document_title: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 17)

question_text: who was corbin bleu's partner in dancing with the stars

question_tokens: who was corbin bleu 's partner in dancing with the stars

root

text: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 17)

text: Couples[edit]

text: The cast of twelve and their professional partners was announced on September 4, 2013 on Good Morning America.

tag: p

text: All of the previously competing professional dancers returned for season 17 with the exception of Gleb Savchenko, Lindsay Arnold, and Kym Johnson (who took the season off to be a judge in season 13 of the Australian version). They were replaced by Tyne Stecklein, Emma Slater, and Sasha Farber. However, Savchenko and Arnold joined Henry Byalikov and Witney Carson in the Dance Troupe replacing Julian Tocker and Oksana Dmytrenko, therefore reducing the troupe to four professional dancers.

text:
Celebrity
Notability (known for)
Professional partner
Status

Keyshawn Johnson
Former NFL wide receiver
Sharna Burgess
Eliminated 1st
on September 23, 2013

Bill Nye
Science educator & host
Tyne Stecklein
Eliminated 2nd
on September 30, 2013

Valerie Harper
Television actress
Tristan MacManus
Eliminated 3rd
on October 7, 2013

Christina Milian
Singer & actress
Mark Ballas
Eliminated 4th
on October 14, 2013

Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi
Jersey Shore star
Sasha Farber
Eliminated 5th
on October 28, 2013

Brant Daugherty
Pretty Little Liars actor
Peta Murgatroyd
Eliminated 6th
on November 4, 2013

Elizabeth Berkley Lauren
Film & television actress
Valentin Chmerkovskiy
Eliminated 7th
on November 11, 2013

Leah Remini
Sitcom actress
Tony Dovolani
Eliminated 8th
on November 18, 2013

Bill Engvall
Stand-up comedian & actor
Emma Slater
Eliminated 9th
on November 25, 2013

Jack Osbourne
Reality television star
Cheryl Burke
Third place
on November 26, 2013

Corbin Bleu
High School Musical actor
Karina Smirnoff
Runner-up
on November 26, 2013

Amber Riley
Glee actress
Derek Hough
Winner
on November 26, 2013

tag: table

text: Scoring charts[edit]

text:
Couple
Place
1
2
1+2
3
4
5
6
7
6+7
8
9
10
11

Top 4
Top 3

Amber & Derek
1
27
24
51
24
27
26
28+4=32
29+30=59
91
28
24+27=51
39+40=79
30+4+30=64
+30=94

Corbin & Karina
2
24
26
50
26
27
28
23+4=27
29+30=59
86
27+3=30
28+30=58
35+40=75
27+5+30=62
+27=89

Jack & Cheryl
3
23
24
47
22
24
27
25+2=27
27+30=57
84
27+3=30
29+25=54
33+38=71
24+3+30=57
+27=84

Bill E. & Emma
4
18
21
39
24
21
24
23+1=24
23+27=50
74
24
21+21=42
28+32=60
24+2+25=51

Leah & Tony
5
21
24
45
24
24
22
27+1=28
26+27=53
81
25+3=28
27+27=54
32+33=65

Elizabeth & Val
6
24
25
49
25
27
26
30+2=32
27+27=54
86
25
26+30=56

Brant & Peta
7
22
23
45
27
21
27
28+3=31
27+30=57
88
27

Nicole & Sasha
8
23
20
43
25
24
27
27+3=30
27+27=54
84

Christina & Mark
9
22
25
47
26
24
28

Valerie & Tristan
10
21
19
40
16
18

Bill N. & Tyne
11
14
17
31
16

Keyshawn & Sharna
12
17
18
35

text: Average score chart[edit]

text: This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 30-point scale (the points from the Switch-Up challenge in week 6, the dance off scores from week 8, Maksim's scores from week 10, and the samba relay points from week 11 are not included).

text:
Rank by
average
Place
Couple
Total
points
Number
of dances
Average

1
01 !1
Amber & Derek
444
16
27.8

2
02 !2
Corbin & Karina
438
27.4

3
06 !6
Elizabeth & Val
292
11
26.5

4
03 !3
Jack & Cheryl
417
16
26.1

5
07 !7
Brant & Peta
232
9
25.8

6
08 !8
Nicole & Sasha
200
8
25.0

09 !9
Christina & Mark
125
5

8
05 !5
Leah & Tony
323
13
24.8

9
04 !4
Bill E. & Emma
341
15
22.7

10
10 !10
Valerie & Tristan
74
4
18.5

11
12 !12
Keyshawn & Sharna
35
2
17.5

12
11 !11
Bill N. & Tyne
47
3
15.7

text: Highest and lowest scoring performances[edit]

text: The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' 30-point scale are as follows (Maksim's scores from week 10 are not counted):

text:
Dance
Highest scored dancer(s)
Highest score
Lowest scored dancer(s)
Lowest score

Cha-cha-cha
Elizabeth Berkley Lauren
30
Bill Nye
14

Foxtrot
Corbin Bleu
28
Bill Engvall
18

Contemporary
Brant Daugherty
27
Christina Milian
Leah Remini
22

Samba
Amber Riley
28
Keyshawn Johnson
18

Paso doble
Amber Riley
29
Bill Nye
17

Jive
Brant Daugherty
Jack Osbourne
Leah Remini
27
Bill Engvall
21

Rumba
Corbin Bleu
30
Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi
20

Quickstep
Brant Daugherty
Leah Remini
Elizabeth Berkley Lauren
Corbin Bleu
27
Bill Engvall
23

Charleston
Amber Riley
30
Bill Engvall
21

Jazz
Corbin Bleu
Amber Riley
30
Bill Nye
16

Argentine tango
Jack Osbourne
29
Bill Engvall
24

Salsa
Elizabeth Berkley Lauren
30
Brant Daugherty
Bill Engvall
21

Viennese Waltz
Amber Riley
30
Valerie Harper
18

Tango
Brant Daugherty
28
Bill Engvall
23

Waltz
Corbin Bleu
28
Jack Osbourne
27

Team freestyle
Corbin Bleu
Brant Daugherty
Jack Osbourne
Amber Riley
30
Elizabeth Berkley Lauren
Bill Engvall
Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi
Leah Remini
27

Disco
Bill Engvall
24
—
—

Freestyle
Corbin Bleu
Jack Osbourne
Amber Riley
30
Bill Engvall
25

Fusion dance
Amber Riley
30
Corbin Bleu
Jack Osbourne
27

text: Couples' highest and lowest scoring dances[edit]

text: According to the traditional 30-point scale (team dances and Maksim's scores from week 10 not included):

text:
Couples
Highest scoring dance(s)
Lowest scoring dance(s)

Amber & Derek
Jazz, Viennese Waltz, Charleston, Freestyle & Samba/Quickstep fusion (30)
Jive, Charleston & Quickstep (24)

Corbin & Karina
Jazz, Rumba & Freestyle (30)
Viennese Waltz (23)

Jack & Cheryl
Freestyle (30)
Cha-cha-cha (22)

Bill E. & Emma
Freestyle (25)
Foxtrot (18)

Leah & Tony
Quickstep, Tango & Jive (27)
Foxtrot (21)

Elizabeth & Val
Cha-cha-cha & Salsa (30)
Contemporary (24)

Brant & Peta
Tango (28)
Salsa (21)

Nicole & Sasha
Jazz, Foxtrot & Samba (27)
Rumba (20)

Christina & Mark
Cha-cha-cha (28)
Contemporary (22)

Valerie & Tristan
Foxtrot (21)
Cha-cha-cha (16)

Bill N. & Tyne
Paso doble (17)
Cha-cha-cha (14)

Keyshawn & Sharna
Samba (18)
Cha-cha-cha (17)

text: Weekly scores[edit]

text: Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.

text: Week 1[edit]

text:
Couple
Scores
Dance
Music

Brant & Peta
22 (7, 8, 7)
Cha-cha-cha
"Blurred Lines"—Robin Thicke feat. T.I. & Pharrell Williams

Leah & Tony
21 (7, 7, 7)
Foxtrot
"Tears Dry on Their Own"—Amy Winehouse

Corbin & Karina
24 (8, 8, 8)
Contemporary
"If I Lose Myself"—OneRepublic

Jack & Cheryl
23 (8, 8, 7)
Foxtrot
"Pack Up"—Eliza Doolittle

Amber & Derek
27 (9, 9, 9)
Cha-cha-cha
"Wings"—Little Mix

Elizabeth & Val
24 (8, 8, 8)
Contemporary
"Imagine"—John Lennon

Bill N. & Tyne
14 (5, 4, 5)
Cha-cha-cha
"Weird Science"—Oingo Boingo

Keyshawn & Sharna
17 (6, 5, 6)
Cha-cha-cha
"Treasure"—Bruno Mars

Christina & Mark
22 (7, 7, 8)
Contemporary
"Clarity"—Zedd feat. Foxes

Bill E. & Emma
18 (6, 6, 6)
Foxtrot
"Hot Stuff"—Donna Summer

Valerie & Tristan
21 (7, 7, 7)
Foxtrot
"Some Kind of Wonderful"—The Drifters

Nicole & Sasha
23 (8, 8, 7)
Cha-cha-cha
"Wild Ones"—Flo Rida feat. Sia Furler

text: Week 2: Latin Night[edit]

text:
Couple
Scores
Dance
Music
Result

Elizabeth & Val
25 (8, 9, 8)
Samba
"Straight to Memphis"—Club Des Belugas
Safe

Christina & Mark
25 (9, 8, 8)
Paso doble
"Applause"—Lady Gaga
Safe

Bill E. & Emma
21 (7, 7, 7)
Jive
"Crocodile Rock"—Elton John
Last to be called safe

Jack & Cheryl
24 (8, 8, 8)
Rumba
"Mad World"—Tears for Fears
Safe

Keyshawn & Sharna
18 (6, 6, 6)
Samba
"Get Up Offa That Thing"—James Brown
Eliminated

Nicole & Sasha
20 (6, 7, 7)
Rumba
"Just Give Me a Reason"—P!nk feat. Nate Ruess
Safe

Leah & Tony
24 (8, 8, 8)
Samba
"María"—Ricky Martin
Safe

Bill N. & Tyne
17 (6, 5, 6)
Paso doble
"Symphony No. 5"—Ludwig van Beethoven
Safe

Corbin & Karina
26 (9, 8, 9)
Jive
"Kiss You"—One Direction
Safe

Valerie & Tristan
19 (6, 6, 7)
Paso doble
"Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood"—Santa Esmeralda
Safe

Brant & Peta
23 (8, 7, 8)
Rumba
"Underneath Your Clothes"—Shakira
Safe

Amber & Derek
24 (8, 8, 8)
Jive
"Reet Petite"—Jackie Wilson
Safe

text: Week 3: Hollywood Night[edit]

text:
Couple
Score
Dance
Music
Film/Theme
Result

Leah & Tony
24 (8, 8, 8)
Rumba
"Skyfall"—Adele
Skyfall
Safe

Corbin & Karina
26 (9, 8, 9)
Quickstep
"Diga Diga Doo"—Duke Ellington
Old Hollywood
Safe

Elizabeth & Val
25 (8, 9, 8)
Foxtrot
"Come Fly with Me"—Frank Sinatra
Come Fly with Me
Safe

Brant & Peta
27 (9, 9, 9)
Quickstep
"Crazy in Love"—Emeli Sandé and The Bryan Ferry Orchestra
The Great Gatsby
Safe

Valerie & Tristan
16 (6, 5, 5)
Cha-cha-cha
"Grace Kelly"—Mika
Grace Kelly & Freddie Mercury
Safe

Bill E. & Emma
24 (8, 8, 8)
Paso doble
"William Tell Overture"—Gioachino Rossini
The Lone Ranger
Safe

Amber & Derek
24 (8, 8, 8)
Charleston
"Bang Bang"—will.i.am
The Great Gatsby
Safe

Jack & Cheryl
22 (7, 7, 8)
Cha-cha-cha
"Hollywood Swinging"—Kool & the Gang
Be Cool
Safe

Christina & Mark
26 (9, 8, 9)
Charleston
"Let Me Drown"—The Wild Party
Vaudeville
Last to be called safe

Nicole & Sasha
25 (9, 8, 8)
Quickstep
"Sparkling Diamonds"—Nicole Kidman
Gentlemen Prefer Blondes
Safe

Bill N. & Tyne
16 (6, 5, 5)
Jazz
"Get Lucky"—Daft Punk feat. Pharrell Williams
Tron: Legacy
Eliminated

text: Week 4[edit]

text: Individual judges scores and votes in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Julianne Hough, Bruno Tonioli.

text:
Couple
Scores
Dance
Music
Result

Jack & Cheryl
24 (8, 8, 8)
Quickstep
"Man Like That"—Gin Wigmore
Safe

Elizabeth & Val
27 (9, 9, 9)
Argentine tango
"Symphony 6: Fair Thee Well & the Requiem Mix"—Emily Wells
Safe

Brant & Peta
21 (7, 7, 7)
Salsa
"Shake Señora"—Pitbull
Last to be called safe

Valerie & Tristan
18 (6, 6, 6)
Viennese Waltz
"Carry On"—Fun.
Eliminated

Leah & Tony
24 (8, 8, 8)
Cha-cha-cha
"Papi"—Jennifer Lopez
Safe

Corbin & Karina
27 (9, 9, 9)
Paso doble
"Zorongo"一Paco Peña
Safe

Nicole & Sasha
24 (8, 8, 8)
Jive
"Mickey"一Toni Basil
Safe

Christina & Mark
24 (8, 8, 8)
Foxtrot
"Sexy Silk"—Jessie J
Safe

Amber & Derek
27 (9, 9, 9)
Tango
"Love Lockdown"—Kanye West
Safe

Bill E. & Emma
21 (7, 7, 7)
Samba
"Cuban Pete"—José Norman
Safe

text: Week 5: Most Memorable Year Night[edit]

text:
Couple
Scores
Dance
Music
Result

Christina & Mark
28 (9, 10, 9)
Cha-cha-cha
"Forget You"—Cee Lo Green
Eliminated

Jack & Cheryl
27 (9, 9, 9)
Waltz
"Kissing You"—Des'ree
Safe

Leah & Tony
22 (7, 7, 8)
Contemporary
"Roar"—Katy Perry
Last to be called safe

Corbin & Karina
28 (9, 9, 10)
Foxtrot
"My Wish"—Rascal Flatts
Safe

Bill E. & Emma
24 (8, 8, 8)
Viennese Waltz
"She's Always a Woman"—Billy Joel
Safe

Nicole & Sasha
27 (9, 9, 9)
Jazz
"Work Bitch"—Britney Spears
Safe

Brant & Peta
27 (9, 9, 9)
Contemporary
"Your Song"—Elton John
Safe

Amber & Derek
26 (9, 7, 10)
Foxtrot
"Try a Little Tenderness"—Glee cast
Safe

Elizabeth & Val
26 (8, 9, 9)
Jive
"I'm So Excited"—The Pointer Sisters
Safe

text: Week 6: Switch-Up Challenge[edit]

text: Due to a technical error during the previous week in which incorrect voting numbers were displayed for the couples, the votes were subsequently thrown out, meaning that no couple was eliminated. Instead, the judges scores and viewer votes were carried over to the following week.

text: In the Switch-Up Challenge, all eight couples were divided into two groups of four. In a marathon-style, all danced to four songs they had not previously rehearsed and were scored on their ability to interpret the music, transition from one song to another, and stay on time.

text:
Couple
Scores
Dance
Music

Bill E. & Emma
23 (8, 8, 7)
Tango
"Cheeseburger in Paradise"—Jimmy Buffett

Elizabeth & Val
30 (10, 10, 10)
Cha-cha-cha
"Put Your Hands on Me"—Joss Stone

Leah & Tony
27 (9, 9, 9)
Quickstep
"Man Wanted"—Copacabana

Brant & Peta
28 (9, 10, 9)
Tango
"The Night Out"—Martin Solveig

Amber & Derek
28 (10, 8, 10)
Samba
"Get It Right"—Fantasia Barrino

Jack & Cheryl
25 (8, 9, 8)
Paso doble
"Conquest"—The White Stripes

Nicole & Sasha
27 (9, 9, 9)
Foxtrot
"Build Me Up Buttercup"—The Foundations

Corbin & Karina
23 (8, 7, 8)
Viennese Waltz
"Game of Thrones Theme"—Ramin Djawadi

Bill E. & Emma
Jack & Cheryl
Nicole & Sasha
Corbin & Karina
1
2
3
4
Switch-Up 1
"Hot in Herre"—Nelly
"In the Hall of the Mountain King"—Edvard Grieg
"Let's Get It On"—Marvin Gaye
"Doop"—Doop

Leah & Tony
Elizabeth & Val
Brant & Peta
Amber & Derek
1
2
3
4
Switch-Up 2
"Sexy and I Know It"—LMFAO
"The Blue Danube"—Johann Strauss II
"Chillando Goma"—Fulanito
"Shake a Tail Feather"—The Blues Brothers

text: Week 7: Team Dance Week[edit]

text: Cher was announced as a guest judge for week eight, when Len will be taking another week off. Each couple performed an individual, unlearned dance and a Halloween-themed team freestyle. The teams were chosen by the highest scoring couples Amber & Derek (Team "FoxingAwesome") and Elizabeth & Val (Team "Spooky BomBom").

text:
Couple
Scores
Dance
Music
Result

Elizabeth & Val
27 (9, 9, 9)
Quickstep
"Dance Apocalyptic"—Janelle Monáe
Safe

Brant & Peta
27 (9, 9, 9)
Jive
"Tutti Frutti"—Little Richard
Safe

Leah & Tony
26 (9, 8, 9)
Salsa
"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)"—Pitbull
Safe

Jack & Cheryl
27 (10, 8, 9)
Jive
"Going Up the Country"—Canned Heat
Safe

Amber & Derek
29 (10, 10, 9)
Paso doble
"Diablo Rojo"—Rodrigo y Gabriela
Safe

Bill E. & Emma
23 (8, 7, 8)
Quickstep
"Viva Las Vegas"—Elvis Presley
Last to be called safe

Nicole & Sasha
27 (9, 9, 9)
Samba
"Hey Mama"—Black Eyed Peas
Eliminated

Corbin & Karina
29 (10, 9, 10)
Cha-cha-cha
"Pumpin Blood"—NONONO
Safe

Elizabeth & Val
Bill E. & Emma
Nicole & Sasha
Leah & Tony
27 (9, 9, 9)
Freestyle
(Team "Spooky BomBom")
"Bom Bom"—Sam and the Womp

Amber & Derek
Corbin & Karina
Jack & Cheryl
Brant & Peta
30 (10, 10, 10)
Freestyle
(Team "FoxingAwesome")
"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)"—Ylvis

text: Week 8: Cher Week[edit]

text: Individual judges scores and votes in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Cher, Bruno Tonioli.

text: All of the dance routines were performed to classic songs by Cher. In addition, after the individual routines were performed, the highest-scorers, Amber & Derek, received immunity and avoided elimination for this week. The remaining six couples competed in pairs for the Dance-Off challenge, with the winners receiving an additional three points that were added to their scores.

text:
Couple
Scores
Dance
Music
Result

Corbin & Karina
27 (9, 9, 9)
Argentine tango
"Welcome to Burlesque"
Safe

Leah & Tony
25 (8, 9, 8)
Viennese Waltz
"I Got You Babe"
Safe

Brant & Peta
27 (9, 9, 9)
Foxtrot
"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)"
Eliminated

Elizabeth & Val
25 (8, 9, 8)
Jazz
"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)"
Safe

Bill E. & Emma
24 (8, 8, 8)
Disco
"Strong Enough"
Safe

Jack & Cheryl
27 (9, 9, 9)
Tango
"The Beat Goes On"
Last to be called safe

Amber & Derek
28 (9, 9, 10)
Rumba
"If I Could Turn Back Time"
Safe (immunity)

text:
Dance-offs

Couple
Judges' votes
Dance
Music
Result

Corbin & Karina
Corbin, Corbin, Corbin
Cha-cha-cha
"Woman's World"
Winner (3 pts)

Elizabeth & Val
Loser

Leah & Tony
Leah, Leah, Brant
Rumba
"I Found Someone"
Winner (3 pts)

Brant & Peta
Loser

Jack & Cheryl
Jack, Jack, Jack
Disco
"Song for the Lonely"
Winner (3 pts)

Bill E. & Emma
Loser

text: Week 9: Trio Challenge[edit]

text: Each couple performed one unlearned ballroom dance as well as a trio dance. Each couple chose one professional who was either previously eliminated or participates in the dance troupe to perform with them.

text:
Couple
(Trio Dance Partner)
Scores
Dance
Music
Result

Amber & Derek
(Mark Ballas)
24 (8, 8, 8)
Quickstep
"That's It!"—Preservation Hall Jazz Band
Safe

27 (9, 9, 9)
Salsa
"Que Viva la Vida"—Wisin

Leah & Tony
(Henry Byalikov)
27 (9, 9, 9)
Tango
"Love Me Again"—John Newman
Safe

27 (9, 9, 9)
Jive
"We're Not Gonna Take It"—Twisted Sister

Corbin & Karina
(Witney Carson)
28 (9, 9, 10)
Waltz
"Apologize"—OneRepublic
Safe

30 (10, 10, 10)
Jazz
"Yeah!"—Usher feat. Lil' Jon & Ludacris

Jack & Cheryl
(Sharna Burgess)
29 (10, 10, 9)
Viennese Waltz
"Let Me Go"—Avril Lavigne feat. Chad Kroeger
Safe

25 (8, 8, 9)
Samba
"I Wan'na Be Like You"—Big Bad Voodoo Daddy

Bill E. & Emma
(Peta Murgatroyd)
21 (7, 7, 7)
Charleston
"Yakety Yak"—The Coasters
Last to be called safe

21 (7, 7, 7)
Salsa
"Candy"—Robbie Williams

Elizabeth & Val
(Gleb Savchenko)
26 (9, 8, 9)
Viennese Waltz
"Young and Beautiful"—Lana Del Rey
Eliminated

30 (10, 10, 10)
Salsa
"Pucko"—Bonde do Rolê

text: Week 10: Plugged/Unplugged Night (Semifinals)[edit]

text: Individual judges scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Bruno Tonioli.

text: In a new twist to the competition, the couples performed two different dance styles to the original version (plugged) and an acoustic version (unplugged) of the same song. Also this week, "bad boy" of the ballroom Maksim Chmerkovskiy, returned to the show as a guest judge alongside Inaba, Goodman and Tonioli.

text: The unplugged versions of Corbin & Karina's Rumba and Amber & Derek's Viennese Waltz were performed by Kerli. Noah Guthrie performed the unplugged version of Bill E. & Emma's Argentine tango.

text:
Couple
Scores
Dance
Music
Result

Leah & Tony
32 (8, 8, 8, 8)
Paso doble
"Bad Romance"—Lady Gaga
Eliminated

33 (8, 8, 8, 9)
Argentine tango

Corbin & Karina
35 (9, 8, 9, 9)
Tango
"My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up)"—Fall Out Boy
Safe

40 (10, 10, 10, 10)
Rumba

Jack & Cheryl
33 (8, 8, 9, 8)
Jazz
"Roxanne"—The Police
Safe

38 (10, 9, 9, 10)
Argentine tango

Bill E. & Emma
28 (7, 7, 7, 7)
Cha-cha-cha
"Sexy and I Know It"—LMFAO
Last to be called safe

32 (8, 8, 8, 8)
Argentine tango

Amber & Derek
39 (10, 10, 9, 10)
Jazz
"Locked Out of Heaven"—Bruno Mars
Safe

40 (10, 10, 10, 10)
Viennese Waltz

text: Week 11: The Finals[edit]

text: The four finalists dance for the coveted mirror ball trophy. Each couple will dance a judges' choice of a previous performance in hopes to improve their original scores, a samba relay, and a super sized freestyle. At the end of the night one couple will be eliminated. On the second night, the top three couples will perform a fusion dance (two dances fused together with the same song) chosen by the other competitors the night before, only having 24 hours of preparation.

text:
Couple
Scores
Dance
Music

Bill E. & Emma
24 (8, 8, 8)
Viennese Waltz
"She's Always a Woman"—Billy Joel

Corbin & Karina
27 (9, 9, 9)
Quickstep
"Diga Diga Doo"—Duke Ellington

Jack & Cheryl
24 (8, 8, 8)
Jive
"Going Up the Country"—Canned Heat

Amber & Derek
30 (10, 10, 10)
Charleston
"Bang Bang"—will.i.am

Bill E. & Emma
Jack & Cheryl
Amber & Derek
Corbin & Karina
2
3
4
5
Samba relay
"No Scrubs"—TLC

Bill E. & Emma
25 (8, 9, 8)
Freestyle
"The Raiders March"—John Williams

Corbin & Karina
30 (10, 10, 10)
Freestyle
"Smooth Criminal"—Michael Jackson

Jack & Cheryl
30 (10, 10, 10)
Freestyle
"Top Hat, White Tie and Tails"—Fred Astaire

Amber & Derek
30 (10, 10, 10)
Freestyle
"Can You Do This"—Aloe Blacc

text: Bill E. & Emma were eliminated at the end of the night, after receiving the overall lowest combined total points. Had they not been eliminated, they would have danced a Jive-Quickstep fusion the following night.

text:
Couple
Scores
Dance
Music
Result

Corbin & Karina
27 (9, 9, 9)
Cha-cha-cha
Foxtrot
"All Night"—Icona Pop
Runner-Up

Jack & Cheryl
27 (9, 9, 9)
Paso doble
Salsa
"Sexy People (The Fiat Song)"—Arianna ft. Pitbull
Third place

Amber & Derek
30 (10, 10, 10)
Samba
Quickstep
"(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher"—Jackie Wilson
Winner

text: Dance chart[edit]

text: The celebrities and professional partners danced one of these routines for each corresponding week (charleston and disco were introduced as permanent dance styles this season):

text:
Week 1: Cha-cha-cha, foxtrot or contemporary (Opening Night)
Week 2: Jive, Paso doble, rumba or samba (Latin Night)
Week 3: One unlearned dance (Hollywood Night)
Week 4: One unlearned dance
Week 5: One unlearned dance (Most Memorable Year)
Week 6: One unlearned dance & switch-up dance (Switch-Up Challenge)
Week 7: One unlearned dance & team dances (Team Dance Week)
Week 8: One unlearned dance & dance-offs (Cher Week)
Week 9: One unlearned dance & trio dances (Trio Challenge)
Week 10: Two unlearned dances (Plugged/Unplugged Night / Semifinals)
Week 11 (Night 1): Judges' choice, Samba relay & freestyle (Top 4)
Week 11 (Night 2): 24 Hour Fusion Challenge (Top 3)

text:
Couple
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7
Week 8
Week 9
Week 10
Week 11

Amber & Derek
Cha-cha-cha
Jive
Charleston
Tango
Foxtrot
Samba
Switch-up 2
Paso doble
Freestyle
Rumba
Immunity
Quickstep
Salsa
Jazz
Viennese Waltz
Charleston
Samba Relay
Freestyle
Quickstep
Samba

Corbin & Karina
Contemporary
Jive
Quickstep
Paso doble
Foxtrot
Viennese Waltz
Switch-up 1
Cha-cha-cha
Freestyle
Argentine tango
Cha-cha-cha
Waltz
Jazz
Tango
Rumba
Quickstep
Samba Relay
Freestyle
Cha-cha-cha
Foxtrot

Jack & Cheryl
Foxtrot
Rumba
Cha-cha-cha
Quickstep
Waltz
Paso doble
Switch-up 1
Jive
Freestyle
Tango
Disco
Viennese Waltz
Samba
Jazz
Argentine tango
Jive
Samba Relay
Freestyle
Paso doble
Salsa

Bill E. & Emma
Foxtrot
Jive
Paso doble
Samba
Viennese Waltz
Tango
Switch-up 1
Quickstep
Freestyle
Disco
Disco
Charleston
Salsa
Cha-cha-cha
Argentine tango
Viennese Waltz
Samba Relay
Freestyle
Samba

Leah & Tony
Foxtrot
Samba
Rumba
Cha-cha-cha
Contemporary
Quickstep
Switch-up 2
Salsa
Freestyle
Viennese Waltz
Rumba
Tango
Jive
Paso doble
Argentine tango

Tango

Elizabeth & Val
Contemporary
Samba
Foxtrot
Argentine tango
Jive
Cha-cha-cha
Switch-up 2
Quickstep
Freestyle
Jazz
Cha-cha-cha
Viennese Waltz
Salsa

Cha-cha-cha

Brant & Peta
Cha-cha-cha
Rumba
Quickstep
Salsa
Contemporary
Tango
Switch-up 2
Jive
Freestyle
Foxtrot
Rumba

Freestyle/Paso doble/Tango

Nicole & Sasha
Cha-cha-cha
Rumba
Quickstep
Jive
Jazz
Foxtrot
Switch-up 1
Samba
Freestyle

Jazz

Christina & Mark
Contemporary
Paso doble
Charleston
Foxtrot
Cha-cha-cha

Paso doble/Tango

Valerie & Tristan
Foxtrot
Paso doble
Cha-cha-cha
Viennese Waltz

Waltz

Bill N. & Tyne
Cha-cha-cha
Paso doble
Jazz

Cha-cha-cha

Keyshawn & Sharna
Cha-cha-cha
Samba

text: Guest performances[edit]

text:
Date
Dance style
Artist(s)
Song(s)
Dancers

October 14, 2013
Jazz
Aloe Blacc
"Wake Me Up"
Derek Hough, Valentin Chmerkovskiy, Henry Byalikov, Jaymz Tuaileva, Sharna Burgess, Peta Murgatroyd, Lindsay Arnold and Witney Carson

October 21, 2013
Freestyle
Mika ft. Ariana Grande
"Popular Song"
Henry Byalikov, Lindsay Arnold, Jaymz Tuaileva and Witney Carson

November 4, 2013
Freestyle
Cher
"Believe"
Cherʻs Dancers, Lindsay Arnold, Witney Carson, Henry Byalikov, Tristan MacManus, Sharna Burgess and Mark Ballas

Contemporary
"I Hope You Find It"
Tyne Stecklein and Tony Dovolani

November 25, 2013
Jive
Kellie Pickler
"Little Bit Gypsy"
Troupe dancers, Sasha Farber and Peta Murgatroyd

Samba
TLC
"No Scrubs"
Finalists

November 26, 2013
Hip-Hop
Enrique Iglesias
"Heart Attack"
Mark Ballas, Emma Slater, Witney Carson and Jaymz Tuaileva

Samba
Lady Antebellum
"Compass"
Valentin Chmerkovskiy, Witney Carson, Tristan MacManus, Lindsay Arnold, Gleb Savchenko and Tyne Stecklein

Waltz
Colbie Caillat
"What a Wonderful World"
Valerie Harper & Tristan MacManus

Freestyle
"Hold on"
Tony Dovolani & Tyne Stecklein

Freestyle
Ylvis
"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)"
Ylvis' dancers and Team "FoxingAwesome"

text: Ratings[edit]

text: U.S. television ratings[edit]

text:
Show
Episode
Air date
Viewers
(millions)
Rating/share
(adults 18–49)
Rating/share
(household)
Source

1
"Week 1: Premiere"
September 16, 2013
16.04
3.1/9
10.4/16
[11][12]

2
"Week 2: Latin Night"
September 23, 2013
13.57
2.3/6
8.8/13
[13][14]

3
"Week 3: Hollywood Night"
September 30, 2013
13.10
2.0/5
8.3/12
[15][16]

4
"Week 4"
October 7, 2013
13.00
2.0/6
8.7/13
[17][18]

5
"Week 5: Most Memorable Year"
October 14, 2013
12.99
2.1/6
8.5/13
[19][20]

6
"Week 6: Switch-Up Challenge"
October 21, 2013
13.35
2.0/5
8.6/13
[21][22]

7
"Week 7: Team Dance Week"
October 28, 2013
13.28
2.1/9
8.6/13
[23][24]

8
"Week 8: Cher Week"
November 4, 2013
13.72
2.0/5
9.4/14
[25][26]

9
"Week 9: Trio Challenge"
November 11, 2013
12.57
1.7/5
8.3/12
[27][28]

10
"Week 10: Plugged/Unplugged Night (Semifinals)"
November 18, 2013
13.80
2.0/6
9.5/14
[29][30]

11
"The Finals: Part 1"
November 25, 2013
14.61
2.2/6
9.2/14
[31][32]

12
"The Finals: Part 2"
November 26, 2013
14.75
2.4/7
9.2/15
[33][34]


document_title: Yalu River

question_text: when did un troops approach the yalu river

text: Yalu River

text: Name[edit]

text: Two theories are given regarding the origin of the river's name. One theory is that the name derived from Yalv ula in the Manchu language. The Manchu word yalu means "the boundary between two countries". In Mandarin Chinese, yālù phonetically approximates the original Manchu word, but literally means "duck green", which was said to have been once the color of the river. The other theory is that the river was named after the combination of its two upper branches, which were called "鴨" (Yā or Ap) and "綠" (Lù or R(or n)ok)", respectively.

text: Revised Romanization of Korean spelled it Amnokgang (Korean pronunciation: [amnok.k͈aŋ]; "Amnok River") and Revised Romanization of Hangeul spelled it Aprokgang (Korean pronunciation: [amnok.k͈aŋ]; "Aprok River").

text: Geography[edit]

text: From 2500 m above sea level on Paektu Mountain on the China–North Korea border, the river flows south to Hyesan before sweeping 130 km northwest to Linjiang and then returning to a more southerly route for a further 300 km to empty into the Korea Bay between Dandong (China) and Sinuiju (North Korea). The bordering Chinese provinces are Jilin and Liaoning.

text: The river is 795 km (493 mi) long and receives water from over 30,000 km² of land. The Yalu's most significant tributaries are the Changjin (장진강; 長津江), the Hochon (허천강; 虛川江), the Tongro (독로강; 禿魯江) and the Ai (瑷河) rivers from Korea and the Hun from China. The river is not easily navigable for most of its length.[1] Most of the river freezes during winter and can be crossed on foot.[2]

text: The depth of the Yalu River varies from some of the more shallow parts on the eastern side in Hyesan (1 m) to the deeper parts of the river near the Yellow Sea (2.5 m).[3] The estuary is the site of the Amrok River estuary Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International.[4]

text: About 205 islands are on the Yalu. A 1962 border treaty between North Korea and China split the islands according to which ethnic group was living on each island. North Korea possesses 127 and China 78. Due to the division criteria, some islands such as Hwanggumpyong Island belong to North Korea, but abut the Chinese side of the river.

text: History[edit]

text: The river basin is the site where the ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo (Hangul: 고구려) rose to power. Many former fortresses are located along the river and the former capital of that kingdom was situated at what is now the medium-sized city of Ji'an, Jilin along the Yalu, a site rich in Goguryeo era relics.[citation needed]

text: Wihwa Island on the river is historically famous as the place where in 1388, General Yi Songgye (later Taejo of Joseon) decided to turn back his army southward to Kaesong in the first of a series of revolts that eventually led to the establishment of the House of Yi.[5]

text: The river has been the site of several battles because of its strategic location between Korea and China, including:

text:
Battle of the Yalu River (1894) – First Sino-Japanese War
Battle of Yalu River (1904) – Russo-Japanese War
Battle near to the Yalu River (1950) – Korean War

tag: ul

text: The Korean side of the river was heavily industrialized during the period of Japanese rule (1910–1945), and by 1945 almost 20% of Imperial Japan's total industrial output originated in Korea.  During the Korean War, the movement of United Nations troops approaching the river precipitated massive Chinese intervention from around Dandong. In the course of the conflict every bridge across the river except one was destroyed. The one remaining bridge was the Sino–Korean Friendship Bridge connecting Sinuiju, North Korea to Dandong, China. During the war the valley surrounding the western end of the river also became the focal point of a series of dogfights for air superiority over North Korea, earning the nickname "MiG Alley" in reference to the MiG-15 fighters flown by the combined North Korean, Chinese and Soviet forces.[citation needed]

text: It was the advance of UN forces during the Korean War toward the Yalu which allowed Chairman Mao Zedong to convince his people that China needed to intervene over fears of an American invasion, since toppling communism was one of America's stated goals and Douglas MacArthur had expressed his desire to expand the war into China.[citation needed]

text: The river has frequently been crossed by North Koreans fleeing to China since the early 1990s, although the Tumen River is the most used way.[6][citation needed]

text: Economy[edit]

text: The river is important for hydroelectric power, and one of the largest hydroelectric dams in Asia is in Sup'ung Dam, 106 m high and over 850 m long, located upstream from Sinuiju, North Korea. The dam has created an artificial lake over a portion of the river, called Sapung Lake. In addition the river is used for transportation, particularly of lumber from its forested banks. The river provides fish for the local population. Downstream of Sup'ung is the Taipingwan Dam. Upstream of Sup'ung is the Yunfeng Dam. Both dams produce hydroelectric power, as well.

text: In the river delta upstream from Dandong and adjacent to Hushan are several North Korean villages. Economic conditions in these villages have been described as poor, without access to electricity.[7]

text: Crossings[edit]

text:
Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge, Dandong, China – Sinŭiju, North Korea
Ji'an Yalu River Border Railway Bridge, Ji'an China – Manp'o, North Korea
New Yalu River Bridge, under construction between Dandong, China and Sinŭiju, North Korea


document_title: Standard wire gauge

question_text: difference between american wire gauge and standard wire gauge

text: Standard wire gauge

text: British Standard Wire Gauge is a set of wire sizes given by BS 3737:1964 (now withdrawn), and is generally abbreviated to SWG. It is also known as: Imperial Wire Gauge or British Standard Gauge. Use of SWG sizes has fallen greatly in popularity, but is still used as a measure of thickness in guitar strings and some electrical wire. Cross sectional area in square millimetres is now the more usual size measurement for wires used in electrical installation cables. The current British Standard for metallic materials such as wire and sheet is BS 6722:1986, which is a solely metric standard.

text: SWG was fixed by Order of Council August 23, 1883.  It was constructed by improving the Birmingham Wire Gauge.  It was made a legal standard on March 1, 1884 by the British Board of Trade.  SWG is not to be confused with American Wire Gauge which has a similar but not quite interchangeable numbering scheme.

text: The basis of the system is the thou (or mil in US English), or 0.001 in.  No. 7/0, the largest size, is 0.50 in. (500 thou or 12.7 mm) in diameter, and the smallest, No. 50, is 0.001 in. (1 thou or about 25 µm) in diameter.  The wire diameter diminishes with increasing gauge size.  Between each gauge, the weight per unit length diminishes by approximately 20%.  Because the weight per unit length is related to the area, and therefore the square of the diameter, the diameter diminishes by approximately 10.6%:

text: A table of wire gauges and diameters is shown below.[1][2]  The relationship of diameter to gauge is piecewise linear, only approximating a (constant-ratio) exponential curve.

text:
British Standard Wire Gauge (SWG) diameters

SWG

(in)

(mm)

Step

7/0

0.500

12.700

0.036"/gauge

6/0

0.464

11.786

0.032"/gauge

5/0

0.432

10.973

4/0

0.400

10.160

0.028"/gauge

3/0

0.372

9.449

0.024"/gauge

2/0

0.348

8.839

0

0.324

8.230

1

0.300

7.620

2

0.276

7.010

3

0.252

6.401

0.020"/gauge

4

0.232

5.893

5

0.212

5.385

6

0.192

4.877

0.016"/gauge

7

0.176

4.470

8

0.160

4.064

9

0.144

3.658

10

0.128

3.251

0.012"/gauge

11

0.116

2.946

12

0.104

2.642

13

0.092

2.337

14

0.080

2.032

0.008"/gauge

15

0.072

1.829

16

0.064

1.626

17

0.056

1.422

18

0.048

1.219

19

0.040

1.016

0.004"/gauge

20

0.036

0.914

21

0.032

0.813

22

0.028

0.711

23

0.024

0.610

0.002"/gauge

24

0.022

0.559

25

0.020

0.5080

26

0.018

0.4572

0.0016"/gauge

27

0.0164

0.4166

28

0.0148

0.3759

0.0012"/gauge

29

0.0136

0.3454

30

0.0124

0.3150

0.0008"/gauge

31

0.0116

0.2946

32

0.0108

0.2743

33

0.0100

0.2540

34

0.0092

0.2337

35

0.0084

0.2134

36

0.0076

0.1930

37

0.0068

0.1727

38

0.0060

0.1524

39

0.0052

0.1321

0.0004"/gauge

40

0.0048

0.1219

41

0.0044

0.1118

42

0.004

0.1016

43

0.0036

0.0914

44

0.0032

0.0813

45

0.0028

0.0711

46

0.0024

0.0610

47

0.0020

0.0508

48

0.0016

0.0406

49

0.0012

0.0305

0.0002"/gauge

50

0.0010

0.0254


document_title: Community College of Philadelphia

question_text: where was the original ccp campus located in 1965

text: Community College of Philadelphia

text: Locations[edit]

text: Main Campus - 1700 Spring Garden Street in the Fairmount neighborhood of the Center City area[13]

text: There are three locations throughout the city to help make a college education more accessible:

text:
Northeast Regional Center - 12901 Townsend Road in the Parkwood neighborhood of Far Northeast Philadelphia[14]
Northwest Regional Center - 1300 West Godfrey Avenue in the Fern Rock neighborhood of North Philadelphia.[15]
West Regional Center - 4725 Chestnut Street in the Walnut Hill neighborhood of West Philadelphia

text: History[edit]

text: The college opened on September 23, 1965, in the Snellenberg's Building at 34 South 11th Street. The Mint Building on the main campus, which opened for classes in 1973, served as the Third Philadelphia Mint from 1901 to 1969.


document_title: Holy cow (expression)

question_text: where did the phrase holy buckets come from

text: Holy cow (expression)

text: "Holy cow!" (and similar) is an exclamation of surprise used mostly in the United States, Canada, Australia, and England. It is a minced oath or euphemism for "Holy Christ!" Holy Cow! dates to at least 1905.[1] The earliest known appearance of the phrase was in a tongue-in-cheek letter to the editor: "A lover of the cow writes to this column to protest against a certain variety of Hindu oath having to do with the vain use of the name of the milk producer. These profane exclamations, "holy cow!" and, "By the stomach of the eternal cow!""[2] The phrase appears to have been adopted as a means to avoid penalties for using obscene or indecent language and may have been based on a general awareness of the holiness of cows in some religious traditions.[1]

text: From the Dictionary of American Slang (1960):[3]

text:
“
"Holy Buckets!" Equiv. to "Holy cats!" or "Holy Mike!" both being euphemisms for "Holy Christ!". This term is considered to be very popular among teenagers, and most teens claim it is definitely a very popular phrase. It is also the common oath and popular exclamation put into the mouths of teenagers by many screenwriters, and, is universally heard on radio, television, and in the movies. It was first popularized by the "Corliss Archer" series of short stories, television programs, and movies, which attempted to show the humorous, homey side of teenage life.
”

text: Expressions such as "Holy buckets!", "Holy underwear!", etc. also employ a play-on-words, "holy" implying "riddled with holes".

text: The expression is also rumored to have came from an ancient Indian man named "Baljeet Tgendar" from the Hindu Cave Painting Veniass and Pharboe.

text: Paul Beale (1985), however, in revising Eric Partridge's A Dictionary of Catch Phrases: British and American, from the Sixteenth Century to the Present Day cites a different origin:[4]

text:
“
The original 'Captain Marvel' and 'Batman' oaths, 'holy (something harmless),' were in turn spoofed in the later 20th century by whatever seemed relevant to the situation. Nigel Rees, in Very Interesting... But Stupid: Catchphrases from the World of Entertainment, 1980, instances "holy flypaper!", "holy cow!", "holy felony!", "holy geography!", "holy schizophrenia!", "holy haberdashery!", etc., and adds, "The prefix 'holy' to any exclamation was particularly the province of Batman and [his boy assistant] Robin, characters created by Bob Kane and featured in best-selling comic books for over thirty years before they were portrayed by Adam West and Burt Ward in the TV film series."
”

text: The phrase "Holy cow!" was used by baseball players at least as early as 1913[5] and probably much earlier.[1] It became associated with several American baseball broadcasters. The phrase may have originated with (and certainly was introduced to the baseball lexicon by) reporter and broadcaster Halsey Hall, who worked in Minneapolis from 1919 until his death in 1977. According to Paul Dickson, New Orleans radio announcer Jack Holiday also used the phrase on broadcasts of the minor-league New Orleans Pelicans in the 1930s.[6]

text: Harry Caray, who was the broadcaster for the St. Louis Cardinals (1945-1969), Oakland Athletics (1970), Chicago White Sox (1971-1981), and Chicago Cubs (1982-1997), began using it early in his career, in order to prevent himself from lapsing into vulgarity.[7] New York Yankees shortstop and announcer Phil Rizzuto was also well known for the phrase; when the Yankees honored him following his retirement, the ceremony included a real cow with a halo prop on its head. 1950s Milwaukee Braves broadcaster Earl Gillespie was also known for this expression.

text: The cartoon strip Common Grounds was originally titled Holey Crullers, a play on this catchphrase.[citation needed]


document_title: Neolithic Subpluvial

question_text: when was the last time the sahara was green

text: Neolithic Subpluvial

text: Date ranges[edit]

text: The Neolithic Subpluvial began during the 7th millennium BCE and was strong for about 2,000 years; it waned over time and ended after the 5.9 kiloyear event (3900 BCE). Then the drier conditions that prevailed prior to the Neolithic Subpluvial returned; desertification advanced, and the Sahara Desert formed (or re-formed). Arid conditions have continued through to the present day.[1]

text: Geography and hydrography[edit]

text: During the Neolithic Subpluvial, large areas of North, Central, and East Africa had hydrographic profiles significantly different from later norms. Existing lakes had surfaces tens of meters higher than today, sometimes with alternative drainages: Lake Turkana, in present-day Kenya, drained into the Nile River basin.[2] Lake Chad reached a maximum extent of some 400,000 square kilometers in surface area, larger than the modern Caspian Sea, with a surface level about 30 meters (100 feet) higher than its twentieth-century average. Some shallower lakes and river systems existed in the subpluvial era that later disappeared entirely, and are detectable today only via radar and satellite imagery.

text: The event is argued to have ended quickly in some places [3] and more slowly in others.[4][5] Local feedbacks between vegetation and the atmosphere may explain the variability in the records [6] But, the agents of initial devegetation are unknown since they seem to occur rapidly in some areas, which is out of phase with changing orbital precession. The introduction of domesticated animals correlates in many places to a rapid change from grassland to scrubland vegetation, and it is hypothesized that Neolithic humans may have potentially played a role in stripping vegetation from the landscape, which induced cascading effects to the ecosystem and climate.[7]

text: Ecology[edit]

text: North Africa enjoyed a fertile climate during the subpluvial era; what is now the Sahara supported a savanna type of ecosystem, with elephant, giraffe, and other grassland and woodland animals now typical of the Sahel region south of the desert, along with some now extinct megafauna such as Sivatherium and Pelorovis. Historian and Africanist Roland Oliver has described the scene as follows:

text: [In] the highlands of the central Sahara Desert beyond the Libyan Desert,... in the great massifs of the Tibesti and the Hoggar, the mountaintops, today bare rock, were covered at this period with forests of oak and walnut, lime, alder and elm. The lower slopes, together with those of the supporting bastions — the Tassili and the Acacus to the north, Ennedi and Air to the south — carried olive, juniper and Aleppo pine. In the valleys, perennially flowing rivers teemed with fish and were bordered by seed-bearing grasslands.[8]

text: Cultures[edit]

text: Clement and fertile conditions during the Neolithic Subpluvial supported increased human settlement of the Nile Valley in Egypt, as well as neolithic societies in Sudan and throughout the present-day Sahara. Cultures producing rock art (notably that at Tassili n'Ajjer in southeastern Algeria) flourished during this period.

text: The practical consequences of these changes took the form of increased abundance of fish, waterfowl, freshwater mollusks, rodents, hippopotamus and crocodiles. The riches of this increased aquatic biomass were exploited by humans with rafts, boats, weirs, traps, harpoons, nets, hooks, lines and sinkers. This "riparian" (river) way of life supported much larger communities than could that of typical hunting bands.[9] These changes, along with the local development of pottery (whereby liquids could be both stored and heated) resulted in a "culinary revolution" consisting of soup, fish stew and porridge.[10] The last mentioned implies the cooking of gathered cereals.

text: The classic account of the riparian lifestyle of this period comes from investigations in Sudan during World War II by British archeologist Anthony Arkell.[11] Arkell's report described a Late Stone Age settlement on a sandbank of the Blue Nile which was then about 12 feet (3.7 m) higher than its present flood stage. The countryside was clearly savanna, not the present-day desert, as evidenced by the bones of the most common species found in the middens — antelope, which require large expanses of seed-bearing grasses. These people probably lived mainly on fish, however, and Arkell concluded, based on the totality of the evidence, that rainfall at the time was at least three times that of today. The physical characteristics derived from skeletal remains suggested that these people were related to modern Nilotic peoples, such as the Nuer and Dinka. Subsequent radiocarbon dating firmly established Arkell's site to between 7000 and 5000 BCE. Based on common patterns at his site and at French-excavated sites already reported from Chad, Mali and Niger (e.g., bone harpoons and a characteristic "wavy line" pottery), Arkell inferred "a common fishing and hunting culture spread by negroid people right across Africa at about the latitude of Khartoum at a time when the climate was so different that it was not desert." The originators of the wavy line pottery are as yet unidentified.

text: In the 1960s, the archeologist Gabriel Camps investigated the remains of a hunting and fishing community dating from about 6700 BCE in southern Algeria. These pottery-making people (the "wavy line" motif again) were black African rather than Mediterranean in origin and (according to Camps) evidenced definite signs of deliberate cultivation of grain crops as opposed to simply the gathering of wild grains.[12] Later studies at the site have shown the culture to be hunter-gatherers and not agriculturalists, as all the grains were morphologically wild, and the society was not sedentary.

text: Human remains were found by archaeologists in 2000 at a site known as Gobero in the Ténéré Desert of northeastern Niger.[13][14] The Gobero finds represent a uniquely preserved record of human habitation and burials from what is now called the Kiffian (7,700–6,200 BCE) and the Tenerian (5,200–2,500 BCE) cultures.

text: Dotted wavy line pottery and fishing cultures have also been located in the Lake Turkana region in poorly dated contexts.[15] By 3,000 BCE, it does not appear that the Turkana Basin was populated with harpoon and dotted wavy line pottery users, but fishing remained an important part of peoples' diets into the late Holocene.[15]


document_title: Population density

question_text: where do population densities on earth tend to be highest

text: Population density

text: Biological population densities[edit]

text: Population density is population divided by total land area or water volume, as appropriate.[1]

text: Low densities may cause an extinction vortex and lead to further reduced fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it. Examples of the causes in low population densities include:[2]

text:
Increased problems with locating sexual mates
Increased inbreeding

text: For humans, population density is the number of people per unit of area, usually quoted per square kilometer or square mile (which may include or exclude, for example, areas of water or glaciers). Commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory or the entire world.

text: The world's population is around 7,500,000,000[3] and Earth's total area (including land and water) is 510,000,000 square kilometers (197,000,000 sq. mi.).[4] Therefore, the worldwide human population density is around 7,500,000,000 ÷ 510,000,000 = 14.7 per km2 (38 per sq. mi). If only the Earth's land area of 150,000,000 km2 (58,000,000 sq. mi.) is taken into account, then human population density increases to 50 per km2 (129 per sq. mile). This includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to over 55 people per km2 (over 142 per sq. mile).[1] However, over half[citation needed] of the Earth's land mass consists of areas inhospitable to human habitation, such as deserts and high mountains, and population tends to cluster around seaports and fresh-water sources. Thus, this number by itself does not give any helpful measurement of human population density.

text: Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates and dependencies.[5][6] These territories have a relatively small area and a high urbanization level, with an economically specialized city population drawing also on rural resources outside the area, illustrating the difference between high population density and overpopulation.

text: Cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources.[7] Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo and Lagos in Africa also fall into this category.[8]

text: City population and especially area are, however, heavily dependent on the definition of "urban area" used: densities are almost invariably higher for the central city area than when suburban settlements and the intervening rural areas are included, as in the areas of agglomeration or metropolitan area, the latter sometimes including neighboring cities. For instance, Milwaukee has a greater population density when just the inner city is measured, and the surrounding suburbs excluded.[9]

text: In comparison, based on a world population of seven billion, the world's inhabitants, as a loose crowd taking up ten square feet (one square metre) per person (Jacobs Method), would occupy a space a little larger than Delaware's land area.[citation needed]

text: By political boundaries[edit]

text:
With population above 1,000,000

Rank
Country/Region
Population
Area (km2)
Density
(Pop. per km2)

1
 Singapore
5,535,000
719
7698

2
 Hong Kong
7,234,800
1,104
6553

3
 Gaza Strip
1,816,379
360
5045

4
 Bahrain
1,404,900
750
1873

5
 Bangladesh
161,609,000
147,570
1095

6
 Taiwan
23,361,147
36,190
646

7
 Mauritius
1,288,000
2,040
631

8
 Lebanon
6,237,738
10,452
597

9
 South Korea
51,529,338
99,720
517

10
 Rwanda
11,262,564
26,338
428

text:
With population above 10,000,000

Rank
Country/Region
Population
Area (km2)
Density
(Pop. per km2)

1
 Bangladesh
161,609,000
147,570
1095

2
 Taiwan
23,361,147
36,190
646

3
 South Korea
51,529,338
99,720
517

4
 Rwanda
11,262,564
26,338
428

5
 Netherlands
17,071,100
41,526
411

6
 India
1,326,801,576
3,287,263
404

7
 Haiti
10,413,211
27,750
375

8
 Belgium
11,239,755
30,528
368

9
 Burundi
10,114,505
27,834
363

10
 Philippines
102,078,300
300,076
340

text: Other methods of measurement[edit]

text: Although arithmetic density is the most common way of measuring population density, several other methods have been developed to provide a more accurate measure of population density over a specific area.

text:
Arithmetic density: The total number of people / area of land (measured in square miles or square kilometers)
Physiological density: The total population / area of arable land
Agricultural density: The total rural population / area of arable land
Residential density: The number of people living in an urban area / area of residential land
Urban density: The number of people inhabiting an urban area / total area of urban land
Ecological optimum: The density of population that can be supported by the natural resources


document_title: Three-point field goal

question_text: when was the 3pt line added to college basketball

text: Three-point field goal

text: History[edit]

text: The three-point line was first tested at the collegiate level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule. At the direction of Abe Saperstein, the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961. Its three-point line was a radius of 25 feet (7.62 m) from the baskets, except along the sides.[2] The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963–64 season.

text: The three-point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association (ABA), introduced in its inaugural 1967–68 season. ABA commissioner George Mikan stated the three-pointer "would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans."[3] During the 1970s, the ABA used the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association (NBA).

text: In the 1979–80 season, after having tested it in the previous pre-season, the NBA adopted the three-point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick.[4] Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979, a game more noted for the debut of Larry Bird (and two new head coaches).[5][6] Rick Barry of the Houston Rockets, in his final season, also made one in the same game, and Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets made one that Friday night as well.[6][7]

text: The sport's international governing body, FIBA, introduced the three-point line in 1984, at 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in).

text: The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a 22-foot (6.71 m) line for the 1980–81 season.[8][9] Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three-point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980.[9][10][11] Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three-pointer. The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in (5.41 m) in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), and as far away as 22 ft (6.71 m) in the Big Sky.[12][13][14]

text: Used only in conference play for several years, it was adopted by the NCAA in April 1986 for the 1986–87 season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m),[15] and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987.[16] In the same 1986–87 season, the NCAA adopted the three-pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis, using the same distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987–88.[17]  In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's distance by a foot to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), effective with the 2008–09 season,[18] and the women's line was moved to match the men's in 2011–12.[17] American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA.[19] The NCAA used the FIBA three-point line (see below) in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in 2018.[20]

text: During the 1994–95, 1995–96, and 1996–97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) (22 ft (6.71 m) at the corners) to a uniform 22 ft (6.71 m) around the basket. From the 1997–98 season on, the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in (22 ft at the corners, with a 3 inch differential). Ray Allen is currently the NBA all-time leader in career made three-pointers with 2,973.[21]

text: In 2008, FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm (19.69 in) to 6.75 m (22 ft 1 3⁄4 in), with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010. In December 2012, the WNBA announced that it would be using FIBA's distance, too, as of the 2013 season. The NBA has discussed adding a four-point line, according to president Rod Thorn.[22]

text: In the NBA, three-point field goals have become increasingly more frequent along the years, with effectiveness increasing slightly. The 1979-80 season had an average 2.2 three-point goals per game and 6.6 attempts (33% effectiveness). The 1989-90 season had an average 4.8 three-point goals per game and 13.7 attempts (35% effectiveness). The 2009-10 season had an average 6.4 three-point goals per game and 18.1 attempts (36% effectiveness). The 2016-17 season had an average 9.7 three-point goals per game and 27.0 attempts (36% effectiveness).[23]

text: Rule specifications[edit]

text:
A three-point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket, and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc. In the NBA and FIBA standard, the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline. The three-point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline. The unusual formation of the three-point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three-point shot at the corners of the court; the arc would be less than 2 feet (0.61 m) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc. In the NCAA and American high school standards, the arc spans 180° around the basket, then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline (5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres).
The distance of the three-point line to the center of the hoop varies by level:

text:
Arc radius

Minimum distance from sidelines

National Basketball Association

23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m)

3 feet (0.91 m)

[24]

FIBA (also used by WNBA)

22 feet 2 inches (6.76 m)

4 feet 1 inch (1.24 m)

[25]

National Collegiate Athletic Association

20 feet 9 inches (6.32 m)

4 feet 3 inches (1.30 m)

[26]

American high school basketball

19 feet 9 inches (6.02 m)

5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m)

[27]

text: A player's feet must be completely behind the three-point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three-point attempt; if the player's feet are on or in front of the line, it is a two-point attempt. A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three-point attempt, as long as the ball is released in mid-air.

text: An official raises his/her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt. If the attempt is successful, he/she raises his/her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three-point goal. The official must recognize it for it to count as three points. Instant replay has sometimes been used, depending on league rules. The NBA,[28] WNBA, FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose. In NBA, FIBA, and WNBA games, video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game, after reviewing the video. However, in late game situations, play may be paused pending a review.

text: If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three-pointer and subsequently misses the shot, the shooter is awarded three free-throw attempts. If a player completes a three-pointer while being fouled, the player is awarded one free-throw for a possible 4-point play. Conceivably, if a player completed a three-pointer while being fouled, and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul, the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5-point play.

text: Related concepts[edit]

text: Major League Lacrosse features a two-point line which forms a 15-yard (14 m) arc around the front of the goal. Shots taken from behind this line count for two points, as opposed to the standard one point.

text: In gridiron football, a standard field goal is worth three points; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four-point field goals. NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball's three-point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards (46 m) or more was worth four points. The Arena Football League awards four points for any successful drop kicked field goal (like the three-point shot, the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick, as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable, and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does).

text: During the existence of the World Hockey Association in the 1970s, there were proposals for two-point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance (one proposal was a 44-foot (13.4m) arc, which would have intersected the faceoff circles), but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the NHL. It was widely believed that long-distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill (usually resulting more from goalies' vision being screened or obscured), plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two-point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game.

text: The Super Goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football, in which a 50-meter (55 yd) arc determines the value of a goal; within the arc, it is the usual 6 points, but 9 points are scored for a "super goal" scored from outside the arc. To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper.[29]

text: The National Professional Soccer League II, which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play, also used a three-point line, drawn 45 feet (14 m) from the goal. It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues.


document_title: Ritu (Indian season)

question_text: name of six seasons in india in english

question_tokens: name of six seasons in india in english

text: Ritu (Indian season)

text: North, South and West Indian calendars[edit]

text: Nepal and India observes six ecological seasons.[1][2] Southern parts of India experiences the seasons on a different schedule than the one depicted here.

text:
No.
Ritu
Season
Hindu lunar months
Gregorian month
Characteristics
Seasonal festivals

1
Vasanta
वसन्त
Spring
Chaitra and Vaishakha
March & April
Temperature around 20-30 degrees Celsius; vernal equinox occurs in the middle of this season. First spring harvest along with harvest festivals.
Vasant panchami, Ugadi, Gudhi Padwa, Holi, Rama Navami, Vishu/Rongali Bihu/Baisakhi/Tamil Puthandu, Hanuman Jayanti

2
Grishma
ग्रीष्म
Summer
Jyeshtha and Ashadha
~ May & June
Very hot, temperatures up to 45-50 degrees Celsius; summer solstice occurs. This is one of the two typical Indian/ Hindu Marriage Seasons.
Vat Pournima, Rath Yatra, Guru Purnima

3
Varsha
वर्षा
Monsoon
Shravana (Sawan) and Bhadrapada (Bhado)
~ July & August
Very hot, very humid and heavy monsoon rains; begins with the lunar month AFTER the summer solstice.
Raksha Bandhan, Krishna Janmaashtami, Ganesh Chaturthi, Nuakhai , Onam, Gurujonar Tithi, Mahalaya Amavasya

4
Sharad
शरद्

Autumn
Ashwina or Ashvayuja (Kwar, Asauj) and Kartika
~ Late- September, October & mid-November
Mild temperatures; 19-25 degrees Celsius; autumnal equinox occurs in the middle of this season. First autumn harvest occurs along with harvest festivals. Some trees in the Himalayas or upper elevations change colors much like in northern latitudes across the world.
Navaratri, Vijayadashami, Sharad Purnima, Bihu, Deepavali, Dhanatrayodashi, Kartik Purnima

5
Hemanta
हेमन्त

Fall
Margashirsha (Agrahayana, Agahan) and Pausha (Pus)
~ Late November & December
Very pleasant temperatures; generally, 19-25 degrees Celsius; ends with the winter solstice. Some trees in the Himalayas and other hills complete shedding their leaves much like in northern latitudes across the world.
(mid-Winter celebration)
Margashira Mahotsavam. Music Season with a number of Indian Carnatic classical music and dance concerts.

6
Shishira
शिशिर
Winter
Magha and Phalguna
~ January & February
Moderately cold, but pleasant during occasional sunshine; temperatures may decrease below 10 degrees Celsius.This season is typical to tropical and subtropical regions because trees actually shed their leaves in this season in tropical areas; starts with the winter solstice.
Shivaratri, Shigmo, Pongal, Sankranthi

text: East Indian Calendars[edit]

text: East Indian Hindu (Bengali and Mithila which too starts its new year from Mesh Sankranti, in fact, Nepali and Assamese and Odia Hindus too do the same, the season names are in all other in Sanskrit Vasanta, Grishma, Varsha, Sharada, Hemanta, Shishira) calendar. The Bengali Calendar is similar to the Sanskrit calendar above, but differs in start and end times which moves certain dates/days around (i.e., Vasant Panchami occurs here in Vasant ritu but in the calendar above, it occurs in Shishir as that is the Magha Shukla Panchami). The East Indian Calendar has the following seasons or ritus:

text:
Bengali season
Start
End
Bengali months
English

Grishmo
(গ্রীষ্মকাল)

Mid-April
Mid-June
Boishakh, Joishtho
Summer

Borsha
(বর্ষাকাল)

Mid-June
Mid-August
Asharh, Srabon
Monsoon

Shorot
(শরৎকাল)

Mid-August
Mid-October
Bhadro, Ashwin
Autumn

Hemonto
(হেমন্তকাল)

mid-October
mid-December
Kartik, Ogrohayon
Fall

Shit
(শীতকাল)

mid-December
mid-February
Paush, Magh
Winter

Bosonto
(বসন্তকাল)

mid-February
mid-April
Phalgun, Choitro
Spring

text: Tamil calendar[edit]

text: The Tamil Calendar follows a similar pattern of six seasons as described for north Indian Hindu calendars which in fact need adjustment as taking new year from Grishma like that Bengali calendar....

text:
Tamil season Names
English Meaning
Gregorian Months
Tamil Months

Ilavenil (Spring) இளவேனில்
Tender heat / warmth
April 15 to June 14
Chithirai and Vaikasi

Muthuvenil (Summer) முதுவேனில்
Matured heat / warmth
June 15 to August 14
Ani and Adi

Kar (Monsoon) கார்
Dark Clouds
August 15 to October 14
Avani and Purattasi

Kulir (Autumn) குளிர்
Cold / Chill
October 15 to December 14
Aipasi and Karthikai

Munpani (Winter) முன்பனி
Early (Frontal) Dew / Mist
December 15 to February 14
Margazhi and Thai

Pinpani (Prevernal) பின்பனி
Late (Rear) Dew / Mist
February 15 to April 14
Masi and Panguni

text: In culture[edit]

text: The seasons are described in literature such as the Sanskrit poem Ṛtusaṃhāra written by the legendary Sanskrit poet Kālidāsa.

text: Names of the ritu are commonly used for persons: typically, Vasant, Sharad, Hemant, Shishir and Varsh are "male" names; "female" names include Vasanti, Sharada, Hemanti, Grishma and Varsha.


document_title: Umbilical cord

question_text: where is the umbilical cord attached to the mother

text: Umbilical cord

text: Physiology in humans[edit]

text: Development and composition[edit]

text: The umbilical cord develops from and contains remnants of the yolk sac and allantois. It forms by the fifth week of development, replacing the yolk sac as the source of nutrients for the embryo.[2] The cord is not directly connected to the mother's circulatory system, but instead joins the placenta, which transfers materials to and from the maternal blood without allowing direct mixing. The length of the umbilical cord is approximately equal to the crown-rump length of the fetus throughout pregnancy. The umbilical cord in a full term neonate is usually about 50 centimeters (20 in) long and about 2 centimeters (0.75 in) in diameter. This diameter decreases rapidly within the placenta. The fully patent umbilical artery has two main layers: an outer layer consisting of circularly arranged smooth muscle cells and an inner layer which shows rather irregularly and loosely arranged cells embedded in abundant ground substance staining metachromatic.[3] The smooth muscle cells of the layer are rather poorly differentiated, contain only a few tiny myofilaments and are thereby unlikely to contribute actively to the process of postnatal closure.[3]

text: The umbilical cord contains Wharton's jelly, a gelatinous substance made largely from mucopolysaccharides which protects the blood vessels inside. It contains one vein, which carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to the fetus, and two arteries that carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood away.[4] Occasionally, only two vessels (one vein and one artery) are present in the umbilical cord. This is sometimes related to fetal abnormalities, but it may also occur without accompanying problems.

text: It is unusual for a vein to carry oxygenated blood and for arteries to carry deoxygenated blood (the only other examples being the pulmonary veins and arteries, connecting the lungs to the heart). However, this naming convention reflects the fact that the umbilical vein carries blood towards the fetus's heart, while the umbilical arteries carry blood away.

text: The blood flow through the umbilical cord is approximately 35 ml / min at 20 weeks, and 240 ml / min at 40 weeks of gestation.[5] Adapted to the weight of the fetus, this corresponds to 115 ml / min / kg at 20 weeks and 64 ml / min / kg at 40 weeks.[5]

text: Connection to fetal circulatory system[edit]

text: The umbilical cord enters the fetus via the abdomen, at the point which (after separation) will become the umbilicus (or navel). Within the fetus, the umbilical vein continues towards the transverse fissure of the liver, where it splits into two. One of these branches joins with the hepatic portal vein (connecting to its left branch), which carries blood into the liver. The second branch (known as the ductus venosus) bypasses the liver and flows into the inferior vena cava, which carries blood towards the heart. The two umbilical arteries branch from the internal iliac arteries, and pass on either side of the urinary bladder into the umbilical cord, completing the circuit back to the placenta.[6]

text: Physiological postnatal occlusion[edit]

text: In absence of external interventions, the umbilical cord occludes physiologically shortly after birth, explained both by a swelling and collapse of Wharton's jelly in response to a reduction in temperature and by vasoconstriction of the blood vessels by smooth muscle contraction. In effect, a natural clamp is created, halting the flow of blood. In air at 18 °C, this physiological clamping will take three minutes or less.[7] In water birth, where the water temperature is close to body temperature, normal pulsation can be 5 minutes and longer.

text: Closure of the umbilical artery by vasoconstriction consists of multiple constrictions which increase in number and degree with time. There are segments of dilatations with trapped uncoagulated blood between the constrictions before complete occlusion.[8] Both the partial constrictions and the ultimate closure are mainly produced by muscle cells of the outer circular layer.[3] In contrast, the inner layer seems to serve mainly as a plastic tissue which can easily be shifted in an axial direction and then folded into the narrowing lumen to complete the closure.[3] The vasoconstrictive occlusion appears to be mainly mediated by serotonin[9][10] and thromboxane A2.[9] The artery in cords of preterm infants contracts more to angiotensin II and arachidonic acid and is more sensitive to oxytocin than in term ones.[10] In contrast to the contribution of Wharton's jelly, cooling causes only temporary vasoconstriction.[10]

text: Within the child, the umbilical vein and ductus venosus close up, and degenerate into fibrous remnants known as the round ligament of the liver and the ligamentum venosum respectively. Part of each umbilical artery closes up (degenerating into what are known as the medial umbilical ligaments), while the remaining sections are retained as part of the circulatory system.

text: Problems and abnormalities[edit]

text: A number of abnormalities can affect the umbilical cord, which can cause problems that affect both mother and child:[11]

text:
Umbilical cord compression can result from, for example, entanglement of the cord,[12] a knot in the cord,[12] or a nuchal cord,[12] (which is the wrapping of the umbilical cord around the fetal neck)[13] but these conditions do not always cause obstruction of fetal circulation.
Velamentous cord insertion
Single umbilical artery
Umbilical cord prolapse
Vasa praevia

text: Medical protocols and procedures[edit]

text: Clamping and cutting[edit]

text: The cord can be clamped at different times; however delaying the clamping of the umbilical cord until one minute after birth improves outcomes as long as there is the ability to treat jaundice if it occurs.[14] Clamping is followed by cutting of the cord, which is painless due to the absence of nerves. The cord is extremely tough, like thick sinew, and so cutting it requires a suitably sharp instrument. While umbilical severance may be delayed until after the cord has stopped pulsing (5–20 minutes after birth), there is ordinarily no significant loss of either venous or arterial blood while cutting the cord. Current evidence neither supports, nor refutes, delayed cutting of the cord, according to the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) guidelines.

text: There are umbilical cord clamps which incorporate a knife. These clamps are safer and faster, allowing one to first apply the cord clamp and then cut the umbilical cord. After the cord is clamped and cut, the newborn wears a plastic clip on the navel area until the compressed region of the cord has dried and sealed sufficiently.

text: The length of umbilical left attached to the newborn varies by practice; in most hospital settings the length of cord left attached after clamping and cutting is minimal. In the United States, however, where the birth occurred outside of the hospital and an emergency medical technician (EMT) clamps and cuts the cord, a longer segment up to 18 cm (7 in) in length[15][16] is left attached to the newborn.

text: The remaining umbilical stub remains for up to 10 days as it dries and then falls off.

text: Early versus delayed clamping[edit]

text: A Cochrane review in 2013 came to the conclusion that delayed cord clamping (between one and three minutes after birth) is "likely to be beneficial as long as access to treatment for jaundice requiring phototherapy is available".[17] In this review delayed clamping, as contrasted to early, resulted in no difference in risk of severe maternal postpartum hemorrhage or neonatal mortality, low Apgar score. On the other hand, delayed clamping resulted in an increased birth weight of on average about 100 g, and an increased hemoglobin concentration of on average 1.5 g/dL with half the risk of being iron deficient at three and six months, but an increased risk of jaundice requiring phototherapy.[17]

text: In 2012, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists officially endorsed delaying clamping of the umbilical cord for 30–60 seconds with the newborn held below the level of the placenta in all cases of preterm delivery based largely on evidence that it reduces the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in these children by 50%.[18][obsolete source] In the same committee statement, ACOG also recognize several other likely benefits for preterm infants, including "improved transitional circulation, better establishment of red blood cell volume, and decreased need for blood transfusion". In January 2017, a revised Committee Opinion extended the recommendation to term infants, citing data that term infants benefit from increased hemoglobin levels in the newborn period and improved iron stores in the first months of life, which may result in improved developmental outcomes. ACOG recognized a small increase in the incidence of jaundice in term infants with delayed cord clamping, and recommended policies be in place to monitor for and treat neonatal jaundice. ACOG also noted that delayed cord clamping is not associated with increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage.[19]

text: Several studies have shown benefits of delayed cord clamping: A meta-analysis[20] showed that delaying clamping of the umbilical cord in full-term neonates for a minimum of 2 minutes following birth is beneficial to the newborn in giving improved hematocrit, iron status as measured by ferritin concentration and stored iron, as well as a reduction in the risk of anemia (relative risk, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.40-0.70).[20] A decrease was also found in a study from 2008.[21] Although there is higher hemoglobin level at 2 months, this effect did not persist beyond 6 months of age.[22] Not clamping the cord for three minutes following the birth of a baby improved outcomes at four years of age.[23] A delay of three minutes or more in umbilical cord clamping after birth reduce the prevalence of anemia in infants.[24]

text: Negative effects of delayed cord clamping include an increased risk of polycythemia. Still, this condition appeared to be benign in studies.[20] Infants whose cord clamping occurred later than 60 seconds after birth had a higher rate of neonatal jaundice requiring phototherapy.[22]

text: Delayed clamping is not recommended as a response to cases where the newborn is not breathing well and needs resuscitation. Rather, the recommendation is instead to immediately clamp and cut the cord and perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation.[25] The umbilical cord pulsating is not a guarantee that the baby is receiving enough oxygen.[26]

text: Umbilical nonseverance[edit]

text: Some parents choose to omit cord severance entirely, a practice called "lotus birth" or umbilical nonseverance. The entire intact umbilical cord is allowed to dry and separates on its own (typically on the 3rd day after birth), falling off and leaving a healed umbilicus.[27]

text: Umbilical cord catheterization[edit]

text: As the umbilical vein is directly connected to the central circulation, it can be used as a route for placement of a venous catheter for infusion and medication. The umbilical vein catheter is a reliable alternative to percutaneous peripheral or central venous catheters or intraosseous canulas and may be employed in resuscitation or intensive care of the newborn.

text: Blood sampling[edit]

text: From 24 to 34 weeks of gestation, when the fetus is typically viable, blood can be taken from the cord in order to test for abnormalities (particularly for hereditary conditions). This diagnostic genetic test procedure is known as percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling.[28]

text: Storage of cord blood[edit]

text: The blood within the umbilical cord, known as cord blood, is a rich and readily available source of primitive, undifferentiated stem cells (of type CD34-positive and CD38-negative). These cord blood cells can be used for bone marrow transplant.

text: Some parents choose to have this blood diverted from the baby's umbilical blood transfer through early cord clamping and cutting, to freeze for long-term storage at a cord blood bank should the child ever require the cord blood stem cells (for example, to replace bone marrow destroyed when treating leukemia). This practice is controversial, with critics asserting that early cord blood withdrawal at the time of birth actually increases the likelihood of childhood disease, due to the high volume of blood taken (an average of 108ml) in relation to the baby's total supply (typically 300ml).[21] The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists stated in 2006 that "there is still insufficient evidence to recommend directed commercial cord blood collection and stem-cell storage in low-risk families".

text: The American Academy of Pediatrics has stated that cord blood banking for self-use should be discouraged (as most conditions requiring the use of stem cells will already exist in the cord blood), while banking for general use should be encouraged.[29] In the future, cord blood-derived embryonic-like stem cells (CBEs) may be banked and matched with other patients, much like blood and transplanted tissues. The use of CBEs could potentially eliminate the ethical difficulties associated with embryonic stem cells (ESCs).[30]

text: While the American Academy of Pediatrics discourages private banking except in the case of existing medical need, it also says that information about the potential benefits and limitations of cord blood banking and transplantation should be provided so that parents can make an informed decision.

text: In the United States, cord blood education has been supported by legislators at the federal and state levels. In 2005, the National Academy of Sciences published an Institute of Medicine (IoM) report which recommended that expectant parents be given a balanced perspective on their options for cord blood banking. In response to their constituents, state legislators across the country are introducing legislation intended to help inform physicians and expectant parents on the options for donating, discarding or banking lifesaving newborn stem cells. Currently 17 states, representing two-thirds of U.S. births, have enacted legislation recommended by the IoM guidelines.

text: The use of cord blood stem cells in treating conditions such as brain injury[31] and Type 1 Diabetes[32] is already being studied in humans, and earlier stage research is being conducted for treatments of stroke,[33][34] and hearing loss.[35]

text: Cord blood stored with private banks is typically reserved for use of the donor child only. In contrast, cord blood stored in public banks is accessible to anyone with a closely matching tissue type and demonstrated need. The use of cord blood from public banks is increasing. Currently it is used in place of a bone marrow transplant in the treatment of blood disorders such as leukemia, with donations released for transplant through one registry, Netcord.org,[36] passing 1,000,000 as of January 2013. Cord blood is used when the patient cannot find a matching bone marrow donor; this "extension" of the donor pool has driven the expansion of public banks.

text: The umbilical cord in other animals[edit]

text: The umbilical cord in some mammals, including cows and sheep, contains two distinct umbilical veins. There is only one umbilical vein in the human umbilical cord.[37]

text: In some animals, the mother will gnaw through the cord, thus separating the placenta from the offspring. The cord along with the placenta is often eaten by the mother, to provide nourishment and to dispose of tissues that would otherwise attract scavengers or predators.[citation needed] In chimpanzees, the mother leaves the cord in place and nurses her young with the cord and placenta attached until the cord dries out and separates naturally, within a day of birth, at which time the cord is discarded. (This was first documented by zoologists in the wild in 1974.[38])

text: Some species of shark — hammerheads, requiems and smooth-hounds — are viviparous and have an umbilical cord attached to their placenta.[39]

text: Animals that lay eggs seem to have a false umbilical-cord that attaches the embryo and yolk together in much the same way.[citation needed]

text: Other uses for the term "umbilical cord"[edit]

text: The term "umbilical cord" or just "umbilical" has also come to be used for other cords with similar functions, such as the hose connecting surface-supplied divers to their surface supply of air and/or heating, or space-suited astronauts to their spacecraft. Engineers sometimes use the term to describe a complex or critical cable connecting a component, especially when composed of bundles of conductors of different colors, thickness and types, terminating in a single multi-contact disconnect.

text: Cancer-causing toxins in human umbilical cords[edit]

text: In multiple American and international studies, cancer-causing chemicals have been found in the blood of umbilical cords. These originate from certain plastics, computer circuit boards, fumes and synthetic fragrances among others. Over 300 chemical toxicants have been found, including bisphenol A (BPA), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), Teflon-related perfluorooctanoic acid, galaxolide and synthetic musks among others.[40] The studies in America showed higher levels in African Americans, Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans due, it is thought, to living in areas of higher pollution.[41]

text: Additional images[edit]

text: This section contains what may be an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images. Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged; please improve or remove the section accordingly. (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Diagram illustrating a later stage in the development of the umbilical cord.

Fetus of about eight weeks, enclosed in the amnion. Magnified a little over two diameters

Sectional plan of the gravid uterus in the third and fourth month.

Fetus in utero, between fifth and sixth months.

Scheme of placental circulation.

Human embryo with heart and anterior body-wall removed to show the sinus venosus and its tributaries.

Newborn child, seconds after birth, crying. The umbilical cord has not yet been cut.

Newborn child, soon after birth by caesarian section.

Newborn child and mother, postpartum umbilical nonseverance (with placenta).

A newborn at 45 seconds, with umbilical cord clamped.

Umbilic. Deep dissection.Serial cross section.