document_title: Reba (TV series)

question_text: where does the tv show reba take place

question_tokens: where does the tv show reba take place

text: Reba (TV series)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The show is set in the suburbs of Houston, Texas, and stars Reba McEntire as a wisecracking single mother Reba Nell Hart, whose dentist ex-husband Brock (Christopher Rich) has left her to marry young, ditzy Barbra Jean (Melissa Peterman) his dental hygienist after an affair with her, when it is revealed in the pilot episode that Barbra Jean is pregnant. Ironically, though Reba sees "B.J." (Barbra Jean's nickname) as her nemesis, Barbra Jean considers Reba her best (and perhaps only) friend. As the show progresses Reba slowly and painfully comes to the conclusion that despite all her efforts to hate her, she likes Barbra Jean and considers her a friend. In the pilot episode it was revealed that Reba's oldest daughter, then high school senior Cheyenne (JoAnna Garcia), is pregnant.

text: Cheyenne married her baby's father, fellow high-schooler Van Montgomery (Steve Howey), a dim-witted but well-meaning football player. Van moves in with them, as his own parents kicked him out for standing by Cheyenne and Van comes to view Reba as a surrogate parent (something Reba is very comfortable with). Reba's other two children are Kyra (Scarlett Pomers), an intelligent and rebellious teenager who shares Reba's sarcastic streak, and Jake (Mitch Holleman), a young boy just trying to sort through the mess of his family. Since the fifth season, Van and Reba have been real estate partners.

text: The show was cancelled when The WB Television Network and UPN merged into The CW Television Network. However, in an 11th hour move on May 17, 2006, The CW renewed Reba with a 13-episode order,[1] reportedly to fulfill a syndication contract worth $20 million.[2] In November 2006, The CW announced that the show would be paired with 7th Heaven, Sundays at 7 p.m., beginning later that month.[3] Reba encores were scheduled for Sundays at 7:00 p.m. ET/PT, with a new episode at 7:30 p.m. Reba became the top-rated sitcom on the CW, also surpassing the dramas Supernatural, One Tree Hill, and Veronica Mars.[4] The final episode aired on February 18, 2007.

text: Series' end[edit]

text: Midway through season 6, word began circulating that the CW had ordered "the back nine," or the remaining episodes that would have given Reba a full-season order. But on January 19, 2007, during the network's TCA Press Tour, it was revealed that the series had been canceled, with no "back nine" on order.[5]

text: The series finale garnered 4.44 million viewers in its final half-hour. Rumors continued to float on the CW's message boards and Reba fan sites that the series might still have a chance at renewal, citing the possible removal of programming chief Dawn Ostroff, or that Lifetime may option to a Van/Cheyenne spinoff series.[6] It was soon announced that Garcia and Howey had each been signed to new shows for CBS and FOX respectively.[7]

text: An interview Reba McEntire gave as part of the press coverage of her then upcoming duets album revealed that the show was not being shopped around and that the series was indeed finished. In an interview with Variety on May 29, 2007, 20th Century Fox TV president Gary Newman said that he regretted The WB's handling of the show in later years, saying that he was sure the series would have been a hit for CBS or ABC.[8]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Character
Actor
Description
Relatives

Reba Nell Hart (née McKinney)
Reba McEntire
Reba is a single mom who struggles with taking care of everyone in her house after her husband divorces her for his dental hygienist. She is temperamental and prone to sarcastic remarks. But Reba can also be kind and caring, and is usually the sensible one. In the first couple seasons she worked as a secretary for her ex-husband's dental rival, Eugene. Later on in the series she becomes a real estate agent.
J.V. McKinney (father, Barry Corbin)
Helen McKinney (mother, Dorothy Lyman)

Brock Enroll Hart
Christopher Rich
Reba's ex-husband, a dentist and golfer, who leaves her for his much younger, pregnant, dental hygienist, Barbra Jean. He is vain, addicted to tanning, and tries to convince everyone that he is still young. Brock sometimes shows regret for his divorce from Reba because of all the chaos it caused for his children. His marriage with Barbra Jean is rocky, due to his selfishness and impetuousness, but he is in love with her. His name is a play on "rock and roll."
Father- John D. Hart (died in season 1),
Mother- Elizabeth "Liz" Hart (Jenny O'Hara)

Cheyenne Montgomery (née Hart)
Joanna García
Brock and Reba's oldest daughter, who initially is looking forward to her senior year of high school before learning that she is pregnant. She marries her boyfriend, Van Montgomery, who moves into Reba's house after his parents disown him. Cheyenne gives birth to their daughter, Elizabeth, after going into labor on graduation day. She can be somewhat air-headed and self-centered, but she can also be thoughtful and kind-hearted. She is very sensitive, especially when she is insulted (mainly by Kyra, her younger sister). Her work ethic and sense of responsibility improves as she raises her daughter and studies dentistry in college. Cheyenne also begins volunteering at a homeless shelter, improving her shallowness greatly. When she comes to the realization that she is an alcoholic, she's inspired to discontinue doing dentistry for her major, and, instead of that, decides to study counseling for those affected by alcohol and drugs. She is truly her mother's daughter and cares greatly for her entire family.

Van Montgomery
Steve Howey
The star cornerback of his high school's football team, Van was kicked out of the house when his parents found out that he planned to marry his pregnant girlfriend, Cheyenne. He consequently moves in with Cheyenne at Reba's house, and his future in professional sports looks bright until an injury to his tailbone reveals that he has narrowing of the spine. He works to recover his life after the loss of his football dream, and eventually becomes a successful realtor in a partnership with Reba. Van is portrayed as a big goof and is not good with words, especially when it comes to Cheyenne. Kyra especially loves making fun of him. He is a great father to his daughter, Elizabeth. He cares deeply for his in-laws, especially Reba, for taking him in and caring for him in his darkest hours. His relationship with his parents remains strained throughout the series, and they never truly make up.
Father- Dan Montgomery (Sam McMurray, Mark Tymchyshyn),
Mother- Sue Montgomery (Carolyn Hennesy, Robin Riker)

Kyra Eleanor Hart
Scarlett Pomers
The middle child, Kyra has the fewest emotional issues of the family. Many of her traits and looks come from Reba, including her sharp wit and knack for sarcasm, although she's known to be more manipulative and difficult. In the final season, she decided not to go to college and focus on her music. Kyra also likes teasing Van. During season 5, she appeared in only two episodes towards the beginning of the season, due to Pomers' real-life battle with anorexia. She returned at the beginning of Season 6.

Jacob "Jake" Mitchell Hart
Mitch Holleman
The youngest of the Hart children, Jake is often teased by his sister Kyra. In the earlier seasons, Jake sometimes is only seen for one scene where he would crack a joke or just mention something that involves the current topic. Jake is pretty oblivious of what goes on around him and has a habit of saying the first thing that comes to his mind without thinking. He acts like a normal boy for his age, although in earlier seasons he displays feminine characteristics that worry his father, Brock.

Barbra Jean Hart (née Booker)
Melissa Peterman
"BJ" was Brock's dental hygienist and had an affair with him as his marriage to Reba was deteriorating. She gets pregnant even though Brock and Reba were not divorced yet. Her comically religious behavior was phased out over the course of the first season. Barbra Jean is more intelligent than Van, but is more oblivious than Jake and is often an easy target for Reba's sarcasm. While noisy and annoying, she is a kind-hearted person with good intentions. Her tendency to tell "over-the-top" tales results in her sharing many random and often bizarre facts about her childhood and past.
The most that can be understood is that she was born in Friendly, Texas, and was known as "the biggest baby in Juno County." She had a sister, currently married, a brother named "Buzzard" (played by Bryan Callen of MADtv fame) and a father ("Big Daddy") who enjoys drinking and hunting. Brock is afraid of both Buzzard and Big Daddy because he knows they don't like him. She also claims to have an aunt who spits professionally. In the last season, she lost a considerable amount of weight and became a weather girl (with the stage name "Stormy Clearweather") with a public-access television cable station. Her meteorological expertise came from the fact her "butt-rometer" could accurately predict rain ever since she was struck by lightning in her Be-dazzler-studded backside in 1982. In the last episode, she traded up to her station's roving news reporter, calling her segment "Babs Janson: Street Walker."

Elizabeth Montgomery
Alena & Gabrielle Leberger
Elizabeth is the daughter of Van and Cheyenne. Elizabeth rarely speaks (although in the ninth episode in Season 5 she said her first line), but will sometimes be shown in a family member's arm or running around. She's a happy child who is often shown giggling.

Henry Charles Jesus Hart
Alexander & Jackson McClellan
Brock and Barbra Jean's son and is also Cheyenne's, Kyra's, and Jake's younger half-brother. He sometimes displays bad behavior which leads Reba to believe that Barbra Jean is a bad parent.

text: Reba McEntire, Christopher Rich, Joanna García, and Steve Howey are the only cast members to appear in every episode.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired
Network

1
22
October 5, 2001
May 10, 2002
The WB

2
25
September 20, 2002
May 9, 2003

3
23
September 12, 2003
May 14, 2004

4
22
September 17, 2004
May 20, 2005

5
22
September 16, 2005
May 5, 2006

6
13
November 19, 2006
February 18, 2007
The CW

text: Opening sequences[edit]

text: The show's theme song, "I'm a Survivor," was written by Shelby Kennedy and Phillip White and performed by Reba McEntire. The song comes from Reba's album Greatest Hits Vol. 3: I'm a Survivor. Though the first part of the TV version's lyrics appear elsewhere in the song, the album version has a different chorus: "The baby girl without a chance / a victim of circumstance / the one who ought to give up / but she's just too hard-headed / a single mom who works two jobs/ who loves her kids and never stops / with gentle hands and the heart of a fighter / I'm a survivor. The show's lyrics are as follows:

text: In season 1, the opening credits were black-and-white photos of cast members interspersed with clips of each cast member from the show (mostly if not all from the pilot episode), along with color video shots of Reba on a soundstage. The theme song, "I'm a Survivor", was slower and softer, very similar to the original album version. The first ten episodes of season two featured a truncated opening sequence: Cast and crew names were shown during the first and second segments of the show. The song was re-recorded at a faster, more energetic pace, but only two lines of the chorus ("Who I am is who I want to be / I'm a survivor") were sung. New video inserts of McEntire were shot and played with a color photo of the entire cast at the end.

text: From the 11th episode of season 2 onwards, a full opening sequence was returned to the show. The fast-paced song played among the new shots of McEntire plus clips of cast members from previous episodes as their names scroll past the screen horizontally. In seasons 5 and 6, the song was re-mixed again, with more accompanying instruments.

text: The series finale of Reba ended with a family photo, similar to the first episode and the season five finale "Reba's Heart". This marks the only time that Reba ended back to back seasons using the family photo of season one.

text: The final season of Reba was originally scheduled to debut in the spring of 2007, but returned in November 2006 following the cancellation of the CW drama Runaway.

text: Other songs[edit]

text: Other songs in the Reba series include Reba's hit single, "Walk On" which is in the pilot episode, and three unreleased songs performed for the specific episode, the songs are, "Angel's Lullaby" which Reba performs at the end of the season one finale episode, "It Ain't Over Till the Redhead Sings", the second song is Carole King's "So Far Away" which Reba performs at the end of the episode entitled, "Terry Holliway", the third and final song that is unreleased is Reba's and Melissa's performance of the hit Dolly Parton song, "9 to 5" in the episode entitled "Driving Miss Kyra."

text: Exterior shots[edit]

text: The house used in the exterior shots which served as Reba's house is located at 13522 Butterfly Ln, Houston, TX 77079

text: American ratings[edit]

text: Reba set a new all-time viewership record for any program on the WB's Friday night (best-ever Friday in women 18–49). During its five seasons on the Friday night lineup, it often ranked 4th in its timeslot (ahead of both UPN and Fox), with a few episodes bringing in over 5 million viewers.

text: Reba's premiere on The CW Sunday averaged 4.02 million viewers, including 1.64 million viewers and 40 percent among adults 18–49 more than when Everybody Hates Chris and All of Us premiered in the same time slot, thus making Reba the highest rated sitcom on the network. With Reba as a lead in, 7th Heaven saw a season high of 4.51 million viewers.

text: Reba was averaging 3,630,000 viewers since the beginning of its sixth season, making it the seventh most-watched show and the most-watched sitcom on The CW throughout the 2006–07 television season. The new Reba episodes vary as being either sixth or seventh most-watched program on the network, sometimes ranking as high as #3 for the week.

text: Throughout The CW's inaugural season (2006–07), no other program had higher viewer turnout for repeat airings than Reba. As a result of the lackluster ratings for encores of the summer drama Hidden Palms, repeats of Reba returned to the CW's schedule in June 2007 after being absent for three months, and they immediately became the most-watched program of the night. Later in the summer, repeats of Reba were the most-viewed program on the CW network.

text:
Season
U.S. ratings
Network
Rank

1
2001–2002
4.2 million[9]
The WB
#129

2
2002–2003
4.5 million[10]
The WB
#127

3
2003–2004
4.0 million[11]
The WB

4
2004–2005
4.3 million[12]
The WB
#117

5
2005–2006
3.4 million[13]
The WB
#133

6
2006–2007
3.6 million
The CW

text: Syndication[edit]

text: Reba has aired in syndication on Lifetime, Ion Television, and Peachtree TV. It began airing on CMT on Wednesday August 1, 2012 in high definition, and also began airing on ABC Family (now Freeform) on Monday August 6, 2012. It began airing on TV Land in 2015.

text: International success[edit]

text: Reba is broadcast worldwide in over 30 different countries. Worldwide, the series finale garnered 8.2 million viewers. It was extremely successful in the Czech Republic (under the name "The Diary of a Seasoned Mother") where the season premiere on September 29, 2007, garnered over 1 million viewers. It was also successful in Canada, Mexico, and Croatia. The show is extremely popular in the Caribbean giving McEntire an enormous fan base there.

text:
Country / Region
Channel
Season Premiere

 United States (origin)
WB - CW
October 5, 2001

 United Kingdom (origin)
Lifetime
September 7, 2005

 Australia
Seven Network, Fox8, 111 (Australian TV channel)
2003

 Canada
CMT (Canada), Joytv
October 10, 2001

 Netherlands
RTL 4
March 29, 2002

 South Africa
M-Net Series (Season 1–6)
M-Net

November 29, 2007

 Barbados
CBC TV 8
November 22, 2008

 Ireland
RTÉ ONE
June 13, 2005

 Finland
MTV3, Sub
2004

 Trinidad and Tobago
NCC 4
January 21, 2009

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: 20th Century Fox has released the entire series run, seasons 1–6, of Reba on DVD in Region 1. All discs are double-sided in an effort to reduce the economics of producing the sets. In 2010, seasons 1-4 were re-released in standard, more compact DVD cases to match the fifth and sixth season releases.

text:
Title
Season One
Season Two
Season Three
Season Four
Season Five
Season Six

Release date
December 14, 2004
December 13, 2005
April 25, 2006
November 14, 2006
January 13, 2009
June 23, 2009

Ep#
22 Episodes
24 Episodes
22 Episodes
22 Episodes
22 Episodes
13 Episodes

Disc #
3
3
3
3
2
1

Format
NTSC
NTSC
NTSC
NTSC
NTSC
NTSC

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Awards and nominations for Reba

Year
Award
Result
Category
Recipient

2001
People's Choice Awards
Won
Favorite Female Performer in a New Television Series
Reba McEntire

Young Artist Awards
Nominated
Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series – Supporting Young Actress
Scarlett Pomers

Nominated
Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series – Supporting Young Actor
Mitch Holleman

Nominated
Best Family TV Comedy Series
Reba McIntire

Won
Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series – Guest Starring Young Actor
Shawn Pyfrom

2002
Nominated
Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Supporting Young Actor
Mitch Holleman

Nominated
Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actress
Scarlett Pomers

2003
Nominated
Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actress
Scarlett Pomers

2004
Nominated
Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Young Actor Age Ten or Younger
Mitch Holleman

Nominated
Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actress
Scarlett Pomers

Won
Best Family Television Series (Comedy)
Mitch Holleman

2005
Nominated
Best Performance in a TV Series – Supporting Young Actor
Mitch Holleman

2003
Golden Globe Award
Nominated
Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy
Reba McEntire

2006
Emmy Award
Nominated
Outstanding Cinematography for a Multi-Camera Series
Bryan Hays (For episode "Flowers For Van")

2007
Nominated
Outstanding Cinematography for a Multi-Camera Series
Bryan Hays (For episode "The Goodbye Guy")

2008
Teen Choice Awards
Nominated
Choice TV Actress: Comedy
Joanna García


document_title: List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan

question_text: who is the prime minister of pakistan at present

root

text: List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan

text: Key[edit]

text:
Key for Prime Ministers' list

Symbol/Colours
Meaning

A
Caretaker Prime Minister

Muslim League/Pakistan Muslim League

Awami League

Republican Party

Pakistan Peoples Party

National Peoples Party

Pakistan Muslim League (N)

Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

Independent

Position abolished/vacant

tag: table

text: Prime Ministers[edit]

text:
List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan

[hide]No.
Portrait
Name
(Birth–death)
Took office
Left office
Tenure
Elections
Political party
(Alliance)
Note(s)

1

Liaquat Ali Khan[19][20]
(1895–1951)
14 August 1947
16 October 1951
(assassinated)
4 Years,
2 Months,
2 Days,
—
Muslim League

Under advised by the Founding Fathers of the nation, Governor-General Jinnah appointed and invited the Finance Minister Liaquat Ali Khan to set and run his administration in 1947. He was assassinated in 1951, and Khawaja Nazimuddin took the office.[5][21]

16 October 1951 – 17 October 1951

2

Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin[3]
(1894–1964)
17 October 1951
17 April 1953
1 Year,
6 Months,
—
Muslim League

Nazimuddin became Prime Minister of Pakistan after the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan in 1951.[21] He left the office when governor general Malik Ghulam Muhammad dissolved his government in 1953.[3]

3

Mohammad Ali Bogra[6]
(1909–1963)
17 April 1953
12 August 1955
2 Years,
3 Months,
26 Days,
—
Muslim League

A diplomat and relatively unknown personality to Pakistani politics, Bogra established the Ministry of Talents but his administration was dismissed in 1955 by the Governor-General after the legislative elections in 1954.[3]

4

Muhammad Ali[6]
(1905–1980)
12 August 1955
12 September 1956
1 Year,
1 Month,
—
Muslim League

A first appointment from the coalition of Muslim League, Awami League and the Republican Party, he was removed by his own party following the successful vote of no-confidence movement.[3]

5

Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy[3]
(1892–1963)
12 September 1956
17 October 1957
1 Year,
1 Month,
5 Days,
—
Awami League

Popular for his wit in law, Suhrwardy resigned due to the loss of control over his party and support from the coalition partners in his administration.[3]

6

Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar[3][6]
(1898–1968)
17 October 1957
16 December 1957
1 Month,
29 Days,
—
Muslim League

Shortest tenured Prime Minister, Chundrigar established his administration but removed in mere 55 days into his term amid a vote of no-confidence movement led by majority votes of the Republican Party and Awami League.[3]

7

Sir Feroze Khan Noon[3]
(1893–1970)
16 December 1957
7 October 1958
9 Months,
21 Days,
—
Republican Party

A lawyer, Sir Feroze Khan's administration collapsed after his party's own President Iskander Mirza enforced martial law in 1958 in a view of extending his term of office[22][23]

7 October 1958 – 7 December 1971

8

Nurul Amin[3]
(1893–1974)
7 December 1971
20 December 1971
13 Days,
7 December 1970
Pakistan Muslim League

After the general elections in 1971, Amin was invited to be appointed as Prime Minister under Yahya administration; yet he was also the first and the only Vice President of Pakistan from 1970 to 1972, leading Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.[3]

20 December 1971 – 14 August 1973

9

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto[3][24]
(1928–1979)
14 August 1973
5 July 1977
3 Years,
10 Months,
21 Days,
14 August 1973
Pakistan People's Party

Bhutto resigned as president to become the empowered Prime Minister after the Constitution was repromulgated, which established a parliamentary system of government. He was deposed in the martial law in 1977 by his appointed army chief, General Zia, in July 1977.[9][25]

5 July 1977 – 24 March 1985

10

Muhammad Khan Junejo[6]
(1932–1993)
24 March 1985
29 May 1988
3 Years,
2 Months,
5 Days,
28 February 1985
Pakistan Muslim League
(Independent)

Junejo was elected as the tenth Prime Minister of Pakistan in non-party based elections in 1985, therefore he was elected on an Independent ticket but he served the Pakistan Muslim League while before entering in office and during office. He was dismissed by the president after Eighth Amendment to the Constitution.[3]

29 May 1988 – 2 December 1988

11

Benazir Bhutto[20]
(1953–2007)
2 December 1988
6 August 1990
1 Year,
8 Months,
4 Days,
16 November 1988
Pakistan People's Party

Bhutto became the first woman in Pakistan to head a major political party, in 1982. Six years later, she became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state.[10][26]

1st Caretaker

Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi[27]
(1931–2009)
6 August 1990
6 November 1990
3 Months,
—
National Peoples Party

Jatoi was appointed by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan as a caretaker Prime Minister.[3]

12

Nawaz Sharif[11]
(1949–)
6 November 1990
18 April 1993
2 Years,
5 Months,
12 Days,
24 October 1990
Pakistan Muslim League (N)

Sharif was elected as the 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan on 1 November 1990.[28] President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolved his government in April 1993, which was later on reinstated by the Supreme Court of Pakistan.[11]

2nd Caretaker

Balakh Sher Mazari[3]
(1928–)
18 April 1993
26 May 1993
1 Month,
8 Days,
—
Pakistan People's Party

Appointed by the President Khan as a caretaker Prime Minister, Mazari's term ended when the Supreme Court overturned the Presidential order and restored Sharif's government.[3]

(12)

Nawaz Sharif[11]
(1949–)
26 May 1993
18 July 1993
1 Month,
22 Days,
—
Pakistan Muslim League (N)

Sharif survived a serious constitutional crisis when President Khan attempted to dismiss him under article 58-2b, in April 1993, but he successfully challenged the decision in the Supreme Court.[11] Sharif resigned from the post negotiating a settlement that resulted in the removal of President as well, in July 1993.[29]

3rd Caretaker

Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi[3]
(1930–2016)
18 July 1993
19 October 1993
3 Months,
1 Day,
—
Independent

After Sharif's resignation in July 1993, Qureshi was appointed as the caretaker Prime Minister.

(11)

Benazir Bhutto[10][20]
(1953–2007)
19 October 1993
5 November 1996
3 Years,
17 Days,
6 October 1993
Pakistan People's Party

Bhutto was re-elected for a second term, in 1993. She survived an attempted coup d'état in 1995. Bhutto's government was dismissed by president Farooq Leghari in November 1996.[30][31]

4th Caretaker

Malik Meraj Khalid[32]
(1916–2003)
5 November 1996
17 February 1997
3 Months,
12 Days,
—
Independent

Khalid was appointed as a caretaker Prime Minister after the dismissal of Bhutto's government in November 1996.[3]

(12)

Nawaz Sharif[11]
(1949–)
17 February 1997
12 October 1999
2 Years,
7 Months,
25 Days.
3 February 1997
Pakistan Muslim League (N)

Sharif was re-elected as Prime Minister with an exclusive mandate from all over Pakistan for a non-consecutive second term, in February 1997.[12][33] His government was deposed by General Pervez Musharraf in October 1999, and Martial law was imposed in the entire country.[13][34]

12 October 1999 – 23 November 2002

13

Zafarullah Khan Jamali[6]
(1944–)
23 November 2002
26 June 2004
1 Year,
7 Months,
3 Days,
10 October 2002
Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

Jamali was elected as the Prime Minister of Pakistan in November 2002. He continued the foreign and economic policies of Pervez Musharraf but could not complete his term and resigned from the post in June 2004.[16]

26 June 2004 – 30 June 2004

14

Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain[35]
(1946–)
30 June 2004
26 August 2004
1 Month,
27 Days,
—
Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

Parliament elected Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain as the Prime Minister and to serve a 50-day period before the Shaukat Aziz, permanently replaces him.[35]

26 August 2004 – 28 August 2004

15

Shaukat Aziz[36]
(1949–)
28 August 2004
15 November 2007
3 Years,
2 Months,
18 Days,
—
Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

Aziz took the office of Prime Minister of Pakistan in August 2004. He left the office at the end of the parliamentary term, in November 2007, and became the first Prime Minister of Pakistan who left the seat after completion of parliamentary term.[37]

15 November 2007 – 16 November 2007

5th Caretaker

Muhammad Mian Soomro[38]
(1950–)
16 November 2007
24 March 2008
4 Months,
8 Days,
—
Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

Soomro took the office as caretaker Prime Minister in November 2007.[38]

16

Yousaf Raza Gillani[39]
(1952–)
25 March 2008
19 June 2012
4 Years,
2 Months,
25 Days.
18 February 2008
Pakistan People's Party

Gillani was elected as prime minister in March 2008. He was disqualified from his seat in the parliament in April 2012 by the Supreme Court for contempt of court.[40]

19 June 2012 – 22 June 2012

17

Raja Pervaiz Ashraf[41]
(1950–)
22 June 2012
24 March 2013
9 Months,
2 Days,
—
Pakistan People's Party

Ashraf assumed the post of Prime Minister in June 2012, after Yousaf Raza Gillani was disqualified over contempt of court charges.[17]

24 March 2013 – 25 March 2013

6th Caretaker

Mir Hazar Khan Khoso[42]
(1929–)
25 March 2013
5 June 2013
2 Months,
11 Days,
—
Independent

Khoso was appointed by the Election Commission of Pakistan on 24 March,[43] and took oath on 25 March 2013.[44]

18

Muhammad Nawaz Sharif[11]
(1949–)
5 June 2013
28 July 2017
4 Years,
1 Month,
23 Days,
11 May 2013
Pakistan Muslim League (N)

On 5 June 2013, Sharif took office for a third non-consecutive term.[14][15] He took oath under Asif Ali Zardari, the then-president of Pakistan.[45] He was disqualified on 28 July 2017 by the Supreme Court from holding public office as he had been dishonest in not disclosing his employment in the Dubai-based Capital FZE company in his nomination papers.[46]

28 July 2017 – 1 August 2017

19

Shahid Khaqan Abbasi
(1958–)
1 August 2017
Incumbent
_
—
Pakistan Muslim League (N)

Parliament elected Shahid Khaqan Abbasi as the Prime Minister after the disqualification of Nawaz Sharif.[47]


document_title: List of rivers by length

question_text: when did the amazon river become the longest

text: List of rivers by length

text: Definition of length

text: There are many factors, such as the source, the identification or the definition of the mouth, and the scale of measurement[1] of the river length between source and mouth, that determine the precise meaning of "river length". As a result, the length measurements of many rivers are only approximations (see also coastline paradox). In particular, there has long been disagreement as to whether the Nile or the Amazon is the world's longest river. The Nile has traditionally been considered longer, but in recent years some Brazilian and Peruvian studies have suggested that the Amazon is longer by measuring the river plus the adjacent Pará estuary and the longest connecting tidal canal.[2][3][4][5]

tag: p

text: Even when detailed maps are available, the length measurement is not always clear. A river may have multiple channels, or anabranches. The length may depend on whether the center or the edge of the river is measured. It may not be clear how to measure the length through a lake. Seasonal and annual changes may alter both rivers and lakes. Other factors that can change the length of a river include cycles of erosion and flooding, dams, levees, and channelization. In addition, the length of meanders can change significantly over time due to natural or artificial cutoffs, when a new channel cuts across a narrow strip of land, bypassing a large river bend. For example, due to 18 cutoffs created between 1766 and 1885 the length of the Mississippi River from Cairo, Illinois, to New Orleans, Louisiana, was reduced by 218 miles (351 km).[6]

text: These points make it difficult, if not impossible, to get an accurate measurement of the length of a river. The varying accuracy and precision also makes it difficult to make length comparisons between different rivers without a degree of uncertainty.

text: List of rivers longer than 1000 km

text: This section  possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This article or section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: One should take the aforementioned discussion into account when using the data in the following table. For most rivers, different sources provide conflicting information on the length of a river system. The information in different sources is between parentheses.

text:
Continent color key

Africa

Asia

Australia

Europe

North America

South America

text:
River

Length (km)

Length (miles)

Drainage area(km²)[citation needed]

Average discharge(m³/s)[citation needed]

Outflow

Countries in the drainage basin[citation needed]

1.

Amazon–Ucayali–Tambo–Ene–Apurímac[n 1]

6,992(6,400)

4,345(3,976)

7,050,000

209,000

Atlantic Ocean

Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guyana

2.

Nile–Kagera[n 1]

6,853(6,650)

4,258(4,132)

3,254,555

2,800

Mediterranean

Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Egypt, Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan

3.

Yangtze (Chang Jiang; Long River)

6,300(6,418)

3,917(3,988)

1,800,000

31,900

East China Sea

China

4.

Mississippi–Missouri–Jefferson–Beaverhead–Red Rock–Hell Roaring

6,275

3,902

2,980,000

16,200

Gulf of Mexico

United States (98.5%), Canada (1.5%)

5.

Yenisei–Angara–Selenge–Ider

5,539

3,445

2,580,000

19,600

Kara Sea

Russia (97%), Mongolia (2.9%)

6.

Yellow River(Huang He)

5,464

3,395

745,000

2,110

Bohai Sea

China

7.

Ob–Irtysh

5,410

3,364

2,990,000

12,800

Gulf of Ob

Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia

8.

Río de la Plata–Paraná–Rio Grande[8]

4,880

3,030

2,582,672

18,000

Río de la Plata

Brazil (46.7%), Argentina (27.7%), Paraguay (13.5%), Bolivia (8.3%), Uruguay (3.8%)

9.

Congo–Chambeshi(Zaïre)

4,700

2,922

3,680,000

41,800

Atlantic Ocean

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Cameroon, Zambia, Burundi, Rwanda

10.

Amur–Argun–Kherlen(Heilong Jiang)

4,444

2,763

1,855,000

11,400

Sea of Okhotsk

Russia, China, Mongolia

11.

Lena

4,400

2,736

2,490,000

17,100

Laptev Sea

Russia

12.

Mekong(Lancang Jiang)

4,350

2,705

810,000

16,000

South China Sea

China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam

13.

Mackenzie–Slave–Peace–Finlay

4,241

2,637

1,790,000

10,300

Beaufort Sea

Canada

14.

Niger

4,200

2,611

2,090,000

9,570

Gulf of Guinea

Nigeria (26.6%), Mali (25.6%), Niger (23.6%), Algeria (7.6%), Guinea (4.5%), Cameroon (4.2%), Burkina Faso (3.9%), Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, Chad

15.

Brahmaputra–Tsangpo

3,848

2,391

712,035

19,800[9][10]

Ganges

India (58.0%), China (19.7%), Nepal (9.0%), Bangladesh (6.6%), Disputed India/China (4.2%), Bhutan (2.4%)

16.

Murray–Darling–Culgoa–Balonne–Condamine

3,672[11]

2,282

1,061,000

767

Southern Ocean

Australia

17.

Tocantins–Araguaia

3,650

2,270

950,000

13,598

Atlantic Ocean, Amazon

Brazil

18.

Volga

3,645

2,266

1,380,000

8,080

Caspian Sea

Russia

19.

Indus–Sênggê Zangbo

3,610

2,250

960,000

7,160

Arabian Sea

Pakistan (93%), India, China, Kashmir (Disputed region between Pakistan, India and China)

20.

Shatt al-Arab–Euphrates–Murat

3,596

2,236

884,000

856

Persian Gulf

Iraq (60.5%), Turkey (24.8%), Syria (14.7%)

21.

Madeira–Mamoré–Grande–Caine–Rocha

3,380

2,100

1,485,200

31,200

Amazon

Brazil, Bolivia, Peru

22.

Purús

3,211

1,995

63,166

8,400

Amazon

Brazil, Peru

23.

Yukon

3,185

1,980[6]

850,000

6,210

Bering Sea

United States (59.8%), Canada (40.2%)

24.

São Francisco

3,180*(2,900)

1,976*(1,802)

610,000

3,300

Atlantic Ocean

Brazil

25.

Syr Darya–Naryn

3,078

1,913

219,000

703

Aral Sea

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan

26.

Salween(Nu Jiang)

3,060

1,901

324,000

3,153[12]

Andaman Sea

China (52.4%), Myanmar (43.9%), Thailand (3.7%)

27.

Saint Lawrence–Great Lakes

3,058

1,900[6]

1,030,000

10,100

Gulf of Saint Lawrence

Canada (52.1%), United States (47.9%)

28.

Rio Grande

3,057

1,900[6]

570,000

82

Gulf of Mexico

United States (52.1%), Mexico (47.9%)

29.

Lower Tunguska

2,989

1,857

473,000

3,600

Yenisei

Russia

30.

Danube–Breg (Donau, Dunăre, Duna, Dunav, Dunaj)

2,888*

1,795*

817,000

7,130

Black Sea

Romania (28.9%), Hungary (11.7%), Austria (10.3%), Serbia (10.3%), Germany (7.5%), Slovakia (5.8%), Bulgaria (5.2%), Croatia (4.5%),

31.

Zambezi(Zambesi)

2,693*

1,673*

1,330,000

4,880

Mozambique Channel

Zambia (41.6%), Angola (18.4%), Zimbabwe (15.6%), Mozambique (11.8%), Malawi (8.0%), Tanzania (2.0%), Namibia, Botswana

32.

Vilyuy

2,650

1,647

454,000

1,480

Lena

Russia

33.

Araguaia

2,627

1,632

358,125

5,510

Tocantins

Brazil

34.

Ganges–Hooghly–Padma (Ganga)

2,620[13]

1,628

907,000

12,037[14]

Bay of Bengal

India, Bangladesh, Nepal, China

35.

Amu Darya–Panj

2,620

1,628

534,739

1,400

Aral Sea

Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan

36.

Japurá (Rio Yapurá)

2,615*

1,625*

242,259

6,000

Amazon

Brazil, Colombia

37.

Nelson–Saskatchewan

2,570

1,597

1,093,000

2,575

Hudson Bay

Canada, United States

38.

Paraguay (Rio Paraguay)

2,549

1,584

900,000

4,300

Paraná

Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina

39.

Kolyma

2,513

1,562

644,000

3,800

East Siberian Sea

Russia

40.

Pilcomayo

2,500

1,553

270,000

Paraguay

Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia

41.

Upper Ob–Katun

2,490

1,547

Ob

Russia

42.

Ishim

2,450

1,522

177,000

56

Irtysh

Kazakhstan, Russia

43.

Juruá

2,410

1,498

200,000

6,000

Amazon

Peru, Brazil

44.

Ural

2,428

1,509

237,000

475

Caspian Sea

Russia, Kazakhstan

45.

Arkansas

2,348

1,459

505,000(435,122)

1,066

Mississippi

United States

46.

Colorado (western U.S.)

2,333

1,450

390,000

1,200

Gulf of California

United States, Mexico

47.

Olenyok

2,292

1,424

219,000

1,210

Laptev Sea

Russia

48.

Dnieper

2,287

1,421

516,300

1,670

Black Sea

Russia, Belarus, Ukraine

49.

Aldan

2,273

1,412

729,000

5,060

Lena

Russia

50.

Ubangi–Uele[15]

2,270

1,410

772,800

4,000

Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo

51.

Negro

2,250

1,398

720,114

26,700

Amazon

Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia

52.

Columbia

2,250 (1,953)

1,398 (1,214)

415,211

7,500

Pacific Ocean

United States, Canada

53.

Pearl–Zhu Jiang

2,200

1,376

437,000

13,600

South China Sea

China (98.5%), Vietnam (1.5%)

54.

Red (USA)

2,188

1,360

78,592

875

Mississippi

United States

55.

Ayeyarwady(Irrawaddy)

2,170

1,348

411,000

13,000

Andaman Sea

Myanmar, China

56.

Kasai

2,153

1,338

880,200

10,000

Congo

Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo

57.

Ohio–Allegheny

2,102

1,306

490,603

7,957

Mississippi

United States

58.

Orinoco

2,101

1,306

1,380,000

33,000

Atlantic Ocean

Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana

59.

Tarim

2,100

1,305

557,000

Lop Nur

P. R. China

60.

Xingu

2,100

1,305

Amazon

Brazil

61.

Orange

2,092

1,300

Atlantic Ocean

South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho

62.

Northern Salado

2,010

1,249

Paraná

Argentina

63.

Vitim

1,978

1,229

Lena

Russia

64.

Tigris

1,950

1,212

Shatt al-Arab

Turkey, Iraq, Syria

65.

Songhua

1,927

1,197

Amur

P. R. China

66.

Tapajós

1,900

1,181

Amazon

Brazil

67.

Don

1,870

1,162

425,600

935

Sea of Azov

Russia, Ukraine

68.

Stony Tunguska

1,865

1,159

240,000

Yenisei

Russia

69.

Pechora

1,809

1,124

322,000

4,100

Barents Sea

Russia

70.

Kama

1,805

1,122

507,000

4,100

Volga

Russia

71.

Limpopo

1,800

1,118

413,000

Indian Ocean

Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana

72.

Chulym

1,799

1,118

134,000

Ob

Russia

73.

Guaporé (Itenez)

1,749

1,087

Mamoré

Brazil, Bolivia

74.

Indigirka

1,726

1,072

360,400

1,810

East Siberian Sea

Russia

75.

Snake

1,670

1,038

279,719

1,611

Columbia

United States

76.

Senegal

1,641

1,020

419,659

Atlantic Ocean

Guinea, Senegal, Mali, Mauritania

77.

Uruguay

1,610

1,000

370,000

Atlantic Ocean

Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil

78.

Blue Nile

1,600

994

326,400

Nile

Ethiopia, Sudan

78.

Churchill

1,600

994

Hudson Bay

Canada

78.

Khatanga

1,600

994

Laptev Sea

Russia

78.

Okavango

1,600

994

Okavango Delta

Namibia, Angola, Botswana

78.

Volta

1,600

994

Gulf of Guinea

Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo, Côte d'Ivoire, Benin

83.

Beni

1,599

994

283,350

8,900

Madeira

Bolivia

84.

Platte

1,594

990

Missouri

United States

85.

Tobol

1,591

989

Irtysh

Kazakhstan, Russia

86.

Jubba–Shebelle

1,580*

982*

Indian Ocean

Ethiopia, Somalia

87.

Içá (Putumayo)

1,575

979

Amazon

Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador

88.

Magdalena

1,550

963

263,858

9,000

Caribbean

Colombia

89.

Han

1,532

952

Yangtze

P. R. China

89.

Kura/Mt'k'vari

1,515

941

188,400

575

Caspian Sea

Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan

91.

Oka

1,500

932

245,000

1,258

Volga

Russia

92.

Guaviare

1,497

930

Orinoco

Colombia

93.

Pecos

1,490

926

Rio Grande

United States

94.

Murrumbidgee River

1,485 [16]

923

84,917

120

Murray River

Australia

95.

Upper Yenisei–Little Yenisei (Kaa-Hem)

1,480

920

Yenisei

Russia, Mongolia

96.

Godavari

1,465

910

312,812

3,061

Bay of Bengal

India

97.

Colorado (Texas)

1,438

894

Gulf of Mexico

United States

97.

Río Grande (Guapay)

1,438

894

102,600

264

Ichilo

Bolivia

99.

Belaya

1,420

882

142,000

858

Kama

Russia

99.

Cooper–Barcoo

1,420

880

Lake Eyre

Australia

101.

Marañón

1,415

879

Amazon

Peru

102.

Dniester

1,411 (1,352)

877 (840)

72,100

310

Black Sea

Ukraine, Moldova

103.

Benue

1,400

870

Niger

Cameroon, Nigeria

103.

Ili (Yili)

1,400

870

Lake Balkhash

P. R. China, Kazakhstan

103.

Warburton–Georgina

1,400

870

365,000

Lake Eyre

Australia

106.

Sutlej

1,372

852

Chenab

China, India, Pakistan

107.

Yamuna

1,370

851

366,223

2,950

Ganges

India

107.

Vyatka

1,370

851

129,000

890

Kama

Russia

109.

Fraser

1,368

850

220,000

3,475

Pacific Ocean

Canada

110.

Grande

1,360

845

Paraná

Brazil

111.

Brazos

1,352

840

Gulf of Mexico

United States

112.

Liao

1,345

836

Bohai Sea

P. R. China

113.

Lachlan River

1,338 [16]

831

84,700

49

Murrumbidgee River

Australia

114.

Yalong

1,323

822

Yangtze

P. R. China

115.

Iguaçu

1,320

820

Paraná

Brazil, Argentina

116.

Olyokma

1,320

820

Lena

Russia

117.

Northern Dvina–Sukhona

1,302

809

357,052

3,332

White Sea

Russia

118.

Krishna

1,300

808

Bay of Bengal

India

118.

Iriri

1,300

808

Xingu

Brazil

120.

Narmada

1,289

801

Arabian Sea

India

121.

Lomami[17]

1,280

795

Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo

122.

Ottawa

1,271

790

146,300

1,950

Saint Lawrence

Canada

123.

Lerma–Rio Grande de Santiago

1,270

789

119,543

Pacific Ocean

Mexico

124.

Elbe–Vltava

1,252

778

148,268

711

North Sea

Germany, Czech Republic

125.

Zeya

1,242

772

Amur

Russia

126.

Juruena

1,240

771

Tapajós

Brazil

127.

Upper Mississippi

1,236

768

Mississippi

United States

128.

Rhine

1,233

768

185,000 [18]

2,330

North Sea

Germany (57.3%), Switzerland (15.1%), Netherlands (12.3%), France (12.2%), Luxembourg (1.4%), Austria (1.3%), Belgium (0.4%), Liechtenstein (0.1%), Italy (0.03%)

129.

Athabasca

1,231

765

95,300

Mackenzie

Canada

130.

Canadian

1,223

760

Arkansas

United States

131.

North Saskatchewan

1,220

758

Saskatchewan

Canada

132.

Vistula–Bug

1,213

754

194,424

1,080

Baltic Sea

Poland, Belarus, Ukraine

133.

Vaal

1,210

752

Orange

South Africa

134.

Shire

1,200

746

Zambezi

Mozambique, Malawi

134.

Ogooué (or Ogowe)

1,200

746

223,856

4,706

Atlantic Ocean

Gabon, Republic of the Congo

136.

Nen (Nonni)

1,190

739

Songhua

P. R. China

137.

Kızıl River

1,182

734

115,000

400

Black Sea

Turkey

138.

Green

1,175

730

Colorado (western U.S.)

United States

139.

Milk

1,173

729

Missouri

United States, Canada

140.

Chindwin

1,158

720

Ayeyarwady

Myanmar

141.

Sankuru

1,150

715

Kasai

Democratic Republic of the Congo

142.

Wu

1,150

715

80,300

1,108

Yangtze

China

143.

Red (Asia)

1,149

714

143,700

2,640

Gulf of Tonkin

China, Vietnam

144.

James (Dakotas)

1,143

710

Missouri

United States

145.

Kapuas

1,143

710

South China Sea

Indonesia

146.

Desna

1,130

702

88,900

360

Dnieper

Russia, Belarus, Ukraine

147.

Helmand

1,130

702

Hamun-i-Helmand

Afghanistan, Iran

148.

Madre de Dios

1,130

702

125,000

4,915

Beni

Peru, Bolivia

149.

Tietê

1,130

702

Paraná

Brazil

150.

Vychegda

1,130

702

121,000

1160

Northern Dvina

Russia

151.

Sepik

1,126

700

77,700

Pacific Ocean

Papua New Guinea, Indonesia

152.

Cimarron

1,123

698

Arkansas

United States

153.

Anadyr

1,120

696

Gulf of Anadyr

Russia

154.

Paraíba do Sul

1,120

696

Atlantic Ocean

Brazil

155.

Jialing River

1,119

695

Yangtze

P. R. China

156.

Liard

1,115

693

Mackenzie

Canada

157.

Cumberland

1,105

687

46,830

862

Mississippi

United States

158.

White

1,162

722[19]

Mississippi

United States

159.

Huallaga

1,100

684

Marañón

Peru

159.

Kwango

1,100

684

263,500

2,700

Kasai

Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo

159.

Draa

1,100

684

Atlantic Ocean

Morocco

162.

Gambia

1,094

680

Atlantic Ocean

The Gambia, Senegal, Guinea

163.

Chenab

1,086

675

Indus

India, Pakistan

164.

Yellowstone

1,080

671

114,260

Missouri

United States

164.

Ghaghara

1,080

671

127,950

2,990

Ganges

India, Nepal, China

166.

Huai River

1,078

670

270,000

1,110

Yangtze

China

167.

Aras

1,072

665

102,000

285

Kura

Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran

168.

Chu River

1,067

663

62,500

none

Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan

169.

Seversky Donets

1,078 (1,053)

670 (654)

98,900

159

Don

Russia, Ukraine

170.

Bermejo

1,050

652

Paraguay

Argentina, Bolivia

170.

Fly

1,050

652

Gulf of Papua

Papua New Guinea, Indonesia

170.

Kuskokwim

1,050

652

Bering Sea

United States

173.

Tennessee

1,049

652

Ohio

United States

174.

Oder–Warta

1,045

649

118,861

550

Baltic Sea

Poland, Germany, Czech Republic

175.

Aruwimi[17]

1,030

640

Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo

176.

Daugava

1,020

634

87,900

678

Gulf of Riga

Latvia, Belarus, Russia

177.

Gila

1,015

631

Colorado (western U.S.)

United States

178.

Loire

1,012

629

115,271

840

Atlantic Ocean

France

179.

Essequibo

1,010

628

Atlantic Ocean

Guyana

179.

Khoper

1,010

628

61,100

150

Don

Russia

181.

Tagus(Tajo/Tejo)

1,006

625

80,100

444

Atlantic Ocean

Spain, Portugal

182.

Flinders River

1,004 [16]

624

109,000

122

Gulf of Carpentaria

Australia

text: Notes

text:
When the length of a river is followed by an asterisk, it is an average of multiple information sources. If the difference in lengths between given information sources is significant, all lengths are listed. But if the lengths from secondary information sources are similar, they are averaged and that figure has an asterisk.
Scientists debate whether the Amazon or the Nile is the longest river in the world. Traditionally, the Nile is considered longer, but recent information suggests that the Amazon may be longer. Differences in the recorded length of the Amazon mainly depend on whether or not it is valid to take a course south of the Ilha de Marajó at the Amazon's mouth. New evidence, (dated 16 June 2007) obtained from a high-altitude scientific venture in the Andes, claims that "the Amazon is longer than the Nile by 100km, with its longest headwater being the Carhuasanta stream originating in the south of Peru on the Nevado Mismi mountain's northern slopes and flowing into the Río Apurímac".[20] However, the origin of the river at Nevado Mismi had already been known more than one decade earlier (see Jacek Palkiewicz), and satellite based measuring from this origin to the Amazon mouth has resulted in not more than 6,400 km.
Generally, the most commonly used/anglicised name of the river is used. The name in a native language or alternate spelling may be shown.

tag: ul

text:
The Mississippi River just north of St. Louis.

 Saint Lawrence River along the New York-Quebec border.

text: River systems that may have existed in the past

text: Amazon–Congo

text: The Amazon basin formerly drained westwards into the Pacific Ocean, until the Andes rose and reversed the drainage.[21]

text: The Congo basin is completely surrounded by high land, except for its long narrow exit valley past Kinshasa, including waterfalls around Manyanga. That gives the impression that most of the Congo basin was formerly on a much higher land level and that it was rejuvenated by much of its lower course being removed. Before Gondwanaland broke up due to continental drift, the Congo would likely have flowed into the Amazon.[citation needed]

text: West Siberian Glacial Lake drainage

text: This river would have been about 10,000 km (6,200 mi) long, in the last Ice Age. Its longest headwater was the Selenga river of Mongolia: it drained through ice-dammed lakes and the Aral Sea and the Caspian Sea to the Black Sea.

text: Lobourg

text: During the last glacial maximum, much of what is now the southern part of the North Sea was land, known to archaeologists as Doggerland. At this time, the Thames, the Meuse, the Scheldt, and the Rhine probably joined before flowing into the sea, in a system known by palaeogeographers as the Loubourg or Lobourg River System.[22] There is some debate as to whether this river would have flowed southwest into what is now the English Channel, or flowed north, emerging into the North Sea close to modern Yorkshire. If the latter hypothesis is true, the Rhine would have attained a length of close to 1,650 kilometres (1,030 mi). The former hypothesis would have produced a shorter river, some 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) in length. Current scientific research favours the former opinion, with the Thames and Rhine meeting in a large lake, the outflow of which was close to the present-day Straits of Dover.[23]


document_title: Knockout

question_text: what is the meaning of tko in boxing

question_tokens: what is the meaning of tko in boxing

text: Knockout

text: Technical knockout[edit]

text: A technical knockout (TKO or T.K.O.), or stoppage, is declared when the referee or official ring physician decides during a round that a fighter cannot safely continue the match for any reason, without the need for an intervening count. In most regions, a TKO is declared when a fighter is knocked down three times in one round.[3] Other reasons for stopping a fight include severe facial lacerations and a fighter's inability to put up a sufficient defense following a knockdown.

text: A TKO only occurs if the fight is stopped during a round. If a fighter or his/her cornerman decides to end the fight between rounds, it is ruled a corner retirement or "referee technical decision" (RTD). Both TKO's and corner retirements are counted as knockouts in a fighter's record.

text: In MMA bouts, the referee may declare a TKO if a fighter cannot intelligently defend him/herself while being repeatedly struck.[1]

text: Double knockout[edit]

text: A double knockout, in both real life combat sports and fighting-based video games, is when both fighters trade blows and knock each other out simultaneously, and are both unable to continue fighting. In such cases, the match is declared a draw. In fighting games such as Street Fighter and Tekken, a draw is counted as a loss for both players.

text: Physical characteristics[edit]

text: Little is known about what exactly causes one to be knocked unconscious, but many agree it is related to trauma to the brain stem. This usually happens when the head rotates sharply, often as a result of a strike. There are three general manifestations of such trauma:

text:
a typical knockout, which results in a sustained (three seconds or more) loss of consciousness (comparable to general anesthesia, when the recipient emerges and has lost memory of the event),
a "flash" knockout, when a very transient (less than three seconds) loss of consciousness occurs, and the recipient often maintains awareness and memory of the combat
a "stunning," when the consciousness is maintained despite extremely distorted proprioception, visual fields, and auditory processing.

text: A basic principle of boxing and other combat sports is to defend against this vulnerability by keeping both hands raised about the face and the chin tucked in.

text: A fighter who becomes unconscious from a strike with sufficient knockout power is referred to as having been knocked out or KO'd (kay-ode). Losing balance without losing consciousness is referred to as being knocked down ("down but not out"). Repeated blows to the head are known to gradually cause permanent brain damage. In severe cases this may cause strokes or paralysis.[4] This loss of consciousness is commonly known as becoming "punch drunk" or "shot". Because of this, many physicians advise against sports involving knockouts.[5]

text: Fighters who lose by knockout (either by ten count or technical) are automatically suspended for 30 days, three months if it is the second knockout within three months, or one year if it is the third knockout within one year.[6][7][8]

text: Knockdown[edit]

text: A knockdown occurs when a fighter touches the floor of the ring with any part of the body other than the feet following a hit, but is able to rise back up and continue fighting. The term is also used if the fighter is hanging on to the ropes, caught between the ropes, or is hanging over the ropes and is unable to fall to the floor and cannot protect himself. A knockdown triggers a count by the referee; if the fighter fails the count, then the fight is ended as a KO.[9]

text: A flash knockdown is a knockdown where the fighter hits the canvas but recovers quickly enough that a count is not started.[9]

text: Knockout records[edit]

text: Top 10 boxers by most KOs[edit]

text:
Billy Bird (138)[10]
Archie Moore (132)
Young Stribling (129)
Sam Langford (128)
Buck Smith (120)
Kid Azteca (114)
George Odwell (111)[11]
Sugar Ray Robinson, Alabama Kid (108)[12]
Peter Maher (107)
Sandy Saddler (103)

tag: ol

text: Top 10 boxing champions (including interims) by KO %[edit]

text: Inactive National Boxing Association, World Colored Boxing Championship as well as list on List of current world boxing champions and European Boxing Union.

text:
Edwin Valero, Anthony Joshua, Artur Beterbiev, Mensur Dedic, Jun Long Zhang (100%)
Deontay Wilder (97%)
Gervonta Davis, Yunier Dorticos (95%)
Jonathan Guzmán (92%)
Carlos Zarate, Dmitry Kudryashov (90%)
Rocky Marciano, Wilfredo Gomez, Aaron Pryor, Laila Ali, Ilhan Dzafic (88%)
Vitali Klitschko, Gennady Golovkin (87%)
Khaosai Galaxy, Eduard Troyanovsky, Daniel Jacobs, Oleksandr Gvozdyk, Gerald McClellan, Miguel Berchelt (85%)
Naseem Hamed, Alfonso Zamora, Frank Bruno, Oleksandr Usyk, David Haye (84.0%)
Naoya Inoue, Óscar Valdez (83.0%)

text: Top 10 MMA fighters by most KOs[edit]

text:
Travis Fulton (92)
Melvin Manhoef (55)
Gilbert Yvel (32)
Igor Vovchanchyn, Alexander Shlemenko (29)
Wanderlei Silva (27)
Paul Daley (26)
Maiquel Falcao, Mirko Filipovic (23)
Travis Wiuff (22)
Melvin Guillard (21)
Paul Buentello, Robbie Lawler, Ben Rothwell, Anderson Silva, Tim Sylvia (20)

text: Top 10 MMA (Champions, Challengers) Fighters by KO %[edit]

text: Fighters from inactive Pride Fighting Championships and active UFC/Bellator plus champions and former champions from other organizations.

text:
Conor McGregor (81%)
Cristiane Justino (76.43%)
Cain Velasquez (73.3334%)
Vitor Belfort (72%)
Cung Le (66.66%)
Travis Browne (65%)
Junior dos Santos (64.7%)
Maiquel Falcao (63.88%)
Muhammed Lawal, Alexander Volkov (63.64%)
Holly Holm, Stipe Miocic (60%)

text: Most consecutive KOs[edit]

text:
Boxing: LaMar Clark (44)[13]
MMA: Travis Fulton (10)

text: Most 1st round KOs and most consecutive 1st round KOs[edit]

text:
Boxing: Peter Maher (50)
Consecutive/Boxing: Ali Raymi (21)
MMA: Travis Fulton (68)
Consecutive/MMA: Igor Vovchanchyn, Travis Fulton (7)

text: Top 10 K-1 and K-2 kickboxers by most KOs[edit]

text:
Changpuek Kiatsongrit (178)
Badr Hari (92)
Andy Souwer (87)
Mike Zambidis (86)
Branko Cikatic (82)
Manson Gibson (80)
Peter Aerts (78)
Rob Kaman (77)
Jerome Le Banner (64)
Ernesto Hoost (62)


document_title: The Night Gwen Stacy Died

question_text: what did gwen die of in spider man 2

question_tokens: what did gwen die of in spider man 2

text: The Night Gwen Stacy Died

text: Plot[edit]

text: Prior to this arc, Norman Osborn had been the Green Goblin, but due to amnesia, he had suspended his identity as the supervillain and forgotten that Spider-Man is Peter Parker. Also, Harry Osborn, Parker's best friend and Norman's son, became addicted to drugs and was sequestered in the Osborn home for detoxification. Norman's parental grief, combined with financial pressure, triggered a breakdown resulting in Norman Osborn remembering his Goblin identity and again targeting Spider-Man and his loved ones for misery.

text: The Green Goblin abducts Peter's girlfriend, Gwen Stacy, and lures Spider-Man to a tower of either the Brooklyn Bridge (as depicted in the art) or the George Washington Bridge (as given in the text).[1][2] The Goblin and Spider-Man clash, and the Goblin hurls Stacy off the bridge. Spider-Man shoots a web strand at her legs and catches her. As he pulls her up, he thinks he has saved her. However, he quickly realizes she is dead. Unsure whether her neck was broken by the whiplash from her sudden stop or had been already broken by the Goblin prior to her fall, he blames himself for her death. A note on the letters page of The Amazing Spider-Man #125 states: "It saddens us to say that the whiplash effect she underwent when Spidey's webbing stopped her so suddenly was, in fact, what killed her."[1]

text: The Green Goblin escapes, and Spider-Man cries over Stacy's corpse and swears revenge. The following issue, Spider-Man tracks the Green Goblin to a warehouse and beats him but cannot bring himself to kill him. The Goblin uses the opportunity to send his glider to impale Spider-Man from behind. Warned by his spider-sense, Spider-Man dodges, and the glider instead impales the Green Goblin, seemingly killing him. Later, a devastated Parker, back at home, encounters an equally shocked and saddened Mary Jane Watson, who has lost her close friend Stacy, and the two attempt to comfort each other in the wake of their loss.

text: Significance[edit]

text:
The death of Gwen Stacy shocked the American comic book community. Previously, it had been unthinkable to kill off such an important character—the girlfriend of a protagonist with a large fanbase. Generally, a superhero did not fail this disastrously unless it was part of his or her origin story. This story arc has been proposed as a marker of the end of the Silver Age of Comic Books, and the beginning of the darker, grittier Bronze Age.[3]
The frequent tendency for the wives and girlfriends of male superheroes to meet grim fates was referred to as "The Gwen Stacy Syndrome" by the Comics Buyer's Guide.[4]
A fan poll conducted by Marvel Comics for their series The 100 Greatest Marvels of All Time voted The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 1) #121 and 122 to be the 6th and 19th greatest issues of all time, respectively.[5]

text: Development[edit]

text: Behind the scenes[edit]

text: Stan Lee, co-creator of both Spider-Man and Gwen Stacy, recounted that Amazing Spider-Man writer Gerry Conway, editor Roy Thomas, and inker John Romita, Sr. came up with the idea of killing Gwen Stacy, and consulted Lee about it: "... I was just getting ready to go to Europe on some sort of a business trip... to meet somebody to discuss something about Marvel. And I think I wasn't thinking too clearly, because when they said, 'We'd like to kill Gwen Stacy,' I said, 'Well, if that's what you want to do, okay.' All I wanted to do was get them out of the office so I could finish packing and get out of there. ... and when I came back and found out that Gwen had been killed, I thought 'Why would they do that? Why would Gerry write anything like that?' And I had to be reminded later on that I had perhaps reluctantly or perhaps carelessly said 'Okay' when they asked me."[6]

text: In the comic book collection The 100 Greatest Marvels of All Time: #9-6 (Amazing Spider-Man #121 was the #6 comic), Conway explained that Gwen and Peter were a "perfect couple", but taking that relationship to the next level (i.e. marriage or at least Peter revealing his secret identity to her) would "betray everything that Spider-Man was about", i.e. personal tragedy and anguish as root of Peter's life as Spider-Man. Killing Gwen Stacy was a perfect opportunity to kill two birds with one stone: breaking up the "unfitting" relationship and reinforcing the element of personal tragedy which was, in his opinion, the essence of Spider-Man.[citation needed]

text: Bridge[edit]

text: The bridge in the original issue of Amazing Spider-Man #121 was stated in the text to be the George Washington Bridge. The Pulse #4 (Sept. 2004) also states the bridge to be the George Washington Bridge.

text: The art of The Amazing Spider-Man #121, however, depicts the Brooklyn Bridge. Some reprints of the issue have had the text amended and now state the bridge to be the Brooklyn Bridge rather than the George Washington Bridge. Titles supporting the Brooklyn Bridge include The Amazing Spider-Man #147-148 (1975), The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #21 (1987), and Daredevil v. 2 #8 (2000). In a television interview for the Travel Channel's Marvel Superheroes Guide to New York City (2004), Stan Lee said that the artist for the issue had drawn the Brooklyn Bridge, but that he (as editor) mistakenly labeled it the George Washington Bridge. This was corrected in newer prints of the issue.

text: Different bridges are depicted in subsequent adaptations of the storyline. Mary Jane Watson was thrown off the Queensboro Bridge in both Ultimate Spider-Man number 25 and the 2002 Spider-Man movie, while in Spider-Man: The Animated Series, Mary Jane is thrown off the George Washington Bridge.

text: Cause of death[edit]

text: The comic features a "snap" sound effect next to Gwen Stacy's head in the panel in which Spider-Man's webbing catches her. In The Amazing Spider-Man #125 (Oct. 1973), Marvel Comics editor Roy Thomas wrote in the letters column that "it saddens us to have to say that the whiplash effect she underwent when Spidey's webbing stopped her so suddenly was, in fact, what killed her. In short, it was impossible for Peter to save her. He couldn't have swung down in time; the action he did take resulted in her death; if he had done nothing, she still would certainly have perished. There was no way out."

text: In the History Channel special Spider-Man Tech, Stan Lee states that her neck was indeed snapped.

text: Physicist and comic collector James Kakalios, in his book The Physics of Superheroes, states that in the real world, the whiplash effect would have killed her.[7][8][9] The comic book Civil War: Casualties of War: Captain America/Iron Man (2007) concurred that the proximate cause of death was the sudden stop during a high-speed fall. An issue of Peter Parker: Spider-Man revisits the issue, and further confirms Gwen died of a broken neck due to the use of the webbing.

text: For some time, however, fans speculated that the shock of the fall itself caused Gwen Stacy's death, due to the Green Goblin telling Spider-Man in The Amazing Spider-Man #121, "Romantic idiot! She was dead before your webbing reached her! A fall from that height would kill anyone — before they struck the ground!" In the 1987 edition of The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe, Gwen's death is attributed to the fall, not to Spider-Man's webbing. In the fourth issue of Marvels, it was reported that she died from the shock of the fall, however Phil, a photographer and witness, is unsure about exactly what kills her.

text: Replays[edit]

text: Several subsequent issues have echoed Gwen's death when others fell from great heights during Spider-Man's battles. On most occasions, he saves them by jumping after them and working with their momentum, rather than trying to stop them with his webbing (as he did in the What If? where he saves Gwen), most notably when he jumped off the same bridge to save Gwen's daughter, Sarah Stacy, around seven years after her death; due to accelerated aging caused by her Goblin-enhanced mutated body chemistry- Sarah's father being Norman Osborn after a brief affair between Gwen and Osborn- Sarah looks exactly like her mother.

text: In another storyline, the Green Goblin once again replays the scenario, this time with Spider-Man's wife Mary Jane Watson-Parker. As with Gwen, Mary Jane plummets toward her death (this time from the recoil from her gun when she shoots at the Green Goblin). Learning from his previous error, Spider-Man uses multiple weblines and catches every major joint, saving Mary Jane from suffering the same whiplash effect that killed Gwen.[10] A similar event occurs when Spider-Man saves Anna Maria—the girlfriend of Otto Octavius during a time when he was in Spider-Man's body—when Green Goblin uses her as a hostage and throws her off a building after learning that his true enemy has returned, Peter reflecting as he catches Anna Maria that he has learned over time to catch every joint in moments like this to limit potential whiplash.[11]

text: During the Civil War,[12] both Iron Man and Captain America cited Gwen as argument for their opinions on the Superhuman Registration Act. Iron Man argued that if Spider-Man had received proper training as registered heroes were given, he would have saved her, while Captain America argued that Gwen was only in danger because the Goblin knew Spider-Man's identity, the Act requiring heroes to register their identities with the government.

text: What If?[edit]

text: In a non-canonical parallel universe story in What If? #24, Spider-Man saves Gwen by jumping after her rather than catching her with a web-line (in the same way he saved Mary Jane in the film), allowing him to cushion her from the impact as they hit the water and subsequently give her CPR. In the aftermath of this rescue, he proposed to Gwen after revealing his secret identity to her, and, in a subsequent confrontation with the Green Goblin, Norman Osborn finally fought off his evil side when Harry moved to protect him regardless of what he'd become. However, their life was not destined to be a happy one; to ensure his victory, the Goblin had sent J. Jonah Jameson proof of Spider-Man's real identity, which Jonah had subsequently published and used to acquire a warrant for Peter's arrest, thus forcing Peter to escape from the police mere moments after his wedding to Gwen. As the issue ended, Gwen departed with Joe "Robbie" Robertson, who promised Gwen that they would do whatever they could to help Peter.

text: Ultimate Gwen Stacy's death[edit]

text: In Ultimate Spider-Man, Gwen Stacy dies in a completely different way a few issues after she found out Spider-Man's secret identity. Walking home after a talk with Mary Jane Watson, she realized she had forgotten her key so she tried to open the door to the cellar (Peter's lab) but that was locked too. She heard rustling in the bushes so she turned around and was grabbed by small tentacles coming from Carnage, who killed her the way it killed its other victims: by absorbing the life out of her. The last thing Gwen saw before being turned into a mummy-like corpse was Carnage taking the form of a more solid form of Peter's father due to Dr. Connors mixing his and Peter's DNA with elements of the Venom suit, which was used with Richard Parker's DNA.

text: In Ultimate Spider-Man #128, Gwen was reintroduced to the series. Carnage had recreated her body and her memories as essentially a clone. After a battle with Venom, Carnage left Gwen to join with Eddie Brock. Since this battle, Gwen has been completely rid of the Carnage symbiote and is now living with May Parker.

text: In other media[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text:
"The Night Gwen Stacy Died" was seen in Spider-Man: The Animated Series. In the episode "Turning Point", the Green Goblin hurtled Mary Jane Watson off the bridge, but instead of dying, she falls through a portal, unseen to Peter Parker believing she has fallen and perished in the water below. The episode's name is the same name of the first issue in "The Night Gwen Stacy Died" arc.
"The Night Gwen Stacy Died" is somewhat reenacted in the Ultimate Spider-Man cartoon series. Instead of Gwen Stacy, other female characters that have a connection to Spider-Man are the Green Goblin's would-be victims: White Tiger (Ava Ayala) in the episode "Ultimate", and Spider-Girl (Petra Parker) in the episode "The Spider-Verse (Part 1)".

text: Films[edit]

text:
"The Night Gwen Stacy Died" was adapted into the end of the 2002 Spider-Man film, with Mary Jane Watson again taking the role, although she did not die; Spider-Man managed to save her by jumping after her and catching her in person, subsequently battling the Green Goblin after lowering Mary Jane to safety, although Green Goblin dies similarly to how he did in the comics.
"The Night Gwen Stacy Died" was loosely adapted in the 2014 film The Amazing Spider-Man 2. The Green Goblin drops Gwen Stacy through the top of a clock tower. Spider-Man saves her and knocks Green Goblin off of his glider. The glider hits into the clock tower gears that Gwen is standing on, and she falls. Spider-Man catches her again and she dangles below until the turning gears cut the web Gwen is hanging by. Spider-Man dives, shooting a web to catch her. She dies in a similar way to the comics. When the web catches her, she is literally just above the ground and a cracking sound is heard, leaving the exact cause of death ambiguous as there is an equal chance that she was killed by the sudden stop or because she slightly struck the ground. The clock stops at 1:21, a reference to the issue of the comic book in which Gwen died.