document_title: U.S. state temperature extremes

question_text: what is the record high temperature in arizona

text: U.S. state temperature extremes

text: The following table lists the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in each state in the United States, in both Fahrenheit and Celsius during the past two centuries.[1]

text:
State

Record high  temperature
Date
Place(s)
Record low  temperature
Date
Place(s)

Alabama
112 °F / 44 °C
September 5, 1925
Centreville

−27 °F / −33 °C
January 30, 1966
New Market

Alaska
100 °F / 38 °C
June 27, 1915
Fort Yukon

−80 °F / −62 °C
January 23, 1971
Prospect Creek

Arizona
128 °F / 53 °C
June 29, 1994
Lake Havasu City

−40 °F / −40 °C
January 7, 1971
McNary

Arkansas
120 °F / 49 °C
August 10, 1936
Ozark

−29 °F / −34 °C
February 13, 1905
Gravette

California
134 °F / 56 °C
July 10, 1913
Furnace Creek, California

−45 °F / −43 °C
January 20, 1937
Boca

Colorado
114 °F / 46 °C
July 11, 1954
Sedgwick

−61 °F / −52 °C
February 1, 1985
Maybell

Connecticut
106 °F / 41 °C
July 15, 1995
Danbury

−37 °F / −38 °C
February 16, 1943
Norfolk[2]

Delaware
110 °F / 43 °C
July 21, 1930
Millsboro

−17 °F / −27 °C
January 17, 1893
Millsboro

District of Columbia[citation needed]
106 °F / 41 °C
July 20, 1930
Washington

−15 °F / −26 °C
February 11, 1899
Washington

Florida
109 °F / 43 °C
June 29, 1931
Monticello

−2 °F / −19 °C
February 13, 1899
Tallahassee

Georgia
112 °F / 44 °C
August 20, 1983*
Greenville

−17 °F / −27 °C
January 27, 1940
Chatsworth

Hawaii
98 °F / 37 °C
July 14, 1957
Puunene*[3]

15 °F / -9 °C
January 5, 1975
Mauna Kea Observatories[3]

Idaho
118 °F / 48 °C
July 28, 1934
Orofino

−60 °F / −51 °C
January 18, 1943
Island Park

Illinois
117 °F / 47 °C
July 14, 1954
East Saint Louis

−36 °F / −38 °C
January 5, 1999
Congerville

Indiana
116 °F / 47 °C
July 14, 1936
Collegeville

−36 °F / −38 °C
January 19, 1994
New Whiteland

Iowa
118 °F / 48 °C
July 20, 1934
Keokuk

−47 °F / −44 °C
February 3, 1996*
Elkader

Kansas
121 °F / 49 °C
July 24, 1936*
Alton

−40 °F / −40 °C
February 13, 1905
Lebanon

Kentucky
114 °F / 46 °C
July 28, 1930
Greensburg

−37 °F / −38 °C
January 19, 1994
Shelbyville

Louisiana
114 °F / 46 °C
August 10, 1936
Plain Dealing

−16 °F / −27 °C
February 13, 1899
Minden

Maine
105 °F / 41 °C
July 10, 1911*
North Bridgton

−50 °F / −46 °C
January 16, 2009
Clayton Lake

Maryland
109 °F / 43 °C
July 10, 1936*
Cumberland

−40 °F / −40 °C
January 13, 1912
Oakland

Massachusetts
107 °F / 42 °C
August 2, 1975
New Bedford

−40 °F / −40 °C
January 22, 1984
Chester[2]

Michigan
112 °F / 44 °C
July 13, 1936
Mio

−51 °F / −46 °C
February 9, 1934
Vanderbilt

Minnesota
115 °F / 46 °C
July 29, 1917
Beardsley

−60 °F / −51 °C
February 2, 1996
Tower

Mississippi
115 °F / 46 °C
July 29, 1930
Holly Springs

−19 °F / −28 °C
January 30, 1966
Corinth

Missouri
118 °F / 48 °C
July 14, 1954*
Warsaw

−40 °F / −40 °C
February 13, 1905
Warsaw

Montana
117 °F / 47 °C
July 5, 1937
Medicine Lake

−70 °F / −57 °C
January 20, 1954
Lincoln (Rogers Pass)

Nebraska
118 °F / 48 °C
July 24, 1936*
Minden

−47 °F / −44 °C
December 22, 1989*
Oshkosh

Nevada
125 °F / 52 °C
June 29, 1994
Laughlin

−50 °F / −46 °C
January 8, 1937
San Jacinto

New Hampshire
106 °F / 41 °C
July 4, 1911
Nashua

−50 °F / −46 °C
January 22, 1885
Randolph

New Jersey
110 °F / 43 °C
July 10, 1936
Runyon

−34 °F / −37 °C
January 5, 1904
River Vale

New Mexico
122 °F / 50 °C
June 27, 1994
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

−50 °F / −46 °C
February 1, 1951
Gavilan

New York
109 °F / 43 °C
July 22, 1926
Troy

−52 °F / −47 °C
February 18, 1979*
Old Forge

North Carolina
110 °F / 43 °C
August 21, 1983
Fayetteville

−34 °F / −37 °C
January 21, 1985
Burnsville

North Dakota
121 °F / 49 °C
July 6, 1936
Steele

−60 °F / −51 °C
February 15, 1936
Parshall

Ohio
113 °F / 45 °C
July 21, 1934
Gallipolis

−39 °F / −39 °C
February 10, 1899
Milligan

Oklahoma
120 °F / 49 °C
August 12, 1936*
Altus

−31 °F / −35 °C
February 10, 2011
Nowata

Oregon
117 °F / 47 °C
July 27, 1939
Umatilla[2]

−54 °F / −48 °C
February 10, 1933*
Seneca

Pennsylvania
111 °F / 44 °C
July 10, 1936*
Phoenixville

−42 °F / −41 °C
January 5, 1904
Smethport

Rhode Island
104 °F / 40 °C
August 2, 1975
Providence

−28 °F / −33 °C
January 17, 1942
Richmond

South Carolina
113 °F / 45 °C
June 30, 2012*
Camden

−22 °F / −30 °C
January 21, 1985
Landrum[2]

South Dakota
120 °F / 49 °C
July 15, 2006*
Fort Pierre*

−58 °F / −50 °C
February 17, 1936
McIntosh

Tennessee
113 °F / 45 °C
August 9, 1930*
Perryville

−32 °F / −36 °C
December 30, 1917
Mountain City

Texas
120 °F / 49 °C
June 28, 1994*
Monahans

−23 °F / −31 °C
February 8, 1933*
Seminole

Utah
117 °F / 47 °C
July 5, 1985
Saint George

−69 °F / −56 °C
February 1, 1985
Peter Sinks[4]

Vermont
105 °F / 41 °C
July 4, 1911
Vernon[2]

−50 °F / −46 °C
December 30, 1933
Bloomfield

Virginia
110 °F / 43 °C
July 15, 1954
Balcony Falls

−30 °F / −34 °C
January 22, 1985
Pembroke

Washington
118 °F / 48 °C
August 5, 1961*
Burbank

−48 °F / −44 °C
December 30, 1968
Mazama

West Virginia
112 °F / 44 °C
July 10, 1936*
Martinsburg

−37 °F / −38 °C
December 30, 1917
Lewisburg

Wisconsin
114 °F / 46 °C
July 13, 1936
Wisconsin Dells

−55 °F / −48 °C
February 4, 1996
Couderay

Wyoming
115 °F / 46 °C
August 8, 1983
Basin

−63 °F / −53 °C
February 9, 1933
Moran[2]

tag: table

text: *Also on earlier date or dates in that state

text: See Also[edit]

text: Canadian provincial and territorial temperature extremes


document_title: National Football League team captains

question_text: what are the stars on nfl captain patches for

root

text: National Football League team captains

text: In the National Football League, the team captain designation is a team-appointed position that designates certain players as leaders on and off the field. The captains program was implemented by the NFL Player Advisory Council established by NFL commissioner Roger Goodell in conjunction with the NFL Players Association. Starting in 2007, the league began permitting teams to name up to six players as captains.[1]

tag: p

text: Players who have been named a team captain typically have a "C" patch on their jerseys. There is a standard design used by all teams participating in the captaincy program. The patches are in team colors and are worn on the front left or right breast (depending on other patches, etc. worn by the specific team). The number of stars filled in on the patch represents the number of consecutive years that player has been named captain by a team. If they've been named captain for longer than four years, the "C" on the patch is gold. Some teams (e.g. Pittsburgh and New England) do not have this patch on their jerseys but still designate captains. In the case of the Green Bay Packers, they would use weekly captains during the regular season, but would switch to assigning captains whenever they qualify for the playoffs.

text:
The New York Jets suspended designated team captains after an incident involving Santonio Holmes in a 2011 game. In the fourth quarter of the final game of the 2011 season against the Miami Dolphins, Holmes appeared to get into an argument with Jets offensive tackle Wayne Hunter while the team was huddling. As a result of the argument, Holmes was benched for the remainder of the game, and the Jets ended up losing the game, which resulted in the Jets missing the postseason for the first time in three years. His leadership qualities and credibility as a captain have since been questioned. In 2015, under new head coach Todd Bowles, the Jets resumed appointing captains weekly.[2]
In 2018, Coach Todd Bowles has resumed permanent captains. These captains were introduced in Week 2 of the 2018 NFL season

text: During special recognitions, the patch may be a different color; e.g., pink for breast cancer awareness;[3] or camouflage for military service recognition.

text: Because of the nature of the game, most teams include their starting quarterbacks as an offensive captain. The starting quarterback has no other responsibility or authority on field. However, he may, depending on the league or individual team, have various informal duties, such as participation in pre-game ceremonies, the coin toss, the trophy presentation, or other events outside the game. Often compared to captains of other team sports, the starting quarterback is usually the de facto team leader and a well-respected player on and off the field, even before the NFL implemented the team captain's patch in 2007.

text: Rules[edit]

text: NFL rule 18 details the guidelines for team captains. Within Rule 18, there are four articles that pertain to:

text:
Number of Team Captains
Coin Toss Procedures
Choice on Penalty Option
Change of [Team] Captains

tag: ol

text: Coin Toss Procedures – Each team can send as many as six team captains to the center of the field. On each team, one captain is designated the "speaking captain" of the delegation. The visiting team or the team designated "visitor" by the referee (if no team is declared 'visitor') shall choose "heads or tails" or in the case of a special ceremony coin, the options on the face and rear of that coin.

text: The winner of the coin toss have three options, 1. Defer the choice to the second half, 2. Receive/kick the ball, 3. Choose an end zone to defend. There is strategy in employing your election. It could depend on such conditions as weather, or making an aggressive statement at the beginning of the game, or something simple as coming out of the locker room in the second half receiving the ball.

text: After the winning captain makes their choice, the opposing team captain chooses from the remaining two options.

text: Choice on Penalty Option(s) – The offended team captain has a choice of accepting a penalty enforcement or declining, except where said penalty is automatically "enforced by rule." In some circumstances, a team captain may elect to "decline" the penalty. This typically happens in a situation in which declining the penalty may mean that the next down should occur (3rd or 4th). A good example would be on an "offensive holding" enforcement, the defensive team might elect a "4th down and 5 yards to gain" v. a "3rd down and 15 yards to gain."

text: List[edit]

text: Players listed in bold currently wear the 5+ star all gold captain patches.

text:
Team

Offensive captain(s)

Defensive captain(s)

Special teams captain(s)

Arizona Cardinals[4]

Sam Bradford, Larry Fitzgerald

Patrick Peterson, Chandler Jones, Antoine Bethea, Corey Peters

Phil Dawson

Atlanta Falcons[5]

Appointed weekly

Baltimore Ravens[6]

Appointed weekly

Buffalo Bills[7]

LeSean McCoy, Patrick DiMarco

Kyle Williams, Lorenzo Alexander

Steven Hauschka, Taiwan Jones

Carolina Panthers[8]

Cam Newton, Ryan Kalil, Greg Olsen

Luke Kuechly, Julius Peppers

Colin Jones

Chicago Bears[9]

Appointed weekly

Cincinnati Bengals[10]

Andy Dalton, A. J. Green

Michael Johnson, Shawn Williams, Vincent Rey

Clayton Fejedelem

Cleveland Browns[11]

Tyrod Taylor, Joel Bitonio

Myles Garrett, Christian Kirksey

Britton Colquitt

Dallas Cowboys[12]

Dak Prescott, Zack Martin

Sean Lee, Tyrone Crawford

Chris Jones

Denver Broncos[13]

Case Keenum, Matt Paradis

Von Miller, Todd Davis

Brandon McManus, Andy Janovich

Detroit Lions[14]

Marvin Jones Jr., T.J. Lang, Matthew Stafford

Jarrad Davis, Devon Kennard, Glover Quin

Don Muhlbach

Green Bay Packers[15]

Appointed weekly

Houston Texans[16]

Deshaun Watson, DeAndre Hopkins

Johnathan Joseph, JJ Watt, Tyrann Mathieu

Brian Peters

Indianapolis Colts[17]

Andrew Luck, Jack Doyle

Clayton Geathers, Al Woods

Adam Vinatieri

Jacksonville Jaguars[18]

Brandon Linder, Blake Bortles, Leonard Fournette

Telvin Smith, Calais Campbell

Lerentee McCray

Kansas City Chiefs[19]

Travis Kelce

Justin Houston, Eric Berry,

Dustin Colquitt, Tyreek Hill

Los Angeles Chargers[20]

Philip Rivers, Russell Okung, Antonio Gates

Brandon Mebane, Melvin Ingram

None

Los Angeles Rams[21]

Jared Goff, Todd Gurley, Andrew Whitworth

Michael Brockers, Aqib Talib

Johnny Hekker

Miami Dolphins[22]

Kenny Stills, Ryan Tannehill, Daniel Kilgore

Bobby McCain, Cameron Wake

Walt Aikens

Minnesota Vikings[23]

Kyle Rudolph, Riley Reiff, Kirk Cousins

Everson Griffen, Linval Joseph, Anthony Barr

None

New England Patriots[24]

Tom Brady, James White, David Andrews

Devin McCourty, Patrick Chung

Matthew Slater

New Orleans Saints[25]

Drew Brees, Max Unger, Terron Armstead

Cameron Jordan, Demario Davis

Craig Robertson

New York Giants[26]

Eli Manning, Nate Solder

Landon Collins, Alec Ogletree

Zak DeOssie, Michael Thomas

New York Jets[27]

Quincy Enunwa, James Carpenter

Jamal Adams, Steve McLendon, Leonard Williams

Oakland Raiders[28]

Rodney Hudson, Derek Carr

Bruce Irvin,Derrick Johnson

Reggie Nelson,Kyle Wilber

Philadelphia Eagles[29]

Carson Wentz, Jason Kelce

Malcolm Jenkins, Fletcher Cox

Kamu Grugier-Hill

Pittsburgh Steelers[30]

Ben Roethlisberger, Maurkice Pouncey

Cameron Heyward

Chris Boswell

San Francisco 49ers[31]

Appointed weekly

Seattle Seahawks[32]

Russell Wilson

Bobby Wagner

Sebastian Janikowski, Neiko Thorpe

Tampa Bay Buccaneers[33]

Mike Evans, Ali Marpet

Lavonte David, Kwon Alexander

Adarius Taylor

Tennessee Titans[34]

Delanie Walker, Marcus Mariota

Jurrell Casey, Wesley Woodyard

Daren Bates

Washington Redskins[35]

Alex Smith

Mason Foster

Deshazor Everett


document_title: Back to the Future (soundtrack)

question_text: who sings back to the future theme song

question_tokens: who sings back to the future theme song

text: Back to the Future (soundtrack)

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"The Power of Love" – Huey Lewis and the News (3:58)[3]
"Time Bomb Town" – Lindsey Buckingham (2:48)
"Back to the Future" – The Outatime Orchestra (3:20)
"Heaven Is One Step Away" – Eric Clapton (4:13)
"Back in Time" – Huey Lewis & the News (4:22)
"Back to the Future Overture" - The Outatime Orchestra (8:19)
"The Wallflower (Dance with Me Henry)" – Etta James (2:45)
"Night Train" – Marvin Berry & the Starlighters (2:17)
"Earth Angel (Will You Be Mine)" – Marvin Berry & the Starlighters (3:02)
"Johnny B. Goode" – Marty McFly With The Starlighters (3:06)

text: The Outatime Orchestra is named after the license plate of the DeLorean.

text: Songs not included on the soundtrack album:[4]

text:
"The Washington Post" - Composed by John Philip Sousa
"Mr. Sandman" - Performed by The Four Aces
"The Ballad of Davy Crockett" - Performed by Fess Parker
"Pledging My Love" - Performed by Johnny Ace

tag: ul

text: To put the tracks in the chronological order they first appear in the film, the listing would be as such: 1, 2, 7, the first 90 seconds of 6, 8, 9, 10, the remainder of 6, 4, 5 and 3. The "Back to the Future Overture" on the original album is made up of the following cues as released on the subsequent score album:

text:
Marty's Letter
Clocktower (:50 - 5:35)
'85 Lone Pine Mall (1:41 - end)

text: A 1999 CD release entitled The Back to the Future Trilogy featured additional compositions by Silvestri from the first film. However, these were re-recordings by the Scottish National Orchestra and not Silvestri's original recordings.[5]

text: "Johnny B. Goode"[edit]

text: The musical material ostensibly performed by the characters Marty McFly, Marvin Berry and the Starlighters in the film, was recorded by Harry Waters, Jr. as Marvin Berry and Mark Campbell as Marty McFly, and the guitar solo by Tim May. (Campbell and May received a "Special Thanks" acknowledgment in the film's end credits, with the recording credit going to the fictional characters.) Berry's group also plays the song "Night Train", first recorded by Jimmy Forrest in 1951.[6]

text: In the film, Marvin Berry, a fictitious cousin of Chuck Berry, phones Chuck and lets him listen to the music. The real Johnny B. Goode was released only three years after the time it is played in the film.[7]

text: Miscellaneous[edit]

text: The film's musical score was composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri, who later wrote music for Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Forrest Gump and numerous other films, many of them directed by Robert Zemeckis. The memorable themes in his "Back to the Future Overture" have since been heard in the film's sequels (also scored by Silvestri), in Back to the Future: The Ride, and as ambient music at the Universal Studios theme parks. A remix of the main theme was heard in the opening sequence for MCA-Universal Home Video from 1990 to 1997. The upbeat soundtrack, featuring two new songs by Huey Lewis and the News, also contributed to the film's popularity. "The Power of Love" became the band's first song to hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for an Academy Award. Huey Lewis portrayed the high-school band audition judge who rejects Marty McFly's band, the Pinheads, as they perform the short instrumental hard-rock version of "The Power of Love".

text: There is also another album version of the soundtrack, with only the original score by Silvestri. The only legitimate release was by independent label Intrada,[8] but another so-called "DeLorean" version released in the 1990s was an unauthorized bootleg.[9]

text: Score album[edit]

text:
Back to the Future: Intrada Special Collection 2-CD Score

Film score by Alan Silvestri

Released
November 2009

Recorded
1985

Genre
Film soundtrack
Score

Length
89:08

Label
Intrada

Back to the Future Soundtrack chronology

The Back to the Future Trilogy (soundtrack)
(1999)The Back to the Future Trilogy (soundtrack)1999
Back to the Future: Intrada Special Collection 2-CD Score
(2009)

text: In November 2009, Intrada released an official two-disc album containing Silvestri's complete score. The first disc contained the complete orchestral score as recorded for the finished film, along with two source cues that Silvestri wrote. The second disc consisted of alternate approaches that Silvestri took with a large portion of the score, with a darker, more serious tone.

text: None of the songs from the first album are included in this score-only album, and for moments in the film where Silvestri's score was shortened (i.e. the final moments of "Einstein Disintegrated" and "Peabody Barn; Marty Ditches DeLorean"), replaced with source music ("Town Square") or unused ("Logo"), the full score cue is presented as originally recorded.

text: The set was a limited edition of 10,000 units and sold nearly 6,000 by the end of January 2010.[10] It sold out in August 2014; however, on October 12, 2015 it was made available as an unlimited release in a single-disc edition, featuring the music on disc one of the two-disc set.[11]

text:
[show]CD 1: The Complete Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Logo"
0:22

2.
"DeLorean Reveal"
0:47

3.
"Einstein Disintegrated"
1:23

4.
"'85 Twin Pines Mall"
4:43

5.
"Peabody Barn; Marty Ditches DeLorean"
3:11

6.
"'55 Town Square"
1:19

7.
"Lorraine's Bedroom"
0:47

8.
"Retrieve DeLorean"
1:15

9.
"1.21 Jigowatts"
1:38

10.
"The Picture"
1:08

11.
"Picture Fades"
0:18

12.
"Skateboard Chase"
1:39

13.
"Marty's Letter"
1:19

14.
"George To The Rescue – Pt. 1"
0:51

15.
"Marvin Be-Bop (Source cue)"
2:26

16.
"George To The Rescue – Pt. 2"
2:36

17.
"Tension; The Kiss"
1:34

18.
"Goodnight Marty (Source cue)"
1:32

19.
"It's Been Educational; Clocktower"
10:31

20.
"Helicopter"
0:20

21.
"'85 Lone Pine Mall"
3:47

22.
"4x4"
0:41

23.
"Doc Returns"
1:14

24.
"Back to the Future (End credits)"
3:18

text:
[show]CD 2: The Creation of a Classic... Alternate Early Sessions

No.
Title
Length

1.
"DeLorean Reveal"
0:42

2.
"Einstein Disintegrated"
1:24

3.
"Peabody Barn"
2:07

4.
"Marty Ditches DeLorean"
1:56

5.
"'55 Town Square #1 (Trumpet open)"
1:36

6.
"'55 Town Square #2 (Trumpet mute)"
1:36

7.
"Retrieve DeLorean"
1:15

8.
"1.21 Jigowatts"
1:36

9.
"The Picture"
1:07

10.
"Skateboard Chase"
1:40

11.
"George to the Rescue"
4:14

12.
"Tension; The Kiss"
1:41

13.
"Clocktower"
10:56

14.
"'85 Lone Pine Mall"
3:47

15.
"Doc Returns"
1:20

16.
"Ling Ting Ring (Unused source cue)"
2:01

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1985–86)
Peak
position

US Top Pop Albums (Billboard)[12]
12

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

United States (RIAA)[13]
Gold
500,000^

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone


document_title: North Vietnam

question_text: when was the democratic republic of vietnam formed

text: North Vietnam

text: Leadership under Hồ Chí Minh (1945–69)[edit]

text: Proclamation of the republic[edit]

text: After about 300 years of partition by feudal dynasties, Vietnam was again under one single authority in 1802 when Gia Long founded the Nguyễn dynasty, but the country became a French protectorate after 1883 and under Japanese occupation after 1940 during World War II. Soon after Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945, the Việt Minh in the August Revolution entered Hanoi, and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed on September 2, 1945: a government for the entire country, replacing the Nguyễn dynasty.[6] Hồ Chí Minh became leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt had spoken against French rule in Indochina, and U.S.A. was supportive of the Viet Minh at this time.

text: Early republic[edit]

text: The Democratic Republic of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh claimed dominion over all of Vietnam, but during this time South Vietnam was in profound political disorder. The successive collapse of French, then Japanese power, followed by the dissension among the political factions in Saigon had been accompanied by widespread violence in the countryside.[7][8] On August 16, 1945, Hồ Chí Minh organized the National Congress in Tân Trào. The Congress adopted 10 major policies of the Việt Minh, passed the General Uprising Order, decided the National Flag, in the middle with 5-pointed gold star, selected the national anthem and selected the National Committee for the Liberation of Vietnam, later becoming the Provisional Revolutionary Government, led by Hồ Chí Minh. On September 12, 1945, the first British troops arrived in Saigon. On September 23, 28 days after the people of Saigon seized political power, French troops occupied the police stations, the post office, and other public buildings. The salient political fact of life in Northern Vietnam was Chinese Nationalist army of occupation, and the Chinese presence had forced Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh to accommodate Chinese-backed Viet Nationalists. In June 1946, Chinese Nationalist troops evacuated Hanoi, and on the 15th of June, the last detachments embarked at Haiphong. After the departure of the British in 1946, the French controlled a part of Cochinchina, South Central Coast, Central Highlands since the end Southern Resistance War. In January 1946, the Viet Minh held an election to establish a National Assembly. Public enthusiasm for this event suggests that the Viet Minh enjoyed a great deal of popularity at this time, although there were few competitive races and the party makeup of the Assembly was determined in advance of the vote.[a]

text: On September 18 and 19, 1945, the Việt Minh held secret meetings with Việt Cách (September 18, 1945) and Việt Quốc (September 19, 1945). In these two meetings, Nguyễn Hải Thần represented Việt Cách and Nguyễn Tường Tam represent Việt Quốc. Hồ Chí Minh agree to unite the Việt Minh with Việt Cách and Việt Quốc. Thus, the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam led by the Việt Minh will receive the financial and political support of the Republic of China. For this proposal, within the Việt Minh there are many different opinions. Võ Nguyên Giáp disagrees with the suggestion that the proposals are not valid and not honest, as if replacing French colonialism with Chinese domination, but Hoàng Minh Giám thought that the unification of Vietnam With the Nationalist parties will reduce the opposition and strengthen the power of the Việt Minh, as the Chinese are relieved and the French have to worry. Eventually the Việt Minh under Hồ Chí Minh refused to merge with the Pro-Chinese Việt Cách and the Việt Quốc League.[12]

text: On January 6, 1946, President Hồ Chí Minh held the nationwide General Election which voted for the first time and passed the Constitution. Many parties did not have the right to participate in General Elections seeking to undermine . These parties claimed to be the only Việt Minh communist, the government in the hands of the Việt Minh want anyone to win it. The two opposition parties in the government are the Vietnam’s Nationalist Party (Việt Quốc) and the Vietnam Cách mệnh Đồng minh (Việt Cách) did not participate in the election although Hồ Chí Minh previously sent a letter to Nguyễn Hải Thần leader of Việt Cách and Vũ Hồng Khanh leader of Việt Quốc. Hồ Chí Minh invites Việt Quốc and Việt Cách to attend the General Election and urges the two sides not to attack each other with words or actions until the Congress opens. Former Prime Minister Trần Trọng Kim said there were places where people were forced to vote for the Việt Minh.[13] According to the Việt Minh, the election was fair.[14] Despite being campaigned by many parties to campaign for the people to boycott the election and block the election in some places, where there are self-nominated candidates, publicly run, free elections are taking place everywhere. After the election results are announced, the truth is not the same as the propaganda parties. Many prestigious delegates of classes, classes, religions and ethnic groups were elected in the First National Assembly, most of them not party members.[15]

text: The presence of Chiang Kai-shek's army up to that time ensured the survival of Vietnam’s Nationalist Party and Việt Cách. These two parties did not have a cohesive program to enlist the people like the Việt Minh[16] The leaders of the Vietnam’s Nationalist Party and the Việt Cách Revolutionary Party are far from having comparable qualities with Hồ Chí Minh, Võ Nguyên Giáp, and other responsible Việt Minh members. When the Chinese nationalist army withdrawal from Vietnam on June 15, 1946, in one way or another, Võ Nguyễn Giáp, decided that the Việt Minh had to completely control the government. Võ Nguyễn Giáp is in immediate action with the goal of spreading Việt Minh leadership: the Allied Powers are supported by the Vietnam’s Nationalist Party (according to Cecil B. Currey, this organization borrows the revolutionary name of Vietnam’s Nationalist Party of 1930 was founded by Nguyễn Thái Học and, according to David G. Marr, the Vietnamese Communist Party under Hồ Chí Minh tried to banned the Pro-Chinese Nationalist Party in Vietnam[17] betraying the revolutionary cause of Nguyễn Thái Học in 1930. By the end of 1945, many people still did not believe in it.) The pro-Japan nationalist group, the Trotskyists, the anti-French nationalists, the Catholic group called "Catholic soldiers." Võ Nguyễn Giáp has gradually sought to phase out these parties. On June 19, 1946, the Việt Minh Journal reportedly vehemently criticized "reactionaries sabotage the Franco-Vietnamese preliminary agreement on 6 March". Shortly thereafter, Võ Nguyễn Giáp began a campaign to pursue opposition parties by police and military forces controlled by the Việt Minh with the help of the French authorities. He also used soldiers, Japanese officers volunteered to stay in Vietnam and some of the supplies provided by France (in Hòn Gai French troops provided the Việt Minh with cannons to kill some of the positions commanded by the Great Occupation) in this campaign.

text: When France declared Cochinchina, the southern third of Vietnam, a separate state as the "Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina" in June 1946, Vietnamese nationalists reacted with fury. In November, the National Assembly adopted the first Constitution of the Republic.[18]

text: During the First Indochina War[edit]

text: The French reoccupied Hanoi and the First Indochina War (1946–54) followed. Following the Chinese Communist Revolution (1946−50), Chinese communist forces arrived on the border in 1949. Chinese aid revived the fortunes of the Viet Minh and transformed it from a guerrilla militia into a standing army. The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 transformed what had been an anti-colonial struggle into a Cold War battleground, with the U.S. providing financial support to the French.

text: Provisional military demarcation of Vietnam[edit]

text: Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954 at the end of the First Indochina War, more than one million North Vietnamese migrated to South Vietnam,[19] under the U.S.-led evacuation campaign named Operation Passage to Freedom,[20] with an estimated 60% of the north's one million Catholics fleeing south.[21][22] The Catholic migration is attributed to an expectation of persecution of Catholics by the North Vietnamese government, as well as publicity employed by the Saigon government of the President Ngo Dinh Diem.[23] The CIA ran a propaganda campaign to get Catholics to come to the south. However Colonel Edward Lansdale, the man credited with the campaign, rejected the notion that his campaign had much effect on popular sentiment.[24]  The Viet Minh sought to detain or otherwise prevent would-be refugees from leaving, such as through intimidation through military presence, shutting down ferry services and water traffic, or prohibiting mass gatherings.[25] Concurrently, between 14,000 and 45,000 civilians and approximately 100,000 Viet Minh fighters moved in the opposite direction.[21][26][27]

text: Land reform[edit]

text: Land reform was an integral part of the Viet Minh and communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam.  A Viet Minh Land Reform Law of 4 December 1953 called for (1) confiscation of land belonging to landlords who were enemies of the regime; (2) requisition of land from landlords not judged to be enemies; and (3) purchase with payment in bonds.  The land reform was carried out from 1953 to 1956. Some farming areas did not undergo land reform but only rent reduction and the highland areas occupied by minority peoples were not substantially impacted.  Some land was retained by the government but most was distributed without payment with priority given to Viet Minh fighters and their families.[28]  The total number of rural people impacted by the land reform program was more than 4 million.  The rent reduction program impacted nearly 8 million people.[29]

text: Results[edit]

text: The land reform program was a success in terms of distributing much land to poor and landless peasants and reducing or eliminating the land holdings of landlords and rich peasants.  However it was carried out with violence and repression primarily directed against large landowners identified, sometimes incorrectly, as landlords.[30] On 18 August 1956, North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh acknowledged the serious errors the government had made in the land reform program. Too many farmers, he said, had been incorrectly classified as "landlords" and executed or imprisoned and too many mistakes had been made in redistributing land. Severe rioting protesting the excesses of the land reform program broke out in November 1956 in one largely Catholic rural district.  About 1,000 people were killed or injured and several thousand imprisoned. Democratic Republic of Vietnam initiated a "correction campaign" which by 1958 had resulted in the return of land to many of those harmed by the land reform.[31]  As part of the correction campaign as many as 23,748 political prisoners were released by North Vietnam by September 1957.[32]

text: Executions[edit]

text: Executions and imprisonment of persons classified as "landlords" or enemies of the state were contemplated from the beginning of the land reform program.  A Politburo document dated 4 May 1953 said that executions were "fixed in principle at the ratio of one per one thousand people of the total population." .[33]  The number of persons actually executed by communist cadre carrying out the land reform program has been variously estimated. Some estimates of those killed range up to 200,000.[34]  Other scholarship has concluded that the higher estimates were based on political propaganda emanating from South Vietnam and that the actual total of those executed was probably much lower.  Scholar Edwin E. Moise estimated the total number of executions at between 3,000 and 15,000 and later came up with a more precise figure of 13,500.[35]  Moise's conclusions were supported by documents of Hungarian diplomats living in Democratic Republic of Vietnam at the time of the land reform.[36] Author Michael Lind in a 2013 book gives a similar estimate of "at least ten or fifteen thousand" executed.[37]

text: Collective farming[edit]

text:
The ultimate objective of the land reform program of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam government was not to achieve equitable distribution of farmland but rather the organization of all farmers into co-operatives in which land and other factors of agricultural production would be owned and used collectively.[38]
The first steps after the 1953-1956 land reform were the encouragement by the government of labor exchanges in which farmers would unite to exchange labor; secondly in 1958 and 1959 was the formation of "low level cooperatives" in which farmers cooperated in production.  By 1961, 86 percent of farmers were members of low-level cooperatives. The third step beginning in 1961 was to organize "high level cooperatives", true collective farming in which land and resources were utilized collectively without individual ownership of land.[39] By 1971, the great majority of farmers in North Vietnam were organized into high-level cooperatives. Collective farms were abandoned gradually in the 1980s and 1990s.[40]

text: Presidency of Tôn Đức Thắng (1969–76)[edit]

text: During the Vietnam War[edit]

text: Reunification[edit]

text: After the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975, the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, or Vietcong, alongside the North Vietnamese Army, governed South Vietnam during the period before reunification. However it was seen as a vassal government of North Vietnam.[41][42][43] North and South Vietnam were officially reunited under one state on 2 July 1976, forming the Socialist Republic of Vietnam which continues to administer the country today.

text: Foreign relations[edit]

text: South Vietnam[edit]

text: From 1960, the North Vietnamese government went to war with Republic of Vietnam via its proxy the Viet Cong, in an attempt to annex South Vietnam and reunify Vietnam under a communist party.[44] North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces and supplies were sent along the Ho Chi Minh trail. In 1964 the United States sent combat troops to South Vietnam to support the South Vietnamese government, but the U.S. had advisors there since 1950. Other nations, including Australia, the Republic of Korea, Thailand and New Zealand also contributed troops and military aid to South Vietnam's war effort. China and the Soviet Union provided aid to and troops in support of North Vietnamese military activities. This was known as the Vietnam War, or the American War in Vietnam itself (1955–75). In addition to the Viet Cong in South Vietnam, other communist insurgencies also operated within neighboring Kingdom of Laos and Khmer Republic, both formerly part of the French colonial territory of Indochina. These were the Pathet Lao and the Khmer Rouge, respectively. These insurgencies were aided by the North Vietnamese government, which sent troops to fight alongside them.

text: Communist and Western states[edit]

text: Democratic Republic of Vietnam was diplomatically isolated by many Western states, and many other anti-communist states worldwide throughout most of the North's history, as these states only extended recognition to the anti-communist government of South Vietnam. North Vietnam however, was recognized by almost all Communist countries, such as the Soviet Union and other Socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, China, North Korea, and Cuba, and received aid from these nations. North Vietnam refused to establish diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia from 1950 to 1957, perhaps reflecting Hanoi's deference to the Soviet line on the Yugoslav government of Josip Broz Tito, and North Vietnamese officials continued to be critical of Tito after relations were established.[45][46] Several non-aligned countries also recognized North Vietnam, mostly, similar to India, according North Vietnam de facto rather than de jure (formal) recognition.[47]

text: In 1969, Sweden became the first Western country to extend full diplomatic recognition to North Vietnam.[48] Many other Western countries followed suit in the 1970s, such as the government of Australia under Gough Whitlam.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Although former emperor Bao Dai was also popular at this time and won a seat in the Assembly, the election did not allow voters to express a preference between Bao Dai and Ho Chi Minh. It was held publicly in northern and central Vietnam, but secretly in Cochinchina, the southern third of Vietnam. There was minimal campaigning and most voters had no idea who the candidates were.[9] In many districts, a single candidate ran unopposed.[10] Party representation in the Assembly was publicly announced before the election was held.[11]


document_title: Revenge of the Bridesmaids

question_text: where does revenge of the bridesmaids take place

text: Revenge of the Bridesmaids

text: Plot[edit]

text: Two 29-year-old women, Abigail Scanlon and Parker Wald are best friends and have been best friends since childhood who return to their small hometown of Lambert, Louisiana from New York City for a visit. After running into old friends, they learn that their close friend, Rachel, has lost the love of her life, Tony, to their ex-friend, Caitlin, a conniving gold-digger who pretends to be pregnant to trick Tony into marrying her so that she can use his money to keep her family's estate. Intent upon preventing a loveless marriage, Parker and Abigail go "undercover" as Caitlin's bridesmaids to sabotage the wedding. Along the way, Caitlin's tightly-wound mother, Olivia, works hard to keep Abigail and Parker at bay as Parker falls for the town detective Henry Kent. The bridesmaids put their best-laid plans in motion only to see them go outrageously awry. As a result, the trio are arrested by Henry, but Parker convinces him to release them. So Abigail, Parker, and Rachel sneak into the wedding and kidnap Caitlin. They take her to the hospital for a pregnancy test and trick her into admitting the truth. At the wedding ceremony Tony lies to Caitlin that his family lost their fortunes which leads to her canceling the wedding and storming off. After Caitlin is gone, Tony gets on one knee and proposes to Rachel and reveals that he lied and that he is still rich. At the end of the film, Parker stars in a major action film with Henry at her side as her consultant, Rachel marries Tony, and Abigail sells her book on their antics as bridesmaids.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Raven-Symoné as Abigail Scanlon
Joanna García as Parker Wald
Virginia Williams as Caitlyn McNabb
Beth Broderick as Olivia McNabb
Chryssie Whitehead as Rachel Phipps
David Clayton Rogers as Henry Kent
Lyle Brocato as Anthony "Tony" Penning Phipps
Brittany Ishibashi as Bitsy
Maureen Brennan as Penny Wald
Gary Grubbs as Lou Wald
Ann McKenzie as Charlotte Willington
Angelena Swords as Ashlie
Lacey Minchew as Ashley
Billy Slaughter as Gary
Carl J. Walker as Glen Woodward
Esmeralda Alaniz as Young Abby
Evelyn Boyle as Young Parker
Audrey P. Scott as Young Caitlyn
Talia Tooraen as Young Rachel

text: Production[edit]

text: In March 2010, Raven-Symoné announced that she would star in an upcoming romantic comedy for ABC Family, via Say Now. This is her first television film since The Cheetah Girls 2 in 2006.

text: Filming took place in April 2010 in New Orleans, Louisiana.[2] Jim Hayman directed the film.[3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received 2.55 million viewers at its premiere, placing it in the top 5 "highest-rated" ABC Family Original Movie premieres list.[4]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD in the US on April 26, 2011.

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result

2010
Teen Film/TV Series International Awards
Best Actress: Lead Role on Comedy Film for Raven-Symoné
Won

Best Actress: Lead Role on Comedy Film for Joanna Garcia
Nominated

Best Film Made for Television
Won

Best Comedy Film of the Year
Won

2011
ADG Excellence in Production Design Award
Television Movie or Mini-Series
Nominated

People's Choice Awards 2011
Favorite Family TV Movie
Nominated


document_title: America's Got Talent

question_text: who's the special judge on america's got talent

question_tokens: who 's the special judge on america 's got talent

text: America's Got Talent

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Duration
Winner's prize2
Finalists
Presenter
Judges

Premiere
Finale
Winner
Runner-up
Third place

1
June 21, 2006
August 17, 2006
$1,000,000
Bianca Ryan

All That & The Millers

Regis
Philbin
David Hasselhoff
Piers Morgan
Brandy Norwood
N/A1

2
June 5, 2007
August 21, 2007
Terry Fator
Cas Haley
Butterscotch
Jerry
Springer
Sharon Osbourne

3
June 17, 2008
October 1, 2008
Neal E. Boyd
Eli Mattson
Nuttin' But Stringz

4
June 23, 2009
September 16, 2009
Kevin Skinner
Bárbara Padilla
Recycled Percussion
Nick
Cannon

5
June 1, 2010
September 15, 2010
Michael Grimm
Jackie Evancho
Fighting Gravity
Howie Mandel

6
May 31, 2011
September 14, 2011
Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr.
Silhouettes
Team iLuminate

7
May 14, 2012
September 13, 2012
Olate Dogs
Tom Cotter
William Close
Howard Stern

8
June 4, 2013
September 18, 2013
Kenichi Ebina
Taylor Williamson
Jimmy Rose
Mel B
Heidi Klum

9
May 27, 2014
September 17, 2014
Mat Franco
Emily West
AcroArmy

10
May 26, 2015
September 16, 2015
Paul Zerdin
Drew Lynch
Oz Pearlman

11
May 31, 2016
September 14, 2016
Grace VanderWaal
The Clairvoyants
Jon Dorenbos
Simon Cowell

12
May 30, 2017
September 20, 2017
Darci Lynne Farmer
Angelica Hale
Light Balance
Tyra
Banks

text:
^ A fourth judge was added in season eight.
^ Beginning with season three, the prize includes the one million dollars, payable in a financial annuity over 40 years, and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip. The length of the headlining stint has varied, with season four's prize including a 10-week schedule[6] and season eleven's lasting three days.[6]
A book was released in 2013 titled, Inside AGT: The Untold Stories of America's Got Talent. It describes the seasons, contestants, judges, and production techniques of the show and contains detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons.[7]

text: Guest judges[edit]

text: Starting with the tenth season, each of the main judges invited a guest judge to join the judging panel for one night during the Judge Cuts stage of the competition. The guest judges had the ability to employ the golden buzzer to bypass the other judges and advance an act to the live shows. The first guest judge, Neil Patrick Harris, appeared at the invitation of Howard Stern in episode eight of season ten, which aired on July 14, 2015. Michael Bublé appeared at the invitation of Heidi Klum in episode nine of season ten, which aired on July 21, 2015. Marlon Wayans appeared at the invitation of Howie Mandel in episode ten of season ten, which aired on July 28, 2015. Piers Morgan appeared at the invitation of Mel B in episode eleven of season ten, which aired on August 4, 2015.[8] Beginning with the eleventh season the guest judges were announced without any indication if they were invited by one of the regular judges.[9] This continued into the twelfth season when the guest judges were announced by NBC through various outlets.[10][11][12]

text:
Season
Guest Judge (in order of appearance)

10
Neil Patrick Harris
Michael Bublé
Marlon Wayans
Piers Morgan

11
Ne-Yo
Reba McEntire
George Lopez
Louis Tomlinson

12
Chris Hardwick[13]
DJ Khaled[14]
Laverne Cox[15]
Seal[16]

text: Selection process[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Producers' auditions[edit]

text: The general selection process of the show begins with separate producers' auditions held in various cities across the United States, some of which host only the producers' auditions, and some of which also host judges' auditions held in theaters. This round is held several months before the judges' audition. Acts that have made it through the producers' audition then audition in front of the judges and a live audience.[17]

text: Judges' Auditions[edit]

text: Following the producers' auditions, acts audition in front of (as of 2013) four celebrity judges. These auditions are held in theaters in various cities nationally and are later televised. Judges may individually register their disapproval of an act by pressing a red buzzer, which lights up their corresponding X above the stage. Any performer who receives X's (3 from season 1-7, or 4 from season 8-) from the judges must stop performing and is eliminated. Since season three (2008), large audiences have also been a factor in the judging process, as their reaction to an act's performance may swing or influence a judge's vote. If an act receives three or more "yes" votes, they advance to the next round of competition. However, in the majority of seasons, several acts do not perform in the second round and are immediately sent home by the judges without a second performance.

text: Golden Buzzer[edit]

text: Introduced in season nine, the "Golden Buzzer" is located on the center of the judges' desk and may be used once per season by each judge. In season 9, a judge could press the golden buzzer to save an act from elimination, regardless of the number of X's earned from the other judges. Starting in season 10 and onward, any act that receives a golden buzzer advances directly to the live show; and in season 11, the hosts also were given the power to use the golden buzzer. The golden buzzer is also used in the Judge Cuts format.

text:
Season
Nick Cannon
Howie Mandel
Mel B
Heidi Klum
Howard Stern

9
N/A
Emmanuel & Phillip Hudson
N/A
Dustin's Dojo

10
Drew Lynch
Sharon Irving
Arielle Baril
Freckled Sky

Season
Nick Cannon
Howie Mandel
Mel B
Heidi Klum
Simon Cowell

11
Dorothy Williams
Grace VanderWaal
Laura Bretan
Sal Valentinetti
Calysta Bevier

Season
Tyra Banks
Howie Mandel
Mel B
Heidi Klum
Simon Cowell

12
Light Balance
Christian Guardino
Darci Lynne Farmer
Angelina Green
Mandy Harvey

text: Judge cuts[edit]

text: From season two (2007) to season eight (2013), Las Vegas Week has been an intermediary televised taped round between the auditions and the live shows. This round takes place in a notable venue on the Las Vegas Strip. Names for this round in previous seasons have included "Las Vegas Callbacks" and "Vegas Verdicts". The Las Vegas round generally consists of acts performing a second time for the judges (except for season four in 2009), who then pick select acts to move on to the live shows. An act eliminated in Las Vegas Week is not completely excluded from the live show competition, as several seasons have featured contestants being brought back from this round as "wild card" acts.

text: Prior to the inclusion of this round, the judges would have a list containing a number of acts which advanced past the auditions during each live show. The judges would then pick ten acts from that group each week, leaving several acts without the chance to perform.

text: In season nine (2014), acts went to New York instead of Las Vegas to determine a place in the live shows.[18]

text: YouTube auditions[edit]

text: From season five (2010) to season seven (2012), acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube. Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the "live shows" part of the season, prior to the semi-finals. The most successful act of the YouTube auditions was Jackie Evancho, who went on to place second in season five.

text: Before the inclusion of this round, the show had a separate audition episode in seasons three and four (2008–2009) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace.[19]

text: Live shows[edit]

text: During the live shows, a group of acts ranging from only a Top 20 (season two), to as many as 60, compete for viewers' and judges' votes. In the first season, the judges could not end an act's performance, but could either "check" or "X" the performance during their critique. Since season two (2007), judges have been able to end an act's performance early, and the "check" was removed. Generally, acts each perform first in a live round consisting of a series of quarterfinals. In seasons with YouTube auditions, the round of live judging of YouTube finalists takes place then, as part of these quarterfinals. Then there may be additional shows for "Wild Card" acts—acts that one or more of the judges select to be given one more chance for audience vote despite previous elimination. From these shows, the existing group is narrowed through votes by the public and/or the judges (depending on the season). Acts then move on to a semifinal round, and even further rounds (such as a "Top 8" or a "Top 10", depending on the season) through a series of weekly shows, which trim the number of acts down each time based on a public vote. In the majority of seasons, judges have had no vote from the semifinals. All these rounds culminate in a live final, which has consisted of anywhere from four to ten acts throughout the seasons. The act with the most votes is declared the winner, given $1 million, and, since season three (2008), a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip.

text: During seasons one through six (2006–11), the live shows were filmed at Stage 36 of CBS Television City in Los Angeles. In season seven (2012), the live shows were held at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark. From seasons eight through ten (2013–15), live performances were held at Radio City Music Hall in New York. From season eleven (2016) onwards the live shows are being held at the Dolby Theatre.[20]

text: For seasons five through eight (2010–13), the show also made the winner the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show, stopping in 25 cities.[21][22] For season nine, however (2014), there was no tour; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner-up acts.[23] (See #America's Got Talent Live, below.)

text: Season synopses[edit]

text: Season 1 (2006)[edit]

text: In May 2006, NBC announced the new show. The audition tour took place in June. Auditions were held in the following locations: Los Angeles, New York, and Chicago. Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino, possibly in Las Vegas; however, this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas, should one become a champion. More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere (which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002). The two-hour broadcast was the night's most-watched program on U.S. television and the highest-rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 (the prime-time audience that matters most to advertisers), Nielsen Media Research reported.[24]

text: On the season finale, there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ. The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically. Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience, shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below.

text: In season one, the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff, singer Brandy Norwood, and journalist Piers Morgan.

text: The winner of the season was 11-year-old singer Bianca Ryan, and the runners-up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers.

text: Season 2 (2007)[edit]

text: After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights, with no separate results show, the network changed that, pushing the show back to the summer, where the first season had enjoyed great success. This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol, which had a similar premise and was more popular.

text: In AGT's place, another reality-based talent show, Grease: You're The One That I Want, began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January.[25] In March, NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show, and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host,[26] with Sharon Osbourne (formerly a judge on Cowell's UK show The X Factor) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge.

text: The season finale was shown Tuesday, August 21, with the winner being Terry Fator, a singing impressionist ventriloquist. The runner-up was singer Cas Haley.

text: Season 3 (2008)[edit]

text: Season three premiered on June 17, 2008. Auditions took place in Charlotte, Nashville, Orlando, New York, Dallas, Los Angeles, Atlanta, and Chicago from January to April. A televised MySpace audition also took place.

text: Season three differed from the previous two in many ways. Auditions were held in well-known theaters across the nation, and a new title card was introduced, featuring the American flag as background. The X's matched the ones on Britain's Got Talent as did the judges' table. Like the previous season, the Las Vegas callbacks continued, but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds, instead of twenty. This season also contained several results episodes, but not on a regular basis. The show took a hiatus for two-and-a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics, but returned with the live rounds on August 26.

text: Neal E. Boyd, an opera singer, was named the winner on October 1. Eli Mattson, a singer and pianist, was runner-up.

text: Season 4 (2009)[edit]

text: Season four premiered on Tuesday, June 23, 2009. It was the first to be broadcast in high definition. Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington, D.C., Atlanta, Miami, Tacoma, Boston, and Houston. Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29–31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center, followed by the February 7–8 Atlanta auditions. New York and Miami auditions were held during March. Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26. In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape, season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration. This year's host was Nick Cannon. Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments.[27]

text: The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season, but the 'Las Vegas Callbacks' was renamed 'Vegas Verdicts'. This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis. The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America's Got Talent logo.

text: On September 16, country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season's winner. The grand prize was $1 million and a 10-week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. The runner-up was Bárbara Padilla, an opera singer.[28]

text: Season 5 (2010)[edit]

text: For season five, the network had considered moving the show to the fall, after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009.[29] NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show.

text: Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, Orlando, and Portland (Oregon). Non-televised producers' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia. For the first time, online auditions were also held via YouTube.

text: David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show[30] and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel. This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show.[31] The show premiered Tuesday, June 1, 2010, at 8 pm ET. Afterward, Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season.[32]

text: On September 15, singer Michael Grimm was named the winner. He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip, as well as headline the 25-city America's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner-up Jackie Evancho, Fighting Gravity, Prince Poppycock, and the other top ten finalists.[21][22]

text: Season 6 (2011)[edit]

text: Season six premiered on Tuesday, May 31, 2011, with a two-hour special. Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk, respectively. On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27, 2010, Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three-year contract to stay on Talent.[33]

text: The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles, New York, Minneapolis, Atlanta, Seattle, and Houston. Non-televised producers' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago. Previews of auditions were shown during NBC's The Voice premiere on April 26. Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show's run, beginning on May 4. Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9.

text: On Wednesday, September 14, Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr., a Frank Sinatra-style singer, was named the winner. Dance group Silhouettes was runner-up.

text: Season 7 (2012)[edit]

text: Season seven premiered on May 14, 2012. The first round of auditions, which are judged by producers, were held in New York, Washington, D.C., Tampa, Charlotte, Austin, Anaheim, St. Louis, and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012.[34] The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27.

text: Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven, due to his work hosting CNN's Piers Morgan Tonight,[35] and he was replaced by Howard Stern. Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City, the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark, New Jersey.[36] In December 2011, Simon Cowell, the show's executive producer, announced that the show would be receiving a "top-to-bottom makeover", confirming that there would be new graphics, lighting, theme music, show intro, logo, and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark.[37] On July 2, at the first live performance show of the season, their new location and stage were unveiled in a two-and-a-half-hour live special. A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges' desk and a refreshed design of the "X".

text: On August 6, Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America's Got Talent after the current season, in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes.[38]

text: On September 13, Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season, becoming the show's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win. Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner-up.

text: Season 8 (2013)[edit]

text: Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday, June 4, 2013.[39] The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven's second live show. Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season,[40] but later said that she was staying with the show "for now."[41] Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6, 2012.[42][43]

text: On February 20, 2013, it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members, Mel B (Melanie Brown), would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge. Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added.[44] On March 3, it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would be joining the show as the new fourth judge.[45]

text: An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11, 2012. The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles, Seattle, Portland (Oregon), New Orleans, Birmingham, Memphis, Nashville, Savannah, Raleigh, Norfolk, San Antonio, New York, Columbus (Ohio), and Chicago. This season, the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before.[46] America's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight.[47] Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4. The show traveled to New Orleans, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Antonio.[47]

text: On September 18, 2013, martial arts dancer/mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season, the first dance act to win the competition. Stand-up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner-up.

text: Season 9 (2014)[edit]

text: Season nine premiered on Tuesday, May 27, 2014, at 8 pm ET.[48] The producers' auditions began on October 26, 2013, in Miami. Other audition sites included Atlanta, Baltimore, Denver, Houston, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, and New York. Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online.[49] Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20–22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark, which also hosted the live shows during season seven. Judges' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26.[50]

text: The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29. There was also a new twist in the show, where "Judgment Week" was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas. Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience, but after three acts performed, the producers scrapped the live audience concept.[18] This season also came with the addition of a "Golden Buzzer," which was unveiled on that same year's Britain's Got Talent. Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act, typically used when there is a tie.[51]

text: For this season, contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June, and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23, 2014. The performer with the most votes, Cornell Bhangra, filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals.

text: On September 17, magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season, the first magic act to win the competition. Singer Emily West was the runner-up.

text: Season 10 (2015)[edit]

text: Season ten premiered on May 26, 2015. Producer auditions began on November 2, 2014, in Tampa. Other audition sites included Nashville, Richmond (Virginia), New York, Chicago, St. Louis, San Antonio, Albuquerque, San Francisco, Seattle, Boise, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles. Online submissions were also accepted.[52]

text: Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1, 2014, that he might not return,[53] but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season. Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host.[54] On February 9, 2015, Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten[55] and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well.[56] It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning.[57]

text: It was announced on December 4, 2014, that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout.[58] He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes, and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge.

text: Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2, 2015, at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center.[59][60] They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles. A special "extreme" audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona, California, where danger acts performed outside for the judges, who were seated at an outdoor stage.

text: During NBC's summer press tour, it was announced that America's Got Talent would be making their "Golden Buzzer" more like Britain's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows.[61] An official trailer for the season was released, which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show's official sponsor for the season, with their cups prominently placed on the judges' desk. Dunkin replaced Snapple, which sponsored the show since season seven.

text: On June 24, Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge. Stern said, "In all seriousness, I’ve told you, I’m just too f*cking busy…something's got to give… NBC's already asked me what my intentions are for next year, whether or not I’d come back, I kind of have told them I think this is my last season. Not I think, this is my last season".[62]

text: On September 16, Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season, making him the second ventriloquist to win. Comedian Drew Lynch was runner-up, and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place.

text: Season 11 (2016)[edit]

text: America's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1, 2015.[63] The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit, New York, Phoenix, Salt Lake City, Las Vegas, San Jose, San Diego, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Orlando, and Dallas.[64] As in years past, hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online.[65]

text: On October 22, 2015, it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11.[3] On January 12, 2016, it was announced that Mel B, Heidi Klum, and Howie Mandel would all return as judges, with Nick Cannon returning as host. The live shows will also move from New York back to Los Angeles, due to Howard Stern's departure.[66] The live shows will be held at the Dolby Theatre.[67]

text: Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3, 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena, California.[68] The season premiered on May 31, 2016.[69]

text: On September 14, 12-year-old singer-songwriter and ukulele player, Grace VanderWaal was announced as the winner making it the second time that a female act has won the show since Season 1, and the second child act to win the competition. Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants was runner-up, and magician Jon Dorenbos was in Third Place.

text: Season 12 (2017)[edit]

text: On August 2, 2016, it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12.[70] Later that year, on October 4, Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 (Season 14).[71]

text: On February 13, 2017, Nick Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season, citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC. The resignation comes in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his recent Showtime comedy special, Stand Up, Don't Shoot.[72] Cannon, however, was technically under contract to host and could potentially have been sued by NBC for breach of contract, though this was ultimately considered unlikely. NBC executives did not accept his resignation and had expected Cannon to return, but ultimately began the search for a new host.[73][74]

text: NBC announced supermodel Tyra Banks as the new host on March 12, 2017 after Cannon's departure.[4]

text: The season premiered on Tuesday, May 30, 2017.[75]

text: On September 20, Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season, becoming the third ventriloquist, third child act and the third female act to win the competition (second year in a row after VanderWaal's win in 2016). Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner-up, Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place, deaf musician Mandy Harvey finished in fourth place and dog act Sara & Hero finished in fifth place.

text: Post-show[edit]

text: America's Got Talent Live[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: America's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America's Got Talent as the main performance.

text: In 2009, America's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, in a limited ten-week run from October through January featuring winner Kevin Skinner, runner-up Barbara Padilla and fourth-place finisher The Texas Tenors. It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four (2009) finale. Jerry Springer emceed, commuting weekly between Stamford, Connecticut, tapings of his self-named show and Las Vegas.[76]

text: In 2010, on the first live show of season five, the winner headlined America's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip, which was part of a 25-city tour that featured the season's finalists. Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headline show.[77]

text: In 2012, the tour returned, featuring winners Olate Dogs, Spencer Horsman, Joe Castillo, Lightwire Theater, David Garibaldi and his CMYK's, Jarrett and Raja, Tom Cotter, and other fan favorites.

text: In 2013, after the success of the 2012 tour, another tour was scheduled, featuring season eight's winner, Kenichi Ebina, and finalists Collins Key, Jimmy Rose, Taylor Williamson, Cami Bradley, The KriStef Brothers, and Tone the Chiefrocca.[78] Tone hosted the tour.

text: In 2014, America's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson, the season eight (2013) runner-up, and the top finalists for season nine: Mat Franco, Emily West, Quintavious Johnson, AcroArmy, Emil and Dariel, Miguel Dakota, and Sons of Serendip.[23]

text: In 2015, no tour was held. Instead, three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin, runner-up Drew Lynch, and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon.

text: In 2016, four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas. They featured the top two finalists for season 11, Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants, as well as finalist Tape Face.[79]

text: In 2017, four shows are planned at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas. They will feature winner Darci Lynne, runner-up Angelica Hale, third-placed Light Balance, and finalist Preacher Lawson.[80]

text: Holiday Spectacular[edit]

text: NBC broadcast the two-hour America's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19, 2016, hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal, Jackie Evancho, Andra Day, Penn & Teller, Pentatonix, Terry Fator, Mat Franco, Piff the Magic Dragon, Olate Dogs, Professor Splash, Jon Dorenbos and others, and featuring the Season 11 judges, including Klum, who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti.[81] The special drew 9.5 million viewers.[82]

text: Reception[edit]

text: U.S. television ratings[edit]

text: Since the show began, its ratings have been very high, ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers, generally averaging around 11 million viewers. The show has also ranked high in the 18–49 demographic, usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run. Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows.

text: Although the show's ratings have been high, the network usually keeps the show's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years, where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks.

text: The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four (2009). The most-watched episode has been the finale of season five (2010), with 16.41 million viewers. The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six (2011) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18–49, both having a 4.6 rating.

text:
Season
Premiered
Ended
TV season
Timeslot (ET)
Season
viewers
Season
ranking

Date
Viewers
(in millions)
Date
Viewers
(in millions)

1
June 21, 2006
12.41
Final Performances: August 16, 2006

2005–06
Wednesday 8:00 pm

1

Season Finale: August 17, 2006
12.05
Thursday 9:00 pm

1

2
June 5, 2007
12.93
Final Performances: August 20, 2007

2006–07
Tuesday 8:00 pm

1

Season Finale: August 21, 2007
13.87

3
June 17, 2008
12.80
Final Performances: September 30, 2008
10.23
2007–08
Tuesday 9:00 pm (June 17 – August 5)
Tuesday 8:00 pm (after August 26)

1

Season Finale: October 1, 2008
12.55
Wednesday 9:00 pm
(after August 27)

1

4[83][84][85]
June 23, 2009
11.30
Final Performances: September 15, 2009
13.84
2008–09
Tuesday 9:00 pm

1

Season Finale: September 16, 2009
15.53
Wednesday 9:00 pm

1

5[86][87]
June 1, 2010
12.35
Final Performances: September 14, 2010
14.60
2009–10
Tuesday 9:00 pm

1

Season Finale: September 15, 2010
16.41
Wednesday 9:00 pm

1

6[88][89][90]
May 31, 2011
15.28
Final Performances: September 13, 2011
13.67
2010–11
Tuesday 8:00 pm (May 31 – July 5)
Tuesday 9:00 pm (after July 5)
12.65
1

Season Finale: September 14, 2011
14.37
Wednesday 9:00 pm
(after June 22)
11.49[91]
1

7[92][93][94]
May 14, 2012
10.48
Final Performances: September 12, 2012
11.05
2011-12
Monday 8:00 pm (May 14 – July 3)
Tuesday 8:00 pm (after July 3)
10.48[95]
1

Season Finale: September 13, 2012
10.59
Tuesday 9:00 pm (May 14 – July 3)
Wednesday 9:00 pm (after July 3)
10.58[91]
1

8[96][97][98]
June 4, 2013
12.41
Final Performances: September 17, 2013
11.19
2012–13
Tuesday 8:00 pm
11.22[99]
1

Season Finale: September 18, 2013
11.49
Wednesday 8:00 pm
(after July 10)
10.34[100]
1

9[101][102][103]
May 27, 2014
12.00
Final Performances: September 16, 2014
11.46
2013–14
Tuesday 8:00 pm (May 27 – July 15)
Tuesday 9:00 pm (after July 22)
10.31[104]
1

Season Finale: September 17, 2014
12.21
Wednesday 9:00 pm
(after July 23)
10.37[105]
1

10[106][107][108]
May 26, 2015
11.09
Final Performances: September 15, 2015
11.33
2014–15
Tuesday 8:00 pm
10.70[109]
1

Season Finale: September 16, 2015
9.54
Wednesday 8:00 pm
(after August 12)
9.07[110]
1

11[111][112][113]
May 31, 2016
11.67
Final Performances: September 13, 2016
13.97
2015–16
Tuesday 8:00 pm
11.71[114]
1

Season Finale: September 14, 2016
14.41
Wednesday 8:00 pm
(after July 5)
10.97[115]
1

12[116][117][118]
May 30, 2017
12.37
Final Performances: September 19, 2017
14.70
2016–17
Tuesday 8:00 pm
TBA
TBA

Season Finale: September 20, 2017
15.64
Wednesday 8:00 pm
(after August 9)
TBA
TBA

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Result
Ref.

2011
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Competition Show
Nominated
[119]

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Reality Show
Nominated
[120]

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special
Nominated
[121]

2012
Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Reality Show
Nominated
[122]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Summer TV Show
Nominated
[123]

Choice Male TV Personality: Nick Cannon
Nominated
[124]

2013
Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Reality Show
Nominated
[125]

2014
People's Choice Awards
Favorite TV Competition Show
Nominated
[126]

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Reality Show
Nominated
[127]

2015
People's Choice Awards
Favorite TV Competition Show
Nominated
[128]

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Talent Competition Show
Nominated
[129]

2016
People's Choice Awards
Favorite TV Competition Show
Won
[130]

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Talent Competition Show
Nominated
[131]

2017
People's Choice Awards
Favorite TV Competition Show
Nominated
[130]

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Reality Show
Won

text: Top-selling albums by former contestants[edit]

text: Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only.

text:
Rank
Former contestant
Total US sales
Albums

1
Jackie Evancho
(season 5, runner-up)
3,000,000+[132]

Prelude to a Dream (2009) #121[133]
O Holy Night (2010) #2 (Platinum certification)[134]
Dream with Me (2011) #2 (Gold certification)[134][135]
Heavenly Christmas (2011) #11[134][136]
Songs from the Silver Screen (2012) #7[137]
Awakening (2014) #17[138][139]
Someday at Christmas (2016) #93[140]
Two Hearts (2017) #100[141] (Evancho's 7th consecutive #1 ranking on the Classical Albums Chart)[142]

2
Lindsey Stirling
(season 5 quarterfinalist)
856,000+[143]

Lindsey Stirling (2012) #23
Shatter Me (2014) #2
Brave Enough (2016) #5

3
The Texas Tenors
(season 4, 4th place)
500,000+[144]

The Texas Tenors (album)|Country Roots, Classical Sound (2009) did not chart
The Texas Tenors (album)|Country Roots, Classical Sound: Remastered Special Edition (2011) did not chart
O Night Divine (2013) did not chart on Billboard 200; #22 Classical Albums chart[145]
You Should Dream (2013) did not chart on Billboard 200; #5 Classical Albums chart[146]
First 5 Years Live (2014) did not chart on Billboard 200; #11 Classical Albums chart[147]
Rise (2017) #111; #1 Classical Albums Chart, #5 Country Album Sales Chart, #22 Top Current Albums Chart[148]

4
Grace VanderWaal
(season 11 winner)
200,000+[149]

Perfectly Imperfect (2016) #4

5
Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr.
(season 6 winner)
156,000+[150]

That's Life (2011) #34[151]
Christmas Made for Two (2013) did not chart

6
Bianca Ryan
(season 1 winner)
150,000+[152]

Bianca Ryan (2006) #57
Christmas Everyday (2007) did not chart
The True Meaning of Christmas (2009) did not chart

7
Cas Haley
(season 2 runner-up)
40,000+[153][154]

Cas Haley (2008) #8
Connection (2010) did not chart
La Si Dah (2013) did not chart

8
Michael Grimm
(season 5 winner)
22,000+[155]

Michael Grimm Live (2007) did not chart
I Am Michael Grimm (2009) did not chart
Leave Your Hat On (2010) #101
Michael Grimm (2011) #13

9
Neal E. Boyd
(season 3 winner)
6,000+[156]

My American Dream (2009) #195

text: Contestants who have competed on other reality shows[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Many acts which have competed on America's Got Talent, but were ultimately eliminated before the final round, have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows, most notably American Idol and America's Best Dance Crew.

text: The following America's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on American Idol (AI):

text:
AGT
Season
Year
Contestant
AI
Season
Year
Outcome

1
2006
Jessica Sanchez
11
2012
Runner-up

3
2008
Holli Harden
9
2010
Appeared

4
2009
Thia Megia
10
2011
Finished in the Top 11

4, 9
2009, 2014
Kelli Glover
1
2002
Appeared

6
2011
Shevonne Phillidor
15
2016
Appeared

9
2014
Nick Fradiani, member of Beach Avenue
14
2015
Winner

10
2015
Jenna Renae
15
2016
Top 24

11
2016
Sal Valentinetti
14
2015
Appeared

text: The following America's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on America's Best Dance Crew (ABDC):

text:
AGT
Season
Year
Contestant
ABDC
Season
Year
Outcome

2
2007
Jabbawockeez
1
2008
Champions

3
2008
Extreme Dance FX
5
2010
Competed as Blended Projekt

3, 4
2008, 2009
SQ Entertainment
1
2008
Runner-up

4
2009
BreakSk8
1
2008
Finished in fourth place

4
2009
FootworKINGz
6
2011
Competed

5
2010
Rated Next Generation (RNG)
7
2012
Finished in Top Four

5
2010
Strikers All-Stars
3
2009
Finished in Top Four

7
2012
787 Crew
6
2011
Competed

9
2014
Flight Crew Jump Rope
5
2010
Finished in fifth place, and competed as Saltare

text: The following America's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on these other shows:

text:
AGT
Season
Year
Contestant
Show
Season
Year
Network
Outcome

1
2006
Tonya Kay, member of Trey Knight's Stilt World
Who Wants to Be a Superhero?
1
2006
SyFy
5th Place

2
2007
Tammie Brown
RuPaul's Drag Race
1
2009
Logo
8th Place

2
2007
Tika "Sweetie" Rainn
Flavor of Love
1
2006
VH1
8th Place

3
2008
Derrick Barry
RuPaul's Drag Race
8
2016
Logo
5th Place

5
2010
Justin Hopkins
The Voice
2
2012
NBC
Advanced to Battle Rounds

5
2010
Murray SawChuck
Celebracadabra
1
2008
VH1
Appeared

5
2010
Alice Tan Ridley
30 Seconds to Fame
Pilot
2002
Fox
Winner

6
2011
Dani Shay
The Glee Project
2
2012
Oxygen
Appeared

7
2012
Trisha Paytas
Who Wants to Be a Superhero?
2
2007
SyFy
7th Place

7
2012
Horse
American Ninja Warrior
4
2012
G4 and NBC
Competed

7
2012
Bria Kelly
The Voice
6
2014
NBC
Advanced to Top 10 on Team Usher

7
2012
Academy of Villains
Fake Off
2
2015
TruTV
Appeared

7
2012
Lightwire Theatre
Fake Off
1
2014
TruTV
Winners

7, 8
2012, 2013
D'Angelo and Amanda
Live to Dance
1
2011
CBS
Winners

7
2015
Ben Blaque
Britain's Got Talent
10
2010
ITV
Advanced to the semi-finals

8
2015
Alexandr Magala
Britain's Got Talent
10
2010
ITV
9th place

8
2013
Kennedy Davenport
RuPaul's Drag Race
7
2015
Logo
4th Place

8
2013
Tummy Talk
The Gong Show
1
2017
ABC
Appeared

8
2013
Angela Hoover
First Impressions
1
2016
USA Network
Appeared

8
2013
KriStef Brothers
Fake Off
1
2014
TruTV
7th Place

8
2013
Taylor Williamson
Last Comic Standing
7
2010
NBC
Semifinalist

9
2014
Adrian Romoff
Child Genius
2
2016
Lifetime
Winner

10
2015
Leroy Patterson
Solitary
2
2007
Fox Reality
7th Place

10
2015
Myq Kaplan
Last Comic Standing
7
2010
NBC
Finalist

10
2015
Freelusion Dance Company
Fake Off
1
2014
TruTV
Fourth place, appeared as Freelusion USA

10
2015
Piff the Magic Dragon
Penn & Teller: Fool Us
1
2011
2014
ITV (U.K.)
The CW (U.S.)
Appeared

10
2015
Stevie Starr
Britain's Got Talent
4
2010
ITV
Advanced to the semi-finals[157]

11
2016
Cory Kahaney
Last Comic Standing
1
2003
NBC
Finalist

11
2016
Laura Bretan
Romania's Got Talent
6
2016
Pro TV
Winner[158]

text: International broadcasts[edit]

text: In Indonesia, the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET. since October 22, 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10.00 PM WIB.[159] But, since Monday, October 31, in addition to the weekend slot, the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5.00 PM WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama, the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta, which was concluded on Friday, October 28, 2016.[160]


document_title: Cut Off, Louisiana

question_text: how did cut off louisiana get its name

question_tokens: how did cut off louisiana get its name

text: Cut Off, Louisiana

text: History[edit]

text: Cut Off had its start by the building of a canal cutoff at that point to shorten its route.[1] The name was French in origin.[2]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Cut Off is located at 29°30′55″N 90°20′2″W / 29.51528°N 90.33389°W / 29.51528; -90.33389 (29.515201, -90.333839).[3]

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 14.9 square miles (39 km2), of which 14.8 square miles (38 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) (0.74%) is water.

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1980
5,049

—

1990
5,325

5.5%

2000
5,635

5.8%

source:[4]

text: As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 5,635 people, 2,033 households, and 1,608 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 381.7 people per square mile (147.4/km²). There were 2,136 housing units at an average density of 144.7 per square mile (55.9/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 91.41% White, 1.12% African American, 3.78% Native American, 1.26% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.10% from other races, and 1.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.13% of the population.

text: There were 2,033 households out of which 39.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.0% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.9% were non-families. 18.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.12.

text: In the CDP, the population was spread out with 27.3% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males.

text: The median income for a household in the CDP was $38,077, and the median income for a family was $42,986. Males had a median income of $35,994 versus $19,225 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,353. About 7.3% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.6% of those under age 18 and 10.8% of those age 65 or over.

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Joe Barry was born and died in Cut Off.
Vin Bruce, Cajun vocalist
Trishelle Cannatella, reality television personality
Dick Guidry, former state representative from Lafourche Parish and owner of the disbanded Jet Drive-in Theater, a local landmark in Cut Off
Bobby Hebert, former New Orleans Saints and Atlanta Falcons quarterback
Rita Benson LeBlanc, part-owner and former heir apparent of the New Orleans Saints
Jimmie Noone, jazz clarinet great
Glen Pitre, writer and film director
Loulan Pitre, Jr., lawyer and former state representative for Lafourche Parish, brother of Glen Pitre
Jerry Savoie, 2016 NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series pro stock motorcycle chamdpion.

text: Government and infrastructure[edit]

text: The United States Postal Service operates the Cut Off Post Office.[6]

text: Culture[edit]

text:
A particular section of the town is known as Côte Blanche, French for "White Coast" because of a statistically abnormal number of white painted homes that lined Bayou Lafourche for much of the early and mid 1900's.[citation needed]
In a segment of Dirty Jobs, Mike Rowe interviewed a Cut Off alligator farmer.

text: Education[edit]

text: Lafourche Parish Public Schools operates public schools.

text: Cut Off Elementary School[7]

text: Larose-Cut Off Middle School is in nearby Larose.[8]

text: South Lafourche High School is in Galliano, and has a Cut Off postal address.

text: Cut Off School opened in 1927. In September 1950 the schools of Larose and Cut Off were consolidated into Larose-Cut Off High School. It was then consolidated with Golden Meadow High School to form South Lafourche High School in 1966.[9]

text: Lafourche Parish Library operates the South Lafourche Library in Galliano, which has a Cut Off postal address.[10][11]


document_title: Hair dryer

question_text: when was the first handheld blow dryer invented

text: Hair dryer

text: Function[edit]

text: Most hair dryers consist of electric heating coils and a fan (usually powered by a universal motor). The heating element in most dryers is a bare, coiled nichrome wire that is wrapped around mica insulators. Nichrome is used because of two important properties: It is a poor conductor of electricity and it does not oxidize when heated.[2]

text: A survey of stores in 2007 showed that most hair dryers had ceramic heating elements (like ceramic heaters), because of their “instant heat” capability. This means that it takes less time for the dryers to heat up and for the hair to dry.[3]

text: Many of these dryers have "normal mode" buttons that turn off the heater and blow room-temperature air while the button is pressed. This function helps to maintain the hairstyle by setting it. The colder air reduces frizz and can help to promote shine in the hair.

text: Many feature "ionic" operation, to reduce the build-up of static electricity in the hair,[4] though the efficacy of ionic technology is of some debate.[5] Manufacturers claim this makes the hair "smoother". Some stylists[who?] consider the introduction of ionic technology to be one of the most important advances in the beauty industry.[3]

text: Hair dryers are available with attachments, such as diffusers, airflow concentrators, and comb nozzles.

text:
A diffuser is an attachment that is used on hair that is fine, colored, permed or naturally curly. It diffuses the jet of air, so that the hair is not blown around while it dries. The hair dries more slowly, at a cooler temperature, and with less physical disturbance. This makes it so that the hair is less likely to frizz and it gives the hair more volume.
An airflow concentrator does the opposite of a diffuser. It makes the end of the blow dryer narrower and thus helps to concentrate the heat into one spot to make it dry rapidly.
The comb nozzle attachment is the same as the airflow concentrator, but it ends with comb-like teeth so that the user can dry the hair using the dryer without a brush or comb.

text: Hair dryers have been cited as an effective treatment for head lice[6] and earwax-prevention.[7]

text: Types[edit]

text: Today there are two major types of blow dryers (hair dryers): the handheld and the rigid-hood dryer.

text: A hood dryer has a hard plastic dome that fits over a person's head to dry their hair. Hot air is blown out through tiny openings around the inside of the dome so the hair is dried evenly. Hood dryers are mainly found in hair salons.[8]

text: History[edit]

text: In 1890 the first hairdryer was invented by French stylist Alexander Godefroy. His invention was a large, seated version that consisted of a bonnet that attached to the chimney pipe of a gas stove. Godefoy invented it for use in his hair salon in France, and it was not portable or handheld. It could only be used by having the person sit underneath it.[9]

text: Armenian American inventor Gabriel Kazanjian was the first to patent a blow dryer in the United States, in 1911.[10]

text: Around 1915, hair dryers began to go on the market in handheld form. This was due to innovations by National Stamping and Electricworks under the white cross brand,[11] and later U.S. Racine Universal Motor Company and the Hamilton Beach Co., which allowed the dryer to be small enough to be held by hand. Even in the 1920s, the new dryers were often heavy, weighing in at approximately 2 pounds (0.9 kg), and were difficult to use. They also had many instances of overheating and electrocution. Hair dryers were only capable of using 100 watts, which increased the amount of time needed to dry hair (the average dryer today can use up to 2000 watts of heat).[12]

text: Since the 1920s, development of the hair dryer has mainly focused on improving the wattage and superficial exterior and material changes. In fact, the mechanism of the dryer has not had any significant changes since its inception. One of the more important changes for the hair dryer is to be made of plastic, so that it is more lightweight. This really caught on in the 1960s with the introduction of better electrical motors and the improvement of plastics. Another important change happened in 1954 when GEC changed the design of the dryer to move the motor inside the casing.[13]

text: The bonnet dryer was introduced to consumers in 1951. This type worked by having the dryer, usually in a small portable box, connected to a tube that went into a bonnet with holes in it that could be placed on top of a person's head. This worked by giving an even amount of heat to the whole head at once.

text: The 1950s also saw the introduction of the rigid-hood hair dryer which is the type most frequently seen in salons. It had a hard plastic helmet that wraps around the person's head. This dryer works similarly to the bonnet dryer of the 1950s but at a much higher wattage.[13]

text: In the 1970s, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission set up guidelines that hair dryers had to meet to be considered safe to manufacture. Since 1991 the CPSC has mandated that all dryers must use a ground fault circuit interrupter so that it cannot electrocute a person if it gets wet.[14] By 2000, deaths by blowdryers had dropped to fewer than four people a year, a stark difference to the hundreds of cases of electrocution accidents during the mid-20th century.