document_title: Opening statement

question_text: who makes the first opening statement in a jury trial

text: Opening statement

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: An opening statement is generally the first occasion that the trier of fact (jury or judge) has to hear from a lawyer in a trial, aside possibly from questioning during voir dire.  The opening statement is generally constructed to serve as a "road map" for the fact-finder.  This is especially essential, in many jury trials, since jurors (at least theoretically) know nothing at all about the case before the trial, (or if they do, they are strictly instructed by the judge to put preconceived notions aside).   Though such statements may be dramatic and vivid, they must be limited to the evidence reasonably expected to be presented during the trial.  Attorneys generally conclude opening statements with a reminder that at the conclusion of evidence, the attorney will return to ask the fact-finder to find in his or her client's favor.

text: Opening statements are, in theory, not allowed to be argumentative, or suggest the inferences that fact-finders should draw from the evidence they will hear.  In actual practice, the line between statement and argument is often unclear and many attorneys will infuse at least a little argumentation into their opening (often prefacing borderline arguments with some variation on the phrase, "As we will show you...").  Objections, though permissible during opening statements, are very unusual, and by professional courtesy are usually reserved only for egregious conduct.

text: Generally, the prosecution in a criminal case and plaintiff in a civil case is the first to offer an opening statement, and defendants go second.  Defendants are also allowed the option of delaying their opening statement until after the close of the prosecution or plaintiff's case.  Few take this option, however, so as not to allow the other party's argument to stand uncontradicted for so long.

text: The techniques of opening statements are taught in courses on trial advocacy.[1]  The opening statement is integrated with the overall case strategy through either a theme and theory or, with more advanced strategies, a line of effort.[2] Specific tactics that can be incorporated in an opening statement are audio-visual elements, a clear overview of the coming presentation, and using deposition testimony to highlight key information they can expect of upcoming witnesses.[3]


document_title: Georgia gubernatorial election, 2018

question_text: who is running for governor in georgia republican

root

text: Georgia gubernatorial election, 2018

text: Republican primary[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Advanced to Runoff[edit]

text:
Casey Cagle, Lieutenant Governor of Georgia[1]
Brian Kemp, Secretary of State of Georgia[2]

tag: ul

text: Defeated in primary[edit]

text:
Hunter Hill, former State Senator[3]
Clay Tippins, consulting firm executive and retired Navy SEAL[4]
Michael Williams, State Senator[5]

text: Withdrew[edit]

text: Marc Alan Urbach, journalist, former teacher and write-in candidate for President of the United States in 2016[6][7]

text: Declined[edit]

text:
Nick Ayers, political strategist[8][9]
Burt Jones, State Senator[10][11]
Josh McKoon, State Senator (running for Secretary of State)[12][13]
David Perdue, U.S. Senator[14][10][15]
Sonny Perdue, United States Secretary of Agriculture and former Governor[16][14][10]
Tom Price, former United States Secretary of Health and Human Services[17][14]
David Ralston, Speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives[18][19]
Lynn Westmoreland, former U.S. Representative[20][10][21]

text: Endorsements[edit]

text:
showCasey Cagle

U.S. Senators

Saxby Chambliss (former)[22]

U.S. Representatives

Phil Gingrey (former)[22]
Jack Kingston (former)[22]
Lindsay Thomas (former)[23]
Lynn Westmoreland (former)[24]

State Senators

John Albers, State Senator[25]
C. Ellis Black, State Senator[23]
Jack Hill, State Senator[23]
Chuck Hufstetler, State Senator[26]
Jeff Mullis, State Senator[26]
Jesse Stone, State Senator[23]
Ben Watson, State Senator[23]
Tim Golden, former State Senator[23]

State Representatives

John Deffenbaugh, State Representative[26]
Dewayne Hill, State Representative[26]
Ron Stephens, State Representative[23]

Organizations

National Rifle Association[27]

tag: table

text:
showHunter Hill

U.S. Senators

Ted Cruz, United States Senator from Texas[28]

State Representatives

Michael Caldwell, State Representative[29]
Wes Cantrell, State Representative[30]

text:
showBrian Kemp

U.S Representatives

Bob Barr, former U.S. Representative[31]

State politicians

Ralph Hudgens, Georgia Insurance Commissioner[31]

text:
showClay Tippins

State Representatives

Allen Peake, State Representative[32]

text:
showMichael Williams

Individuals

Duane Chapman, better known as "Dog the Bounty Hunter"[33]
Darrell C. Scott, co-founder, National Diversity Coalition for Trump[34]
Roger Stone, political consultant and Donald Trump advisor[35]

text: First Round[edit]

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Casey
Cagle
Hunter
Hill
Brian
Kemp
Clay
Tippins
Michael
Williams
Other
Undecided

Opinion Savvy
May 15–16, 2018
515
± 4.3%
31%
14%
20%
12%
5%
4%
15%

SurveyUSA
May 10–15, 2018
558
± 5.1%
35%
10%
17%
8%
3%
–
27%

University of Georgia
April 19–26, 2018
507
± 4.4%
41%
9%
10%
4%
3%
1%[36]
33%

Meeting Street Research (R-Citizens for Georgia’s Future)
March 1 and 3–4, 2018
500
± 4.4%
38%
10%
10%
3%
2%
3%[37]
35%

Clarion Research (R-Hill)
March 2–3, 2018
547
± 4.5%
48%
21%
15%
8%
7%
–
–

Mason-Dixon
February 20–23, 2018
500
± 4.5%
27%
11%
13%
12%
5%
1%[38]
31%

Meeting Street Research (R-Citizens for Georgia’s Future)
February 6–7, 2018
500
± 4.4%
31%
7%
12%
5%
2%
3%
40%

The Wickers Group (R-Kemp)
October 21–24, 2017
400
± 4.5%
34%
1%
13%
0%
1%
–
48%

Landmark/RosettaStone
October 16–17, 2017
800
± 3.5%
35%
9%
7%
1%
4%
–
44%

McLaughlin & Associates (R-Cagle)
September 28 – October 1, 2017
600
± 4.0%
41%
4%
12%
2%
3%
–
39%

text: Results[edit]

text:
Republican primary results

Party
Candidate
Votes
%

Republican
Casey Cagle
236,498
39.0

Republican
Brian Kemp
154,913
25.5

Republican
Hunter Hill
111,207
18.3

Republican
Clay Tippins
74,053
12.2

Republican
Michael Williams
29,544
4.9

Republican
Eddie Hayes
739
0.1

Total votes
606,215
100

text: Runoff[edit]

text: Polling[edit]

text: Results[edit]

text:
Republican primary runoff results

Party
Candidate
Votes
%

Republican
Casey Cagle

Republican
Brian Kemp

Total votes

100

text: Democratic primary[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Nominated[edit]

text: Stacey Abrams, former State Representative and former Minority Leader of the Georgia House of Representatives[39]

text: Declared[edit]

text: Stacey Evans, former State Representative[40]

text: Declined[edit]

text:
John Barrow, former U.S. Representative (running for Secretary of State)[41][14][10][42]
Jason Carter, former State Senator, nominee for Governor in 2014 and grandson of former President Jimmy Carter[14][43]
Kasim Reed, former Mayor of Atlanta[44][45][46]
Teresa Tomlinson, Mayor of Columbus[47][48]
Sally Yates, former U.S. Deputy Attorney General[49][50][51][52]

text: Endorsements[edit]

text:
showStacey Abrams

Federal politicians

Cory Booker, U.S. Senator (D-NJ)[53]
Kamala Harris, U.S. Senator (D-CA)[54]
Hank Johnson, U.S Representative (D-GA)
John Lewis, U.S. Representative (D-GA) and prominent civil rights movement leader[55]
Bernie Sanders, U.S. Senator (I-VT)[56]
David Scott, U.S Representative (D-GA)[57]

Statewide and local politicians

Kimberly Alexander, State Representative[58]
Tonya Anderson, State Senator[58]
Debra Bazemore, State Representative[58]
Sharon Beasley-Teague, State Representative[58]
Karen Bennett, State Representative[58]
Darrel Bush Ealum, State Representative[58]
Rhonda Burnough, State Representative[58]
Park Cannon, State Representative[58]
Gail Davenport, State Senator[58]
Pam Dickerson, State Representative[58]
Gloria Frazier, State Representative[58]
Carl Gilliard, State Representative[58]
J. Craig Gordon, State Representative[58]
Ed Harbison, State Senator[58]
Carolyn Hugley, State Representative[58]
Brenda Lopez, State Representative[58]
Pedro Marin, State Representative[58]
Dewey McClain, State Representative[58]
Howard Mosby, State Representative[58]
Nan Orrock, State Senator[58]
Miriam Paris, State Representative[58]
Sam Park, State Representative[58]
Dexter Sharper, State Representative[58]
Pam Stephenson, State Representative[58]
Al Williams, State Representative[58]
Andrew Gillum, Mayor of Tallahassee, Florida; candidate for Governor in 2018[59]

Individuals

Hillary Rodham Clinton, 2016 Democratic Nominee for President, former US Secretary of State, former United States Senator (NY), former First Lady
Wendy Davis, former Texas State Senator and nominee for Governor in Texas in 2014[60]
Valerie Jarrett, former Director of the Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs[61]
Jason Kander, former Missouri Secretary of State and nominee for U.S Senate in Missouri in 2016[62]
Rev. Joseph Lowery, prominent civil movement leader and United Methodist Church minister[63]
Nina Turner, president of Our Revolution and former Ohio State Senator[64]

Labor unions

American Federation of Government Employees District 5[65]
Building and Construction Trades Department, AFL–CIO[66]
Georgia Association of Educators[67]
Georgia State AFL-CIO[68][69]
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 613[66]
International Union of Operating Engineers Local 926[66]
International Union of Painters and Allied Trades District Council 77[70]
Southeast Council of Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union[71]

Organizations

Americans for Responsible Solutions/GiffordsPAC[72]
Democracy for America[73]
EMILY's List[74]
Higher Heights for America[75]
Let America Vote[76]
Mijentes, a digital and grassroots group for Latino and Chicano movement building and organizing[77]
Moveon.org[78]
NARAL Pro-Choice America[79]
Our Revolution[80]
Planned Parenthood Action Fund[81]
The Working Families Party[82]

Websites and newspapers

Daily Kos[83]

text:
showStacey Evans

Federal politicians

Max Cleland, former U.S. Senator (D-GA)[84]
Buddy Darden, former U.S. Representative[40]

Statewide Politicians

Roy Barnes, former Governor[85]

State Legislators

LaDawn Blackett Jones, former State Representative[86]
Roger Bruce, State Representative[87]
David Dreyer, State Representative[87]
Virgil Fludd, former State Representative[87]
Vincent Fort, former State Senator[88]
Spencer Frye, State Representative[87]
Sheila Jones, State Representative[87]
Dar'shun Kendrick, State Representative[87]
Ronnie Mabra, former State Representative[40]
Elena Parent, State Senator[87]
Michael Rhett, State Senator[87]
Michael Smith, State Representative[87]
Erica Thomas, State Representative[87]
Keisha Waites, State Representative[87]
Earnest "Coach" Williams, State Representative[87]

Local politicians

Sherry Boston, DeKalb County District Attorney[89]

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Stacey
Abrams
Stacey
Evans
Undecided

Opinion Savvy
May 15–16, 2018
522
± 4.3%
58%
19%
23%

SurveyUSA
May 10–15, 2018
475
± 6.2%
43%
24%
33%

20-20 Insight (D-Evans)
May 9–15, 2018
433
± 5.4%
42%
34%
25%

University of Georgia
April 12–18, 2018
473
± 4.5%
33%
15%
52%

Mason-Dixon
February 20–23, 2018
500
± 4.5%
29%
17%
54%

text: Results[edit]

text:
Democratic primary results

Party
Candidate
Votes
%

Democratic
Stacey Abrams
423,163
76.5

Democratic
Stacey Evans
129,727
23.5

Total votes
553,397
100

text: Libertarian primary[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Declared[edit]

text: Ted Metz, Chair of the Libertarian Party of Georgia[90]

text: Withdrew[edit]

text: Doug Craig, former Chair of the Libertarian Party of Georgia[91][10][92]

text: General election[edit]

text: Predictions[edit]

text:
Source
Ranking
As of

The Cook Political Report[93]
104 !Solid R
August 7, 2017

Rothenberg Political Report[94]
103 !Likely R
November 10, 2017

Sabato's Crystal Ball[95]
103 !Likely R
November 14, 2017

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Casey
Cagle (R)
Stacey
Abrams (D)
Undecided

SurveyUSA
May 10–15, 2018
2,339
± 3.5%
46%
41%
14%

Mason-Dixon
February 20–23, 2018
625
± 4.0%
45%
39%
16%

text:
Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Brian
Kemp (R)
Stacey
Abrams (D)
Undecided

Mason-Dixon
February 20–23, 2018
625
± 4.0%
37%
40%
23%

text:
[show]
Hypothetical polling

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Clay
Tippins (R)
Stacey
Abrams (D)
Undecided

Mason-Dixon
February 20–23, 2018
625
± 4.0%
40%
41%
19%

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Hunter
Hill (R)
Stacey
Abrams (D)
Undecided

Mason-Dixon
February 20–23, 2018
625
± 4.0%
37%
43%
20%

with Stacey Evans

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Casey
Cagle (R)
Stacey
Evans (D)
Undecided

SurveyUSA
May 10–15, 2018
2,339
± 3.5%
45%
41%
13%

Mason-Dixon
February 20–23, 2018
625
± 4.0%
47%
38%
15%

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Brian
Kemp (R)
Stacey
Evans (D)
Undecided

Mason-Dixon
February 20–23, 2018
625
± 4.0%
42%
39%
19%

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Clay
Tippins (R)
Stacey
Evans (D)
Undecided

Mason-Dixon
February 20–23, 2018
625
± 4.0%
41%
38%
21%

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Hunter
Hill (R)
Stacey
Evans (D)
Undecided

Mason-Dixon
February 20–23, 2018
625
± 4.0%
35%
36%
29%

with Casey Cagle

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Casey
Cagle (R)
Jason
Carter (D)
Undecided

Public Policy Polling
May 27–30, 2016
724
± 3.6%
40%
39%
21%

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Casey
Cagle (R)
Kasim
Reed (D)
Undecided

Public Policy Polling
May 27–30, 2016
724
± 3.6%
46%
33%
21%

with Brian Kemp

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Brian
Kemp (R)
Jason
Carter (D)
Undecided

Public Policy Polling
May 27–30, 2016
724
± 3.6%
38%
40%
22%

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Brian
Kemp (R)
Kasim
Reed (D)
Undecided

Public Policy Polling
May 27–30, 2016
724
± 3.6%
43%
33%
24%


document_title: The Blacklist (season 5)

question_text: the blacklist season 5 episode 11 release date

text: The Blacklist (season 5)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
James Spader as Raymond "Red" Reddington
Megan Boone as Elizabeth Keen
Diego Klattenhoff as Donald Ressler
Ryan Eggold as Tom Keen
Harry Lennix as Harold Cooper
Amir Arison as Aram Mojtabai
Mozhan Marnò as Samar Navabi
Hisham Tawfiq as Dembe Zuma

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Blacklist
guide
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

90
1
"Smokey Putnum"
No. 30
Bill Roe
Jon Bokenkamp & John Eisendrath
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)
6.39[3]

Following Mr. Kaplan's death, Reddington's criminal empire is in ruins and enlists newly discovered daughter Liz Keen to help him build it back up by finding the next blacklister named Smokey Putnum. Meanwhile, Ressler puts himself in an awkward position following Hitchin's death. Aram and Samar's romance escalates. Also, Tom Keen returns with a mysterious briefcase with a skeleton in it.

91
2
"Greyson Blaise"
No. 37
Don Thorin
Lukas Reiter & Jon Bokenkamp
October 4, 2017 (2017-10-04)
5.87[4]

Reddington enlists Liz and the task force to track down a blacklister named Greyson Blaise, a self-made billionaire who moonlights as a high-end thief to help Reddingtion with his crumbled empire. Meanwhile, Tom hits roadblocks when trying to identify the remains in the suitcase without Liz or Reddington finding out.

92
3
"Miss Rebecca Thrall"
No. 76
Adam Weisinger
Jonathan Shapiro & Taylor Martin
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
5.79[5]

Reddington enlists help from Tom to establish a plan to help rebuild his criminal empire. Meanwhile, the task force investigates a series of suspicious police shootings and tracks down a blacklister named Rebecca Thrall who encourages police officers to do such crimes.

93
4
"The Endling"
No. 44
Michael Watkins
Noah Schechter
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
5.46[6]

Liz and the task force investigates a blacklister who is trying to destroy the world to get to her ailing son to seek treatment. Meanwhile, Reddington seeks an opportunity to regain revenue for his criminal empire. Also, Tom hits a major roadblock when identifying the remains. Nick, after helping Red and Liz with a medical procedure for The Endling and determining that he never wants to be contacted again by either Red or Liz, is killed and the suitcase with the remains, is taken.

94
5
"Ilyas Surkov"
No. 54
Kurt Kuenne
Brandon Margolis & Brandon Sonnier
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
5.23[7]

Liz and the task force collide with the CIA when tracking down a blacklister who is an international terrorist, but Cooper finds out that the ones that have identified themselves as CIA are imposters. Meanwhile, Reddington sets out on a new business venture while working on Nick's murder. Also, Tom sets out on a new quest to discover information on the remains in the suitcase. Aram requests Cooper for his operational training. Reddington traces a connection with the suitcase to Tom.

95
6
"The Travel Agency"
No. 90
Terrence O'Hara
Carla Kettner
November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)
5.25[8]

Cooper enlists help from Reddington on a personal mission. Meanwhile, Ressler is acting Director and leads the task force into a blacklister who are former murder for hire gang. Also, Tom continues his quest in into the remains in the suitcase, but runs into Red who knows he has it. After closing an emotional case, Liz decides that she wants to marry Tom and they rush to the courthouse.

96
7
"The Kilgannon Corporation"
No. 48
Jean de Segonzac
Lukas Reiter
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
5.04[9]

After dozens of immigrants die off the Carolina coast, Reddington and the task force put Dembe undercover to stop a human smuggling operation. When Red confronts the elder Kilgannon about the deaths and the conditions, he then confronts his son about and the clash is fatal. This later complicates Dembe, putting him in a life or death situation as the task forces loses track of him. Tom is tracking whom he believes killed Nick as they were involved in trying to figure out the contents of the suitcase and discovers that there are others at play. Tom's life is put at risk when others discover the suitcase and that it's important to Reddington.

97
8
"Ian Garvey"
No. 13
Bill Roe
John Eisendrath & Jon Bokenkamp
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
5.89[10]

Tom finds trouble while searching for answers in both Nick's death and the infamous suitcase mystery, as the task force searches for him. Tom's desperate escape reunites him with Red and they escape momentarily. Liz gets pulled into the middle of the tug of war over the contents of the suitcase which leaves her and Tom hospitalized, having fought for their lives. After being in a coma for 10 months, Liz wakes up while Reddington is reading to her, and, when asked, he informs her that Tom died from his injuries.

98
9
"Ruin"
N/A
Michael Caracciolo
Sean Hennen
January 3, 2018 (2018-01-03)
6.02[11]

Liz escapes to a cabin in Alaska living under an alias to mourn Tom's death. She leaves Agnes in the care of an exonerated Scottie Hargrave. During an ice storm she finds a critically injured man in the woods and soon after four other men arrive claiming they were all in a plane crash. Instantly sensing trouble, Liz is forced into a cat and mouse game to survive and save the injured man who turns out to be a federally protected witness. After killing the four men, Liz returns to her home leaving no trace of herself in Alaska. Returning to Red she tells him she only wants revenge for Tom's death.

99
10
"The Informant"
No. 118
Paul Holahan
Noah Schechter
January 10, 2018 (2018-01-10)
6.16[12]

Liz comes out of hiding to continue her quest to find Tom’s killers. Meanwhile, Reddington directs the task force to find a blacklister with classified and sensitive information. Prescot is killed. Liz learns more about Nik and Tom.

100
11
"Abraham Stern"
No. 100
Andrew McCarthy
Story by: Dave Metzger & Jon Bokenkamp & John Eisendrath
Teleplay by: Jon Bokenkamp & John Eisendrath
January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)
6.49[13]

As Reddington begins his quest for a legendary treasure, he is robbed of an antique penny. Reddington steers the task force into tracking down a blacklister known for manipulating and stealing priceless treasures. Meanwhile, Liz looks into old cases when tracking down Tom’s killers.

101
12
"The Cook"
No. 56
Solvan "Slick" Naim
Peter Noah
January 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)
6.11[14]

Liz continues to search for clues into finding Tom’s killers with Reddington’s help. Meanwhile, the task force is forced to work with a former arsonist to catch another arsonist.

102
13
"The Invisible Hand"
No. 63
Andrew McCarthy
Jonathan Shapiro & Lukas Reiter
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
6.35[15]

Reddington pushes the task force into finding a group of blacklisters named: “The Invisible Hand,” a group of people who kill victims and leave them abandoned in the Woods. Meanwhile, Reddington lends a hand to an old associate and Liz discovers a secret into Tom’s investigation.

103
14
"Mr. Raleigh Sinclair III"
No. 51
Christine Gee
Kelli Johnson
February 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)
5.68[16]

104
15
"Pattie Sue Edwards"[17]
TBA
TBA
TBA
March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
TBD

105
16
"The Capricorn Killer"[18]
TBA
TBA
TBA
March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)
TBD

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Ratings/Share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
18–49
DVR Viewers
(millions)
Total
18–49
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Smokey Putnum (No. 30)"
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)
1.1/4
6.39[3]
0.8
3.322
1.9
9.710[19]

2
"Greyson Blaise (No. 37)"
October 4, 2017 (2017-10-04)
1.0/4
5.87[4]
0.7
3.221
1.7
9.093[20]

3
"Miss Rebecca Thrall (No. 76)"
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
1.0/4
5.79[5]
0.7
3.047
1.7
8.839[21]

4
"The Endling (No. 44)"
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
0.9/3
5.46[6]
0.8
3.102
1.7
8.565[22]

5
"Ilyas Surkov (No. 54)"
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
0.8/3
5.23[7]
0.7
3.061
1.5
8.292[23]

6
"The Travel Agency (No. 90)"
November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)
0.9/3
5.25[8]
0.7
2.855
1.5
8.015[24]

7
"The Kilgannon Corporation (No. 48)"
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
0.9/3
5.04[9]
N/A
3.130
N/A
8.171[25]

8
"Ian Garvey (No. 13)"
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
0.9/4
5.89[10]
0.7
2.903
1.6
8.796[26]

9
"Ruin"
January 3, 2018 (2018-01-03)
1.0/4
6.02[11]
N/A
2.951
N/A
8.975[27]

10
"The Informant (No. 118)"
January 10, 2018 (2018-01-10)
1.0/4
6.16[12]
0.8
3.216
1.8
9.372[28]

11
"Abraham Stern (No. 100)"
January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)
1.1/4
6.49[13]
0.7
3.029
1.8
9.517[29]

12
"The Cook (No. 56)"
January 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)
1.0/4
6.11[14]
0.9
3.248
1.9
9.350[30]

13
"The Invisible Hand (No. 63)"
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
1.0/4
6.35[15]
0.7
3.032
1.7
9.384[31]

14
"Mr. Raleigh Sinclair III"
February 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)

15
"Pattie Sue Edwards"
March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)

16
"The Capricorn Killer"
March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)


document_title: Boruto: Naruto Next Generations

question_text: when did the first episode of boruto come out

text: Boruto: Naruto Next Generations

text: Plot[edit]

text: Years later after the Fourth Great Ninja War, Naruto Uzumaki achieves his dream of becoming the Seventh Hokage, after he and Hinata Hyuga married, and now oversees a new generation in the Ninja World. They have two children: Boruto and Himawari. Boruto has become part of a ninja team led by Naruto's protege Konohamaru Sarutobi, along with Sasuke Uchiha and Sakura Haruno's daughter Sarada, and Orochimaru's artificial son Mitsuki. Boruto meets Sasuke, when he returns to the village to warn Naruto about the impending threat. Boruto manages to convince Sasuke to teach him for the upcoming Chunin Exam. During the exam Momoshiki and Kinshiki Ōtsutsuki, the figures whom Sasuke met, appear and abduct Naruto, so they can use Kurama, a creature sealed inside his body, to revitalize the dying Shinju from the dimension which they came from.

tag: p

text: Boruto joins up with Sasuke and the Five Kages. When they arrive in the other dimension to save Naruto, Momoshiki turns Kinshiki into a chakra fruit and he ingests it in order to become stronger than Boruto and others. Aided by Naruto and Sasuke, Boruto is able to defeat Momoshiki. Though dying, noting his killer's untapped potential, Momoshiki lives long enough to have a private discussion with Boruto and warns him that he soon will face much tribulation later on in his life. As Sasuke interrogates a criminal who knows of Boruto's mark, he reveals to Naruto and his underlings there is a group called "The Husk" (殻, Kara) that are searching for people with marks.

text: Production[edit]

text: A countdown website was used under the name of "Next Generation" in order to promote the new manga. After its ending in December 2015, it was announced Boruto: Naruto Next Generations's serialization.[1] Masashi Kishimoto said that he wanted Boruto to surpass his own work.[2] Artist Mikio Ikemoto has been working as an assistant for Kishimoto ever since Naruto's early chapters whereas writer Ukyō Kodachi has been a writer for Gaara's light novel, Gaara Hiden, and assisted Kishimoto in writing the script of the movie Boruto: Naruto the Movie.[3][4]

text: Despite being more light than Naruto, the series begins by showing a dark scenario which the series would soon get to it. While Kishimoto is not writing the series, he created multiple characters for the staff to use, thinking Boruto will become more interesting thanks to them.[5] While not specifying whether Naruto or another important character will die, Kishimoto commented he finds this type of situation interesting due to the impact it could probably happen in the scenario and most notably Boruto, clarifying it would give the authors more freedom.[6]

text: Media[edit]

text: Manga[edit]

text: Written by Ukyō Kodachi and illustrated by Mikio Ikemoto, Boruto: Naruto Next Generations launched in the twenty-third issue of Shueisha's manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump on May 9, 2016. Original series creator Masashi Kishimoto is supervising the series illustrated by his former chief assistant and written by his co-writer of the Boruto: Naruto the Movie screenplay.[7] A spin-off manga titled Boruto: Saikyo Dash Generations (BORUTO-ボルト- SAIKYO DASH GENERATIONS) has been written by Kenji Taira and serialized in Saikyō Jump since the May 2017 issue.

text: Volumes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Japanese release
English release

1
Boruto Uzumaki!!
Uzumaki Boruto!! (うずまきボルト!!)
August 4, 2016[8]
ISBN 978-4-08-880756-0
April 4, 2017[9]
ISBN 978-1-4215-9211-4

"Uzumaki Boruto!!" (うずまきボルト!!, Uzumaki Boruto!!)
"The Training Begins!!" (修行開始!!, Shūgyō Kaishi!!)
"The Chunin Exam Begins!!" (中忍試験開始!!, Chūnin Shiken Kaishi!!)

Naruto: The Path Lit by the Full Moon (NARUTO−ナルト−外伝 ～満ちた月が照らす道～, Naruto Gaiden: Michita Tsuki ga Terasu Michi)

2
Stupid Old Man!!
Kuso Oyaji…!! (クソオヤジ…!!)
December 2, 2016[10]
ISBN 978-4-08-880827-7
September 5, 2017[11]
ISBN 978-1-4215-9584-9

"Stupid Old Man!!" (クソオヤジ…!!, Kuso Oyaji…!!)
"Momoshiki and Kinshiki!!" (モモシキとキンシキ!!, Momoshiki to Kinshiki!!)
"Buffoon" (ウスラトンカチ, Usuratonkachi)
"Collision...!!" (激突…!!, Gekitotsu…!!)

3
My Story!!
Ore no monogatari...!! (オレの物語...!!)
May 2, 2017[12]
ISBN 978-4-08-881078-2
March 6, 2018[13]
ISBN 978-1-4215-9822-2

"You'll Need to Do It" (お前がやるんだ, Omae ga yarunda)
"You Remind Me Of..." (まるでお前は, Marude omae wa)
"My Story!!" (オレの物語...！！, Ore no monogatari...!!)
"A New Mission!!" (新たな任務！！, Aratana ninmu)

text: Chapters not yet in tankōbon format[edit]

text: These chapters have yet to be published in a tankōbon volume. They were originally serialized in Japanese in issues of Weekly Shōnen Jump.

text:
"Friends...!!" (友達...!!, Tomodachi...!!)
"The Value of a Trump Card!!" (切り札の価値!!, Kirifuda no Kachi!!)
"Teamwork...!!" (チームワーク...!!, Chimuwaaku...!!)
"The Supporting Shadow!!" (支う影…!!, Sasaukage…!!)
"The Vessel" (器, Utsuwa)

tag: ol

text: Anime[edit]

text: At the Naruto and Boruto stage event at Jump Festa on December 17, 2016, it was announced that the manga series would be receiving an anime project,[14] which was later confirmed to be an anime television series adaptation that will feature an original story.[15][16] The anime series, supervised by series creator Ukyō Kodachi, will be co-directed by Noriyuki Abe and Hiroyuki Yamashita, with series composition by Makoto Uezu, animation produced by Pierrot, character designs by Tetsuya Nishio and Hirofumi Suzuki, and music co-composed by Yasuharu Takanashi and -yaiba-. It premiered on TV Tokyo on April 5, 2017.[17] Viz Media has licensed the series in North America.[18] From episodes 1-onwards the opening theme is "Baton Road" by KANA-BOON. From episodes 1–13, the first ending theme is "Dreamy Journey" by The Peggies. From episodes 14-onwards the second ending theme is "Sayonara Moon Town" by Scenario Art.[19]

text: Light novels[edit]

text: A novel titled The New Konoha Ninja Flying In the Blue Sky! (青天を翔る新たな木の葉たち!Se, iten o Kakeru Aratana Konoha-tachi!) was released on May 2, 2017.[20] A second one was released on July 4, 2017 under the title of A Call From the Shadows! (影からの呼び声!, Kage Kara no Yobigoe!).[21] The third novel Those Who Illuminate the Night of Shinobi! (忍の夜を照らす者!, Shinobi no Yoru o Terasu Mono!), was released on September 4, 2017.[22]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The manga has been generally well received in Japan, with the compilations appearing as topsellers multiple times.[23][24][25] It also has one million copies in print as of January 2017.[26] The manga's first volume has also sold well in North America.[27] Rebecca Silverman from Anime News Network admitted Boruto appealed to her despite having never gotten into the Naruto manga. She praised how the writers managed to deal with the protagonist's angst without coming across as "teen whining" as well as how Sasuke Uchiha decides to train him. Amy McNulty found it appealing to fans of the original Naruto series, stating that while Mitsuki does not have a large role in the story, the sidestory helps to expand his origins. Nik Freeman, another writer from the same site, criticized Boruto's lack of development when comparing him with his first introduction in the Naruto's finale and there were multiple differences as to why both the young Naruto and Boruto vandalized their city. Nevertheless, Freeman also liked Mitsuki's backstory as he did not feel it rehashed stories from the past.[28] Reviewing, the first chapter online, Chris Beveridge from the Fandom Post was more negative, complaining more about the large focus between Naruto and Boruto's poor relationship, the rehash elements of Boruto: Naruto the Movie and criticized the adaptation of Kishimoto's artwork. Nevertheless, she praised the relationship between Naruto and Sasuke as well as the foreshadowing of an older Boruto fight.[29] Melina Dargis from the same site reviewed the first volume, commenting she was looking forward to the development of the characters despite having already watched the Boruto movie and was also pleased by seeing Mitsuki's role in his own sidestory.[30] Leroy Douresseaux from Comic Book Bin recommended it to Naruto fans, explaining how the new authors managed to use the first volume to establish the protagonists' personalities.[31]

text: The anime was popular with Japanese readers of Charapedia who voted it the ninth best anime show of Spring 2017.[32] IGN writer Sam Stewart enjoyed the focus of the new generation of ninjas and their differences from the previous generation, praising the return of other characters like Toneri as well as famous "Eye Techniques".[33] Crunchyroll's Naruto expert and Brand Manager, Victoria Holden, joined once to discuss whether Next Generations could live up to the success of the old series while still reviewing previous episodes of the series.[34] Stewart enjoyed the characterization of both Shikadai Nara and Metal Lee seeing their relationship and accidental fight as interesting to watch, and that Next Generations managed to improve itself with each episode.[35] Beveridge enjoyed the series' first episode, remarking he felt Boruto's characterization was superior to the one from the manga.[36] In a more comical article, Geek.com writer Tim Tomas compared Boruto with the series The Legend of Korra as, while sharing themes with its prequels, they were still different.[37] Sarah Nelkin considered Boruto as a more lighthearted version of Naruto series but Amy McNulty from ANN acclaimed its 13th episode for the focus on a subplot that has been developing ever since its first episode and how the revelation of it made the series darker.[38][39] Stewart agreed with McNulty, commenting on how the developers reached the climax of the anime's first story arc as well as the characterization of the revealed villain which impressed the reviewer.[40] Allega Frank from Polygon noted that during the start of both the manga and anime, multiple fans were worried in regards to a flashforward; in this sequence an older Boruto is facing an enemy named Kawaki who implies Naruto might be dead so his fate left them worried.[41]


document_title: Christmas music

question_text: what is the most recorded christmas song in history

question_tokens: what is the most recorded christmas song in history

text: Christmas music

text: History[edit]

text: Early music[edit]

text: Music was an early feature of the Christmas season and its celebrations. The earliest examples are hymnographic works (chants and litanies) intended for liturgical use in observance of both the Feast of the Nativity and Theophany, many of which are still in use by the Eastern Orthodox Church. The 13th century saw the rise of the carol written in the vernacular, under the influence of Francis of Assisi.

text: In the Middle Ages, the English combined circle dances with singing and called them carols. Later, the word carol came to mean a song in which a religious topic is treated in a style that is familiar or festive. From Italy, it passed to France and Germany, and later to England. Christmas carols in English first appear in a 1426 work of John Audelay, a Shropshire priest and poet, who lists 25 "caroles of Cristemas", probably sung by groups of wassailers, who went from house to house.[8] Music in itself soon became one of the greatest tributes to Christmas, and Christmas music includes some of the noblest compositions of the great musicians.

text: Puritan prohibition[edit]

text: During the Commonwealth of England government under Cromwell, the Rump Parliament prohibited the practice of singing Christmas carols as Pagan and sinful. Like other customs associated with popular Catholic Christianity, it earned the disapproval of Protestant Puritans. Famously, Cromwell's interregnum prohibited all celebrations of the Christmas holiday. This attempt to ban the public celebration of Christmas can also be seen in the early history of Father Christmas.

text: The Westminster Assembly of Divines established Sunday as the only holy day in the calendar in 1644. The new liturgy produced for the English church recognised this in 1645, and so legally abolished Christmas. Its celebration was declared an offence by Parliament in 1647.[9] There is some debate as to the effectiveness of this ban, and whether or not it was enforced in the country.[9]

text: Puritans generally disapproved of the celebration of Christmas—a trend which continually resurfaced in Europe and the USA through the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries.[10]

text: Royal restoration[edit]

text: When in May 1660 Charles II restored the Stuarts to the throne, the people of England once again practiced the public singing of Christmas carols as part of the revival of Christmas customs, sanctioned by the king's own celebrations.[9] William Sandys's Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern (1833), contained the first appearance in print of many now-classic English carols, and contributed to the mid-Victorian revival of the holiday.[11] Singing carols in church was instituted on Christmas Eve 1880 (Nine Lessons and Carols) in Truro Cathedral, Cornwall, England, which is now seen in churches all over the world.[12]

text: According to one of the only observational research studies of Christmas caroling, Christmas observance and caroling traditions vary considerably between nations in the 21st century, while the actual sources and meanings of even high-profile songs are commonly misattributed, and the motivations for carol singing can in some settings be as much associated with family tradition and national cultural heritage as with religious beliefs.[13] Christmas festivities, including music, are also celebrated in a more secular fashion by such institutions as the Santa Claus Village, in Rovaniemi, Finland.[14]

text: Alms[edit]

text: The tradition of singing Christmas carols in return for alms or charity began in England in the seventeenth century after the Restoration. Town musicians or 'waits' were licensed to collect money in the streets in the weeks preceding Christmas, the custom spread throughout the population by the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries up to the present day. Also from the seventeenth century, there was the English custom, predominantly involving women, of taking a wassail bowl to their neighbours to solicit gifts, accompanied by carols. Despite this long history, many Christmas carols date only from the nineteenth century onwards, with the exception of songs such as the Wexford Carol, "God Rest You Merry Gentlemen", "As I Sat on a Sunny Bank", "The Holly and the Ivy,"[15] the "Coventry Carol" and "I Saw Three Ships".

text: Church feasts[edit]

text: The status of Christmas as an important feast within the church year also means there is a long tradition of music specially composed for celebrating the season. The following is a brief and non-exhaustive list of notable compositions:

text:
Thomas Tallis: Mass "Puer natus est nobis" (1554)
Heinrich Schütz: Weihnachtshistorie (1664)
Marc-Antoine Charpentier: Pastorale sur la naissance de N.S. Jésus-Christ (c. 1670)
Johann Sebastian Bach: several cantatas for Christmas to Epiphany and Christmas Oratorio (1734)
George Frideric Handel: Messiah (1741)

text:
Jakub Jan Ryba: Czech Christmas Mass "Hey, Master!" (1796)
Various 18th-century composers such as Arcangelo Corelli, Antonio Vivaldi, Giuseppe Torelli & others: Christmas Concertos (for performance on Christmas Eve)
Hector Berlioz: L'enfance du Christ (1853–4)
Camille Saint-Saëns: Oratorio de Noël (1858)
Benjamin Britten: A Ceremony of Carols (1942)
Various composers from Baroque to the 21st century: Christmas cantatas

text: Traditional Christmas carols[edit]

text: Songs which are traditional, even some without a specific religious context, are often called Christmas carols. Each of these has a rich history, some dating back many centuries.

text: Standards[edit]

text: A popular set of traditional carols that might be heard at any Christmas-related event include:[16]

text:
"A collection of traditional Christmas music"

performed by James D. Blodget on a Roland U-20 synthesizer, December 23, 2004.

"Joy to the World"

Performed a cappella by Kim Butler on December 15, 2006.

"I Saw Three Ships"

Tune of traditional English Christmas carol transcribed by CambridgeBayWeather.

"El Noi de la Mare"

A traditional Catalan Christmas carol, arranged for guitar.

Problems playing these files? See media help.

text:
"Angels We Have Heard on High" (in the UK the text of "Angels from the Realms of Glory" is sung to this tune)
"Away in a Manger"
"Deck the Halls" (Deck the Hall)
"Ding Dong Merrily on High"
"The First Nowell" (The First Noël)
"Go Tell It on the Mountain"
"God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen" (God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen)
"Good King Wenceslas"
"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing"
"I Saw Three Ships"
"It Came Upon the Midnight Clear"
"Joy to the World"
"O Christmas Tree" (O Tannenbaum)
"O Come, All Ye Faithful" (Adeste Fideles)
"O come, O come, Emmanuel"
"O Holy Night" (Cantique de Noël)
"O Little Town of Bethlehem"
"Once in Royal David's City"
"Silent Night"
"The Twelve Days of Christmas"
"We Three Kings of Orient Are"
"We Wish You a Merry Christmas"
"What Child Is This?" (Greensleeves)
"While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks"

text: These songs hearken from centuries ago, the oldest ('Wexford Carol') originating in the 12th century. The newest came together in the mid- to late-19th century. Many began in non-English speaking countries, often with non-Christmas themes, and were later converted into English carols with English lyrics added—not always translated from the original, but newly created—sometimes as late as the early 20th century.[citation needed]

text: Early secular Christmas songs[edit]

text: Popular secular Christmas songs from mid-19th century America include "Jingle Bells", "Jolly Old Saint Nicholas" and "Up on the House Top".

text: Recent carols[edit]

text: More recent, copyrighted carols about the Nativity include "I Wonder as I Wander" (1933), "Mary's Boy Child" (1956), "Carol of the Drum" ("Little Drummer Boy") (1941), "Do You Hear What I Hear?" (1962), and "Mary, Did You Know?" (1984), "Little Donkey" by Eric Boswell (1959) and the "Calypso Carol" by Michael Perry (1964).

text: John Rutter has composed many carols including All Bells in Paradise, Angels' Carol, Candlelight Carol, Donkey Carol, Jesus Child, Shepherds' Pipe Carol and Star Carol.

text: Published Christmas music[edit]

text: Christmas music has been published as sheet music for centuries. One of the earliest collections of printed Christmas music was Piae Cantiones, a Finnish songbook first published in 1582 which contained a number of songs that have survived today as well-known Christmas carols. The publication of Christmas music books in the 19th century, such as Christmas Carols, New and Old (Bramley and Stainer, 1871), played an important role in widening the popular appeal of carols.[18] In the 20th century, Oxford University Press (OUP) published some highly successful Christmas music collections such as The Oxford Book of Carols (Martin Shaw, Ralph Vaughan Williams and Percy Dearmer, 1928), which revived a number of early folk songs and established them as modern standard carols.[17][19] This was followed by the bestselling Carols for Choirs series (David Willcocks, Reginald Jacques and John Rutter), first published in 1961 and now available in a five volumes. The popular books have proved to be a popular resource for choirs and church congregations in the English-speaking world, and remain in print today.[20]

text:
Christmas Carols, New and Old (1871)
Oxford Book of Carols (1928)
Carols for Choirs (1961)
New Oxford Book of Carols (1992)
A Shorter New Oxford Book of Carols (1992)

text: Popular Christmas songs[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: More recently popular Christmas songs—often Christmas songs introduced in theater, television, film, or other entertainment media—tend to be specifically about Christmas, or have a wintertime theme. They are typically not overtly religious. The most popular set of these titles—heard over airwaves, on the Internet, in shopping centers malls, in elevators and lobbies, even on the street during the Christmas season—have been composed and performed from the 1930s onward. "Jingle Bells", "Jolly Old Saint Nicholas", and "Up on the House Top", however, date from the mid-19th century.

text: The largest portion of these songs in some way describes or is reminiscent of Christmas traditions, how Western Christian countries tend to celebrate the holiday, i.e., with caroling, mistletoe, exchanging of presents, a Christmas tree, feasting, jingle bells, etc. Celebratory or sentimental, and nostalgic in tone, they hearken back to simpler times with memorable holiday practices—expressing the desire either to be with someone or at home for Christmas.

text: Many titles help define the mythical aspects of modern Christmas celebration: Santa Claus bringing presents, coming down the chimney, being pulled by reindeer, etc. New mythical characters are created, defined, and popularized by these songs; "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer", adapted from a major retailer's promotional poem, was introduced to radio audiences by Gene Autry in 1949. His follow-up a year later introduced "Frosty the Snowman", the central character of his song.

text: Though overtly religious, and authored (at least partly) by a writer of many church hymns, no drumming child appears in any biblical account of the Christian nativity scene. This character was introduced to the tradition by Katherine K. Davis in her "The Little Drummer Boy" (written in 1941, with a popular version being released in 1958).

text: The winter-related songs celebrate the climatic season, with all its snow, dressing up for the cold, sleighing, etc.

text: Most-performed Christmas songs (U.S.)[edit]

text:
"The world may have changed profoundly over the last 50 years, but these songs have been part of the holiday spirit for generations. Part of the wonder of music is how it helps us continue to create real memories and traditions. These treasured songs are very special to so many people and are a beloved part of ASCAP’s repertoire."

Paul Williams, ASCAP President and chairman

tag: div

text: According to the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers in 2016, "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town," written by Fred Coots and Haven Gillespie in 1934, is the most played holiday song of the last 50 years. It was first performed live by Eddie Cantor on his radio show. Tommy Dorsey and his orchestra recorded their version in 1935, followed later by a range of artists including: Frank Sinatra, The Supremes, The Jackson 5, The Beach Boys, and Glenn Campbell. Bruce Springsteen add a rock rendition in 1975.

text: Long-time Christmas classics still dominate the holiday charts — such as "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!," "Winter Wonderland," "Sleigh Ride" and "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" — new songs to enter the top tier of the season’s canon include "Wonderful Christmastime" by Paul McCartney, "All I Want for Christmas Is You" by Walter Afanasieff and Mariah Carey, and "Last Christmas" by George Michael.

text: The top thirty most-played holiday songs for the 2015 holiday season are ranked here, all titles written or co-written by ASCAP songwriters and composers.[21]

text:
Rank
Song
Composer(s)
Year
Type

1
"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town"
J. Fred Coots, Haven Gillespie
1934
Mythical

2
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"
Ralph Blane, Hugh Martin
1944
Celebratory/Sentimental

3
"Winter Wonderland"
Felix Bernard, Richard B. Smith
1934
Seasonal

4
"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!"
Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne
1945
Seasonal

5
"The Christmas Song"
Mel Tormé, Robert Wells
1944
Traditions

6
"Jingle Bell Rock"
Joseph Carleton Beal, James Ross Boothe
1957
Celebratory/Seasonal

7
"It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year"
Edward Pola, George Wyle
1963
Seasonal/Traditions

8
"Sleigh Ride"
Leroy Anderson, Mitchell Parish
1948
Seasonal/Birthday

9
"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"
Johnny Marks
1939/1949
Mythical

10
"It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas"
Meredith Willson
1951
Traditions/Celebratory

11
"White Christmas"
Irving Berlin
1940
Seasonal/Sentimental

12
"A Holly Jolly Christmas"
Johnny Marks
1964/65
Traditions/Celebratory

13
"Carol of the Bells"
Peter J. Wilhousky, Mykola D. Leontovych
1921/47
Celebratory

14
"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree"
Johnny Marks
1958
Traditions

15
"All I Want for Christmas Is You"
Walter Afanasieff, Mariah Carey
1994
Sentimental

16
"Frosty the Snowman"
Steve Nelson, Walter E. Rollins
1950
Mythical

17
"Blue Christmas"
Billy Hayes, Jay W. Johnson
1957
Traditions

18
"(There's No Place Like) Home for the Holidays"
Bob Allen, Al Stillman
1954
Traditions/Sentimental

19
"The Little Drummer Boy"
Katherine K. Davis, Henry V. Onorati, Harry Simeone
1941
Christian-based

20
"Do You Hear What I Hear?"
Gloria Shayne Baker, Noël Regney
1962
Traditions

21
"Silver Bells"
Jay Livingston, Ray Evans
1950
Traditions

22
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
Frank Loesser
1948
Seasonal

23
"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus"
Tommie Connor
1952
Novelty

24
"Feliz Navidad"
José Feliciano
1970
Celebratory

25
"Christmas Eve/Sarajevo 12/24"
Jon Oliva, Paul O'Neill, Robert Kinkel
1995
Celebratory

26
"Last Christmas"
George Michael
1984
Sentimental

27
"Here Comes Santa Claus (Right Down Santa Claus Lane)"
Gene Autry, Oakley Haldeman
1947
Mythical/Christian-based

28
"Santa Baby"
Joan Ellen Javits, Philip Springer, Tony Springer, and Fred Ebb
1953
Novelty

29
"Happy Holiday"
Irving Berlin
1948
Celebratory

30
"Wonderful Christmastime"
Paul McCartney
1979
Celebratory

text: The above ranking results from an aggregation of performances of all different artist versions of each cited holiday song, across all forms of media, from 1/1/15 through 12/31/15.

text:
Of the top 30 most performed Christmas songs in 2015, 13 (43%) were written in the 1930s or 1940s and 12 (40%) were written in the 1950s and 1960s; only five (17%) were written from the 1970s on.
The newest song in the top 30 most performed Christmas songs — "All I Want for Christmas is You", co-written and performed by Mariah Carey in 1994 — entered the list for the first time in 2015; the song hit the Billboard Hot 100 top 10 for the first time in 2017,[22] and was named "the UK’s favourite Christmas song" the same year by The Independent.[23]
Johnny Marks wrote three songs that appear in the top most performed Christmas songs in 2015 ("Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer", "Holly Jolly Christmas", "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree") and Irving Berlin wrote two ("White Christmas", "Happy Holiday") — the only writers to appear on the list more than once (and both are non-Christian writers).[24]
Gene Autry was the first to sing three songs on the list of top 30 most performed Christmas songs in 2015 — "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer", "Frosty the Snowman", and ", "Here Comes Santa Claus (Right Down Santa Claus Lane)" — co-writing the latter song.

text: In addition to Bing Crosby, major acts that have popularized and successfully covered a number of the titles in the top 30 most performed Christmas songs in 2015 include: Frank Sinatra, Elvis Presley, Andy Williams, and the Jackson 5. Bruce Springsteen had a major hit with his version of "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town".

text: Christmas music in the United Kingdom and Ireland[edit]

text: Most played songs[edit]

text: While the ASCAP list is relatively popular in the UK and Ireland, it remains largely overshadowed by a collection of chart hits recorded in a bid to be crowned the UK Christmas number one single during the 1970s and 1980s. Band Aid's 1984 song "Do They Know It's Christmas?" is the second best selling single in UK Chart history. The 1987 single "Fairytale of New York" by The Pogues, a rock band from London, is regularly voted the British public's favourite ever Christmas song, and it is also the most-played Christmas song of the 21st century in the UK.[25][26][27] British glam rock bands had major hit singles with Christmas songs in the 1970s; "Merry Xmas Everybody" by Slade, "I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday" by Wizzard and "Lonely This Christmas" by Mud, all of which have remained hugely popular.[28] The top ten most played Christmas songs in the UK based on a 2012 survey conducted by PRS for Music, who collect and pay royalties to its 75,000 song-writing and composing members, are as follows:[29]

text:
Rank
Song title
Composer(s)
Performer(s)
Year

1
"Fairytale of New York"
Jem Finer and Shane MacGowan
The Pogues with Kirsty MacColl
1987

2
"All I Want for Christmas Is You"
Mariah Carey and Walter Afanasieff
Mariah Carey
1994

3
"Do They Know It's Christmas?"
Bob Geldof and Midge Ure
Band Aid
1984

4
"Last Christmas"
George Michael
Wham!
1984

5
"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town"
John Frederick Coots, Haven Gillespie
Harry Reser
1934

6
"Do You Hear What I Hear?"
Noel Regney, Gloria Shayn
Bing Crosby
1962

7
"Happy Christmas (War Is Over)"
John Lennon
John Lennon
1971

8
"Wonderful Christmastime"
Paul McCartney
Paul McCartney
1979

9
"I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday"
Roy Wood
Wizzard
1973

10
"Merry Xmas Everybody"
Noddy Holder
Slade
1974

text: Included in the 2009 and 2008 lists are such other titles as Jona Lewie's "Stop the Cavalry", Bruce Springsteen's "Santa Claus is Coming to Town", Elton John's "Step into Christmas", Mud's "Lonely This Christmas", "Walking in the Air" by Aled Jones, Shakin' Stevens' "Merry Christmas Everyone", Chris Rea's "Driving Home for Christmas" and "Mistletoe and Wine" and "Saviour's Day" by Cliff Richard.

text: The best Christmas song "to get adults and children in the festive spirit for the party season in 2016" was judged by the Daily Mirror to be "Fairytale of New York".[30] Mariah Carey’s "All I Want For Christmas is You" was declared "the UK’s favourite Christmas song," narrowly beating out "Fairytale of New York" according to a "points system" created by The Independent in 2017. Both score well ahead of all others on the list of top twenty Christmas songs in the U.K.[23]

text:
"The Christmas song is a genre in its own right . . More than any other type of music, it spans and links generations with disparate musical taste buds."[31]

Ellis Rich, Chairman of PRS for Music

text: "Christmas number one single"[edit]

text: In Britain and Ireland, the terms "Christmas number one single" and "Christmas number two single" denote songs released around the time of the Christmas holiday and that reach the top of the UK Singles Chart and/or Irish Singles Chart respectively. Because of the two countries' proximity to each other, the Irish No. 1 is usually the same as the British No. 1 or No. 2. Though some of these songs do tend to develop an association with Christmas or the holiday season, such an association tends to be much shorter lived than the more traditionally themed Christmas songs such as "I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday", "Mistletoe and Wine" and "Merry Christmas Everyone", and the songs may have nothing to do with Christmas or even winter. Past Christmas number-ones include children's songs such as "Mr Blobby" (#1, 1993) and the theme from Bob the Builder (#1, 2000), novelty songs such as Benny Hill's "Ernie" (#1, 1971) and South Park's "Chocolate Salty Balls" (#2, 1998), and several examples of standard pop fare that would likely be just as popular outside the holiday season. Some songs will be "tweaked" to make them more related to Christmas. This is almost exclusively a British cultural phenomenon; some notable and longer-lasting examples include Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?" (#1, 1985, the second biggest selling single in UK Chart history; two re-recordings also hit #1 in 1989 and 2004), Slade's "Merry Xmas Everybody" (#1, 1973) and Wham!'s "Last Christmas" (#2, 1984).

text: Television talent shows[edit]

text: In 2002, Popstars The Rivals produced the top three singles on the British Christmas charts. The "rival" groups produced by the series—(the girl group Girls Aloud and the boy band One True Voice)—finished first and second respectively on the charts. Failed contestants The Cheeky Girls charted with a novelty hit at third. Briton Will Young, winner of the first Pop Idol, charted at the top of the Irish charts in 2003.

text: The winning song from the December-ending The X Factor earned the Christmas number one in at least one of the two countries every year from 2005 to 2014, and in both countries in five of those ten years. Each year since 2008 has seen protest campaigns to outsell the X Factor single (which benefits from precisely-timed release and corresponding media buzz) and prevent it from reaching number one. In 2009, "Killing in the Name" by Rage Against the Machine reached number one in the UK instead of that year's X Factor winner, Joe McElderry. McElderry did reach number one in Ireland. A fractured campaign to unseat the 2010 X Factor winner, plus a delay in delivery of The Rubberbandits' "Horse Outside" to stores in Ireland, resulted in X Factor winner Matt Cardle earning the Christmas number one in both countries.

text: In 2011, "Wherever You Are", the single from a choir of military wives assembled by the TV series The Choir, earned the Christmas number-one single in Britain—upsettingX Factor winners Little Mix. With the Military Wives Choir single not being released in Ireland, Little Mix won Christmas number-one in Ireland that year.[32]

text: In 2012 the Christmas No. 1 was a cover of "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" from an ensemble of Liverpudlian celebrities in commemoration of the 1989 Hillsborough Disaster. X Factor winner Sam Bailey's single won the Christmas number-one competition in both countries in 2013.

text: Christmas music in Australia[edit]

text: Situated in the southern hemisphere, where seasons are reversed from the northern, the heat of early summer in Australia affects the way Christmas is celebrated and how northern hemisphere Christmas traditions are followed. Australians generally spend Christmas out of doors, going to the beach for the day, or heading to camp grounds for a vacation. International visitors to Sydney at Christmastime often go to Bondi Beach where tens of thousands gather on Christmas Day.

text: The tradition of an Australian Christmas Eve carol service lit by candles, started in 1937 by Victorian radio announcer Norman Banks, has taken place in Melbourne annually since then. Carols by Candlelight events can be "huge gatherings . . televised live throughout the country" or smaller "local community and church events." Carols in the Domain in Sydney is now a "popular platform for the stars of stage and music."

text: Some homegrown Christmas songs have become popular. William G. James' six sets of Australian Christmas Carols, with words by John Wheeler, include "The Three Drovers", "The Silver Stars are in the Sky", "Christmas Day", "Carol of the Birds" and others. "Light-hearted Australian Christmas songs" have become "an essential part of the Australian Christmas experience." Rolf Harris' "Six White Boomers", Colin Buchanan's "Aussie Jingle Bells", and the "Australian Twelve Days of Christmas",[33] proudly proclaim the differing traditions Down Under. A verse from "Aussie Jingle Bells" makes the point:

text: "The Twelve Days of Christmas" has been revised to fit the Australian context, as an example: "On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love sent to me: 12 parrots prattling, 11 numbats nagging, 10 lizards leaping, 9 wombats working, 8 dingoes digging, 7 possums playing, 6 brolgas dancing, 5 kangaroos, 4 koalas cuddling, 3 kookaburras laughing, 2 pink galahs, and an emu up a gum tree."[35]

text: Other popular Australian Christmas songs include: 'White Wine in the Sun" by Tim Minchin, "Aussie Jingle Bells" by Bucko & Champs, "Christmas Photo" by John Williamson, "Go Santa, Go" by The Wiggles, and "Six White Boomers" by Russel Coight.[36]

text: "The Australian carols that do exist are mostly novelty re-workings of existing songs with the holly and the ivy replaced by gum trees and wattle. Santa swapping his fur hat for a corked Akubra and a token Aboriginal word is deemed sufficient to localise the celebration of the day a Middle Eastern tradesman wasn’t actually born."[37]

text: "My Little Christmas Belle" (1909) composed by Joe Slater (1872-1926) to words by Ward McAlister (1872–1928) celebrates eastern Australian flora coming into bloom during the heat of Christmas. Blandfordia nobilis, also known as Christmas Bells, are the specific subject of the song—with the original sheet music bearing a depiction of the blossom.[38] Whereas "The Holly and The Ivy" (1937) by Australian Louis Lavater (1867–1953) mentions northern hemisphere foliage.[39]

text: Australian singer-songwriter Paul Kelly first released "How to Make Gravy" as part of a four-track EP November 4, 1996 through White Label Records. The title track, written by Kelly, tells the story in a letter to his brother from a newly imprisoned man who laments how he will be missing the family Christmas. It received a 'Song of the Year' nomination at the 1998 Australasian Performing Rights Association (APRA) Music Awards. Kelly's theme reflects a national experience with Christmas:

text: "A lot of the early imagery of Christmas in Australia is related to isolation and distance. You’ve got the Sydney Mail in 1879 saying ’The revels of Christmas tide cannot endure the ordeal of immigration’. It’s that sense that it’s alien here and we’re so conscious of being away from family and that figures very prominently in the imagery of Christmas back in that time."[37]

text: Other popular Christmas songs[edit]

text: Other popular Christmas songs often heard around the holidays include: "I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm" (1937), "The Little Boy that Santa Claus Forgot" (1937), "I'll Be Home for Christmas" (1943), "Merry Christmas Baby" (1947) — all recorded by a number of acts.

text: Other song titles that have joined the Christmas music canon in ensuing decades include:

text:
1950: Bing Crosby and the Andrews Sisters had a hit with "Mele Kalikimaka".
1950: Bing Crosby introduced "Marshmallow World" backed by The Lee Gordon Singers and the Sonny Burke Orchestra.
1950: "(Everybody's Waitin' for) The Man with the Bag" written by Irving Taylor, Dudley Brooks and originally made popular by Kay Starr.
1951: Bing Crosby released "Christmas in Killarney" .
1951: Rosemary Clooney introduced "Suzy Snowflake".
1953: "Up on the House Top" written by Benjamin Hanby in 1864 and popularized by Gene Autry.
1954: Frank Sinatra put "The Christmas Waltz" on the B-side of his version of "White Christmas".
1956: Harry Belafonte released "Mary's Boy Child", written by Jester Hairston.
1957: Frank Sinatra included "Mistletoe and Holly" on his album A Jolly Christmas From Frank Sinatra.
1958: Chuck Berry released "Run Rudolph Run".
1959: "The Secret of Christmas" written by Sammy Cahn and Jimmy Van Heusen for Bing Crosby, and first performed by him in the 1959 film Say One for Me.

text:
1960: "Please Come Home for Christmas", written and released by Charles Brown on the album Charles Brown Sings Christmas Songs (now associated with The Eagles' 1978 release)
1960: "Caroling, Caroling" written by Alfred Burt and Wilha Hutson and recorded by Nat King Cole on The Magic of Christmas, arranged and conducted by Ralph Carmichael.
1960: "Must Be Santa", written by Hal Moore and Bill Fredericks;[40] first released by Mitch Miller,[41] Tommy Steele's cover of the song reached No. 40 on the UK Singles Chart in the same year[42]
1960: "Dominick the Donkey" written by Ray Allen, Wandra Merrell, and Sam Saltzberg and recorded by Lou Monte on Roulette Records. The song describes a donkey who helps Santa Claus bring presents ("made in Brooklyn") to children in Italy "because the reindeer cannot climb" Italy's hills.
1961: "Seven Shades of Snow" by June Christy on This Time of Year
1961: "Blue Holiday" by The Shirelles
1963: "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)", written by Ellie Greenwich, Jeff Barry with Phil Spector; sung by Darlene Love, on the hit album A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector
1963: "Pretty Paper", written by Willie Nelson; sung by Roy Orbison (Nelson had a hit with his own song in 1978)
1964: "Deck The Hall" recorded by Jo Stafford on the album The Joyful Season
1964: "Little Saint Nick" by the Beach Boys on their Christmas album
1964: "Silver & Gold", sung by Burl Ives and composed for the Rankin-Bass Christmas special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
1964: "Toyland" written by Victor Herbert and Glen McDonough for the operatta Babes in Toyland (originally produced in 1903) was performed by Doris Day on her The Doris Day Christmas Album, released on Columbia Records.
1965: "Christmas Time is Here", written for A Charlie Brown Christmas animated TV special; harmonized by the choir of St. Paul's Episcopal Church in San Rafael, California
1965: "My Favorite Things" from the musical, The Sound Of Music, popularly covered by Diana Ross and The Supremes on their album Merry Christmas
1966: "We Need a Little Christmas" from the musical, Mame, popularly covered by Percy Faith & His Orchestra on the album Christmas Is... Percy Faith
1966: "The Happiest Christmas Tree" recorded by Nat King Cole[43][44]
1967: "Snoopy's Christmas" by The Royal Guardsmen
1967: "What Christmas Means to Me" written by Allen Story, Anna Gordy Gaye, and George Gordy, and recorded by Stevie Wonder on Someday at Christmas.

text:
1970: "Give Love on Christmas Day" by the Jackson 5 on their Christmas album
1970: "This Christmas" by Donny Hathaway
1970: "Merry Christmas Darling" by The Carpenters as a single; re-released 1974 and 1977; remixed on Christmas Portrait in 1978.
1971: "River" by Joni Mitchell on her album Blue
1971: "My Christmas Card To You" by The Partridge Family on their album A Partridge Family Christmas Card
1971: "Happy Xmas (War Is Over), a single by John Lennon's Plastic Ono Band
1973: "Merry Xmas Everybody" by Slade
1973: "I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday" by Wizzard
1973: "Step into Christmas", written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin; released by John as a stand-alone single
1974: "I Believe in Father Christmas" by Greg Lake
1976: "When a Child is Born" by Johnny Mathis
1977: "Father Christmas", released by The Kinks tells of a department store Father Christmas who is beaten up by a gang of poor kids
1977: "Celebrate Me Home" by Kenny Loggins on his album of the same name
1977: "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy" by David Bowie and Bing Crosby
1978: "Mary's Boy Child – Oh My Lord" by Boney M, a cover of Harry Belafonte's 1956 hit in medley with the new song "Oh My Lord" (Farian/Jay).
1978: "Please Come Home for Christmas" covered and released by The Eagles
1979: "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer" by Elmo & Patsy

text:
1980: "Same Old Lang Syne" by Dan Fogelberg
1980: "Stop The Cavalry" by Jona Lewie
1981: "Christmas is the Time to Say 'I Love You'" by Billy Squier
1981: "Christmas Wrapping" by The Waitresses
1982: "Hard Candy Christmas" adopted by Dolly Parton from a musical
1984: "Thank God It's Christmas" by Queen
1984: "Deck the Halls" by Mannheim Steamroller on their album "Mannheim Steamroller Christmas"
1984: "Another Lonely Christmas" by Prince
1984: "The Power of Love" by Frankie Goes to Hollywood
1985: "Santa Claus Is Back In Town by Robert Plant and The Honeydrippers (Live at Saturday Night Live)
1985: "Merry Christmas Everyone" by Shakin' Stevens
1986: "Driving Home for Christmas" by Chris Rea
1987: "Christmas in Hollis" by Run D.M.C.
1987: "Fairytale of New York", as originated by The Pogues on the album If I Should Fall from Grace with God
1988: "Mistletoe and Wine" by Cliff Richard on his album Private Collection: 1979–1988
1988: "Carol of the Bells" by Mannheim Steamroller on their album "A Fresh Aire Christmas"
1989: "All I Want for Christmas Is You" by Vince Vance & The Valiants
1989: "Merry Christmas (I Don't Want to Fight Tonight)" by The Ramones

text:
1990: "Saviour's Day" by Cliff Richard
1990: "Grown-Up Christmas List" by David Foster and Natalie Cole for his album River of Love with a 1992 version by Amy Grant
1991: "Mary, Did You Know?" with lyrics written by Mark Lowry and music by Buddy Greene and originally recorded by Michael English with a 1996 version by Kenny Rogers and Wynona Judd.
1992: "All Alone on Christmas" by Darlene Love
1992: "Christmas All Over Again" by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers on the album box set Playback
1993: "Hey Santa!", written (with the help of Jack Kugell) and sung by Carnie and Wendy Wilson on the album of the same name
1996: "How to Make Gravy" written and performed by Paul Kelly in Australia.
1998: "Christmas Canon" by the Trans-Siberian Orchestra on their album The Christmas Attic
1998: "Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays" by NSYNC from the albums Home for Christmas & The Winter Album
1998: "I'm Your Angel", written by R. Kelly, performed by Kelly and Celine Dion (US #1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100)

text:
2000: "My Only Wish (This Year)" by Britney Spears off the compilation album, Platinum Christmas
2000: "Where Are You, Christmas?" co-written by James Horner, Will Jennings, and Mariah Carey, but recorded by Faith Hill. Based on "Christmas, Why Can't I Find You?" written by Horner and Jennings for the movie How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000).
2003: "Christmas Time (Don't Let the Bells End)" by The Darkness
2004: "Believe" written by Glen Ballard and Alan Silvestri for Josh Groban
2004: "Wizards in Winter", an instrumental written and composed by Paul O'Neill and Robert Kinkel, performed by the Trans-Siberian Orchestra
2007: "Mistletoe" written by Stacy Blue and Colbie Caillat, and performed by Caillat.
2008: "White Is in the Winter Night" by Enya on the album, And Winter Came...
2009: "It Doesn't Often Snow At Christmas" by Pet Shop Boys (UK No. 40 hit)

text:
2010: "Christmas Lights" by Coldplay
2011: "Mistletoe" by Justin Bieber from his album Under the Mistletoe
2012: "Christmas in the Sand" by Colbie Caillat from her album of the same name; meant to conjure up (humorously) what Christmas might be like in Hawaii
2013: "Underneath the Tree" by Kelly Clarkson on her album, Wrapped in Red
2013: "One More Sleep" by Leona Lewis on her album, Christmas, with Love
2013: "Wrapped in Red" written by Kelly Clarkson, Ashley Arrison, Aben Eubanks, and Shane McAnally and recorded by Clarkson as the opening track on her sixth studio album, Wrapped in Red.
2014: "That's Christmas to Me" by a cappella group Pentatonix (#2 Billboard 200, double platinum by RIAA).
2014: "Wake Me When It's Christmas" by Shayna Leigh, co-written by Peter Zizzo and Michael Mangini, through Buzznet[45]
2014: "Santa Tell Me" by Ariana Grande on her EP, Christmas Kisses
2015: "Every Day's Like Christmas" by Kylie Minogue on her album, Kylie Christmas
2017: "Christmas Where You Are" by Jim Brickman on his album, A Joyful Christmas
2017: "Santa's Coming for Us" written by Sia and Greg Kurstin and released by Sia on Everyday Is Christmas.

text: Christmas song surveys[edit]

text: In their "admittedly subjective" list of the top Christmas songs of all time, ThoughtCo. ranked their top five favorites as:[46]

text:
"The Christmas Song" as sung by Nat King Cole in 1961.
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" as sung by in Judy Garland the 1944 film "Meet Me in St. Louis".
"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" written and sung by John Lennon in 1971, the classic Christmas song that's also a plea for world peace.
"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" as sung by Brenda Lee in 1958.
"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" as sung by Bruce Springsteen and Bon Jovi in 2003.

text: In 2007 surveys of United States radio listeners by two different research groups,[47] the most liked songs were standards such as Bing Crosby's "White Christmas" (1942), Nat King Cole's "The Christmas Song" (1946), and Burl Ives' "A Holly Jolly Christmas" (1965). Other favorites like "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" (Brenda Lee, 1958), "Jingle Bell Rock" (Bobby Helms, 1957) and John Lennon and Yoko Ono's "Happy Xmas" (1971), scored well in one study. Also "loved" were Johnny Mathis' "Do You Hear What I Hear?" and Harry Simeone Chorale's "Little Drummer Boy".

text: The Pinnacle Media Worldwide survey divided its listeners into music-type categories:

text:
"Adult contemporary" listeners rated Brenda Lee's "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" best.
"Adult Top 40" fans liked Bobby Helms' "Jingle Bell Rock".
"Hip-hop/R&B" fans liked the Jackson 5's "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town".
"Country" listeners ranked Burl Ives' "A Holly Jolly Christmas" number one.
"Smooth jazz" fans liked "The Christmas Song" as sung by Nat King Cole.

text: Among the most-hated Christmas songs, according to Edison Media Research's 2007 survey, are Barbra Streisand's "Jingle Bells?", the Jackson 5's "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town", Elmo & Patsy's "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer", and "O Holy Night" as performed by cartoon characters from Comedy Central's "South Park". The "most-hated Christmastime recording" is a rendition of "Jingle Bells" by Don Charles's Singing Dogs, a revolutionary novelty song originally released in 1955, and re-released as an edited version in 1970.[47]

text: Rolling Stone magazine ranked Darlene Love's version of "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)" (1963) first on its list of The Greatest Rock and Roll Christmas Songs in December 2010.[48] Carey's "All I Want for Christmas Is You", co-written by Carey and Walter Afanasieff, was No. 1 on Billboard's Holiday Digital Songs chart in December 2013.[49] "Fairytale of New York" by The Pogues is cited as the best Christmas song of all time in various television, radio and magazine related polls in the U.K. and Ireland.[50]

text: Non-Christian writers[edit]

text: Approximately half of the 30 best-selling Christmas songs by ASCAP members in 2015 were written by Jewish composers. Johnny Marks has three top Christmas songs, the most for any writer—"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer", "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree", and "A Holly Jolly Christmas". By far the most recorded Christmas song is "White Christmas" by Irving Berlin (born Israel Isidore Beilin in Russia)—who also wrote "Happy Holiday"—with well over 500 versions in dozens of languages.

text: Others include:[51][52][53][54]

text:
"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" by Sammy Cahn (born Cohen) and Jule Styne (who also wrote "The Christmas Waltz" together)
"Winter Wonderland" (composer Felix Bernard was born Felix William Bernhardt)
"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)" by Robert Wells (born Levinson) and Mel Tormé
"Sleigh Ride" (lyricist Mitchell Parish was born Michael Hyman Pashelinsky in Lithuania)
"It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year" (composer George Wyle was born Bernard Weissman)
"Silver Bells" by Jay Livingston (born Jacob Levinson) and Ray Evans
"(There's No Place Like) Home for the Holidays" by Bob Allen (born Robert Allen Deitcher) and Al Stillman (born Albert Silverman)
"I'll Be Home for Christmas" by Walter Kent (born Walter Kauffman) and Buck Ram (born Samuel).
"Santa Baby" by Joan Ellen Javits (Zeeman), niece of Senator Jacob Javits, and Philip Springer.[55]
"Baby, It's Cold Outside" by Frank Loesser

text: Lyricist Jerome "Jerry" Leiber and composer Mike Stoller wrote "Santa Claus Is Back in Town", which Elvis Presley debuted on his first Christmas album in 1957. "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)" was written by Ellie Greenwich and Jeff Barry (with Phil Spector), originally for Ronnie Spector of The Ronettes. It was made into a hit by Darlene Love in 1963.

text: "Peace on Earth" was written by Ian Fraser, Larry Grossman, and Alan Kohan as a counterpoint to "The Little Drummer Boy" (1941) to make David Bowie comfortable recording "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy" with Bing Crosby on September 11, 1977 — for Crosby's then-upcoming television special, Bing Crosby's Merrie Olde Christmas.[56]

text: Adopted Christmas music[edit]

text: What is known as Christmas music today was often adopted from works initially composed for other purposes, coming to be associated with the holiday in some way. Many tunes adopted into the Christmas canon fall into the generic Winter classification, as they carry no Christmas connotation at all. Others were written to celebrate other holidays and gradually came to cover the Christmas season.

text:
"Joy to the World", with words written by Isaac Watts in 1719 and music by Lowell Mason (who in turn borrowed liberally from Handel) in 1839, was originally written anticipating the Second Coming.[57]
"Tempus Adest Floridum," a romantic spring carol with Latin words dating to the 13th-century Carmina Burana and a melody attested no later than 1584, became associated with Christmas after John Mason Neale set his epic ballad "Good King Wenceslas" to its melody in 1853. Neale's poem does not directly mention Christmas or the nativity but describes Bohemian Duke Wenceslas I's journey to aid a poor traveler on a cold St. Stephen's Day; that day falls on the day after Christmas and within the traditional Twelve Days of Christmas.
"Shchedryk," a Ukrainian tune celebrating the new year, was adapted in 1936 with English lyrics to become the Christmas carol "Carol of the Bells" and in 1995 as the heavy-metal instrumental "Christmas Eve/Sarajevo 12/24."
"When You Wish Upon a Star, an Academy Award winning song about dreams, hope and magic featured in Walt Disney's Pinocchio and later became the Disney studios' main theme (it was sung by Cliff Edwards who voiced Jimmy Cricket in the film). In Scandinavian countries and Japan the song is used in reference to the Star of Bethlehem" (in the movie it is in reference to the Blue Fairy).

text: Borrowing from the title of the Robert Burns standard "Auld Lang Syne," Dan Fogelberg's "Same Old Lang Syne" (released 1980) tells a Christmas Eve story and is now frequently played during the holiday season. Perry Como famously sang Franz Schubert's setting of "Ave Maria" in his televised Christmas special each year, including the song on The Perry Como Christmas Album (1968) which "became a staple of family holiday record collections."[58]

text: With a Welsh melody dating back to the sixteenth century, and English lyrics from 1862, "Deck the Halls" celebrates the pagan holiday of Yule and the New Year, but not explicitly Christmas:

text: "Jingle Bells", first published under the title "One Horse Open Sleigh" in 1857, was originally associated with Thanksgiving rather than Christmas.[59] "Sleigh Ride", composed originally in 1948 as an instrumental by Leroy Anderson, was inspired by a heatwave in Connecticut. The song premiered with the Boston Pops Orchestra in May 1948 with no association with Christmas. The lyrics added in 1950 have "nothing to do with Santa, Jesus, presents or reindeer." The jingling bells and the sleigh in the title, though, made it a natural Christmas song. Lyricist Sammy Cahn and composer Julie Styne also found themselves in a heatwave in July 1945 when they wrote "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!", with no reference to Christmas in the song.[60]

text: Many popular Christmas tunes of the 20th century mention winter imagery, and for this have been adopted into the Christmas and holiday season, including:

text:
"Winter Wonderland" (1934)
"I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm" (1937)
"Baby, It's Cold Outside" (1944)
"Marshmallow World" (1949)
"Jingle Bell Rock" (1957)
"My Favorite Things" (1959), which contains a mix of winter and spring imagery

text: In the 21st century, some songs mention the holiday season or winter imagery. "Holiday" (2010) is about the summer holidays, but has been used in some Christmas ad campaigns. "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?" (2013), is from the movie Frozen. Its lyrics are more of an illustration of the relationship between the two main characters than a general description of winter or the holidays, but it is considered a holiday song due to its title rhetoric and the winter imagery used throughout the film.

text: Following the 2016 death of songwriter Leonard Cohen and the resulting uptick in interest in his work, various versions of his signature song "Hallelujah," including a version by American a capella group Pentatonix that had already been recorded and released on their Christmas album shortly before Cohen's death, were added into Christmas music playlists on radio stations in the United States and Canada.

text: Christmas songs from musicals[edit]

text: Christmas songs introduced in theater, television, and film include "White Christmas" from Holiday Inn (1942), "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" from Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), and "Silver Bells" in The Lemon Drop Kid (1950). Some musical films have been set around Christmas time, and because of that some of the songs are popular during the holiday season, including:

text:
Babes in Toyland (1903), featuring the song "Toyland"
Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993), in which the main character Jack Skellington accidentally discovers Christmas, features Christmas-themed songs like "Making Christmas", "What's This?", "Town Meeting Song" and "Jack's Obsession"
Scrooge (1970) features songs like "Father Christmas" (which first is used sarcastically, and later affectionately), "December the 25th" and the Academy Award nominated "Thank You Very Much"

text: Christmas novelty songs[edit]

text: A popular form of Christmas song are the musical parodies of the season—comical or nonsensical songs performed principally for their comical effect—usually classified as "novelty songs". The term arose in the Tin Pan Alley world of popular songwriting, with novelty songs achieved great popularity during the 1920s and 1930s.

text: Many novelty songs employ unusual lyrics, subjects, sounds, or instrumentation, and may not even be particularly musical. This Christmas novelty song genre started off with "I Yust Go Nuts At Christmas" written by Yogi Yorgesson and sung by him with the Johnny Duffy Trio in 1949, and include such notable titles as:

text:
"Jingle Bells" by the Singing Dogs was recorded in 1955 by Don Charles from Copenhagen, Denmark; considered the work of Carl Weismann, it was revolutionary in its use of latest recording technology[61]
"Green Chri$tma$", a radio play parody by Stan Freberg that came out in 1958 and satirized commercial advertising
"A Christmas Carol" by Tom Lehrer, a 1959 live-recording parody of Christmas carols purporting to show (in a subtle nod to Jewish stereotypes, as Lehrer is Jewish) the true spirit of Christmas, "refer[ring], of course, to money"[citation needed]
"I'm Gonna Spend My Christmas with a Dalek," a Doctor Who spin-off song, released in 1964 by The Go-Go's (the 1960s British band, not the later American band of the same name). Originally intended to help fuel Dalekmania, it tried to turn the sinister Daleks into another version of The Chipmunks.[62]

text: In the Seventies comedic singing duo Cheech & Chong's debut single in 1971 was "Santa Claus and His Old Lady". The Kinks did "Father Christmas" in 1977, and Elmo & Patsy came out with "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer" in 1979. More recent titles added to the canon include:

text:
"The Twelve Days of Christmas" parodies (including one by Bob and Doug McKenzie in 1982)
"Christmas at Ground Zero" by Weird Al Yankovic (1986)
"Rusty Chevrolet" by Da Yoopers, a parody of Jingle Bells (1987)
"Christmas in Hollis", a rap single by Run–D.M.C. (1987)
"Christmas Convoy", a southern rock song by Paul Brandt, a parody of the C.W. McCall song Convoy (2006)

text: Seattle radio personality Bob Rivers became nationally famous for his line of novelty Christmas songs and released five albums (collectively known as the Twisted Christmas quintilogy, after the name of Rivers' radio program, "Twisted Radio") consisting entirely of Christmas parodies from 1987 to 2002. "Don't Shoot Me Santa" was released by The Killers in 2007, benefiting various AIDS charities. Christmas novelty songs can involve gallows humor and even morbid humor like that found in "Christmas at Ground Zero" and "The Night Santa Went Crazy", both by "Weird Al" Yankovic. The Dan Band released several adult-oriented Christmas songs on their 2007 album "Ho: A Dan Band Christmas" which included "Ho, Ho, Ho" (ho being slang for a prostitute), "I Wanna Rock You Hard This Christmas", "Please Don't Bomb Nobody This Holiday" and "Get Drunk & Make Out This Christmas".

text: Kristen Bell and a cappella group Straight No Chaser "teamed up to poke fun at the modern seasons greeting" with "Text Me Merry Christmas":

text: Straight No Chaser singer Randy Stine said of the song: "We wanted a Christmas song that spoke to how informal communication has become."[63]

text: Juvenile[edit]

text: Christmas novelty songs include many sung by young teens, or performed largely for the enjoyment of a young audience. Kicking off with "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus" sung by 13-year-old Jimmy Boyd in 1952, other few notable novelty songs written to parody the Christmas season and sung by young singers include:

text:
"I Want a Hippopotamus for Christmas" sung by 10-year-old Gayla Peevey (1953)
"Nuttin' for Christmas" by Art Mooney and Barry Gordon, who was seven years old when he sang it (1955)
"¿Dónde Está Santa Claus? (Where is Santa Claus?)" sung by 12-year-old Augie Rios, featuring the Mark Jeffrey Orchestra (1959)

text: Christmas novelty songs aimed at a young audience include:

text:
"All I Want for Christmas Is My Two Front Teeth", written by Donald Yetter Gardner in 1944 and introduced by Spike Jones and his City Slickers (1948)
"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus" with music and lyrics by British songwriter Tommie Connor was first recorded by 13-year-old Jimmy Boyd in 1952, reaching No. 1 on the Billboard pop singles chart in December of that year. The Jackson 5 recorded a popular cover in 1970 with a young Michael Jackson singing lead.
"The Chipmunk Song", written by David Seville and performed by Alvin and the Chipmunks (1958)
"You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch" originally done for the 1966 cartoon special How the Grinch Stole Christmas!; lyrics written by Dr. Seuss, music by Albert Hague, and performed by Thurl Ravenscroft
"Snoopy's Christmas" performed by The Royal Guardsmen in 1967; a follow-up to their earlier song "Snoopy Vs. The Red Baron" recorded in 1966
"Santa Claus is a Black Man" by Akim and the Teddy Vann Production Company (1973)

text: The number of Christmas novelty songs is so immense that radio host Dr. Demento devotes an entire month of weekly two-hour episodes to the format each year, and the novelty songs receive frequent requests at radio stations across the country.

text: Radio broadcasting of Christmas music[edit]

text: Radio broadcasting of Christmas music has been around for several decades in the United States and elsewhere. Traditionally, U.S. radio stations (particularly those with such formats as adult contemporary, adult standards, easy listening, oldies, or beautiful music) began adding some Christmas-themed selections to their regular playlists shortly after Thanksgiving each year, typically culminating in 36–48 hours of continuous Christmas music between December 24–25. Since the mid-1990s, it has become increasingly common for stations to switch their programming to continuous Christmas music around Thanksgiving, or earlier. This practice became even more widespread after 9/11, when many radio stations across the U.S. sought a sort of musical "comfort food".[64]

text: As a part of a phenomenon known as "Christmas creep", radio stations—responsible for so much of Christmas music broadcasting, popularization, and appreciation—are "going Christmas" earlier each year. Many stations now start rolling out holiday music in early November instead of Thanksgiving or Black Friday (and a select few, such as WEZW since 2011, have earned a reputation for beginning their Christmas music as early as October), because programmers "think that listeners will stick with the first station to change to a seasonal theme." About 400 radio stations "across the U.S. play Christmas music around the clock." In Chicago, WLIT-FM saw its share of all radio listeners grow from a 2.9/3.6 share earlier in the year to 9.3 during the Nov. 28 to Dec. 11, 2003 Arbitron rating period. A 2002 Arbitron ratings study confirmed holiday-music surges at stations around the country.[65]

text: 24/7 Christmas music[edit]

text: The 24/7 all-Christmas format has been generally successful due in large part to Christmas creep. In the United States, many radio stations begin airing an all-Christmas format by Thanksgiving weekend,[66] with others starting the Friday one week prior and some making the switch as early as November 1. As of November 24, 2015 (two days before Thanksgiving), there were over 244 commercial U.S. radio stations airing 24/7 Christmas music.

text: When a radio station in the U.S. makes the temporary switch to all-Christmas music, its listener share regularly doubles.[67] A sampling of radio stations that made the switch in 2010 with the change in market share:[68]

text:
"There's no other programming tactic in radio history that consistently delivers ratings increases better than Christmas music . . playing Christmas music is all about having a larger audience after Christmas than you did before. People who find the station often stick around after the holidays and discover a new favorite station."[68]

Darren Davis, Senior V.P., Clear Channel

text:
Station
Market
Share
Christmas

WODS
Boston
4.5
9.3

KOST
Los Angeles
4.6
9.2

WLTW
New York
6.0
12.3

KYXY
San Diego
4.1
9.7

text: Adult contemporary, oldies, and country listeners tend to adjust better to an all-Christmas switch than do listeners of other formats such as hip-hop or hard rock. However: "Nine times out of 10, many new listeners pour in, outweighing the listeners that do opt out," says Greg Strassell, senior vice president of programming at CBS Radio.[68] However, this may not always transition well into financial success, since advertisers do not universally recognise Arbitron's holiday ratings book.[69]

text: A 2005 study published in the Journal of Business Research noted that shoppers respond well to hearing Christmas music in stores.[70] Psychologists have noted that continuous exposure to Christmas music for a prolonged period of time can create a hostile work environment for employees.[71]

text: Even many stations that do not play full-time Christmas music prior to Christmas Eve will often play Christmas music commercial-free the entire day on Christmas Day and often a portion of Christmas Eve as well, with only recorded interruptions for Christmas messages from station personnel and personnel from the station's parent company to give all but the governmental body-required number of personnel (in the U.S., two people must have a presence at a station at all times) the day off.

text: Although the Christmas season by definition runs until January 6 (Epiphany), and is observed until at least New Year's Eve by the public, almost all broadcasters skip the last Twelve Days of Christmas, abruptly ending all holiday music at or even before midnight on December 25, and not playing a single Christmas song again until the next November. (Several radio stations actually promote this, with ads that proudly proclaim to listeners weary of the Christmas music that the station's regular format will indeed return on December 26, as soon as Christmas Day is over.) It is not uncommon for broadcasters to market the twelve-day period preceding Christmas (December 14 to 25) as the "Twelve Days of Christmas", contrary to the traditional definition. One reason for this is that much popular Christmas music is so closely associated with Christmas Day itself that it would be difficult or impossible to play after December 25 without bringing up references that the broadcaster may wish to ignore (such as those that involve Santa Claus, who has already come and gone by Christmas morning). On occasion, some Christmas music stations will continue to play at least some Christmas music through the weekend following Christmas, or even through New Year's Day (particularly when stunting in anticipation of a format change; see below), but never any later.

text: Christmas music as a stunt format[edit]

text: Christmas music is a popular stunt format, used when a station is transitioning to a different format. For instance, a rock music station changing to a rhythmic oldies format will often air Christmas music in-between. This can occur at times when Christmas music seems out of place, such as in summer. The end of the calendar year is a common time of year for format switches. As such, Christmas music may be aired for a prolonged period of time from as early as October and/or extend as late as New Year's Day, while the station prepares the switch. Conversely, when 94.9 in Atlanta changed from adult contemporary to country music in the middle of December 2006, it abruptly stopped playing its annual Christmas music a week before the holiday.

text: A brief 24/7 Christmas music format is also common during Christmas in July stunts.

text: Christmas music on satellite and internet radio[edit]

text: Outside of traditional AM/FM radio, satellite radio providers XM and Sirius typically devote multiple channels to different genres of Christmas music during the holiday season.[72] Numerous Internet radio services also offer Christmas music channels, some of them available year-round. Citadel Media produced The Christmas Channel, a syndicated 24-hour radio network, during the holiday season in past years (though in 2010, Citadel instead included Christmas music on its regular Classic Hits network). Music Choice offers nonstop holiday music to its digital cable, cable modem, and mobile phone subscribers between November 1 and New Year's Day on its "Sounds of the Seasons" (traditional), "R&B" (soul), "Tropicales" (Latin), and "Soft Rock" (contemporary) channels. DMX provides holiday music as part of its SonicTap music service for digital cable and DirecTV subscribers, as does Dish Network via its in-house Dish CD music channels. Services such as Muzak also distribute Christmas music to retail stores for use as in-store background music during the holidays.

text: The growing popularity of Internet radio has inspired other media outlets to begin offering Christmas music. In 2009 Phoenix television station KTVK launched four commercial-free online radio stations including Ho Ho Radio, which streams Christmas music throughout the month of December.

text: In Ireland, a temporary radio station named Christmas FM broadcasts on a temporary license in Dublin and Cork from November 28 to December 26, solely playing Christmas music.

text: In the U.K., the Festive Fifty list of indie rock songs is broadcast starting on Christmas Day, originally by DJ John Peel, and nowadays by Internet radio station Dandelion Radio.