document_title: I Am the Walrus

question_text: who sang lead on i am the walrus

question_tokens: who sang lead on i am the walrus

text: I Am the Walrus

text: Composition[edit]

text: John Lennon received a letter from a pupil at Quarry Bank High School, which he had attended. The writer mentioned that the English master was making his class analyse Beatles' lyrics. (Lennon wrote an answer, dated 1 September 1967, which was auctioned by Christie's of London in 1992.) Lennon, amused that a teacher was putting so much effort into understanding the Beatles' lyrics, decided to write in his next song the most confusing lyrics that he could.

text: According to author Ian MacDonald, the "model" for "I Am the Walrus" was most likely Procol Harum's "A Whiter Shade of Pale", which was a hit single during the summer of 1967 and Lennon's favourite song of the period.[1] The lyrics came from three song ideas that Lennon had been working on, the first of which was inspired by hearing a police siren at his home in Weybridge; Lennon wrote the lines "Mis-ter cit-y police-man" to the rhythm and melody of the siren. The second idea was a short rhyme about Lennon sitting amidst his garden, while the third was a nonsense lyric about sitting on a corn flake. Unable to finish the three different songs, he combined them into one. The lyrics also included the phrase "Lucy in the sky", a reference to the Beatles' earlier song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds".

text: The walrus refers to Lewis Carroll's poem "The Walrus and the Carpenter" (from the book Through the Looking-Glass).[2] Lennon later expressed dismay upon belatedly realising that the walrus was a villain in the poem.[3]

text: The final piece of the song came together when Lennon's friend and former fellow member of the Quarrymen, Peter Shotton, visited, and Lennon asked him about a playground nursery rhyme they sang as children. Shotton recalled the rhyme as follows:

text:
Yellow matter custard, green slop pie,
All mixed together with a dead dog's eye,
Slap it on a butty, ten foot thick,
Then wash it all down with a cup of cold sick.[4]

text: Lennon borrowed a couple of images from the first two lines. Shotton was also responsible for suggesting that Lennon change the lyric "waiting for the man to come" to "waiting for the van to come". The Beatles' official biographer Hunter Davies was present while the song was being written and wrote an account in his 1968 biography of the Beatles. According to this biography, Lennon remarked to Shotton, "Let the fuckers work that one out."

text: Lennon claimed he wrote the first two lines on separate acid trips; he explained much of the song to Playboy in 1980:[5]

text: The first line was written on one acid trip one weekend. The second line was written on the next acid trip the next weekend, and it was filled in after I met Yoko ... I'd seen Allen Ginsberg and some other people who liked Dylan and Jesus going on about Hare Krishna. It was Ginsberg, in particular, I was referring to. The words 'Element'ry penguin' meant that it's naïve to just go around chanting Hare Krishna or putting all your faith in one idol. In those days I was writing obscurely, à la Dylan. [...]

text: It never dawned on me that Lewis Carroll was commenting on the capitalist system. I never went into that bit about what he really meant, like people are doing with the Beatles' work. Later, I went back and looked at it and realized that the walrus was the bad guy in the story and the carpenter was the good guy. I thought, Oh, shit, I picked the wrong guy. I should have said, 'I am the carpenter.' But that wouldn't have been the same, would it? [Sings, laughing] 'I am the carpenter ...'

text: Musical structure[edit]

text: All the chords are major chords or seventh chords, and all the musical letters of the alphabet (A, B, C, D, E, F and G) are used. The song ends using a Shepard tone, with a chord progression built on ascending and descending lines in the bass and strings, repeated as the song fades. Musicologist Alan W. Pollack analyses: "The chord progression of the outro itself is a harmonic Moebius strip with scales in bassline and top voice that move in contrary motion."[6] The bassline descends stepwise A, G, F, E, D, C, and B, while the strings part rises A, B, C, D, E, F♯, G: this sequence repeats as the song fades, with the strings rising higher on each iteration. Pollack also notes that the repeated cell is seven bars long, which means that a different chord begins each four-bar phrase. The fade is described by Walter Everett as a "false ending", in the form of an "unrelated coda" consisting of the orchestral chord progression, chorus, and sampling of the radio play.[7]

text: The song is in the key of A, and the instrumental introduction starts in the Lydian mode of B major.[8] Verse 1 begins with a I–♭III–IV–I rock pattern: "I am he" (A chord)..."you are me" (C chord) "and we are all toge..." (D chord) "...ther" (A chord). Verse 2, however, involves a ♭VI–♭VII–I Aeolian ascent: "waiting" (F chord) "for the van" (G chord) "to come" (A chord). The chorus uses a ♭III–IV–V pattern: "I am the eggman (C chord) "they are the eggmen (D chord). "I am the walrus (E chord), "goo goo g'joob" hanging as an imperfect cadence until resolved with the I (A chord) on "Mr. City Policeman".[9] At the line "Sitting in an English garden" the D♯ melody note (as in the instrumental introduction) establishes a Lydian mode (sharp 4th note in the scale), and this mode is emphasised more strongly with the addition of a D♯ note to the B chord on "If the sun don't come".[10]

text: Recording[edit]

text: "I Am the Walrus" was the first studio recording made by the Beatles after the death of their manager, Brian Epstein, in August 1967. The basic backing track featuring the Beatles was released in 1996 on Anthology 2. George Martin arranged and added orchestral accompaniment that included violins, cellos, horns, and clarinet. Paul McCartney said that Lennon gave instructions to Martin as to how he wished the orchestration to be scored, including singing most of the parts as a guide. A 16-voice choir of professional studio vocalists named the Mike Sammes Singers took part in the recording as well, variously singing "Ho-ho-ho, hee-hee-hee, ha-ha-ha", "oompah, oompah, stick it up your jumper!", "everybody's got one" and making a series of shrill whooping noises.[11]

text: In 2015, founding Moody Blues member Ray Thomas said in an interview that he and fellow band member Mike Pinder contributed backing vocals to the song, as well as harmonicas to "The Fool on the Hill".[12]

text: Incorporation of text from King Lear[edit]

text: The dramatic reading in the mix is Shakespeare's King Lear (Act IV, Scene 6), lines 219–222 and 249–262,[13] added to the song on 29 September 1967[14] direct from an AM radio Lennon was fiddling with that happened to be receiving the 7:30 pm to 11 pm[15] broadcast of the play on the BBC Third Programme.[16]

text: The first excerpt (ll. 219–222) moves in and out of the text, containing fragments of lines only. It begins where the disguised Edgar talks to his estranged and maliciously blinded father the Earl of Gloucester (timings given[13]):

text:
Gloucester: (2:35) Now, good sir, wh— (Lennon appears to change the channel away from the station here)[13]
Edgar: (2:38) — poor man, made tame by fortune — (2:44) good pity —

text: In the play Edgar then kills Oswald, Goneril's steward. During the fade of the song the second main extract (ll. 249–262), this time of continuous text, is heard (timings given[13]):[13][17]

text:
Oswald: (3:52) Slave, thou hast slain me. Villain, take my purse.
If ever thou wilt thrive, (4:02) bury my body,
And give the (4:05) letters which thou find'st about me
To (4:08) Edmund, Earl of Gloucester; (4:10) seek him out
Upon the British party. O, (4:14) untimely Death!
Edgar: (4:23) I know thee well: a (4:25) serviceable villain;
As duteous to the (4:27) vices of thy mistress
As badness would desire.
Gloucester: What, is he dead?
Edgar: (4:31) Sit you down father, rest you.

text: On the radio broadcast the roles were read by Mark Dignam (Gloucester), Philip Guard (Edgar) and John Bryning (Oswald).[14]

text: Different versions[edit]

text: In the original (1967) stereo release, at around two minutes through the song, the mix changes from true stereo to "fake stereo". This came about because the radio broadcast had been added "live" into the mono mix-down and so was unavailable for inclusion in the stereo mix; hence, fake stereo from the mono mix was created for this portion of the song.[18]

text: The mono version opens with a four-beat chord, while the stereo mix features six beats on the initial chord. The four-beat-only intro is also included on a different stereo mix (overseen by George Martin) for the previous MPI Home Video version of Magical Mystery Tour, especially the US Magical Mystery Tour album. The US mono single mix includes an extra bar of music before the words "yellow matter custard". This is actually the original uncut version of the mono mix called RM23. An early, overdub-free mix of the song released on Anthology 2 reveals John singing the lyrics "Yellow mat-" too early—this was edited out. A hybrid version prepared for the 1980 US Rarities LP combines the six-beat opening with the extra bar of music that precedes the words "yellow matter custard" (from the aforementioned US mono single mix).[19] An entirely new full stereo remix was done in 2012 for Apple's DVD and BD[clarification needed] release of the restored version of MMT.

text: The Jean Beaudin psychedelic 1969 short subject Vertige[20] uses as the entirety of its soundtrack the song slowed down to 1/8 speed.[21][dubious – discuss]

text: A 5.1 surround sound full stereo remix of the song appeared on the DVD release of Anthology in 2003, on disc 4. A full stereo digital remix was also done for the Cirque du Soleil show Love and album of the same name, released in 2006. Producers George and Giles Martin were allowed access to early generations of the original master tapes. Musical parts that had previously been mixed were now available as separate elements. Additionally, a copy of the BBC broadcast of King Lear was acquired. Now, with all the sound sources used in the original mono mix present, a proper stereo remix could be accomplished. These tracks were transferred digitally and lined up to create a new multi-track master, from which a new mix would be made.

text: In addition to the stereo remixes prepared for the Love show and the 2012 Apple reissue referenced above, the DVDs that were released for those same projects contain a 5.1 surround sound mix of the song, making three distinct 5.1 remixes of the same song.

text: In Spring/Summer 1988 a Dutch radio station aired a no overdub version that was acquired through dubious raids on the Apple vaults and titled Beatles unlimited. (Private copy, used by owner only, is noted here.)

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
John Lennon – lead vocal, backing vocal, electric piano, Mellotron
Paul McCartney – bass guitar, tambourine, backing vocals
George Harrison – electric guitar, backing vocals
Ringo Starr – drums
Orchestrated, directed and produced by George Martin.
Session musicians – strings, brass and woodwinds
Mike Sammes singers – backing vocals
Ray Thomas – backing vocals[12]
Mike Pinder – backing vocals[12]
Engineered by Geoff Emerick and Ken Scott
Mixed by Geoff Emerick and John Lennon[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception at the time of the track's release was largely positive:

text:
"John growls the nonsense (and sometimes suggestive) lyric, backed by a complex scoring incorporating violins and cellos. You need to hear it a few times before you can absorb it" — Derek Johnson.[22]
"Into the world of Alice in Wonderland now and you can almost visualise John crouching on a deserted shore singing 'I am the walrus' to some beautiful strings from far away on the horizon and a whole bagful of Beatle sounds, like a ringing doorbell and someone sawing a plank of wood. A fantastic track which you will need to live with for a while to fully appreciate" — Nick Logan.[23]
In the 21st century, professional Beatleologist Scott Freiman called the song "the Beatles' last psychedelic masterpiece".[24]

text: The song was banned by the BBC for the use of the word "knickers" in the line "You’ve been a naughty girl, you’ve let your knickers down".[25][26]

text: Interpretation[edit]

text: Although it has been reported that Lennon wrote "I Am the Walrus" to confuse those who tried to interpret his songs, there have nevertheless been many attempts to analyse the meaning of the lyrics.[27][28]

text: Seen in the Magical Mystery Tour film singing the song, Lennon, apparently, is the walrus; on the track-list of the accompanying soundtrack album, however, underneath "I Am the Walrus" are printed the words " 'No you're not!' said Little Nicola" (in the film, Nicola Hale is a little girl who keeps contradicting everything the other characters say). Lennon returned to the subject in the lyrics of three of his subsequent songs: in the 1968 Beatles song "Glass Onion" he sings, "I told you 'bout the walrus and me, man / You know that we're as close as can be, man / Well here's another clue for you all / The walrus was Paul";[29] in the third verse of "Come Together" he sings the line "he bag production, he got walrus gumboot"; and in his 1970 solo song "God", admits: "I was the walrus, but now I'm John".

text: Eric Burdon, lead singer of the Animals, claims to be the "Eggman" mentioned in the song's lyric. Burdon was known as "Eggs" to his friends, the nickname originating from his fondness for breaking eggs over naked women's bodies.[citation needed] Burdon's biography mentions such an affair taking place in the presence of John Lennon, who shouted "Go on, go get it, Eggman..."[30]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
In the 2007 movie Across the Universe, it was the featured song of Dr. Robert (played by Bono) as they went for their "magical bus tour" on a trip for enlightenment.
In the movie The Big Lebowski, a reference is made to this song as a play on words between quotes from "Vladimir Lenin" and "John Lennon".[citation needed]


document_title: World State in Brave New World

question_text: who runs the world in brave new world

question_tokens: who runs the world in brave new world

root

text: World State in Brave New World

text: History[edit]

text: The citizens of the World State use a calendar which takes the year 1908 AD ("0 AF" – "After Ford") as its epoch, as this was the first year in which the Model T automobile was produced by the Ford Motor Company. According to the novel, the "Nine Years' War" broke out in Year 141 AF (2049 AD of the Gregorian calendar). Very little is revealed of the Nine Years' War, but it can be inferred that the conflict broke out in Europe, affected most of the planet, and caused massive physical damage. It is repeatedly stated that chemical and biological weapons were heavily used during the war, particularly in mass air-raids against cities, similar to the portrayal of World War III. Following the war, which seems to have petered out rather than been ended by a decisive victory, the global economy collapsed and created an unprecedented worldwide economic crisis. To deal with the two catastrophes of the Nine Years' War and the Great Economic Collapse, the new world leaders tried to forcibly impose their new ideologies on Earth's populations. This met with widespread resistance, including large-scale riots at Golders Green and a massacre at the British Museum. Realising that they could not force people to adopt the new lifestyle, the World Controllers instead united the planet into the One World State and began a peaceful campaign of change. This campaign included the closing of museums, the suppression of almost all literature published before 150 AF (2058 AD), and the destruction of the few historical world monuments that had survived the Nine Years' War. By the time the novel is set, the World State is fully established and almost all the people of Earth are citizens.

tag: p

text: Political geography[edit]

text: At the time of the novel, the entire planet is united as the World State, governed by ten World Controllers, headquartered in various key cities. Prospective World Controllers are recruited from social outcasts who display unconventional thoughts. A few isolated areas have been left as "savage reservations", including parts of New Mexico, Samoa, and a small group of islands off the coast of New Guinea. Towards the end of the novel, a conversation between John and Western Europe's World Controller, Mustapha Mond, reveals further details of the World State's political geography. Mond explains that certain areas which have very few resources or languish in unpleasant climates are not "civilised" by the government, as it would be uneconomical. Subsequently, these areas are left as reservations, and local life continues—albeit under constant surveillance by the World State. Small islands across the planet, such as the Falkland Islands, Iceland, and the Marquesas Islands, are reserved for citizens of the World State who do not wish to live in, or do not fit into the normal society.

text: Population[edit]

text: The citizens of the World State constitute a eusocial consumer society whose individuals are produced in hatcheries by application of "Bokanovsky's"[1] and other techniques to the hatchery line to produce the five classes or castes named after letters of the Greek alphabet: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon, respectively. Society is controlled by Alphas and their subordinates, Betas. Below them, in descending order of intelligence and physique, are Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons. Each caste is further subdivided into Plus and Minus (with Epsilons having the additional classifications of regular or semi-moron), and are distinguished by colour-coded work clothes. Epsilons are dressed in black, Deltas in khaki, Gammas in leaf green, Betas in mulberry, and Alphas in grey. At the very pinnacle of society sit Alpha Double-Plus, who serve as the future scientists and top administrators of the world. Citizens in the World State of all castes are not born to a mother, but instead created in laboratories through a process of artificial insemination. They are then grown to 'birth' in bottles, the bottles being treated in a manner similar to a production line. Fetuses are pre-determined to be born into specific caste and 'lower' castes such as Deltas or Epsilons are interfered with during development in order to restrict their mental and physical development (for example by adding alcohol to their bottle). People in different castes are conditioned to be happy in their own way; they do not feel resentment towards other castes, but rather feel a slight contempt for people not members of their own caste. At the same time, however, all members of society are repeatedly taught that everyone is equally important to society.

text: Citizens of the World State enjoy racial, social and economic harmony across the planet. Although England is seen to be mostly populated with Caucasians, the population also contains substantial ethnic proportions, and across the planet, people of different racial heritage live alongside one another in harmony. When visiting an electrical products factory in London, John witnesses Caucasians and black Senegalese working together. The only "feely" (see below) in the novel features a black antagonist with a white heroine. An official at the Central London Hatchery explains that Negro fetuses are slightly easier to grow than Caucasians or Asians. Although all the World State hatcheries attempt to refine the limits of the production process, the Mombasa hatchery is a few hundred ahead of the others in the number of embryos produced from a single ovary (London: 16,012, Singapore: approx 16,500, Mombasa: approx 17,000).

text: In addition to racial harmony, gender roles appear to have been eliminated in the World State. Both men and women are equals in society. However, a third pseudo-sex has been engineered: freemartins, a hermaphroditic group of humans who appear to have been grown as females, but are sterile and exhibit traits of both the male and female sexes. While freemartins appear female, they exhibit some male characteristics, including the growth of facial hair. The purpose of their creation is to allow citizens to engage in sexual intercourse for pleasure without the need for contraception.

text: Aging is a thing of the past in the World State. Biological engineering has eliminated the impact of old age upon the human body; using blood transfusions, chemical enhancements, and hormone replacement therapy, as well as the standard devotion to physical sports, people maintain young, strong bodies for the duration of their lives, and do not present any physical indications of old age, even appearing young when they eventually expire from natural causes. Without these physical signs, it is virtually impossible to gauge a person's age based on appearance, and as a result, ageism is non-existent.

text: An unspecified number of persons live as "savages" and non-citizens in reservations which figure in sections of the novel, since as noted the creation of the World State was accomplished peacefully as a consolidation of a post-apocalypse consumer society carried to the limit of conscious production of an irreversible division of labor.

text: Economy[edit]

text: The World State operates a command economy, in which prices, production, and trade are all regulated by the state. Furthermore, the economy is based on the principles of mass production and mass consumerism. Citizens of the World State have access to a vast array of very high-quality foods, goods, and services, whilst the manufacture and provision of these goods and services creates jobs for all members of society. In order to enhance consumerism and so keep the economy strong, people are encouraged to throw away old or damaged possessions and buy new ones. In this way, every citizen of the World State is kept happy, with a plentiful supply of creature comforts and a permanent job. Later in the novel, World Controller Mustapha Mond explains that approximately one third of the global population is employed permanently in agricultural occupations, a surprisingly high proportion for such a high-tech, industrialised society, although this may have something to do with the fact that Huxley's world is limited in its mechanization and automation. This limitation is deliberately put in place in order to keep the populace busy working to produce new goods, with fears that increased free time and further technological advancements would lead to civil unrest and social instability. This was proven in an experiment in Ireland where all workers were placed on a 4-hour day, which led to unrest and increased consumption of soma.

text: Culture[edit]

text: Culture in the World State is homogenous and appears to be fairly similar across the entire planet. Music is very popular, and makes use of the latest gadgets to enhance listening pleasure by adding light shows and pleasant aromas. Television and "feelies" (see below) are widespread throughout the World State. Sport is a cornerstone of culture and is very popular, consisting of various bizarre games played using a bewildering array of high-tech gadgets, in order to keep factories busy. Games such as "Centrifugal Bumble-Puppy", "Riemann Surface Tennis", "Escalator Squash", and "Electro-Magnetic Golf" are major distractions for all levels of society, alongside more recognisable sports, including wrestling and swimming. Citizens of the World State enjoy many frequent holidays, and global travel allows people to journey across the planet for relaxation. Advertisements in Western Europe are seen promoting holidays to "the gorgeous East". One surprising holiday destination is a large (but apparently unimpressive) hotel complex at the North Pole. It is possible that holidays to the moon are available, but as such trips are only given two vague, passing reference in the novel, lunar recreation can neither be confirmed as a physical reality or dismissed as yet another hallucinogenic "holiday" brought on by soma.

text: Technology[edit]

text: Life in the World State in (After Ford) A.F. 632 is dominated by very advanced technology, which influences all aspects of life. Sport is a pillar of the World State, consisting of various games and activities which use very high-tech equipment. Another key aspect of entertainment are the "feelies" – the World State's high-tech version of the then-current "talkies". In the later part of the novel, Lenina takes John to a feely, where the concept is explained. Users rest their hands on metal knobs protruding from the arms of their chair, allowing them to feel the physical sensations of the actors on-screen (usually in sexually-themed films). Various other high-tech entertainment devices feature heavily in the book, including Synthetic Music Boxes, Scent Organs (musical instruments which combine music with pleasant aromas), Colour Organs (combining music with a dazzling light show), and televisions.

text: Transport technology is also highly advanced. The main form of urban transport is the helicopter, with variations including "taxicopters" and expensive, long-range "sporticopters". For the lower castes, high-speed monorails are used to travel around the countryside. Global travel is conducted using rocket planes, which are colour-coded according to their destinations.

text: In the Hatcheries and Conditioning Centres, advanced technology is used in the creation of new embryos. In addition to high-tech laboratory equipment, the Hatcheries rely on machines to condition bottled embryos to heat, sudden motion, and disease, allowing the embryos to fulfill their predestined jobs in specific climates. Newly 'decanted' children in the Conditioning Centres are exposed to a variety of technologically advanced devices which help to mould them into their predetermined roles. In one early scene, Delta children are trained to hate the countryside and books through operant conditioning involving klaxons and electrocution. Hypnopædia is conducted using speakers built into the beds. The speakers themselves are fed by machines which convert printed material into softly spoken words. In spite of this, tasks such as elevator operation, automatable in the present day, are still performed by humans.

text: Other aspects of life are greatly influenced by advanced technology. Most clothes are made from fine synthetic materials such as acetate and viscose. Architecture is dominated by "vitra-glass" and "ferroconcrete" skyscrapers. Men shave using electrolytic razors and consume sex-hormone chewing gum. Citizens can relax using "vibro-vac" massage machines and the ever-present soma (the novel reveals that although this is ingested in tablet form, it can also be vaporised to form an anaesthetic cloud).

text: The novel repeatedly explains that the reason for such advanced technology is to keep workers busy manufacturing products. Interestingly though, the citizens of the World State could enjoy significantly better devices. In a conversation towards the end of the novel, World Controller Mustapha Mond explains to John that countless plans and designs for more advanced technologies already exist. The World State could, he explains, synthetically manufacture all of its food products and use highly efficient labour-saving machines. However, more advanced technology is not developed, as the World Controllers fear that high-tech machines would result in people having too much time on their hands. This, explains Mond, is not in the World State's best interests, following a previous experiment in Cyprus, which revealed that more advanced technology simply led to widespread boredom and increased use of soma. Although the citizens of Brave New World enjoy apparently very advanced gadgets, they are unaware that human technology has in fact been limited artificially.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Bokanovsky's Process"

tag: ol

text:
hide

v
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Aldous Huxley

Novels

Crome Yellow (1921)
Antic Hay (1923)
Those Barren Leaves (1925)
Point Counter Point (1928)
Brave New World (1932)
Eyeless in Gaza (1936)
After Many a Summer (1939)
Time Must Have a Stop (1944)
Ape and Essence (1948)
The Genius and the Goddess (1955)
Island (1962)

Short story collections

Limbo (1920)
Mortal Coils (1922)
Little Mexican (1924)
Two or Three Graces (1926)
Brief Candles (1930)
Collected Short Stories (1957)

Non-fiction

The Perennial Philosophy (1945)
Grey Eminence (1941)
The Devils of Loudun (1952)
The Doors of Perception (1954)

Poetry

The Burning Wheel (1916)
Jonah (1917)
The Defeat of Youth (1918)
Leda (1920)
Arabia Infelix (1929)
The Cicadias and Other Poems (1931)
Collected Poetry (1971)

Travel writing

Along the Road (1925)
Jesting Pilate (1926)
Beyond the Mexique Bay (1934)

Essay collections

On the Margin (1923)
Essays New and Old (1926)
Proper Studies (1927)
Do What You Will (1929)
Vulgarity in Literature (1930)
Music at Night (1931)
Texts and Pretexts (1932)
The Olive Tree (1936)
Ends and Means (1937)
Words and their Meanings (1940)
Science, Liberty and Peace (1946)
Themes and Variations (1950)
Adonis and the Alphabet (1956)
Heaven and Hell (1956)
Collected Essays (1958)
Brave New World Revisited (1958)
Literature and Science (1963)
The Human Situation: 1959 Lectures at Santa Barbara (1977)
Moksha: Writings on Psychedelics and the Visionary Experience (1999)

Screenplays

Pride and Prejudice (1940)
Madame Curie (uncredited, 1943)
Jane Eyre (1943)
A Woman's Vengeance (1947)
Prelude to Fame (1950)
Alice in Wonderland (uncredited, 1951)

Radio script

"Jacob's Hands: A Fable" (1956, published 1997)

Plays

The Discovery (1924)
The World of Light (1931)
The Gioconda Smile (1948)
The Genius and the Goddess (1957)
The Ambassador of Captripedia (1965)
Now More Than Ever (1997)

Other books

The Art of Seeing (1942)
The Crows of Pearblossom (1944 children's book, published 1967)
Selected Letters (2007)

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Brave New World by Aldous Huxley

Adaptations

Brave New World (1980 film)
Brave New World (1998 film)

Art

Brave New World (Iron Maiden album)

Related

Bokanovsky's Process
World State
Quotes from Shakespeare
Demolition Man (1993)

text: Brave New WorldFictional governmentsFictional universesWorld government

tag: ul

text: Articles needing additional references from September 2011All articles needing additional references


document_title: Vietnamese Australians

question_text: when did the first vietnamese refugees arrived in australia

text: Vietnamese Australians

text: History in Australia[edit]

text: Up until 1975 there were fewer than 2,000 Vietnam-born people in Australia.[2] Following the takeover of South Vietnam by the North Vietnamese communist government in April 1975, Australia, being a signatory to the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, agreed to resettle its share of Vietnam-born refugees under a refugee resettlement plan between 1975 and 1985.  After the initial intake of refugees in the late 1970s, there was a second immigration peak in 1983–84, most likely a result of the 1982 agreement between the Australian and Vietnamese governments (the Orderly Departure Program) which allowed relatives of Vietnamese Australians to leave Vietnam and migrate to Australia.  A third immigration peak in the late 1980s seems to have been mainly due to Australia's family reunion scheme.[3] Over 90,000 refugees were processed, and entered Australia during this time.[citation needed]

text: By the 1990s, the number of Vietnam-born migrating to Australia had surpassed the number entering as refugees. From 1991 to 1993, the percentage of Vietnam-born migrants had reached 77 per cent of the total intake of Vietnam-born arriving in Australia, and by 2000, the percentage of Vietnam-born migrants had climbed to 98 per cent. In 2001–2002, 1,919 Vietnam-born migrants and 44 humanitarian entrants settled in Australia.

text: Vietnamese Australians in Australian society[edit]

text: Dual socioeconomics[edit]

text: Vietnamese Australians vary in income and social class levels. Australian born Vietnamese Australians are highly represented in Australian universities and many professions (particularly as information technology workers, optometrists, engineers, doctors and pharmacists), while many other members in the community are subject to high unemployment rates, poverty and crime.[4]

text: Migratory tendencies[edit]

text: Vietnamese Australians have an exceptionally low rate of return migration to Vietnam. In December 2001, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade estimated that there were 3,950 Australian citizens resident in Vietnam. It is not clear what proportion of this number are returned emigrants with Australian citizenship or their Vietnamese Australian children, and what number is simply other Australians in Vietnam for business or other reasons. The greater proportion (3,000) were recorded in the south of the country.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: Population[edit]

text: About 0.8% of the Australian resident population was born in Vietnam; in terms of birthplace, Vietnam has been the fifth-largest source of immigration to Australia, behind the United Kingdom, New Zealand, China, and India and the Philippines.[1] Only Cambodia, the United States, and France have larger Viet Kieu communities. According to results of the 2016 Census, 219,355 Australian residents declared that they were born in Vietnam[1]

text: At the 2016 census, 294,798 people declared that they have Vietnamese ancestry.[1]

text: In the 2001 census, the 155,000 people of Vietnamese ancestry were first or second generation Australians; first generation Australians of Vietnamese ancestry outnumbered second generation Australians with Vietnamese ancestry (74% : 26%) Relatively few people of Vietnamese ancestry stated another ancestry (6%). Among the leading ancestries, the proportion of people who spoke a language other than English at home was highest for those of Vietnamese (96%).[5]

text: At the 2006 Census, 173,663 Australian residents declared themselves to be of Vietnamese ancestry. A further 2,190 declared themselves as having Hmong ancestry. Respondents could nominate up to two ancestries.[6] There may additionally be persons of Vietnamese descent born in Australia, or of arguably non-Vietnamese ancestries (such as Cantonese) born in Vietnam, who elected not to nominate their ancestry as Vietnamese.

text: Over three-quarters of people born in Vietnam live in New South Wales (63,786, or 39.9%) and Victoria (58,878, or 36.8%).[6] In Melbourne the suburbs of Richmond, Footscray, Springvale, Sunshine and St Albans have a significant proportion of Vietnamese-Australians, while in Sydney they are concentrated in Cabramatta, Cabramatta West, Canley Vale, Canley Heights, Bankstown, St John's Park and Fairfield. Other places of significant Vietnamese presence include Brisbane, where many have settled in suburbs like Darra and Inala.

text: Religions[edit]

text: According to census data released by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2004, Vietnamese Australians are, by religion, 30.3 per cent Catholic, 0.4 per cent Anglican, 3.1 Other Christian, 55.2 per cent Other Religions, mainly Buddhist, Taoism, and Ancestor Worship and 11.0 per cent No Religion.

text: According to the 2016 census, 40.46% of Australians with Vietnamese ancestry are Buddhists, 28.77% are Christians, and 26.46% follow secular or no religious beliefs.[7]

text: Language[edit]

text: In 2001, the Vietnamese language was spoken at home by 174,236 people in Australia. Vietnamese was the sixth most widely spoken language in the country after English, Chinese, Italian, Greek and Arabic.

text: Vietnamese-Australian to Vietnam relationship[edit]

text: Media[edit]

text: During October 2003, government owned SBS TV began airing a Vietnamese news program called Thoi Su ('News'). The stated purpose was to provide a news service to cater for Australia's Vietnamese population. This was received poorly by the significant portion of the Vietnamese community as many had previously fled after the fall of South Vietnam and thus harbour resentment to the communist government and its institutions, including the state-controlled media.  Thoi Su was regarded as a mouthpiece for the ruling Vietnamese Communist Party, and uncritically endorsed government policy and practices using strong language while failing to report issues objectively including political arrests or religious oppression in Vietnam.  A large protest was convened outside SBS's offices.[8] SBS decided to drop Thoi Su (which was being provided at no cost to SBS through a satellite connection).  SBS subsequently began broadcasting disclaimers before each foreign news program stating it does not endorse their contents.

text: Vietnamese Australians[edit]

text:
Anh Do – Comedian, actor, author of The Happiest Refugee and brother of Khoa Do
Khoa Do – Young Australian of the Year in 2005, writer, director and brother of Anh Do
Kim-Anh Do – Mathematician
Charles Tran Van Lam – Former Foreign Minister of South Vietnam (1969–72), first Vietnamese Ambassador to Australia (late 1950s), President of the Senate of South Vietnam (1973), one of signatories of the Paris Peace Accord (1973)
Hieu Van Le, AO – Governor of South Australia and Chairman of the South Australian Multicultural and Ethnic Affairs Commission (SAMEAC)
Nam Le – author of The Boat, winner of the 2008 Dylan Thomas Prize for The Boat
Tan Le – 1998 Young Australian of the Year
Giang Le-Huy – Actor
Tony Le-Nguyen – Actor, writer, Director and producer
Trung Ly – Martial artist/action director
Phuong Ngo – ALP politician (member of Fairfield Council, NSW), Catholic community leader convicted for the homicide of John Paul Newman, and suspected drug lord
Thang Ngo – Fairfield councillor (1999–2008), cast member of Once Upon a Time in Cabramatta documentary, food writer and publisher of Noodlies food blog
Tung Ngo ALP politician, member of the Legislative Council of South Australia
Giang Nguyen – Mathematician and chess player
Jordan Nguyen – engineer
Luke Nguyen – chef and owner of Red Lantern in Surry Hills, Sydney and host of Luke Nguyen's Vietnam on SBS
Nam-Trung Nguyen – Scientist
Peter Nguyen Van Hung – Catholic priest and human rights activist on Taiwan
Rob Nguyen – Formula 3000 driver
Sang Nguyen – Victorian ALP Upper House politician
Tach Duc Thanh Nguyen – Convicted drug smuggler and member of the Bali Nine
Van Tuong Nguyen – Executed drug trafficker
Vincent Long Van Nguyen – Roman Catholic bishop of Parramatta
Ngan Phan-Koshnitsky – chess player
Batong Pham – ALP Upper House politician in Western Australia
Hoa Pham – Writer
Caroline Tran – Triple J announcer
Maria Tran – actress, filmmaker
Natalie Tran – video blogger on YouTube The Most Viewed YouTuber in Australia
Andy Trieu – Actor/martial artist
Huong Truong – Australian Greens politician, MLC in Victoria
Van Thanh Rudd – Political artist, nephew of Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd
Vico Thai – Television and Film Actor
San Hoa Thang, AC – Polymer chemist
Tran My Van – Academic
Quan Yeomans – Lead singer and guitarist of Regurgitator


document_title: Languages of the Philippines

question_text: what are the four extinct language in the philippines

text: Languages of the Philippines

text: National and official languages[edit]

text: The 1987 Constitution declares Filipino as the national language of the country. Filipino and English are the official languages, with the recognition of the regional languages as auxiliary official in their respective regions, including Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan. Spanish and Arabic are to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis.[9]

text: Spanish was the national and official language of the country for more than three centuries under Spanish colonial rule, and became the lingua franca of the Philippines in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1863, a Spanish decree introduced universal education, creating free public schooling in Spanish.[10] It was also the language of the Philippine Revolution, and the 1899 Malolos Constitution effectively proclaimed it as the official language of the First Philippine Republic.[11] National hero José Rizal wrote most of his works in Spanish. Luciano de la Rosa established that Spanish was spoken by a total of 60% of the population in the early 20th century as a first, second or third language. Following the American occupation of the Philippines and the imposition of English, the use of Spanish declined gradually, especially after the 1940s.

text: Under the U.S. occupation and civil regime, English began to be taught in schools. By 1901, public education used English as the medium of instruction. Around 600 educators (called "Thomasites") who arrived in that year aboard the USAT Thomas replaced the soldiers who also functioned as teachers. The 1935 Constitution added English as an official language alongside Spanish. A provision in this constitution also called for Congress to "take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages." On November 12, 1937, the First National Assembly created the National Language Institute. President Manuel L. Quezón appointed native Waray speaker Jaime C. De Veyra to chair a committee of speakers of other regional languages. Their aim was to select a national language among the other regional languages. Ultimately, Tagalog was chosen as the base language December 30, 1937, on the basis that it was the most widely spoken and developed local language.[12]

text: In 1939, President Manuel L. Quezón renamed the Tagalog language as Wikang Pambansa ("national language" in English translation).[13] The language was further renamed in 1959 as Pilipino by Secretary of Education Jose Romero. The 1973 constitution declared the Pilipino language to be co-official, along with English, and mandated the development of a national language, to be known as Filipino. In addition, Spanish regained its official status when President Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 155, s. 1973.[14]

text: The present constitution, ratified in 1987, designates Filipino and English as joint official languages. Filipino also had the distinction of being a national language that was to be "developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages." Although not explicitly stated in the constitution, Filipino is in practice almost completely composed of the Tagalog language as spoken in the capital, Manila; however, organizations such as the University of the Philippines began publishing dictionaries such as the UP Diksyonaryong Filipino in which words from various Philippine languages were also included. The constitution also made mention of Spanish and Arabic, both of which are to be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.

text: Filipino is an official language of education and also the major language of the broadcast media and cinema, but less important than English as a language of publication (except in some domains, like comic books) and less important for academic-scientific-technological discourse. Filipino is used as a lingua franca in all regions of the Philippines as well as within overseas Filipino communities, and is the dominant language of the armed forces (except perhaps for the small part of the commissioned officer corps from wealthy or upper-middle-class families) and of a large part of the civil service, most of whom are non-Tagalogs.

text: There are different forms of diglossia that exist in the case of regional languages. Locals may use their mother tongue or the regional lingua franca to communicate amongst themselves, but sometimes switch to foreign languages when addressing outsiders. Another is the prevalence of code-switching to English when speaking in both their first language and Tagalog.

text: The Constitution of the Philippines provides for the use of the vernacular languages as official auxiliary languages in provinces where Filipino is not the lingua franca. This is however not implemented as Filipinos at large are polyglots. In the case where the vernacular language is a regional language, Filipinos would speak in Filipino when speaking in formal situations while the regional languages are spoken in non-formal settings. This is evident in major urban areas outside Metro Manila like Camarines Norte in the Bikol-speaking area, and Davao in the Cebuano-speaking area. As of 2017[update], the case of Ilocano and Cebuano are becoming more of bilingualism than diglossia due to the publication of materials written in these languages.[citation needed]

text: The diglossia is more evident in the case of other languages such as Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Bikol, Waray, Hiligaynon, Sambal, and Maranao, where the written variant of the language is becoming less and less popular to give way to the use of Filipino. Although Philippine laws consider some of these languages as "major languages" there is little, if any, support coming from the government to preserve these languages. This may be bound to change, however, given current policy trends.[15]

text: There still exists another type of diglossia, which is between the regional languages and the minority languages. Here, we label the regional languages as acrolects while the minority languages as the basilect. In this case, the minority language is spoken only in very intimate circles, like the family or the tribe one belongs to. Outside this circle, one would speak in the prevalent regional language, while maintaining an adequate command of Filipino for formal situations. Unlike the case of the regional languages, these minority languages are always in danger of becoming extinct because of speakers favoring the more prevalent regional language. Moreover, most of the users of these languages are illiterate[specify] and as expected, there is a chance that these languages will no longer be revived due to lack of written records.

text: Indigenous languages[edit]

text: According to Ethnologue, a total of 182 native languages are spoken in the nation and four languages have been classified as extinct: Dicamay Agta, Katabaga, Tayabas Ayta and Villaviciosa Agta.[16] Except for English, Spanish, Chavacano and varieties of Chinese (Hokkien, Cantonese and Mandarin), all of the languages belong to the Malayo-Polynesian language family of the Austronesian superfamily.

text: There are 13 indigenous languages with at least one million native speakers:

text:
Tagalog
Cebuano
Ilocano
Hiligaynon
Waray-Waray
Bikol
Kapampangan
Pangasinan
Maranao
Maguindanao
Kinaray-a
Tausug

text: One or more of these is spoken natively by more than 90% of the population.

text: A Philippine language sub-family identified by Robert Blust includes languages of north Sulawesi and the Yami language of Taiwan, but excludes the Sama–Bajaw languages of the Tawi-Tawi islands, as well as a couple of North Bornean languages spoken in southern Palawan.

text: Eskayan is an artificial auxiliary language created as the embodiment of a Bohol nation in the aftermath of the Philippine–American War. It is used by about 500 people.

text: Mutual intelligibility[edit]

text: Philippine languages are often referred to by Filipinos as dialects, partly as a relic of the inaccurate vocabulary used in literature during the American period (1898–1946).[13] While there are indeed many hundreds of dialects in the Philippines, they represent variations of no fewer than 120 distinct languages, and many of these languages maintain greater differences than those between established European languages like French and Spanish.

text: The vast differences between the languages can be seen in the following translations of the Philippine national proverb:

text:
Language
Translation

English
He who does not (know how to) look back at his past (where he came from) will not reach his destination. (Those who forget their roots will not grasp their future)

Aklanon
Ro uwa' gatan-aw sa anang ginhalinan hay indi makaabut sa anang ginapaeangpan.

Asi (Bantoanon)
Kag tawong waya giruromroma it ida ginghalinan, indi makaabot sa ida apagtuan.

Boholano (Binol-anon)
Sija nga dī kahibawng mulingi sa ijang gi-gikanan, dī gajud maka-abot sa ijang padul-ngan.

Bolinao
Si'ya a kai tanda' nin lumingap sa pangibwatan na, kai ya mirate' sa keen na.

Bontoc (Ifuntok)
Nan Adi mang ustsong sinan narpuwan na, adi untsan isnan umayan na.

Botolan
Hay ahe nin nanlek ha pinag-ibatan, ay ahe makarateng ha lalakwen.

Butuanon
Kadtong dili kahibalo molingi sa iyang atubangan, sigurado jud ma dam-ag.

West Miraya Bikol (Ligao)
Kan idi tatao magkiling sa inalian, idi makaabot sa papaidtuhan

Buhinon Bikol (Buhi)
Yu di nikiling sa pinagalinan, di makaantos sa pupuntahan.

Central Bikol (Canaman)
An dai tataong magsalingoy sa saiyang ginikanan, dai makakaabot sa padudumanan.

Gubatnon Bikol (Gubat)
An diri maaram mag-imud sa pinaghalian, diri makaabot sa pakakadtu-an.

East Miraya Bikol (Daraga)
Su indi tataw makarumdom nung ginitan, indi makaabot sa adunan.

West Miraya Bikol (Oas)
Kan na taw na idi tataw mag linguy sa sanyang inalian, idi man maka abot sa sanyang paidtunan.

Rinconada Bikol (Iriga)
A dirî tattaoŋ maglīlî sa pinaŋgalinan, dirî makaaābot sa pig-iyānan.

Capiznon
Ang indi kabalo magbalikid sa iya ginhalinan, indi makalab-ot sa iya palakadtuan.

Cebuano
Kadtong dili kahibalo molingi sa iyang kagikan, dili makaabot sa iyang padulngan.

Caviteño Chavacano
Quien no ta bira cara na su origen no de incarsa na su destinacion.

Ternateño Chavacano
Ay nung sabi mira i donde ya bini no di yega na destinasyon.

Zamboangueño Chavacano
El Quien no sabe vira el cara na su origen, nunca llega na su destinación.

Cuyonon
Ang ara agabalikid sa anang ing-alinan, indi enged maka-abot sa anang papakonan.

Ibanag
I tolay nga ari mallipay ta naggafuananna, ari makadde ta angayanna.

Ilokano
Ti tao nga saan na ammo tumaliaw iti naggapuanna ket saan nga makadanon iti papananna.

Itawis
Ya tolay nga mari mallipay tsa naggafuananna, mari makakandet tsa angayanna.

Hiligaynon (Ilonggo)
Ang indi makahibalo magbalikid sang iya ginhalinan, indi makaabot sa iya padulungan.

Jama Mapun
Soysoy niya' pandoy ngantele' patulakan ne, niya' ta'abut katakkahan ne.

Kapampangan
Ing e byasang malikid king kayang penibatan, e ya miras king kayang pupuntalan.

Kinaray-a
Ang indi kamaan magbalikid sa ana ginhalinan, indi makaabot sa ana paaragtunan.

Malaysian & Indonesian
Orang yang melupakan asal-usulnya tak mungkin mencapai tujuannya.

Manobo (Obo)
Iddos minuvu no konnod kotuig nod loingoy to id pomonan din, konna mandad od poko-uma riyon tod undiyonnan din.

Maranao
So tao a di matao domingil ko poonan iyan na di niyan kakowa so singanin iyan.

Masbateño
An dili maaram maglingi sa ginhalian, kay dili makaabot sa kakadtuhan.

Pangasinan
Say toon agga onlingao ed pinanlapuan to, agga makasabi'd laen to.

Northern Catanduanes Bikol
Ang mai batid magkiling sa hinarian, mai makaabot sa pupuntahan.

Romblomanon (Ini)
Ang tawo nga bukon tigo mag lingig sa iya guinghalinan hay indi makasampot sa iya ning pagakadtoan.

Sambali
Hay kay tanda mamanomtom ha pinangibatan, kay immabot sa kakaon.

Sangil
Tao mata taya mabiling su pubuakengnge taya dumanta su kadam tangi.

Sinama
Ya Aa ga-i tau pa beleng ni awwal na, ga-i du sab makasong ni maksud na.

Español
El que no sabe mirar atrás, de donde viene, nunca llegará a su destino.

Surigaonon
Adton dili mahibayo molingi sa ija ing-gikanan, dili gajod makaabot sa ija pasingdan.

Sorsoganon
An diri mag-imud sa pinaghalian diri makaabot sa kakadtuan.

Tagalog (Tayabas)
Ang hindi maalam lumingon sa pinaroonan ay hindi makakarating sa paroroonan.

Tagalog (Manila)
Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan.

Tausug
In di' maingat lumingi' pa bakas liyabayan niya, di' makasampay pa kadtuun niya.

Waray (Leyte)
An diri maaram lumingi ha tinikangan, diri maulpot ha kakadtoan.

Waray (Northern Samar)
An diri maaram lumingi sa tinikangan, diri maulpot sa kakadtoan.

Yakan
Mang gey matau mamayam si bakas palaihan nen, gey tekka si papilihan nen.

text: Dialectal variation[edit]

text: The amount of dialectal variation varies from language to language. Languages like Tagalog, Kapampangan and Pangasinan are known to have very moderate dialectal variation.

text: The languages of the Bicol Region, however, there is great dialectal variation. There are cities and towns which have their own dialects and varieties. Below is the sentence "Were you there at the market for a long time?" translated into certain varieties of Bikol. The translation is followed by dialect and corresponding language, and a city/town in Bicol where they are spoken. The final translation is in Tagalog.

text:
Haloy ka duman sa saodan? (Standard Coastal Bikol, a dialect of Central Bikol; Canaman, Camarines Sur)
Aloy ka duman sa saodan? (Magarao, a variety of Coastal Bikol; Magarao, Camarines Sur)
Huray ka doon sa saodan? (Northern Catanduanes Bicolano or Pandan Bikol; Pandan, Catanduanes)
Naәban ikā sadtō sāran? (Rinconada Bikol; Iriga City)
Nauban ikā sadtō sāran? (Rinconada Bikol; Nabua, Camarines Sur)
Uban ika adto sa saod? (Libon, Albay Bikol; Libon, Albay)
Naәgәy ika adto sa saran? (Buhinon, Albay Bikol; Buhi, Camarines Sur)
Eley ka idto sa sed? (West Miraya Bikol, Albay Bikol; Oas, Albay)
Na-alõy ika idto sa sâran/mercado?(West Miraya Bikol, Albay Bikol; Polangui, Albay)
Naulay ka didto sa saran? (East Miraya Bikol, Albay Bikol; Daraga, Albay)
Dugay ka didto sa mercado? (Ticao, Masbateño; Monreal, Masbate)
Awat ka didto sa plasa? (Gubat, Southern Sorsogon; Gubat, Sorsogon)
Matagal ka ba roon sa pamilihan? (Tagalog)

text: Comparison chart[edit]

text: Below is a chart of Philippine languages. While there have been misunderstandings on which ones should be classified as language and which ones should be classified as dialect, the chart confirms that most have similarities, yet are not mutually comprehensible. These languages are arranged according to the regions they are natively spoken (from north to south, then east to west).

text:
English
one
two
three
four
person
house
dog
coconut
day
new
we (inclusive)
what
and

Ivatan
asa
dadowa
tatdo
apat
tao
vahay
chito
niyoy
araw
va-yo
yaten
ango
kan

Ilokano
maysa
dua
tallo
uppat
tao
balay
aso
niog
aldaw
baro
datayo
ania
ken

Ifuntok
əsang
tswa
Tulo
əpat
tacu
Afong
aso
inyog
acəw
falu
tsattaku
ngag
ya

Ibanag
tadday
dua
tallu
appa'
tolay
balay
kitu
inniuk
aggaw
bagu
sittam
anni

Gaddang
tata
addwa
tallo
appat
tolay
balay
atu
ayog
aw
bawu
ikkanetem
sanenay

Pangasinan
sakey
duara
talora
apatira
too
abong
aso
niyog
agew
balo
sikatayo
anto
tan/et

Kapampangan
metung
adwa
atlu
apat
tau
bale
asu
ngungut
aldo
bayu
ikatamu
nanu
ampong/at

Tagalog
isa
dalawa
tatlo
apat
tao
bahay
aso
niyog
araw
bago
tayo
ano
at

Coastal Bikol
saro
duwa
tulo
apat
tawo
harong
ayam
niyog
aldaw
ba-go
kita
ano
buda

Rinconada Bikol
əsad
darwā
tolō
əpat
tawō
baləy
ayam
noyog
aldəw
bāgo
kitā
onō
ag, sagkəd, sakâ

West Miraya Bikol
sad
duwa
tulo
upat
taw
balõy
ayam
nuyog
aldõw
bâgo
kita, sato
uno
dangan, mî, saka

East Miraya Bikol
usad
duwa
tulo
upat
taw
balay
ayam
nuyog
aldaw
bâgo
kita, satun, kami
uno
dangan, mî, saka, kina

North Catanduanes Bikol
sadu
dawha
tatlo
apat
taho
baray
ayam
lubi / butong
ardaw
ba-go
kita, kami, amo
ano
kag / buda

Masbateño
usad
duha
tulo
upat
tawo
balay
ido
buko, lubi
aldaw
bag-o
kita, kami, amon
nano
kag

Romblomanon
isa
duha
tuyo
upat
tawo
bayay
ayam
niyog
adlaw
bag-o
kita, aton
ano
kag

Bantoanon
usa
ruha
tuyo
upat
tawo
bayay
iro
nidog
adlaw
bag-o
kita, ato
ni-o
ag

Onhan
isya
darwa
tatlo
apat
tawo
balay
ayam
niyog
adlaw
bag-o
kita, taton
ano
ag

Kinaray-a
sara
darwa
tatlo
apat
taho
balay
ayam
niyog
adlaw
bag-o
kita, taten
ano, iwan
kag

Hiligaynon
isa
duha
tatlo
apat
tawo
balay
ido
lubi
adlaw
bag-o
kita
ano
kag

Cebuano
usa
duha
tulo
upat
tawo
balay
iro
lubi
adlaw
bag-o
kita
unsa
ug

Surigaonon
isa
duha
tuyo
upat
tao
bayay
idu
Niyog
adlaw
bag-o
kami
unu
sanan

Waray
usa
duha
tulo
upat
tawo
balay
ayam
lubi
adlaw
bag-o
kita
ano
ngan, ug

T'boli
sotu
lewu
tlu
fat
tau
gunu
ohu
lefo
kdaw
lomi
tekuy
tedu

Tausug
hambuuk
duwa
tu
upat
tau
bay
iru'
niyug
adlaw
ba-gu
kitaniyu
unu
iban

Español
uno
dos
tres
cuatro
persona
casa
perro
coco
día
nuevo
nosostros
que
y/e

Chavacano
uno
dos
tres
cuatro
gente
casa
perro
coco
dia
nuevo
Zamboangueño: nosotros/kame; Bahra: mijotros/motros; Caviteño: nisos
cosá/ qué
y/e

text: There is a language spoken by the Tao people (also known as Yami) of Orchid Island of Taiwan which is not included in the language of the Philippines. Their language, Tao (or Yami) is part of the Batanic languages which includes Ivatan, Babuyan, and Itbayat of the Batanes.

text:
English
one
two
three
four
person
house
dog
coconut
day
new
we
what
and

Tao
ása
dóa (raroa)
tílo (tatlo)
ápat
tao
vahay
gara
ngata
araw
vayo
tata
vela

Ivatan
asa
dadowa
tatdo
apat
tao
vahay
chito
niyoy
araw
va-yo
yaten
ango

text: Native speakers[edit]

text: Below are population estimates from the 2000 Philippine census by the Philippine Statistics Authority on the number of Filipinos who speak the following 18 languages as a native language.

text:
Language
ISO 639-3
Native speakers[17]

Tagalog
tgl
26,387,855

Cebuano
ceb
21,340,000

Ilocano
ilo
7,779,000

Hiligaynon
hil
7,000,979

Waray-Waray
war
3,100,000

Central Bikol[18]
bcl
2,500,000

Kapampangan
pam
2,480,000

Pangasinan
pag
2,434,086

Maranao
mrw
2,150,000

Tausug
tsg
1,822,000

Maguindanao
mdh
1,800,000

Zamboangueño
cbk
1,200,000

Kinaray-a
krj
1,051,000

Surigaonon
sgd, tgn
1,000,000

Masbateño
msb
530,000

Aklanon
akl, mlz
520,000

Ibanag
ibg
320,000

Yakan
yka
110,000

Eskayan
esy
500

text: Language vitality[edit]

text: 2010 UNESCO designation[edit]

text: Endangered and extinct languages in the Philippines are based on the 3rd world volume released by UNESCO in 2010.

text: Degree of endangerment (UNESCO standard)

text:
Safe: language is spoken by all generations; intergenerational transmission is uninterrupted
Vulnerable: most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)
Deﬁnitely endangered: children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home
Severely endangered: language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves
Critically endangered: the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently
Extinct: there are no speakers left >> included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s

text:
Language
Speakers
(in 2000)
Province
Coordinates
ISO 639-3 Code(s)
Source

Central Cagayan Agta
779
Cagayan
17°59′21″N 121°51′37″E / 17.9891°N 121.8603°E / 17.9891; 121.8603
agt
UNESCO 2000

Dupaninan Agta
1400
Cagayan
17°58′06″N 122°02′10″E / 17.9682°N 122.0361°E / 17.9682; 122.0361
duo
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

text:
Language
Speakers
(in 2000)
Province
Coordinates
ISO 639-3 Code(s)
Source

Bataan Agta
500
Bataan
14°25′57″N 120°28′44″E / 14.4324°N 120.4788°E / 14.4324; 120.4788
ayt
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Mt. Iraya Agta
150
Camarines Sur
13°27′32″N 123°32′48″E / 13.459°N 123.5467°E / 13.459; 123.5467
atl
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Batak
200
Palawan
10°06′29″N 119°00′00″E / 10.1081°N 119°E / 10.1081; 119
bya
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

text:
Language
Speakers
(in 2000)
Province
Coordinates
ISO 639-3 Code(s)
Source

Faire Atta
300
Ilocos Norte
18°01′37″N 120°29′34″E / 18.027°N 120.4929°E / 18.027; 120.4929
azt
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Northern Alta
200
Aurora
15°42′58″N 121°24′31″E / 15.7162°N 121.4085°E / 15.7162; 121.4085
agn
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Camarines Norte Agta
150
Camarines Norte
14°00′49″N 122°53′14″E / 14.0135°N 122.8873°E / 14.0135; 122.8873
abd
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

text:
Language
Speakers
(in 2000)
Province
Coordinates
ISO 639-3 Code(s)
Source

Alabat Island Agta
30
Quezon
14°07′15″N 122°01′42″E / 14.1209°N 122.0282°E / 14.1209; 122.0282
dul
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Isarog Agta
5
Camarines Sur
13°40′50″N 123°22′50″E / 13.6805°N 123.3805°E / 13.6805; 123.3805
agk
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Southern Ayta (Sorsogon Ayta)
150
Sorsogon
13°01′37″N 124°09′18″E / 13.027°N 124.1549°E / 13.027; 124.1549
ays
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

text:
Language
Speakers
(in 2000)
Province
Coordinates
ISO 639-3 Code(s)
Source

Dicamay Agta
(Dumagat, Dicamay Dumagat)
0
Isabela
16°41′59″N 122°01′00″E / 16.6998°N 122.0167°E / 16.6998; 122.0167
duy
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Arta
0
near Isabela-Quirino Border
16°25′21″N 121°42′15″E / 16.4225°N 121.7042°E / 16.4225; 121.7042
atz
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Katabaga
0
Quezon
13°26′12″N 122°33′25″E / 13.4366°N 122.5569°E / 13.4366; 122.5569
ktq
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Ata
0
Negros Oriental
9°36′29″N 122°54′56″E / 9.6081°N 122.9155°E / 9.6081; 122.9155
atm
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

text: 2014 North Dakota study[edit]

text: In a separate study by Thomas N. Headland, the Summer Institute of Linguistics in Dallas, and the University of North Dakota called Thirty Endangered Languages in the Philippines, the Philippines has 32 endangered languages, but 2 of the listed languages in the study are written with 0 speakers, noting that they are extinct or probably extinct. All of the listed languages are Negrito languages, the oldest languages in the Philippines.[19]

text:
Language
General location
of speakers[19]
Population of speakers
in the 1990s[19]
Bibliographic source[19]

Batak
Palawan Island
386
Elder 1987

Mamanwa
Mindoro Island
1000
Grimes 2000

Ati
Northern Panay Island
30
Pennoyer 1987:4

Ati
Southern Panay Island
900
Pennoyer 1987:4

Ata
Negros Island
450
Cadelina 1980:96

Ata
Mabinay, Negros Oriental
25
Grimes 2000

Atta
Pamplona, western Cagayan
1000
Grimes 2000

Atta
Faire-Rizal, western Cagayan
400
Grimes 2000

Atta
Pudtol, Kalinga-Apayao
100
Grimes 2000

Ayta
Sorsogon
40
Grimes 2000

Agta (extinct, unverified)
Villaviciosa, Abra
0
Grimes 2000; Reid, per. com. 2001

Abenlen
Tarlac
6000
K. Storck SIL files

Mag-anchi
Zambales Tarlac, Pampanga
4166
K. Storck SIL files

Mag-indi
Zambales, Pampanga
3450
K. Storck SIL files

Ambala
Zambales, Pampanga, Bataan
1654
K. Storck SIL files

Magbeken
Bataan
381
K. Storck SIL files

Agta
Isarog, Camarines Sur (noted as nearly extinct)
1000
Grimes 2000

Agta
Mt. Iraya & Lake Buhi east, Camarines Sur (has 4 close dialects)
200
Grimes 2000

Agta
Mt. Iriga & Lake Buhi west, Camarines Sur
1500
Grimes 2000

Agta
Camarines Norte
200
Grimes 2000

Agta
Alabat Island, southern Quezon
50
Grimes 2000

Agta
Umirey, Quezon (with 3 close dialects)
3000
T. MacLeod SIL files

Agta
Casiguran, northern Aurora
609
Headland 1989

Agta
Maddela, Quirino
300
Headland field notes

Agta
Palanan & Divilacan, Isabela
856
Rai 1990: 176

Agta
San Mariano-Sisabungan, Isabela
377
Rai 1990: 176

Agta (noted as recently extinct)
Dicamay, Jones, Isabela
0
Headland field notes, and Grimes 2000

Arta
Aglipay, Quirino
11 (30 in 1977)
Headland field notes, and Reid 1994:40

Alta
Northern Aurora
250
Reid, per. comm.

Alta
Northern Quezon
400
Reid, per. comm.

Agta
eastern Cagayan, Supaninam (several close dialects)
1200
T. Nickell 1985:119

Agta
central Cagayan
800
Mayfield 1987:vii-viii; Grimes 2000

text: Major immigrant languages[edit]

text: Arabic[edit]

text: Arabic is used by some Filipino Muslims in both a liturgical and instructional capacity since the arrival of Islam and establishment of several Sultanates in the 14th century. Along with Malay, Arabic was the lingua franca of the Malay Archipelago among Muslim traders and the Malay aristocracy.

text: The 1987 Constitution mandates that Arabic (along with Spanish) is to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis. As of 2015[update] Arabic is taught for free and is promoted in some Islamic centres predominantly in the southernmost parts of Philippines. It is used primarily in religious activities and education (such as in a madrasa or Islamic school) and rarely for official events or daily conversation. In this respect, its function and use is somewhat like the traditional roles of Latin and Spanish in Filipino Catholicism vis-à-vis other currently spoken languages.

text: English[edit]

text: The first significant exposure of Filipinos to the English language occurred in 1762 when the British invaded Manila, but this was a brief episode that had no lasting influence. English later became more important and widespread during American rule between 1898 and 1946, and remains an official language of the Philippines.

text: English is used in official documents of business, government, the legal system, medicine, the sciences and as a medium of instruction. Filipinos prefer textbooks for subjects like calculus, physics, chemistry, biology, etc., written in English rather than Filipino.[dubious – discuss] However, the topics are usually taught, even in colleges, in Tagalog or the local language. By way of contrast, native languages are often heard in colloquial and domestic settings, spoken mostly with family and friends. The use of English attempts to give an air of formality, given its use in school, government and various ceremonies.[citation needed] A percentage of the media such as cable television and newspapers are also in English; major television networks such as ABS-CBN and GMA and all AM radio stations broadcast primarily in Filipino. However, a 2009 article by a UNICEF worker reported that the level of spoken English language in the Philippines was poor. The article reported that aspiring Filipino teachers score the lowest in English out of all of the subjects on their licensing exams.[20]

text: A large influx of English (American English) words has been assimilated into Tagalog and the other native languages called Taglish or Bislish. There is a debate, however, on whether there is diglossia or bilingualism, between Filipino and English. Filipino is also used both in formal and informal situations. Though the masses would prefer to speak in Filipino, government officials tend to speak in English when performing government functions.[according to whom?] There is still resistance to the use of Filipino in courts and the drafting of national statutes.

text: On August 22, 2007, three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan decided to use Filipino, instead of English, in order to promote the national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University College of Law following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines. De la Rama said it was the dream of former Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna, Cavite, Quezón, Nueva Écija, Batangas, Rizal, and Metro Manila.[21]

text: Hokkien[edit]

text: Diplomatic ties with the Ming dynasty among some established states or kingdoms in Luzon and direct interactions and trade overall within the archipelago as a whole may go as far back as the early 10th century. Mandarin Chinese is the medium of instruction in Chinese schools and the lingua franca of mainland and overseas Chinese. The Lan-nang variant of Hokkien Chinese is the language of the majority the Chinese in the Philippines, who immigrated from the Fujian (pronounced locally as Fukien or Hokkien) province in China. Other varieties of Chinese such as Hakka and Cantonese, are spoken among the Chinese in the Philippines who are descendants of people from Guangdong province in China.

text: As with Spanish, many native languages have co-opted numerous loanwords from Chinese, in particular words that refer to cuisine, household objects, and Philippine kinship terminology.

text: Japanese[edit]

text: The Japanese first came to the Philippines around the 11th century CE, the first country they emigrated to, as well as in waves from the 15th century, 17th century, late 19th century, 1900s, 1930s, and the 1940s.[22][23][24][25] There is a small Japanese community and a school for Japanese in Metro Manila due to the number of Japanese companies. Also there is a large community of Japanese and Japanese descendants in Laguna province, Baguio City, and in the Davao Region. Davao City is a home to a large population of Japanese descendants. Japanese laborers were hired by American companies like the National Fiber Company (NAFCO) in the first decades of the 20th century to work in abaca plantations. Japanese were known for their hard work and industry. During World War II, Japanese schools were present in Davao City.

text: Malay[edit]

text: Malay is spoken as a lingua franca in the southernmost parts of the Philippines, from Zamboanga down to Tawi-Tawi among a minority of the Tausug, Sama-Bajau, and Yakan peoples. It is also spoken as a daily language by Malays and Indonesians who have settled, or do business in the Philippines. It is also spoken in southern Palawan to some extent. It is not spoken among the Maranao and Maguindanao people. Malaysia, Indonesia, and the southern Philippines are largely Islamic and the liturgical language of Islam is Arabic, but the vast majority of Muslims in the Philippines have little practical knowledge of Arabic beyond limited religious terminology.

text: Old Malay and Indonesian cultures and civilizations in ancient Sumatra and Java influenced the history, lifestyles, and culture of Filipino peoples. The Malay language, along with Philippine languages belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian language family, has also had an immense influence on many if not most of the languages spoken in the Philippines. Roughly a third of all commonly used verbs and nouns used in the Philippines are of Old Malay origin. This is because Old Malay used to be the lingua franca throughout the archipelago, a good example of this is Magellan's translator Enrique using Malay to converse with the native Sugbuanon (Cebuano) during this time period.

text: An example of Old Malay and Javanese languages spoken in Philippine history can be seen in the language of the 10th century Laguna Copperplate Inscription.

text: When the Spanish had first arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, Old Malay was spoken among the aristocracy.

text: It is believed that Ferdinand Magellan’s Moluccan slave Enrique could converse with local leaders in Cebu island, confirming to Magellan his arrival in Southeast Asia.

text: Today, Indonesian is taught as a foreign language in the Department of Linguistics and Asian Languages in the University of the Philippines. Also, the Indonesian School in Davao City teaches the language to preserve the culture of Indonesian immigrants there. The Indonesian Embassy in Manila also offers occasional classes for Filipinos and foreigners.

text: Since 2013, the Indonesian Embassy in the Philippines has given basic Indonesian language training to members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.[26]

text: In an interview, Department of Education Secretary Armin Luistro[27] said that the country's government should promote Indonesian or Malay, which are related to Filipino. Thus, the possibility of offering it as an optional subject in public schools is being studied.

text: South Asian languages[edit]

text: Since pre-Spanish times, there have been small Indian communities in the Philippines. Indians tend to be able to speak Tagalog and the other native languages, and are often fluent in English. Among themselves, Sindhi and Punjabi are used. Urdu is spoken among the Pakistani community. Only few South Asians, such as Pakistani, as well as the recent newcomers like speakers of Marathi, Nepali, and Tamil retain their own respective languages.[22][28][29][30][31][32]

text: Spanish[edit]

text: Spanish was introduced in the islands after 1565, when the Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi set sail from Mexico and founded the first Spanish settlement on Cebú. However, it is rarely spoken today.[20]

text: In 1593, the first printing press in the Philippine islands was founded and it released the first (albeit polyglot) book, the Doctrina Christiana that same year. In the 17th century, Spanish religious orders founded the first universities in the Philippines, some of which are considered the oldest in Asia. During colonial rule through Mexico, Spanish was the language of education, trade, politics, and religion, and by the 19th century, became the colony's lingua franca although it was mainly used by the educated Filipinos.[33] In 1863, a Spanish decree introduced a system of public education, creating free public schooling in Spanish. In the 1890s, the Philippines had a prominent group of Spanish-speaking scholars called the Ilustrados, such as José Rizal. Some of these scholars participated in the Philippine Revolution and later in the struggle against American occupation. Both the Malolos Constitution and the Lupang Hinirang (national anthem) were written in Spanish.

text: Under U.S. rule, the English language began to be promoted instead of Spanish. The use of Spanish began to decline some years after Spain was forced to pass the islands to the United States as a result of the introduction of English into the public schools as a language of instruction.[10] The 1950 census stated that Filipinos who spoke Spanish as a first or second language made up only 6% of the population. In 1990, the census reported that the number had dwindled to just 2,500. A 2012 survey estimates that while around 3 million people can speak Spanish with varying degrees of competency, only around 439,000 people can speak the language at a native level.[34]

text: Spanish briefly lost its status as an official language in the 1973 constitution but regained official status two months later when President Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 155.[14] With the promulgation of the 1987 constitution, Spanish lost its official status and it was dropped as a college requirement during Corazón Aquino's administration. Former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, a third-language Spanish speaker, introduced legislation to re-establish the instruction of Spanish in 2009 in the state education system. Today, the language is still spoken by Filipino-Spanish mestizos and Spanish families who are mainly concentrated in Metro Manila, Iloilo and Cebu. It remains a required subject in some academic institutions, such as the University of Santo Tomás in Manila and the University of San Carlos in Cebu. The 1987 Constitution mandates that Spanish (along with Arabic) is to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis.

text: Many historical documents, land titles, and works of literature are written in Spanish and are still not translated into Filipino languages, despite the fact that some such as land titles have legal value. Spanish, through colonization has contributed the largest number of loanwords and expressions in Tagalog, Cebuano, and other Philippine languages.[35]

text: Spanish creoles[edit]

text: There are several Spanish-based creole languages in the Philippines, collectively called Chavacano. These may be split into two major geographical groups:

text:
In Luzon:

Caviteño (Chabacano de Cavite), spoken in Cavite City, Cavite.
Ternateño (Chabacano de Barra), spoken in Ternate, Cavite.
Ermitaño (Chabacano de Ermita), formerly spoken in Ermita, Manila but is now extinct. The last reported speakers were a woman and her grandson during the 1980s and 1990s.

In Mindanao:

Zamboangueño Chavacano (Chabacano de Zamboanga / Zamboangueño Chavacano), spoken in Zamboanga City, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, Basilan Province, Sulu Province, Tawi-Tawi Province and Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia (360,000 native speakers-Zamboanga City alone as per 2000 census, making it the most spoken form and known form of Chavacano)
Cotabateño (Chabacano de Cotabato), spoken in Cotabato
Davaoeño Abakay (Chabacano de Davao), spoken in Davao City


document_title: When You Wish Upon a Star

question_text: who owns the rights to when you wish upon a star

text: When You Wish Upon a Star

text: Influence[edit]

text: The American Film Institute ranked "When You Wish Upon a Star" seventh in their 100 Greatest Songs in Film History, the highest ranked Disney animated film song, and also one of only four Disney animated film songs to appear on the list, the others being "Someday My Prince Will Come" from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ranked at No. 19, "Beauty and the Beast" from Beauty and the Beast ranked at No. 62, and "Hakuna Matata" from The Lion King, ranked at No. 99.

text: The song reached the top one in Billboard's Record Buying Guide, a predecessor of the retail sales chart. Popular versions in 1940 were by Glenn Miller (vocal by Ray Eberle), Guy Lombardo (vocal by Carmen Lombardo), Horace Heidt and Cliff Edwards.[2] It has been recorded by many other artists since then.

text: In Japan, Sweden, Finland, Norway, and Denmark, the song has become a Christmas song, often referring to the Star of Bethlehem. The Swedish language version is called "Ser du stjärnan i det blå", roughly translated: "Do you see the star in the blue", and the Danish title is "Når du ser et stjerneskud", which translates as "When you see a shooting star". In Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway the song is played on television every Christmas Eve in the traditional Disney one-hour Christmas cabaret From All of Us to All of You, and the gathering of the entire family to watch this is considered a Scandinavian tradition.

text: The Library Of Congress deemed the song "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and preserved it into the National Recording Registry in 2009. Brian Wilson has said that the melody of the Beach Boys hit song, "Surfer Girl", which has the same AABA form,[3] is loosely based on the Dion and the Belmonts version of "When You Wish Upon a Star".[4][5][6][7]

text: Disney icon[edit]

text: "When You Wish Upon a Star", along with Mickey Mouse, has become an icon of The Walt Disney Company. In the 1950s and 1960s, Walt Disney used the song in the opening sequences of all the editions of the Walt Disney anthology television series. It has also been used to accompany the Walt Disney Pictures opening logos – including the present-day logo – since the 1980s. The ships of the Disney Cruise Line use the first seven notes of the song's melody as their horn signals. Additionally, many productions at Disney theme parks – particularly fireworks shows and parades – employ the song.

text: Jazz[edit]

text: The piece has become a jazz standard.[8] It has been performed by artists including Louis Armstrong, June Christy, Dave Brubeck Quartet, Glenn Miller, Shakatak, Harry James, Joe Pass, the Keith Jarrett Trio, the Manhattan Transfer, Sun Ra, Jason Becker, Leon Redbone, Wynton Marsalis, Gregory Porter, Bill Evans and Shirley Bassey.

text: Family Guy parody and lawsuit[edit]

text: The owner of the rights to the song, Bourne Co. Music Publishers, sued Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., Fox Broadcasting Company, Fuzzy Door Productions, Cartoon Network, Walter Murphy and Seth MacFarlane to try to stop distribution of a 2003 Family Guy episode entitled "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein" that parodies the song in a version called "I Need a Jew". A federal judge ruled against Bourne Co, stating that a parody of the song did not infringe on the company's copyright.[9]