document_title: Timeline of World War I

question_text: who did austria declare war on in ww1

question_tokens: who did austria declare war on in ww1

text: Timeline of World War I

text:
Dates
Events

June 28

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, who was killed in Sarajevo along with his wife Duchess Sophie by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip.[1]

Details

July 5

Austria-Hungary seeks German support for a war against Serbia in case of Russian militarism. Germany gives assurances of support.[2]

July 23

Beginning of the "Black Week". Austria-Hungary sends an ultimatum to Serbia. The Serbian response is seen as satisfactory everywhere but in Vienna.[3]

Details

July 28

Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.[4] Russia mobilizes.[5]

Details

The Netherlands declare neutrality.

July 29

Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany and Czar Nicholas II of Russia communicate via telegram.[6]

July 30

Germany sends Russia an ultimatum.[6]

August 1

Germany declares war on Russia and mobilizes.[7][8][9]

France mobilizes.[7]

Italy declares its neutrality. [10]

Denmark, Sweden and Norway unitedly declare their neutrality.[11]

Germany and the Ottoman Empire sign a secret alliance treaty.[12]

Details

August 2

Germany invades Luxembourg [13].

Details

Skirmish at Joncherey, first military action on the Western Front. [14]

August 2–26

Germany besieges and captures fortified Longwy "the iron gate to Paris" near the Luxembourg border, opening France to mass German invasion.

August 3

Germany declares war on France.[15] Belgium denies permission for German forces to pass through to the French border.[16][17]

Switzerland declares its neutrality and mobilizes for purposes of defense.[18][19]

August 4

Germany invades Belgium[20] to outflank the French army.

Details

Britain protests the violation of Belgian neutrality, guaranteed by the Treaty of London, The German Chancellor replies that the treaty is just a chiffon de papier (a scrap of paper). The United Kingdom declares war on Germany.[21]

Details

The United States declares neutrality.

August 4–16

The Germans besiege and then capture the fortresses of Liège, Belgium.

Details

August 5

German Steamer SS Pfalz surrenders after being fired on by Fort Nepean, south of Melbourne, Australia[22]

Montenegro declares war on Austria-Hungary.[23]

The Ottoman Empire closes the Dardanelles.

August 6

Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia.[24]

Serbia declares war on Germany.[24]

August 7

The British Expeditionary Force arrives in France.[25]

Details

Spain declares "the strictest neutrality."[26][27]

Details

August 7 – September 13

Battle of the Frontiers. The Germans obtain a victory against the British Expeditionary Force and France's Fifth Army.

August 7–10

Battle of Mulhouse, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.

August 8

Montenegro declares war on Germany.[24][28]

August 9

The Togoland Campaign begins.

August 11

France declares war on Austria-Hungary.

August 12

The United Kingdom declares war on Austria-Hungary.[24][29]

Battle of Halen, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.

August 14–25

Battle of Lorraine, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.

August 16–20

The Serbs defeat the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Cer.[30]

Details

August 17

The Russian army enters East Prussia. Battle of Stallupönen.

Details

August 20

The Germans attack the Russians in East Prussia, the Battle of Gumbinnen.  The attack is a failure in addition to being a deviation from the Schlieffen Plan.[31]

Details

The Germans occupy Brussels.

Battle of Morhange, a phase of the Battle of Lorraine.

Battle of Sarrebourg, a phase of the Battle of Lorraine.

August 21

Battle of Charleroi, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.

August 21–23

Battle of the Ardennes, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.

August 23

Japan declares war on Germany.[24]

Details

Battle of Mons, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.

August 23–30

Battle of Tannenberg: the Russian army undergoes a heavy defeat by the Germans.[32]

Details

August 23 – September 11

Battle of Lemberg. The Russians capture Lviv.

Details

August 23–25

Battle of Kraśnik, a phase of the Battle of Lemberg. The Austro-Hungarian First Army defeats the Russian Fourth Army.[33]

Details

August 24

Action of Elouges.

Battle of the Mortagne, a phase of the Battle of Lorraine.

August 24 – September 7

The Germans besiege and capture the Maubeuge Fortress.

Details

August 24 – September 28

The Allied Great Retreat to the River Marne.

August 25

Japan declares war on Austria-Hungary.[24]

Battle of Tepe: The Kamerun Campaign begins.

August 26

British and French forces conquer Togoland, a German protectorate in West Africa.[34]

Details

Battle of Le Grand Fayt.

August 26–27

Battle of Le Cateau. Allied retreat.

Details

August 26–30

Battle of Gnila Lipa, a phase of the Battle of Lemberg.

August 26 – September 2

Battle of Komarow, part of the Battle of Lemberg.

Details

August 26 - February 18, 1916

Siege of Mora.

August 27

Battle of Étreux.

Details

August 27 – November 7

Battle of Tsingtao: British and Japanese forces capture the German-controlled port of Tsingtao in China.

Details

August 28

The Royal Navy wins the First Battle of Heligoland Bight, North Sea.

Details

Austria-Hungary declares war on Belgium.[24][35]

August 29–30

Battle of Saint Quentin, also known as Battle of Guise. Orderly Allied retreat.

Details

August 29-31

First Battle of Garua.

August 30

New Zealand occupies German Samoa (later Western Samoa).

Details

September 1

Action at Nery

Details

Saint Petersburg renamed Petrograd, removing German words "Burg" and "Sankt".[36]

September 2–11

Austro-Hungarian defeat at the Battle of Rava Russka, a phase of the Battle of Lemberg.

Details

September 4–13

Battle of Grand Couronne, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.

September 5–12

First Battle of the Marne. The German advance on Paris is halted, marking the failure of the Schlieffen Plan.[37]

Details

Battle of the Ourcq, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.

Battle of the Two Morins.

September 6

Battle of Nsanakong.

September 6–12

Battle of the Marshes of Saint-Gond, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.

Battle of Vitry, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.

Battle of Revigny, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.

September 6 – October 4

Battle of Drina.

September 7

Fanning Raid.

September 7–14

First Battle of the Masurian Lakes: The Russian Army of the Neman withdraws from East Prussia with heavy casualties.

Details

September 9

Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg lays out Germany's war aims.

Details

September 11

Battle of Bita Paka.

September 13

Troops from South Africa begin invading German South-West Africa.

Details

September 13–28

The First Battle of the Aisne ends in a substantial draw. The Race to the Sea begins.

Details

September 14

Erich von Falkenhayn replaces Helmuth von Moltke the Younger as German Chief of Staff.

Details

September 14-17

Siege of Toma. Most German forces in New Guinea surrender to the Australians then or over the following year.

September 15

Boer leader Manie Maritz revolts in South Africa.

Details

September 19 – October 11

Battle of Flirey

September 20

Battle of Zanzibar, German naval victory.

September 22

Bombardment of Papeete

German Light Cruiser Emden attacks Madras

Details

September 22–26

First Battle of Picardy.

September 24

The Siege of Przemyśl begins

Details

September 25

Battle of Sandfontein.

September 25–29

First Battle of Albert

Details

September 28 – October 10

The Germans besiege and capture Antwerp, Belgium.

Details

September 29-30

Japan occupies the Marshall Islands.

September 29 – October 31

Battle of the Vistula River, also known as Battle of Warsaw.

Details

October–July 11, 1915

Battle of Rufiji Delta, German cruiser Königsberg destroyed.

October 1–4

First Battle of Arras.

Details

October 5

Albania declares war on Austria-Hungary.[38]

Details

October 9 – November 1

Central powers control Belgrade.

Details

October 10 – November 2

Battle of La Bassee.

October 12 – November 2

First Battle of Messines.

Details

October 13 – November 2

Battle of Armentieres.

October 16–31

Battle of the Yser. French and Belgian forces secure the coastline of Belgium.[39]

Details

October 19 – November 22

The First Battle of Ypres ends the Race to the Sea. The Germans are prevented from reaching Calais and Dunkirk.

Details

October 19 - July 7, 1915

Clashes between German and Portuguese forces in the Angola-Namibia border, without declaration of war.

Details

October 28

Battle of Penang.

October 29

The Ottoman Empire launches a surprise attack on the Russian Black Sea coast

Details

November 1

Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.

Battle of Coronel. Von Spee's German cruiser squadron defeats a Royal Navy squadron under Christopher Cradock.[40]

Details

November 2

The United Kingdom begins the naval blockade of Germany.

Details

Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.[24]

November 2–16

Bergmann Offensive, first military engagement in the Caucasus of the First World War.

November 3

Montenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire.

Battle of Kilimanjaro.

November 3–5

Von Lettow-Vorbeck's German colonial forces defeat the British at the Battle of Tanga, German East Africa.

Details

November 5

France and the United Kingdom[41] declare war on the Ottoman Empire.[24]

November 6

Fao Landing, British and Indians besiege the fortress at Fao.

November 9

Battle of Cocos, northeast Indian Ocean. The Australian cruiser Sydney destroys the German cruiser Emden.[42]

Details

November 11

Sultan Mehmed V declares Jihad on the Allies.[43][44]

Details

November 11–21

Battle of Basra.

Details

November 11 – December 6

Battle of Łódź (also known as Silesian Offensive).

Details

November 13

Battle of El Herri: Worst French defeat in Morocco at the hands of the Zayanes.

November 16 – December 15

Battle of Kolubara, Austro-Hungarians leave Serbia.

November 19

Bolshevik representatives at the State Duma arrested and exiled to Siberia.

December 1–13

Battle of Limanowa.

December 3–9

Battle of Qurna.

December 8

Battle of the Falklands. Von Spee's German cruiser squadron is defeated by the Royal Navy.[45]

Details

December 10

Hill 60 captured by the Germans.

Details

December 14

Ottomans occupy the Persian border town of Qotur as a bridgehead to the Caucasus, but withdraw after their defeat at Sarikamish.

Details

December 16

The German fleet shells Scarborough and Hartlepool, England.[46]

Details

December 18–22

Battle of Givenchy.

December 17 – January 13, 1915

First Battle of Artois.

December 20

Fighting begins at Perthes.

December 20 – 17 March 1915

First Battle of Champagne.

Details

December 22

Fighting begins at Noyon.

Details

December 22 – January 2, 1915

The Russians win the Battle of Sarikamish, Caucasia.[47]

Details

December 24–25

In some sectors of the Western Front, an unofficial Christmas truce is observed between German and British forces.[48]

Details

December 25 – January 18, 1915

Battle of Ardahan.

text:
Dates
Events

January 2

The Russian offensive in the Carpathians begins. It will continue until April 12.

January 4-11

Ottomans occupy Urmia and Tabriz by surprise.

Details

January 8

Japan attempts to impose its Twenty-One Demands on neutral China.

January 18–19

Battle of Jassin.

January 19

First Zeppelin raid on Great Britain.

Details

January 19 – December 22

Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf, series of battles fought to control the peak.

January 24

Battle of Dogger Bank between squadrons of the British Grand Fleet and the German Hochseeflotte.

Details

January 24–26

Chilembwe uprising led by John Chilembwe in Nyasaland.

January 28 – February 3

The Ottomans fail to capture the Suez Canal.

Details

January 30

The Russians take Tabriz.

Details

January 31

Battle of Bolimov. First German use of chemical weapons.[49]

Details

February 4

Germany begins unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant vessels.

Details

Jan Kemp surrenders. End of the Maritz Rebellion.

Battle of Kakamas: German invasion of South Africa repelled.

February 7–22

Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes. The Russian X Army is defeated.

Details

February 19

British and French naval attack on the Dardanelles. The Gallipoli Campaign begins.[50]

Details

March 5

Great Britain and France promise Russia Constantinople.

March 7

Ottomans retreat to Qotur, pushed by a Russian counteroffensive.

Details

March 10 – March 13

Battle of Neuve Chapelle. After an initial success, a British offensive is halted.

Details

March 14

Battle of Más a Tierra. The last remnant of the German East Asia Squadron is sunk and its crew interned in neutral Chile.

March 22

The Siege of Przemyśl ends. The Russians capture the fortress.

Details

April 5 – May 5

First Battle of Woevre.

April 12–14

Battle of Shaiba.

April 15

Battle of Dilman

April 19 – May 17

The Ottomans besiege the Armenian city of Van.

Details

April 22 – May 25

The Second Battle of Ypres, which ends in a stalemate. Germany first uses the poison gas.

Details

April 22–23

Battle of Gravenstafel, First stage of the Second Battle of Ypres.

April 24

Deportation of Armenian intellectuals to Ankara, first act of the Armenian Genocide.

April 24 – May 5

Battle of St Julien, part of the Second Battle of Ypres.

April 25

Allied forces land on Gallipoli, landing at Anzac Cove and Cape Helles.[51]

Details

April 26

Treaty of London between the Entente and Italy.[52]

Details

Battle of Trekkopjes.

April 28

First Battle of Krithia. The Allied advance is repelled.[53]

Details

April 29

Battle of Gurin.

May 1

The Gorlice-Tarnów begins: the German troops under General Mackensen break through the Russian lines in Galicia.

Details

Battle of Eski Hissarlik.

May 3

Troops withdraw from Anzac Cove.

Details

Italy revokes its commitment to a defensive alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary.

May 6–8

Second Battle of Krithia. The Allied attempts at advancing are thwarted again.[54]

Details

May 7

The British liner Lusitania is sunk by a German U-boat.[55]

Details

May 8–13

Battle of Frezenberg Ridge, Part of the Second Battle of Ypres.

May 9 – June 18

Second Battle of Artois.

May 9

Battle of Aubers Ridge, a phase of the Second Battle of Artois.

May 10

Troops from Hungary rout the Russians at Jarosław. Lviv is again in Austrian hands.

May 11

Armistice called at Gallipoli to bury the dead.

Details

May 12

Windhoek, capital of German South-West Africa, is occupied by South African troops.[56]

Details

May 15–25

Battle of Festubert.

May 16 – June 23

Battle of Konary.

May 23

Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary.[24]

Details

May 24–25

Battle of Bellewaarde, final phase of the Second Battle of Ypres.

May 31 - June 10

Second Battle of Garua.

June–September

The Russian Great Retreat from Poland and Galicia.

June 3

San Marino declares war on Austria-Hungary.[24]

June 4

Third Battle of Krithia. Yet another Allied failure.[54]

Details

The Russians leave Przemyśl.

Details

June 21–23

Battle of Bukoba.

June 22

Mackensen breaks again through the Russian lines in the Lviv area.

Details

June 23 – July 7

First Battle of the Isonzo.

Details

June 27

The Austro-Hungarians re-enter Lviv.

Details

June 28 – July 5

The British win the Battle of Gully Ravine.

Details

June 29

Battle of Ngaundere

July 1

First aerial victory by a synchronized gun-armed fighter aircraft

Details

Battle of Otavi.

July 9

The German forces in South-West Africa surrender.

Details

July 10–26

Battle of Manzikert.

July 18 – August 3

Second Battle of the Isonzo.

Details

July 25

Italians capture Cappuccio Wood.

Details

First Victoria Cross awarded to a British combat pilot

Details

July 27-31

Battle of Kara Killisse.

August 5

The Germans occupy Warsaw.

Details

August 6–10

Battle of Lone Pine, part of the August Offensive.

August 6–13

Battle of Krithia Vineyard, part of the August Offensive.

August 6–15

Allies land at Suvla Bay, a phase of the August Offensive.

Details.

August 6–21

Battle of Sari Bair, part of the August Offensive. Last and unsuccessful attempt by the British to seize the Gallipoli peninsula.[57]

Details

August 7

Battle of the Nek, a phase of the August Offensive.

August 7–19

Battle of Chunuk Bair, a phase of the August Offensive.

August 21

Scimitar Hill, a phase of the August Offensive.

Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.[24]

August 21–29

Battle of Hill 60, part of the August Offensive.

Details

August 26 – September 19

Sventiany Offensive, a phase of the Gorlice-Tarnow Offensive.

September 1

Germany suspends unrestricted submarine warfare.

Details

September 5–8

The Zimmerwald Conference of anti-militarist European socialist parties is held in Zimmerwald, Switzerland.

Details

September 8

Nicholas II removes Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolayevich as Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, personally taking that position.

Details

September 15 – November 4

Third Battle of Artois.

September 19

The Germans occupy Vilnius. The Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive ends.

Details

September 25–28

Battle of Loos, a major British offensive, fails.

Details

September 25 – October 15

Battle of the Hohenzollern Redoubt, a phase of the Battle of Loos.

September 25 – November 6

Second Battle of Champagne.

September 28

Battle of Es Sinn.

October 7 – December 4

Serbia is invaded by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria.

Details

October 12

Edith Cavell executed.

October 14

Bulgaria declares war on Serbia[24]

Details

October 14 – November 9

Morava Offensive, a phase of the Central Powers Invasion of Serbia, Bulgarians break through Serbian lines.

October 14 – November 15

Ovche Pole Offensive, a phase of the Central Powers invasion of Serbia, Bulgarians break through Serbian lines.

October 15

The United Kingdom declares war on Bulgaria.[24][58]

Montenegro declares war on Bulgaria.[24]

October 16

France declares war on Bulgaria.[24]

October 17 – November 21

Battle of Krivolak, first of the Salonika Front.

October 18 – November 4

Third Battle of the Isonzo

Details

October 19

Italy and Russia declare war on Bulgaria.[24]

October 27

Andrew Fisher resigns as Prime Minister of Australia; he is replaced by Billy Hughes.

October 29

René Viviani resigns as Prime Minister of France; he is replaced by Aristide Briand.

November 4-6

Battle of Banjo.

November 10

Pro-Central Powers Iranians seize Shiraz from pro-Entente forces and arrest all British citizens in the city.

Details

November 10 – December 2

Fourth Battle of the Isonzo

November 10 – December 4

Kosovo Offensive, a phase of the Central Powers invasion of Serbia, Serbians pushed into Albania.

Details

November 14-30

Russian forces from the Caucasus occupy Tehran.

Details

November 17

Armed by Ottomans and Germans, the Libyan Senussi cross the border and attack Egypt from the west.

Details

November 22–25

Battle of Ctesiphon, in present-day Iraq.[59]

Details

November 27

The Serbian army collapses. It will retreat to the Adriatic Sea and be evacuated by the Italian and French Navies.

Details

December – July, 1916

Battle of Lake Tanganyika.

December 6–12

Battle of Kosturino

December 7

The First Siege of Kut, Mesopotamia, by the Ottomans begins.[60]

Details

December 15

Russians occupy Hamadan.

Details

December 19

Douglas Haig replaces John French as commander of the British Expeditionary Force.

Details

December 23

Carl Zimmermann orders the retreat of all German forces and civilians in Kamerun to the Spanish colony of Río Muni.

text:
Dates
Events

January 5–17

Austro-Hungarian offensive against Montenegro, which capitulates.

Details

January 6–7

Battle of Mojkovac

January 6–8

Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad, a phase of the First Siege of Kut.

January 9

The Gallipoli Campaign ends in an Allied defeat and an Ottoman victory.[61]

Details

January 10 – February 16

Battle of Erzurum.

January 11

Corfu occupied by the Allies.

Details

January 13

Battle of Wadi, a phase of the First Siege of Kut.

Details

January 21

Battle of Hanna, a phase of the First Siege of Kut.

January 24

Reinhard Scheer is appointed commander of Germany's Hochseeflotte.[62]

Details

January 27

Conscription introduced in the United Kingdom by the Military Service Act 1916.[63]

Details

February 5 – April 15

Trebizond Campaign.

February 12

Battle of Salaita Hill.

February 21

The Battle of Verdun begins.[64]

February 26

Battle of Agagia: Senussi rebellion suppressed by the British.

February 28

German Kamerun (Cameroon) surrenders.

Details

March 1

Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare.

Details

March 1–15

Fifth Battle of the Isonzo.

March 2 – August 4

Battle of Bitlis.

March 8

Battle of Dujaila: a British attempt to relieve Kut failed.

Details

March 9

Germany declares war on Portugal.[24] Portugal officially enters the war.

Details

March 11–12

Battle of Latema Nek.

March 14

The Manifesto of the Sixteen, declaring Kropotkinist-anarchist support of the Allied war effort, is published.

Details

March 15

Austria-Hungary declares war on Portugal.[24]

March 16 - November 6

British preemptively occupy the Sultanate of Darfur and annex it to the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.

Details

March 18

Battle of Kahe.

March 18 – April

Lake Naroch Offensive.

April 24–29

Easter Rising by Irish rebels for independence from the United Kingdom.

Details

April 24–30

The Kienthal Conference, the second meeting of the anti-war socialist Zimmerwald Movement, is held in Kienthal, Switzerland.

Details

April 27–29

Gas attacks at Hulluch.

April 29

The British forces under siege at Kut surrender to the Ottomans, first siege of Kut ends.

Details

May 7–10

Battle of Kondoa Irangi.

May 10

Germany suspends unrestricted submarine warfare.

Details

May 15 – June 10

Austro-Hungarian Strafexpedition in Trentino.

Details

May 16

Signing of the Sykes-Picot Agreement between Britain and France defining their proposed spheres in the Middle East.

Details

May 18

Russian forces in Persia link up with the British in Mesopotamia, but it is too late.

Details

May 31 – June 1

Battle of Jutland between Britain's Grand Fleet and Germany's Hochseeflotte.

Details

June 2–14

Battle of Mont Sorrel.

June 3

Russians fail to encircle Ottoman forces in Persia.

Details

June 4

The Brusilov Offensive begins.

June 5

The Arab Revolt in Hejaz begins.

Details

The HMS Hampshire is sunk off the Orkney Islands; Lord Kitchener dies.

Details

June 10

Italy: Paolo Boselli succeeds Antonio Salandra as Prime Minister.

Details

The Siege of Medina begins.

June 10 – July 4

Battle of Mecca, Arabs capture the city.

Details

June 12

Percy Sykes marches on Kerman to link up with the Russian forces in central-northern Persia.

June 30

Battle of the Boar's Head, diversion from the Battle of the Somme which began the next day.

July

Battle of Taif.

Details

July 1

The Battle of the Somme begins.

Details

July 1–3

The Social Democratic Party wins a majority in the parliament of the Russian-ruled Grand Duchy of Finland.

Details

July 1–13

Second Battle of Albert (Opening phase of the Battle of the Somme).

Details

July 1–2

British capture Fricourt during the Second Battle of Albert.

Details

July 2

Ottoman counter-attack into Persia reaches Kermanshah.

Details

July 2–25

Battle of Erzincan.

July 3–7

British capture La Boisselle during the Second Battle of Albert.

Details

July 3–12

British capture Mametz Wood during the Second Battle of Albert.

Details

July 3–17

British capture Ovillers during the Second Battle of Albert and Battle of Bazentin Ridge.

Details

July 4–6

Battle of Kostiuchnowka.

July 7–11

British capture Contalmaison during the Second Battle of Albert.

Details

July 8–14

British capture Trônes Wood during the Second Battle of Albert.

Details

July 14–17

Battle of Bazentin Ridge (Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme)

Details

July 14 – September 15

Battles for Longueval and Delville Wood (Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme)

Details

July 19–20

Battle of Fromelles (Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme).

July 23 – August 7

Battle of Pozières (Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme)

Details

July 24 – August 8

Battle of Kowel.

July 30

German agents sabotage munition factories in Jersey City that supply the Allies, causing the Black Tom explosion.

August 3–5

Battle of Romani. Ottoman attack on the British in the Sinai peninsula fails.

Details

August 6–17

Sixth Battle of the Isonzo. The Italians capture Gorizia (August 9).

Details

August 6

Battle of Doberdo, part of the Sixth Battle of Isonzo.

August 9–18

First battle of Doiran.

Details

August 10

Ottomans take Hamadan.

Details

August 24

Battle of Mlali.

August 27

Romania enters the war on the Entente's side. Her army is defeated in a few weeks.

August 27 – December

Conquest of Romania by Central Powers.

Details

August 27 – November 26

Battle of Transylvania, a phase of the conquest of Romania.

August 28

Italy declares war on Germany.[24][52]

August 29

Paul von Hindenburg replaces Erich von Falkenhayn as German Chief of Staff.

Details

August 30

The Ottoman Empire declares war on Romania.[24]

September 1

Bulgaria declares war on Romania.[24]

September 2–6

Battle of Turtucaia, a phase of the conquest of Romania.

September 3–6

Battle of Guillemont (intermediate phase of the Battle of the Somme)

Details

September 5–7

Battle of Dobrich, a phase of the conquest of Romania.

September 6

The Central Powers create a unified command.

September 7–11

Battle of Kisaki.

September 8-19

Battle of Tabora.

September 9

Battle of Ginchy (intermediate phase of the Battle of the Somme)

Details

September 9-11

Battle of Dutumi.

September 12 – December 11

Monastir Offensive, set up of the Salonika Front.

September 12–14

Battle of Malka Nidzhe, a phase of the Monastir Offensive.

September 12–30

Battle of Kaymakchalan, a phase of the Monastir Offensive.

September 14–17

Seventh Battle of the Isonzo

September 15–22

Battle of Flers-Courcelette; the British use armored tanks for the first time in history.

Details

September 17–19

First Battle of Cobadin, a phase of the conquest of Romania.

September 20

The Brusilov Offensive ends with a substantial Russian success.

Details

September 25–28

Battle of Morval (part of the final stages of the Battle of the Somme)

Details

September 26–28

Battle of Thiepval Ridge (part of the final stages of the Battle of the Somme)

Details

September 29 – October 5

Flamanda Offensive, a phase of the conquest of Romania.

October–November

First Battle of the Cerna Bend, a phase of the Monastir Offensive.

Details

October 1 – November 5

Battle of Le Transloy (last stage of the Battle of the Somme)

Details

October 1 – November 11

Battle of Ancre Heights (last stage of the Battle of the Somme).

October 9–12

Eighth Battle of the Isonzo.

October 14 - January 6, 1917

Battle of Kibata.

October 19–25

Second Battle of Cobadin, a phase of the conquest of Romania.

October 24

The French recapture Fort Douaumont near Verdun.

Details

November 1–4

Ninth Battle of the Isonzo.

November 11

Battle of Matamondo.

November 13–18

Battle of the Ancre (closing phase of the Battle of the Somme)

Details

November 18

The Battle of the Somme ends with enormous casualties and an Anglo-French advantage.

Details

November 21

HMHS Britannic sinks after hitting a German mine

Details

Francis Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, dies and is succeeded by Charles I.

Details

November 25

David Beatty replaces John Jellicoe as commander of the Grand Fleet. Jellicoe becomes First Lord of the Sea.

Details

November 25 – December 3

Battle of Bucharest, a phase of the conquest of Romania.

November 28

Prunaru Charge, a phase of the Battle of Bucharest, Romanian cavalry desperately charge into enemy lines.

December 1

Battle of the Arges, a phase of the Battle of Bucharest.

December 1 – January 18, 1917

Allies capture Yanbu.

Details

December 5–7

United Kingdom: Prime Minister H. H. Asquith resigns and is succeeded by David Lloyd George.

Details

December 6

The Germans occupy Bucharest. The capital of Romania moved to Iaşi.

Details

December 13

Robert Nivelle replaces Joseph Joffre as Commander-in-Chief of the French Army.

Details

December 17

Kaocen Revolt: The Tuareg besiege the French garrison at Agadez.

December 18

Battle of Verdun ends with enormous casualties on both sides.

December 23

Battle of Magdhaba in the Sinai peninsula.[65]

Details

December 23–29

Christmas Battles.

December 27

Togoland is divided into British and French administrative zones.

Details

December 30

Grigori Rasputin, Russia's éminence grise, is assassinated.

Details

text:
Dates
Events

January 3–4

Battle of Behobeho.

January 9

Battle of Rafa. The British drive the Ottomans out of Sinai.

Details

January 11 – March 13

British raid the Ancre.

Details

January 16

The German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann sends a telegram to his ambassador in Mexico, instructing him to propose to the Mexican government an alliance against the United States.

Details

February 1

Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare.

Details

February 13

Mata Hari is arrested in Paris on charges of spying for the Germans.

February 23

Second Battle of Kut. The British recapture the city.

Details

February 23 – April 5

The Germans withdraw to the Hindenburg Line.

Details

March 1

Arz von Straussenberg replaces Conrad von Hötzendorf as Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff.

Details

March 3

The French relieve Agadez.

March 8–11

The British capture Baghdad.

Details

March 8

The celebrations of the International Women's Day in Petrograd spawn severe protests that will evolve into the February Revolution.

March 12

Russian troops refuse to fire on demonstrators after 50 are killed in Petrograd's Znamenskaya Square the day before. Numerous attacks against prisons, courts, police stations and Okhrana offices.Provisional Committee of the Duma formed.Petrograd Soviet formed.

March 13

Battle of Nambanje.

March 13 – April 23

Samarrah Offensive, British capture much of Mesopotamia.

March 14

China severs relations with Germany.[24]

March 15

Nicholas II abdicates. A provisional government is formed.

March 16

Lenin arrives in Petrograd from his exile in Switzerland and publishes his April Thesis.

March 17

Aristide Briand resigns as Prime Minister of France; he is replaced by Alexandre Ribot.

March 26

First Battle of Gaza. The British attempt to capture the city fails.[66]

Details

April–October

Stalemate in Southern Palestine.

April 2–3

Australians attack Noreuil.

Details.

April 6

The United States declares war on Germany.[67]

Details

April 7

Cuba declares war on Germany.[24]

Panama declares war on Germany.[24]

Scuttling of SMS Cormoran in Guam, the only hostile action between American and German forces in the Pacific.

April 9 – May 17

Second Battle of Arras. The British attack a heavily fortified German line without obtaining any strategic breakthrough.[68]

Details

April 9–12

The Canadians obtain a significant victory in the Battle of Vimy Ridge, part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras.[69]

Details

April 9–14

First Battle of the Scarpe, part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras.

Details

April 10–11

First Battle of Bullecourt,part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras.

Details

April 11

Brazil severs relations with Germany.[24]

April 13

Bolivia severs relations with Germany.[24]

April 15

Battle of Lagnicourt, part of the Second phase of the Second Battle of Arras.

Details

April 16 – May 9

The Second Battle of the Aisne (also known as Nivelle Offensive) ends in disaster for both the French army and its commander Robert Nivelle.[70]

Details

April 17–20

Battle of the Hills (also known as Third battle of Champagne), a diversion to the Second Battle of the Aisne.

April 19

Second Battle of Gaza. The Ottoman lines resist a British attack.

Details

April 22 – May 8

Second Battle of Doiran.

Details

April 23

The Ottoman Empire severs relations with the United States.[24]

April 23–24

Second Battle of Scarpe, part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras.

Details

April 28–29

Battle of Arleux, part of the Second phase of the Second Battle of Arras.

Details

April 29 – May 20

Series of mutinies in the French army.[71]

Details

May 3–4

Third battle of the Scarpe, part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras.

Details

Mass demonstrations in Petrograd and Moscow to protest Pavel Milyukov's note affirming Russia's commitment to the Entente war effort.

Details

May 3–17

Second Battle of Bullecourt, part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras.

Details

May 5

Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes wins an enlarged majority in federal elections with the pro-conscription Nationalist Party.

Details

May 5–15

Allied Spring offensive on the Salonika Front.

May 5–9

Second Battle of the Cerna Bend, a phase of the Allied Spring Offensive.

Details

May 12 – June 6

Tenth Battle of the Isonzo.

Details

May 15

Philippe Pétain replaces Robert Nivelle as Commander-in-Chief of the French Army.[72]

Details

May 23

Battle of Mount Hermada in the Karst.

Salonika Trial ends: Dragutin Dimitrijevic, chief conspirator of the Sarajevo Assassination, is sentenced to death by Serbia on trumped up charges, as part of negotiations for a peace treaty with Austria-Hungary.

June–October

Operation Hush, Abortive British plan to capture coast of Belgium.

June 7–14

Second Battle of Messines, the British blow 19 deep mines and recapture Messines Ridge.

Details

June 10–29

Battle of Mount Ortigara.

Details

June 12

Constantine I of Greece abdicates.[73]

June 13

First successful heavy bomber raid on London done by the Gotha G.IV.

June 25

First American troops land in France.

Details

June 27

Batterie Pommern aka. 'Lange Max', world's largest gun fires for the first time from Koekelare to Dunkirk (±50 km).

June 30

Greece declares war on the Central powers.

Details

July 1–2

Battle of Zborov, a phase of the Kerensky Offensive.

Details

July 1–12

Brief monarchist coup and restoration in China, allegedly promoted by Germany to distance China from the Entente.

Details

July 1–19

The Kerensky Offensive fails. It is the last Russian initiative in the war.[74]

Details

July 6

Arab rebels led by Lawrence of Arabia seize the Jordanian port of Aqaba.[75]

Details

July 11

The Open Letter to Albert I is published by Flemish Movement sympathisers within the Belgian Army on the Yser Front, complaining about official discrimination against Dutch language

Details

July 16-17

Petrograd July Days.

July 20

Corfu Declaration about the future Kingdom of Yugoslavia.[76]

Details

July 21

Alexander Kerensky replaces Georgy Lvov as Minister-President of the Russian Provisional Government.

July 22

Siam declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.[24]

July 22 – August 1

Battle of Mărăști

July 29

Battle of Kiawe Bridge.

July 31

The Third Battle of Ypres (also known as Battle of Passchendaele) begins.

Details

July 31 – August 2

Battle of Pilckem Ridge (Opening phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).

August 2

The German raider SMS Seeadler is wrecked at Mopelia in French Polynesia.

August 2–10

Battle of Rumbo.

August 4

Liberia declares war on Germany.

August 6–20

Battle of Mărăşeşti.

Details

August 8–20

Second Battle of Oituz.

August 14

China declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.[77][24]

August 15–25

Battle of Hill 70 (Continuation of British operations near Lens).

August 16–18

Second Battle of Langemarck (Initial phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).

Details

August 17

China terminates the German and Austro-Hungarian concessions in Tianjin and occupies them.

August 18–28

Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo.

Details

August 20–26

Second Offensive Battle of Verdun.

September – October

Operation Albion. German capture of Oesel, Dago and Moon Islands.

September 1–3

Battle of Jugla.

September 5

The SMS Seeadler's crew sail to Fiji in a lifeboat and capture the French schooner Lutece, allowing their escape. They rename it Fortuna.

September 5–12

The Third Zimmerwald Conference of the anti-war socialist Zimmerwald Movement, is held in Stockholm.

Details

September 8-12

Russia: General Kornilov's coup attempt fails.

Details

September 12

Alexandre Ribot resigns as Prime Minister of France; he is replaced by Paul Painlevé.

September 14

Russia declared a republic.

September 20–26

Battle of the Menin Road Ridge (Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).

September 21

Costa Rica severs relations with Germany.[24]

September 26–27

Battle of Polygon Wood (Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).

September 28–29

Battle of Ramadi, Mesopotamia.

Details

October 4

Battle of Broodseinde (Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).

October 5

The Fortuna wrecks at Easter Island and its crew is interned by the Chileans.

October 6

Peru severs relations with Germany.[24]

October 7

Uruguay severs relations with Germany.[24]

October 9

Battle of Poelcappelle (Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).

October 12

First Battle of Passchendaele (Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).

October 15

Mata Hari executed.

October 15–18

Battle of Mahiwa.

October 23

Battle of Wadi Musa.

October 23 – November 10

Battle of La Malmaison, much-postponed French attack on the Chemin des Dames.

Details

October 24 – November 4

Battle of Caporetto. The Austro-Hungarians and Germans break through the Italian lines. The Italian army is defeated and falls back on the Piave River.

Details

October 26 – November 10

Second Battle of Passchendaele (Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).

October 27

Brazil declares war on Germany.[24]

October 27

Battle of Buqqar Ridge.

October 30

Italy: Vittorio Emanuele Orlando succeeds Paolo Boselli as Prime Minister.

Details

October 31 – November 7

Third Battle of Gaza. The British break through the Ottoman lines.

Details

October 31

Battle of Beersheba (opening phase of the Third Battle of Gaza).

Details

November 1–6

Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe.

November 2

Balfour Declaration: the British government supports plans for a Jewish "national home" in Palestine.

Details

November 5

The Allies agree to establish a Supreme War Council at Versailles.

November 7

October Revolution: Kerensky flees Petrograd just before the Petrograd Soviet seizes the Winter Palace.

Charge at Sheria.

November 8

Armando Diaz replaces Luigi Cadorna as Commander-in-Chief of the Italian Army.

Details

Charge at Huj.

November 9 – December 28

First Battle of the Piave: the Austro-Hungarians and Germans try unsuccessfully to cross the river.

Details

November 10

The Third Battle of Ypres (also known as Battle of Passchendaele) ends.

Details

November 11 – December 23

First Battle of Monte Grappa, Austro-Hungarian offensive halted.

November 13

France: Paul Painlevé is replaced by Georges Clemenceau as Prime Minister.

Details

Battle of Mughar Ridge.

November 14

Battle of Ayun Kara.

November 17

Second Battle of Heligoland Bight, North Sea.

Details

November 17 – December 30

Battle of Jerusalem. The British enter the city (December 11).

Details

November 18–24

Battle of Nebi Samwil, a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem.

November 20 – December 3

First Battle of Cambrai. A British attack and the biggest German attack against the British since 1915 succeed and the battle is a stalemate.[78]

Details

November 25

Battle of Ngomano, the Germans invade Portuguese East Africa to gain supplies.

December 1

Battle of El Burj, a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem.

December 6

Halifax Explosion: An accidental colision between the Norwegian supply ship SS Imo and the French cargo ship SS Mont-Blanc, laden with high explosives for the Western Front, leaves 2,000 dead and 9,000 injured in Richmond, Nova Scotia. It is the largest man-made explosion before the invention of atomic weapons.

December 7

The United States declares war on Austria-Hungary.[24]

December 8

Ecuador severs relations with Germany.[24]

December 10

Panama declares war on Austria-Hungary.[24]

December 15

Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers, to take effect on December 17.

December 16

Armistice of Erzincan between the Ottomans and the Russian Special Transcaucasian Committee.

December 17

Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden wins an enlarged majority in federal elections with the pro-conscription Unionist Party.

Details

December 20–21

Battle of Jaffa, a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem.

Details

text:
Dates
Events

January 8

Woodrow Wilson outlines his Fourteen Points.

Details

February to September

Allied forces occupy the Jordan Rift Valley.

Details

February 9

The Central Powers sign an exclusive protectorate treaty with the Ukrainian People's Republic as part of the negotiations in Brest-Litovsk.

Details

February 15–16

Battle of Rarancza.

February 18 – March 3

Operation Faustschlag, last offensive on Eastern Front.

February 19

British begin their assault on Jericho.

Details

February 21

The British capture Jericho.

Details

Germans capture Minsk.

Details

February 24

Germans capture Zhytomyr.

Details

February 25

German troops capture Tallinn.

Details

February 28

Germans capture Pskov and Narva.

Details

March 2

Germans capture Kiev.

Details

March 3

At Brest-Litovsk, Leon Trotsky signs the peace treaty with Germany.[79]

Details

March 4

First known case of what will later be called Spanish Flu: Private Albert Gitchell at Camp Funston, Fort Riley, Kansas.

March 7

German artillery bombard the Americans at Rouge Bouquet.

Details

March 8–12

Battle of Tell 'Asur.

March 8–13

Battle of Bakhmach.

March 11

Over 100 sick from Spanish Flu in Fort Riley; first known case outside in Queens, New York.

March 21 – April 5

First phase of the Spring Offensive, Operation Michael (also known as Second Battle of the Somme). The Germans obtain a Pyrrhic victory.

Details

March 21–23

The Battle of St. Quentin, first phase of Operation Michael and of the Spring Offensive.

Details

March 21 – April 2

First Transjordan attack on Amman.

March 23 – August 7

Artillery bombardment of Paris.

Details

March 24–25

First Battle of Bapaume, a phase of Operation Michael.

Details

March 25

First Battle of Noyon, a phase of Operation Michael.

Details

March 26

French Marshal Ferdinand Foch is appointed Supreme Commander of all Allied forces.

Details

March 26–27

Battle of Rosieres, a phase of Operation Michael.

Details

Action of Khan Baghdadi.

March 25

Penza Agreement: The Czechoslovak Legion is given free passage to Vladivostok to join the Entente in return for surrendering most weapons to the Bolsheviks.

March 27–31

First Battle of Amman, a phase Of The First Transjordan Attack.

March 28

Third Battle of Arras (also known as First Battle of Arras (1918)), a phase of Operation Michael.

Details

March 30 – April 5

First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux, a phase of Operation Michael.

March 30

Battle of Moreuil Wood.

April 1

Royal Air Force founded by combining the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service.

April 4–5

Battle of the Avre, final phase of Operation Michael.

April 7–29

Second phase of the Spring Offensive, Operation Georgette (also known as Battle of the Lys). The results are disappointing for the Germans.

Details

April 7–9

Battle of Estaires, first phase of Operation Georgette.

Details

April 10–11

Third Battle of Messines, a phase of Operation Georgette.

Details

April 12–13

Battle of Hazebrouck, a phase of Operation Georgette.

Details

April 13–15

Battle of Bailleul, a phase of Operation Georgette.

Details

April 14

Ottokar Czernin resigns as Austria-Hungary's Foreign Minister over the Sixtus Affair.

April 17–19

First Battle of Kemmelberg, a phase of Operation Georgette.

Details

April 18

Battle of Bethune, a phase of Operation Georgette.

Details

April 21

The Red Baron is shot down over Vaux-sur-Somme.

April 23

Guatemala declares war on Germany.[24]

April 24–27

Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux, a phase of Operation Georgette.

April 25–26

Second Battle of Kemmelberg, a phase of Operation Georgette.

Details

April 28

Gavrilo Princip dies in Terezín prison, from tuberculosis.

April 29

Battle of Scherpenberg, final phase of Operation Georgette.

Details

April 30 – May 4

Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt.

May 7

Treaty of Bucharest between Romania and the Central Powers. It will never be ratified.

Details

May 8

Nicaragua declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.[24]

May 10–11

Battle of Kaniow.

May 14

Clash at Chelyabinsk station between Hungarian POWs heading west to be repatriated and Czechoslovaks going east. Trotsky orders the arrest of the Czechoslovak Legion, but they revolt and seize several towns along the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Details

May 21

Ottomans invade Armenia.

Details

May 21–29

Battle of Sardarabad, a phase of the invasion of Armenia.

Battle of Abaran, a phase of the invasion of Armenia.

May 23

Costa Rica declares war on Germany.[24]

May 24–28

Battle of Karakilisa, a phase of the invasion of Armenia.

May 27 – June 6

Third Battle of the Aisne (also known as Operation Blücher-Yorck, third phase of the Spring Offensive). After initial gains, the German advance is halted.

Details

May 28

Battle of Cantigny.

May 29–31

Battle of Skra-di-Legen

June 1–26

Battle of Belleau Wood, part of the German Spring Offensive.

June 8

Action of Arsuf.

Ottomans re-enter Tabriz.

Details

June 8

The Czechoslovak Legion forms the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly in Samara. Stanislav Čeček calls to join forces with anti-Bolshevik Russians to overthrow the Communist government and reignite the Eastern Front.

Details

June 8 – October

Germany interferes in the Caucasus.

Details

June 9–12

Fourth phase of the Spring Offensive, Operation Gneisenau (also known as Battle of Matz). Despite substantial territorial gains, the Germans do not achieve their strategic goals

Details

June 13

Provisional Siberian Government formed in Omsk.

June 15–23

Second Battle of the Piave: the Austro-Hungarian offensive is repelled.

Details

June 15-31

Ottomans occupy Dilman, Khoy and Urmia.

Details.

July 4

Battle of Hamel.

July 12

Haiti declares war on Germany.[24]

July 14

Battle of Abu Tellul.

July 15 – August 6

Second Battle of the Marne and last German offensive on the Western Front, which fails when the Germans are counterattacked by the French.

Details

July 15–17

Champagne-Marne Offensive (consisting of the Fourth Battle of Champagne and the Battle of the Mountain of Reims), a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne. last phase of the Spring Offensive and last German offensive of World War I.

Details

July 17

Nicholas II and his family are executed by the Bolsheviks, out of fear that they might be released by Czechoslovak and White troops.

Details

July 18

Battle of Chateau-Thierry, a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne.

Details

July 18–22

Battle of Soissons,a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne.

Details

July 19

Battle of Tardenois, a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne.

Honduras declares war on Germany.[24]

August

Spanish Flu virus mutates: Simultaneous deadlier outbreaks in Brest, Freetown and Boston.

August 5

The Czechoslovak People's Army of Komuch takes Kazan from the Bolsheviks and captures the Imperial Russian gold reserve.

Details

August 8 – November 11

Hundred Days Offensive, last offensive on Western Front.

August 8–12

Battle of Amiens, first phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.

Details

August 9–12

Battle of Montdidier.

August 13 – September 3

Battle of San Matteo.

August 17–29

Second Battle of Noyon, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.

Details

August 21 – September 3

Second Battle of the Somme(also known as Third battle of the Somme), a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.

Details

August 21–22

Third Battle of Albert, opening phase of the Second Battle of the Somme.

Details

August 21 – September 3

Second Battle of Bapaume, a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme.

August 26 – September 3

Fourth Battle of Arras (also known as Second Battle of Arras (1918)), a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme

Details

August 26–30

Fourth Battle of the Scarpe (also known as Battle of the Scarpe (1918)), a phase of the Fourth Battle of Arras.

Details

August 26 – September 14

Battle of Baku, last Turkish offensive of the war.

August 30-31

Battle of Lioma.

August 31 – September 3

Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin, a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme.

September 1–2

Battle of Peronne, a phase of the Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin.

Details

September 2–3

Battle of Drocourt-Queant Line, final phase of the Second Battle of the Somme.

Details

September 8-23

Ufa Conference: Formation of the Provisional All-Russian Government with the support of the Czechoslovak Legion.

September 10

Battle of Savy-Dallon, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.

Details

September 12

Battle of Havrincourt, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.

Details

September 12–19

Battle of Saint-Mihiel, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.

September 14

Battle of Vauxaillon, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.

Details

September 14–29

Vardar Offensive, final offensive on the Balkan Front.

September 15

The Allies (French and Serbs) break through the Bulgarian lines at Dobro Polje, a phase of the Vardar Offensive.

Details

September 18

Battle of Epehy, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.

September 18–19

Third Battle of Doiran, a phase of the Vardar Offensive, The Bulgarians halt the British and Greek advance.

Details

September 18 – October 17

Battle of the Hindenburg Line, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive. The Allies break through the German lines.

Details

September 19–25

Battle of Megiddo. The British conquer Palestine.

Details

Battle of Nablus, a phase of the Battle of Meggido.

Details

Third Transjordan attack, a phase of the Battle of Nablus.

Battle of Sharon, a phase of the Battle of Megiddo.

September 22

The British capture Jisr ed Damieh in the Battle of Sharon.

Details

September 25

The British capture Tiberias during the Battle of Sharon.

Details

September 19

Battle of Tulkarm, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.

Battle of Arara, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.

September 19–20

Battle of Tabsor, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.

September 20

Capture of Jenin, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.

British capture both Afulah and Beisan during the Battle of Sharon.

Details

September 20–21

Battle of Nazareth, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.

September 23

Battle of Haifa, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.

Details

September 25

Battle of Samakh, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.

Second Battle of Amman, a phase of the Third Transjordan Attack.

September 26 – November 11

Meuse-Argonne Offensive, the final phase of the Hundred Days Offensive and of World War I.

Details

September 26 – October 1

The British enter Damascus.

Details

September 26

Battle of Somme-Py (Initial phase of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive).

Details

Charge at Irbid, a phase of the Capture of Damascus.

September 26–27

British capture Deraa during the Capture of Damascus.

Details

September 27

Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub, a phase of the Capture of Damascus.

September 27 – October 1

Battle of the Canal du Nord, a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line.

September 28 – October 2

Fifth Battle of Ypres (also known as Advance on Flanders), a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line.

September 29 – October 10

Battle of St. Quentin Canal, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.

September 30

Bulgaria signs an armistice with the Allies.[80]

Battle of Saint-Thierry (Initial phase of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive).

Details

Charge at Kaukab, a phase of the Capture of Damascus.

Charge at Kiswe, a phase of the Capture of Damascus.

October 3

Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria abdicates and Boris III accedes to the throne.

October 3–27

Pursuit to Haritan.

Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge.

October 8–10

Second Battle of Cambrai (also known as Battle of Cambrai (1918)), a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line.

Details

October 14–17

Battle of Montfaucon (intermediate phase of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive).

Details

October 14–19

Battle of Courtrai, closing phase of the Hundred Days offensive.

Details

October 15

Battle of Mont-D'Origny, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.

Details

October 17–26

Battle of the Selle, closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.

October 20

Germany suspends submarine warfare.

Details

Battle of Lys and Escaut (Which included the Second Battle of Lys and the Battle of the Escaut), a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.

Details

Battle of Serre, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.

Details

October 23–30

Battle of Sharqat.

October 24 – November 4

Battle of Vittorio Veneto. The Austro-Hungarian army is routed. The Italians enter Trent and land at Triest.

Details

October 24–28

Second Battle of Monte Grappa, beginning phase of Vittorio Veneto.

October 25

Battle of Aleppo.

Details

October 29

Wilhelm Groener replaces Erich Ludendorff as Hindenburg's deputy.

Details

Germany's Hochseeflotte mutinies.[81]

Details

State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs proclaimed.

Details

October 30

The Ottoman Empire signs the Armistice of Mudros.

Details

November

First Spanish Flu cases in Spain, where reports on the disease are published freely due to the lack of wartime censorship.

November 1

Battle of Chesne (Closing phase of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive).

Details

November 1–2

Battle of Valenciennes, closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.

Details

November 3

Austria-Hungary signs the armistice with Italy, effective November 4.[82]

November 4

Battle of the Sambre, closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.

Details

Second Battle of Guise, a phase of the Battle of Sambre.

Details

Battle of Thierache, a phase of the Battle of Sambre.

Details

November 6–11

Advance to the Meuse.

November 9

Germany: Kaiser William II abdicates; republic proclaimed.[83]

Details

November 10

Austria-Hungary: Kaiser Charles I abdicates.

Details

Romania reanudates the war against the Central Powers.[24]

November 11

At 6 am, Germany signs the Armistice of Compiègne. End of fighting at 11 a.m..[84]

Details

Poland proclaimed.

November 12

Austria proclaimed a republic.

November 14

Czechoslovakia proclaimed a republic.

Details

German U-boats interned.

3 days after the armistice, fighting ends in the East African theater when General von Lettow-Vorbeck agrees a cease-fire on hearing of Germany's surrender.

Details

November 18

Alexander Kolchak seizes control of the Provisional All-Russian Government in a coup.

November 21

Germany's Hochseeflotte surrendered to the United Kingdom.[81]

Details

November 22

The Germans evacuate Luxembourg.

November 25

11 days after agreeing a cease-fire, General von Lettow-Vorbeck formally surrenders his undefeated army at Abercorn in present-day Zambia.

Details

November 27

The Germans evacuate Belgium.

December 1

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes proclaimed.

Details

text:
Dates
Events

January 5

Hermann Detzner surrenders at the Finschhafen District of New Guinea.

January 10

Fakhri Pasha surrenders at Medina.

Details

January 18

Treaty of Versailles between the Allies and Germany: the Peace Conference opens in Paris.[85]

Details

January 25

Proposal to create the League of Nations accepted.

Details

January 27

The Czechoslovak Legion assumes complete control of the Trans-Siberian Railway.

June 21

German High Seas Fleet (53 ships) scuttled in Scapa Flow with nine deaths, the last casualties of the war.[81]

Details

June 28

Treaty of Versailles signed.[86]

Details

July 8

Germany ratifies the Treaty of Versailles.[87]

Details

July 21

The United Kingdom ratifies the Treaty of Versailles.[88]

Details

November 10–11

A Banquet in Honour of The President of the French Republic is hosted by King George V and held at Buckingham Palace during the evening hours of November 10. The very first Armistice Day is held on the Grounds of Buckingham Palace on the Morning of November 11. This will set the trend for the later Remembrance Day.

Details

November 14

The Bolsheviks take Omsk. Kolchak's retreat east is impeded by the Czechoslovaks denying him use of the Trans-Siberian.

text:
Dates
Events

January 4

A coup in Irkutsk deposes Kolchak.

Details

January 10

First meeting of the League of Nations held in London. Official end of World War I.

Details

Free City of Danzig established.[89]

Details

January 20

Irkutsk surrenders to the Bolsheviks.

January 21

The Paris Peace Conference ends.

Details

February 7

Armistice between the Bolsheviks and the Czechoslovak Legion. The Czechoslovaks surrender the Russian gold reserves and Kolchak in return for free passage to Vladivostok. Kolchak and his Prime Minister, Viktor Pepelyayev are executed.

February 10

A plebiscite returns Northern Schleswig to Denmark.[90]

Details

April 19–26

Conference of Sanremo, Italy, about League of Nations mandates in former Ottoman territories of the Middle East.

Details

June 4

Treaty of Trianon between the Allies and Hungary.

Details

August 10

Treaty of Sèvres between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire. The treaty is not recognized by the Turkish national movement, which considers the Istanbul government illegitimate.[91]

Details

September 8

Gabriele D'Annunzio proclaims in Fiume the Italian Regency of Carnaro.

Details

November 1

League of Nations headquarters moved to Geneva, Switzerland.

Details

November 12

Treaty of Rapallo between Italy and Yugoslavia. Zadar is annexed by Italy and the Free State of Fiume is established.

Details

November 15

The League of Nations holds its first general assembly.

Details

text:
Dates
Events

1921

October 13

Treaty of Kars between Bolshevik Russia and Turkey.

Details

1922

February 6

Washington Naval Treaty, limiting naval tonnage, signed by France, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Details

April 10 – May 19

Genoa Conference. Representatives of 34 countries discuss economics in the wake of the Great War.

Details

April 16

Treaty of Rapallo between Germany and Bolshevik Russia to normalize diplomatic relations.

Details

September 11

Treaty of Kars ratified in Yerevan, Armenia.

Details

1923

June 16

The Russian Civil War ends.

July 24

Treaty of Lausanne between the Allies and Turkey, successor State to the Ottoman Empire. It supersedes the Treaty of Sèvres.[92]

Details

1924

January 27

Treaty of Rome between Italy and Yugoslavia. Fiume is annexed by Italy and the neighboring town of Sušak is assigned to Yugoslavia.

Details

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Albertini 1953, p. 38.

Jump up ^ Keegan 1998, p. 53.

Jump up ^ Lowe 1994, p. 202.

Jump up ^ "Kriegserklärung  [Declaration of War], Wiener Zeitung [Vienna Newspaper], July 28, 1914, Extraausgabe [Special Edition], Amtlicher Teil [Official Section], 19" (PDF).

Jump up ^ Evans 2004, p. 12.

^ Jump up to: a b "Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany and Czar Nicholas of Russia exchange telegrams - Jul 29, 1914 - HISTORY.com". Retrieved 2016-10-01.

^ Jump up to: a b "Historical Events on August 1". OnThisDay.com. Retrieved 2018-01-03.

Jump up ^ Willmott 2003, p. 29.

Jump up ^ "Telegramm des Reichskanzlers an den Kaiserlichen Botschafter in Petersburg von 1. August 12:52 p.m. Dringend [ Telegram from the Imperial Chancellor to the Imperial Ambassador in Petersburg, August 1, 12:52 p.m. Urgent], in Auswärtiges Amt [Foreign Office], Das Deutsche Weissbuch, über den Ausbruch des Deutsch-Russisch-Französischen Krieges, Nach dem dem Reichstag Vorgelegten Material [The German White Book, on the Outbreak of the German-Russian-French War, According to the Documents Provided to the Reichstag] (Neumünster/Leipzig: Nordische Velagsanstalt, R. Hieronymus, 1914), 46, Anlage [Annex] 26" (PDF).

Jump up ^ "The Italian Declaration of Neutrality - World War I Document Archive". wwi.lib.byu.edu. Retrieved 28 March 2018.

Jump up ^ "Denmark | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)". encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net. Retrieved 2015-12-22.

Jump up ^ The Treaty of Alliance Between Germany and Turkey 2 August 1914, Yale University

Jump up ^ "Occupation of Luxembourg - International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)". 1914-1918-online.net. Retrieved 28 March 2018.

Jump up ^ [1]

Jump up ^ "Der Reichskanzler an den Botschafter in Paris [The Imperial Chancellor to the Ambassador in Paris], August 3, 1914, in Auswärtiges Amt [Foreign Office], Die Deutschen Dokumente zum Kriegsausbruch [German Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the War], Band [vol.] III, Vom Bekanntwerden der Russischen Allgemeinen Mobilmachung bis Zur Kriegserklärung an Frankreich [From the Publication of the Russian Mobilization to the Declaration of War Against France], (Charlottenburg: Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft für Politik und Geschichte, 1919), 185, No. 734" (PDF).

Jump up ^ Keegan 1998, p. 69.

Jump up ^ "Note remise par M. [Julien] Davignon, Ministre des Affaires étrangères, à M. de Below Saleske, Ministre d'Allemagne, Bruxelles, le 3 août 1914 (7 heures du matin) [Note Given by M. [Julien] Davignon, Minister of Foreign Affairs, to M. de Below Saleske, Minister of Germany, Brussels, August 3, 1914, 7 in the morning], in Documents Diplomatiques 1914: La Guerre Européenne (Paris: Ministère des Affaires Étrangères, 1914), 202" (PDF).

Jump up ^ "August 1914: the outbreak of war". Switzerland and the First World War. Retrieved 2015-12-22.

Jump up ^ F.A. Kuenzli, Right and Duty, or Citizen and Soldier: Switzerland Prepared and at Peace, A Model for the United States (New York: National Defense Institute, 1916), 94.

Jump up ^ "Invasion of Belgium". Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-11-18. Retrieved 2013-11-13.

Jump up ^ "Daily Mirror Headlines: The Declaration of War, Published 4 August 1914". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 9 February 2010.

Jump up ^ "Historians attempt to find WWI's first shot deep in Australian waters". ABC. Retrieved 16 September 2014.

Jump up ^ Neiberg 2005, pp. 54–55.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Duffy 2009.

Jump up ^ Halpern 1995, p. 28.

Jump up ^ "Así se vivió la grerra en España". elmundo.es. Retrieved 28 March 2018.

Jump up ^ https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/35/22/10pereira.pdf

Jump up ^ "Montenegro Declares War on Germany". World History Project. Retrieved 2016-06-17.

Jump up ^ "Declaration of War Against Austria-Hungary, Aug. 12, 1914 The war against Austria-Hungary was declared on August 12, 1914, and the Declaration was published in the London Gazette on the following day.  Foreign Office, Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Austria-Hungary, August 12, 1914, Supplement to the London Gazette no. 28868 (August 13, 1914): 6375" (PDF).

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 605.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 374.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 445.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 459.

Jump up ^ Farwell 1989, p. 353.

Jump up ^ "Austria-Hungary Declares War on Belgium". World History Project. Retrieved 2016-06-17.

Jump up ^ "Петроград — Энциклопедия «Вокруг света»". www.vokrugsveta.ru. Retrieved 2017-11-13.

Jump up ^ Creveld 1977, p. 121.

Jump up ^ Albania in the Twentieth Century, A History: Volume I: Albania and King Zog

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. xviii.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 316.

Jump up ^ "Foreign Office, Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Turkey, November 5, 1914, London Gazette no. 28965 (November 6, 1914): 9011".

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 151.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 943.

Jump up ^ "Rusya Fransa ve İngiltere devletleriyle hal-i harb ilanı hakkında irade-i seniyye [Imperial Decree Concerning the Declaration of a State of War with the States of Russia, France, and the United Kingdom], Nov. 11, 1914 (29 Teşrin-i Evvel 1330), Takvim-i Vekayi, Nov. 12, 1914 (30 Teşrin-i Evvel 1330)" (PDF).

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 407.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 578.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 1052.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 299.

Jump up ^ Duffy, Michael (2009-08-22). "The Battle of Bolimov, 1915". Firstworldwar.com. Retrieved 2013-11-13.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 337.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 564.

^ Jump up to: a b "Italy Declares War on Germany". World History Project. Retrieved 2016-06-17.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 652.

^ Jump up to: a b Tucker 2005, p. 653.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 721.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 42.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 1139.

Jump up ^ "Foreign Office, Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Bulgaria, October 15, 1915, London Gazette no. 29333 (October 19, 1915): 10257–58".

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 323.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 660.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 464.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 1061.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 1431.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 366.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 1092.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 467.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 1252.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 344.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 245.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 854.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 855.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 434.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 174.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 632.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 115.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 1286

Jump up ^ www.history.com/this-day-in-history/china-declares-war-on-germany

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 1283.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 225.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 242.

^ Jump up to: a b c Gottschall 2003, p. 265.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 563.

Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998, p. 85.

Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998, p. 84.

Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998, p. 478.

Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998, p. 246.

Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998, p. 414.

Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998, p. 566.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 1223.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 349.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 126.

Jump up ^ Tucker 2005, p. 674.

tag: ol


document_title: Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes

question_text: metal gear solid v ground zeroes how many missions

root

text: Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Players control Snake through the game map and attempt to complete missions while avoiding being spotted by the enemy. The threat detection system is revamped, with the removal of the onscreen meter or gauge to indicate the player that they are in the 'alert/evasion/caution' state as in previous games, which have instead been replaced by visual and audio representations. Snake's binoculars have also been revamped; instead of selecting the binoculars as an item, the binoculars are hot keyed to a button. The player is able to mark enemies and be aware of their locations in the iDroid's holographic display. There are directional cues to help players when an enemy sees them from a distance and gets closer to them. A new "Reflex Mode" is activated when an enemy finds Snake and the player only has a short window of time (in slow motion) to take out the enemy before he fully sounds the alarm (a hissing audio cue can be heard if the player is detected by searchlight). Lights can be shot out to further aid the player's stealth efforts.[3]

tag: p

text: Ground Zeroes features seven missions in total,[4][5] locked at individual levels. After completing the main mission the player will unlock four subsequent missions (referred to as "Side Ops") set at different points in the day, all set in Camp Omega. These missions involve specific tasks, such as eliminating certain targets or obtaining classified information. After achieving a certain objective in the main mission, the player may unlock two additional "Extra Op" missions.[6]

text: As the game is introductory in nature, being a prologue, the core story mission can be completed in a very short time frame.[7] However, the game has many additional challenges, missions and alternative methods of play.[8]

text: A special iDroid app has been made to help players access the in-game map and iDroid functions on their iOS or Android gadgets. Series creator Hideo Kojima said using the gadgets eliminates the danger of being killed while using the iDroid in-game (which does not pause the game) The Mother Base is only a part of the plot and does not feature in gameplay. Kojima states that the PS4 and Xbox One versions of the game have social community features to allow a player to look at other players' performance in the game, even showing where they were killed on the map.[9][10]

text: Atmospheric weather and lighting in Ground Zeroes is mission-proprietary, meaning that the setting of the game depends on the individual mission being played. A real-time day and night cycle was originally planned for the game, but left out in favor of fully utilizing it in The Phantom Pain.[11][12]

text: Kojima has spoken about the restrictive nature of previous Metal Gear titles, saying that they "set [the player] on one rail to get from point A to point B, with a certain amount of freedom between". In contrast, Kojima's team instead offered the player new ways of traversal and sneaking methods, such as taking a jeep, a car, or a helicopter around the mission area. This was in order for Kojima to accomplish a "true open world experience" with Ground Zeroes.[13]

text: Plot[edit]

text:
Metal Gear chronology

1964 – Snake Eater
1974 – Peace Walker
1975 – Ground Zeroes
1984 – The Phantom Pain
1995 – Metal Gear
1999 – Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
2005 – Metal Gear Solid (The Twin Snakes)
2007/09 – Sons of Liberty
2014 – Guns of the Patriots

v
t
e

tag: table

text: Setting[edit]

text: Set in March 1975, a few months after the events of Peace Walker, players control returning protagonist Snake,[14] also known as Big Boss (Akio Ōtsuka/Kiefer Sutherland), as he works with Militaires Sans Frontières (commonly abbreviated as MSF) to infiltrate an American black site on Cuban soil called Camp Omega. Once used as a refugee camp for people fleeing Cuba and Haiti, Camp Omega is home to an old prison that is being used for extraordinary rendition as it has no legal recognition under the United States Constitution. Snake's main objectives are the extraction of Paz Ortega Andrade (Tara Strong/Nana Mizuki), who has information regarding the whereabouts of the person or persons known as Cipher; and Ricardo "Chico" Valenciano Libre (Antony Del Rio/Kikuko Inoue), a Sandinista and former child soldier who was captured by Skull Face (James Horan/Takaya Hashi), the commander of paramilitary force XOF, who are in control of Camp Omega. Snake's mission is supported by Kazuhira "Kaz" Miller (Robin Atkin Downes/Tomokazu Sugita) and Dr. "Huey" Emmerich (Christopher Randolph/Hideyuki Tanaka) from MSF's Mother Base in the Caribbean Sea.

text: Story[edit]

text: In the aftermath of the Peace Walker incident, Paz Ortega Andrade is missing and presumed to be dead. Under the direction of Kazuhira Miller and Huey, Militaires Sans Frontières turn their attention to an upcoming inspection by the UN amid suspicions that they possess a nuclear weapon, which MSF believe to be an attempt by the Cipher organization to stifle them. Their preparations are interrupted when MSF agents in Cuba investigate reports that Paz survived and has been detained at Camp Omega. The situation is complicated when Ricardo "Chico" Valenciano Libre attempts to rescue her and is also captured. Believing that both of them could compromise MSF, Snake is sent to infiltrate Camp Omega and extract them if they are alive, or confirm that they are dead and if so, determine what they revealed to their captors. Snake also recognizes the value in rescuing Paz, as he believes doing so will convince Cipher to stand down while Paz will be more willing to discuss Cipher's activities with MSF.

text: Snake infiltrates Camp Omega as a mysterious Special Forces unit known as XOF departs. He locates and extracts Chico, who claims Paz is dead. Using a recording that Chico gives him, Snake and Miller deduce that Paz is alive, and was moved deeper into the camp. He sneaks into Camp Omega and manages to rescue Paz as well, with the group escaping via an MSF helicopter designated Morpho One. However, on the way back to Mother Base, Chico discovers that Paz was surgically implanted with a bomb, prompting Snake and an MSF medic to remove it by hand. They then arrive to Mother Base to see it in flames as XOF forces attack. Morpho One lands long enough for Snake to rescue whatever staff they can and Miller, who claims that the UN inspection was nothing but a ruse for the XOF ambush, which destroys Mother Base. As they attempt to escape XOF, Paz regains consciousness and warns everybody that there is a second bomb inside her body. Knowing that she is about to die, she jumps out, trying to throw herself clear of the helicopter. She succeeds, but the explosion causes Morpho to spiral out of control and collide with a pursuing XOF helicopter.

text: The epilogue reveals that the United States government downplayed MSF's destruction and attempted to cover up their dealings with the organization, as do many of MSF's clients. There are no known survivors of the assault, apart from Snake, Miller, and Huey.

text: In a post-credits scene, set prior to Snake's arrival at Camp Omega, Paz is being interrogated by Skull Face, the commander of XOF, who demands the whereabouts of Cipher / Zero, as Paz had met Zero in person. Paz eventually gives in and agrees to tell him Zero's location before the scene ends.

text: By collecting audio cassette tapes around the base, it is revealed that Huey arranged for the United Nations to come to Mother Base against both Snakes and Miller's objections, prompting to hide the nuclear equipped Metal Gear Zeke underwater. Other recordings reveal that Paz and Chico were tortured, physically and psychologically, for information about the MSF base. Chico, after being tortured and forced to sexually assault Paz, tells Skull Face the location of the base and what defenses there are. In a later recording, Paz is heard calling Chico a "Coward" and "Traitor" for giving up the information, however in the final tape she records herself saying she forgives Chico and would not have made it through the torturous interrogations without him.[15]

text: Side Ops[edit]

text: Ground Zeroes also contains four additional missions, known as Side Ops, that take place in the weeks before the events of the main storyline. In the game's universe, they are labelled "pseudo-historical recreations". In the first mission, Snake is sent to a U.S. naval prison facility in Cuba to eliminate or extract a Marine Corps sniper team hiding at the facility to avoid extradition to Laos, where they stand accused of war crimes. Suspicious about the facility's purpose, MSF station a spy—revealed to be the series' creator, Hideo Kojima, reprising a similar cameo in Peace Walker—in the camp, who requests an emergency evacuation. Snake provides support from the air long enough for him to escape. Unable to plant another agent of their own, MSF send Snake in to make contact with an undercover informant posing as a guard. He discovers that the informant has set a trap for him, but is able to secure a recording made by the guard. Finally, with evidence that the base is an illegal black site, Snake returns in advance of an airborne assault to sabotage the facility's anti-aircraft defences. Although he is successful, the promised assault is replaced by an airstrike, leaving him stranded in the middle of the base with fighter jets inbound. After escaping, he and Kaz Miller speculate that the entire affair—from the camp's conversion to a black site to the aborted assault—were a series of plots orchestrated by Cipher, first to establish a compound outside any legal jurisdiction and later to disrupt Militaires Sans Frontières' operations.

text: Development[edit]

text: In February 2012, a site named "Development Without Borders" owned by Konami was uploaded promoting development for a new Metal Gear title, which was titled "The "next" MGS". The site was recruiting staff for the 2012 GDC pavilion in March, and requested applications for several positions for the latest Metal Gear Solid targeted for "high-end consoles and PC" and "next-gen Fox engine".[16][17] As the year went on, screenshots and videos of the newly announced Fox Engine were unveiled by the team.[18] This media demonstrated a range of settings and characters, none explicitly related to the Metal Gear series. Certain screenshots, however, were noted to feature a character who resembled the Big Boss character of Metal Gear, walking up to a Stryker AFV, previously seen in Metal Gear Solid 4.[19]

text: The game was later announced on August 30, 2012, originally under the name of Metal Gear Solid: Ground Zeroes. It was revealed at a private function celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Metal Gear series, and made its public debut two days later at the 2012 Penny Arcade Expo.[20] Director Hideo Kojima confirmed that Big Boss would return as the game's protagonist, and that the story would serve as a prologue to another game in the series.[21] It was the second game to utilize the Fox Engine, after Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 the year before.[22][23] The Japanese version of the game features an English text option,[24] rendering in-game menus and subtitled dialogue in full English. This makes it possible to play the game with the Japanese voice cast accompanied by English text. Ground Zeroes was also the first title in the series subtitled in Arabic, a feature the team had originally planned for previous games.[25] In addition, he also confirmed that the length of the cutscenes would be reduced, as he believes that long cutscenes have become outdated.[11][26] According to Famitsu, real dogs were used for motion capture during the development of the game's opening scenes, in addition to Konami confirming that part of Kojima's direction was influenced by AKB48 music videos, most notably the usage of sideways lens flares.[27]

text: Ground Zeroes and The Phantom Pain were originally supposed to be released together, but The Phantom Pain's long development time resulted in Kojima splitting the project into two parts to allow players to experience the gameplay of Metal Gear Solid V prior to the full game's release.[28] Kojima compared Ground Zeroes with the pre-title sequence in a Hollywood movie due to how it will build up the plot from The Phantom Pain.[28] Kojima claimed that his aim was to target taboos and mature themes, which he considered to be "quite risky", adding that his roles as creator and producer were in conflict with one another; as creator, Kojima wanted to take the risk of exploring themes that might alienate audiences, but as producer, he had to be able to tone down the content in order to sell as many copies of the game as possible. Ultimately, the role of creator won out, and Kojima described his approach as "prioritising creativity over sales".[29][30][31] Kojima has described the connections and differences between Ground Zeroes and The Phantom Pain. Stating that "the advanced capabilities of the Fox Engine have allowed me to tell the new story in a new way," and that "there will be a significant difference in what The Phantom Pain brings to the series, so we want to ease players into the new open world environment and its potential", hoping to achieve that with Ground Zeroes.[32] The game also breaks away from the franchise's tradition of using licensed firearms and other military technology; instead, players will use fictional weapons that bear little resemblance to real-life counterparts, such as the Marines' Type 69 rifle being reminiscent of the M-16.

text: Releases[edit]

text: A physical release was initially announced only for PS3 and Xbox 360, while the PS4 and Xbox One versions would be released as digital downloads only.[33] This later changed when retail versions for the PS4 and Xbox One were announced on December 10.[34] The cover artwork was changed between regional releases. Whereas the Japanese cover artwork depicts Snake and Miller, the western versions only feature Snake.[35] Kojima explained that the decision to change the cover art for the western versions came from Konami's foreign marketing department, as they did not believe that consumers would recognize Miller due to the unpopularity of Peace Walker in the west when it was initially released for the PlayStation Portable.[36][37]

text: As part of a dual-exclusivity deal, the initial release of the two Extra Ops were locked between the PlayStation and Xbox platforms. The PlayStation versions featured the "Deja Vu" mission, in which the player must recreate scenes or events from the original Metal Gear Solid,[38] while the Xbox versions featured the "Jamais Vu" mission, in which player controls the cyborg version of Raiden from Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance, as he is tasked with eliminating a group of bioroids who have infiltrated the base disguised as human soldiers (a homage to Kojima's earlier game Snatcher).[39] Both Extra Ops were made available on all platforms as a part of the Version 1.02 update patch on May 1, 2014.[40]

text: Ground Zeroes was released physically for the PS4, PS3 and Xbox 360 on March 20 in Japan. Because of the late launch of the Xbox One in the region, its version was released several months later on September 4 as a digital download only. As with previous Metal Gear Solid installments, a limited "Premium Package" edition was produced and sold exclusively by Amazon Japan. This edition was sold in a box featuring hand-drawn artwork by Yoji Shinkawa, which contained the game itself, a Revoltech Yamaguchi action figure of Snake in his Ground Zeroes garb, and a special edition of the Peace Walker novelization written by Hitori Nojima featuring exclusive artwork not in the stand-alone edition.[41]

text: The Australian and New Zealand release of Ground Zeroes was delayed to March 27. It was reported that various New Zealand retailers had delayed their release dates and contacted Konami, who confirmed the situation.[42]

text: On August 13, 2014, Konami announced that Ground Zeroes, along with The Phantom Pain, would be released on Steam. Ground Zeroes was released on December 18, 2014, while The Phantom Pain was released on Steam on September 1, 2015.[43]

text: Metal Gear Solid V: The Definitive Experience, a complete edition that includes Ground Zeroes and The Phantom Pain in one bundle, was released for the PS4, Xbox One and Steam in 2016. It includes both Extra Ops on all three platforms, as well as the option to immediately start The Phantom Pain after completing the main mission.[44]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text:
Reception

Aggregate score

Aggregator
Score

Metacritic
(PC) 80/100[45]
(XONE) 76/100[46]
(PS4) 75/100[47]
(PS3) 66/100[48]

Review scores

Publication
Score

CVG
7/10[49]

EGM
5.0/10[50]

Eurogamer
9/10[51]

Famitsu
38/40[52]

Game Informer
7.00/10[53]

GameSpot
8/10[54]

Giant Bomb
[55]

IGN
8.0/10[56]

Joystiq
[57]

OPM (UK)
8/10[58]

OXM (US)
7.5/10[59]

Polygon
5.5/10[60]

text: Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes received "generally favorable" reviews from critics on all platforms except on PS3 which received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic[45][61][47][48][46]

text: GameSpot felt that the new stealth mechanics in Ground Zeroes, such as the replacement of the radar and other indicators with binoculars and radio communication, made its overall gameplay more "immersive" than previous installments, noting that "nothing is simply handed to you, and Ground Zeroes is a far more tense and rewarding experience for it." Its open world format and side missions were also praised for adding a large amount of flexibility and replay value to the game, concluding that "though it's unusual for everything to take place in a single location, there's so much to do and see, and whether you take a stealthy or head-on approach, infiltrating Camp Omega is a thrilling experience that shouldn't be missed."[54] IGN shared similar praise, describing it as a "stripped down" game which "avoids lengthy cutscenes, climactic boss fights, and the usual frayed and tangled plot strands in favour of smart, tactical gameplay." The length of the main campaign was noted as being short, but it was acknowledged that while the array of side missions and bonus objectives may only appeal to "score-chasers", "there's certainly plenty of content here to satisfy."[56] Robert Rath, a columnist at The Escapist, praised the game's emphasis on collecting information over gunfights and combat, saying "… Ground Zeroes is the first MGS game to live up to its subtitle and actually allow you to conduct tactical espionage operations."[62] Jim Sterling of The Escapist praised the gameplay and expressed anticipation for Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain, but was highly critical of its length, describing it as a game demo and expressing shock that Konami had seen fit to sell.[63]

text: Polygon was more critical, considering it "staggeringly short and unsatisfying, feeling more like a cash grab than an honest-to-goodness installment in a beloved franchise." Although praising its overall audiovisual design and attention to detail, Ground Zeroes was criticized for the changes made to its stealth mechanics, its "half-baked" action sequences, and the extremely short length of the game's main campaign, which was further criticized for being "dull" and "underwhelming".[60] Ben Croshaw of Zero Punctuation called it a "$40 demo" with "half an hour of gameplay", but noted that he "enjoyed what little game there was".[64]

text: While giving the game a high score in her review for IGN, Lucy O'Brien was also highly critical of the use of sexual violence as a plot device. Collectible tapes in the game describe how Paz is sexually assaulted and tortured, including the insertion of a second bomb into her vagina or anus, and how underage boy Chico is forced to have sex with her. O'Brien described how the introduction of this part of the plot through collectibles effectively also made them a reward for players.[65] Several other writers also criticized the use of sexual violence, describing it as a failure to portray rape in a meaningful way,[66][67] as an example of acceptance of sexualized violence in video games,[68] or as a reinforcement of rape culture.[69]

text: Sales[edit]

text: During the first week of release in Japan, the PS3 version of the game sold 119,615 physical retail copies, ranking third place amongst all Japanese software sales within that week, whilst the PS4 version sold 91,903 physical retail copies.[70] On 25 April 2014, Konami announced that the game shipped one million copies worldwide.[71] The PS4 version has sold three times more than the Xbox One version.[72] No official numbers were given on the sales of the Steam version; however, Konami has stated that sales of Ground Zeroes were "solid" on the PC platform.[73] According to Steam Spy, it sold 622,554 units on Steam, as of February 2016.[74]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Known in Japan as Metaru Gia Soriddo Faibu Guraundo Zerozu (メタルギアソリッドV グラウンド・ゼロズ, "Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes")
Jump up ^ Within the series' continuity, the character is recognised as having adopted the name "Big Boss". However, he is referred to as "Snake" by characters throughout the game and within the official credits. The only exception is Kazuhira Miller, who continues to call him "Boss", a trend established in Peace Walker where the character is referred to as both Big Boss and Snake.


document_title: List of European countries by population

question_text: which country in europe has the biggest population

text: Table[edit]

text:
Rank[1]
Country
(or dependent territory)
July 1, 2015
projection[2]
% of
pop.
Average
relative
annual
growth
(%)[3]
Average
absolute
annual
growth
[4]
Estimated
doubling
time
(Years)[5]
Official
figure
(where
available)
Date of
last figure
Source
Regional grouping

1
 Russia[6]
144,031,000
17.15
0.20
294,285
368
146,839,993
January 1, 2017
[1]
EAEU

2
 Germany
81,459,000
9.87
0.32
256,000
220
82,800,000
December 30, 2016
Official estimate
EU

3
 Turkey
79,817,849
9.50
1.34
1,035,000
52
77,695,904
December 31, 2016
Official estimate

4
 France[7][Note 1]
66,991,000
7.97
0.39
261,022
177
66,991,000
March 1, 2017
[2]
EU

5
 United Kingdom
65,110,276
7.75
0.75
484,000
92
64,596,800
December 30, 2016
Official estimate
EU

6
 Italy
60,589,445
7.21
0.49
298,000
141
60,788,845
January 1, 2017
Monthly official estimate
EU

7
 Spain
46,423,064
5.53
-0.06
-28,000
-
46,449,565
January 1, 2015
Official estimate
EU

8
 Ukraine[8]
42,850,000
5.10
-0.32
-136,000
-
42,726,067
March 1, 2015
Monthly official estimate

9
 Poland
38,494,000
4.58
0.05
20,000
1,334
38,484,000
December 31, 2014
Official estimate
EU

10
 Romania
19,822,000
2.36
-0.41
-81,000
-
19,942,642
January 1, 2014
Official estimate
EU

11
 Netherlands
17,003,777
2.02
0.37
62,000
189
17,080,600
September 21, 2017
Official population clock
EU

12
 Belgium
11,455,474
1.34
0.52
58,000
134
11,353,461
December 1, 2016
Monthly official estimate
EU

13
 Greece
10,769,000
1.28
-0.11
-12,000
-
10,816,286
May 24, 2011
Final 2011 census result
EU

14
 Czech Republic
10,535,000
1.25
-0.06
-6,000
-
10,579,067
March 31, 2017
Official estimate
EU

15
 Portugal
10,311,000
1.23
-0.56
-58,000
-
10,309,573
December 31, 2016
Official estimate
EU

16
 Sweden
9,858,794
1.17
1.03
100,000
68
10,042,928
May 31, 2017
Official estimate
EU

17
 Hungary
9,835,000
1.17
-0.28
-28,000
-
9,849,000
December 31, 2014
Official estimate
EU

18
 Azerbaijan
9,651,000
1.15
1.23
117,000
57
9,593,000
January 1, 2015
Official estimate

19
 Belarus
9,481,000
1.13
0.00
0
-
9,481,100
April 1, 2015
Official estimate
EAEU

20
 Austria
8,608,000
1.02
0.67
57,000
104
8,579,747
January 1, 2015
Official estimate
EU

21
  Switzerland
8,265,000
0.98
0.87
71,000
80
8,211,700
September 30, 2014
Official estimate
EFTA

22
 Bulgaria
7,185,000
0.86
-0.57
-41,000
-
7,245,677
December 31, 2013
Official estimate
EU

23
 Serbia
7,103,000
0.85
-0.41
-29,000
-
7,146,759
January 1, 2014
Official estimate

24
 Denmark
5,673,000
0.68
0.48
27,000
145
5,659,715
January 1, 2015
Official estimate
EU

25
 Finland
5,475,000
0.65
0.11
6,000
632
5,473,465
March 31, 2015
Monthly official estimate
EU

26
 Slovakia
5,426,000
0.65
0.13
7,000
537
5,415,949
September 30, 2014
Official estimate
EU

27
 Norway
5,194,000
0.62
1.11
57,000
63
5,165,802
January 1, 2015
Official estimate
EFTA

28
 Ireland
4,630,000
0.55
0.35
16,000
200
4,761,865
April 2016
Preliminary 2016 census result
EU

29
 Croatia
4,230,000
0.50
-0.31
-13,000
-
4,267,558
July 1, 2012
Official estimate
EU

30
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
3,750,000
0.45
-0.64
-24,000
-
3,791,622
October 1, 2013
Preliminary 2013 census result

31
 Georgia
3,707,000
0.44
-1.23
-46,000
-
3,729,500
January 1, 2015
Official estimate

32
 Moldova
3,564,000
0.42
0.48
17,000
145
3,555,200
January 1, 2015
Official estimate

33
 Armenia
3,010,000
0.36
-0.03
-1,000
-
3,010,600
December 31, 2014
Monthly official estimate
EAEU

34
 Lithuania
2,906,000
0.35
-0.85
-25,000
-
2,912,566
April 1, 2015
Monthly official estimate
EU

35
 Albania
2,887,000
0.34
-0.41
-12,000
-
2,893,005
January 1, 2015
Official estimate

36
 Macedonia
2,071,000
0.25
0.15
3,000
478
2,069,172
December 31, 2014
Official estimate

37
 Slovenia
2,065,000
0.25
0.15
3,000
477
2,062,731
October 1, 2014
Official estimate
EU

38
 Latvia
1,979,000
0.24
-0.90
-18,000
-
1,983,300
April 1, 2015
Monthly official estimate
EU

 Kosovo
1,867,000
0.22
1.08
20,000
64
1,815,606
December 31, 2012
Official estimate

39
 Estonia
1,315,000
0.16
0.46
6,000
152
1,315,635
January 1, 2017
Official estimate
EU

40
 Cyprus
876,000
0.10
0.46
4,000
151
865,900
December 31, 2012
Official estimate
EU

41
 Montenegro
620,000
0.07
0.00
0
-
620,029
April 1, 2011
2011 census result

42
 Luxembourg
570,000
0.07
2.52
14,000
28
562,958
December 31, 2014
Official estimate
EU

43
 Malta
425,000
0.05
0.47
2,000
147
417,432
November 20, 2011
2011 census result
EU

44
 Iceland
331,000
0.04
1.22
4,000
57
329,100
January 1, 2015
Official estimate
EFTA

 Jersey (UK)
103,000
0.01
0.98
1,000
71
97,857
March 27, 2011
2011 census result

 Isle of Man (UK)
89,000
0.01
1.14
1,000
61
84,497
March 27, 2011
2011 census result

45
 Andorra
78,000
0.01
1.30
1,000
54
76,949
2014
Official estimate

 Guernsey (UK)
66,000
0.01
1.54
1,000
45
65,150
March 31, 2014
Official estimate

 Faroe Islands (Denmark)
49,000
0.01
0.00
0
-
48,693
February 1, 2015
Monthly official estimate

46
 Liechtenstein
37,000
0.00
0.00
0
-
37,370
December 31, 2014
Official estimate
EFTA

47
 Monaco
37,000
0.00
0.00
0
-
36,950
December 31, 2013
Official estimate

 Gibraltar (UK)[9]
34,000
0.00
3.03
1,000
23
30,001
2012
Official estimate
EU

48
 San Marino
33,000
0.00
0.00
0
-
32,798
February 28, 2015
Monthly official estimate

 Åland Islands (Finland)
29,000
0.00
0.00
0
-
28,666
December 31, 2013
Official estimate
EU

 Svalbard (Norway)
3,000
0.00
0.00
0
-
2,575
July 1, 2014
Official estimate
EFTA

49
  Vatican City
800
0.00
0.00
0
-
0
2012
Official estimate

Total
840,023,805
100.00
0.33
2,746,307
210