document_title: Mexico–United States soccer rivalry

question_text: when was the last time usa beat mexico in soccer

text: Mexico–United States soccer rivalry

text: History[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: The first match between the two sides was a qualifying match in Italy for the final ticket to the 1934 World Cup. Where soccer was seen as a foreign sport in the United States, in Mexico, like many Latin American nations, it was embraced from the start as part of their culture. The U.S. had established a professional league in 1921, but it had folded in 1933. The final score was United States 4–2 Mexico. Three years later, Mexico began a winning streak over the U.S. in friendlies 7–2, 7–3, and 5–1 in Mexico City.

text: Recent years[edit]

text: Prior to 2012, Mexico had never lost to the United States at home and now owns a 23–1–2 (W–L–T) record on their native soil. Mexico has won in the United States seven times, compiling a record of 7–13–9 (W–L–T). The overall Mexican record in the U.S., however, does not reflect the current competitive nature of the series. Since their 1999 win in the U.S. Cup, Mexico has been 4–8–4 on U.S. soil.

text: In the 21st century, the rivalry added a new chapter with the nickname Dos a Cero (2–0) to U.S. fans. Starting in 2001 during the qualifying cycle for the 2002 World Cup, the U.S. hosted Mexico in Columbus, Ohio at Columbus Crew Stadium, now known as Mapfre Stadium. The first meeting between Mexico and the United States ended in a 2–0 win for the U.S. Following the victory, the U.S. hosted Mexico at Crew Stadium again in 2005, 2009, and 2013 for World Cup Qualifiers (2006, 2010, and 2014 qualifying cycles). Each time these teams met in Columbus, the U.S. has come out with a 2–0 win. Following the September 10, 2013 game the U.S. clinched a World Cup berth following a Panama-Honduras 2–2 draw. Their meeting in the round of 16 of the 2002 World Cup also ended in a U.S. win by the same score.[1] In addition, the U.S. has won three friendlies against Mexico by that score since 2000—in Los Angeles in 2000, the Phoenix area in 2007, and San Antonio in 2015.[2]

text: On November 11th, 2016, Mexico was finally able to win a hexagonal world cup qualifier in Columbus after beating the U.S. 1-2 with a late Rafael Marquez header.

text: Results[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: On a macro level, Mexico leads the series 35–19, with almost the double of goals to the U.S. (139–79).

text: On neutral territory, the United States leads the series 3–2. In addition, the lone World Cup match between the two countries, a Round of 16 meeting at the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea, resulted in a 2–0 victory for the United States.

text:
Years
Matches
For Mexico
Draw
For USA
Goals

All Time
68
35
14
19
Mexico 139–79 United States

1930s–1940s
7
6
0
1
Mexico 38–12 United States

1950s–1960s
8
6
2
0
Mexico 30–8 United States

1970s–1980s
12
10
1
1
Mexico 27–7 United States

1990s
15
6
5
4
Mexico 15–18 United States

2000s
16
4
2
10
Mexico 13–23 United States

2010s
10
3
4
3
Mexico 13–14 United States

text:
Main Championship Titles
Mexico
United States

FIFA Confederations Cup

1

0

CONCACAF Gold Cup

7

6

CONCACAF Cup

1

0

CONCACAF Championship*

3

0

text: *no longer played

text: Gold Cup finals[edit]

text: The United States and Mexico have met in five Gold Cup finals to date, with Mexico holding a four games to one lead over the United States.

text:
CONCACAF Gold Cup finals

Tournament
Host
Winner
Final Score
Runner-up

1993
 Mexico

Mexico
4–0

United States

1998
 United States

Mexico
1–0

United States

2007
 United States

United States
2–1

Mexico

2009
 United States

Mexico
5–0

United States

2011
 United States

Mexico
4–2

United States

text: List of matches[edit]

text:
Date
Location
Competition
Result
Attendance

000000001934-05-24-0000May 24, 1934
 Stadio Nazionale, Rome, Italy
1934 FIFA World Cup Qualifier
 4–2
10,000

000000001937-09-12-0000September 12, 1937
 Parque Asturias, Mexico City, D.F.
Friendly
 7–2
21,000

000000001937-09-19-0000September 19, 1937
 Parque Necaxa, Mexico City, D.F.
Friendly
 7–3
22,000

000000001937-09-26-0000September 26, 1937
 Parque España, Mexico City, D.F.
Friendly
 5–1

000000001947-07-13-0000July 13, 1947
 Estadio Tropical, Havana, Cuba
1947 NAFC Championship
 5–0

000000001949-09-04-0000September 4, 1949
 Estadio de los Deportes, Mexico City, D.F.
1949 NAFC Championship[n 1]
 6–0
60,000

000000001949-09-18-0000September 18, 1949
 Estadio de los Deportes, Mexico City, D.F.
1949 NAFC Championship[n 1]
 6–2
54,500

000000001954-01-10-0000January 10, 1954
 Estadio de los Deportes, Mexico City, D.F.
1954 FIFA World Cup qualifier
 4–0
60,000

000000001954-01-14-0000January 14, 1954
 Estadio de los Deportes, Mexico City, D.F.
1954 FIFA World Cup qualifier
 3–1
40,000

000000001957-04-07-0000April 7, 1957
 Estadio Olímpico Universitario, Mexico City, D.F.
1958 FIFA World Cup qualifier
 6–0
75,000

000000001957-04-28-0000April 28, 1957
 Veterans Memorial Stadium, Long Beach, California
1958 FIFA World Cup qualifier
 7–2
12,500

000000001960-11-06-0000November 6, 1960
 Wrigley Field, Los Angeles, California
1962 FIFA World Cup qualifier
3–3
8,000

000000001960-11-13-0000November 13, 1960
 Estadio Olímpico Universitario, Mexico City, D.F.
1962 FIFA World Cup qualifier
 3–0
80,000

000000001965-03-07-0000March 7, 1965
 Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California
1966 FIFA World Cup qualifier
2–2
19,337

000000001965-03-12-0000March 12, 1965
 Estadio Olímpico Universitario, Mexico City, D.F.
1966 FIFA World Cup qualifier
 2–0
64,285

000000001972-09-03-0000September 3, 1972
 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F.
1974 FIFA World Cup qualifier
 3–1
29,891

000000001972-09-10-0000September 10, 1972
 Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California
1974 FIFA World Cup qualifier
 2–1
9,620

000000001973-10-16-0000October 16, 1973
 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F.
Friendly
 2–0
14,000

000000001974-09-05-0000September 5, 1974
 Estadio Universitario, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León
Friendly
 3–1
25,000

000000001974-09-08-0000September 8, 1974
 Cotton Bowl, Dallas
Friendly
 1–0
22,164

000000001975-08-24-0000August 24, 1975
 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F.
Friendly
 2–0

000000001976-10-03-0000October 3, 1976
 Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California
1978 FIFA World Cup qualifier
0–0
31,171

000000001976-10-15-0000October 15, 1976
 Estadio Cuauhtémoc, Puebla, Puebla
1978 FIFA World Cup qualifier
 3–0
35,000

000000001977-09-27-0000September 27, 1977
 Estadio Universitario, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León
Friendly
 3–0
20,000

000000001980-11-09-0000November 9, 1980
 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F.
1982 FIFA World Cup qualifier
 5–1
90,000

000000001980-11-23-0000November 23, 1980
 Lockhart Stadium, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
1982 FIFA World Cup qualifier
 2–1
2,126

000000001984-10-17-0000October 17, 1984
 Estadio Neza 86, Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl, Estado de México
Friendly
 2–1

000000001990-05-10-0000May 10, 1990
 Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
1990 North American Nations Cup
 1–0

000000001991-03-12-0000March 12, 1991
 Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California
1991 North American Nations Cup
2–2

000000001991-07-05-0000July 5, 1991
 Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California
1991 Gold Cup semifinal
 2–0
41,103

000000001993-07-25-0000July 25, 1993
 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F.
1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup final
 4–0
120,000

000000001993-10-13-0000October 13, 1993
 RFK Stadium, Washington, D.C.
Friendly
1–1
23,927

000000001994-06-04-0000June 4, 1994
 Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California
Friendly
 1–0
91,123

000000001995-06-18-0000June 18, 1995
 RFK Stadium, Washington, D.C.
1995 U.S. Cup
 4–0
38,615

000000001995-07-17-0000July 17, 1995
 Estadio Parque Artigas, Paysandú, Uruguay
1995 Copa América Quarterfinal
 0–0 (4–1) PK
15,000

000000001996-06-16-0000June 16, 1996
 Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California
1996 U.S. Cup
2–2
92,216

000000001997-01-19-0000January 19, 1997
 Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California
1997 U.S. Cup
 2–0
31,725

000000001997-04-20-0000April 20, 1997
 Foxboro Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts
1998 FIFA World Cup qualifier
2–2
57,877

000000001997-11-02-0000November 2, 1997
 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F.
1998 FIFA World Cup qualifier
0–0
115,000

000000001998-02-15-0000February 15, 1998
 Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California
1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup final
 1–0
91,255

000000001999-03-13-0000March 13, 1999
 Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego, California
1999 U.S. Cup
 2–1
50,234

000000001999-08-01-0000August 1, 1999
 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F.
1999 Confederations Cup semifinal
 1–0 aet (0–0)
65,000

000000002000-06-11-0000June 11, 2000
 Giants Stadium, East Rutherford, New Jersey
2000 U.S. Cup
 3–0
45,008

000000002000-10-25-0000October 25, 2000
 Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California
Friendly
 2–0
61,072

000000002001-02-28-0000February 28, 2001
 Columbus Crew Stadium, Columbus, Ohio
2002 FIFA World Cup qualifier
 2–0
24,329

000000002001-07-01-0000July 1, 2001
 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F.
2002 FIFA World Cup qualifier
 1–0
110,000

000000002002-04-03-0000April 3, 2002
 Invesco Field at Mile High, Denver
Friendly
 1–0
48,476

000000002002-06-17-0000June 17, 2002
 Jeonju World Cup Stadium, Jeonju, South Korea
2002 FIFA World Cup Round Of 16
 2–0
36,380

000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003
 Reliant Stadium, Houston, Texas
Friendly
0–0
69,582

000000002004-04-28-0000April 28, 2004
 Cotton Bowl, Dallas, Texas
Friendly
 1–0
45,048

000000002005-03-27-0000March 27, 2005
 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F.
2006 FIFA World Cup qualifier
 2–1
110,000

000000002005-09-03-0000September 3, 2005
 Columbus Crew Stadium, Columbus, Ohio
2006 FIFA World Cup qualifier
 2–0
24,685

000000002007-02-07-0000February 7, 2007
 University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona
Friendly
 2–0
62,462

000000002007-06-24-0000June 24, 2007
 Soldier Field, Chicago, Illinois
2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup final
 2–1
60,000

000000002008-02-06-0000February 6, 2008
 Reliant Stadium, Houston, Texas
Friendly
2–2
70,103

000000002009-02-11-0000February 11, 2009
 Columbus Crew Stadium, Columbus, Ohio
2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier
 2–0
23,776

000000002009-07-26-0000July 26, 2009
 Giants Stadium, East Rutherford, New Jersey
2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup final
 5–0
79,156

000000002009-08-12-0000August 12, 2009
 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F.
2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier
 2–1
110,000

000000002011-06-25-0000June 25, 2011
 Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California
2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup final
 4–2
93,420

000000002011-08-10-0000August 10, 2011
 Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia
Friendly
1–1
30,138

000000002012-08-15-0000August 15, 2012
 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F.
Friendly
 1–0
56,000

000000002013-03-26-0000March 26, 2013
 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F.
2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier
0–0
85,500

000000002013-09-10-0000September 10, 2013
 Columbus Crew Stadium, Columbus, Ohio
2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier
 2–0
24,584

000000002014-04-02-0000April 2, 2014
 University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona
Friendly
2–2
59,066

000000002015-04-15-0000April 15, 2015
 Alamodome, San Antonio, Texas
Friendly
 2–0
64,369

000000002015-10-10-0000October 10, 2015
 Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California
2015 CONCACAF Cup
 3–2
93,420

000000002016-11-11-0000November 11, 2016
 MAPFRE Stadium, Columbus, Ohio
2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier
 2–1
24,650

000000002017-06-11-0000June 11, 2017
 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, D.F.
2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier
1–1
71,537

text: Player eligibility[edit]

text: The United States and Mexico also compete to convince players who are eligible to play for both the United States and Mexico (e.g., a player who was born in the United States to Mexican parents) to play for their particular national team. To date, only two players, Martín Vásquez and Edgar Castillo have played for both nations. Castillo, who was born in Las Cruces, New Mexico, debuted with the Mexican side in August 2007 for a match that was part of the 2008 CONCACAF Men Pre-Olympic Tournament. Castillo played his first game for the United States, a friendly against Denmark in 2009.

text: Incidents[edit]

text: Prior to an Olympic qualifying game in Guadalajara, Mexico, on February 10, 2004, Mexican media reported that U.S. player Landon Donovan urinated on the field during practice, which angered Mexican fans and media outlets.[3] Subsequent video showed Donovan actually urinated near some bushes outside the practice areas. Two days later, on February 12, 2004, Mexico defeated the U.S. 4–0, and the crowd was heard chanting "Osama, Osama, Osama", in reference to Osama bin Laden and the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.[4]

text: In a friendly held in Glendale, Arizona on February 7, 2007, Landon Donovan scored in injury time to give the U.S. a 2–0 lead and win over Mexico. After the goal, Mexico goalkeeper Oswaldo Sánchez tried to trip U.S. player Eddie Johnson as Johnson was running to celebrate the goal. No contact was made, and no reprimand resulted.[5]

text: On February 11, 2009, the first qualifier for the 2010 World Cup was held in Columbus Crew Stadium, and resulted in a 2–0 victory for the U.S. against Mexico. After the game, as both teams headed through the tunnels to the locker room, Mexican assistant coach Francisco "Paco" Javier Ramírez slapped Frankie Hejduk in the face.[6] Hejduk did not retaliate, and Ramirez was not reprimanded.

text: Women's soccer[edit]

text: The rivalry is less hostile in women's soccer but still important. Most games have been played on U.S. soil. However, games have been played between both teams in Mexico as well; including one at Estadio Azteca in 1999 which ended 0–0. Another was played during the 2008 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship at Puebla, Mexico, where the U.S. U-20 defeated the Mexico U-20 3–0. The Mexican women's team has only defeated the U.S. once, at the 2010 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup semifinal, where they won 2–1. This win got the Mexican women to their second Women's World Cup. Mexico also defeated the U.S. at the 2007 Pan American Games in Brazil, where Mexico won 3–2 after being down 2 goals, though this match is not considered official by both associations and FIFA due to the U.S. fielding their U20 team in that tournament as opposed to their senior team.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: A 2012 documentary, Gringos at the Gate / Ahi Vienen Los Gringos, written and directed by Pablo Miralles, Roberto Donati, and Michael Whalen,[7] focuses on the cultural differences between the United States and Mexico when it comes to soccer. This includes the conflict of Mexican-American players in the U.S. while their family might support Mexico.[8]


document_title: Hospital emergency codes

question_text: what is code yellow in a hospital australia

root

text: Hospital emergency codes

text: Color code standardization[edit]

text:
Australia:
Australian hospitals and other buildings are covered by Australian Standard 4083 (1997) and many are in the process of changing to those standards.[1]
Code Red: Fire
Code Blue: Medical Emergency
Code Yellow: Internal Emergency
Code Brown: External Emergency (disaster, mass casualties etc.)
Code Black: Personal Threat
Code Black Alpha: Missing or Abducted Infant or Child
Code Black Beta: Active Shooter
Code Black J: Self-harm
Code Purple: Bomb Threat
Code Orange: Evacuation
Code CBR: Chemical, Biological or Radiological Contamination
Canada:
Codes used in British Columbia, prescribed by the British Columbia Ministry of Health.[2]
Code Red: Fire
Code Blue: Cardiac Arrest
Code Orange: Disaster or Mass Casualties
Code Green: Evacuation
Code Yellow: Missing Patient
Code Amber: Missing or Abducted Infant or Child
Code Black: Bomb Threat
Code White: Aggression
Code Brown: Hazardous Spill
Code Grey: System Failure
Code Pink: Pediatric Emergency and/or Obstetrical Emergency
Codes in Alberta are prescribed by Alberta Health Services.[3]
Code Red: Fire
Code Blue: Cardiac Arrest/Medical Emergency
Code Orange: Mass Casualty Incident
Code Green: Evacuation
Code Yellow: Missing Patient
Code Black: Bomb Threat/Suspicious Package
Code White: Violence/Aggression
Code Brown: Chemical Spill/Hazardous Material
Code Grey: Shelter in Place/Air Exclusion
Code Purple: Hostage Situation
In Ontario, a standard emergency response code set by the Ontario Hospital Association is used, with minor variations for some hospitals.[4][5][6]
Code Red: Fire
Code Silver: Gun Threat/Shooter
Code Blue: Cardiac Arrest/Medical Emergency – Adult
Code Orange: Disaster
Code Orange CBRN: CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear) Disaster
Code Green: Evacuation (Precautionary)
Code Green STAT: Evacuation (Crisis)
Code Yellow: Missing Person
Code Amber (code purple): Missing Child/Child Abduction
Code Black: Bomb Threat/Suspicious Object
Code White: Violent/Behavioural Situation
Code Brown: In-facility Hazardous Spill
Code Grey: Infrastructure Loss or Failure
Code Grey Button-down: External Air Exclusion
Code Pink: Cardiac Arrest/Medical Emergency – Infant/Child
Code Purple: Hostage Taking/Gang Activity
Code Aqua: Flood
United States:
In 2000, the Hospital Association of Southern California (HASC)[7][8][9] determined that a uniform code system is needed after "three persons were killed in a shooting incident at an area medical center after the wrong emergency code was called." While codes for fire (red) and medical emergency (blue) were similar in 90% of California hospitals queried, 47 different codes were used for infant abduction and 61 for combative person. In light of this, HASC published a handbook titled "Healthcare Facility Emergency Codes: A Guide for Code Standardization" listing various codes and has strongly urged hospitals to voluntarily implement the revised codes.
In 2003, Maryland mandated that all acute hospitals in the state have uniform codes.[10]
In 2008,  the Oregon Association of Hospitals & Health Systems, Oregon Patient Safety Commission, and Washington State Hospital Association formed a taskforce to standardize emergency code calls under the leadership of the Dr. Lawrence Schecter, Chief Medical Officer, Providence Regional Medical Center Everett.[11]  After both states had conducted a survey from all hospital members, the taskforce found many hospitals used the same code for fire (code Red); however, there were tremendous variations existed for codes representing respiratory and cardiac arrest, infant and child abduction, and combative person. After deliberations and decisions, the taskforce suggested the following as the Hospital Emergency Code:[12]
Code Blue: Heart or Respiration Stops (An adult or child’s heart has stopped or they are not breathing.)
Code Red: Fire (alternative: Massive Postpartum Hemorrhage)
Code Pink: Infant abduction
Code Orange: Hazardous Spills (A hazardous material spill or release; Unsafe exposure to spill.)
Code Silver: Weapon or Hostage Situation
Code Grey: Combative Person (Combative or abusive behavior by patients, families, visitors, staff or physicians) If a weapon is involved “CODE SILVER” should be called.
Amber Alert: Infant/ Child Abduction
Internal Triage: Internal Emergency (Internal emergency in multiple departments including: Bomb or bomb threat; Computer network down; Major plumbing problems; and Power or telephone outage.)
External Triage: External Disaster (External emergencies impacting hospital including: Mass casualties; Severe weather; Massive power outages; and Nuclear, biological, and chemical accidents)
Rapid Response Team: Medical Team Needed at Bedside (A patient’s medical condition is declining and needs an emergency medical team at the bedside) Prior to heart or respiration stopping
Code Clear: Announced when emergency is over
In 2015, the South Carolina Hospital Association formed a work group to develop plain language standardization code recommendations. Abolishing all color codes was suggested.[13]

tag: ul

text: Codes[edit]

text: Note:  Different codes are used in different hospitals.

tag: p

text: Code Blue[edit]

text: Medical lockdown[edit]

text: "Code Blue" is generally used to indicate a patient requiring resuscitation or in need of immediate medical attention, most often as the result of a respiratory arrest or cardiac arrest (by cardiac arrest is nowadays considered to not just mean asystole, the most severe example, but also pulseless electrical activity [PEA], coarse or fine ventricular fibrillation [VF or V-fib], or unstable irregular ventricular tachycardia [VT or V-tach]- some of these lethal, non-circulating arrhythmias are shockable by a defibrillator, some are not and are primarily treated by epinephrine and similar drugs). When called overhead, the page takes the form of "Code Blue, (floor), (room)" to alert the resuscitation team where to respond. Every hospital, as a part of its disaster plans, sets a policy to determine which units provide personnel for code coverage. In theory any medical professional may respond to a code, but in practice the team makeup is limited to those with advanced cardiac life support or other equivalent resuscitation training. Frequently these teams are staffed by physicians (from anesthesia and internal medicine in larger medical centers or the Emergency physician in smaller ones), respiratory therapists, pharmacists, and nurses. A code team leader will be a physician in attendance on any code team; this individual is responsible for directing the resuscitation effort and is said to "run the code". This phrase was coined at Bethany Medical Center in Kansas City, Kansas.[14] The term "code" by itself is commonly used by medical professionals as a slang term for this type of emergency, as in "calling a code" or describing a patient in arrest as "coding" or "coded".

text:
Australian Standard[1]
Californian Standard[7]

text: In some hospitals or other medical facilities, the resuscitation team may purposely respond slowly to a patient in cardiac arrest, a practice known as "slow code", or may fake the response altogether for the sake of the patient's family, a practice known as "show code".[15] Such practices are ethically controversial,[16] and are banned in some jurisdictions.[citation needed]

text: Variations[edit]

text: "Plan Blue"  was used at St. Vincent's Hospital in New York City to indicate arrival of a trauma patient so critically injured that even the short delay of a stop in the ER for evaluation could be fatal; the "Plan Blue" was called out to alert the surgeon on call to go immediately to the ER entrance and take the patient for immediate surgery. This was illustrated in an episode of Trauma: Life in the ER, entitled "West Side Stories".

text: "Doctor" Codes[edit]

text: "Doctor" codes are often used in hospital settings for announcements over a general loudspeaker or paging system that might cause panic or endanger a patient's privacy. Most often, "Doctor" codes take the form of "Paging Dr. Sinclair", where the doctor's "name" is a code word for a dangerous situation or a patient in crisis, e.g.: "Paging Doctor Firestone, third floor," to indicate a possible fire on the floor specified.[citation needed]

text: "Resus" Codes[edit]

text: Specific to emergency medicine, incoming patients in immediate danger of life or limb, whether presenting via ambulance or walk-in triage, are paged locally within the emergency department as "Resus" [ri:səs] codes. These codes indicate the type of emergency (general medical, trauma, cardiopulmonary or neurological) and type of patient (adult or pediatric). An estimated time of arrival may be included, or "now" if the patient is already in the department. The patient is transported to the nearest open trauma bay or evaluation room, and is immediately attended by a designated team of physicians and nurses for purposes of immediate stabilization and treatment.


document_title: Liar Liar

question_text: who plays max in the movie liar liar

question_tokens: who plays max in the movie liar liar

text: Liar Liar

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Los Angeles, career-focused lawyer Fletcher Reede (Carrey) loves his son Max (Cooper), but his inability to keep his promises and the compulsive lying he engages in for his career often cause problems between them and with his ex-wife Audrey (Tierney), who has become involved with another man named Jerry (Elwes). In court, Fletcher is willing to exaggerate the stories of his clients, and his current client, the self-centered, money-grabbing Samantha Cole (Tilly) has garnered the attention of Mr. Allen (Ryan), a partner at the law firm in which Fletcher works. If Fletcher wins this case, it will bring his firm a fortune and boost his career. Fletcher calls and lies to Audrey about missing Max's birthday due to work, when he is actually having sex with his boss, Miranda, in order to get a promotion. Dejected, Max makes a birthday wish that for one day his father cannot tell a lie. The wish immediately comes true, and Fletcher unwittingly tells Miranda he has "had better."

text: The following day, Fletcher immediately realizes that he is unable to do anything dishonest. He cannot lie, mislead, or even deceive by withholding a true answer, and often uncontrollably blurts out vulgar and painful truths that anger his co-workers. His car is impounded after confessing his many moving violations and unpaid parking tickets to a police officer. This comes to a head when he realizes that he is unable to even ask questions when he knows the answer will be a lie, which is inconvenient as Samantha and her alleged affair partner Kenneth Faulk (Mayer) are willing to commit perjury to win the high-profile case and he cannot ask him the questions they have been given answers for.

text: Realizing that Max had wished for this to happen, Fletcher tries to convince him that adults need to lie, but he cannot give any type of answer as to why he should continue to lie to his son. Fletcher also figures out that since Max wished for him to tell the truth for only one day, he tries to do what he can to delay Samantha's case since the magic wish will expire at 8:15 p.m., 24 hours after Max made the wish. Things only get worse for Fletcher as he loses his loyal assistant Greta (Haney) after admitting he had lied about the miserly reasons for denying her pay raises and the "expensive" gifts he gave her, and Audrey tells Fletcher that she and Max are moving to Boston with Jerry in order to prevent any more heartbreaks from Fletcher's broken promises.

text: Fletcher's erratic behavior in court leads to several questions of his sanity as he objects to himself and badgers and provokes his own witnesses into admitting they had an affair against Samantha and her husband's prenuptial agreement. He even goes so far as to beat himself up in a bathroom and claim that someone attacked him in order to try and avoid the case (not strictly lying as he describes his attacker as a madman with a vague description that still matches him), but when asked if he feels like he can continue, he can't deny it and he says yes. During the case, Fletcher finds a technicality that Samantha lied that she was underage when she signed the prenup prior to her marriage, rendering it void and entitling her to half of Mr. Cole's estate, allowing him to win the case truthfully. But when Samantha decides to contest full custody of their children, who Mr. Cole dearly loves, just because she wants more money from the child support payments, Fletcher regrets mentioning the technicality after seeing Mrs. Cole pull the children out of their father's arms, and shriek her demands for more money. Realizing now that winning the case has punished the loving husband and rewarded the cheating wife, Fletcher has a crisis of conscience and shouts at the Judge demanding that he reverse the decision, but he is arrested for contempt of court. He calls Audrey from the prison's phone and begs her to bail him out and give him another chance, but she hangs up on him.

text: Greta returns and bails Fletcher from jail. She forgives him. Realizing that telling the truth has made him a better man, he rushes to the airport to stop Audrey and Max from leaving forever. He misses their flight, but sneaks onto the tarmac by hiding in a piece of luggage, steals a motorized staircase, and manages to gain the pilot's attention by throwing his shoe at the cockpit window, forcing him to abort the flight. However, Fletcher's victory is cut short when he crashes into a barrier and is sent flying into a baggage tug, which causes a chain reaction that leaves Fletcher unconscious and with both of his legs broken. After waking up, he tells Max how much he cares about him and how sorry he was for breaking his promises. Despite no longer being under the wish's influence, Fletcher means what he says and adds that Max is his priority, and Max convinces Audrey to stay in Los Angeles.

text: One year later, Fletcher is healed and is running his own law firm with Greta as his continued assistant. Max makes a wish with his birthday cake and the lights come on to reveal Fletcher and Audrey kissing, but explains he wished for rollerblades instead of them reconciling. Fletcher clutches his hands into "The Claw" - a game he likes to play with Max by chasing him - and chases him and Audrey around the house with it.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jim Carrey as Fletcher Reede
Maura Tierney as Audrey Reede
Justin Cooper as Max Reede
Jennifer Tilly as Samantha Cole
Amanda Donohoe as Miranda
Jason Bernard as Judge Marshall Stevens
Cary Elwes as Jerry
Swoosie Kurtz as Dana Appleton
Anne Haney as Greta
Eric Pierpoint as Richard Cole
Chip Mayer as Kenneth Falk
Mitchell Ryan as Mr. Allan
Cheri Oteri as Jane
Marianne Muellerleile as Mrs. Berry
Krista Allen as woman in elevator
Don Keefer as Beggar at Courthouse

text: Liar Liar was the film debut of actress Sara Paxton, who played one of Max's classmates and his birthday party attendant. It was also the last film to feature Don Keefer and Jason Bernard, who died shortly after filming was completed. The film was dedicated in Bernard's memory.[3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Liar Liar received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 81%, based on 54 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Despite its thin plot, Liar Liar is elevated by Jim Carrey's exuberant brand of physical humor, and the result is a laugh riot that helped to broaden the comedian's appeal."[4] On Metacritic the film has a score of 70 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[5] In CinemaScore polls, audiences gave the film an "A-" grade from an A+ to F scale.

text: Critic Roger Ebert gave the film three stars and stated, "I am gradually developing a suspicion, or perhaps it is a fear, that Jim Carrey is growing on me," as he had given negative reviews to his previous films Dumb and Dumber and Ace Ventura: Pet Detective.[6]

text: Some critics noted similarities between the plot of this film and "The Whole Truth", an episode of The Twilight Zone in which a used car salesman comes into ownership of a car that is haunted and forces him to tell the truth so long as he owns it. In particular, one scene that bears a resemblance to an element used in Liar Liar is the part where the salesman's assistant asks for a raise, and he is compelled to come clean that there is no raise.[7][8]

text: American Film Institute recognition:

text: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs - Nominated[9]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film is the second of three Carrey/Shadyac collaborations, all of which did extremely well at the box office: the opening weekend made $31,423,025 in 2,845 theaters. In North America, the film made $181,410,615, and at the box office in other territories it made $121,300,000 for a total of $302,710,615.[1]


document_title: Rick and Morty (season 3)

question_text: when does rick and morty season 3 end

question_tokens: when does rick and morty season 3 end

text: Rick and Morty (season 3)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

22
1
"The Rickshank Rickdemption"
Juan Meza-León
Mike McMahan
April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01)
0.68[2][b]

Rick is interrogated via a mind-computer link, inside a galactic federal prison. Summer and Morty attempt to rescue him, but they are captured by SEAL Team Ricks, who take them to the Citadel of Ricks and decide to assassinate Rick. Back at the prison, Rick tricks both the federal agents and his aspiring assassins by switching bodies with them. He then teleports the entire Citadel into the federal prison, prompting a massive battle. Amid the confusion, Rick rescues Morty and Summer and uses the Galactic Federation's mainframe to make its currency worthless. The Federation falls into chaos and collapses as a result, with the aliens leaving Earth. Rick, Morty, and Summer return home, where Jerry gives Beth an ultimatum to choose between him and Rick. Beth chooses Rick and they decide to get a divorce. After the new status quo is established, Rick reveals to Morty that his ulterior motive was to become his de facto male influence. This escalates into a nonsensical angry rant, centered around Rick's desire to find more of the discontinued McDonald's Szechuan sauce, a promotional product for the 1998 film Mulan.

Post-credit scene: Tammy observes Bird Person's resurrection as a cyborg dubbed "Phoenix Person".

23
2
"Rickmancing the Stone"
Dominic Polcino
Jane Becker
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
2.86[3]

Rick takes Morty and Summer to a Mad Max-esque version of Earth, where they are chased by a group of scavengers, known as Death Stalkers. Rick notices that the group is carrying a valuable rock of Isotope 322, so he and the kids join them in hope of stealing it. Summer falls in love with the Death Stalkers' leader, while Morty is given the strength of a giant arm, which takes him in search of its previous owner's killer. Rick leaves and replaces the kids with androids to fool Beth. When he returns, he helps the Death Stalkers use the Isotope to power a more advanced civilization. Summer doesn't like how the change softens the Death Stalkers, and she decides to follow Rick and Morty back home. Before leaving, Rick steals the isotope. The experience helps the kids overcome their parents' divorce. Summer reconciles with Jerry, and Morty realizes he must live his own life.

Post-credit scene: As Jerry receives his unemployment check, a growling wolf appears and bullies him into handing it over. The wolf eats the check and regurgitates it, thus further ruining Jerry's new life.

24
3
"Pickle Rick"
Anthony Chun
Jessica Gao
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
2.31[4]

Rick turns himself into a pickle to get out of attending school-ordered family therapy, but Beth takes Rick's serum which would revert the transformation. Left alone, Rick eventually rolls down into an open sewer drain, where he manages to manipulate the nervous systems of dead roaches and rats to build himself a mobile exoskeleton, with added weapons such as razors and drills. He unwittingly escapes into a foreign government agency. The guards try to kill Rick, under orders from the agency director, but Rick kills them all. In the process, Rick battles and ultimately befriends a prisoner named Jaguar. Rick changes his mind and decides to attend the therapy session, arriving towards the end. Dr. Wong gives her diagnosis, observing that Rick crafts relationships that punish emotions and vulnerability. On their way home, Rick apologizes to Beth for deceiving her and uses the serum to turn human again. Morty and Summer wish to continue seeing Dr. Wong, but Rick and Beth ignore them.

Post-credit scene: Jaguar saves Rick and Morty from being killed in an elaborate piano death machine by a villain named "Concerto".

25
4
"Vindicators 3: The Return of Worldender"
Bryan Newton
Sarah Carbiener & Erica Rosbe
August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
2.66[5]

At Morty's insistence, Rick agrees to join the Vindicators, a group of intergalactic superheroes, to fight their arch-nemesis, Worldender. Rick cannot hide his disdain for the superheroes, while Morty is thrilled. The next morning, the Vindicators enter Worldender's base, only to find that, the previous night, Rick had killed him and set up a variety of puzzles that the Vindicators must solve to survive while he was blackout drunk. They start arguing and kill one another, while Morty solves all the puzzles, as he knows what Rick had in mind when he put them up. After all puzzles are solved, the only ones left alive are Rick, Morty and Supernova, a member of the Vindicators. Supernova tries to kill Rick and Morty, but before she can do so, the three of them are transported to a party that Rick also set up while blackout drunk, where she gets away.

Post-credit scene: Gearhead tries to use a Vindicators vest to pick up some young girls, but when an alien terrorist attack strikes, he runs away eventually tripping and falling, breaking into pieces.

26
5
"The Whirly Dirly Conspiracy"
Juan Meza-León
Ryan Ridley
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
2.29[6]

To bolster Jerry's self-esteem, Rick takes him on an adventure at Morty's request. They visit an otherworldly resort within an immortality field so Jerry won't be harmed while away. Jerry encounters Risotto Groupon, an alien who blames Rick for his kingdom being usurped. Risotto enlists Jerry in a plot to kill Rick, but Jerry backs out after Rick apologizes for ruining his marriage. Meanwhile, Summer deals with self-esteem issues as well. Her boyfriend, Ethan, leaves her for a larger-breasted girlfriend, and Summer attempts to enlarge her own breasts using one of Rick's devices. Her aim is off, and she grows to freakish proportions. Morty wants to call Rick for assistance, but Beth refuses. Arrogantly trying to prove her own self-worth, Beth repeatedly fails to fix the problem and is tricked into releasing three tiny technical support workers that were trapped inside the machine. Once Morty figures out how the machine works, he restores Summer's size and spitefully uses it to deform Ethan in an act of vengeance.

Post-credit scene: The three tiny workers are enjoying their retirement next to a river. As an extremely deformed Ethan walks by, one of them is snatched by an eagle.

27
6
"Rest and Ricklaxation"
Anthony Chun
Tom Kauffman
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
2.47[7]

After a six-day outer space adventure that leaves them on the verge of psychological collapse, Rick and Morty decide to spend some time at an alien spa. There, they use a machine that extracts a person's negative personality traits. However, without Rick and Morty knowing, those traits are transposed into toxic physical counterparts, characterized by Rick's arrogance and Morty's self-loathing. On the other hand, the true Rick becomes more considerate, and Morty's confidence soars, which allows him to start dating girls. Toxic Rick uses a moonlight tower to remake the whole Earth in his own image, but the true Rick reverts the situation by merging back with him. Morty avoids merging back with his toxic counterpart and goes on to live a life as a stockbroker in New York City. Rick tracks him down with the help of Jessica, Morty's classmate, and restores order by re-injecting the negative personality traits into him.

Post-credit scene: A tour of the same moonlight tower releases Stacy, one of the girls Morty dated in the episode, who had been inadvertently trapped inside the toxin machine.

28
7
"The Ricklantis Mixup"[c]
Dominic Polcino
Dan Guterman & Ryan Ridley
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
2.38[8]

As Rick and Morty adventure to Atlantis, the episode shifts focus towards the Citadel, a secret society populated by numerous versions of Ricks and Mortys. There, a group of Mortys journey to a portal to have their wishes granted, a rookie cop Rick starts working with an experienced Morty cop to take down drug dealers and a worker Rick revolts at a wafer factory, where the key ingredient is extracted from a Rick hooked up to a machine to re-experience his best memories. Meanwhile, an election is held for the new president of the Citadel. Despite being the underdog, the Morty Party candidate manages to secure the presidency. When his campaign manager receives information that the new president is in fact Evil Morty from the first-season episode "Close Rick-counters of the Rick Kind", he attempts to assassinate him but he fails. Evil Morty orders the execution of a shadow council of Ricks and anybody else he considers a potential threat to his rule.

Post-credit scene: Rick and Morty return home from Atlantis, satisfied with their trip. Morty wonders what happened at the Citadel, but Rick tells him it will likely have no effect on their lives.

29
8
"Morty's Mind Blowers"
Bryan Newton
Mike McMahan, James Siciliano, Ryan Ridley,
Dan Guterman, Justin Roiland & Dan Harmon
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
2.51[9]

After Morty requests to have a traumatic memory deleted, Rick reveals a room where he has been storing a number of memories he has removed from Morty's mind. However, as it turns out, besides the memories that Morty didn't want to keep from their adventures, the room also contains memories in which Rick was made to look foolish, so he had them forcibly removed from Morty. This revelation prompts a fight, during which Rick and Morty have their memories accidentally erased. Morty scours the memories to replace the ones he lost, but he is displeased with the truth he finds, and convinces Rick that they should kill themselves. Summer enters the room moments before they commit suicide. At this point, it is revealed that Rick has a contingency plan should this happen. Summer, following written instructions, tranquilizes Rick and Morty, restores their memories and drags them to the living room. Rick and Morty wake up on the couch, believing that they slept through an entire "Interdimensional Cable" episode.

Post-credit scene: Jerry discovers a box labeled "Jerry's Mind Blowers", which contains a memory of him being accidentally responsible for the death of an alien.

30
9
"The ABC's of Beth"
Juan Meza-León
Mike McMahan
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)
2.49[10]

Rick and Beth enter Froopyland, a fantasy world created by Rick for young Beth. Their goal is to recover Tommy, Beth's childhood friend who's been trapped in Froopyland, and prevent the execution of his father, who is being falsely accused of eating him. Tommy, who has survived all these years by resorting to bestiality, incest and cannibalism, refuses to return to the real world. Rick and Beth manage to save his father's life by creating a clone of Tommy. Back at home, Beth is presented with the option of having a replacement clone of her created, so that she will be free to travel the world. Meanwhile, Jerry dates an alien hunter named Kiara, to Morty and Summer's dismay. When he decides to get out of the relationship, Kiara is enraged and tries to kill the kids, whom she holds responsible. The situation is resolved following the revelation that Kiara was using Jerry to get over her previous boyfriend, much like Jerry was doing with her.

Post-credit scene: Jerry's answering machine plays messages warning him that Kiara's boyfriend is coming to kill him, and Rick saying that he has killed Kiara's boyfriend, but also had sex with her.

31
10
"The Rickchurian Mortydate"
Anthony Chun
Dan Harmon
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
2.60[11]

The President calls on Rick and Morty to defeat a monster in the tunnels underneath the White House, which they do with little effort. Annoyed that he constantly calls on them without any gratitude, they go back home, with the President quickly finding out. The resulting argument leads to a battle of egos that culminates in a fight in the White House between Rick and the President's security. Meanwhile, fearing she might be a clone made by Rick, Beth reunites with Jerry to figure out the truth. Shortly after, the entire family gets together to hide from Rick, but he tracks them down. Rick eventually submits to Jerry once again being a family member. Rick ends his conflict with the President by pretending to be Fly Fishing Rick, a Rick from a different reality, and calling a truce. The episode ends with the family happy to be together again, except for Rick who is disappointed about losing his dominant position.

Post-credit scene: Mr. Poopybutthole returns to apologize for not appearing in Season 3, but he has gotten married and has a wife and son. He ends the scene by saying that it will be a long wait until Season 4.

tag: table

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters.

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Justin Roiland as Rick Sanchez and Morty Smith, the two main characters of the show; Rick is an eccentric mad scientist and Morty is his kind but easily distressed grandson.[12]
Chris Parnell as Jerry Smith, Rick's son-in-law and Morty's father; a simple-minded and insecure person, who disapproves of Rick's influence over his family.[12]
Spencer Grammer as Summer Smith, Rick's granddaughter and Morty's sister; a conventional teenager who worries about improving her status among her peers.[12]
Sarah Chalke as Beth Smith, Rick's daughter and Morty's mother; a generally level-headed person, who is dissatisfied with her marriage.[12]

text: Guest cast[edit]

text:
Nathan Fillion as Cornvelious Daniel, an agent of the Galactic Federation.[13]
Tony Hale as Eli, Summer's neighbor in a post-apocalyptic version of Earth.[14]
Joel McHale as Hemorrhage, the leader of a post-apocalyptic scavenger group.[14]
Susan Sarandon as Dr. Wong, a family therapist.[15]
Danny Trejo as Jaguar, a human held prisoner by foreign government agents.[15]
Peter Serafinowicz as a foreign government agency director.[15]
Christian Slater as Vance Maximus Renegade Star Soldier, an intergalactic superhero.[16]
Gillian Jacobs as Supernova, an intergalactic superhero.[16]
Logic (Bobby Hall) as himself, a performer at a party.[16]
Lance Reddick as Alan Rails, an intergalactic superhero.[16]
Thomas Middleditch as King Tommy, a childhood friend of Beth.[17]
Keith David as President of the United States.[18]

text: Other cast members[edit]

text: Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or more characters, include: Dan Harmon, Brandon Johnson, Tom Kenny, Maurice LaMarche, Nolan North, Cassie Steele, Kari Wahlgren, Laura Bailey, John DiMaggio, Ryan Ridley, Scott Chernoff, Dan Benson, Clancy Brown, Echo Kellum, Melique Berger, William Holmes, Tara Strong, Jeff B. Davis, Jonas Briedis, Phil Hendrie, Rob Paulsen, Alex Jayne Go, Jennifer Hale and Mariana Wise.

text: Production[edit]

text: On August 12, 2015, shortly after a successful second-season premiere, Adult Swim renewed the series for a third season.[19] Female writers were added to the staff for the first time, and—counting out the co-creators of the show, Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon—the writing room was gender-balanced.[20] Talking about the writing process, Harmon said that the writers "all write the show together", and that the name of the writer that appears in the credits is usually that of the person who has been assigned to create the outline of an episode.[21] Writing began on November 2, 2015,[22] and the first episode was recorded on February 18, 2016.[23]

text: In July 2016, already behind on schedule, the production team admitted that the success of the series has increased pressure to meet the expectations of the viewers. Creative freedom provided by Adult Swim entails taking responsibility for product quality. As the bar rises higher, work becomes harder, improvements are constantly being sought, and this often results in delays.[24] Writing was finally completed in November 2016.[25] On February 5, 2017, Dan Harmon, answering questions regarding the delayed release, announced on his podcast, Harmontown, that the show was in the animation process, after a long period of writing.[26] On June 24, 2017, when production of the season had been completed, Harmon wrote a series of posts on Twitter, explaining that the writing process took that long to complete because of his perfectionism.[27] As a result, the third season of the show consisted of only ten episodes instead of fourteen, as was initially intended.[28]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Following the conclusion of the show's third season, Adult Swim has made a livestream marathon of Rick and Morty available to watch on its official website in select regions,[29] hoping to dissuade viewers from watching other illegal livestreams.[30] The third season will be released on DVD and Blu-ray on May 15, 2018, with special features including exclusive commentary and animatics for every episode, "inside the episode", the origins of Rick and Morty, and an exclusive "inside the recording booth” session.[31] Uncensored versions of the season are also available to purchase on various digital platforms, including iTunes, Amazon and Microsoft Store.[32][33] The digital release also includes commentary on every episode, as well as seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland.[34] The season is also available to watch on Netflix, in a number of countries outside the United States, including the United Kingdom.[35]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The season currently holds a 97% approval rating from review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes based on 15 reviews, with an average rating of 8.76 out of 10.[36] Jesse Schedeen of IGN described the third season of the show as darker and more unpredictable than the first two, and praised its high-concept storytelling and character development. Schedeen gave the season an 8.8 out of 10 rating, saying that it "didn't quite reach the heights of Season 2, but it is the series' most consistently entertaining and ambitious season yet."[37] Julia Alexander of Polygon highlighted the philosophical conflict between nihilist realism and life in ignorant bliss as the season's main theme, and noted that "after an introspective season built on the importance of self-realization and reflection, Rick and Morty’s third year ended on a total reset", with Beth and the kids seeking comfort through escapism and ignoring the realities of their lives.[38] Kayla Cobb of Decider focused on the dynamism displayed by Beth and Summer, as the characters broke the stereotypical conventions of the first two seasons. Cobb stated that "Season 3 is the first time Rick and Morty really handed over the reigns [sic] to its leading ladies, and it was a horrifying delight."[39]

text: Cultural influence[edit]

text: The McDonald's Szechuan sauce reference in the season premiere brought huge online attention for the discontinued promotional product.[40] Internet memes spread rapidly on Reddit and Twitter,[41] more than 40,000 people signed a petition at Change.org, asking for the return of the sauce,[42] while an eBay auction resulted in a 20-year-old packet of this teriyaki sauce being sold for $14,700.[43] On October 7, 2017, McDonald's served limited quantities of Szechuan sauce, with the company calling it "the year’s most talked-about dipping sauce."[44]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2017
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Animated TV Show
Rick and Morty
Nominated
[45]

IGN Awards
TV Series of the Year
Rick and Morty
Nominated
[46]

Best TV Episode
"The Ricklantis Mixup"
Nominated
[47]

Best Animated Series
Rick and Morty
Won
[48]

Best Comedy Series
Rick and Morty
Nominated
[49]

Best Comedic TV Performance
Justin Roiland
Won
[50]

IGN People's Choice Award
TV Series of the Year
Rick and Morty
Won
[46]

Best TV Episode
"The Ricklantis Mixup"
Nominated
[47]

Best Animated Series
Rick and Morty
Won
[48]

Best Comedy Series
Rick and Morty
Won
[49]

Best Comedic TV Performance
Justin Roiland
Won
[50]

2018
Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Animated Series
Rick and Morty
Won
[51]

Annie Awards
Best General Audience Animated Television/Broadcast Production
"Pickle Rick"
Won
[52]

Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production
Ryan Ridley, Dan Guterman (for "The Ricklantis Mixup")
Won

Golden Reel Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Animation Short Form
Hunter Curra, Kailand Reily, Andrew Twite, Joy Elett, Jeff Halbert, Konrad Pinon (for "Pickle Rick")
Nominated
[53]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The third season of Rick and Morty premiered unannounced on April 1, 2017. The remaining episodes began airing weekly four months later, on July 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Rickshank Rickdemption" premiered unannounced and re-ran for four hours straight with improving ratings. This is the viewership of only the first broadcast of the episode.
Jump up ^ An alternate title used for this episode is "Tales from the Citadel".

tag: ol


document_title: World Bank

question_text: who is the current president of the usa headquartered world bank

question_tokens: who is the current president of the usa headquartered world bank

text: World Bank

text: World Bank Group[edit]

text: The World Bank is different from the World Bank Group, an extended family of five international organizations:

text:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
International Development Association (IDA)
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)

text: History[edit]

text: The World Bank was created at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference along with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The president of the World Bank is, traditionally, an American.[7] The World Bank and the IMF are both based in Washington, D.C., and work closely with each other.

text: Although many countries were represented at the Bretton Woods Conference, the United States and United Kingdom were the most powerful in attendance and dominated the negotiations.[8]:52–54 The intention behind the founding of the World Bank was to provide temporary loans to low-income countries which were unable to obtain loans commercially.[5] The Bank may also make loans and demand policy reforms from recipients.[5]

text: Before 1974, the reconstruction and development loans provided by the World Bank were relatively small. The Bank's staff were aware of the need to instill confidence in the bank. Fiscal conservatism ruled, and loan applications had to meet strict criteria.[8]:56–60

text: The first country to receive a World Bank loan was France. The Bank's president at the time, John McCloy, chose France over two other applicants, Poland and Chile. The loan was for US$250 million, half the amount requested, and it came with strict conditions. France had to agree to produce a balanced budget and give priority of debt repayment to the World Bank over other governments. World Bank staff closely monitored the use of the funds to ensure that the French government met the conditions. In addition, before the loan was approved, the United States State Department told the French government that its members associated with the Communist Party would first have to be removed. The French government complied and removed the Communist coalition government - the so-called tripartite. Within hours, the loan to France was approved.[9]:288, 290–291

text: When the Marshall Plan went into effect in 1947, many European countries began receiving aid from other sources. Faced with this competition, the World Bank shifted its focus to non-European countries. Until 1968, its loans were earmarked for the construction of infrastructure works, such as seaports, highway systems, and power plants, that would generate enough income to enable a borrower country to repay the loan. In 1960, the International Development Association was formed (as opposed to a UN fund named SUNFED), providing soft loans to developing countries.

text: From 1974 to 1980 the bank concentrated on meeting the basic needs of people in the developing world. The size and number of loans to borrowers was greatly increased as loan targets expanded from infrastructure into social services and other sectors.[10]

text: These changes can be attributed to Robert McNamara, who was appointed to the presidency in 1968 by Lyndon B. Johnson.[8]:60–63 McNamara implored bank treasurer Eugene Rotberg to seek out new sources of capital outside of the northern banks that had been the primary sources of funding. Rotberg used the global bond market to increase the capital available to the bank.[11] One consequence of the period of poverty alleviation lending was the rapid rise of third world debt. From 1976 to 1980 developing world debt rose at an average annual rate of 20%.[12][13]

text: In 1980 the World Bank Administrative Tribunal was established to decide on disputes between the World Bank Group and its staff where allegation of non-observance of contracts of employment or terms of appointment had not been honored.[14]

text: In 1980 McNamara was succeeded by US President Jimmy Carter's nominee, Alden W. Clausen.[15][16] Clausen replaced many members of McNamara's staff and crafted a different mission emphasis. His 1982 decision to replace the bank's Chief Economist, Hollis B. Chenery, with Anne Krueger was an example of this new focus. Krueger was known for her criticism of development funding and for describing Third World governments as "rent-seeking states."

text: During the 1980s the bank emphasized lending to service Third-World debt, and structural adjustment policies designed to streamline the economies of developing nations. UNICEF reported in the late 1980s that the structural adjustment programs of the World Bank had been responsible for "reduced health, nutritional and educational levels for tens of millions of children in Asia, Latin America, and Africa".[17]

text: Beginning in 1989, in response to harsh criticism from many groups, the bank began including environmental groups and NGOs in its loans to mitigate the past effects of its development policies that had prompted the criticism.[8]:93–97 It also formed an implementing agency, in accordance with the Montreal Protocols, to stop ozone-depletion damage to the Earth's atmosphere by phasing out the use of 95% of ozone-depleting chemicals, with a target date of 2015. Since then, in accordance with its so-called "Six Strategic Themes", the bank has put various additional policies into effect to preserve the environment while promoting development. For example, in 1991 the bank announced that to protect against deforestation, especially in the Amazon, it would not finance any commercial logging or infrastructure projects that harm the environment.

text: In order to promote global public goods, the World Bank tries to control communicable disease such as malaria, delivering vaccines to several parts of the world and joining combat forces. In 2000 the bank announced a "war on AIDS" and in 2011 the Bank joined the Stop Tuberculosis Partnership.[18]

text: Traditionally, based on a tacit understanding between the United States and Europe, the president of the World Bank has always been selected from candidates nominated by the United States. In 2012, for the first time, two non-US citizens were nominated.

text: On 23 March 2012, U.S. President Barack Obama announced that the United States would nominate Jim Yong Kim as the next president of the Bank.[19] Jim Yong Kim was elected on 27 April 2012.

text: Criteria[edit]

text: Various developments had brought the Millennium Development Goals targets for 2015 within reach in some cases. For the goals to be realized, six criteria must be met: stronger and more inclusive growth in Africa and fragile states, more effort in health and education, integration of the development and environment agendas, more as well as better aid, movement on trade negotiations, and stronger and more focused support from multilateral institutions like the World Bank.[20]

text:
Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger: From 1990 through 2004 the proportion of people living in extreme poverty fell from almost a third to less than a fifth. Although results vary widely within regions and countries, the trend indicates that the world as a whole can meet the goal of halving the percentage of people living in poverty. Africa's poverty, however, is expected to rise, and most of the 36 countries where 90% of the world's undernourished children live are in Africa. Less than a quarter of countries are on track for achieving the goal of halving under-nutrition.
Achieve Universal Primary Education: The percentage of children in school in developing countries increased from 80% in 1991 to 88% in 2005. Still, about 72 million children of primary school age, 57% of them girls, were not being educated as of  2005[update].
Promote Gender Equality: The tide is turning slowly for women in the labor market, yet far more women than men- worldwide more than 60% – are contributing but unpaid family workers. The World Bank Group Gender Action Plan was created to advance women's economic empowerment and promote shared growth.
Reduce Child Mortality: There is some improvement in survival rates globally; accelerated improvements are needed most urgently in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. An estimated 10 million-plus children under five died in 2005; most of their deaths were from preventable causes.
Improve Maternal Health: Almost all of the half million women who die during pregnancy or childbirth every year live in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. There are numerous causes of maternal death that require a variety of health care interventions to be made widely accessible.
Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases: Annual numbers of new HIV infections and AIDS deaths have fallen, but the number of people living with HIV continues to grow. In the eight worst-hit southern African countries, prevalence is above 15 percent. Treatment has increased globally, but still meets only 30 percent of needs (with wide variations across countries). AIDS remains the leading cause of death in Sub-Saharan Africa (1.6 million deaths in 2007). There are 300 to 500 million cases of malaria each year, leading to more than 1 million deaths. Nearly all the cases and more than 95 percent of the deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Ensure Environmental Sustainability: Deforestation remains a critical problem, particularly in regions of biological diversity, which continues to decline. Greenhouse gas emissions are increasing faster than energy technology advancement.
Develop a Global Partnership for Development: Donor countries have renewed their commitment. Donors have to fulfill their pledges to match the current rate of core program development. Emphasis is being placed on the Bank Group's collaboration with multilateral and local partners to quicken progress toward the MDGs' realization.

text: To make sure that World Bank-financed operations do not compromise these goals but instead add to their realisation, environmental, social and legal safeguards were defined. However, these safeguards have not been implemented entirely yet. At the World Bank's annual meeting in Tokyo 2012 a review of these safeguards has been initiated, which was welcomed by several civil society organisations.[21]

text: Leadership[edit]

text: The President of the Bank is the president of the entire World Bank Group. The president, currently Jim Yong Kim, is responsible for chairing the meetings of the Boards of Directors and for overall management of the Bank. Traditionally, the President of the Bank has always been a US citizen nominated by the United States, the largest shareholder in the bank (the managing director of the International Monetary Fund having always been a European). The nominee is subject to confirmation by the Board of Executive Directors, to serve for a five-year, renewable term. While most World Bank presidents have had banking experience, some have not.[22][23]

text: The vice presidents of the Bank are its principal managers, in charge of regions, sectors, networks and functions. There are two Executive Vice presidents, three Senior Vice presidents, and 24 Vice presidents.[24]

text: The Boards of Directors consist of the World Bank Group President and 25 Executive Directors. The President is the presiding officer, and ordinarily has no vote except a deciding vote in case of an equal division. The Executive Directors as individuals cannot exercise any power nor commit or represent the Bank unless specifically authorized by the Boards to do so. With the term beginning 1 November 2010, the number of Executive Directors increased by one, to 25.[25]

text: Presidents[edit]

text:
Name

Dates

Nationality

Previous work

Eugene Meyer

1946–1946

United States

Newspaper publisher and Chairman of the Federal Reserve

John J. McCloy

1947–1949

United States

Lawyer and US Assistant Secretary of War

Eugene R. Black, Sr.

1949–1963

United States

Bank executive with Chase and executive director with the World Bank

George Woods

1963–1968

United States

Bank executive with First Boston Corporation

Robert McNamara

1968–1981

United States

President of the Ford Motor Company, US Defense Secretary under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson who escalated Vietnam War[26]

Alden W. Clausen

1981–1986

United States

Lawyer, bank executive with Bank of America

Barber Conable

1986–1991

United States

New York State Senator and US Congressman

Lewis T. Preston

1991–1995

United States

Bank executive with J.P. Morgan

 James Wolfensohn

1995–2005

United StatesAustralia (prev.)

Wolfensohn was a naturalised American citizen before taking office. Corporate lawyer and banker

Paul Wolfowitz

2005–2007

United States

US Ambassador to Indonesia, US Deputy Secretary of Defense, Dean of the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University, prominent architect of 2003 invasion of Iraq, resigned World Bank post due to ethics scandal[27]

Robert Zoellick

2007–2012

United States

Deputy Secretary of State and US Trade Representative

Jim Yong Kim

2012–present

United StatesSouth Korea (prev.)

Former Chair of the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at Harvard, president of Dartmouth College, naturalized American citizen[28]

text: Chief Economists[edit]

text:
Name

Dates

Nationality

Hollis B. Chenery

1972–1982

United States

Anne Osborn Krueger

1982–1986

United States

Stanley Fischer

1988–1990

United States

Lawrence Summers

1991–1993

United States

Michael Bruno

1993–1996

Israel

Joseph E. Stiglitz

1997–2000

United States

Nicholas Stern

2000–2003

United Kingdom

François Bourguignon

2003–2007

France

Justin Yifu Lin

2008–2012

China

Kaushik Basu

2012–2016

India

Paul Romer

2016–2018

United States

text: Members[edit]

text: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) has 189 member countries, while the International Development Association (IDA) has 173 members. Each member state of IBRD should be also a member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and only members of IBRD are allowed to join other institutions within the Bank (such as IDA).[1]

text: Voting power[edit]

text: In 2010 voting powers at the World Bank were revised to increase the voice of developing countries, notably China. The countries with most voting power are now the United States (15.85%), Japan (6.84%), China (4.42%), Germany (4.00%), the United Kingdom (3.75%), France (3.75%), India (2.91%),[30] Russia (2.77%), Saudi Arabia (2.77%) and Italy (2.64%). Under the changes, known as 'Voice Reform – Phase 2', countries other than China that saw significant gains included South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Singapore, Greece, Brazil, India, and Spain. Most developed countries' voting power was reduced, along with a few developing countries such as Nigeria. The voting powers of the United States, Russia and Saudi Arabia were unchanged.[31][32]

text: The changes were brought about with the goal of making voting more universal in regards to standards, rule-based with objective indicators, and transparent among other things. Now, developing countries have an increased voice in the "Pool Model", backed especially by Europe. Additionally, voting power is based on economic size in addition to International Development Association contributions.[33]

text: List of 20 largest countries by voting power in each World Bank institution[edit]

text: The following table shows the subscriptions of the top 20 member countries of the World Bank by voting power in the following World Bank institutions as of December 2014 or March 2015: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the International Development Association (IDA), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). Member countries are allocated votes at the time of membership and subsequently for additional subscriptions to capital (one vote for each share of capital stock held by the member).[34][35][36][37]

text:
The 20 Largest Countries by voting power (Number of Votes)

Rank
Country
IBRD
Country
IFC
Country
IDA
Country
MIGA

World
2,201,754
World
2,653,476
World
24,682,951
World
218,237

1
United States
358,498
United States
570,179
United States
2,546,503
United States
32,790

2
Japan
166,094
Japan
163,334
Japan
2,112,243
Japan
9,205

3
China
107,244
Germany
129,708
United Kingdom
1,510,934
Germany
9,162

4
Germany
97,224
France
121,815
Germany
1,368,001
France
8,791

5
France
87,241
United Kingdom
121,815
France
908,843
United Kingdom
8,791

6
United Kingdom
87,241
India
103,747
Saudi Arabia
810,293
China
5,756

7
India
67,690
Russia
103,653
India
661,909
Russia
5,754

8
Saudi Arabia
67,155
Canada
82,142
Canada
629,658
Saudi Arabia
5,754

9
Canada
59,004
Italy
82,142
Italy
573,858
India
5,597

10
Italy
54,877
China
62,392
China
521,830
Canada
5,451

11
Russia
54,651
Netherlands
56,931
Poland
498,102
Italy
5,196

12
Spain
42,948
Belgium
51,410
Sweden
494,360
Netherlands
4,048

13
Brazil
42,613
Australia
48,129
Netherlands
488,209
Belgium
3,803

14
Netherlands
42,348
Switzerland
44,863
Brazil
412,322
Australia
3,245

15
Korea
36,591
Brazil
40,279
Australia
312,566
Switzerland
2,869

16
Belgium
36,463
Mexico
38,929
Switzerland
275,755
Brazil
2,832

17
Iran
34,718
Spain
37,826
Belgium
275,474
Spain
2,491

18
Switzerland
33,296
Indonesia
32,402
Norway
258,209
Argentina
2,436

19
Australia
30,910
Saudi Arabia
30,862
Denmark
231,685
Indonesia
2,075

20
Turkey
26,293
Korea
28,895
Pakistan
218,506
Sweden
2,075

text: Poverty reduction strategies[edit]

text: For the poorest developing countries in the world, the bank's assistance plans are based on poverty reduction strategies; by combining a cross-section of local groups with an extensive analysis of the country's financial and economic situation the World Bank develops a strategy pertaining uniquely to the country in question. The government then identifies the country's priorities and targets for the reduction of poverty, and the World Bank aligns its aid efforts correspondingly.

text: Forty-five countries pledged US$25.1 billion in "aid for the world's poorest countries", aid that goes to the World Bank International Development Association (IDA), which distributes the loans to eighty poorer countries. While wealthier nations sometimes fund their own aid projects, including those for diseases, and although IDA is the recipient of criticism, Robert B. Zoellick, the former president of the World Bank, said when the loans were announced on 15 December 2007, that IDA money "is the core funding that the poorest developing countries rely on".[38]

text: World Bank organizes Development Marketplace Awards, a competitive grant program that surfaces and funds innovative, development projects with high potential for development impact that are scalable and/or replicable. The grant beneficiaries are social enterprises with projects that aim to deliver a range of social and public services to the most underserved low-income groups.

text: Global partnerships and initiatives[edit]

text: The World Bank has been assigned temporary management responsibility of the Clean Technology Fund (CTF), focused on making renewable energy cost-competitive with coal-fired power as quickly as possible, but this may not continue after UN's Copenhagen climate change conference in December 2009, because of the Bank's continued investment in coal-fired power plants.[39]

text: Together with the World Health Organization, the World Bank administers the International Health Partnership (IHP+). IHP+ is a group of partners committed to improving the health of citizens in developing countries. Partners work together to put international principles for aid effectiveness and development cooperation into practice in the health sector. IHP+ mobilizes national governments, development agencies, civil society and others to support a single, country-led national health strategy in a well-coordinated way.

text: Climate change[edit]

text: World Bank President Jim Yong Kim said in 2012 that:

text: The World Bank doubled its aid for climate change adaptation from $2.3bn (£1.47bn) in 2011 to $4.6bn in 2012. The planet is now 0.8 °C warmer than in pre-industrial times. It says that 2 °C warming will be reached in 20 to 30 years.[42][43]

text: Food security[edit]

text:
Global Food Security Program: Launched in April 2010, six countries alongside the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation have pledged $925 million for food security. To date, the program has helped 8 countries, promoting agriculture, research, trade in agriculture, etc.
Launched Global Food Crisis Response Program: Given grants to approximately 40 nations for seeds, etc. for improving productivity.
In process of increasing its yearly spending for agriculture to $6 billion–$8 billion from earlier $4 billion.
Runs several nutrition program across the world, e.g., vitamin A doses for children, school meals, etc.[citation needed]

text: Training wings[edit]

text: World Bank Institute[edit]

text: The World Bank Institute (WBI) creates learning opportunities for countries, World Bank staff and clients, and people committed to poverty reduction and sustainable development. WBI's work program includes training, policy consultations, and the creation and support of knowledge networks related to international economic and social development.

text:
The World Bank Institute (WBI) can be defined as a "global connector of knowledge, learning and innovation for poverty reduction". It aims to inspire change agents and prepare them with essential tools that can help achieve development results.
WBI has four major strategies to approach development problems: innovation for development, knowledge exchange, leadership and coalition building, and structured learning. World Bank Institute(WBI) was formerly known as Economic Development Institute (EDI), established on 11 March 1955 with the support of the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations. The purpose of the institute was to serve as provide an open place where senior officials from developing countries could discuss development policies and programs. Over the years, EDI grew significantly and in 2000, the Institute was renamed as the World Bank Institute. Currently Sanjay Pradhan is the Vice President of the World Bank Institute.[44]

text: Global Development Learning Network[edit]

text: The Global Development Learning Network (GDLN) is a partnership of over 120 learning centers (GDLN Affiliates) in nearly 80 countries around the world. GDLN Affiliates collaborate in holding events that connect people across countries and regions for learning and dialogue on development issues.

text: GDLN clients are typically NGOs, government, private sector and development agencies who find that they work better together on subregional, regional or global development issues using the facilities and tools offered by GDLN Affiliates. Clients also benefit from the ability of Affiliates to help them choose and apply these tools effectively, and to tap development practitioners and experts worldwide. GDLN Affiliates facilitate around 1000 videoconference-based activities a year on behalf of their clients, reaching some 90,000 people worldwide. Most of these activities bring together participants in two or more countries over a series of sessions. A majority of GDLN activities are organized by small government agencies and NGOs.

text: GDLN Asia Pacific[edit]

text: The GDLN in the East Asia and Pacific region has experienced rapid growth and Distance Learning Centers now operate, or are planned in 20 countries: Australia, Mongolia, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Japan, Papua New Guinea, South Korea, Thailand, Laos, Timor Leste, Fiji, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal and New Zealand. With over 180 Distance Learning Centers, it is the largest development learning network in the Asia and Pacific region. The Secretariat Office of GDLN Asia Pacific is located in the Center of Academic Resources of Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.

text: GDLN Asia Pacific was launched at the GDLN's East Asia and Pacific regional meeting held in Bangkok from 22 to 24 May 2006. Its vision is to become "the premier network exchanging ideas, experience and know-how across the Asia Pacific Region". GDLN Asia Pacific is a separate entity to The World Bank. It has endorsed its own Charter and Business Plan and, in accordance with the Charter, a GDLN Asia Pacific Governing Committee has been appointed.

text: The committee comprises China (2), Australia (1), Thailand (1), The World Bank (1) and finally, a nominee of the Government of Japan (1). The organization is currently hosted by Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand, founding member of the GDLN Asia Pacific.

text: The Governing Committee has determined that the most appropriate legal status for the GDLN AP in Thailand is a "Foundation". The World Bank is currently engaging a solicitor in Thailand to process all documentation in order to obtain this legal status.

text: GDLN Asia Pacific is built on the principle of shared resources among partners engaged in a common task, and this is visible in the organizational structures that exist, as the network evolves. Physical space for its headquarters is provided by the host of the GDLN Centre in Thailand – Chulalongkorn University; Technical expertise and some infrastructure is provided by the Tokyo Development Learning Centre (TDLC); Fiduciary services are provided by Australian National University (ANU) Until the GDLN Asia Pacific is established as a legal entity tin Thailand, ANU, has offered to assist the governing committee, by providing a means of managing the inflow and outflow of funds and of reporting on them. This admittedly results in some complexity in contracting arrangements, which need to be worked out on a case by case basis and depends to some extent on the legal requirements of the countries involved.

text: The JUSTPAL Network[edit]

text: A Justice Sector Peer-Assisted Learning (JUSTPAL) Network was launched in April 2011 by the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management (PREM) Department of the World Bank's Europe and Central Asia (ECA) Region. The JUSTPAL objective is to provide an online and offline platform for justice professionals to exchange knowledge, good practices and peer-driven improvements to justice systems and thereby support countries to improve their justice sector performance, quality of justice and service delivery to citizens and businesses.

text: The JUSTPAL Network includes representatives of judiciaries, ministries of justice, prosecutors, anti-corruption agencies and other justice-related entities from across the globe. The Network currently has active members from more than 50 countries.

text: To facilitate fruitful exchange of reform experiences and sharing of applicable good practices, the JUSTPAL Network has organized its activities under (currently) five Communities of Practice (COPs): (i) Budgeting for the Justice Sector; (ii) Information Systems for Justice Services; (iii) Justice Sector Physical Infrastructure; (iv) Court Management and Administration; and (v) Prosecution and Anti-Corruption Agencies.

text: Country assistance strategies[edit]

text: As a guideline to the World Bank's operations in any particular country, a Country Assistance Strategy is produced, in cooperation with the local government and any interested stakeholders and may rely on analytical work performed by the Bank or other parties.

text: Clean Air Initiative[edit]

text: Clean Air Initiative (CAI) is a World Bank initiative to advance innovative ways to improve air quality in cities through partnerships in selected regions of the world by sharing knowledge and experiences. It includes electric vehicles.[45] Initiatives like this help address and tackle pollution-related diseases.

text: United Nations Development Business[edit]

text: Based on an agreement between the United Nations and the World Bank in 1981, Development Business became the official source for World Bank Procurement Notices, Contract Awards, and Project Approvals.[46]

text: In 1998, the agreement was re-negotiated, and included in this agreement was a joint venture to create an electronic version of the publication via the World Wide Web. Today, Development Business is the primary publication for all major multilateral development banks, United Nations agencies, and several national governments, many of whom have made the publication of their tenders and contracts in Development Business a mandatory requirement.[46]

text: The World Bank or the World Bank Group is also a sitting observer in the United Nations Development Group.[47]

text: Open data initiative[edit]

text: The World Bank collects and processes large amounts of data and generates them on the basis of economic models. These data and models have gradually been made available to the public in a way that encourages reuse,[48] whereas the recent publications describing them are available as open access under a Creative Commons Attribution License, for which the bank received the SPARC Innovator 2012 award.[49]

text: The World Bank also endorses the Principles for Digital Development.[50]

text: Grants table[edit]

text: The following table lists the top 15 DAC 5 Digit Sectors[51] to which the World Bank has committed funding, as recorded by it in its International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI) publications. The World Bank states on the IATI Registry website that the amounts "will cover 100% of IBRD and IDA development flows" but will not cover other development flows.[52]

text:
Committed funding (US$ millions)

Sector
Before 2007
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Sum

Road transport

4,654.2

1,993.5

1,501.8

5,550.3

4,032.3

2,603.7

3,852.5

2,883.6

3,081.7

3,922.6

723.7

34,799.8

Social/ welfare services

613.1

208.1

185.5

2,878.4

1,477.4

1,493.2

1,498.5

2,592.6

2,745.4

1,537.7

73.6

15,303.5

Electrical transmission/ distribution

1,292.5

862.1

1,740.2

2,435.4

1,465.1

907.7

1,614.9

395.7

2,457.1

1,632.2

374.8

15,177.8

Public finance management

334.2

223.1

499.7

129.0

455.3

346.6

3,156.8

2,724.0

3,160.5

2,438.9

690.5

14,158.6

Rail transport

279.3

284.4

1,289.0

912.2

892.5

1,487.4

841.8

740.6

1,964.9

1,172.2

−1.6

9,862.5

Rural development

335.4

237.5

382.8

616.7

2,317.4

972.0

944.0

177.8

380.9

1,090.3

−2.5

7,452.4

Urban development and management

261.2

375.9

733.3

739.6

542.1

1,308.1

914.3

258.9

747.3

1,122.1

212.2

7,214.9

Business support services and institutions

113.3

20.8

721.7

181.4

363.3

514.0

310.0

760.1

1,281.9

1,996.0

491.3

6,753.7

Energy policy and administrative management

102.5

243.0

324.9

234.2

762.0

654.9

902.1

480.5

1,594.2

1,001.8

347.9

6,648.0

Agricultural water resources

733.2

749.5

84.6

251.8

780.6

819.5

618.3

1,040.3

1,214.8

824.0

−105.8

7,011.0

Decentralisation and support to subnational government

904.5

107.9

176.1

206.7

331.2

852.8

880.6

466.8

1,417.0

432.5

821.3

6,597.3

Disaster prevention and preparedness

66.9

2.7

260.0

9.0

417.2

609.5

852.9

373.5

1,267.8

1,759.7

114.2

5,733.5

Sanitation - large systems

441.9

679.7

521.6

422.0

613.1

1,209.4

268.0

55.4

890.6

900.8

93.9

6,096.3

Water supply - large systems

646.5

438.1

298.3

486.5

845.1

640.2

469.0

250.5

1,332.4

609.9

224.7

6,241.3

Health policy and administrative management

661.3

54.8

285.8

673.8

1,581.4

799.3

251.5

426.3

154.8

368.1

496.0

5,753.1

Other

13,162.7

6,588.3

8,707.1

11,425.7

17,099.5

11,096.6

16,873.4

13,967.1

20,057.6

21,096.5

3,070.3

140,074.5

Total

24,602.6

13,069.4

17,712.6

27,152.6

33,975.6

26,314.8

34,248.6

27,593.9

43,748.8

41,905.2

7,624.5

297,948.5

text: Open Knowledge Repository[edit]

text:
The World Bank hosts the Open Knowledge Repository (OKR)[53] as an official open access repository for its research outputs and knowledge products.
The World Bank's repository is listed in the Registry of Research Data Repositories re3data.org.[54]

text: Criticisms & Controversy[edit]

text: The World Bank has long been criticized by non-governmental organizations, such as the indigenous rights group Survival International, and academics, including its former Chief Economist Joseph Stiglitz, Henry Hazlitt and Ludwig Von Mises.[55][56][57] Henry Hazlitt argued that the World Bank along with the monetary system it was designed within would promote world inflation and "a world in which international trade is State-dominated" when they were being advocated.[58] Stiglitz argued that the so-called free market reform policies that the Bank advocates are often harmful to economic development if implemented badly, too quickly ("shock therapy"), in the wrong sequence or in weak, uncompetitive economies.[56][59] Similarly, Carmine Guerriero notices that these reforms have introduced in developing countries regulatory institutions typical of the common law legal tradition because allegedly more efficient according to the legal origins theory. The latter however has been fiercely criticized since it does not take into account that the legal institutions transplanted during the European colonization have been then reformed.[60] This issue makes the legal origins theory's inference unreliable and the World Bank reforms detrimental.[61]

text: One of the strongest criticisms of the World Bank has been the way in which it is governed. While the World Bank represents 188 countries, it is run by a small number of economically powerful countries. These countries (which also provide most of the institution's funding) choose the leadership and senior management of the World Bank, and their interests dominate the bank.[62]:190 Titus Alexander argues that the unequal voting power of western countries and the World Bank's role in developing countries makes it similar to the South African Development Bank under apartheid, and therefore a pillar of global apartheid.[63]:133–141

text: In the 1990s, the World Bank and the IMF forged the Washington Consensus, policies that included deregulation and liberalization of markets, privatization and the downscaling of government. Though the Washington Consensus was conceived as a policy that would best promote development, it was criticized for ignoring equity, employment and how reforms like privatization were carried out. Joseph Stiglitz argued that the Washington Consensus placed too much emphasis on the growth of GDP, and not enough on the permanence of growth or on whether growth contributed to better living standards.[57]:17

text: The United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations report criticized the World Bank and other international financial institutions for focusing too much "on issuing loans rather than on achieving concrete development results within a finite period of time" and called on the institution to "strengthen anti-corruption efforts".[64]

text: James Ferguson has argued that the main effect of many development projects carried out by the World Bank and similar organizations is not the alleviation of poverty. Instead the projects often serve to expand the exercise of bureaucratic state power. Through his case-studies of development projects in Thaba-Tseka he shows that the World Bank's characterization of the economic conditions in Lesotho was flawed, and the Bank ignored the political and cultural character of the state in crafting their projects. As a result, the projects failed to help the poor, but succeeded in expanding the government bureaucracy.[65]

text: Criticism of the World Bank and other organizations often takes the form of protesting as seen in recent events such as the World Bank Oslo 2002 Protests,[66] the October Rebellion,[67] and the Battle of Seattle.[68] Such demonstrations have occurred all over the world, even among the Brazilian Kayapo people.[69]

text: Another source of criticism has been the tradition of having an American head the bank, implemented because the United States provides the majority of World Bank funding. "When economists from the World Bank visit poor countries to dispense cash and advice", observed The Economist in 2012, "they routinely tell governments to reject cronyism and fill each important job with the best candidate available. It is good advice. The World Bank should take it."[70] Jim Yong Kim, a Korean-American, is the most recently appointed president of the World Bank.[71]

text: Structural adjustment[edit]

text: The effect of structural adjustment policies on poor countries has been one of the most significant criticisms of the World Bank.[72] The 1979 energy crisis plunged many countries into economic crisis.[73]:68 The World Bank responded with structural adjustment loans, which distributed aid to struggling countries while enforcing policy changes in order to reduce inflation and fiscal imbalance. Some of these policies included encouraging production, investment and labour-intensive manufacturing, changing real exchange rates and altering the distribution of government resources. Structural adjustment policies were most effective in countries with an institutional framework that allowed these policies to be implemented easily. For some countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, economic growth regressed and inflation worsened. The alleviation of poverty was not a goal of structural adjustment loans, and the circumstances of the poor often worsened, due to a reduction in social spending and an increase in the price of food, as subsidies were lifted.[73]:69

text: By the late 1980s, international organizations began to admit that structural adjustment policies were worsening life for the world's poor. The World Bank changed structural adjustment loans, allowing for social spending to be maintained, and encouraging a slower change to policies such as transfer of subsidies and price rises.[73]:70 In 1999, the World Bank and the IMF introduced the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper approach to replace structural adjustment loans.[74]:147 The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper approach has been interpreted as an extension of structural adjustment policies as it continues to reinforce and legitimize global inequities. Neither approach has addressed the inherent flaws within the global economy that contribute to economic and social inequities within developing countries.[74]:152

text: Fairness of assistance conditions[edit]

text: Some critics,[75] most prominently the author Naomi Klein, are of the opinion that the World Bank Group's loans and aid have unfair conditions attached to them that reflect the interests, financial power and political doctrines (notably the Washington Consensus) of the Bank and, by extension, the countries that are most influential within it. Among other allegations, Klein says the Group's credibility was damaged "when it forced school fees on students in Ghana in exchange for a loan; when it demanded that Tanzania privatise its water system; when it made telecom privatisation a condition of aid for Hurricane Mitch; when it demanded labour 'flexibility' in Sri Lanka in the aftermath of the Asian tsunami; when it pushed for eliminating food subsidies in post-invasion Iraq".[76]

text: Sovereign immunity[edit]

text: The World Bank requires sovereign immunity from countries it deals with.[77][78][79] Sovereign immunity waives a holder from all legal liability for their actions. It is proposed that this immunity from responsibility is a "shield which The World Bank wants to resort to, for escaping accountability and security by the people."[77] As the United States has veto power, it can prevent the World Bank from taking action against its interests.[77]

text: PricewaterhouseCoopers (1998)[edit]

text: World Bank favored PricewaterhouseCoopers as a consultant in a bid for privatizing the water distribution in Delhi, India[80]