from 26.2% in 1980 to 40.9% in 1988,[23] and it continued to rise during the presidency of George H. W. Bush, reaching 48.3% of GDP in 1992.[14][25]

text: Debt held by the public reached a high of 49.5% of GDP at the beginning of President Clinton's first term. However, it fell to 34.5% of GDP by the end of Clinton's presidency due in part to decreased military spending, increased taxes (in 1990, 1993 and 1997), and increased tax revenue resulting from the 1990s boom.[14][21][26][27][28] The budget controls instituted in the 1990s successfully restrained fiscal action by the Congress and the President and together with economic growth contributed to the budget surpluses at the end of the decade.[29] The surpluses led to a decline in the public debt from about 43% of GDP in 1998 to about 33% by 2001.[29]

text: In the early 21st century, debt held by the public relative to GDP rose again due in part to the Bush tax cuts and increased military spending caused by the wars in the Middle East and a new entitlement Medicare D program. During the presidency of George W. Bush, debt held by the public increased from $3.339 trillion in September 2001 to $6.369 trillion by the end of 2008.[30][31] In the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2007–08 and related significant revenue declines and spending increases, debt held by the public increased to $11.917 trillion by the end of July 2013, under the presidency of Barack Obama.[30][32]

text: 2011 credit rating downgrade[edit]

text: On August 5, 2011, the United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011, the credit rating agency Standard & Poor's downgraded the rating of the federal government from AAA to AA+. It was the first time the U.S. had been downgraded since it was originally given a AAA rating on its debt by Moody's in 1917.[33] BBC News reported that Standard & Poor's had "lost confidence" in the ability of the U.S. government to make decisions.[34]

text: Changes in debt by political affiliation[edit]

text: The President proposes a national budget to Congress, which has final say over the document but rarely appropriates more than what the President requests.[35]

text: Economist Mike Kimel has noted that the former Democratic Presidents (Bill Clinton, Jimmy Carter, Lyndon B. Johnson, John F. Kennedy, and Harry S. Truman) all reduced public debt as a share of GDP, while the last four Republican Presidents (George W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford) all oversaw an increase in the country's indebtedness.[36] Economic historian J. Bradford DeLong, observed a contrast not so much between Republicans and Democrats but between Democrats and "old-style Republicans (Eisenhower and Nixon)" on one hand (decreasing debt) and "new-style Republicans" on the other (increasing debt).[37][38] David Stockman, former director of the Office of Management and Budget, blamed the "ideological tax-cutters" of the Reagan administration for the increase of national debt during the 1980s.[39] Former Treasury official Bruce Bartlett attributed the increase in the national debt since the 1980s to the policy of "starve the beast".[40][41] While noting that George H.W. Bush's budget deal in 1990 was one of the reasons for improvement of the fiscal situation in 1990s, Bartlett was highly critical of George W. Bush for creating budget deficits by reducing tax rates and increasing spending in the early 2000s.[42][43]

text: Causes of recent changes in debt[edit]

text: Public debt is the cumulative result of budget deficits; that is, government spending exceeding revenues.

text: 2001 vs. 2009[edit]

text: According to the Congressional Budget Office, the United States last had a budget surplus during fiscal year 2001. From fiscal years 2001 to 2009, spending increased by 6.5% of gross domestic product (from 18.2% to 24.7%) while taxes declined by 4.7% of GDP (from 19.5% to 14.8%). Spending increases (expressed as percentage of GDP) were in the following areas: Medicare and Medicaid (1.7%), defense (1.6%), income security such as unemployment benefits and food stamps (1.4%), Social Security (0.6%) and all other categories (1.2%). Revenue reductions were individual income taxes (−3.3%), payroll taxes (−0.5%), corporate income taxes (−0.5%) and other (−0.4%).

text: The 2009 spending level was the highest relative to GDP in 40 years, while the tax receipts were the lowest relative to GDP in 40 years. The next highest spending year was 1985 (22.8%), while the next lowest tax year was 2004 (16.1%).[44]

text: 2001 vs. 2011[edit]

text: In June 2012, the Congressional Budget Office summarized the cause of change between its January 2001 estimate of a $5.6 trillion cumulative surplus between 2002 and 2011 and the actual $6.1 trillion cumulative deficit that occurred, an unfavorable "turnaround" or debt increase of $11.7 trillion. Tax rate cuts and slower-than-expected growth reduced revenues by $6.1 trillion and spending was $5.6 trillion higher. Of this total, the CBO attributes 72% to legislated tax rate cuts and spending increases and 27% to economic and technical factors. Of the latter, 56% occurred from 2009 to 2011.[45][46]

text: The difference between the projected and actual debt in 2011, the budget office said, could be attributed largely to:

text:
$3.5 trillion – Economic changes (including lower than expected tax revenues and higher safety net spending due to recession)
$1.6 trillion – Bush Tax Cuts (EGTRRA and JGTRRA), primarily tax rate cuts but also some smaller spending increases
$1.5 trillion – Increased non-defense discretionary spending
$1.4 trillion – Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
$1.4 trillion – Incremental interest due to higher debt balances
$0.9 trillion – Obama stimulus and tax cuts (ARRA and Tax Act of 2010)[46]

text: The U.S. budget situation has deteriorated significantly since 2001, when the CBO forecast average annual surpluses of approximately $850 billion from 2009–2012. The average deficit forecast in each of those years as of June 2009 was approximately $1,215 billion. The New York Times analyzed this roughly $2 trillion "swing", separating the causes into four major categories along with their share:

text:
Recessions or the business cycle (37%);
Policies enacted by President Bush (33%);
Policies enacted by President Bush and supported or extended by President Obama (20%); and
New policies from President Obama (10%).

text: Several other articles and experts explained the causes of change in the debt position.[47][48][49]

text: 2008 vs. 2009[edit]

text: In October 2009, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) gave the reasons for the higher budget deficit in 2009 ($1,410 billion, i.e. $1.41 trillion) over that of 2008 ($460 billion). The major changes included: declines in tax receipt of $320 billion due to the effects of the recession and another $100 billion due to tax rate cuts in the stimulus bill (the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act or ARRA); $245 billion for the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) and other bailout efforts; $100 billion in additional spending for ARRA; and another $185 billion due to increases in primary budget categories such as Medicare, Medicaid, unemployment insurance, Social Security, and Defense – including the war effort in Afghanistan and Iraq. This was the highest budget deficit relative to GDP (9.9%) since 1945.[50] The national debt increased by $1.9 trillion during FY2009, versus the $1.0 trillion increase during 2008.[51]

text: The Obama Administration also made four significant accounting changes to more accurately report total federal government spending. The four changes were:

text:
Account for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan ("overseas military contingencies") in the budget, rather than through supplemental appropriations
Assume the Alternative Minimum Tax is indexed for inflation;
Account for the full costs of Medicare reimbursements
Anticipate inevitable expenditures for natural disaster relief

tag: ol

text: Obama administration officials predicted that these changes will make the debt over ten years look $2.7 trillion larger than it would otherwise appear.[52]

text: Historical debt levels[edit]

text: Gross federal debt[edit]

text: This table lists the U.S. federal debt as a percentage of gross domestic product, or GDP, each year since World War II.[53] The gross federal debt shown below reached 102.7% of GDP at the end of 2012, the most recent figure available; it was the highest percentage since 1945 and the first yearly percentage figure to go over 100% since then. (The gross federal debt in the table includes intra-government debt – that is, money owed by one branch of the federal government to another. When this latter amount is subtracted, the remaining quantity is known as the public debt.)

text:
Congressional session
Years
President
President's party
Debt-to-GDP ratio at start of period
Debt-to-GDP ratio at end of period
Change in debt (in billions of dollars)
Change in debt-to-GDP ratio
(in percentage points)

77–78
1941–1945
Roosevelt
Democratic
50.4%
117.5%
+203
+67.1

79–80
1945–1949
Roosevelt, Truman
Democratic
117.5%
93.1%
-8
-24.4

81–82
1949–1953
Truman
Democratic
93.1%
71.4%
+13
-21.7

83–84
1953–1957
Eisenhower
Republican
71.4%
60.4%
+6
-11.0

85–86
1957–1961
Eisenhower
Republican
60.4%
55.2%
+20
-5.2

87–88
1961–1965
Kennedy, Johnson
Democratic
55.2%
46.9%
+30
-8.3

89–90
1965–1969
Johnson
Democratic
46.9%
38.6%
+43
-8.3

91–92
1969–1973
Nixon
Republican
38.6%
35.6%
+101
-3.0

93–94
1973–1977
Nixon, Ford
Republican
35.6%
35.8%
+177
+0.2

95–96
1977–1981
Carter
Democratic
35.8%
32.5%
+288
-3.3

97–98
1981–1985
Reagan
Republican
32.5%
43.8%
+823
+11.3

99–100
1985–1989
Reagan
Republican
43.8%
53.1%
+1,050
+9.3

101–102
1989–1993
Bush Sr.
Republican
53.1%
66.1%
+1,483
+13.0

103–104
1993–1997
Clinton
Democratic
66.1%
65.4%
+1,018
-0.7

105–106
1997–2001
Clinton
Democratic
65.4%
56.4%
+401
-9.0

107–108
2001–2005
Bush
Republican
56.4%
63.5%
+2,135
+7.1

109–110
2005–2009
Bush
Republican
63.5%
84.2%
+3,971
+20.7

111–112
2009–2013
Obama
Democratic
84.2%
102.7%
+6,061
+18.5

tag: table

text: (Source: CBO Historical Budget Page and Whitehouse FY 2012 Budget – Table 7.1 Federal Debt at the End of Year PDF, Excel, Senate.gov)

text: Notes:

text:
Some of the debt included in this chart for each presidential administration may include debt added under the next presidential administration.[54]
For net jobs changes over the corresponding periods, see: Jobs created during U.S. presidential terms.

text: Publicly held debt[edit]

text: Publicly held debt is the gross debt minus intra-governmental obligations (such as the money that the government owes to the two Social Security Trust Funds, the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance program, and the Social Security Disability Insurance program).[55]

text: Federal spending, federal debt and GDP[edit]

text: The table below shows annual federal spending, gross federal debt and gross domestic product for specific fiscal years.[56] The government fiscal year runs from October 1 of the previous calendar year to September 30 of the year shown.

text:
Fiscal year
Federal spending
Federal debt
Gross domestic product
Inflation adjuster[57]

Billions[58]
Adjusted[59]
Change
Billions[60]
Adjusted[61]
Change
Billions[62]
Adjusted[63]
Change

1977
$409
$1,040

$705
$1,795

$1,974
$5,019

0.39

1978
$459
$1,093
5.1%
$776
$1,850
3.1%
$2,217
$5,285
5.3%
0.42

1979
$504
$1,107
1.3%
$829
$1,821
−1.5%
$2,501
$5,494
4.0%
0.46

1980
$591
$1,175
6.1%
$909
$1,808
−0.8%
$2,727
$5,422
−1.3%
0.50

1981
$678
$1,219
3.8%
$994
$1,787
−1.1%
$3,055
$5,492
1.3%
0.56

1982
$746
$1,252
2.6%
$1,137
$1,908
6.8%
$3,228
$5,417
−1.4%
0.60

1983
$808
$1,294
3.4%
$1,371
$2,195
15.0%
$3,441
$5,510
1.7%
0.62

1984
$852
$1,300
0.4%
$1,564
$2,386
8.7%
$3,840
$5,858
6.3%
0.66

1985
$946
$1,396
7.4%
$1,817
$2,680
12.3%
$4,142
$6,108
4.3%
0.68

1986
$990
$1,426
2.1%
$2,120
$3,052
13.9%
$4,412
$6,352
4.0%
0.69

1987
$1,004
$1,406
−1.4%
$2,345
$3,283
7.6%
$4,647
$6,506
2.4%
0.71

1988
$1,065
$1,447
2.9%
$2,601
$3,534
7.7%
$5,009
$6,806
4.6%
0.74

1989
$1,144
$1,499
3.6%
$2,867
$3,757
6.3%
$5,401
$7,077
4.0%
0.76

1990
$1,253
$1,590
6.1%
$3,206
$4,067
8.3%
$5,735
$7,277
2.8%
0.79

1991
$1,324
$1,610
1.3%
$3,598
$4,374
7.5%
$5,935
$7,215
−0.8%
0.82

1992
$1,382
$1,624
0.9%
$4,001
$4,703
7.5%
$6,240
$7,334
1.7%
0.85

1993
$1,410
$1,615
−0.5%
$4,351
$4,987
6.0%
$6,576
$7,536
2.8%
0.87

1994
$1,462
$1,642
1.7%
$4,643
$5,216
4.6%
$6,961
$7,820
3.8%
0.89

1995
$1,516
$1,662
1.2%
$4,920
$5,395
3.4%
$7,326
$8,033
2.7%
0.91

1996
$1,561
$1,673
0.7%
$5,181
$5,554
3.0%
$7,694
$8,248
2.7%
0.93

1997
$1,601
$1,684
0.7%
$5,369
$5,647
1.7%
$8,182
$8,606
4.3%
0.95

1998
$1,653
$1,721
2.2%
$5,478
$5,704
1.0%
$8,628
$8,985
4.4%
0.96

1999
$1,702
$1,746
1.5%
$5,605
$5,750
0.8%
$9,125
$9,361
4.2%
0.97

2000
$1,789
$1,789
2.5%
$5,628
$5,628
−2.1%
$9,710
$9,710
3.7%
1.00

2001
$1,863
$1,821
1.8%
$5,769
$5,638
0.2%
$10,058
$9,829
1.2%
1.02

2002
$2,011
$1,929
6.0%
$6,198
$5,945
5.5%
$10,377
$9,954
1.3%
1.04

2003
$2,160
$2,018
4.6%
$6,760
$6,316
6.2%
$10,809
$10,099
1.4%
1.07

2004
$2,293
$2,082
3.2%
$7,354
$6,677
5.7%
$11,500
$10,441
3.4%
1.10

2005
$2,472
$2,165
4.0%
$7,905
$6,923
3.7%
$12,238
$10,717
2.6%
1.14

2006
$2,655
$2,249
3.9%
$8,451
$7,158
3.4%
$13,016
$11,024
2.9%
1.18

2007
$2,730
$2,263
0.6%
$8,951
$7,419
3.6%
$13,668
$11,329
2.8%
1.21

2008
$2,931
$2,366
4.6%
$9,654
$7,793
5.0%
$14,312
$11,553
0%
1.24

2009*
$3,107
$2,452
3.6%
$10,413
$8,218
5.5%
$14,097
$11,529
2.6%
1.27

2010*
$3,091
$2,392
−2.4%
$11,875
$9,247
12.5%
$14,508
$11,297
−2.0%
1.29

text: Note: The values for the years 2009, and 2010 represent estimates from the source material.


document_title: List of cricket grounds by capacity

question_text: which is the big cricket ground in india

text: List of cricket grounds by capacity

text: Active stadiums[edit]

text:
No.
Ground
Capacity
City
Country
Home teams

1
Melbourne Cricket Ground
100,024[1]
Melbourne
 Australia
Australia, Victoria Bushrangers, Melbourne Stars

2
Eden Gardens
66,349
Kolkata
 India
India, Bengal, Kolkata Knight Riders

3
Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium
65,000[2]
Naya Raipur
 India
Delhi Daredevils, Chhattisgarh cricket team

4
Perth Stadium
60,000
Perth
 Australia
Australia, Western Warriors, Perth Scorchers

5
Adelaide Oval
53,583 [3]
Adelaide
 Australia
Australia, Southern Redbacks, Adelaide Strikers

6
Lucknow International Cricket Stadium [4]
50,000[5]
Lucknow
India
India, Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association

Greenfield International Stadium
50,000 [6]
Trivandrum
 India
India, Kerala cricket team

8
Sardar Patel Stadium [a]
48,000[7]
Ahmedabad
 India
India, Gujarat, Rajasthan Royals

9
Docklands Stadium
48,003[8]
Melbourne
 Australia
Melbourne Renegades

10
Sydney Cricket Ground
48,000
Sydney
 Australia
Australia, New South Wales Blues, Sydney Sixers

11
Rangiri Dumbulla Stadium
46,800[9]
Dambulla
 Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka

12
Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium
45,000[10]
Nagpur
 India
India, Vidarbha

Barabati Stadium
45,000
Cuttack
 India
India, Orissa

13
Eden Park
42,000
Auckland
 New Zealand
New Zealand, Auckland Aces

14
Feroz Shah Kotla Ground
41,208
Delhi
 India
India, Delhi, Delhi Daredevils

15
Barsapara Stadium
40,000
Guwahati
 India
India

16
Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium
39,408[11]
Hyderabad
 India
India, Hyderabad, Sunrisers Hyderabad, Deccan Chargers

17
JSCA International Cricket Stadium
39,133 [12]
Ranchi
 India
Jharkhand, Chennai Super Kings, Kolkata Knight Riders

18
MA Chidambaram Stadium
38,000
Chennai
 India
India, Tamil Nadu, Chennai Super Kings

19
Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium
37,406
Pune
 India
India, Maharashtra

20
The Gabba
36,000
Brisbane
 Australia
Australia, Queensland Bulls, Brisbane Heat

21
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium
35,010[13]
Bangalore
 India
India, Karnataka, Royal Challengers Bangalore

22
R. Premadasa Stadium
35,002[14]
Colombo
 Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka

23
Westpac Stadium
35,001 [15]
Wellington
 New Zealand
Wellington Firebirds

24
Multan Cricket Stadium
34,300
Multan
 Pakistan
Pakistan, Multan Sultans

25
National Stadium
34,228[16]
Karachi
 Pakistan
Pakistan, Karachi cricket teams, Pakistan International Airlines, Karachi Kings

26
Wankhede Stadium
33,108 [17]
Mumbai
 India
India, Mumbai Cricket Team, Mumbai Indians

27
Holkar Cricket Stadium
30,000
Indore
 India
Madhya Pradesh.

28
MA Aziz Stadium
30,000
Chittagong
 Bangladesh
Chittagong Division, Comilla Victorians

29
PCA-IS Bindra Stadium
28,000[18]
Mohali
 India
India, Punjab, Kings XI Punjab

30
Sawai Mansingh Stadium
23,185[12]
Jaipur
 India
India, Rajasthan, Rajasthan Royals

31
Lord's
28,000
London
 England
Marylebone Cricket Club, England, Middlesex

32
Wanderers Stadium
28,000[19]
Johannesburg
 South Africa
South Africa, Highveld Lions, Transvaal

33
Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium
28,000[20]
Rajkot
 India
India, Saurashtra, Gujarat

34
Gaddafi Stadium
27,000[21]
Lahore
 Pakistan
Pakistan, Lahore Lions, Lahore Eagles, 1996 Cricket World Cup Final, Lahore Qalandars

35
Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium
25,416 [22]
Dhaka
 Bangladesh
Bangladesh, Dhaka Dynamites

36
Queen's Park Oval
25,000
Port of Spain
 Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago

37
Greenfield Stadium
25,000
Trelawny Parish
 Jamaica
West Indies, Jamaica

38
Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium
25,000
Fatullah
 Bangladesh
Bangladesh, Dhaka Dynamites

39
K. D. Singh Babu Stadium
22,000
Lucknow
 India
Uttar Pradesh

40
Nehru Stadium, Pune
25,000
Pune
 India
Maharashtra

41
Dubai International Cricket Stadium
25,000
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
Pakistan

42
Sahara Stadium Kingsmead
25,000
Durban
 South Africa
South Africa, Dolphins

43
Newlands Cricket Ground
25,000
Cape Town
 South Africa
South Africa, Cape Cobras

44
Bourda
25,000
Georgetown
 Guyana
West Indies

45
Iqbal Stadium
25,000
Faisalabad
 Pakistan
Faisalabad Wolves

46
Edgbaston Cricket Ground
24,803
Birmingham
 England
England, Warwickshire

50
The Oval
23,500
London
 England
England, Surrey

51
HPCA Stadium
23,000
Dharamsala
 India
Kings XI Punjab

52
Jinnah Stadium
23,000
Gujranwala
 Pakistan
Pakistan, Gujranwala Cricket Association

53
Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium
15,000 [23]
Sharjah
 United Arab Emirates
Pakistan, Afghanistan

54
WACA Ground
24,500
Perth
 Australia
Australia, Western Warriors, Perth Scorchers

55
SuperSport Park
21,000
Centurion
 South Africa
South Africa, Titans

57
Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium
22,000
Chittagong
 Bangladesh
Bangladesh, Chittagong Vikings, Chittagong Division

58
Brabourne Stadium
20,000
Mumbai
 India
Bombay Quadrangular, Rajasthan Royals

59
Rose Bowl
20,000
Southampton
 England
England, Hampshire

60
Newcastle Number 1 Sports Ground
20,000
Newcastle
 Australia
New South Wales Blues, Newcastle District Cricket

61
Tribhuvan University International Cricket Ground
20,000
Kirtipur
Nepal
Nepal

62
Queen's Park
20,000 [24]
Saint George's
 Grenada
West Indies

63
Jinnah Stadium
20,000
Sialkot
 Pakistan
Sialkot Stallions

64
Arbab Niaz Stadium
20,000
Peshawar
 Pakistan
Peshawar Panthers, Peshawar Zalmi

65
Mangaung Oval
20,000
Bloemfontein
 South Africa
South Africa, Knights

66
Willowmoore Park
20,000
Benoni
 South Africa
South Africa, Titans

67
Central Broward Regional Park
20,000
Lauderhill
 United States
West Indies

68
Sabina Park
20,000
Kingston
 Jamaica
West Indies, Jamaica

69
Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium
20,000
Abu Dhabi
 United Arab Emirates
Pakistan

70
Old Trafford
19,000
Manchester
 England
England, Lancashire

71
Queenstown Events Centre
19,000
Queenstown
 New Zealand
New Zealand

72
St George's Park
19,000
Port Elizabeth
 South Africa
South Africa, Warriors

73
Sylhet International Cricket Stadium
18,500
Sylhet
 Bangladesh
Bangladesh, Sylhet Super Stars, Sylhet Division, Sylhet Sixers

74
Arnos Vale Stadium
18,000
Kingstown
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
West Indies

75
Roop Singh Stadium
18,000[25]
Gwalior
 India
Madhya Pradesh

76
Bellerive Oval
17,500[26]
Bellerive
 Australia
Australia, Tasmanian Tigers, Hobart Hurricanes

77
Headingley
17,500
Leeds
 England
England, Yorkshire CCC

78
Riverside Ground
17,000
Chester-le-Street
 England
England, Durham

79
Trent Bridge
17,000
Nottingham
 England
England, Nottinghamshire

80
McLean Park
19,700
Napier
 New Zealand
Central Stags

81
Quaid-e-Azam Stadium
16,000
Mirpur
 Pakistan
local cricket teams

82
Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium
15,000
Rawalpindi
 Pakistan
Rawalpindi Rams, Islamabad United

83
Buffalo Park
15,000
East-London
 South Africa
South Africa, Warriors

84
County Cricket Ground
15,000
Bristol
 England
Gloucestershire

85
SWALEC Stadium
15,000
Cardiff
 Wales
England, Glamorgan

86
Sheikh Abu Naser Stadium
15,000
Khulna
 Bangladesh
Bangladesh, Khulna Division, Khulna Royal Bengals, Khulna Titans

87
St Lawrence Ground
15,000
Canterbury
 England
Kent

88
Owen Delany Park
15,000
Taupo
 New Zealand
Northern Districts Knights

89
Providence Stadium
15,000
Providence
 Guyana
2007 Cricket World Cup

90
Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground
15,000
Rajkot
 India
Saurashtra Cricket Association

91
Niaz Stadium
15,000
Hyderabad
 Pakistan
Hyderabad Hawks

92
Qayyum Stadium
15,000
Peshawar
 Pakistan

93
P. Sara Oval
15,000
Colombo
 Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka

94
Shaheed Chandu Stadium
15,000 [27]
Bogra
 Bangladesh
Bangladesh, Rangpur Riders

95
Darren Sammy Cricket Ground
13,700
Gros Islet
 Saint Lucia
Windward Islands

96
Windsor Park
12,000
Roseau
 Dominica
West Indies, Windward Islands cricket team

97
Malahide Cricket Club Ground
11,500
Dublin
 Ireland
Ireland

98
North Marine Road Ground
11,500
Scarborough
 Yorkshire
Yorkshire CCC, Scarborough CC

99
Sir Vivian Richards Stadium
10,000
Antigua
 Antigua and Barbuda
West Indies

99
Harare Sports Club
10,000
Harare
 Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe, Matabeleland Tuskers

101
Queens Sports Club
9,000
Bulawayo
 Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe, Matabeleland Tuskers

102
The Grange Club
5000
Edinburgh
 Scotland
Scotland

text: Jump up ^ Venue Demolished

text: Stadiums under construction[edit]

text:
No.
Ground
Capacity
City
Coutry
Home team
Estimated Completion Date

1
Nalanda International Cricket Stadium
50,000
Nalanda, Bihar
 India
India, Bihar
2017-2019[28][better source needed]

2
Sardar Patel Stadium[a]
110,000
Motera, Ahmedabad
 India
India, Gujarat
2015-2018

3
Brian Lara Stadium
15,000
Tarouba
 Trinidad and Tobago
West Indies
2002-2017

4
Sheikh Kamal International Stadium, Cox's Bazar
100,000
Cox's Bazar
 Bangladesh
Bangladesh, Chittagong
2014-half constructed

5
Gwalior International Cricket Stadium
60,000[29]
Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh
 India
India, Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association
2015-2018

6
Shaheed Mohtarama Benazir Bhutto International Cricket Stadium
20,000
Garhi Khuda Bakhsh
 Pakistan
Pakistan, Sindh cricket team
N/A

7
Indira Gandhi International Cricket Stadium
10,000
Haldwani, Uttarakhand
 India
N/A
N/A

8
Lucknow International Cricket Stadium
50,000
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
 India
India, Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association
2018

9
Rafi Cricket Stadium
50,000[30]
Karachi
 Pakistan
Pakistan, Sindh cricket team, Karachi Kings
2020

10
Saifai International Cricket Stadium
43,000
Saifai, Uttar Pradesh
 India
India, Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association
2017

11
Mulpani Cricket Stadium
30,000
Kathmandu
 Nepal
Nepal
2017

12
Greater Toronto Area Cricket Stadium
35,000
Toronto
 Canada
Canada
2017

13
Fapla International Cricket Ground
40,000
Dhangadhi
 Nepal
Nepal
2019

14
Ram Lala International Sports Complex
88,000
Aayodhya, Faizabad
 India
UP
2016-2022

15
Purbachal International Cricket Arena
70,000
Purbachal New Town, Dhaka
 Bangladesh
Bangladesh
2019-2022

text: Jump up ^ Lagrest stadiums by capacity upon its completion

text: Former or demolished stadiums[edit]

text:
No.
Ground
Capacity
City
Country
Home team
Closed (as a cricket ground)

1
ANZ Stadium
83,500[31]
Sydney
 Australia
Australia, New South Wales Blues

2
Bangabandhu National Stadium
36,000
Dhaka
 Bangladesh
Bangladesh
2006

3
Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium
30,000
Hyderabad
 India
India, Hyderabad cricket team
2003

4
Old Wanderers
n/a
Johannesburg
 South Africa
South Africa
1939

5
Sydney Showground
90,000
Sydney
 Australia

1998

6
Lancaster Park
35,000
Christchurch
 New Zealand

2012

7
Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground
20,000
Nagpur
 India
Vidarbha cricket team
2010

8
Brisbane Exhibition Ground
25,490
Brisbane
 Australia
Queensland Bulls
1931

9
Sheffield Park
25,000
Uckfield
 England

1909

10
Indira Priyadarshini Stadium
20,000
Visakhapatnam
 India
Andhra cricket team
2005

60
Queen Elizabeth II Park
20,000
Christchurch
 New Zealand
Canterbury Wizards

11
Hyde Park Ground
16,000
Sheffield
 England
Sheffield Cricket Club
1853

12

Nehru Stadium

25,000

Guwahati

India

Assam Cricket Association

2010[32]


document_title: Three-point field goal

question_text: when did the three point line start in basketball

text: Three-point field goal

text: History[edit]

text: The three-point line was first tested at the collegiate level in 1945 in a game between Columbia and Fordham, but it was not kept as a rule. At the direction of Abe Saperstein, the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961. Its three-point line was a radius of 25 feet (7.62 m) from the baskets, except along the sides.[2] The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963–64 season.

text:
The three-point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association (ABA), introduced in its inaugural 1967–68 season.[3][4] ABA commissioner George Mikan stated the three-pointer "would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans."[5] During the 1970s, the ABA used the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, as a marketing tool to compete with the NBA; its ninth and final season concluded in the spring of
1976.[6][7][8]

text: Three years later in June 1979, the NBA adopted the three-point line for a one-year trial for the 1979–80 season,[9][10][11] despite the view of many that it was a gimmick.[12] Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979; the season opener at Boston Garden was more noted for the debut of Larry Bird (and two new head coaches).[13][14] Rick Barry of the Houston Rockets, in his final season, also made one in the same game, and Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets made one that Friday night as well.[14][15]

text: The sport's international governing body, FIBA, introduced the three-point line in 1984, at 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in), and it made its Olympic debut in 1988 in Seoul, South Korea.

text: The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a 22-foot (6.71 m) line for the 1980–81 season.[16][17] Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina was the first to score a three-point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980.[17][18][19] Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three-pointer. The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in (5.41 m) in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), and as far away as 22 ft (6.71 m) in the Big Sky.[20][21][22]

text: Used only in conference play for several years, it was adopted by the NCAA in April 1986 for the 1986–87 season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m)[23][24][25][26] and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in March 1987.[27] The three-pointer was adopted in women's basketball on an experimental basis for that season at the same distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987–88.[28]  In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's distance by a foot to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), effective with the 2008–09 season,[29] and the women's line was moved to match the men's in 2011–12.[28] American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA.[30] The NCAA used the FIBA three-point line (see below) in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in 2018.[31]

text: For three seasons beginning in 1994–95, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) (22 ft (6.71 m) at the corners) to a uniform 22 ft (6.71 m) around the basket. From the 1997–98 season on, the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in (22 ft at the corners, with a 3-inch differential). Ray Allen is currently the NBA all-time leader in career made three-pointers with 2,973.[32]

text: In 2008, FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm (19.7 in) to 6.75 m (22 ft 1 3⁄4 in), with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010. In December 2012, the WNBA announced that it would be using the FIBA distance, starting in 2013. The NBA has discussed adding a four-point line, according to president Rod Thorn.[33]

text: In the NBA, three-point field goals have become increasingly more frequent along the years, with effectiveness increasing slightly. The 1979-80 season had an average 2.2 three-point goals per game and 6.6 attempts (33% effectiveness). The 1989-90 season had an average 4.8 three-point goals per game and 13.7 attempts (35% effectiveness). The 2009-10 season had an average 6.4 three-point goals per game and 18.1 attempts (36% effectiveness). The 2016-17 season had an average 9.7 three-point goals per game and 27.0 attempts (36% effectiveness).[34]

text: Rule specifications[edit]

text:
A three-point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket, and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc. In the NBA and FIBA standard, the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline. The three-point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline. The unusual formation of the three-point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three-point shot at the corners of the court; the arc would be less than 2 feet (0.61 m) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc. In the NCAA and American high school standards, the arc spans 180° around the basket, then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline (5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres).
The distance of the three-point line to the center of the hoop varies by level:

text:
Arc radius

Minimum distancefrom sidelines

NBA

23 ft 9 in (7.24 m)

3 ft 0 in (0.91 m)

[35]

FIBA, WNBA

22 ft 2 in (6.76 m)

4 ft 1 in (1.24 m)

[36]

NCAA

20 ft 9 in (6.32 m)

4 ft 3 in (1.30 m)

[37]

U.S. high schools

19 ft 9 in (6.02 m)

5 ft 3 in (1.60 m)

[38]

text: A player's feet must be completely behind the three-point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three-point attempt; if the player's feet are on or in front of the line, it is a two-point attempt. A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three-point attempt, as long as the ball is released in mid-air.

text: An official raises his/her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt. If the attempt is successful, he/she raises his/her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three-point goal. The official must recognize it for it to count as three points. Instant replay has sometimes been used, depending on league rules. The NBA,[39] WNBA, FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose. In NBA, FIBA, and WNBA games, video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game, after reviewing the video. However, in late game situations, play may be paused pending a review.

text: If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three-pointer and subsequently misses the shot, the shooter is awarded three free-throw attempts. If a player completes a three-pointer while being fouled, the player is awarded one free-throw for a possible 4-point play. Conceivably, if a player completed a three-pointer while being fouled, and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul, the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5-point play.

text: Related concepts[edit]

text: Major League Lacrosse features a two-point line which forms a 15-yard (14 m) arc around the front of the goal. Shots taken from behind this line count for two points, as opposed to the standard one point.

text: In gridiron football, a standard field goal is worth three points; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four-point field goals. NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball's three-point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards (46 m) or more was worth four points. The Arena Football League awards four points for any successful drop kicked field goal (like the three-point shot, the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick, as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable, and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does).

text: During the existence of the World Hockey Association in the 1970s, there were proposals for two-point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance (one proposal was a 44-foot (13.4m) arc, which would have intersected the faceoff circles), but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the NHL. It was widely believed that long-distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill (usually resulting more from goalies' vision being screened or obscured), plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two-point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game.

text: The Super Goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football, in which a 50-meter (55 yd) arc determines the value of a goal; within the arc, it is the usual 6 points, but 9 points are scored for a "super goal" scored from outside the arc. To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper.[40]

text: The National Professional Soccer League II, which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play, also used a three-point line, drawn 45 feet (14 m) from the goal. It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues.


document_title: Taxonomic rank

question_text: taxonomic rank that includes species but not families

text: Taxonomic rank

text: Main ranks[edit]

text: In his landmark publications, such as the Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus used a ranking scale limited to: kingdom, class, order, genus, species, and one rank below species. Today, nomenclature is regulated by the nomenclature codes. There are seven main taxonomic ranks: kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus, species. In addition, the domain (proposed by Carl Woese) is now widely used as one of the fundamental ranks, although it is not mentioned in any of the nomenclature codes. Also, this term represents a synonym for the category of dominion (lat. dominium), introduced by Moore in 1974.[4] Unlike Moore, Whoese et al. (1990) did not suggest a Latin term for this category, which represents a further argument supporting the accurately introduced term dominion.[5]

text:
Main taxonomic ranks

Latin
English

vitae
life

regio
domain

regnum
kingdom

phylum
phylum (in zoology)

classis
class

ordo
order

familia
family

genus
genus

species
species

text: A taxon is usually assigned a rank when it is given its formal name. The basic ranks are species and genus. When an organism is given a species name it is assigned to a genus, and the genus name is part of the species name.

text: The species name is also called a binomial, that is, a two-term name. For example, the zoological name for the human species is Homo sapiens. This is usually italicized in print and underlined when italics are not available. In this case, Homo is the generic name and it is capitalized; sapiens indicates the species and it is not capitalized.

text: Ranks in zoology[edit]

text: There are definitions of the following taxonomic ranks in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: superfamily, family, subfamily, tribe, subtribe, genus, subgenus, species, subspecies.

text: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature divides names into "family-group names", "genus-group names" and "species-group names". The Code explicitly mentions:

text: Family

text: Genus

text: Species

text: The rules in the Code apply to the ranks of superfamily to subspecies, and only to some extent to those above the rank of superfamily. In the "genus group" and "species group" no further ranks are allowed. Among zoologists, additional terms such as species group, species subgroup, species complex and superspecies are sometimes used for convenience as extra, but unofficial, ranks between the subgenus and species levels in taxa with many species (e.g. the genus Drosophila).

text: At higher ranks (family and above) a lower level may be denoted by adding the prefix "infra", meaning lower, to the rank. For example, infraorder (below suborder) or infrafamily (below subfamily).

text: Names of zoological taxa[edit]

text:
A taxon above the rank of species has a scientific name in one part (a uninominal name).
A species has a name composed of two parts (a binomial name or binomen): generic name + specific name; for example Canis lupus.
A subspecies has a name composed of three parts (a trinomial name or trinomen): generic name + specific name + subspecific name; for example Canis lupus familiaris. As there is only one possible rank below that of species, no connecting term to indicate rank is needed or used.

text: Ranks in botany[edit]

text: According to Art 3.1 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) the most important ranks of taxa are: kingdom, division or phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. According to Art 4.1 the secondary ranks of taxa are tribe, section, series, variety and form. There is an indeterminate number of ranks. The ICN explicitly mentions:[6]

text: primary ranks

text: kingdom (regnum)

text: division or phylum (divisio, phylum)

text: class (classis)

text: order (ordo)

text: family (familia)

text: genus (genus)

text: species (species)

text: There are definitions of the following taxonomic categories in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants: cultivar group, cultivar, grex.

text: The rules in the ICN apply primarily to the ranks of family and below, and only to some extent to those above the rank of family. Also see descriptive botanical names.

text: Names of botanical taxa[edit]

text: Taxa at the rank of genus and above have a botanical name in one part (unitary name); those at the rank of species and above (but below genus) have a botanical name in two parts (binary name); all taxa below the rank of species have a botanical name in three parts (an infraspecific name). To indicate the rank of the infraspecific name, a "connecting term" is needed. Thus Poa secunda subsp. juncifolia, where "subsp." is an abbreviation for "subspecies", is the name of a subspecies of Poa secunda.[7]

text: Hybrids can be specified either by a "hybrid formula" that specifies the parentage, or may be given a name. For hybrids receiving a hybrid name, the same ranks apply, prefixed with notho (Greek: 'bastard'), with nothogenus as the highest permitted rank.[8]

text: Outdated names for botanical ranks[edit]

text: If a different term for the rank was used in an old publication, but the intention is clear, botanical nomenclature specifies certain substitutions:[citation needed]

text:
If names were "intended as names of orders, but published with their rank denoted by a term such as": "cohors" [Latin for "cohort";[9] see also cohort study for the use of the term in ecology], "nixus", "alliance", or "Reihe" instead of "order" (Article 17.2), they are treated as names of orders.
"Family" is substituted for "order" (ordo) or "natural order" (ordo naturalis) under certain conditions where the modern meaning of "order" was not intended. (Article 18.2)
"Subfamily is substituted for "suborder" (subordo) under certain conditions where the modern meaning of "suborder" was not intended. (Article 19.2)
In a publication prior to 1 January 1890, if only one infraspecific rank is used, it is considered to be that of variety. (Article 37.4) This commonly applies to publications that labelled infraspecific taxa with Greek letters, α, β, γ, ...

text: Examples[edit]

text: Classifications of five species follow: the fruit fly familiar in genetics laboratories (Drosophila melanogaster), humans (Homo sapiens), the peas used by Gregor Mendel in his discovery of genetics (Pisum sativum), the "fly agaric" mushroom Amanita muscaria, and the bacterium Escherichia coli. The eight major ranks are given in bold; a selection of minor ranks are given as well.

text:
Rank
Fruit fly
Human
Pea
Fly agaric
E. coli

Domain
Eukarya
Eukarya
Eukarya
Eukarya
Bacteria

Kingdom
Animalia
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi

Phylum or Division
Arthropoda
Chordata
Magnoliophyta (Tracheophyta)
Basidiomycota
Proteobacteria

Subphylum or subdivision
Hexapoda
Vertebrata
Magnoliophytina (Euphyllophytina)
Agaricomycotina

Class
Insecta
Mammalia
Magnoliopsida (Equisetopsida)
Agaricomycetes
Gammaproteobacteria

Subclass
Pterygota
Theria
Rosidae (Magnoliidae)
Agaricomycetidae

Superorder

Euarchontoglires
Rosanae

Order
Diptera
Primates
Fabales
Agaricales
Enterobacteriales

Suborder
Brachycera
Haplorrhini
Fabineae
Agaricineae

Family
Drosophilidae
Hominidae
Fabaceae
Amanitaceae
Enterobacteriaceae

Subfamily
Drosophilinae
Homininae
Faboideae
Amanitoideae

Genus
Drosophila
Homo
Pisum
Amanita
Escherichia

Species
D. melanogaster
H. sapiens
P. sativum
A. muscaria
E. coli

text:
The ranks of higher taxa, especially intermediate ranks, are prone to revision as new information about relationships is discovered. For example, the flowering plants have been downgraded from a division (Magnoliophyta) to a subclass (Magnoliidae), and the superorder has become the rank that distinguishes the major groups of flowering plants.[10] The traditional classification of primates (class Mammalia—subclass Theria—infraclass Eutheria—order Primates) has been modified by new classifications such as McKenna and Bell (class Mammalia—subclass Theriformes—infraclass Holotheria) with Theria and Eutheria assigned lower ranks between infraclass and the order Primates. See mammal classification for a discussion. These differences arise because there are only a small number of ranks available and a large number of branching points in the fossil record.
Within species further units may be recognised. Animals may be classified into subspecies (for example, Homo sapiens sapiens, modern humans) or morphs (for example Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus, the pied raven). Plants may be classified into subspecies (for example, Pisum sativum subsp. sativum, the garden pea) or varieties (for example, Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon, snow pea), with cultivated plants getting a cultivar name (for example, Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon 'Snowbird'). Bacteria may be classified by strains (for example Escherichia coli O157:H7, a strain that can cause food poisoning).
Mnemonics are available at mnemonic-device.eu and thefreedictionary.com.

text: Terminations of names[edit]

text: Taxa above the genus level are often given names based on the type genus, with a standard termination. The terminations used in forming these names depend on the kingdom (and sometimes the phylum and class) as set out in the table below.

text: Pronunciations given are the most Anglicized. More Latinate pronunciations are also common, particularly /ɑː/ rather than /eɪ/ for stressed a.

text:
Rank
Bacteria[11]
Plants
Algae
Fungi
Animals

Division/Phylum

-phyta /ˈfaɪtə/
-phycota /ˈfaɪkoʊtə/
-mycota /maɪˈkoʊtə/

Subdivision/Subphylum

-phytina /fɪˈtaɪnə/
-phycotina /fɪkoʊˈtaɪnə/
-mycotina /maɪkoʊˈtaɪnə/

Class
-ia /iə/
-opsida /ˈɒpsɪdə/
-phyceae /ˈfaɪʃiː/
-mycetes /maɪˈsiːtiːz/

Subclass
-idae /ɪdiː/
-phycidae /ˈfɪsɪdiː/
-mycetidae /maɪˈsɛtɪdiː/

Superorder

-anae /ˈeɪniː/

Order
-ales /ˈeɪliːz/

Suborder
-ineae /ˈɪnɪ.iː/

Infraorder

-aria /ˈɛəriə/

Superfamily

-acea /ˈeɪʃə/
-oidea /ˈɔɪdiə/

Epifamily

-oidae /ˈɔɪdiː/

Family
-aceae /ˈeɪʃiː/
-idae /ɪdiː/

Subfamily
-oideae /ˈɔɪdɪiː/
-inae /ˈaɪniː/

Infrafamily

-odd /ɒd/[12]

Tribe
-eae /ɪiː/
-ini /ˈaɪnaɪ/

Subtribe
-inae /ˈaɪniː/
-ina /ˈaɪnə/

Infratribe

-ad /æd/ or -iti /ˈaɪti/

text:
In botany and mycology names at the rank of family and below are based on the name of a genus, sometimes called the type genus of that taxon, with a standard ending. For example, the rose family, Rosaceae, is named after the genus Rosa, with the standard ending "-aceae" for a family. Names above the rank of family are also formed from a generic name, or are descriptive (like Gymnospermae or Fungi).
For animals, there are standard suffixes for taxa only up to the rank of superfamily.[13]
Forming a name based on a generic name may be not straightforward. For example, the Latin homo has the genitive hominis, thus the genus Homo (human) is in the Hominidae, not "Homidae".
The ranks of epifamily, infrafamily and infratribe (in animals) are used where the complexities of phyletic branching require finer-than-usual distinctions. Although they fall below the rank of superfamily, they are not regulated under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and hence do not have formal standard endings. The suffixes listed here are regular, but informal.[14]
Many animal orders have the informal suffix -ida /ɪdə/, e.g. Hyolithida and Nectaspida (Naraoiida)

text: All ranks[edit]

text: There is an indeterminate number of ranks, as a taxonomist may invent a new rank at will, at any time, if they feel this is necessary. In doing so, there are some restrictions, which will vary with the nomenclature code which applies.

text: The following is an artificial synthesis, solely for purposes of demonstration of relative rank (but see notes), from most general to most specific:[15]

text:
Domain or Empire

Subdomain (biology)

Hyperkingdom

Superkingdom

Kingdom

Subkingdom

Infrakingdom

Parvkingdom

Superphylum, or superdivision (in botany)

Phylum, or division (in botany)

Subphylum, or subdivision (in botany)

Infraphylum, or infradivision (in botany)

Microphylum

Superclass

Class

Subclass

Infraclass

Parvclass

Superdivision (in zoology)[16]

Division (in zoology)[16]

Subdivision (in zoology)[16]

Infradivision (in zoology)[16]

Superlegion (in zoology)

Legion (in zoology)

Sublegion (in zoology)

Infralegion (in zoology)

Supercohort (in zoology)[17]

Cohort (in zoology)[17]

Subcohort (in zoology)[17]

Infracohort (in zoology)[17]

Gigaorder (in zoology)[18]

Magnorder or megaorder (in zoology)[18]

Grandorder or capaxorder (in zoology)[18]

Mirorder or hyperorder (in zoology)[18]

Superorder

Series (for fish)

Order

Parvorder (position in some zoological classifications)

Nanorder (in zoology)

Hypoorder (in zoology)

Minorder (in zoology)

Suborder

Infraorder

Parvorder (usual position), or microorder (in zoology)[18]

Section (in zoology)

Subsection (in zoology)

Gigafamily (in zoology)

Megafamily (in zoology)

Grandfamily (in zoology)

Hyperfamily (in zoology)

Superfamily

Epifamily (in zoology)

Series (for Lepidoptera)

Group (for Lepidoptera)

Family

Subfamily

Infrafamily

Supertribe

Tribe

Subtribe

Infratribe

Genus

Subgenus

Section (in botany)

Subsection (in botany)

Series (in botany)

Subseries (in botany)

Superspecies or Species-group

Species

Subspecies, or forma specialis (for fungi), or pathovar (for bacteria)[19])

Variety or varietas (in botany); or form or morph (in zoology) or aberration (in lepidopterology)

Subvariety (in botany)

Form or forma (in botany)

Subform (in botany)

text: Significance and problems[edit]

text: Ranks are assigned based on subjective dissimilarity, and do not fully reflect the gradational nature of variation within nature. In most cases, higher taxonomic groupings arise further back in time: not because the rate of diversification was higher in the past, but because each subsequent diversification event results in an increase of diversity and thus increases the taxonomic rank assigned by present-day taxonomists.[20] Furthermore, some groups have many described species not because they are more diverse than other species, but because they are more easily sampled and studied than other group.[citation needed]

text: Of these many ranks, the most basic is species. However, this is not to say that a taxon at any other rank may not be sharply defined, or that any species is guaranteed to be sharply defined. It varies from case to case. Ideally, a taxon is intended to represent a clade, that is, the phylogeny of the organisms under discussion, but this is not a requirement.[citation needed]

text: Classification, in which all taxa have formal ranks, cannot adequately reflect knowledge about phylogeny; at the same time, if taxon names are dependent on ranks, rank-free taxa can't be supplied with names. This problem is dissolved in cladoendesis, where the specially elaborated rank-free nomenclatures are used.[21][22]

text: There are no rules for how many species should make a genus, a family, or any other higher taxon (that is, a taxon in a category above the species level).[23][24] It should be a natural group (that is, non-artificial, non-polyphyletic), as judged by a biologist, using all the information available to them. Equally ranked higher taxa in different phyla are not necessarily equivalent (e.g., it is incorrect to assume that families of insects are in some way evolutionarily comparable to families of mollusks).[24] For animals, at least the phylum rank is usually associated with a certain body plan, which is also, however, an arbitrary criterion.[citation needed]