document_title: Manchester United F.C.

question_text: when did man united win the premier league

question_tokens: when did man united win the premier league

text: Manchester United F.C.

text: History

text: Early years (1878–1945)

text: Manchester United was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (LYR) depot at Newton Heath.[16] The team initially played games against other departments and railway companies, but on 20 November 1880, they competed in their first recorded match; wearing the colours of the railway company – green and gold – they were defeated 6–0 by Bolton Wanderers' reserve team.[17] By 1888, the club had become a founding member of The Combination, a regional football league. Following the league's dissolution after only one season, Newton Heath joined the newly formed Football Alliance, which ran for three seasons before being merged with the Football League. This resulted in the club starting the 1892–93 season in the First Division, by which time it had become independent of the railway company and dropped the "LYR" from its name.[16] After two seasons, the club was relegated to the Second Division.[16]

text: In January 1902, with debts of £2,670 – equivalent to £270,000 in 2018[nb 1] – the club was served with a winding-up order.[18] Captain Harry Stafford found four local businessmen, including John Henry Davies (who became club president), each willing to invest £500 in return for a direct interest in running the club and who subsequently changed the name;[19] on 24 April 1902, Manchester United was officially born.[20][nb 2] Under Ernest Mangnall, who assumed managerial duties in 1903, the team finished as Second Division runners-up in 1906 and secured promotion to the First Division, which they won in 1908 – the club's first league title. The following season began with victory in the first ever Charity Shield[21] and ended with the club's first FA Cup title. Manchester United won the First Division for the second time in 1911, but at the end of the following season, Mangnall left the club to join Manchester City.[22]

text: In 1922, three years after the resumption of football following the First World War, the club was relegated to the Second Division, where it remained until regaining promotion in 1925. Relegated again in 1931, Manchester United became a yo-yo club, achieving its all-time lowest position of 20th place in the Second Division in 1934. Following the death of principal benefactor John Henry Davies in October 1927, the club's finances deteriorated to the extent that Manchester United would likely have gone bankrupt had it not been for James W. Gibson, who, in December 1931, invested £2,000 and assumed control of the club.[23] In the 1938–39 season, the last year of football before the Second World War, the club finished 14th in the First Division.[23]

text: Busby years (1945–1969)

text: In October 1945, the impending resumption of football led to the managerial appointment of Matt Busby, who demanded an unprecedented level of control over team selection, player transfers and training sessions.[24] Busby led the team to second-place league finishes in 1947, 1948 and 1949, and to FA Cup victory in 1948. In 1952, the club won the First Division, its first league title for 41 years.[25] With an average age of 22, the back-to-back title winning side of 1956 were labelled "the Busby Babes" by the media, a testament to Busby's faith in his youth players.[26] In 1957, Manchester United became the first English team to compete in the European Cup, despite objections from The Football League, who had denied Chelsea the same opportunity the previous season.[27] En route to the semi-final, which they lost to Real Madrid, the team recorded a 10–0 victory over Belgian champions Anderlecht, which remains the club's biggest victory on record.[28]

text: The following season, on the way home from a European Cup quarter-final victory against Red Star Belgrade, the aircraft carrying the Manchester United players, officials and journalists crashed while attempting to take off after refuelling in Munich, Germany. The Munich air disaster of 6 February 1958 claimed 23 lives, including those of eight players – Geoff Bent, Roger Byrne, Eddie Colman, Duncan Edwards, Mark Jones, David Pegg, Tommy Taylor and Billy Whelan – and injured several more.[29][30]

text: Assistant manager Jimmy Murphy took over as manager while Busby recovered from his injuries and the club's makeshift side reached the FA Cup final, which they lost to Bolton Wanderers. In recognition of the team's tragedy, UEFA invited the club to compete in the 1958–59 European Cup alongside eventual League champions Wolverhampton Wanderers. Despite approval from the FA, the Football League determined that the club should not enter the competition, since it had not qualified.[31][32] Busby rebuilt the team through the 1960s by signing players such as Denis Law and Pat Crerand, who combined with the next generation of youth players – including George Best – to win the FA Cup in 1963. The following season, they finished second in the league, then won the title in 1965 and 1967. In 1968, Manchester United became the first English (and second British) club to win the European Cup, beating Benfica 4–1 in the final[33] with a team that contained three European Footballers of the Year: Bobby Charlton, Denis Law and George Best.[34] Matt Busby resigned as manager in 1969 and was replaced by the reserve team coach, former Manchester United player Wilf McGuinness.[35]

text: Following an eighth-place finish in the 1969–70 season and a poor start to the 1970–71 season, Busby was persuaded to temporarily resume managerial duties, and McGuinness returned to his position as reserve team coach. In June 1971, Frank O'Farrell was appointed as manager, but lasted less than 18 months before being replaced by Tommy Docherty in December 1972.[37] Docherty saved Manchester United from relegation that season, only to see them relegated in 1974; by that time the trio of Best, Law, and Charlton had left the club.[33] The team won promotion at the first attempt and reached the FA Cup final in 1976, but were beaten by Southampton. They reached the final again in 1977, beating Liverpool 2–1. Docherty was dismissed shortly afterwards, following the revelation of his affair with the club physiotherapist's wife.[35][38]

text: Dave Sexton replaced Docherty as manager in the summer of 1977. Despite major signings, including Joe Jordan, Gordon McQueen, Gary Bailey, and Ray Wilkins, the team failed to achieve any significant results; they finished in the top two in 1979–80 and lost to Arsenal in the 1979 FA Cup Final. Sexton was dismissed in 1981, even though the team won the last seven games under his direction.[39] He was replaced by Ron Atkinson, who immediately broke the British record transfer fee to sign Bryan Robson from West Bromwich Albion. Under Atkinson, Manchester United won the FA Cup twice in three years – in 1983 and 1985. In 1985–86, after 13 wins and two draws in its first 15 matches, the club was favourite to win the league, but finished in fourth place. The following season, with the club in danger of relegation by November, Atkinson was dismissed.[40]

text: Ferguson years (1986–2013)

text: Alex Ferguson and his assistant Archie Knox arrived from Aberdeen on the day of Atkinson's dismissal,[41] and guided the club to an 11th-place finish in the league.[42] Despite a second-place finish in 1987–88, the club was back in 11th place the following season.[43] Reportedly on the verge of being dismissed, victory over Crystal Palace in the 1990 FA Cup Final replay (after a 3–3 draw) saved Ferguson's career.[44][45] The following season, Manchester United claimed its first Cup Winners' Cup title and competed in the 1991 UEFA Super Cup, beating European Cup holders Red Star Belgrade 1–0 in the final at Old Trafford. A second consecutive League Cup final appearance followed in 1992, in which the team beat Nottingham Forest 1–0 at Wembley.[40] In 1993, the club won its first league title since 1967, and a year later, for the first time since 1957, it won a second consecutive title – alongside the FA Cup – to complete the first "Double" in the club's history.[40]

text: In the 1998–99 season, Manchester United became the first team to win the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League – "The Treble" – in the same season.[47] Losing 1–0 going into injury time in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final, Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored late goals to claim a dramatic victory over Bayern Munich, in what is considered one of the greatest comebacks of all time.[48] The club also won the Intercontinental Cup after beating Palmeiras 1–0 in Tokyo.[49] Ferguson was subsequently knighted for his services to football.[50]

text: Manchester United won the league again in the 1999–2000 and 2000–01 seasons. The team finished third in 2001–02, before regaining the title in 2002–03.[51] They won the 2003–04 FA Cup, beating Millwall 3–0 in the final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff to lift the trophy for a record 11th time.[52] In the 2005–06 season, Manchester United failed to qualify for the knockout phase of the UEFA Champions League for the first time in over a decade,[53] but recovered to secure a second-place league finish and victory over Wigan Athletic in the 2006 Football League Cup Final. The club regained the Premier League in the 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons, and completed the European double by beating Chelsea 6–5 on penalties in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final in Moscow's Luzhniki Stadium. Ryan Giggs made a record 759th appearance for the club in this game, overtaking previous record holder Bobby Charlton.[54] In December 2008, the club won the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup and followed this with the 2008–09 Football League Cup, and its third successive Premier League title.[55][56] That summer, Cristiano Ronaldo was sold to Real Madrid for a world record £80 million.[57] In 2010, Manchester United defeated Aston Villa 2–1 at Wembley to retain the League Cup, its first successful defence of a knockout cup competition.[58]

text: After finishing as runner-up to Chelsea in the 2009–10 season, United achieved a record 19th league title in 2010–11, securing the championship with a 1–1 away draw against Blackburn Rovers on 14 May 2011.[59] This was extended to 20 league titles in 2012–13, securing the championship with a 3–0 home win against Aston Villa on 22 April 2013.[60]

text: On 8 May 2013, Ferguson announced that he was to retire as manager at the end of the football season, but would remain at the club as a director and club ambassador.[61][62] The club announced the next day that Everton manager David Moyes would replace him from 1 July, having signed a six-year contract.[63][64][65] Ryan Giggs took over as interim player-manager 10 months later, on 22 April 2014, when Moyes was sacked after a poor season in which the club failed to defend their Premier League title and failed to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 1995–96.[66] They also failed to qualify for the Europa League, meaning that it was the first time Manchester United hadn't qualified for a European competition since 1990.[67] On 19 May 2014, it was confirmed that Louis van Gaal would replace Moyes as Manchester United manager on a three-year deal, with Giggs as his assistant.[68] Malcolm Glazer, the patriarch of the Glazer family that owns the club, died on 28 May 2014.[69]

text: Although Van Gaal's first season saw United once again qualify for the Champions League through a fourth-place finish in the Premier League, his second season saw United go out of the same tournament in the group stage.[70] United also fell behind in the title race for the third consecutive season, finishing in 5th place, in spite of several expensive signings during Van Gaal's tenure. However, that same season, Manchester United won the FA Cup for a 12th time, this being their first major trophy won since the departure of Sir Alex Ferguson.[71] Despite this victory, Van Gaal was sacked as manager just two days later,[72] with José Mourinho appointed in his place on 27 May, signing a three-year contract.[73] That season, United finished in sixth place while winning the EFL Cup for the fifth time and the Europa League for the first time, as well as the FA Community Shield for a record 21st time. Despite not finishing in the top four, United qualified for the Champions League through their Europa League win. Wayne Rooney scored his 250th goal with United, surpassing Sir Bobby Charlton as United's all-time top scorer, before leaving the club at the end of the season to return to Everton.

text: Crest and colours

text: The club crest is derived from the Manchester City Council coat of arms, although all that remains of it on the current crest is the ship in full sail.[74] The devil stems from the club's nickname "The Red Devils"; it was included on club programmes and scarves in the 1960s, and incorporated into the club crest in 1970, although the crest was not included on the chest of the shirt until 1971.[74]

text: Newton Heath's uniform in 1879, four years before the club played its first competitive match, has been documented as 'white with blue cord'.[75] A photograph of the Newton Heath team, taken in 1892, is believed to show the players wearing red-and-white quartered jerseys and navy blue knickerbockers.[76] Between 1894–96, the players wore distinctive green and gold jerseys[76] which were replaced in 1896 by white shirts, which were worn with navy blue shorts.[76]

text: After the name change in 1902, the club colours were changed to red shirts, white shorts, and black socks, which has become the standard Manchester United home kit.[76] Very few changes were made to the kit until 1922 when the club adopted white shirts bearing a deep red "V" around the neck, similar to the shirt worn in the 1909 FA Cup Final. They remained part of their home kits until 1927.[76] For a period in 1934, the cherry and white hooped change shirt became the home colours, but the following season the red shirt was recalled after the club's lowest ever league placing of 20th in the Second Division and the hooped shirt dropped back to being the change.[76] The black socks were changed to white from 1959 to 1965, where they were replaced with red socks up until 1971 with white used on occasion, when the club reverted to black. Black shorts and/or white socks were sometimes worn with the home strip, most often in away games, if there is a clash with the opponent's kit. For 2018–19, black shorts and red socks became the primary choice for the home kit. Since 1997–98, white socks have been the preferred choice for European games, which are typically played on weeknights, to aid with player visibility.[77] The current home kit is a red shirt with black stripes gradually getting thicker towards the base and the trademark Adidas three stripes in black on the shoulders, black shorts, and red socks with black tops and gradual stripes in between.[78]

text: The Manchester United away strip has often been a white shirt, black shorts and white socks, but there have been several exceptions. These include an all-black strip with blue and gold trimmings between 1993 and 1995, the navy blue shirt with silver horizontal pinstripes worn during the 1999–2000 season,[79] and the 2011–12 away kit, which had a royal blue body and sleeves with hoops made of small midnight navy blue and black stripes, with black shorts and blue socks.[80] An all-grey away kit worn during the 1995–96 season was dropped after just five games, most notoriously against Southampton where Alex Ferguson forced the team to change into the third kit during half-time of its final outing. The reason for dropping it being that the players claimed to have trouble finding their teammates against the crowd, United failed to win a competitive game in the kit.[81] In 2001, to celebrate 100 years as "Manchester United", a reversible white/gold away kit was released, although the actual match day shirts were not reversible.[82]

text: The club's third kit is often all-blue, this was most recently the case during the 2014–15 season.[83] Exceptions include a green-and-gold halved shirt worn between 1992 and 1994, a blue-and-white striped shirt worn during the 1994–95 and 1995–96 seasons and once in 1996–97, an all-black kit worn during the Treble-winning 1998–99 season, and a white shirt with black-and-red horizontal pinstripes worn between 2003–04 and 2005–06.[84] From 2006–07 to 2013–14, the third kit was the previous season's away kit, albeit updated with the new club sponsor in 2006–07 and 2010–11, apart from 2008–09 when an all-blue kit was launch to mark the 40th anniversary of the 1967–68 European Cup success.[85]

text: Kit evolution

text:
1879–1880, 1896–1902

1880–1887

1887–1893

1893–1894

1894–1896

tag: table

text:
1902–1920, 1921–1922, 1927–1934, 1934–1960, 1971–2018[EN]

1920–1921, 1963–1971

1922–1927

1934

1960–1963 (1997–present)[EU]

2018–present

text:
^ Between 1997 and 2018 this combination was primarily used in domestic competitions and friendlies.
^ Since 1997 this combination is primarily used in European and international competitions.

text: Grounds

text: Newton Heath initially played on a field on North Road, close to the railway yard; the original capacity was about 12,000, but club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club hoping to join The Football League.[86] Some expansion took place in 1887, and in 1891, Newton Heath used its minimal financial reserves to purchase two grandstands, each able to hold 1,000 spectators.[87] Although attendances were not recorded for many of the earliest matches at North Road, the highest documented attendance was approximately 15,000 for a First Division match against Sunderland on 4 March 1893.[88] A similar attendance was also recorded for a friendly match against Gorton Villa on 5 September 1889.[89]

text: In June 1893, after the club was evicted from North Road by its owners, Manchester Deans and Canons, who felt it was inappropriate for the club to charge an entry fee to the ground, secretary A. H. Albut procured the use of the Bank Street ground in Clayton.[90] It initially had no stands, by the start of the 1893–94 season, two had been built; one spanning the full length of the pitch on one side and the other behind the goal at the "Bradford end". At the opposite end, the "Clayton end", the ground had been "built up, thousands thus being provided for".[90] Newton Heath's first league match at Bank Street was played against Burnley on 1 September 1893, when 10,000 people saw Alf Farman score a hat-trick, Newton Heath's only goals in a 3–2 win. The remaining stands were completed for the following league game against Nottingham Forest three weeks later.[90] In October 1895, before the visit of Manchester City, the club purchased a 2,000-capacity stand from the Broughton Rangers rugby league club, and put up another stand on the "reserved side" (as distinct from the "popular side"). However, weather restricted the attendance for the Manchester City match to just 12,000.[91]

text: When the Bank Street ground was temporarily closed by bailiffs in 1902, club captain Harry Stafford raised enough money to pay for the club's next away game at Bristol City and found a temporary ground at Harpurhey for the next reserves game against Padiham.[92] Following financial investment, new club president John Henry Davies paid £500 for the erection of a new 1,000-seat stand at Bank Street.[93] Within four years, the stadium had cover on all four sides, as well as the ability to hold approximately 50,000 spectators, some of whom could watch from the viewing gallery atop the Main Stand.[93]

text: However, following Manchester United's first league title in 1908 and the FA Cup a year later, it was decided that Bank Street was too restrictive for Davies' ambition;[93] in February 1909, six weeks before the club's first FA Cup title, Old Trafford was named as the home of Manchester United, following the purchase of land for around £60,000. Architect Archibald Leitch was given a budget of £30,000 for construction; original plans called for seating capacity of 100,000, though budget constraints forced a revision to 77,000. The building was constructed by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester. The stadium's record attendance was registered on 25 March 1939, when an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town drew 76,962 spectators.[94]

text: Bombing in the Second World War destroyed much of the stadium; the central tunnel in the South Stand was all that remained of that quarter. After the war, the club received compensation from the War Damage Commission in the amount of £22,278. While reconstruction took place, the team played its "home" games at Manchester City's Maine Road ground; Manchester United was charged £5,000 per year, plus a nominal percentage of gate receipts.[95] Later improvements included the addition of roofs, first to the Stretford End and then to the North and East Stands. The roofs were supported by pillars that obstructed many fans' views, and they were eventually replaced with a cantilevered structure. The Stretford End was the last stand to receive a cantilevered roof, completed in time for the 1993–94 season.[35] First used on 25 March 1957 and costing £40,000, four 180-foot (55 m) pylons were erected, each housing 54 individual floodlights. These were dismantled in 1987 and replaced by a lighting system embedded in the roof of each stand, which remains in use today.[96]

text: The Taylor Report's requirement for an all-seater stadium lowered capacity at Old Trafford to around 44,000 by 1993. In 1995, the North Stand was redeveloped into three tiers, restoring capacity to approximately 55,000. At the end of the 1998–99 season, second tiers were added to the East and West Stands, raising capacity to around 67,000, and between July 2005 and May 2006, 8,000 more seats were added via second tiers in the north-west and north-east quadrants. Part of the new seating was used for the first time on 26 March 2006, when an attendance of 69,070 became a new Premier League record.[97] The record was pushed steadily upwards before reaching its peak on 31 March 2007, when 76,098 spectators saw Manchester United beat Blackburn Rovers 4–1, with just 114 seats (0.15 per cent of the total capacity of 76,212) unoccupied.[98] In 2009, reorganisation of the seating resulted in a reduction of capacity by 255 to 75,957.[99][100] Manchester United has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund.[101][102][103]

text: Support

text: Manchester United is one of the most popular football clubs in the world, with one of the highest average home attendance in Europe.[104] The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club (MUSC), in at least 24 countries.[105] The club takes advantage of this support through its worldwide summer tours. Accountancy firm and sports industry consultants Deloitte estimate that Manchester United has 75 million fans worldwide,[14] while other estimates put this figure closer to 333 million.[106] The club has the third highest social media following in the world among sports teams (after Barcelona and Real Madrid), with over 71 million Facebook fans as of September 2016.[15][107] A 2014 study showed that Manchester United had the loudest fans in the Premier League.[108]

text: Supporters are represented by two independent bodies; the Independent Manchester United Supporters' Association (IMUSA), which maintains close links to the club through the MUFC Fans Forum,[109] and the Manchester United Supporters' Trust (MUST). After the Glazer family's takeover in 2005, a group of fans formed a splinter club, F.C. United of Manchester. The West Stand of Old Trafford – the "Stretford End" – is the home end and the traditional source of the club's most vocal support.[110]

text: Rivalries

text: Manchester United has rivalries with Arsenal, Leeds United, Liverpool, and Manchester City, against whom they contest the Manchester derby.[111][112]

text: The rivalry with Liverpool is rooted in competition between the cities during the Industrial Revolution when Manchester was famous for its textile industry while Liverpool was a major port.[113] The two clubs are the most successful English teams in both domestic and European competitions; and between them they have won 38 league titles, 8 European Cups, 4 UEFA Cups, 4 UEFA Super Cups, 19 FA Cups, 13 League Cups, 1 FIFA Club World Cup, 1 Intercontinental Cup and 36 FA Community Shields.[114][115][116] It is considered to be one of the biggest rivalries in the association football world and is considered the most famous fixture in English football.[117][118][119][120][121]

text: The "Roses Rivalry" with Leeds stems from the Wars of the Roses, fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York, with Manchester United representing Lancashire and Leeds representing Yorkshire.[122]

text: The rivalry with Arsenal arises from the numerous times the two teams, as well as managers Alex Ferguson and Arsène Wenger, have battled for the Premier League title. With 33 titles between them (20 for Manchester United, 13 for Arsenal) this fixture has become known as one of the finest Premier League match-ups in history.[123][124]

text: Global brand

text: Manchester United has been described as a global brand; a 2011 report by Brand Finance, valued the club's trademarks and associated intellectual property at £412 million – an increase of £39 million on the previous year, valuing it at £11 million more than the second best brand, Real Madrid – and gave the brand a strength rating of AAA (Extremely Strong).[125] In July 2012, Manchester United was ranked first by Forbes magazine in its list of the ten most valuable sports team brands, valuing the Manchester United brand at $2.23 billion.[126] The club is ranked third in the Deloitte Football Money League (behind Real Madrid and Barcelona).[127] In January 2013, the club became the first sports team in the world to be valued at $3 billion. Forbes Magazine valued the club at $3.3 billion – $1.2 billion higher than the next most valuable sports team.[128] They were overtaken by Real Madrid for the next four years, but Manchester United returned to the top of the Forbes list in June 2017, with a valuation of $3.689 billion.[129]

text: The core strength of Manchester United's global brand is often attributed to Matt Busby's rebuilding of the team and subsequent success following the Munich air disaster, which drew worldwide acclaim.[110] The "iconic" team included Bobby Charlton and Nobby Stiles (members of England's World Cup winning team), Denis Law and George Best. The attacking style of play adopted by this team (in contrast to the defensive-minded "catenaccio" approach favoured by the leading Italian teams of the era) "captured the imagination of the English footballing public".[130] Busby's team also became associated with the liberalisation of Western society during the 1960s; George Best, known as the "Fifth Beatle" for his iconic haircut, was the first footballer to significantly develop an off-the-field media profile.[130]

text: As the second English football club to float on the London Stock Exchange in 1991, the club raised significant capital, with which it further developed its commercial strategy. The club's focus on commercial and sporting success brought significant profits in an industry often characterised by chronic losses.[131] The strength of the Manchester United brand was bolstered by intense off-the-field media attention to individual players, most notably David Beckham (who quickly developed his own global brand). This attention often generates greater interest in on-the-field activities, and hence generates sponsorship opportunities – the value of which is driven by television exposure.[132] During his time with the club, Beckham's popularity across Asia was integral to the club's commercial success in that part of the world.[133]

text: Because higher league placement results in a greater share of television rights, success on the field generates greater income for the club. Since the inception of the Premier League, Manchester United has received the largest share of the revenue generated from the BSkyB broadcasting deal.[134] Manchester United has also consistently enjoyed the highest commercial income of any English club; in 2005–06, the club's commercial arm generated £51 million, compared to £42.5 million at Chelsea, £39.3 million at Liverpool, £34 million at Arsenal and £27.9 million at Newcastle United. A key sponsorship relationship was with sportswear company Nike, who managed the club's merchandising operation as part of a £303 million 13-year partnership between 2002 and 2015.[135] Through Manchester United Finance and the club's membership scheme, One United, those with an affinity for the club can purchase a range of branded goods and services. Additionally, Manchester United-branded media services – such as the club's dedicated television channel, MUTV – have allowed the club to expand its fan base to those beyond the reach of its Old Trafford stadium.[14]

text: Sponsorship

text:
Period

Kit manufacturer

Shirt sponsor

1945–1975

Umbro

—

1975–1980

Admiral

1980–1982

Adidas

1982–1992

Sharp Electronics

1992–2000

Umbro

2000–2002

Vodafone

2002–2006

Nike

2006–2010

AIG

2010–2014

Aon

2014–2015

Chevrolet

2015–

Adidas

text: In an initial five-year deal worth £500,000, Sharp Electronics became the club's first shirt sponsor at the beginning of the 1982–83 season, a relationship that lasted until the end of the 1999–2000 season, when Vodafone agreed a four-year, £30 million deal.[136] Vodafone agreed to pay £36 million to extend the deal by four years, but after two seasons triggered a break clause in order to concentrate on its sponsorship of the Champions League.[136]

text: To commence at the start of the 2006–07 season, American insurance corporation AIG agreed a four-year £56.5 million deal which in September 2006 became the most valuable in the world.[137][138] At the beginning of the 2010–11 season, American reinsurance company Aon became the club's principal sponsor in a four-year deal reputed to be worth approximately £80 million, making it the most lucrative shirt sponsorship deal in football history.[139] Manchester United announced their first training kit sponsor in August 2011, agreeing a four-year deal with DHL reported to be worth £40 million; it is believed to be the first instance of training kit sponsorship in English football.[140][141] The DHL contract lasted for over a year before the club bought back the contract in October 2012, although they remained the club's official logistics partner.[142] The contract for the training kit sponsorship was then sold to Aon in April 2013 for a deal worth £180 million over eight years, which also included purchasing the naming rights for the Trafford Training Centre.[143]

text: The club's first kit manufacturer was Umbro, until a five-year deal was agreed with Admiral Sportswear in 1975.[144] Adidas received the contract in 1980,[145] before Umbro started a second spell in 1992.[146] Umbro's sponsorship lasted for ten years, followed by Nike's record-breaking £302.9 million deal that lasted until 2015; 3.8 million replica shirts were sold in the first 22 months with the company.[147][148] In addition to Nike and Chevrolet, the club also has several lower-level "platinum" sponsors, including Aon and Budweiser.[149]

text: On 30 July 2012, United signed a seven-year deal with American automotive corporation General Motors, which replaced Aon as the shirt sponsor from the 2014–15 season. The new $80m-a-year shirt deal is worth $559m over seven years and features the logo of General Motors brand Chevrolet.[150][151] Nike announced that they would not renew their kit supply deal with Manchester United after the 2014–15 season, citing rising costs.[152][153] Since the start of the 2015–16 season, Adidas has manufactured Manchester United's kit as part of a world-record 10-year deal worth a minimum of £750 million.[154][155] Plumbing products manufacturer Kohler became the club's first sleeve sponsor ahead of the 2018–19 season.[156]

text: Ownership and finances

text: Originally funded by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company, the club became a limited company in 1892 and sold shares to local supporters for £1 via an application form.[19] In 1902, majority ownership passed to the four local businessmen who invested £500 to save the club from bankruptcy, including future club president John Henry Davies.[19] After his death in 1927, the club faced bankruptcy yet again, but was saved in December 1931 by James W. Gibson, who assumed control of the club after an investment of £2,000.[23] Gibson promoted his son, Alan, to the board in 1948,[157] but died three years later; the Gibson family retained ownership of the club through James' wife, Lillian,[158] but the position of chairman passed to former player Harold Hardman.[159]

text: Promoted to the board a few days after the Munich air disaster, Louis Edwards, a friend of Matt Busby, began acquiring shares in the club; for an investment of approximately £40,000, he accumulated a 54 per cent shareholding and took control in January 1964.[160] When Lillian Gibson died in January 1971, her shares passed to Alan Gibson who sold a percentage of his shares to Louis Edwards' son, Martin, in 1978; Martin Edwards went on to become chairman upon his father's death in 1980.[161] Media tycoon Robert Maxwell attempted to buy the club in 1984, but did not meet Edwards' asking price.[161] In 1989, chairman Martin Edwards attempted to sell the club to Michael Knighton for £20 million, but the sale fell through and Knighton joined the board of directors instead.[161]

text: Manchester United was floated on the stock market in June 1991 (raising £6.7 million),[162] and received yet another takeover bid in 1998, this time from Rupert Murdoch's British Sky Broadcasting Corporation. This resulted in the formation of Shareholders United Against Murdoch – now the Manchester United Supporters' Trust – who encouraged supporters to buy shares in the club in an attempt to block any hostile takeover. The Manchester United board accepted a £623 million offer,[163] but the takeover was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission at the final hurdle in April 1999.[164] A few years later, a power struggle emerged between the club's manager, Alex Ferguson, and his horse-racing partners, John Magnier and J. P. McManus, who had gradually become the majority shareholders. In a dispute that stemmed from contested ownership of the horse Rock of Gibraltar, Magnier and McManus attempted to have Ferguson removed from his position as manager, and the board responded by approaching investors to attempt to reduce the Irishmen's majority.[165]

text: In May 2005, Malcolm Glazer purchased the 28.7 per cent stake held by McManus and Magnier, thus acquiring a controlling interest through his investment vehicle Red Football Ltd in a highly leveraged takeover valuing the club at approximately £800 million (then approx. $1.5 billion).[166] Once the purchase was complete, the club was taken off the stock exchange.[167] In July 2006, the club announced a £660 million debt refinancing package, resulting in a 30 per cent reduction in annual interest payments to £62 million a year.[168][169] In January 2010, with debts of £716.5 million ($1.17 billion),[170] Manchester United further refinanced through a bond issue worth £504 million, enabling them to pay off most of the £509 million owed to international banks.[171] The annual interest payable on the bonds – which mature on 1 February 2017 – is approximately £45 million per annum.[172] Despite restructuring, the club's debt prompted protests from fans on 23 January 2010, at Old Trafford and the club's Trafford Training Centre.[173][174] Supporter groups encouraged match-going fans to wear green and gold, the colours of Newton Heath. On 30 January, reports emerged that the Manchester United Supporters' Trust had held meetings with a group of wealthy fans, dubbed the "Red Knights", with plans to buying out the Glazers' controlling interest.[175]

text: In August 2011, the Glazers were believed to have approached Credit Suisse in preparation for a $1 billion (approx. £600 million) initial public offering (IPO) on the Singapore stock exchange that would value the club at more than £2 billion.[176] However, in July 2012, the club announced plans to list its IPO on the New York Stock Exchange instead.[177] Shares were originally set to go on sale for between $16 and $20 each, but the price was cut to $14 by the launch of the IPO on 10 August, following negative comments from Wall Street analysts and Facebook's disappointing stock market debut in May. Even after the cut, Manchester United was valued at $2.3 billion, making it the most valuable football club in the world.[178]

text: Players

text: First-team squad

text: Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

text:
No.

Position

Player

1

GK

David de Gea

2

DF

Victor Lindelöf

3

DF

Eric Bailly

4

DF

Phil Jones

6

MF

Paul Pogba

7

FW

Alexis Sánchez

8

MF

Juan Mata

9

FW

Romelu Lukaku

10

FW

Marcus Rashford

11

FW

Anthony Martial

12

DF

Chris Smalling

13

GK

Lee Grant

14

MF

Jesse Lingard

No.

Position

Player

15

MF

Andreas Pereira

16

DF

Marcos Rojo

17

MF

Fred

18

DF

Ashley Young

20

DF

Diogo Dalot

21

MF

Ander Herrera

22

GK

Sergio Romero

23

DF

Luke Shaw

25

DF

Antonio Valencia (captain)

27

MF

Marouane Fellaini

31

MF

Nemanja Matić

36

DF

Matteo Darmian

39

MF

Scott McTominay

text: Out on loan

text:
No.

Position

Player

24

DF

Timothy Fosu-Mensah (on loan at Fulham until 30 June 2019)[181]

38

DF

Axel Tuanzebe (on loan at Aston Villa until 30 June 2019)[182]

40

GK

Joel Castro Pereira (on loan at Vitória de Setúbal until 30 June 2019)[183]

text: Reserves and academy

text: Former players

text: Club captains

text: Player records

text: Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year

text: Personnel

text: Coaching staff

text:
Position

Staff

Manager
 José Mourinho

Assistant coaches[184]
 Michael Carrick Ricardo Formosinho Silvino Louro Kieran McKenna Stefano Rapetti

Goalkeeping coach
 Emilio Alvarez

Fitness coach
 Stefano Rapetti[185]

Tactical analyst
 Giovanni Cerra

Head of first-team development
 John Murtough

text: Scouting staff

text:
Position

Staff

Chief scout
 Jim Lawlor

Head of global scouting
 Marcel Bout[186]

Scouts
 Armand Benneker[187] Thomas Bormann Roy Beukenkamp João Ferreira Gerado Guzmán[188] Andreas Herrmann Tommy Møller Nielsen[189] Sandro Orlandelli[190] Vasco Noronha

text: Academy coaching staff

text:
Position

Staff

Director of youth academy
 Nicky Butt[191]

Academy operations manager
 Nick Cox

Under-23s manager
 Ricky Sbragia[192]

Under-23s assistant manager
 Tommy Martin

Under-18s manager
 Neil Ryan[193]

Under-18s assistant manager
 Colin Little

Head of Academy Coaching
 Tony Whelan [194]

Academy goalkeeping coach
 Alan Fettis[195]

text: Medical and sports science staff

text:
Position

Staff

Head of sports medicine and science
 Steve McNally

Assistant club doctor
 Tony Gill

Physiotherapist
 Richard Merron[196]

Assistant physiotherapist
 Jon Picot [196]

Head of academy physiotherapy
 Neil Hough[197]

Academy physiotherapist
 John Davin

Masseurs
 Gary Armer Rod Thornley Andy Caveney

Club dietician
 Trevor Lea

Head of performance
 Tony Strudwick[198]

Head of strength and conditioning
 Gary Walker[199]

Head of human performance
 Richard Hawkins[200]

text: Managerial history

text:
Dates[201]

Name

Notes

1878–1892

Unknown

1892–1900

 A. H. Albut

1900–1903

 James West

1903–1912

 Ernest Mangnall

1912–1914

 John Bentley

1914–1921

 Jack Robson

1921–1926

 John Chapman

1926–1927

 Lal Hilditch

Player-manager

1927–1931

 Herbert Bamlett

1931–1932

 Walter Crickmer

1932–1937

 Scott Duncan

1937–1945

 Walter Crickmer

1945–1969

 Matt Busby

1969–1970

 Wilf McGuinness

1970–1971

 Matt Busby

1971–1972

 Frank O'Farrell

1972–1977

 Tommy Docherty

1977–1981

 Dave Sexton

1981–1986

 Ron Atkinson

1986–2013

 Alex Ferguson

2013–2014

 David Moyes

2014

 Ryan Giggs

Interim player-manager

2014–2016

 Louis van Gaal

2016–

 José Mourinho

text: Management

text:
Owner: Glazer family via Red Football Shareholder Limited[202]
Honorary president: Martin Edwards[203]

tag: ul

text: Manchester United Limited[204]

text:
Office

Name

Co-chairmen

Avram GlazerJoel Glazer

Executive vice chairman

Ed Woodward

Group managing director

Richard Arnold

Chief financial officer

Cliff Baty[205]

Non-executive directors

Bryan GlazerKevin GlazerEdward GlazerDarcie Glazer KassewitzRobert LeitãoJohn HooksManu Sawhney

text: Manchester United Football Club

text:
Office

Name

Directors

David GillMichael EdelsonSir Bobby CharltonSir Alex Ferguson[206]

Club secretary

Rebecca Britain[207]

Club ambassadors

Sir Bobby Charlton[208]Sir Alex Ferguson[208]Andy Cole[209]Gary Neville[210]Bryan Robson[211]Peter Schmeichel[212]Park Ji-sung[213]Dwight Yorke[214]Nemanja Vidić[215]

text: Senior club staff

text:
Office

Name

Director of Group Operations

Richard Arnold

Director of Communications

Vacant

Director of Legal and Business Affairs

Patrick Stewart

Director of Finance and IT

Steve Deaville

Director of Venue

David French

Director of Partnerships

Sean Jefferson

CEO of Media

Phil Lynch

Ticket office manager

Sam Kelleher

Disability Access Officer

Rishi Jain

Head of Stadium Safety and Security

Phil Rainford

Stadium manager

Ian Collins

Grounds manager

Anthony Sinclair

text: Honours

text: Manchester United are one of the most successful clubs in Europe in terms of trophies won.[216] The club's first trophy was the Manchester Cup, which it won as Newton Heath LYR in 1886.[217] In 1908, the club won its first league title, and won the FA Cup for the first time the following year. Manchester United won the most trophies in the 1990s; five league titles, four FA Cups, one League Cup, five Charity Shields (one shared), one UEFA Champions League, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup and one Intercontinental Cup.

text: The club holds the record for most top-division titles (20) – including a record 13 Premier League titles – and FA Community Shields (21). It was also the first English club to win the European Cup in 1968, and, as of  2017[update], is the only British club to have won the Club World Cup, in 2008. United also became the sole British club to win the Intercontinental Cup, in 1999. The club's most recent trophy came in May 2017, with the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League.

text: In winning the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League, United became the fifth club in history to have won the "European Treble" of European Cup/UEFA Champions League, European Cup Winners' Cup/UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League after Juventus, Ajax, Bayern Munich and Chelsea.[218][219]

text: Domestic

text: League

text:
First Division/Premier League[nb 3]
Winners (20): 1907–08, 1910–11, 1951–52, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13 (record)
Second Division[nb 3]
Winners (2): 1935–36, 1974–75

text: Cups

text:
FA Cup
Winners (12): 1908–09, 1947–48, 1962–63, 1976–77, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1989–90, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04, 2015–16
Football League Cup/EFL Cup
Winners (5): 1991–92, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2016–17
FA Charity/Community Shield
Winners (21): 1908, 1911, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1965*, 1967*, 1977*, 1983, 1990*, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016 (* shared) (record)

text: European

text:
European Cup/UEFA Champions League
Winners (3): 1967–68, 1998–99, 2007–08
European Cup Winners' Cup
Winners (1): 1990–91
UEFA Europa League
Winners (1): 2016–17
European Super Cup
Winners (1): 1991

text: Worldwide

text:
Intercontinental Cup
Winners (1): 1999
FIFA Club World Cup
Winners (1): 2008

text: Doubles and Trebles

text:
Doubles
League and FA Cup: 2
1993–94, 1995–96
European Double (League and UEFA Champions League): 1
2007–08
League and League Cup: 1
2008–09
League Cup and Europa League: 1
2016–17
Trebles
Continental Treble (League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League): 1
1998–99
European Treble (European Cup/UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and UEFA Cup/Europa League)
1967–68 European Cup, 1990–91 European Cup Winners' Cup, 2016–17 UEFA Europa League

text: Especially short competitions such as the Charity/Community Shield, Intercontinental Cup (now defunct), FIFA Club World Cup or UEFA Super Cup are not generally considered to contribute towards a Double or Treble.[220]

text: Manchester United Women

text: Manchester United formed a women's football team in 2018.[221][222][223][224][225]


document_title: Deposition (phase transition)

question_text: water vapor turning to frost is an example of

root

text: Deposition (phase transition)

text: This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Deposition is a thermodynamic process, a phase transition in which gas transforms into solid without passing through the liquid phase. The reverse of deposition is sublimation and hence sometimes deposition is called desublimation.

tag: p

text: One example of deposition is the process by which, in sub-freezing air, water vapor changes directly to ice without first becoming a liquid. This is how snow forms in clouds, as well as how frost and hoar frost form on the ground or other surfaces. Another example is when frost forms on a leaf. For deposition to occur, thermal energy must be removed from a gas. When the air becomes cold enough, water vapor in the air surrounding the leaf loses enough thermal energy to change into a solid. Even though the air temperature may be below the dew point, the water vapor may not be able to condense spontaneously if there is no way to remove the latent heat. When the leaf is introduced, the supercooled water vapor immediately begins to condense, but by this point is already past the freezing point. This causes the water vapor to change directly into a solid.

text: Another example is the soot that is deposited on the walls of chimneys. Soot molecules rise from the fire in a hot and gaseous state. When they come into contact with the walls they cool, and change to the solid state, without formation of the liquid state. The process is made use of industrially in combustion chemical vapor deposition.

text: There is an industrial coatings process, known as evaporative deposition, whereby a solid material is heated to the gaseous state in a low-pressure chamber, the gas molecules travel across the chamber space and then condense to the solid state on a target surface, forming a smooth and thin layer on the target surface. Again, the molecules do not go through an intermediate liquid state when going from the gas to the solid. See also physical vapor deposition, which is a class of processes used to deposit thin films of various materials onto various surfaces.

text: Deposition releases energy and is an exothermic phase change.


document_title: Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones

question_text: who played the assassin in attack of the clones

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ten years after the Trade Federation's invasion of Naboo, the Galactic Republic is threatened by the Separatist movement organized by former Jedi Master Count Dooku. Senator Padmé Amidala comes to Coruscant to vote on a motion to create an army to assist the Jedi against this threat. Narrowly avoiding an assassination attempt upon arrival, she is placed under the protection of Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi and his apprentice, Anakin Skywalker. The two Jedi thwart a second attempt on her life and subdue the assassin, Zam Wesell, a shape-shifter who is soon killed by her bounty hunter client before she can reveal his identity. The Jedi Council assigns Obi-Wan to identify and capture the bounty hunter, while Anakin is assigned to escort Padmé back to Naboo, where the pair soon fall in love and begin a relationship.

text: Obi-Wan's investigation leads him to the remote ocean planet Kamino, where he discovers an army of clones are being produced for the Republic, with bounty hunter Jango Fett serving as their genetic template. Obi-Wan deduces Jango to be the bounty hunter he is seeking, and he follows him and his clone son, Boba, to the desert planet Geonosis via a homing beacon placed on their ship, the Slave I. Meanwhile, Anakin becomes troubled by premonitions of his mother, Shmi, in pain, and travels to Tatooine with Padmé to save her. They meet Owen Lars, Anakin's stepbrother and the son of Shmi's new husband, Cliegg Lars. Cliegg tells Anakin that Shmi was abducted by Tusken Raiders weeks earlier and is likely dead. Determined to find her, Anakin ventures out and finds Shmi at the Tusken campsite, where she dies in Anakin's arms. Heartbroken and enraged, Anakin massacres the Tuskens and returns to the Lars homestead with Shmi's body. After revealing his deed to Padmé, Anakin says that he wants to prevent death.

text: On Geonosis, Obi-Wan discovers a Separatist gathering led by Count Dooku, who Obi-Wan learns had authorized Padmé's assassination and is developing a battle droid army with Trade Federation Viceroy Nute Gunray. Obi-Wan transmits his findings to Anakin to relay to the Jedi Council, but is captured mid-transmission. With knowledge of the droid army, Supreme Chancellor Palpatine is voted emergency powers to send the clones into battle. Anakin and Padmé journey to Geonosis to rescue Obi-Wan, but are also captured. The three are sentenced to death, but are eventually saved by a battalion of Jedi and clone troopers led by Mace Windu and Yoda; Jango Fett is killed by Mace during the rescue. As the clone and droid armies battle, Obi-Wan and Anakin intercept Dooku, and the three engage in a lightsaber battle. Dooku injures Obi-Wan and severs Anakin's right arm, but Yoda arrives and duels Dooku. The battle ends in a stalemate, and Dooku flees to Coruscant, where he delivers blueprints for a superweapon to his Sith master, Darth Sidious. As the Jedi gravely acknowledge the beginning of the Clone Wars, Anakin is fitted with a robotic arm and secretly marries Padmé on Naboo, with C-3PO and R2-D2 as their witnesses.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ewan McGregor as Obi-Wan Kenobi: A Jedi Master and mentor of Anakin Skywalker.
Natalie Portman as Padmé Amidala: The former Queen of Naboo, who has recently been elected the planet's senator.
Hayden Christensen as Anakin Skywalker: Obi-Wan's Padawan apprentice, who has grown into a powerful but arrogant Jedi.
Ian McDiarmid as Chancellor Palpatine / Darth Sidious: A former senator of Naboo and secretly a Sith Lord who has recently been elected Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic.
Samuel L. Jackson as Mace Windu: A Jedi Master sitting on the Jedi Council who warily watches the Galactic Senate's politics.
Christopher Lee as Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus: A former Jedi Master who now leads a Separatist movement and is Darth Sidious' new Sith apprentice.
Anthony Daniels as C-3PO: A protocol droid built by Anakin for his mother.
Daniels also plays Dannl Faytonni.[5][6]
Kenny Baker as R2-D2: An astromech droid often seen on missions with Anakin and Obi-Wan.
Frank Oz voices Yoda: The centuries-old Jedi Grand Master of an unknown species who, in addition to sitting on the Jedi Council, is the instructor for young Jedi.

text: Ahmed Best, Pernilla August, Oliver Ford Davies, Andy Secombe, Silas Carson and Liam Neeson reprise their roles as Jar Jar Binks, Shmi Skywalker, Sio Bibble, Watto, Nute Gunray and Qui-Gon Jinn, respectively from The Phantom Menace, with the latter returning in an uncredited voice role cameo while Silas Carson also portrayed Ki-Adi-Mundi, a member of the Jedi Council. Alethea McGrath portrays Jocasta Nu, the chief librarian of the Jedi Archives. Temuera Morrison portrays Jango Fett, a Mandalorian bounty hunter who provides his DNA to use for cloning purposes in the creation of the clone army. Jimmy Smits portrays Bail Organa, a senator of the Republic, and Jay Laga'aia portrays Captain Typho, the head of security for Padmé Amidala. Daniel Logan portrays a young Boba Fett, Jango's son, who is created from his "father"'s DNA. Leeanna Walsman portrays Zam Wesell, a shape-shifting Clawdite bounty hunter and partner of Jango's, who is given the task of assassinating Padmé. Jack Thompson portrays Cliegg Lars, a moisture farmer who freed and married Shmi, thus becoming the stepfather of Anakin Skywalker. Joel Edgerton and Bonnie Piesse appear as Owen Lars, the son of Cliegg Lars and stepbrother of Anakin Skywalker, and Beru Whitesun, Owen's girlfriend. Ayesha Dharker appears as Jamillia, the Queen of Naboo, and Rose Byrne and Verónica Segura appear as Dormé and Cordé, Padmé's handmaidens and the latter who serves as a decoy to the senator and is killed during an assassination attempt.

text: A large search for the new Anakin Skywalker was performed across the United States. Lucas auditioned various actors, mostly unknown, before casting Christensen. Among the many established actors who auditioned were Jonathan Brandis, Ryan Phillippe,[7] Colin Hanks,[8] and Paul Walker.[9] Leonardo DiCaprio also met with Lucas for the role, but was "definitely unavailable" according to DiCaprio publicist Ken Sunshine.[10] Co-star Natalie Portman later told Time magazine that Christensen "gave a great reading. He could simultaneously be scary and really young."[11]

text: Production[edit]

text: Writing[edit]

text: After the mixed critical response to The Phantom Menace, Lucas was hesitant to return to the writing desk. In March 2000, just three months before the start of principal photography, Lucas finally completed his rough draft for Episode II. Lucas continued to iterate on his rough draft, producing a proper first and second draft. For help with the third draft, which would later become the shooting script, Lucas brought on Jonathan Hales, who had written several episodes of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles for him, but had limited experience writing theatrical films. The final script was completed just one week before the start of principal photography.

text: As an in-joke, the film's working title was Jar Jar's Big Adventure, a sarcastic reference to the negative fan response to the Episode I character.[12]

text: In writing The Empire Strikes Back, Lucas initially decided that Lando Calrissian was a clone and came from a planet of clones which caused the "Clone Wars" mentioned by Obi-Wan Kenobi in A New Hope;[13][14] he later came up with an alternate concept of an army of clone shocktroopers from a remote planet which were used by the Republic as an army in the war that followed.[15]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography occurred between June 26, 2000 and September 20, 2000 at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney. Location shooting took place in the Tunisian desert, at the Plaza de España in Seville, London, China, Vancouver, San Diego, and Italy (Villa del Balbianello on Lake Como, and in the former royal Palace of Caserta). At his own personal request, Samuel L. Jackson's character Mace Windu received a lightsaber that emitted an amethyst glow, as opposed to traditional blue and green for "good guys" and red for "bad guys".[16] Reshoots were performed in March 2001. During this time, a new action sequence was developed featuring the droid factory after Lucas had decided that the film lacked a quick enough pace in the corresponding time-frame. The sequence's previsualization was rushed, and the live-action footage was shot within four and a half hours.[17] Because of Lucas' method of creating shots through various departments and sources that are sometimes miles and years apart from each other, Attack of the Clones became the first film ever to be produced through what Rick McCallum called "virtual filmmaking".[17]

text:
Like The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones furthered technological development, effectively moving Hollywood into the "digital age" with the use of the HDW-F900, developed by Sony and Panavision, a digital camera using an HD digital 24-frame system. This spawned controversy over the benefits and disadvantages of digital cinematography that continues as more filmmakers "convert" to digital filmmaking while many filmmakers oppose it. In contrast to previous installments, for which scenes were shot in the Tunisian desert in temperatures up to 125 °F (51 °C), the camera would still run without complications. Lucas had stated that he wished to film The Phantom Menace on this format but Sony was unable to build the cameras quickly enough.[18] In 2002, Attack of the Clones became the third film to be released that was shot entirely on a 24p digital camera (preceded by 2001's Jackpot and Vidocq).[19] The cameras record in the 16:9 HDCAM format (1080p), although the image was cropped to a 2.40:1 widescreen ratio. The area above and below the 2.40 extraction area was available for Lucas to reframe the picture as necessary in post-production.
Despite Lucas' efforts to persuade movie theaters to switch to digital projectors for viewing of Episode II, few theaters did.[20]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: The film relied almost solely on digital animatics as opposed to storyboards in order to previsualize sequences for editing early on in the film's production. While Lucas had used other ways of producing motion-based storyboards in the past, after The Phantom Menace the decision was made to take advantage of the growing digital technology.[17] The process began with Ben Burtt's creation of what the department dubbed as "videomatics", so called because they were shot on a household videocamera. In these videomatics, production assistants and relatives of the department workers acted out scenes in front of greenscreen. Using computer-generated imagery (CGI), the previsualization department later filled in the green screen with rough background footage. Burtt then cut together this footage and sent it off to Lucas for changes and approval. The result was a rough example of what the final product was intended to be. The previsualization department then created a finer version of the videomatic by creating an animatic, in which the videomatic actors, props, and sets were replaced by digital counterparts to give a more precise, but still rough, look at what would eventually be seen. The animatic was later brought on set and shown to the actors so that they could understand the concept of the scene they were filming in the midst of the large amount of bluescreen used. Unlike most of the action sequences, the Battle of Geonosis was not storyboarded or created through videomatics but was sent straight to animatics after the department received a small vague page on the sequence. The intent was to create a number of small events that would be edited together for pacing inside the finished film. The animatics department was given a free hand regarding events to be created within the animatic; Lucas only asked for good action shots that he could choose from and approve later.[17]

text: In addition to introducing the digital camera, Attack of the Clones emphasized "digital doubles" as computer-generated models that doubled for actors, in the same way that traditional stunt doubles did. It also furthered the authenticity of computer-generated characters by introducing a new, completely CGI-created version of the character Yoda. Rob Coleman and John Knoll prepared two tests featuring a CGI-animated Yoda using audio from The Empire Strikes Back. Yoda's appearance in Episode V also served as the reference point for the creation of the CGI Yoda; Lucas repeatedly stated to the animation department that "the trick" to the animation of the CGI Yoda was to make him like the puppet from which he was based, in order to maintain a flow of continuity. Frank Oz (voice and puppeteer for Yoda in the original trilogy and The Phantom Menace) was consulted; his main piece of advice was that Yoda should look extremely old, sore, and frigid.[21] Coleman later explained the process of making the digital Yoda like the puppet version, by saying "When Frank [Oz] would move the head, the ears would jiggle. If we hadn't put that in, it wouldn't look like Yoda."[22] Because of the acrobatics of the lightsaber fight between Count Dooku and Yoda, the then 78-year-old Christopher Lee relied on a stunt double to perform the most demanding scenes instead. Lee's face was superimposed onto the double's body in all shots other than close-ups, which he performed himself. Lucas often called the duel crucial to the animation department, as it had such potential to be humorous rather than dramatic.[21]

text: Music[edit]

text: The soundtrack to the film was released on April 23, 2002 by Sony Classical Records.[23] The music was composed and conducted by John Williams, and performed by the London Voices and London Symphony Orchestra.[24] The soundtrack recreates "The Imperial March" from the film The Empire Strikes Back for its first chronological appearance in Attack of the Clones, even though a hint of it appeared in the previous movie in one of the final scenes. A music video for the main theme "Across the Stars" was produced specifically for the DVD.[25]

text: On March 15, 2016, a limited edition vinyl version of the soundtrack was released. Only 1,000 copies were pressed initially.[26]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Lucas has noted that Palpatine's rise to power is very similar to that of Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany; as Chancellor of Germany, the latter was granted "emergency powers", as is Palpatine.[27] Comparisons have been made to Octavian – who became Augustus, the first emperor of Rome – and to Napoleon Bonaparte, who rose to power in France from 1796 to 1799. Octavian was responsible for the deaths of hundreds of political opponents well before he was granted tribunician powers; Bonaparte was appointed First Consul for life (and later Emperor) by the French Consulate after a failed attempt on his life and the subsequent coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799.[28] References to the American Civil War can also be discerned.[28]

text: English scholar Anne Lancashire describes Attack of the Clones as "thoroughly political in its narrative", to the point that interpersonal relations are made subordinate to the political drama that unfolds, and "a critique of the increasing role played by economic and political appetite in contemporary First World international politics in general". In this political drama, the Trade Federation, the former idealist Dooku and Palpatine "[represent] the economic and political greed and ambition (...) of the political and business classes", while the Jedi have become a force of aggression, and the cityscape of Coruscant has devolved into a dystopian environment that references 1982's Blade Runner.[28]

text: War journalism, combat films, and footage of World War II combat influenced the documentary-style camera work of the Battle of Geonosis, even to the point that hand-held shakes were digitally added to computer-generated sequences.[28]

text: The prequel trilogy films often refer to the original trilogy in order to help connect the films together. Lucas has often referred to the films as a long poem that rhymes.[29] Such examples include the line "I have a bad feeling about this", a phrase used in each film, and lightsaber duels which almost always occur over a pit. As with Attack of the Clones, The Empire Strikes Back was the middle film in a trilogy, and of the original trilogy films, The Empire Strikes Back is the object of the most references in Attack of the Clones. In both films, an asteroid field is the backdrop of a major star battle in the middle of the film. Obi-Wan escapes Jango Fett by attaching his spacecraft to an asteroid in order to disappear from the enemy sensors; Han Solo uses a similar tactic by attaching the Millennium Falcon to a Star Destroyer in The Empire Strikes Back. As a retcon, John Knoll confirms on the film's DVD commentary that Boba Fett, who would later catch Solo in the act in The Empire Strikes Back, "learned his lesson" from the events of Attack of the Clones.[27]

text: Release[edit]

text: After a teaser trailer premiered with the film Monsters, Inc.,[30] a new trailer for the film aired on the Fox Network on March 10, 2002 between Malcolm in the Middle and The X-Files,[31] and was made available on the official Star Wars web site the same day. The outplacement firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas from Chicago predicted before the film's release that U.S. companies could lose more than $319 million in productivity due to employees calling in sick and then heading to theaters to see the film.[32]

text: The film premiered as part of the inaugural Tribeca Film Festival at the BMCC Performing Arts Center, 199 Chambers St. in New York City[33] at a Sunday, May 12 set of screenings benefitting the Children's Aid Society, a charity supported by George Lucas.[34] Attack of the Clones was then screened out of competition at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival,[35] before getting a worldwide theatrical release on May 16, 2002. The film was also later released in IMAX theaters; the film had not been filmed for IMAX but was "up converted" with the digital remastering process. Because of the technical limitations of the IMAX projector, an edited, 120-minute version of the film was presented.[36]

text: Before the film's release, there was a string of controversies regarding copyright infringement. In 2000, an underground organization calling itself the Atlas Group, based in Perth, Western Australia offered a copy of the screenplay, with an asking price of US$100,000, to various fan sites and media organizations, including TheForce.Net. The scheme was subsequently reported to Lucasfilm Ltd. by the fan site.

text: An unauthorized copy was allegedly made at a private showing, using a digital recorder that was pointed at the screen. This copy spread over the internet, and analysts predicted up to a million fans would have seen the film before the day of its release.[37] In addition, authorities seized thousands of bootlegs throughout Kuala Lumpur before the film opened.[38]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones was released on DVD and VHS on November 12, 2002.  The DVD features an audio commentary from director George Lucas, producer Rick McCallum, editor and sound designer Ben Burtt, ILM animation director Rob Coleman, and ILM visual effects supervisors Pablo Helman, John Knoll, and Ben Snow. Eight deleted scenes are included along with multiple documentaries, which include a full-length documentary about the creation of digital characters and two others that focus on sound design and the animatics team. Three featurettes examine the storyline, action scenes, and love story, and a set of 12 short web documentaries cover the overall production of the film.[39]

text: The Attack of the Clones DVD also features a trailer for a mockumentary-style short film known as R2-D2: Beneath the Dome. Some stores offered the full mockumentary as an exclusive bonus disc for a small extra charge. The film gives an alternate look at the "life" of the droid R2-D2. The story, which Lucas approved, was meant to be humorous.[40]

text: The DVD was re-released in a prequel trilogy box set on November 4, 2008.[41]

text: The Star Wars films were released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on Blu-ray Disc on September 16, 2011 in three different editions.[42]

text: On April 7, 2015, Walt Disney Studios, 20th Century Fox, and Lucasfilm jointly announced the digital releases of the six released Star Wars films. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Attack of the Clones through the iTunes Store, Amazon Video, Vudu, Google Play, and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 10, 2015.[43]

text: 3D re-release[edit]

text: On September 28, 2010 (2010-09-28), it was announced that all six films in the series were to be stereo-converted to 3D, and re-released in chronological order beginning with The Phantom Menace which was released on February 10, 2012 (2012-02-10). Attack of the Clones was originally scheduled to be re-released in 3D on September 20, 2013 (2013-09-20),[44] but was postponed due to Lucasfilm's desire to focus on Star Wars: The Force Awakens.[45][46][47] However, the 3D presentation of the film was shown at Celebration Europe II in July 2013.[48]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 66% based on 245 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones benefits from an increased emphasis on thrilling action, although they're once again undercut by ponderous plot points and underdeveloped characters."[49] On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 54 out of 100, based on 39 critics, which indicates "mixed or average reviews".[50] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[51]

text: Numerous critics characterized the dialogue as "stiff" and "flat".[52] The acting was also disparaged by some critics.[53] Conversely, other critics felt fans would be pleased to see that Jar Jar Binks has only a minor role.[54] Additionally, Jar Jar's attempts at comic relief seen in The Phantom Menace were toned down; instead, C-3PO reprised some of his bumbling traditions in that role. McGregor referred to the swordplay in the film as "unsatisfactory" when comparing it to the climactic duel in Revenge of the Sith as it neared release.[55] ReelViews.net's James Berardinelli gave a positive review, saying "in a time when, more often than not, sequels disappoint, it's refreshing to uncover something this high-profile that fulfills the promise of its name and adds another title to a storied legacy."[56]

text: Roger Ebert, who had praised the previous Star Wars films, gave Episode II only two out of four stars, noting "[As] someone who admired the freshness and energy of the earlier films, I was amazed, at the end of Episode II, to realize that I had not heard one line of quotable, memorable dialogue." About Anakin and Padme's relationship, Ebert stated "There is not a romantic word they exchange that has not long since been reduced to cliché."[53] Leonard Maltin, who also liked all of the previous installments, only awarded two stars out of four to this endeavor as well, as seen in his Movie and Video Guide from the 2002 edition onward. Maltin cited an "overlong story" as reason for his dissatisfaction and added "Wooden characterizations and dialogue don't help."[57]

text: Following suit with the series' previous installments, the Academy Awards nominated Attack of the Clones' Rob Coleman, Pablo Helman, John Knoll, and Ben Snow for Best Visual Effects at the 2003 Academy Awards, but the award ultimately went to The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers.[58] Natalie Portman was also honored at the Teen Choice Awards,[59] and the film received an award for Best Fight at the MTV Movie Awards.[60] In contrast, the film also received seven nominations from the Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Picture, Worst Director (George Lucas), Worst Screenplay (George Lucas), Worst Supporting Actor (Hayden Christensen), Worst Supporting Actress (Natalie Portman), Worst Screen Couple (Hayden Christensen and Natalie Portman) and Worst Remake or Sequel.[61] It took home two awards for Worst Screenplay (George Lucas) and Worst Supporting Actor (Hayden Christensen).[62]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $310,676,740 in North America and $338,721,588 overseas for a worldwide total of $649,398,328. Though a huge financial success, it was nevertheless overshadowed by the even greater box-office success of The Phantom Menace three years earlier.[2] It was not the top grossing film of the year, either in North America (where it finished in third place) or worldwide (where it was fourth), the first time that a Star Wars film did not have this distinction. In North America it was outgrossed by Spider-Man and The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, both of which were more favourably received by critics. Worldwide, it was also outgrossed by Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, though Attack of the Clones performed better than The Chamber of Secrets in North America. Adjusted for inflation, Attack of the Clones is the lowest-performing live-action Star Wars film at the North American box office, though is still among the 100 highest-grossing films of all time when adjusted for inflation. It sold an estimated 52,012,300 tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[63]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipients and nominees

Result

Visual Effects Society[64]

February 19, 2003

Best Visual Effects in an Effects Driven Motion Picture

John Knoll, Ben Snow, Pablo Helman, Rob Coleman

Nominated

Best Character Animation in a Live Action Motion Picture

Rob Coleman, Hal Hickel, Chris Armstrong, James Tooley

Nominated

Best Matte Painting in a Motion Picture

Paul Huston, Yusei Uesugi, Jonathan Harb

Won

Best Models and Miniatures in a Motion Picture

Brian Gernand, Russell Paul, Geoff Campbell, Jean Bolte

Nominated

Best Visual Effects Photography in a Motion Picture

Patrick Sweeney, Marty Rosenberg, Carl Miller, Fred Meyers

Nominated

Best Effects Art Direction in a Motion Picture

Alex Jaeger, Doug Chiang, Erik Tiemens, Ryan Church

Nominated

text: Novelizations[edit]

text: Two novels based on the movie were published, a tie-in junior novel by Scholastic,[65] and a novelization written by R. A. Salvatore, which includes some unique scenes.[66] A four-issue comic book adaptation was written by Henry Gilroy and published by Dark Horse Comics.[67]

text: Sequel[edit]


document_title: Cerebral circulation

question_text: 4 arteries that supply blood to the brain

text: Cerebral circulation

text: Anatomy[edit]

text: Blood supply[edit]

text: Blood supply to the brain is normally divided into anterior and posterior segments, relating to the different arteries that supply the brain. The two main pairs of arteries are the Internal carotid arteries (supply the anterior brain) and vertebral arteries (supplying the brainstem and posterior brain).

text: The anterior and posterior cerebral circulations are interconnected via bilateral posterior communicating arteries. They are part of the Circle of Willis, which provides backup circulation to the brain. In case one of the supply arteries is occluded, the Circle of Willis provides interconnections between the anterior and the posterior cerebral circulation along the floor of the cerebral vault, providing blood to tissues that would otherwise become ischemic.[citation needed]

text: Anterior cerebral circulation[edit]

text: The anterior cerebral circulation is the blood supply to the anterior portion of the brain. It is supplied by the following arteries:

text:
Internal carotid arteries: These large arteries are the medial branches of the common carotid arteries in the neck which enter the skull, as opposed to the external carotid branches which supply the facial tissues. The internal carotid artery branches into the anterior cerebral artery and continues to form the middle cerebral artery
Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)

Anterior communicating artery: Connects both anterior cerebral arteries, within and along the floor of the cerebral vault.

Middle cerebral artery (MCA)

text: Posterior cerebral circulation[edit]

text: The posterior cerebral circulation is the blood supply to the posterior portion of the brain, including the occipital lobes, cerebellum and brainstem. It is supplied by the following arteries:

text:
Vertebral arteries: These smaller arteries branch from the subclavian arteries which primarily supply the shoulders, lateral chest and arms. Within the cranium the two vertebral arteries fuse into the basilar artery.

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

Basilar artery: Supplies the midbrain, cerebellum, and usually branches into the posterior cerebral artery

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
Pontine branches
Superior cerebellar artery (SCA)

Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
Posterior communicating artery

text: Venous drainage[edit]

text: The venous drainage of the cerebrum can be separated into two subdivisions: superficial and deep.

text: The superficial system is composed of dural venous sinuses, which have wall composed of dura mater as opposed to a traditional vein. The dural sinuses are, therefore located on the surface of the cerebrum. The most prominent of these sinuses is the superior sagittal sinus which flows in the sagittal plane under the midline of the cerebral vault, posteriorly and inferiorly to the confluence of sinuses, where the superficial drainage joins with the sinus that primarily drains the deep venous system. From here, two transverse sinuses bifurcate and travel laterally and inferiorly in an S-shaped curve that form the sigmoid sinuses which go on to form the two jugular veins. In the neck, the jugular veins parallel the upward course of the carotid arteries and drain blood into the superior vena cava.

text: The deep venous drainage is primarily composed of traditional veins inside the deep structures of the brain, which join behind the midbrain to form the vein of Galen. This vein merges with the inferior sagittal sinus to form the straight sinus which then joins the superficial venous system mentioned above at the confluence of sinuses.

text: Physiology[edit]

text: Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is the blood supply to the brain in a given period of time.[1] In an adult, CBF is typically 750 millilitres per minute or 15% of the cardiac output. This equates to an average perfusion of 50 to 54 millilitres of blood per 100 grams of brain tissue per minute.[2][3][4] CBF is tightly regulated to meet the brain's metabolic demands.[2][5] Too much blood (a condition known as hyperemia) can raise intracranial pressure (ICP), which can compress and damage delicate brain tissue. Too little blood flow (ischemia) results if blood flow to the brain is below 18 to 20 ml per 100 g per minute, and tissue death occurs if flow dips below 8 to 10 ml per 100 g per minute. In brain tissue, a biochemical cascade known as the ischemic cascade is triggered when the tissue becomes ischemic, potentially resulting in damage to and the death of brain cells. Medical professionals must take steps to maintain proper CBF in patients who have conditions like shock, stroke, cerebral edema, and traumatic brain injury.

text: Cerebral blood flow is determined by a number of factors, such as viscosity of blood, how dilated blood vessels are, and the net pressure of the flow of blood into the brain, known as cerebral perfusion pressure, which is determined by the body's blood pressure. Cerebral blood vessels are able to change the flow of blood through them by altering their diameters in a process called autoregulation; they constrict when systemic blood pressure is raised and dilate when it is lowered.[6] Arterioles also constrict and dilate in response to different chemical concentrations. For example, they dilate in response to higher levels of carbon dioxide in the blood and constrict to lower levels of carbon dioxide.[6]

text: For example, assuming a person with an arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) of 40 mmHg (normal range of 38 - 42 mmHg)[7] and a CBF of 50 ml per 100g per min. If the PaCO2 dips to 30 mmHg, this represents a 10 mmHg decrease from the initial value of PaCO2. Consequently, the CBF decreases by 1ml per 100g per min for each 1mmHg decrease in PaCO2, resulting in a new CBF of 40ml per 100g of brain tissue per minute. In fact, for each 1 mmHg increase or decrease in PaCO2, between the range of 20–60 mmHg, there is a corresponding CBF change in the same direction of approximately 1–2 ml/100g/min, or 2–5% of the CBF value.[8] This is why small alterations in respiration pattern can cause significant changes in global CBF, specially through PaCO2 variations.[8]

text: CBF is equal to the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) divided by the cerebrovascular resistance (CVR):[9]

text: Control of CBF is considered in terms of the factors affecting CPP and the factors affecting CVR. CVR is controlled by four major mechanisms:

text:
Metabolic control (or 'metabolic autoregulation')
Pressure autoregulation
Chemical control (by arterial pCO2 and pO2)
Neural control

tag: ol

text: Role of intracranial pressure[edit]

text: Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) causes decreased blood perfusion of brain cells by mainly two mechanisms:

text:
Increased ICP constitutes an increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure that, in turn, causes a decreased driving force for capillary filtration from intracerebral blood vessels.
Increased ICP compresses cerebral arteries, causing increased cerebrovascular resistance (CVR).

text: Cerebral perfusion pressure[edit]

text: Cerebral perfusion pressure, or CPP, is the net pressure gradient causing cerebral blood flow to the brain (brain perfusion). It must be maintained within narrow limits because too little pressure could cause brain tissue to become ischemic (having inadequate blood flow), and too much could raise intracranial pressure (ICP).

text: Imaging[edit]

text: Functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography are neuroimaging techniques that can be used to measure CBF. These techniques are also used to measure regional CBF (rCBF) within a specific brain region. rCBF at one location can be measured over time by thermal diffusion[10]


document_title: List of disasters by cost

question_text: how much money did the 2004 indian ocean tsunami cost

text: List of disasters by cost

text: This article is incomplete. Please help to improve it, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (September 2017)

text: Disasters can be particularly notable for the high costs associated with responding to and recovering from them. This page lists the estimated economic costs of relatively recent disasters.

text: The costs of disasters vary considerably depending on a range of factors, such as the geographical location where they occur. When a disaster occurs in a densely populated area in a wealthy country, the financial damage might be huge, but when a comparable disaster occurs in a densely populated area in a poorer country, the actual financial damage might be relatively small, in part due to a lack of insurance. For example, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, with a death toll of over 230,000 people, cost a 'mere' $15 billion,[1] whereas in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in which 11 people died, the damages were six-fold.

text: Note: All damage figures are listed in billions of United States dollars.

text:
List of disasters by cost

Cost in billions USD

Cost (2017-2018)[2]

Fatalities

Event

Type

Year

Nation

$360[3]

$411.3

15894

2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

Earthquake, Tsunami

2011

 Japan

$197[4]

$329.8

5502 – 6434

Great Hanshin earthquake

Earthquake

1995

 Japan

$148[5]

$176.4

87587

2008 Sichuan earthquake

Earthquake

2008

 China

$125[6]

$164.9

1245 – 1836

Hurricane Katrina

Tropical cyclone

2005

 United States

$125[6]

$129.5

107

Hurricane Harvey

Tropical cyclone

2017

 United States

≥$91.6[6]

≥$94.9

146 – 8498[7]

Hurricane Maria

Tropical cyclone

2017

North America (, , , others)

$68.7[6]

$76.3

233

Hurricane Sandy

Tropical cyclone

2012

North America (, , , others)

$64.8[6]

$66.5

134

Hurricane Irma

Tropical cyclone

2017

North America (, , , others)

$60 – $100[8]

$69.7 – $116.1

11

Deepwater Horizon oil spill

Contamination (Oil)

2010

 United States

$53.25[9]

$115.8

4800 – 17000

1988–89 North American drought

Drought

1988

 United States,  Canada

$49.6 – $56.1[10]

$53.3 – $60.3

104

2012–13 North American drought

Drought

2012

 United States,  Canada

$49[11]

$81

57

1994 Northridge earthquake

Earthquake

1994

 United States

$45.7[12]

$49.8

815

2011 Thailand floods

Flood

2011

 Thailand

$40[citation needed]

$115.5

2483 – 4900

1980 Irpinia earthquake

Earthquake

1980

 Italy

$40[citation needed][13]

$44.6

185

2011 Christchurch earthquake

Earthquake

2011

 New Zealand

$50 – $433[14]

$113 – ~$700

31 – 46

Chernobyl disaster

Contamination (Radiation)

1986

 Soviet Union (, )

$38[6]

$43.3

214

Hurricane Ike

Tropical cyclone

2008

North America (, , , others)

$28[15][16]

$36.2

68

2004 Chūetsu earthquake

Earthquake

2004

 Japan

$27.4[6]

$34.4

87

Hurricane Wilma

Tropical cyclone

2005

North America (, , , others)

$27.3[6]

$47.6

65

Hurricane Andrew

Tropical cyclone

1992

 United States

$26.1[6]

$33.9

124

Hurricane Ivan

Tropical cyclone

2004

North America (, , , others)

$21.8 – $135[17]

$30.2 – $186.9

2996

September 11 terrorist attacks

Terror attack

2001

 United States

$18.5[6]

$23.2

97 – 125

Hurricane Rita

Tropical cyclone

2005

 United States

$19.2

$24.6

110

2002 European floods

Flood

2002

Central Europe (, , , others)

$17.6[18]

$23.9

140

Cyclones Lothar and Martin

European windstorm

1999

Western Europe (, , , others)

$16.9[6]

$21.9

35

Hurricane Charley

Tropical cyclone

2004

North America (, , )

$15.8[19]

$17

27

2012 Northern Italy earthquakes

Earthquake

2012

 Italy

$15.1[20][21]

$15.4

603

Hurricane Matthew

Tropical cyclone

2016

North America (, , , others)

$15 – $20[22]

$25.6 – $34.1

47

Great Flood of 1993

Flood

1993

 United States

$15.0[23]

$28.8

197

Cyclones Daria, Vivian, and Wiebke

European windstorm

1990

Western Europe (, , , others)

$15[1]

$19.4

230000 – 280000

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

Earthquake, Tsunami

2004

Southeast Asia (, , , others)

$14.2[6]

$15.5

58

Hurricane Irene

Tropical cyclone

2011

North America (, , , others)

$12.9[24]

$14.7

138366

Cyclone Nargis

Tropical cyclone

2008

 Myanmar

$12.7[25]

$13.2

130

November 2015 Paris attacks

Terror attack

2015

 France

$11.6 – $18.9[26]

$17 – $27.7

17118 – 17127

1999 İzmit earthquake

Earthquake

1999

 Turkey

$10.4[27]

$11

12

Typhoon Fitow

Tropical cyclone

2013

 China

$10.2[10]

$11.1

348

2011 Super Outbreak

Tornado

2011

 United States

$10 – $15[28]

$10.3 – $15.4

13

2016 Louisiana floods

Flood

2016

 United States

$10[10]

$29.6

1700 – 10000

1980 United States heat wave

Drought

1980

 United States

$10[29]

$18

64

Typhoon Mireille

Tropical cyclone

1991

 Japan

$10[23]

$12.1

44

Cyclone Kyrill

European windstorm

2007

Western Europe (, , , others)

$10[10]

$11.3

16

June 2008 Midwest floods

Flood

2008

 United States

$9.8[6][30][31][32]

$12.7

50

Hurricane Frances

Tropical cyclone

2004

North America (, )

$9.5[6]

$18.7

60

Hurricane Hugo

Tropical cyclone

1989

North America (, , , others)

$9.5[33][34]

$9.7

2

2016 Fort McMurray Wildfire

Wildfire

2016

 Canada

$9.4[6]

$14.1

604

Hurricane Georges

Tropical cyclone

1998

North America (, , , others)

$9.4[35]

$9.4

44

October 2017 Northern California wildfires

Wildfire

2017

 United States

$9[36]

$11.7

28

Typhoon Songda

Tropical cyclone

2004

 Japan

$8.5[6]

$11.8

55

Tropical Storm Allison

Tropical cyclone

2001

 United States

8.3[6]

$9.5

153

Hurricane Gustav

Tropical cyclone

2008

North America (, , , others)

$8.1[37] – $14[38]

$9.2 – $16

100000 – 220000

2010 Haiti earthquake

Earthquake

2010

 Haiti

$7.9[6]

$10.3

3035

Hurricane Jeanne

Tropical cyclone

2004

North America (, , , others)

$7.13[39]

$7.4

196

Typhoon Rammasun

Tropical cyclone

2014

Southeast Asia (, , , others)

$7[40]

$13.8

0

Exxon Valdez oil spill

Contamination (Oil)

1989

North America (, )

$6.5[6]

$9.6

74

Hurricane Floyd

Tropical cyclone

1999

North America (, , )

$6.2[41]

$6.2

630

2017 Iran–Iraq earthquake

Earthquake

2017

 Iran Iraq

$6.2[42]

$7.1

789

Typhoon Morakot

Tropical cyclone

2009

Southeast Asia (, , , others)

$6.1[6]

$9.1

11374+

Hurricane Mitch

Tropical cyclone

1998

North America (, , , others)

$6.1[23]

$7

75

Cyclone Xynthia

European windstorm

2010

Southeastern Europe (, , , others)

$6.01[43]

$8.6

75

Typhoon Prapiroon

Tropical cyclone

2000

Southeast Asia (, , , others)

$6[23]

$7.01

26

Cyclone Klaus

European windstorm

2009

Southeastern Europe (, , , others)

$6[44]

$6.3

5

2013 Alberta floods

Flood

2013

 Canada

$5.6 – $6[citation needed]

$11 – $11.8

63

1989 Loma Prieta earthquake

Earthquake

1989

 United States

$5.5[23]

$7.1

24

Cyclone Gudrun

European windstorm

2005

North Europe (, , , others)

$5.5[6]

$7.3

51

Hurricane Isabel

Tropical cyclone

2003

 United States

$5[45]

$11.4

10000 – 35000

1985 Mexico City earthquake

Earthquake

1985

 Mexico

$5[46]

$7.9

284 – 590

Typhoon Herb

Tropical cyclone

1996

 China

$4.8

$6

101

Firenze flash flood

Flood

1966

 Italy

$4.7[6]

$7.6

63

Hurricane Opal

Tropical cyclone

1995

North America (, , , others)

$4.6[47][48][49]

$4.8

6329 – 7403

Typhoon Haiyan

Tropical cyclone

2013

Southeast Asia (, , , others)

$4.4[50]

$5.2

78

Cyclone Gonu

Tropical cyclone

2007

 Oman

$4.2[51]

$4.4

123

Hurricane Manuel

Tropical cyclone

2013

 Mexico

$4[23]

$8.8

22

Great Storm of 1987

European windstorm

1987

Western Europe (, , , others)

$3.1[6]

$5.4

6

Hurricane Iniki

Tropical cyclone

1992

 United States

$2 – $4[52]

$2 – $4

370

2017 Central Mexico earthquake

Earthquake

2017

 Mexico

$3.0[6]

$6.2

318

Hurricane Gilbert

Tropical cyclone

1988

North America (, , , others)

$2.9[10]

$3.1

22

June 2012 North American derecho

Severe storm

2012

 United States

$2.84 – $5

$3.21 – $7.23

2015 Sabah earthquake

earthquake

2015

 Malaysia

$2.8[53]

$3.1

158

2011 Joplin tornado

Tornado

2011

 United States

$2.68[54]

$3.7

29

AZF chemical plant explosion

Explosion

2001

 France

$2.5[10]

$2.5

2

2017 Montana wildfires

Drought, Wildfire

2017

 United States

$2.5[10]

$2.5

0

2017 Minneapolis hailstorm

Hailstorm

2017

 United States

$2.4

$2.5

20

2016 European floods

Flood

2016

Western Europe (, , , others)

$2.4

$3.2

6

Century flood of Rhône

Flood

2003

 France

$2.2[10]

$2.2

0

2017 Denver hailstorm

Hailstorm

2017

 United States

$2.1[10]

$2.1

0

Tornado outbreak of March 6–7, 2017

Tornado

2017

 United States

$2[55]

$2.2

33

Costa Concordia disaster

Maritime disaster

2012

 Italy

$1.7

$1.9

0

2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull

Volcano

2010

Europe (, , , others)

$1.4[56]

$1.4

44

Cyclone Winston

Tropical cyclone

2016

 Fiji

$1.24 – $2[57]

$1.7 – $2.7

15

Cedar Fire

Wildfire

2003

 United States

$1.1[58]

$3.8

0

Three Mile Island accident

Contamination (Radiation)

1979

 United States

$1.1

$3

57

1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

Volcano

1980

 United States

$1[59]

$2.3

22540

Armero tragedy

Volcano

1985

 Colombia

$0.8 – $1.1[60]

$3.6 – $4.9

71

Cyclone Tracy

Tropical cyclone

1975

 Australia

$0.8 – $1.3[61]

$0.9 – $1.4

0

2014 Paris Hailstorm

Hailstorm

2014

 France

$0.7[62]

$1.3

800

1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption

Volcano

1991

 Philippines

$0.7[63]

$0.8

1

2011 Slave Lake wildfire

Wildfire

2011

 Canada

$0.53 – $1

$0.8 – $1.4

23

2014-15 Malaysia floods

Flood

2014–15

 Malaysia

$0.2[citation needed]

$0.8

583

Tenerife airport disaster

Aviation disaster

1977

 Canary Islands