document_title: List of Big Ten Conference football champions

question_text: when did michigan last win the big ten

question_tokens: when did michigan last win the big ten

text: Champions by year[edit]

text:
Record
Ranking

Year
Champions
Conference
Overall
AP
Coaches
Bowl result
Head coach

1896

Wisconsin
2–0–1
7–1–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Philip King

1897

Wisconsin
3–0
9–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Philip King

1898

Michigan
3–0
10–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Gustave Ferbert

1899

Chicago
4–0
16–0–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1900

Iowa
2–0–1
7–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Alden Knipe

Minnesota
3–0–1
10–0–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1901

Michigan*
4–0
11–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
W Rose Bowl 49–0 vs. Stanford
Fielding H. Yost

Wisconsin
2–0
9–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Philip King

1902

Michigan*
5–0
11–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

1903

Michigan*
3–0–1
11–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Minnesota
3–0–1
14–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

Northwestern
1–0–2
10–1–3
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Walter McCornack

1904

Michigan*
2–0
10–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Minnesota*
3–0
13–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1905

Chicago*
7–0
11–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1906

Michigan
1–0
4–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Minnesota
2–0
4–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

Wisconsin
3–0
5–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Charles P. Hutchins

1907

Chicago
4–0
4–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1908

Chicago
5–0
5–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1909

Minnesota
3–0
6–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1910

Illinois
4–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Arthur Hall

Minnesota
2–0
6–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1911

Minnesota
3–0–1
6–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1912

Wisconsin
5–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
William Juneau

1913

Chicago
7–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1914

Illinois*
6–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

1915

Illinois
3–0–2
5–0–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

Minnesota
3–0–1
6–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1916

Ohio State
4–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
John Wilce

1917

Ohio State
4–0
8–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
John Wilce

1918

Illinois
4–0
5–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

Michigan
2–0
5–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Purdue
1–0
3–3
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
A. G. Scanlon

1919

Illinois*
6–1
6–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

1920

Ohio State
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
L Rose Bowl 0–28 vs. California
John Wilce

1921

Iowa
5–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Howard Jones

1922

Chicago
4–0–1
5–1–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

Iowa
5–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Howard Jones

Michigan
4–0
6–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

1923

Illinois*
5–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

Michigan*
4–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

1924

Chicago
3–0–3
4–1–3
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1925

Michigan
5–1
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

1926

Michigan
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Northwestern
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Glenn Thistlethwaite

1927

Illinois*
5–0
7–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

Minnesota
3–0–1
6–0–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Clarence Spears

1928

Illinois
4–1
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

1929

Purdue
5–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
James Phelan

1930

Michigan
5–0
8–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Harry Kipke

Northwestern
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Dick Hanley

1931

Michigan
5–1
8–1–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Harry Kipke

Northwestern
5–1
7–1–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Dick Hanley

Purdue
5–1
9–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Noble Kizer

1932

Michigan*
6–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Harry Kipke

Purdue
5–0–1
7–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Noble Kizer

1933

Michigan*
5–0–1
7–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Harry Kipke

Minnesota
2–0–4
4–0–4
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1934

Minnesota*
5–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1935

Minnesota*
5–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

Ohio State
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Francis Schmidt

1936

Northwestern
6–0
7–1
#7
Started in 1950
–
Pappy Waldorf

1937

Minnesota
5–0
6–2
#5
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1938

Minnesota
4–1
6–2
#10
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1939

Ohio State
5–1
6–2
#15
Started in 1950
–
Francis Schmidt

1940

Minnesota*
6–0
8–0
#1
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1941

Minnesota*
5–0
8–0
#1
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1942

Ohio State*
5–1
9–1
#1
Started in 1950
–
Paul Brown

1943

Michigan
6–0
8–1
#3
Started in 1950
–
Fritz Crisler

Purdue
6–0
9–0
#5
Started in 1950
–
Elmer Burnham

1944

Ohio State
6–0
9–0
#2
Started in 1950
–
Carroll Widdoes

1945

Indiana
5–0–1
9–0–1
#4
Started in 1950
–
Bo McMillin

1946

Illinois
6–1
8–2
#5
Started in 1950
W Rose Bowl 45–14 vs. UCLA
Ray Eliot

1947

Michigan*
6–0
10–0
#2
Started in 1950
W Rose Bowl 49–0 vs. USC
Fritz Crisler

1948

Michigan*
5–0
9–0
#1
Started in 1950
–
Bennie Oosterbaan

1949

Michigan
4–1–1
6–2–1
#7
Started in 1950
–
Bennie Oosterbaan

Ohio State
4–1–1
7–1–2
#4
Started in 1950
W Rose Bowl 17-14 vs. California
Wes Fesler

1950

Michigan
4–1–1
6–3–1
#9
#6
W Rose Bowl 14–6 vs. California
Bennie Oosterbaan

1951

Illinois
5–0–1
9–0–1
#4
#3
W Rose Bowl 40–7 vs. Stanford
Ray Eliot

1952

Purdue
4–1–1
4–3–2
#18
#12
–
Stu Holcomb

Wisconsin
4–1–1
6–3–1
#11
#10
L Rose Bowl 7–0 vs. USC
Ivy Williamson

1953

Illinois
5–1
7–1–1
#7
#7
–
Ray Eliot

Michigan State
5–1
9–1
#3
#3
W Rose Bowl 28–20 vs. UCLA
Clarence Munn

1954

Ohio State*
7–0
10–0
#1
#2
W Rose Bowl 20–7 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1955

Ohio State
6–0
7–2
#5
#5
–
Woody Hayes

1956

Iowa
5–1
9–1
#3
#3
W Rose Bowl 35–19 vs. Oregon State
Forest Evashevski

1957

Ohio State*
7–0
9–1
#2
#1
W Rose Bowl 10–7 vs. Oregon
Woody Hayes

1958

Iowa*
5–1
8–1–1
#2
#2
W Rose Bowl 38–12 vs. California
Forest Evashevski

1959

Wisconsin
5–2
7–3
#6
#6
L Rose Bowl 44–8 vs. Washington
Milt Bruhn

1960

Iowa
5–1
8–1
#3
#2
–
Forest Evashevski

Minnesota*
6–1
8–2
#1
#1
L Rose Bowl 17–7 vs. Washington
Murray Warmath

1961

Ohio State*
6–0
8–0–1
#2
#2
–
Woody Hayes

1962

Wisconsin
6–1
8–2
#2
#2
L Rose Bowl 42–37 vs. USC
Milt Bruhn

1963

Illinois
5–1–1
8–1–1
#2
#2
W Rose Bowl 17–7 vs. Washington
Pete Elliott

1964

Michigan
6–1
9–1
#4
#4
W Rose Bowl 34–7 vs. Oregon State
Bump Elliott

1965

Michigan State*
7–0
10–1
#2
#1
L Rose Bowl 14–12 vs. UCLA
Duffy Daugherty

1966

Michigan State*
7–0
9–0–1
#2
#2
–
Duffy Daugherty

1967

Indiana
6–1
9–2
#4
#6
L Rose Bowl 14–3 vs. USC
John Pont

Minnesota
6–1
8–2
–
#14
–
Murray Warmath

Purdue
6–1
8–2
#9
#9
–
Jack Mollenkopf

1968

Ohio State*
7–0
10–0
#1
#1
W Rose Bowl 27–16 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1969

Michigan
6–1
8–3
#9
#8
L Rose Bowl 10–3 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
6–1
8–1
#4
#5
–
Woody Hayes

1970

Ohio State*
7–0
9–1
#5
#2
L Rose Bowl 27–17 vs. Stanford
Woody Hayes

1971

Michigan
8–0
11–1
#6
#4
L Rose Bowl 13–12 vs. Stanford
Bo Schembechler

1972

Michigan
7–1
10–1
#6
#6
–
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
9–2
#9
#3
L Rose Bowl 42–17 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1973

Michigan
7–0–1
10–0–1
#6
#6
–
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–0–1
10–0–1
#2
#3
W Rose Bowl 42–21 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1974

Michigan
7–1
10–1
#3
#5
–
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
10–2
#4
#3
L Rose Bowl 18–17 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1975

Ohio State
8–0
11–1
#4
#4
L Rose Bowl 23–10 vs. UCLA
Woody Hayes

1976

Michigan
7–1
10–2
#3
#3
L Rose Bowl 14–6 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
9–2–1
#6
#5
W Orange Bowl 27–10 vs. Colorado
Woody Hayes

1977

Michigan
7–1
10–2
#9
#8
L Rose Bowl 27–20 vs. Washington
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
9–3
#11
#12
L Sugar Bowl 35–6 vs. Alabama
Woody Hayes

1978

Michigan
7–1
10–2
#5
#5
L Rose Bowl 17–10 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

Michigan State
7–1
8–3
#12
–
–
Darryl Rogers

1979

Ohio State
8–0
11–1
#4
#4
L Rose Bowl 17–16 vs. USC
Earle Bruce

1980

Michigan
8–0
10–2
#4
#4
W Rose Bowl 23–6 vs. Washington
Bo Schembechler

1981

Iowa
6–2
8–4
#18
#15
L Rose Bowl 28–0 vs. Washington
Hayden Fry

Ohio State
6–2
9–3
#15
#12
W Liberty Bowl 31–28 vs. Navy
Earle Bruce

1982

Michigan
8–1
8–4
–
#15
L Rose Bowl 24–14 vs. UCLA
Bo Schembechler

1983

Illinois
9–0
10–2
#10
#10
L Rose Bowl 45–9 vs. UCLA
Mike White

1984

Ohio State
7–2
9–3
#13
#12
L Rose Bowl 20–17 vs. USC
Earle Bruce

1985

Iowa
7–1
10–2
#10
#9
L Rose Bowl 45–28 vs. UCLA
Hayden Fry

1986

Michigan
7–1
11–2
#8
#7
L Rose Bowl 22–15 vs. Arizona State
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
10–3
#7
#6
W Cotton Bowl Classic 28–12 vs. Texas A&M
Earle Bruce

1987

Michigan State
7–0–1
9–2–1
#8
#8
W Rose Bowl 20–17 vs. USC
George Perles

1988

Michigan
7–0–1
9–2–1
#4
#4
W Rose Bowl 22–14 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

1989

Michigan
8–0
10–2
#7
#8
L Rose Bowl 17–10 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

1990

Illinois
6–2
8–4
#25
#24
L Hall of Fame Bowl 30–0 vs. Clemson
John Mackovic

Iowa
6–2
8–4
#18
#16
L Rose Bowl 46–34 vs. Washington
Hayden Fry

Michigan
6–2
9–3
#7
#8
W Gator Bowl 35–3 vs. Ole Miss
Gary Moeller

Michigan State
6–2
8–3–1
#16
#14
W John Hancock Bowl 17–16 vs. USC
George Perles

1991

Michigan
8–0
10–2
#6
#6
L Rose Bowl 34–14 vs. Washington
Gary Moeller

1992

Michigan
6–0–2
9–0–3
#5
#5
W Rose Bowl 38–31 vs. Washington
Gary Moeller

1993

Ohio State
6–1–1
10–1–1
#11
#10
W Holiday Bowl 28–21 vs. BYU
John Cooper

Wisconsin
6–1–1
10–1–1
#6
#5
W Rose Bowl  21–16 vs. UCLA
Barry Alvarez

1994

Penn State
8–0
12–0
#2
#2
W Rose Bowl  38–20 vs. Oregon
Joe Paterno

1995

Northwestern
8–0
10–2
#8
#7
L Rose Bowl  41–32 vs. USC
Gary Barnett

1996

Northwestern
7–1
9–3
#15
#16
L Florida Citrus Bowl 48–28 vs. Tennessee
Gary Barnett

Ohio State
7–1
11–1
#2
#2
W Rose Bowl 20–17 vs. Arizona State
John Cooper

1997

Michigan*
8–0
12–0
#1
#2
W Rose Bowl 21–16 vs. Washington State
Lloyd Carr

1998

Michigan
7–1
10–3
#12
#12
W Florida Citrus Bowl 45–31 vs. Arkansas
Lloyd Carr

Ohio State
7–1
11–1
#2
#2
W Sugar Bowl 24–14 vs. Texas A&M
John Cooper

Wisconsin
7–1
11–1
#6
#5
W Rose Bowl 38–31 vs. UCLA
Barry Alvarez

1999

Wisconsin
7–1
10–2
#4
#4
W Rose Bowl 17–9 vs. Stanford
Barry Alvarez

2000

Michigan
6–2
9–3
#11
#10
W Florida Citrus Bowl 31–28 vs. Auburn
Lloyd Carr

Northwestern
6–2
8–4
–
–
L Alamo Bowl 66–17 vs. Nebraska
Randy Walker

Purdue
6–2
8–4
#13
#13
L Rose Bowl 34–24 vs. Washington
Joe Tiller

2001

Illinois
7–1
10–2
#12
#12
L Sugar Bowl 47–34 vs. LSU
Ron Turner

2002

Iowa
8–0
11–2
#8
#8
L Orange Bowl 38–17 vs. USC
Kirk Ferentz

Ohio State*
8–0
14–0
#1
#1
W Fiesta Bowl 31–24 vs. Miami
Jim Tressel

2003

Michigan
7–1
10–3
#6
#7
L Rose Bowl 28–14 vs. USC
Lloyd Carr

2004

Iowa
7–1
10–2
#8
#8
W Capital One Bowl 30–25 vs. LSU
Kirk Ferentz

Michigan
7–1
9–3
#14
#12
L Rose Bowl 38–37 vs. Texas
Lloyd Carr

2005

Ohio State
7–1
10–2
#4
#4
W Fiesta Bowl 34–20 vs. Notre Dame
Jim Tressel

Penn State
7–1
11–1
#3
#3
W Orange Bowl 26–23 3OT vs. Florida State
Joe Paterno

2006

Ohio State
8–0
12–1
#2
#2
L BCS Championship Game 41–14 vs. Florida
Jim Tressel

2007

Ohio State
7–1
11–2
#5
#4
L BCS Championship Game 38–24 vs. LSU
Jim Tressel

2008

Ohio State
7–1
10–3
#9
#11
L Fiesta Bowl 24–21 vs. Texas
Jim Tressel

Penn State
7–1
11–2
#8
#8
L Rose Bowl 24-38 vs. USC
Joe Paterno

2009

Ohio State
7–1
11–2
#5
#5
W Rose Bowl 26–17 vs. Oregon
Jim Tressel

2010^

Michigan State
7–1
11–2
#14
#14
L Capital One Bowl 49–7 vs. Alabama
Mark Dantonio

Wisconsin
7–1
11–2
#7
#8
L Rose Bowl 21–19 vs. TCU
Bret Bielema

2011

Wisconsin
6–2
11–3
#10
#11
L Rose Bowl 45–38 vs. Oregon
Bret Bielema

2012

Wisconsin
4–4
8–6
–
–
L Rose Bowl 20–14 vs. Stanford
Bret Bielema

2013

Michigan State
8–0
13–1
#3
#3
W Rose Bowl 24–20 vs.  Stanford
Mark Dantonio

2014

Ohio State*
8–0
14–1
#1
#1
W CFP Semifinal at Sugar Bowl 42–35 vs. AlabamaW College Football Playoff National Championship 42–20 vs. Oregon
Urban Meyer

2015

Michigan State
7–1
12–2
#6
#6
L CFP Semifinal at Cotton Bowl 38–0 vs. Alabama
Mark Dantonio

2016

Penn State
8–1
11–3
#7
#7
L Rose Bowl 52–49 vs. USC
James Franklin

2017

Ohio State
8–1
12–2
#5
#5
W Cotton Bowl 24–7 vs. USC

Urban Meyer

text: Note: an asterisk (*) denotes a national championship for that season recognized by the College Football Data Warehouse.

text: ^ Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season and its share of the championship due to NCAA violations.

text: Championships by team[edit]

text:
Team
Big TenChampionships
Years

Michigan

42
1898, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1918, 1922, 1923, 1925, 1926, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1943, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1964, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2004

Ohio State

36^
1916, 1917, 1920, 1935, 1939, 1942, 1944, 1949, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2014, 2017

Minnesota

18
1900, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1915, 1927, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1960, 1967

Illinois

15
1910, 1914, 1915, 1918, 1919, 1923, 1927, 1928, 1946, 1951, 1953, 1963, 1983, 1990, 2001

Wisconsin

14
1896, 1897, 1901, 1906, 1912, 1952, 1959, 1962, 1993, 1998, 1999, 2010, 2011, 2012

Iowa

11
1900, 1921, 1922, 1956, 1958, 1960, 1981, 1985, 1990, 2002, 2004

Michigan State

9
1953, 1965, 1966, 1978, 1987, 1990, 2010, 2013, 2015

Northwestern

8
1903, 1926, 1930, 1931, 1936, 1995, 1996, 2000

Purdue

8
1918, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1943, 1952, 1967, 2000

Chicago

7
1899, 1905, 1907, 1908, 1913, 1922, 1924

Penn State

4
1994, 2005, 2008, 2016

Indiana

2
1945, 1967

Nebraska

0

Maryland

0

Rutgers

0

text: Italics indicate a school no longer competing in the Big Ten.

text: Bold indicates an outright conference championship.

text: ^ Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season and its share of the title.

text: Championships by head coach[edit]

text:
Head Coach
School
Big TenChampionships

Bo Schembechler

Michigan
13

Woody Hayes

Ohio State
13

Fielding H. Yost

Michigan
10

Henry L. Williams

Minnesota
8

Bernie Bierman

Minnesota
7

Amos Alonzo Stagg

Chicago
7

Robert Zuppke

Illinois
7

Jim Tressel

Ohio State
6^

Lloyd Carr

Michigan
5

Earle Bruce

Ohio State
4

Harry Kipke

Michigan
4

Barry Alvarez

Wisconsin
3

Bret Bielema

Wisconsin
3

John Cooper

Ohio State
3

Mark Dantonio*

Michigan State
3

Ray Eliot

Illinois
3

Forest Evashevski

Iowa
3

Hayden Fry

Iowa
3

Philip King

Wisconsin
3

Gary Moeller

Michigan
3

Bennie Oosterbaan

Michigan
3

Joe Paterno

Penn State
3

John Wilce

Ohio State
3

Gary Barnett

Northwestern
2

Milt Bruhn

Wisconsin
2

Fritz Crisler

Michigan
2

Duffy Daugherty

Michigan State
2

Kirk Ferentz*

Iowa
2

Dick Hanley

Northwestern
2

Howard Jones

Iowa
2

Noble Kizer

Purdue
2

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text:
^ Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season and their share of the championship
* Active Big Ten coach

text: College football portal


document_title: Prince of Wales

question_text: when was the title prince of wales created

root

text: Prince of Wales

text: Roles and responsibilities[edit]

text: The Prince of Wales is the heir apparent of the monarch of the United Kingdom. No formal public role or responsibility has been legislated by Parliament or otherwise delegated to him by law or custom, either as heir apparent or as Prince of Wales.

tag: p

text: The current Prince now often assists the Queen in the performance of her duties, for example, representing the Queen when welcoming dignitaries to London and attending State dinners during State visits. He has also represented the Queen and the United Kingdom overseas at state and ceremonial occasions such as state funerals.[2]

text: The Queen also has given the Prince of Wales the authority to issue royal warrants.

text: History[edit]

text: Welsh usage[edit]

text: For most of the post-Roman period, Wales was divided into several smaller states. Before the Norman conquest of England, the most powerful Welsh ruler at any given time was generally known as King of the Britons. In the 12th and 13th centuries, this title evolved into Prince of Wales (see Brut y Tywysogion). In Latin, the new title was Princeps Walliae, and in Welsh it was Tywysog Cymru. The literal translation of Tywysog is "leader" (compare the cognate Irish word taoiseach; the verb tywys means "to lead").

text: Only a handful of native princes had their claim to the overlordship of Wales recognised by the English Crown. The first known to have used such a title was Owain Gwynedd, adopting the title Prince of the Welsh around 1165 after earlier using rex Waliae ("King of Wales"). His grandson Llywelyn the Great is not known to have used the title "Prince of Wales" as such, although his use, from around 1230, of the style "Prince of Aberffraw, Lord of Snowdon" was tantamount to a proclamation of authority over most of Wales, and he did use the title "Prince of North Wales" as did his predecessor Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd.

text: In 1240, the title was theoretically inherited by his son Dafydd ap Llywelyn, though he is not known to have used it. Instead he styled himself as "Prince of Wales" around 1244, the first Welsh prince to do so. In 1246, his nephew Llywelyn ap Gruffudd succeeded to the throne of Gwynedd, and used the style as early as 1258. In 1267, with the signing of the Treaty of Montgomery, he was recognised by both King Henry III of England and the representative of the Papacy as Prince of Wales. In 1282, Llywelyn was killed during Edward I of England's invasion of Wales and although his brother Dafydd ap Gruffudd succeeded to the Welsh princeship, issuing documents as prince, his principality was not recognised by the English Crown.

text: Three Welshmen, however, claimed the title of Prince of Wales after 1283.

text: The first was Madog ap Llywelyn, a member of the House of Gwynedd, who led a nationwide revolt in 1294-5, defeating English forces in battle near Denbigh and seizing Caernarfon Castle. His revolt was suppressed, however, after the Battle of Maes Moydog in March 1295, and the prince was imprisoned in London.

text: In the 1370s, Owain Lawgoch ("Red Hand"), an English-born descendant of one of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's brothers, claimed the title of Prince of Wales, but was assassinated in France in 1378 before he could return to Wales to claim his inheritance.

text: It is Owain Glyndŵr, however, whom many Welsh people regard as having been the last native Prince. On 16 September 1400, he was proclaimed Prince of Wales by his supporters, and held parliaments at Harlech Castle and elsewhere during his revolt, which encompassed all of Wales. It was not until 1409 that his revolt in quest of Welsh independence was suppressed by Henry IV.

text: As title of heir apparent[edit]

text: The tradition of conferring the title "Prince of Wales" on the heir apparent of the monarch is usually considered to have begun in 1301, when King Edward I of England invested his son Edward of Caernarfon with the title at a Parliament held in Lincoln. According to legend, the king had promised the Welsh that he would name "a prince born in Wales, who did not speak a word of English" and then produced his infant son, who had been born at Caernarfon, to their surprise. However, the story may well be apocryphal, as it can only be traced to the 16th century, and, in the time of Edward I, the English aristocracy spoke Norman French, not English (some versions of the legend include lack of knowledge in both languages as a requirement, and one reported version has the very specific phrase "born on Welsh soil and speaking no other language").

text: William Camden wrote in his 1607 work Britannia that originally the title "Prince of Wales" was not conferred automatically upon the eldest living son of the King of England because Edward II (who had been the first English Prince of Wales) neglected to invest his eldest son, the future Edward III, with that title. It was Edward III who revived the practice of naming the eldest son Prince of Wales, which was then maintained by his successors:

text: But King Edward the Second conferred not upon his sonne Edward the title of Prince of Wales, but onely the name of Earle of Chester and of Flint, so farre as ever I could learne out of the Records, and by that title summoned him to Parliament, being then nine yeres old. King Edward the Third first created his eldest sonne Edward surnamed the Blacke Prince, the Mirour of Chivalrie (being then Duke of Cornwall and Earle of Chester), Prince of Wales by solemne investure, with a cap of estate and Coronet set on his head, a gold ring put upon his finger, and a silver vierge delivered into his hand, with the assent of Parliament.[3]

text: Nevertheless, according to conventional wisdom, since 1301 the Prince of Wales has usually been the eldest living son (if and only if he is also the heir apparent) of the King or Queen Regnant of England (subsequently of Great Britain, 1707, and of the United Kingdom, 1801). That he is also the heir apparent is important. Following the death of Prince Arthur, the Prince of Wales, Henry VII invested his second son, the future Henry VIII, with the title—although only after it was clear that Arthur's wife, Catherine of Aragon, was not pregnant; when Frederick, Prince of Wales died while his father reigned, George II created Frederick's son George (the king's grandson and new heir apparent) Prince of Wales. The title is not automatic and is not heritable; it merges into the Crown when a prince accedes to the throne, or lapses on his death leaving the sovereign free to re-grant it to the new heir apparent (such as the late prince's son or brother). Prince Charles was created Prince of Wales on 26 July 1958,[4] some six years after he became heir apparent, and had to wait another 11 years for his investiture, on 1 July 1969.[5]

text: The title Prince of Wales is nowadays always conferred along with the Earldom of Chester. The convention began in 1399; all previous Princes of Wales also received the earldom, but separately from the title of Prince. Indeed, before 1272 a hereditary and not necessarily royal Earldom of Chester had already been created several times, eventually merging in the Crown each time. The earldom was recreated, merging in the Crown in 1307 and again in 1327. Its creations since have been associated with the creations of the Prince of Wales.

text: On 31 October 1460,[6] Richard of York was briefly created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, Duke of Cornwall and Lord Protector of England by an Act of Parliament following the Act of Accord, as part of his arrangement to succeed Henry VI as king instead of Henry's own son.[7] However Richard was killed in battle soon afterwards.

text: Heraldic insignia and investiture[edit]

text: Insignia[edit]

text: As heir apparent to the reigning sovereign, the Prince of Wales bears the Royal Arms differenced by a white label of three points. To represent Wales he bears the Coat of Arms of the Principality of Wales, crowned with the heir apparent's crown, on an inescutcheon-en-surtout. This was first used by the future King Edward VIII in 1910, and followed by the current Prince of Wales, Prince Charles.[8]

text: He has a badge of three ostrich feathers (which can be seen on the reverse of the previous design for decimal British two pence coins dated up to 2008); it dates back to the Black Prince and is his as the English heir even before he is made Prince of Wales.

text: In addition to these symbols used most frequently, he has a special standard for use in Wales itself. Moreover, as Duke of Rothesay he has a special coat of arms for use in Scotland (and a corresponding standard); as Duke of Cornwall the like for use in the Duchy of Cornwall. Representations of all three may be found at List of British flags.

text: Investiture[edit]

text: Princes of Wales may be invested, but investiture is not necessary to be created Prince of Wales. Peers were also invested, but investitures for peers ceased in 1621, during a time when peerages were being created so frequently that the investiture ceremony became cumbersome and was replaced with Introduction. Most investitures for Princes of Wales were held in front of Parliament.

text: After falling into abeyance, the 20th century saw the practice of investing the Prince of Wales reintroduced. In 1911, the future Edward VIII underwent an investiture ceremony in Caernarfon Castle in Wales at the instigation of the Welsh politician David Lloyd George. Queen Elizabeth II's heir, the present Prince of Wales, was also invested there and underwent a similar ceremony in 1969.

text: In the ceremony (in its most recent form), during the reading of the letters patent creating the dignity, the Honours of the Principality of Wales are delivered to the prince.

text: The coronet of the heir apparent bears four crosses pattée alternating with four fleurs-de-lis, surmounted by a single arch (the Sovereign's crowns are of the same design, but use two arches). A gold rod is also used in the insignia; gold rods were formally used in the investitures of dukes, but survive now in the investitures of Princes of Wales only. Also part of the insignia are a ring, a sword and a robe.

text: Other titles[edit]

text: Since 1301 the title Earl of Chester has generally been granted to heirs apparent to the English throne, and from the late 14th century it has been given only in conjunction with that of Prince of Wales. Both titles must be created for each individual and are not automatically acquired. The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in medieval England extending principally over the counties of Cheshire and Flintshire.

text: A Prince of Wales also holds a number of additional titles. As heir apparent to the English/British throne he is—if the eldest living son of the monarch—Duke of Cornwall. As heir apparent to the Scottish throne he is Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland.

text: Individual princes have also held additional titles, which were theirs prior to becoming Prince of Wales. Before ascending the throne Henry VIII, Charles I and George V were each Duke of York. Prior to his father inheriting the English throne in 1603, the future Charles I was created Duke of Albany and Earl of Ross in Scotland. Both Prince Frederick (eldest son of George II) and his son Prince George (later George III) were Duke of Edinburgh.

text: Heir apparent versus heir presumptive[edit]

text: The title Prince of Wales is given only to the heir apparent—somebody who cannot be displaced in the succession to the throne by any future birth. The succession had followed male-preference primogeniture, which meant that the heir apparent was the eldest son of the reigning monarch or, if he was deceased, his eldest son and so on, or if the monarch's eldest son had died without issue, the monarch's second eldest son, etc. As such, a daughter of the sovereign who was next in line to the throne was never the heir apparent because she would be displaced in the succession by any future legitimate son of the sovereign.

text: Along with the other Commonwealth realms, the United Kingdom in 2011 committed to the Perth Agreement, which proposed changes to the laws governing succession, including altering the primogeniture to absolute cognatic.[9] The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 was introduced to the British parliament on 12 December 2012, published the next day, and received Royal Assent on 25 April 2013.[10] It was brought into force on 26 March 2015,[11] at the same time as the other realms implemented the Perth Agreement in their own laws.[12] No woman has yet held the title Princess of Wales in her own right.

text: Since the title of Prince of Wales is not automatic, there have been times when it was held by no one. There was no heir apparent during the reign of King George VI, who had no sons. Princess Elizabeth was heiress presumptive and was hence not titled Princess of Wales. There was also no Prince of Wales for the first several years of the reign of Elizabeth II. Prince Charles was not named Prince of Wales until 1958, when he was nine years old.

text: The title of Princess of Wales has always been held by the Prince's wife in her capacity as spouse of the heir apparent and therefore future queen consort. The current Princess of Wales is Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, who automatically assumed the title upon her legal marriage to Prince Charles. Camilla however has chosen not to be publicly known by the title due to its association with her predecessor, Diana.

text: List of Princes of Wales[edit]

text: Prince of Wales as independent title[edit]

text:
Person

Name

Heir of

Birth

Became Prince of Wales

Ceased to be Prince of Wales

Death

Dafydd ap Llywelyn
son of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth
c. April 1212
11 April 1240; first documented use in 1244
25 February 1246

Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
N/Ason of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
c. 1223
Succeeded Dafydd in 1246 as prince of Gwynedd; used title "prince of Wales" from 1258; recognised by Henry III 29 September 1267
11 December 1282killed in battle

Dafydd ap Gruffydd
brother of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
c. 1238
11 December 1282
3 October 1283executed at Shrewsbury

tag: table

text: Prince of Wales as title of English or British heir apparent[edit]

text:
Person

Name

Heir of

Birth

Became heir-apparent

Created Prince of Wales

Ceased to be Prince of Wales

Death

Edward of Carnarvon
Edward I
25 April 1284
19 August 1284
7 February 1301[13]
7 July 1307acceded to throne as Edward II
21 September 1327

Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince
Edward III
15 June 1330
12 May 1343[13]
8 June 1376deceased

Richard of Bordeaux
6 January 1367
8 June 1376
20 November 1376[13]
22 June 1377acceded to throne as Richard II
14 February 1400

Henry of Monmouth
Henry IV
16 September 1387
30 September 1399
15 October 1399[13]
21 March 1413acceded to throne as Henry V
31 August 1422

Edward of Westminster
Henry VI
13 October 1453
15 March 1454[13]
11 April 1471father deposed
4 May 1471deceased

Edward of York
Edward IV
4 November 1470
11 April 1471
26 June 1471[13]
9 April 1483acceded to throne as Edward V
1483?

Edward of Middleham
Richard III
1473
26 June 1483
24 August 1483[13]
31 March or9 April 1484deceased

Arthur Tudor
Henry VII
20 September 1486
29 November 1489[13]
2 April 1502deceased

Henry Tudor
28 June 1491
2 April 1502
18 February 1504[13]
21 April 1509acceded to throne as Henry VIII
28 January 1547

Edward Tudor
Henry VIII
12 October 1537
–[13]
28 January 1547acceded to throne as Edward VI
6 July 1553

Henry Frederick Stuart
James I
19 February 1594
24 March 1603
4 June 1610[13]
6 November 1612deceased

Charles Stuart
19 November 1600
6 November 1612
4 November 1616[13]
27 March 1625acceded to throne as Charles I
30 January 1649

Charles Stuart
Charles I
29 May 1630
declared c. 1638–1641[13]
30 January 1649title abolished; later (1660) acceded to throne as Charles II
6 February 1685

James Francis Edward Stuart
James II
10 June 1688
c. 4 July 1688[13]
11 December 1688father deposed
1 January 1766

George Augustus
George I
10 November 1683
1 August 1714
27 September 1714[13]
11 June 1727acceded to throne as George II
25 October 1760

Frederick Louis
George II
1 February 1707
11 June 1727
8 January 1729[13]
31 March 1751deceased

George William Frederick
4 June 1738
31 March 1751
20 April 1751[13]
25 October 1760acceded to throne as George III
29 January 1820

George Augustus Frederick
George III
12 August 1762
19 August 1762[13]
29 January 1820acceded to throne as George IV
26 June 1830

Albert Edward
Victoria
9 November 1841
8 December 1841[13]
22 January 1901acceded to throne as Edward VII
6 May 1910

George Frederick Ernest Albert
Edward VII
3 June 1865
22 January 1901
9 November 1901[14]
6 May 1910acceded to throne as George V
20 January 1936

Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David
George V
23 June 1894
6 May 1910
23 June 1910[13]
20 January 1936acceded to throne as Edward VIII;later (1937) Duke of Windsor
28 May 1972

Charles Philip Arthur George
Elizabeth II
14 November 1948
6 February 1952
26 July 1958
Incumbent

text: The longest-serving Prince of Wales is the title's current holder, Queen Elizabeth II's son Charles. He is also the longest-serving heir apparent in British history.[15]


document_title: Frequency

question_text: what is the si unit of time period

question_tokens: what is the si unit of time period

text: Frequency

text: Definitions[edit]

text:
For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, frequency is defined as a number of cycles per unit time. In physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter

ν

{\displaystyle \nu }

 or ν (nu) (see e.g. Planck's formula).

text:
The relation between the frequency and the period

T

{\displaystyle T}

 of a repeating event or oscillation is given by

text: Units[edit]

text: The SI derived unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz), named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz. One hertz means that an event repeats once per second. A previous name for this unit was cycles per second (cps). The SI unit for period is the second.

text: A traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. 60 rpm equals one hertz.[3]

text: Period versus frequency[edit]

text: As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, tend to be described by wave period rather than frequency. Short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. These commonly used conversions are listed below:

text:
Frequency

1 mHz (10−3 Hz)

1 Hz (100 Hz)

1 kHz (103 Hz)

1 MHz (106 Hz)

1 GHz (109 Hz)

1 THz (1012 Hz)

Period

1 ks (103 s)

1 s (100 s)

1 ms (10−3 s)

1 µs (10−6 s)

1 ns (10−9 s)

1 ps (10−12 s)

text: Related types of frequency[edit]

text: Angular frequency, usually denoted by the Greek letter ω (omega), is defined as the rate of change of angular displacement, θ, (during rotation), or the rate of change of the phase of a sinusoidal waveform (notably in oscillations and waves), or as the rate of change of the argument to the sine function:

tag: ul

text: Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the time axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. E.g.:

text: In wave propagation [edit]

text: For periodic waves in nondispersive media (that is, media in which the wave speed is independent of frequency), frequency has an inverse relationship to the wavelength, λ (lambda). Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a sinusoidal wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave:

text: In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes:

text: When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their frequency remains the same—only their wavelength and speed change.

text: Measurement[edit]

text: Measurement of frequency can done in the following ways,

text: Counting[edit]

text: Calculating the frequency of a repeating event is accomplished by counting the number of times that event occurs within a specific time period, then dividing the count by the length of the time period. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is:

text:
If the number of counts is not very large, it is more accurate to measure the time interval for a predetermined number of occurrences, rather than the number of occurrences within a specified time.[4]  The latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an average error in the calculated frequency of

Δ
f
=

1

2

T

m

{\displaystyle \Delta f={\frac {1}{2T_{m}}}}

, or a fractional error of

Δ
f

f

=

1

2
f

T

m

{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta f}{f}}={\frac {1}{2fT_{m}}}}

 where

T

m

{\displaystyle T_{m}}

 is the timing interval and

f

{\displaystyle f}

 is the measured frequency. This error decreases with frequency, so it is generally a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small.

text: Stroboscope[edit]

text: An older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope. This is an intense repetitively flashing light (strobe light) whose frequency can be adjusted with a calibrated timing circuit. The strobe light is pointed at the rotating object and the frequency adjusted up and down. When the frequency of the strobe equals the frequency of the rotating or vibrating object, the object completes one cycle of oscillation and returns to its original position between the flashes of light, so when illuminated by the strobe the object appears stationary. Then the frequency can be read from the calibrated readout on the stroboscope. A downside of this method is that an object rotating at an integral multiple of the strobing frequency will also appear stationary.

text: Frequency counter[edit]

text: Higher frequencies are usually measured with a frequency counter. This is an electronic instrument which measures the frequency of an applied repetitive electronic signal and displays the result in hertz on a digital display. It uses digital logic to count the number of cycles during a time interval established by a precision quartz time base. Cyclic processes that are not electrical in nature, such as the rotation rate of a shaft, mechanical vibrations, or sound waves, can be converted to a repetitive electronic signal by transducers and the signal applied to a frequency counter. Frequency counters can currently cover the range up to about 100 GHz. This represents the limit of direct counting methods; frequencies above this must be measured by indirect methods.

text: Heterodyne methods[edit]

text: Above the range of frequency counters, frequencies of electromagnetic signals are often measured indirectly by means of heterodyning (frequency conversion). A reference signal of a known frequency near the unknown frequency is mixed with the unknown frequency in a nonlinear mixing device such as a diode. This creates a heterodyne or "beat" signal at the difference between the two frequencies.  If the two signals are close together in frequency the heterodyne is low enough to be measured by a frequency counter. This process only measures the difference between the unknown frequency and the reference frequency. To reach higher frequencies, several stages of heterodyning can be used. Current research is extending this method to infrared and light frequencies (optical heterodyne detection).

text: Examples[edit]

text: Light[edit]

text: Visible light is an electromagnetic wave, consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields traveling through space. The frequency of the wave determines its color: 7014400000000000000♠4×1014 Hz is red light, 7014800000000000000♠8×1014 Hz is violet light, and between these (in the range 4-7014800000000000000♠8×1014 Hz) are all the other colors of the visible spectrum. An electromagnetic wave can have a frequency less than 7014400000000000000♠4×1014 Hz, but it will be invisible to the human eye; such waves are called infrared (IR) radiation. At even lower frequency, the wave is called a microwave, and at still lower frequencies it is called a radio wave. Likewise, an electromagnetic wave can have a frequency higher than 7014800000000000000♠8×1014 Hz, but it will be invisible to the human eye; such waves are called ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Even higher-frequency waves are called X-rays, and higher still are gamma rays.

text: All of these waves, from the lowest-frequency radio waves to the highest-frequency gamma rays, are fundamentally the same, and they are all called electromagnetic radiation. They all travel through a vacuum at the same speed (the speed of light), giving them wavelengths inversely proportional to their frequencies.

text: where c is the speed of light (c in a vacuum, or less in other media), f is the frequency and λ is the wavelength.

text: In dispersive media, such as glass, the speed depends somewhat on frequency, so the wavelength is not quite inversely proportional to frequency.

text: Sound[edit]

text: Sound propagates as mechanical vibration waves of pressure and displacement, in air or other substances.[5]. In general, frequency components of a sound determine its "color", its timbre. When speaking about the frequency (in singular) of a sound, it means the property that most determines pitch.[6]

text: The frequencies an ear can hear are limited to a specific range of frequencies.  The audible frequency range for humans is typically given as being between about 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz (20 kHz), though the high frequency limit usually reduces with age. Other species have different hearing ranges. For example, some dog breeds can perceive vibrations up to 60,000 Hz.[7]

text: In many media, such as air, the speed of sound is approximately independent of frequency, so the wavelength of the sound waves (distance between repetitions) is approximately inversely proportional to frequency.

text: Line current[edit]

text: In Europe, Africa, Australia, Southern South America, most of Asia, and Russia, the frequency of the alternating current in household electrical outlets is 50 Hz (close to the tone G), whereas in North America and Northern South America, the frequency of the alternating current in household electrical outlets is 60 Hz (between the tones B♭ and B; that is, a minor third above the European frequency). The frequency of the 'hum' in an audio recording can show where the recording was made, in countries using a European, or an American, grid frequency.