document_title: History of mobile phones

question_text: who made the first call on a cell phone

question_tokens: who made the first call on a cell phone

root

text: History of mobile phones

text: Predecessors[edit]

text: Before the devices existed that are now referred to as mobile phones or cell phones, there were some precursors. In 1908, a Professor Albert Jahnke and the Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone and Power Company claimed to have developed a wireless telephone. They were accused of fraud and the charge was then dropped, but they do not seem to have proceeded with production.[2] Beginning in 1918, the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military trains between Berlin and Zossen.[3] In 1924, public trials started with telephone connection on trains between Berlin and Hamburg. In 1925, the company Zugtelephonie AG was founded to supply train telephony equipment and, in 1926, telephone service in trains of the Deutsche Reichsbahn and the German mail service on the route between Hamburg and Berlin was approved and offered to first-class travelers.[4]

tag: p

text: Fiction anticipated the development of real world mobile telephones. In 1906, the English caricaturist Lewis Baumer published a cartoon in Punch magazine entitled "Forecasts for 1907" in which he showed a man and a woman in London's Hyde Park each separately engaged in gambling and dating on wireless telephony equipment.[5] Then, in 1926, the artist Karl Arnold created a visionary cartoon about the use of mobile phones in the street, in the picture "wireless telephony", published in the German satirical magazine Simplicissimus.[6]

text: The Second World War made military use of radio telephony links. Hand-held radio transceivers have been available since the 1940s. Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s. Early devices were bulky, consumed high power, and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations. Modern cellular networks allow automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice and data communications.

text: In the United States, engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles, leading to the inauguration of mobile service on 17 June 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri. Shortly after, AT&T offered Mobile Telephone Service. A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services offered limited coverage area and only a few available channels in urban areas. The introduction of cellular technology, which allowed re-use of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas covered by relatively low powered transmitters, made widespread adoption of mobile telephones economically feasible.

text: In the USSR, Leonid Kupriyanovich, an engineer from Moscow, in 1957-1961 developed and presented a number of experimental pocket-sized communications radio. The weight of one model, presented in 1961, was only 70 g and could fit on a palm.[7][8] However, in the USSR the decision at first to develop the system of the automobile "Altai" phone was made.[9]

text: In 1965, the Bulgarian company "Radioelektronika" presented a mobile automatic phone combined with a base station at the Inforga-65 international exhibition in Moscow. Solutions of this phone were based on a system developed by Leonid Kupriyanovich. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to 15 customers.[10]

text: The advances in mobile telephony can be traced in successive generations from the early "0G" services like MTS and its successor Improved Mobile Telephone Service, to first-generation (1G) analog cellular network, second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks, third-generation (3G) broadband data services to the state-of-the-art, fourth-generation (4G) native-IP networks.

text: Early services[edit]

text: MTS[edit]

text: In 1949, AT&T commercialized Mobile Telephone Service. From its start in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1946, AT&T introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948. Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000 customers placing about 30,000 calls each week. Calls were set up manually by an operator and the user had to depress a button on the handset to talk and release the button to listen. The call subscriber equipment weighed about 80 pounds (36 kg)[11]

text: Subscriber growth and revenue generation were hampered by the constraints of the technology. Because only three radio channels were available, only three customers in any given city could make mobile telephone calls at one time.[12] Mobile Telephone Service was expensive, costing 15 USD per month, plus 0.30 to 0.40 USD per local call, equivalent to about 176 USD per month and 3.50 to 4.75 per call in 2012 USD.[11]

text: In the UK, there was also a vehicle-based system called "Post Office Radiophone Service,"[13] which was launched around the city of Manchester in 1959, and although it required callers to speak to an operator, it was possible to be put through to any subscriber in Great Britain. The service was extended to London in 1965 and other major cities in 1972.

text: IMTS[edit]

text: AT&T introduced the first major improvement to mobile telephony in 1965, giving the improved service the obvious name of Improved Mobile Telephone Service. IMTS used additional radio channels, allowing more simultaneous calls in a given geographic area, introduced customer dialing, eliminating manual call setup by an operator, and reduced the size and weight of the subscriber equipment.[11]

text: Despite the capacity improvement offered by IMTS, demand outstripped capacity. In agreement with state regulatory agencies, AT&T limited the service to just 40,000 customers system wide. In New York City, for example, 2,000 customers shared just 12 radio channels and typically had to wait 30 minutes to place a call.[11]

text: Radio Common Carrier[edit]

text: Radio Common Carrier[14] or RCC was a service introduced in the 1960s by independent telephone companies to compete against AT&T's IMTS. RCC systems used paired UHF 454/459 MHz and VHF 152/158 MHz frequencies near those used by IMTS. RCC based services were provided until the 1980s when cellular AMPS systems made RCC equipment obsolete.

text: Some RCC systems were designed to allow customers of adjacent carriers to use their facilities,  but equipment used by RCCs did not allow the equivalent of modern "roaming" because technical standards were not uniform.  For example, the phone of an Omaha, Nebraska–based RCC service would not be likely to work in Phoenix, Arizona. Roaming was not encouraged, in part, because there was no centralized industry billing database for RCCs. Signaling formats were not standardized. For example, some systems used two-tone sequential paging to alert a mobile of an incoming call. Other systems used DTMF. Some used Secode 2805, which transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone (similar to IMTS signaling) to alert mobiles of an offered call. Some radio equipment used with RCC systems was half-duplex, push-to-talk LOMO equipment such as Motorola hand-helds or RCA 700-series conventional two-way radios. Other vehicular equipment had telephone handsets and rotary dials or pushbutton pads, and operated full duplex like a conventional wired telephone. A few users had full-duplex briefcase telephones (radically advanced for their day)

text: At the end of RCC's existence, industry associations were working on a technical standard that would have allowed roaming, and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enable operation with more than one of the common signaling formats (600/1500, 2805, and Reach). Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers.

text: Other services[edit]

text: In 1969 Penn Central Railroad equipped commuter trains along the 360 kilometres (220 mi) New York-Washington route with special pay phones that allowed passengers to place telephone calls while the train was moving.  The system re-used six frequencies in the 450 MHz band in nine sites.[12]

text:
In the UK, Channel Islands and elsewhere the "Rabbit" phone system was briefly used, being a hybrid of "cell" base stations and handsets. One major limitation was that you had to be less than 300 feet (closer with buildings) from a base due to power limitations on a portable device.
[15][better source needed]
With modern technology a similar variant is being considered for Apple's new 4G "smart watch" so they can be used in large events in a broadly similar way to a femtocell.

text: European mobile radio networks[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: In Europe, several mutually incompatible mobile radio services were developed.

text: In 1966 Norway had a system called OLT which was manually controlled. Finland's ARP, launched in 1971, was also manual as was the Swedish MTD. All were replaced by the automatic NMT, (Nordic Mobile Telephone) system in the early 1980s.

text: In July 1971 Readycall was introduced in London by Burndept after obtaining a special concession to break the Post Office monopoly to allow selective calling to mobiles of calls from the public telephone system. This system was available to the public for a subscription of £16 month. A year later the service was extended to two other UK towns.[16]

text: West Germany had a network called A-Netz launched in 1952 as the country's first public commercial mobile phone network. In 1972 this was displaced by B-Netz which connected calls automatically.

text: The cellular concept[edit]

text: In December 1947, Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles.[17]   At this stage, the technology to implement these ideas did not exist, nor had the frequencies been allocated.  Two decades would pass before Richard H. Frenkiel, Joel S. Engel and Philip T. Porter of Bell Labs expanded the early proposals into a much more detailed system plan. It was Porter who first proposed that the cell towers use the now-familiar directional antennas to reduce interference and increase channel reuse (see picture at right)[18] Porter also invented the dial-then-send method used by all cell phones to reduce wasted channel time.

text: In all these early examples, a mobile phone had to stay within the coverage area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call, i.e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved through several cell areas.  The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff, as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the late 1960s, in papers by Frenkiel and Porter. In 1970 Amos E. Joel, Jr., a Bell Labs engineer,[19] invented a "three-sided trunk circuit" to aid in the "call handoff" process from one cell to another.  His patent contained an early description of the Bell Labs cellular concept, but as switching systems became faster, such a circuit became unnecessary and was never implemented in a system.

text: A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973,[20] and a cellular telephone data signaling system was described in hipatitas by Hachenburg et al.[21]

text: Emergence of automated services[edit]

text: The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in Sweden in 1956. Named MTA (Mobiltelefonisystem A), it allowed calls to be made and received in the car using a rotary dial. The car phone could also be paged. Calls from the car were direct dial, whereas incoming calls required an operator to locate the nearest base station to the car. It was developed by Sture Laurén and other engineers at Televerket network operator. Ericsson provided the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget (SRA) and Marconi provided the telephones and base station equipment. MTA phones consisted of vacuum tubes and relays, and weighed 40 kilograms (88 lb). In 1962, an upgraded version called Mobile System B (MTB) was introduced. This was a push-button telephone, and used transistors and DTMF signaling to improve its operational reliability. In 1971 the MTD version was launched, opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success.[22][23] The network remained open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed.

text: In 1958 development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR.[24] The "Altay" national civil mobile phone service was based on Soviet MRT-1327 standard. The main developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications (VNIIS) and the State Specialized Project Institute (GSPI). In 1963 the service started in Moscow, and by 1970 was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR. Versions of the Altay system are still in use today as a trunking system in some parts of Russia.

text: In 1959 a private telephone company in Brewster, Kansas, USA, the S&T Telephone Company, (still in business today) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a private tower facility, offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of NW Kansas. This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard, and was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines, trucks, and automobiles. For some as yet unknown reason, the system, after being placed online and operated for a very brief time period, was shut down. The management of the company was immediately changed, and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in early 1960, not to be seen again.[citation needed]

text: In 1966, Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT-0,5 combined with a base station RATZ-10 (RATC-10) on Interorgtechnika-66 international exhibition. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to six customers ("Radio" magazine, 2, 1967; "Novosti dnya" newsreel, 37, 1966).

text: One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network in Finland, launched in 1971. Posthumously, ARP is sometimes viewed as a zero generation (0G) cellular network, being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage networks.[citation needed]

text: Handheld mobile phone[edit]

text: Prior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles.[19] Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone.  On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs, his rival.[25][26][27]  The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 1.1 kilograms (2.4 lb) and measured 23 by 13 by 4.5 centimetres (9.1 by 5.1 by 1.8 in). The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge.[28]

text: John F. Mitchell,[29][30][31] Motorola's chief of portable communication products and Cooper's boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell failed to push Motorola into developing wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone.[32][33]

text: The early generations[edit]

text: Newer technology has been developed and rolled out in a series of waves or generations. The "generation" terminology only became widely used when 3G was launched, but is now used retroactively when referring to the earlier systems.

text: 1G – Analogue cellular[edit]

text: First automatic analogue cellular systems deployed were NTT's system first used in Tokyo in 1979, later spreading to the whole of Japan, and NMT in the Nordic countries in 1981.

text: The first analogue cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS).[34] It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 13 October 1983, Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987. AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology, but it had several serious issues by modern standards. It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner; it was susceptible to cell phone "cloning" and it used a Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) scheme and required significant amounts of wireless spectrum to support.

text: On 6 March 1983, the DynaTAC 8000X mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech.  It cost $100m to develop, and took over a decade to reach the market.[35] The phone had a talk time of just thirty-five minutes and took ten hours to charge. Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life, weight, and low talk time, and waiting lists were in the thousands.[36][37]

text: Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008.

text: In February 1986 Australia launched its Cellular Telephone System by Telecom Australia. Peter Reedman was the first Telecom Customer to be connected on 6 January 1986 along with five other subscribers as test customers prior to the official launch date of 28 February.

text: 2G – Digital cellular[edit]

text: In the 1990s, the 'second generation' mobile phone systems emerged. Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market: the European developed GSM standard and the U.S. developed CDMA standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission, and also fast out-of-band phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones.

text: In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in Finland. In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America, though with some overlap. For example, the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In America the IS-54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels.

text:
In 1993, IBM Simon was introduced. This was possibly the world's first smartphone. It was a mobile phone, pager, fax machine, and PDA all rolled into one. It included a calendar, address book, clock, calculator, notepad, email, and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard.[38]  The IBM Simon had a stylus you used to tap the touch screen with. It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped. It had applications, or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA 1.8 MB memory card into the phone.[39]
Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger "brick" phones toward tiny 100–200 grams (3.5–7.1 oz) hand-held devices. This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy-efficient electronics, but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage. The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened, leading to increased battery life while on the move.

text: The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging. It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks. The first machine-generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person-to-person SMS sent in Finland. The advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice among the young, a trend which spread across all ages.

text: 2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998 the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone, launched by Finland's Radiolinja (now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising.

text: Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca-Cola vending machine and car parking. Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway. The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart.

text: The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999.

text: 3G – Mobile broadband[edit]

text: As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to use mobile phones in their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data (such as access to browse the internet) was growing. Further, experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever-increasing demand for greater data speeds. The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission.[40] In addition, the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology (2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example).

text: Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies, and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality. The standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to EV-DO, which made several additions to the protocol while retaining backwards compatibility:

text:
Introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2.45 Mbit/s to 3.1 Mbit/s
Protocols that would decrease connection establishment time
Ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot
Introduction of QoS flags

tag: ul

text: All these were put in place to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as VoIP.[41]

text: The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the US. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further eight commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard.

text: During the development of 3G systems, 2.5G systems such as CDMA2000 1x and GPRS were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks. These provide some of the features of 3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range of multimedia services. CDMA2000-1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit/s. Just beyond these is the EDGE system which in theory covers the requirements for 3G system, but is so narrowly above these that any practical system would be sure to fall short.

text: The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry: for the first time, media streaming of radio (and even television) content to 3G handsets became possible,[42]  with companies such as RealNetworks[43] and Disney[44] among the early pioneers in this type of offering.

text: In the mid-2000s (decade), an evolution of 3G technology began to be implemented, namely High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). It is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit/s.

text: By the end of 2007, there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms services generated over $120 billion of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation.

text: Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet, it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s (decade) that specialized devices appeared to access the mobile web. The first such devices, known as "dongles", plugged directly into a computer through the USB port. Another new class of device appeared subsequently, the so-called "compact wireless router" such as the Novatel MiFi, which makes 3G Internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi-Fi, rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug-in.

text: Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow. Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi wasn't needed. Instead, the SIM card could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services. Such 3G-capable laptops became commonly known as "netbooks". Other types of data-aware devices followed in the netbook's footsteps. By the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the Amazon Kindle and the Nook from Barnes & Noble, had already become available with embedded wireless Internet, and Apple had announced plans for embedded wireless Internet on its iPad tablet devices later that year.

text: 4G – Native IP networks[edit]

text: By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media.[45] Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U.S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera.

text: One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over Internet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP.[46]

text: Mobile device charger standards[edit]

text:
USB power standards for mobile charger

Port

Current

Voltage

Power (max)

Micro-USB

500 mA
5 V
2.5 W

1 A
5 V
5 W

2 A
5 V
10 W

Type-C[47]

100 mA to 3 A
5 V
15 W

1.7 A to 3 A
9 V
27 W

1.8 A to 3 A
15 V
45 W

2.25 A to 5 A
20 V
100 W

text: Before a universal charger standard was agreed upon in the late 2000s users needed an adaptor which was often the same brand as their phone to recharge the battery.

text: In China[edit]

text: As of  14 June 2007[update], all new mobile phones applying for a license in China are required to use a USB port as a power port for battery charging.[48][49] This was the first standard to use the convention of shorting D+ and D−.[50]

text: OMTP/GSMA Universal Charging Solution[edit]

text: In September 2007, the Open Mobile Terminal Platform group (a forum of mobile network operators and manufacturers such as Nokia, Samsung, Motorola, Sony Ericsson, and LG) announced that its members had agreed on Micro-USB as the future common connector for mobile devices.[51][52]

text: The GSM Association (GSMA) followed suit on 17 February 2009,[53][53][54][55][56] and on 22 April 2009, this was further endorsed by the CTIA – The Wireless Association,[57] with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its "energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution," and added: "Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating—up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger."[58]

text: EU smartphone power supply standard[edit]

text: In June 2009, many of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an EC-sponsored Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), agreeing to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply (common EPS). The EU's common EPS specification (EN 62684:2010) references the USB Battery Charging Specification and is similar to the GSMA/OMTP and Chinese charging solutions.[59][60] In January 2011, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) released its version of the (EU's) common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011.[61]

text: Satellite mobile[edit]

text: As well as the now-common cellular phone, there is also the very different approach of connecting directly from the handset to an Earth-orbiting satellite. Such mobile phones can be used in remote areas out of reach of wired networks or where construction of a cellular network is uneconomic.

text: The Inmarsat system is the oldest, originally developed in 1979 for safety of life at sea, and uses a series of satellites in geostationary orbits to cover the majority of the globe. Several smaller operators use the same approach with just one or two satellites to provide a regional service. An alternative approach is to use a series of low Earth orbit satellites much closer to Earth. This is the basis of the Iridium and Globalstar satellite phone services.


document_title: India national cricket team record by opponent

question_text: test playing nation that india has never beaten in t20 match

text: Key[edit]

text:
Key for the tables

Symbol
Meaning

M
Number of matches played

W
Number of matches won

L
Number of matches lost

T
Number of matches tied

D
Number of matches ended in a draw

NR
Number of matches ended with no result

Tie+W
Number of matches tied and then won in a tiebreaker such as a bowl-out or Super Over

Tie+L
Number of matches tied and then lost in a tiebreaker such as a bowl-out or Super Over

Win%
Percentage of games won to those played[C]

Loss%
Percentage of games lost to those played[C]

Draw%
Percentage of games drawn to those played[C]

First
Year of the first match played by India against the country

Last
Year of the last match played by India against the country

text: Test cricket[edit]

text:
India's Test cricket record by opponent[15]

Opponent
M
W
L
T
D
Win%
Loss%
Draw%
First
Last

 Australia
94
26
41
1
26
27.65
43.61
27.65
1947
2017

 Bangladesh
9
7
0
0
2
77.77
0.00
22.22
2000
2017

 England
117
25
43
0
49
21.36
36.75
41.88
1932
2016

 New Zealand
57
21
10
0
26
36.84
17.54
45.61
1955
2016

 Pakistan
59
9
12
0
38
15.25
20.33
64.40
1952
2007

 South Africa
33
10
13
0
10
30.30
39.39
30.30
1992
2015

 Sri Lanka
41
19
7
0
15
46.34
17.07
36.58
1982
2017

 West Indies
94
18
30
0
46
19.14
31.91
48.93
1948
2016

 Zimbabwe
11
7
2
0
2
63.63
18.18
18.18
1992
2005

Total[5]
515
142
158
1
214
27.57
30.67
41.55
1932
2017

text: One Day International[edit]

text:
India's One Day International record by opponent[16]

Opponent
M
W
L
T
NR
Win%
First
Last

 Afghanistan
1
1
0
0
0
100.00
2014
2014

 Australia
128
45
73
0
10
38.13
1980
2017

 Bangladesh
33
27
5
0
1
84.37
1988
2017

 Bermuda
1
1
0
0
0
100.00
2007
2007

 East Africa
1
1
0
0
0
100.00
1975
1975

 England
96
52
39
2
3
56.98
1974
2017

 Hong Kong
1
1
0
0
0
100.00
2008
2008

 Ireland
3
3
0
0
0
100.00
2007
2015

 Kenya
13
11
2
0
0
84.61
1996
2004

 Namibia
1
1
0
0
0
100.00
2003
2003

 Netherlands
2
2
0
0
0
100.00
2003
2011

 New Zealand
101
51
44
1
5
53.64
1975
2017

 Pakistan
129
52
73
0
4
41.60
1978
2017

 Scotland
1
1
0
0
0
100.00
2007
2007

 South Africa
77
29
45
0
3
39.18
1991
2017

 Sri Lanka
155
88
55
1
11
61.45
1979
2017

 United Arab Emirates
3
3
0
0
0
100.00
1994
2015

 West Indies
121
56
61
1
3
47.88
1979
2017

 Zimbabwe
63
51
10
2
0
82.53
1983
2016

Total[8]
930
476
407
7
40
53.87
1974
2017

text: Twenty20 International[edit]

text:
India's Twenty20 International record by opponent[17]

Opponent
M
W
L
T
Tie+W
Tie+L
NR
Win%
First
Last

 Afghanistan
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
100.00
2010
2012

 Australia
16
10
5
0
0
0
1
66.66
2007
2017

 Bangladesh
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
100.00
2009
2016

 England
11
5
6
0
0
0
0
45.45
2007
2017

 Ireland
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
100.00
2009
2009

 New Zealand
9
2
6
0
0
0
1
25.00
2007
2017

 Pakistan
8
6
1
0
1
0
0
81.25
2007
2016

 Scotland
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1 !—
2007
2007

 South Africa
11
6
4
0
0
0
1
60.0
2006
2015

 Sri Lanka
11
7
4
0
0
0
0
63.63
2009
2017

 United Arab Emirates
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
100.00
2016
2016

 West Indies
8
2
5
0
0
0
1
28.57
2009
2017

 Zimbabwe
7
5
2
0
0
0
0
71.42
2010
2016

Total[14]
91
52
33
0
1
0
5
61.04
2006
2017

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Madras Cricket Club Ground was later renamed M. A. Chidambaram Stadium.
Jump up ^ India were the joint-champion with Sri Lanka in the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy.[10]
^ Jump up to: a b c Games that did not have a result are not taken into consideration while calculating the result percentage. Ties are counted as half a win.

tag: ol


document_title: Chicken Little (2005 film)

question_text: who voices the ugly duckling in chicken little

text: Chicken Little (2005 film)

text: Plot

text: In the small town of Oakey Oaks, Chicken Little rings the school bell and warns everyone to run for their lives. This sends the whole town into a frenzied panic. Eventually, the Head of the Fire Department calms down enough to ask him what's going on, and he explains that a piece of the sky shaped like a stop sign had fallen on his head when he was sitting under the big oak tree in the town square; however, he is unable to find the piece. His father, Buck Cluck, assumes that this "piece of sky" was just an acorn that had fallen off the tree and had hit him on the head, making Chicken Little the laughing stock of the town.

text: A year later, Chicken Little has become infamous in the town for being crazy. His only friends are outcasts like himself: Abby Mallard (who has a crush on him), Runt of the Litter (who ironically is extremely large), and Fish Out of Water (who wears a helmet full of tap water).

text: Trying to help, Abby encourages Chicken Little to talk to his father, but he really only wants to make his dad proud of him. As a result, he joins his school's baseball team in an attempt to recover his reputation and his father's pride, but is made last until the ninth inning of the last game. Chicken Little is reluctantly called to bat by the coach (even though the coach is certain that he will lose the game for them). Little is able to hit the ball and make it past first, second, and third bases, but is met at home plate by the outfielders. He tries sliding onto home plate but is touched by the ball. While it's presumed he lost the game, the umpire brushes away the dust to reveal Chicken Little's foot barely touching home plate, thus declaring Little safe and the game won; Little is hailed as a hero for winning the pennant.

text: Later that night back at home, he is hit on the head by the same "piece of the sky" — only to find out that it is not a piece of the sky, but a device which blends into the background (which would thereby explain why Chicken Little was unable to find it last time). He calls his friends over to help figure out what it is.

text: When Fish pushes a button on the back of the hexagon, it flies into the sky, taking Fish with it. It turns out to be part of the camouflage of an invisible UFO. Chicken Little manages to ring the bell to warn everyone, but the aliens see the crowds coming and manage to escape, leaving an orange alien child behind. No one believes the story of the alien invasion, and Chicken Little is ridiculed yet again... until the next day. He and his friends discover the orange alien, and a few minutes later a whole fleet of alien ships descends on the town and start what appears to be an invasion. The invasion is actually a misunderstanding, as the two aliens are looking for their lost child and attack only out of concern. As the aliens rampage throughout Oakey Oaks, vaporizing everything in their path, Little realizes he must return the alien to his parents to save the planet. First, though, he must confront his father and regain his trust.

text: In the invasion, Buck, now regaining his pride and trust in his son, defends him from the aliens until they get vaporized. It is then discovered that the aliens weren't vaporizing people, but the ray guns had teleported them aboard the UFO. Afterwards, the aliens return everything to normal (except Foxy Loxy, whose brain got scrambled, turning her into a Southern belle, and as a result, Runt falls for her), and everyone is grateful for Chicken Little's efforts to save the town.

text: Cast

text:
Zach Braff as Chicken Little, a young and diminutive rooster who suffers under the reputation for being crazy since he caused a panic saying the sky was falling.
Joan Cusack as Abigail "Abby" Mallard (also known as the Ugly Duckling), a female duck (implied swan) with buckteeth. She takes a generally optimistic approach to life. Unfortunately, she is often teased by Foxy for her appearance. She is Chicken Little's best friend, and by the end, his girlfriend.
Dan Molina as Fish Out of Water, a goldfish with a scuba helmet filled with water who lives on the surface. He makes gurgling sounds, cannot speak properly and acting out what he feels. He is not very shy around others and he will perform brave stunts without fear.
Steve Zahn as Runt of the Litter, a large pig with a huge heart who is much larger than the other children, but is far smaller than the other massive members of his family. Runt is easily frightened, anxious, and prone to panic.
Garry Marshall as Buck "Ace" Cluck, Chicken Little's widowed father and a former high school baseball star.
Amy Sedaris as Foxy Loxy, a mean, young fox who is a baseball star and the "hometown hero". She is also a tomboy and one of the "popular kids" at school. In the original fable as well as the 1943 short film, Foxy is a male fox.
Mark Walton as Goosey Loosey, a dim-witted goose and Foxy Loxy's best friend and henchwoman.
Don Knotts as Turkey Lurkey, a turkey and the mayor of Oakey Oaks, who is friendly and sensible, but not very bright.
Sean Elmore, Matthew Michael Joston, and Evan Dunn as Kirby, an energetic and hyper alien child.
Fred Willard as Melvin, Kirby's father and Tina's husband.
Catherine O'Hara as Tina, Kirby's mother and Melvin's wife.
Mark Dindal as Morkubine Porcupine, one of the cool kids. Dindal also provides the voice of Coach in the film.
Patrick Stewart as Mr. Woolensworth, the class' sheep language teacher.
Wallace Shawn as Principal Fetchit, the school's principal.
Patrick Warburton as Alien Cop
Adam West as Ace - Hollywood Chicken Little
Harry Shearer as Dog Announcer, the baseball announcer at Chicken Little's school and a news reporter for Oakey Oaks.

text: Production

text: Writing

text: In September 2001, director Mark Dindal developed the idea for Chicken Little, with its title character envisioned as an overreacting, doom and gloomy female chicken, that went to summer camp to build confidence so she wouldn't overreact, as well as repair her relationship with her father. At the summer camp, she would uncover a nefarious plot that her camp counselor, who was to be voiced by Penn Jillette, was planning against her hometown.[7] Dindal would later pitch his idea to Michael Eisner who suggested it would be better to change Chicken Little into a male because as Dindal recalled, "if you're a boy and you're short, you get picked on."[8]

text: In January 2003, when David Stainton became Disney's new president of Walt Disney Feature Animation, he decided the story needed a different approach, and told the director the script had to be revised, and during the next three months, it was rewritten into a tale of a boy, trying to save his town from space aliens.[9]

text: During the rewriting process, Dindal, along with three credited writers and nine others, threw out twenty-five scenes to improve the character development and add more emotional resonance with the parent-child relationship. Dindal admitted that "It took us about 2½ years to pretty much get back to where we started... But in the course of that, the story got stronger, more emotional, and funnier, too."[9][10]

text: Casting

text: When originally envisioned as a female character, Holly Hunter provided the voice for the title character for eight months, until it was decided for Chicken Little to be a male.[7] Against forty actors competing for the title role, Zach Braff auditioned where Dindal noted he "pitched his voice slightly to sound like a junior high kid. Right there, that was really unique — and then he had such great energy."[11]

text: In April 2002, Variety reported that Sean Hayes was to voice a character named the Ugly Duckling,[12] but the character was rewritten into a female.[13] Now conceived as Abby Mallard, Hunter, Jamie Lee Curtis, Sarah Jessica Parker, Jodie Foster, Geena Davis, and Madonna were considered, but Joan Cusack won the role for her natural comedy.[14] In December 2003, it was announced Braff and Cusack were cast, along with other cast members including Steve Zahn, Amy Sedaris, Don Knotts, Katie Finneran, and Garry Marshall.[15]

text: Marshall was asked to provide a voice for Kingdom of the Sun, which was re-conceived into The Emperor's New Groove and directed by Dindal, but was removed from the project for being "too New York".[10] When he was approached to provide the voice for Buck Cluck, Marshall claimed "I said I don't do voices. You want a chicken that talks like me, fine. So they hired me and they didn't fire me, and it was like a closure on animation."[16]

text: Animation

text: To visualize this story, Disney selected 50 percent of its new CGI animation team from its 2D animation staff, and placed them through a rigorous eighteen-month training program, which included an introductory to Alias's Maya that would serve as the main 3D animation software used on the project. As some of the animators had worked on Dinosaur (2000), which used live-action backgrounds,[17] the animation team took inspiration for its staging, coloring, and theatrical lighting from Mary Blair's background designs featured in Peter Pan (1953), and Alice in Wonderland (1951).

text: For the aesthetics in the background designs, the background layout artists sparingly use digital matte paintings to render out the naturalistic elements, including the trees and the baseball diamond, but they were retouched using Adobe Photoshop as background cards featured in the film.[18] The lighting department would utilize the "Lumiere" software to enhance virtual lighting for the shading form and depth and geometric rendering for the characters' shadows,[19] as well as use real lighting to create cucaloris.[18]

text: For the characters' designs and animation style, Dindal sought to capture the "roundness" as seen in the Disney animated works from the 1940s to 1950s,[18] by which the characters' fluidity of motion was inspired from the Goofy cartoon How to Play Baseball (1942).[18] Under visual effects supervisor Steve Goldberg who spearheaded the department, the Maya software included the software program "Shelf Control" that provided an outline of characters that can be viewed on screen and provided a direct link to the controls for specific autonomy, as well as new electronic tablet screens were produced that allowed for the artists to draw digital sketches of the characters to rough out their movements, which was then transferred to the 3D characters.[19]

text: All of the characters were constructed using geometric polygons.[18] For the title character, there was approximately fourteen to fifteen character designs before settling the design composed of an ovular egghead shape with oversized glasses. The final character was constructed of 5,600 polygons, 700 muscles, and more than 76,000 individual feathers, of which 55,000 are placed on his head.[16]

text: Following the casting of Braff, supervising animator Jason Ryan adapted Braff's facial features during recording sessions to better combine the dorkiness and adorability the filmmakers desired. "He's got this really appealing face and eye expressions," Ryan said, adding that he was amazed by Braff's natural vocal abilities.[11] Next, the animators would utilize the software program "Chicken Wire", where digital wire deformers were provided for the animators to manipulate the basic geometric shapes to get their desired facial features. Lastly, a software development team constructed XGen, a computer software program for texturing the hair, cloth, feathers, and leaves.[19]

text: Release

text: The film was originally scheduled for release on July 1, 2005,[20] but on December 7, 2004, its release date was pushed back to November 4, 2005, the release date that was originally slated for Disney/Pixar's Cars.[21][22] The release date change was also the day before DreamWorks Animation changed the release date of Shrek the Third, from November 2006 to May 2007.[23] Cars was later released on June 9, 2006.

text: At the time of the release of Chicken Little, the co-production deal between Disney and Pixar was set to expire with the release of Cars in 2006. The end result of the contentious negotiations between Disney and Pixar was viewed to depend heavily on how Chicken Little performed at the box office. If successful, the film would have given Disney leverage in its negotiations for a new contract to distribute Pixar's films. A failure would have allowed Pixar to argue that Disney could not produce CGI films.[24]

text: On October 30, 2005, the film premiered at the El Capitan Theater, with the cast and filmmakers as attendees, which was followed with a ballroom bash at the Hollywood and Highland Center.[25][26] Along with its standard theatrical release, the film was the first Disney in-house release to be rendered in Disney Digital 3D, that was produced by Industrial Light & Magic, and exhibited via Dolby Digital Cinema servers at approximately 100 selected theaters in twenty five top markets.[27]

text: Marketing

text: Accompanied with the theatrical release, Disney Consumer Products released a series of plush items, toys, activity sets, keepsakes and apparel.[28]

text: Home video release

text: Chicken Little was first released on DVD on March 21, 2006, in a single disc edition.[29] The DVD contained the film accompanied with deleted scenes, three alternate openings, a making-of featurette, an interactive game, a karaoke sing along, two music videos, and animation test footage of the female Chicken Little.[30][31] The DVD sold over 2.7 million DVD units during its first week accumulating $48 million in consumer spending. Overall, consumer spending on its initial home video release grossed $142.6 million.[32] The film was released for the first time on Blu-ray on March 20, 2007, and contained new features not included on the DVD. A 3D Blu-ray version was released on November 8, 2011.[33]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: In its opening weekend, Chicken Little debuted at #1, being the first Disney animated film to do so since Dinosaur, taking $40 million and tying with The Lion King as the largest opener for a Disney animated film.[34] It also managed to claim #1 again in its second week of release, earning $31.7 million, beating Sony's sci-fi family film, Zathura.[35] The film grossed $135,386,665 in North America, and $179,046,172 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $314,432,837.[4]

text: This reversed the slump that the company had been facing since 2000, during which time it released several films that underperformed, most notably Treasure Planet (2002) and Home on the Range (2004). However, these films received better critical reception.[36][37]

text: Critical reaction

text: Critical response aggregator, Rotten Tomatoes, reports that 36% of 159 surveyed critics gave positive reviews; the average score is 5.5/10. The critical consensus states: "In its first non–Pixar CGI venture, Disney expends more effort in the technical presentation, than in crafting an original storyline."[38] Another review aggretator, Metacritic, gave the film an average score of 48 based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[39] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[40]

text: James Berardinelli, writing his review for ReelViews, gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four lambasting that "It is bogged down by many of the problems that have plagued Disney's recent traditional animated features: anonymous voice work, poor plot structure, and the mistaken belief that the Disney brand will elevate anything to a "must see" level for viewers starved for family friendly fare."[41] On the syndicated television program Ebert & Roeper, critics Richard Roeper and Roger Ebert gave the film "Two Thumbs Down" with the former saying "I don't care whether the film is 2-D, 3-D, CGI, or hand-drawn, it all goes back to the story."[42]

text: In his print review featured in the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert stated the problem was the story, and wrote "As a general rule, if a movie is not about baseball or space aliens, and you have to use them, anyway, you should have started with a better premise." Ebert concluded his review with "The movie did make me smile. It didn't make me laugh, and it didn't involve my emotions, or the higher regions of my intellect, for that matter. It's a perfectly acceptable feature cartoon for kids up to a certain age, but it doesn't have the universal appeal of some of the best recent animation."[43]

text: Writing in The New York Times, film critic A.O. Scott stated the film is "a hectic, uninspired pastiche of catchphrases and clichés, with very little wit, inspiration or originality to bring its frantically moving images to genuine life."[44] Entertainment Weekly film reviewer Lisa Schwarzbaum, who graded the film a C, wrote that the "banality of the acorns dropped in this particular endeavor, another in a new breed of mass-market comedy that substitutes self-reference for original wit and pop songs for emotional content."[45]

text: However, Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film a positive review saying the film was "shiny and peppy, with some solid laughs and dandy vocal performances".[46] The Hollywood Reporter film critic Michael Rechtshaffen opined that "While some half-hatched plotting prevents it from approaching the sublime levels of a Toy Story or The Incredibles, the picture zips along quite agreeably with a zany energy and vividly rendered, terrifically voiced, madcap characters.[47]

text: Angel Cohn of TV Guide gave the film 3 stars alluding the film that would "delight younger children with its bright colors and constant chaos, while adults are likely to be charmed by the witty banter, subtle one liners, and a sweet father son relationship."[48] Peter Rainer, writing in The Christian Science Monitor, graded the film with a A- applauding that the "visuals are irrepressibly witty and so is the script, which morphs from the classic fable into a spoof on War of the Worlds. I prefer this version to Spielberg's."[49]

text: Soundtrack

text:
Chicken Little

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
November 1, 2005

Genre
Rock, pop, R&B, film score

Length
39:05

Label
Walt Disney

Producer
John Debney

Walt Disney Animation Studios chronology

Home on the Range
(2004)Home on the Range2004
Chicken Little
(2005)
Meet the Robinsons
(2007)Meet the Robinsons2007

text: The soundtrack album contains original score composed and produced by John Debney, with a music by a wide range of artists, some musical veterans, such as Patti LaBelle and Diana Ross, as well as others.[50] Uniquely for a Disney animated film, several of the songs are covers of classic popular songs, such as Elton John and Kiki Dee's "Don't Go Breaking My Heart", Carole King's "It's Too Late", and the Spice Girls' signature hit "Wannabe". The soundtrack was released on November 1, 2005, by Walt Disney Records.[50]

text: Track listing

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Stir It Up"
Joss Stone and Patti LaBelle
3:42

2.
"One Little Slip"
Barenaked Ladies
2:53

3.
"Shake a Tail Feather"
The Cheetah Girls
3:05

4.
"All I Know"
Five for Fighting
3:25

5.
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough"
Diana Ross
3:28

6.
"It's the End of the World as We Know It (And I Feel Fine)"
R.E.M.
4:04

7.
"We Are the Champions"
Zach Braff
0:38

8.
"Wannabe"
Joan Cusack and Steve Zahn
0:50

9.
"Don't Go Breaking My Heart"
The Chicken Little Cast
1:53

10.
"The Sky Is Falling" (score)
John Debney
2:49

11.
"The Big Game" (score)
John Debney
4:04

12.
"Dad Apologizes" (score)
John Debney
3:14

13.
"Chase to Cornfield" (score)
John Debney
2:00

14.
"Dodgeball" (score)
John Debney
1:15

15.
"Driving with Dad" (score)
John Debney
1:45

Total length:
39:05

text: Video games

text: Chicken Little spawned two video games. The first, Chicken Little, is an action-adventure video game released for Xbox on October 18, 2005 by Buena Vista Games. Two days later it was released for PlayStation 2, Nintendo GameCube and Game Boy Advance (October 20, 2005), and later Microsoft Windows (November 2, 2005). Chicken Little for Game Boy Advance was developed by A2M, while BVG's recently acquired development studio, Avalanche Software, developed the game for the consoles.[51]

text: The second video game, Disney's Chicken Little: Ace in Action, is a multi-platform video game, for the Wii, Nintendo DS, Xbox, and PlayStation 2 inspired by the "superhero movie within the movie" finale of the film. It features Ace, the superhero alter ego of Chicken Little, and the Hollywood versions of his misfit band of friends: Runt, Abby and Fish-Out-of-Water.

text: Chicken Little appears as a summon gem in the video game Kingdom Hearts II.[52]

text: Cancelled sequel

text: DisneyToon Studios originally planned to make a direct-to-video sequel to Chicken Little, tentatively titled Chicken Little 2: The Ugly Duckling Story.[53] Directed by Klay Hall, the story would involve Chicken Little in the middle of a love triangle between his childhood sweetheart, Abby Mallard, and a very attractive newcomer, Raffaela, a French sheep. Being at a great disadvantage, Abby would go to great lengths to give herself a makeover. According to Tod Carter, a story artist on the film, early screenings of the story reel were very well received, prompting Disney to think about increasing the budget, in order to match the production quality with the quality of the story.[54] Soon after 2006, when John Lasseter became Walt Disney Animation Studios' new chief creative officer, he called for all sequels and future sequels that DisneyToon had planned to be cancelled.[53] According to Carter, this was a reaction to the sales figures for current projects and the overall market, adding: "The executives didn't feel that the original film had a wide enough market to draw upon to support the sequel."[54]


document_title: 2018 U.S. Figure Skating Championships

question_text: who won the us men's figure skating

question_tokens: who won the us men 's figure skating

text: 2018 U.S. Figure Skating Championships

text: Qualifying[edit]

text: Competitors qualified at regional and sectional competitions held from October to November 2017 or earned a bye.

text:
Date
Event
Type
Location
Results

October 4–8, 2017
North Atlantic
Regional
Hackensack, New Jersey
[2]

October 4–8, 2017
Upper Great Lakes
Regional
Blaine, Minnesota
[3]

October 11–15, 2017
Northwest Pacific
Regional
Eugene, Oregon
[4]

October 11–15, 2017
South Atlantic
Regional
Aston, Pennsylvania
[5]

October 11–15, 2017
Southwestern
Regional
Fort Collins, Colorado
[6]

October 11–15, 2017
Southwest Pacific
Regional
Ontario, California
[7]

October 18–22, 2017
New England
Regional
Westborough, Massachusetts
[8]

October 18–22, 2017
Eastern Great Lakes
Regional
Antioch, Tennessee
[9]

October 18–22, 2017
Central Pacific
Regional
Salt Lake City, Utah
[10]

November 15–19, 2017
Eastern
Sectional
Boxborough, Massachusetts
[11]

November 15–19, 2017
Midwestern
Sectional
Bloomington, Minnesota
[12]

November 15–19, 2017
Pacific Coast
Sectional
Spokane, Washington
[13]

December 29, 2017 – January 7, 2018
U.S. Championships
Final
San Jose, California
[14]

text: In late December 2017, U.S. Figure Skating published the list of skaters who had qualified or received a bye.[15]

text: Schedule[edit]

text: The competition took place over ten days. All times are in PST.[14][16]

text:
Date
Time
Event
Segment

December 29
9:10 AM
Juvenile girls
Free skate

10:45 AM
Juvenile boys

12:30 PM
Juvenile pairs

3:00 PM
Intermediate pairs
Short program

4:45 PM
Intermediate ladies

6:30 PM
Intermediate men

December 30
2:45 PM
Intermediate pairs
Free skate

4:45 PM
Intermediate ladies

6:30 PM
Intermediate men

December 31
10:30 AM
Juvenile dance
Pattern dance 1 (Foxtrot)

11:45 AM
Pattern dance 2 (Cha Cha)

7:00 PM
Junior pairs
Short program

8:55 PM
Junior ladies

January 1
9:30 AM
Intermediate dance
Pattern dance 1 (Tango)

10:45 AM
Pattern dance 2 (Fourteenstep)

12:10 PM
Junior men
Short program

2:15 PM
Juvenile dance
Free dance

4:05 PM
Novice dance
Pattern dance 1 (Argentine tango)

5:20 PM
Pattern dance 2 (Quickstep)

6:45 PM
Novice pairs
Short program

January 2
8:50 AM
Novice ladies
Short program

10:30 AM
Novice men

12:10 PM
Intermediate dance
Free dance

12:30 PM
Junior pairs
Free skate

3:30 PM
Novice pairs

6:15 PM
Novice dance
Free dance

7:50 PM
Junior ladies
Free skate

January 3
8:15 AM
Novice ladies
Free skate

10:15 AM
Junior men

1:00 PM
Junior dance
Short dance

3:15 PM
Novice men
Free skate

6:35 PM
Senior ladies
Short program

January 4
9:50 AM
Junior dance
Free dance

1:00 PM
Senior pairs
Short program

5:40 PM
Senior men

January 5
1:10 PM
Senior dance
Short dance

3:45 PM
Senior ladies
Free skate

January 6
11:45 AM
Senior pairs
Free skate

3:45 PM
Senior men

January 7
12:30 PM
Senior dance
Free dance

text: Medal summary[edit]

text: Senior[edit]

text:
Discipline
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Pewter

Men
Nathan Chen
Ross Miner
Vincent Zhou
Adam Rippon

Ladies
Bradie Tennell
Mirai Nagasu
Karen Chen
Ashley Wagner

Pairs
Alexa Scimeca Knierim / Chris Knierim
Tarah Kayne / Danny O'Shea
Deanna Stellato / Nathan Bartholomay
Ashley Cain / Timothy LeDuc

Ice dancing
Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue
Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani
Madison Chock / Evan Bates
Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean-Luc Baker

text: Junior[edit]

text:
Discipline
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Pewter

Men
Camden Pulkinen
Dinh Tran
Maxim Naumov
Ryan Dunk

Ladies
Alysa Liu
Pooja Kalyan
Ting Cui
Hanna Harrell

Pairs
Audrey Lu / Misha Mitrofanov
Sarah Feng / TJ Nyman
Laiken Lockley / Keenan Prochnow
Nadine Wang / Spencer Howe

Ice dancing
Christina Carreira / Anthony Ponomarenko
Caroline Green / Gordon Green
Chloe Lewis / Logan Bye
Eliana Gropman / Ian Somerville

text: Novice[edit]

text:
Discipline
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Pewter

Men
Goku Endo
Max Lake
Nicholas Hsieh
Lucas Altieri

Ladies
Beverly Zhu
Emilea Zingas
Violeta Ushakova
Calista Choi

Pairs
Jade Hom / Franz-Peter Jerosch
Joanna Hubbart / William Hubbart
Masha Mokhova / Ivan Mokhov
Ellie McClellan / Jim Garbutt

Ice dancing
Katarina Wolfkostin / Howard Zhao
Gianna Buckley / Jeffrey Chen
Caroline Liu / Kenan Slevira
Elizabeth Tkachenko / Alexei Kiliakov

text: Intermediate[edit]

text:
Discipline
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Pewter

Men
Maxim Zharkov
Matthew Nielsen
Liam Kapeikis
William Annis

Ladies
Indi Cha
Alyssa Chan
Arianna Concepcion
Alena Budko

Pairs
Zoe Larson / Nick Hubbart
Cate Fleming / Jedidiah Isbell
Katie Luong / Nathan Luong
Sydney Flaum / Cayden McKenzie-Cook

Ice dancing
Elliana Peal / Ethan Peal
Claire Cain / Andrei Davydov
Anna Gissibl / Alexander Colucci
Nastia Efimova / Jonathan Zhao

text: Juvenile[edit]

text:
Discipline
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Pewter

Men
Keita Horiko
Jacob Sanchez
Nhat-Viet Nguyen
Andriy Kratyuk

Ladies
Isabeau Levito
Clara Kim
Macie Rolf
Madeleine Park

Pairs
Natasha Mishkutionok / Daniel Tioumentsev
Nadia Wang / Jaden Schwab
Dalila DeLaura / Ryan Xie
Megan Voigt / Levon Davis

Ice dancing
Jenna Hauer / Benjamin Starr
Zoe Sensenbrenner / Matthew Sperry
Kristina Bland / Gabriel Francis
Emma L'Esperance / Mika Amdour

text: Senior results[edit]

text: Senior men[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Club
Total
SP
FS

1
Nathan Chen
Salt Lake Figure Skating
315.23
1
104.45
1
210.78

2
Ross Miner
SC of Boston
274.51
6
88.91
2
185.60

3
Vincent Zhou
SC of San Francisco
273.83
5
89.02
3
184.81

4
Adam Rippon
SC of New York
268.34
2
96.52
4
171.82

5
Grant Hochstein
SC of New York
255.31
4
92.18
5
163.13

6
Jason Brown
Skokie Valley SC
253.68
3
93.23
6
160.45

7
Timothy Dolensky
Atlanta FSC
236.33
7
85.06
9
151.27

8
Alexander Johnson
Braemar-City of Lakes FSC
232.62
10
79.60
8
153.02

9
Max Aaron
Broadmoor SC
224.20
12
74.95
10
149.25

10
Alexei Krasnozhon
Stars FSC of Texas
223.58
8
82.58
13
141.00

11
Jimmy Ma
SC of New York
222.41
11
75.28
11
147.13

12
Tomoki Hiwatashi
DuPage FSC
217.53
15
63.48
7
154.05

13
Andrew Torgashev
Panthers FSC
217.01
9
81.32
14
135.69

14
Sean Rabbitt
Glacier Falls FSC
214.53
13
73.29
12
141.24

15
Jordan Moeller
Northern Ice SC
180.21
20
55.35
15
124.86

16
Ben Jalovick
Centennial 7k SC
178.33
19
56.12
16
122.21

17
Daniel Kulenkamp
FSC of Southern California
177.95
18
60.15
17
117.80

18
Emmanuel Savary
University of Delaware FSC
177.13
14
64.65
18
112.48

19
Sebastien Payannet
Los Angeles FSC
172.89
16
61.29
20
111.60

20
Scott Dyer
All Year FSC
172.04
17
60.17
19
111.87

21
Kevin Shum
SC of Boston
163.33
21
52.04
21
111.29

text: Senior ladies[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Club
Total
SP
FS

1
Bradie Tennell
Skokie Valley SC
219.51
1
73.79
1
145.72

2
Mirai Nagasu
Pasadena FSC
213.84
2
73.09
2
140.75

3
Karen Chen
Peninsula SC
198.59
3
69.48
4
129.11

4
Ashley Wagner
SC of Wilmington
196.19
5
65.94
3
130.25

5
Mariah Bell
Rocky Mountain FSC
192.34
6
65.18
6
127.16

6
Starr Andrews
Los Angeles FSC
189.91
8
62.55
5
127.36

7
Angela Wang
Salt Lake Figure Skating
188.01
4
67.00
7
121.01

8
Amber Glenn
Dallas FSC
168.06
9
61.62
9
106.44

9
Courtney Hicks
All Year FSC
165.48
11
57.81
8
107.67

10
Tessa Hong
Los Angeles FSC
156.86
13
55.82
11
101.04

11
Caroline Zhang
All Year FSC
156.38
10
60.29
14
96.09

12
Franchesca Chiera
Panthers FSC
150.99
14
53.85
13
97.14

13
Hannah Miller
Lansing SC
149.14
12
57.57
16
91.57

14
Kaitlyn Nguyen
Los Angeles FSC
146.20
17
46.30
12
99.90

15
Brynne McIsaac
Broadmoor SC
145.54
20
43.97
10
101.57

16
Emmy Ma
SC of Boston
138.02
18
45.55
15
92.47

17
Megan Wessenberg
SC of Boston
131.73
22
40.90
17
90.83

18
Katie McBeath
Westminster FSC of Erie
124.64
15
48.53
18
76.11

19
Vivian Le
Los Angeles FSC
122.60
16
46.65
19
75.95

20
Emily Chan
Dallas FSC
104.43
19
44.79
20
59.64

21 !WD
Polina Edmunds
Peninsula SC
63.78
7
63.78
withdrew from competition

22 !WD
Ashley Lin
Dallas FSC
42.33
21
42.33
withdrew from competition

text: Senior pairs[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Club
Total
SP
FS

1
Alexa Scimeca Knierim / Chris Knierim
DuPage FSC / Broadmoor SC
206.60
1
71.10
1
135.50

2
Tarah Kayne / Danny O'Shea
Southwest Florida FSC / Southwest Florida FSC
200.80
2
68.93
2
131.87

3
Deanna Stellato / Nathan Bartholomay
Southwest Florida FSC / Southwest Florida FSC
197.65
3
67.84
3
129.81

4
Ashley Cain / Timothy LeDuc
SC of New York / Los Angeles FSC
187.14
8
60.03
4
127.11

5
Haven Denney / Brandon Frazier
SC of New York / All Year FSC
186.32
4
63.63
5
122.69

6
Marissa Castelli / Mervin Tran
SC of Boston / SC of Boston
182.38
6
60.75
6
121.63

7
Chelsea Liu / Brian Johnson
Orange County FSC / Detroit SC
167.47
5
62.35
9
105.12

8
Jessica Pfund / Joshua Santillan
Southwest Florida FSC / All Year FSC
163.62
7
60.52
10
103.10

9
Jessica Calalang / Zack Sidhu
DuPage FSC / Las Vegas FSC
162.23
12
50.43
7
111.80

10
Erika Smith / AJ Reiss
SC of New York / Los Angeles FSC
159.03
11
50.95
8
108.08

11
Nica Digerness / Danny Neudecker
Broadmoor SC / Seattle SC
154.10
9
53.78
11
100.32

12
Winter Deardorff / Max Settlage
Northern Kentucky SC / Broadmoor SC
145.66
10
51.15
13
94.51

13
Caitlin Fields / Ernie Utah Stevens
Indiana World Sk Acad FSC / Indiana World Sk Acad FSC
142.12
13
45.49
12
96.63

14
Alexandria Yao / Jacob Simon
Peninsula SC / Skokie Valley SC
128.12
15
40.97
14
87.15

15
Allison Timlen / Justin Highgate-Brutman
Columbia FSC (MD) / St. Clair Shores FSC
126.05
14
41.70
15
84.35

text: Senior ice dance[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Club
Total
SD
FD

1
Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue
Lansing SC / Lansing SC
197.12
2
79.10
2
118.02

2
Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani
SC of New York / SC of New York
196.93
1
82.33
3
114.60

3
Madison Chock / Evan Bates
All Year FSC / Ann Arbor FSC
196.60
3
77.61
1
118.99

4
Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean-Luc Baker
Detroit SC / Seattle SC
187.61
4
73.18
4
114.43

5
Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons
Washington FSC / Washington FSC
176.07
5
72.69
6
103.38

6
Lorraine McNamara / Quinn Carpenter
Peninsula SC / Washington FSC
175.19
6
69.16
5
106.03

7
Elliana Pogrebinsky / Alex Benoit
Peninsula SC / Skokie Valley SC
167.98
7
66.41
7
101.57

8
Alexandra Aldridge / Daniel Eaton
Detroit SC / Ann Arbor FSC
153.93
8
61.21
8
92.72

9
Karina Manta / Joseph Johnson
Coyotes SC of Arizona / Broadmoor SC
151.00
9
58.29
9
92.71

10
Julia Biechler / Damian Dodge
SC of Wilmington / IceWorks SC
136.37
10
54.53
10
81.84

11
Elicia Reynolds / Stephen Reynolds
Ice Line FSC / Ice Line FSC
110.92
11
40.92
11
70.00

12
Cassidy Klopstock / Jacob Schedl
Centennial 7k SC / University of Delaware FSC
89.28
12
37.16
12
52.12

13
Ashley Bain / Oleg Altukhov
North Jersey FSC / North County FSC
79.42
13
31.17
13
48.25

text: Junior results[edit]

text: Junior men[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Club
Total
SP
FS

1
Camden Pulkinen
Broadmoor SC
219.29
1
67.88
1
151.41

2
Dinh Tran
SC of San Francisco
199.95
2
67.28
2
132.67

3
Maxim Naumov
SC of Boston
179.00
3
64.07
4
114.93

4
Ryan Dunk
Baltimore FSC
172.68
10
53.43
3
119.25

5
Tony Lu
North Jersey FSC
166.57
4
62.43
7
104.14

6
Alex Wellman
Broadmoor SC
160.69
8
56.23
6
104.46

7
Paul Yeung
All Year FSC
158.71
11
53.30
5
105.41

8
Sasha Lunin
Fort Wayne ISC
148.67
9
54.86
8
93.81

9
Peter Liu
SC of Wilmington
143.63
5
58.33
11
85.30

10
Patrick Frohling
All Year FSC
138.43
12
52.22
10
86.21

11
Kendrick Weston
Salt Lake Figure Skating
136.83
6
58.10
12
78.73

12
Justin Wichmann
Dallas FSC
135.95
13
48.05
9
87.90

13
Luke Ferrante
SC of Huntsville
129.58
7
56.48
13
73.10

text: Junior ladies[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Club
Total
SP
FS

1
Alysa Liu
St. Moritz ISC
184.16
1
63.83
1
120.33

2
Pooja Kalyan
Ozark FSC
166.53
4
54.55
3
111.98

3
Ting Cui
Baltimore FSC
165.51
11
45.55
2
119.96

4
Hanna Harell
Dallas FSC
154.36
5
52.10
4
102.26

5
Emily Zhang
Richmond FSC
149.83
2
56.97
8
92.86

6
Gabriella Izzo
SC of Boston
148.04
3
55.19
7
93.05

7
Angelina Huang
St. Peters FSA
143.84
6
51.27
9
92.57

8
Akari Nakahara
All Year FSC
143.41
7
49.12
6
94.29

9
Audrey Shin
SC of New York
140.50
10
46.05
5
94.45

10
Emma Coppess
All Year FSC
139.30
8
48.08
10
91.22

11
Lily Sun
Peninsula SC
137.75
9
47.38
11
90.37

12
Jenna Shi
Arctic FSC
114.50
12
44.20
12
70.30

text: Junior pairs[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Club
Total
SP
FS

1
Audrey Lu / Misha Mitrofanov
Dallas FSC / Dallas FSC
173.31
1
60.80
1
112.51

2
Sarah Feng / TJ Nyman
SC of San Francisco / Broadmoor SC
155.57
3
58.37
2
97.20

3
Laiken Lockley / Keenan Prochnow
DuPage FSC / DuPage FSC
153.04
2
58.67
3
94.37

4
Nadine Wang / Spencer Howe
SC of New York / Los Angeles FSC
135.96
5
46.58
4
89.38

5
Elli Kopmar / Jonah Barrett
Southwest Florida FSC / Southwest Florida FSC
132.90
4
52.18
5
80.72

6
Ainsley Peterson / Griffin Schwab
All Year FSC / SC of New York
124.21
6
45.86
6
78.35

7
Sarah Rose / Ian Meyh
Southwest Florida FSC / Southwest Florida FSC
115.54
9
39.48
7
76.06

8
Evelyn Grace Hanns / Kristofer Ogren
Broadmoor SC / Kansas City FSC
114.62
7
43.85
9
70.77

9
Meiryla Findley / Matthew Rounis
Broadmoor SC / Los Angeles FSC
113.82
8
40.74
8
73.08

10
Eliana Secunda / Blake Eisenach
Rocky Mountain FSC / Rocky Mountain FSC
100.74
10
37.14
10
63.60

11
Sapphire Jaeckel / Matthew Scoralle
Los Angeles FSC / Los Angeles FSC
88.92
11
35.35
12
53.57

12
Cora DeWyre / Jacob Nussle
Ice House Skating Academy / Ice House Skating Academy
85.44
12
27.56
11
57.88

13
Juliette Erickson / Nathan Grundhofer
SC of Boston / St. Moritz ISC
64.86
13
24.67
13
40.19

text: Junior ice dance[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Club
Total
SD
FD

1
Christina Carreira / Anthony Ponomarenko
SC of New York / SC of San Francisco
159.18
1
68.70
1
90.48

2
Caroline Green / Gordon Green
Pavilion SC of Cleveland Heights / Washington FSC
146.72
2
63.14
2
83.58

3
Chloe Lewis / Logan Bye
All Year FSC / SC of New York
143.21
3
62.14
3
81.07

4
Eliana Gropman / Ian Somerville
Pavilion SC of Cleveland Heights / Washington FSC
138.90
4
61.13
5
77.77

5
Avonley Nguyen / Vadym Kolesnik
Washington FSC / SC of Novi
134.31
7
54.02
4
80.29

6
Emma Gunter / Caleb Wein
Washington FSC / Washington FSC
132.89
5
56.31
6
76.58

7
Jocelyn Haines / James Koszuta
Buffalo SC / Glacier Falls FSC
126.59
6
55.69
7
70.90

8
Alina Efimova / Alexander Petrov
Peninsula SC / Hershey FSC
120.92
8
52.06
8
68.86

9
Katarina DelCamp / Maxwell Gart
Dallas FSC / All Year FSC
116.65
9
50.26
10
66.39

10
Isabelle Amoia / Luca Becker
SC of Novi / Washington FSC
116.08
10
49.50
9
66.58

11
Sophia Elder / Christopher Elder
Louisville Skating Academy / Louisville Skating Academy
111.02
11
49.14
12
61.88

12
Molly Cesanek / Nikolay Usanov
SC of Novi / SC of San Francisco
106.60
13
44.04
11
62.56

13
Allie Rose / JT Michel
Philadelphia SC & HS / Louisville Skating Academy
103.55
12
45.11
13
58.44

text: Novice results[edit]

text: Novice men[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Club
Total
SP
FS

1
Goku Endo
Los Angeles FSC
156.14
2
54.11
2
102.03

2
Max Lake
All Year FSC
155.77
3
52.66
1
103.11

3
Nicholas Hsieh
SC of Wilmington
151.64
1
56.75
6
94.89

4
Lucas Altieri
Panthers FSC
144.63
4
48.65
4
95.98

5
Chase Finster
Northern Kentucky SC
142.44
9
41.40
3
101.04

6
Nathan Chapple
Shaker FSC
140.60
7
44.74
5
95.86

7
Jordan Evans
University of Delaware FSC
136.74
5
45.39
8
91.35

8
Jonathan Yang
St. Paul FSC
136.50
6
44.85
7
91.65

9
Henry Privett-Mendoza
Pasadena FSC
119.08
8
42.88
10
76.20

10
Daniel Argueta
Texas Gulf Coast FSC
116.83
12
36.04
9
80.79

11
Joshua Simkin
FSC of Southern California
112.09
11
36.75
11
75.34

12
Eric Prober
Pines FSC
105.14
10
40.21
12
64.93

text: Novice ladies[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Club
Total
SP
FS

1
Beverly Zhu
All Year FSC
167.69
1
54.91
1
112.78

2
Emilea Zingas
St. Clair Shores FSC
132.68
6
43.43
3
89.25

3
Violeta Ushakova
SC of New York
131.52
3
46.76
5
84.76

4
Calista Choi
Skokie Valley SC
131.20
10
40.90
2
90.30

5
Noelle Rosa
Salt Lake Figure Skating
130.86
5
44.22
4
86.64

6
Sophia Chouinard
Panthers FSC
125.99
8
42.03
6
83.96

7
Christina Lin
Murray Silver Blades FSC
125.58
2
48.29
8
77.29

8
Sarah Jung
Columbia FSC (MD)
123.08
9
41.68
7
81.40

9
Jessica Lin
Dallas FSC
118.50
7
42.50
10
76.00

10
Ariela Masarsky
DuPage FSC
117.79
4
45.75
11
72.04

11
Maddie Weiler
SC of Boston
117.56
11
40.71
9
76.85

12 !WD
Amie Miyagi
Salt Lake Figure Skating
33.45
12
33.45
withdrew from competition

text: Novice pairs[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Club
Total
SP
FS

1
Jade Hom / Franz-Peter Jerosch
Colonial FSC / North Atlantic FSC
126.99
1
46.67
1
80.32

2
Joanna Hubbart / William Hubbart
Champions' Edge SC / Champions' Edge SC
118.31
7
40.31
2
78.00

3
Masha Mokhova / Ivan Mokhov
Lansing SC / Lansing SC
116.64
2
43.70
5
72.94

4
Ellie McClellan / Jim Garbutt
Champions' Edge SC / Champions' Edge SC
113.84
8
40.04
4
73.80

5
Hilary Asher / Nathaniel Dennler
Lone Star FSC / Colonial FSC
112.84
4
41.19
6
71.65

6
Ashley Haywood / Alec Schmitt
Lakewood Winter Club / Bremerton FSC
110.74
10
36.57
3
74.17

7
Jasmine Fendi / Joshua Fendi
Los Angeles FSC / Los Angeles FSC
110.03
3
41.30
7
68.73

8
Isabelle Goldstein / Keyton Bearinger
Detroit SC / Detroit SC
106.90
5
40.51
9
66.39

9
Georgia Bush / Timmy Chapman
Central Florida FSC / Central Florida FSC
106.36
9
38.85
8
67.51

10
Sarah Burden / Jake Pagano
Broadmoor SC / Nashville FSC
106.17
6
40.41
10
65.76

11
Isabelle Martins / Ryan Bedard
Chicago FSC / Northern Ice SC
94.75
11
35.33
11
59.42

12
Paige Ruggeri / Christopher Aaron
Garden State SC / Hudson Valley FSC
86.76
12
30.82
12
55.94

13
Milena Markin / Matthew Essigmann
Los Angeles FSC / Ithaca Area FSA
69.55
13
24.42
13
45.13

text: Novice ice dance[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Club
Total
PD1
PD2
FD

1
Katarina Wolfkostin / Howard Zhao
Peninsula SC / Detroit SC
122.41
2
24.16
2
24.71
1
73.54

2
Gianna Buckley / Jeffrey Chen
Seattle SC / Peninsula SC
116.77
1
26.50
1
25.64
2
64.63

3
Caroline Liu / Kenan Slevira
Hickory Hill FSC / All Year FSC
115.56
4
23.42
3
24.65
2
67.49

4
Elizabeth Tkachenko / Alexei Kiliakov
Washington FSC / Washington FSC
112.95
3
24.12
4
23.98
4
64.85

5
Oona Brown / Gage Brown
SC of New York / SC of New York
106.48
6
22.50
10
18.43
3
65.55

6
Isabel Blahunka / Will Shawver
Louisville Skating Academy / Louisville Skating Academy
99.68
5
22.52
6
20.27
8
56.89

7
Maxine Weatherby / Dmitry Bogomol
Los Angeles FSC / Pines FSC
99.11
9
20.55
8
19.58
6
58.98

8
Cordelia Pride / Benjamin Lawless
All Year FSC / Philadelphia SC & HS
96.43
8
21.09
5
21.67
10
53.67

9
Anna Pettersson / TJ Carey
Colonial FSC / SC of Boston
94.40
10
19.92
7
20.25
9
54.23

10
Jordan Lin / Morgan Sletten
Washington FSC / Washington FSC
93.68
12
17.56
9
19.20
7
56.92

11
Paulina Brykalova / Daniel Brykalov
St. Paul FSC / St. Paul FSC
90.16
7
21.93
12
16.37
11
51.86

12
Isabella Flores / Mikhail Gumba
Broadmoor SC / Broadmoor SC
86.84
11
19.42
11
16.93
12
50.49

text: International team selections[edit]

text: Winter Olympics[edit]

text: U.S. Figure Skating began announcing the team for the 2018 Winter Olympics on January 6, 2018.

text:
Men[17]
Ladies[18]
Pairs[19]
Ice dancing[20]

Nathan Chen
Karen Chen
Alexa Scimeca Knierim / Chris Knierim
Madison Chock / Evan Bates

Adam Rippon
Mirai Nagasu

Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue

Vincent Zhou
Bradie Tennell

Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani

1st alt.
Jason Brown
Ashley Wagner
Tarah Kayne / Danny O'Shea
Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean-Luc Baker

2nd alt.
Ross Miner
Mariah Bell
Deanna Stellato / Nathan Bartholomay
Lorraine McNamara / Quinn Carpenter

3rd alt.
Max Aaron
Angela Wang
Ashley Cain / Timothy LeDuc
Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons

text: The selections for the team event at the Olympics were as follows:

text:
Men
Ladies
Pairs
Ice dancing

SP/SD
Nathan Chen
Bradie Tennell
Alexa Scimeca Knierim / Chris Knierim
Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani

FS/ FD
Adam Rippon
Mirai Nagasu

text: World Championships[edit]

text: U.S. Figure Skating began announcing the team for the 2018 World Championships on January 6, 2018.

text:
Men[21]
Ladies[22]
Pairs[23]
Ice dancing[24]

Nathan Chen
Karen Chen
Tarah Kayne / Danny O'Shea
Madison Chock / Evan Bates

Adam Rippon
Mirai Nagasu
Alexa Scimeca Knierim / Chris Knierim
Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue

Vincent Zhou
Bradie Tennell

Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani

1st alt.
Jason Brown
Ashley Wagner
Deanna Stellato / Nathan Bartholomay
Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean-Luc Baker

2nd alt.
Ross Miner
Mariah Bell
Ashley Cain / Timothy LeDuc
Lorraine McNamara / Quinn Carpenter

3rd alt.
Max Aaron
Angela Wang
Haven Denney / Brandon Frazier
Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons

text: Four Continents[edit]

text: U.S. Figure Skating began announcing the team for the 2018 Four Continents Championships on January 6, 2018.

text:
Men[21]
Ladies[22]
Pairs[23]
Ice dancing[24]

Max Aaron
Starr Andrews
Ashley Cain / Timothy LeDuc
Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean-Luc Baker

Jason Brown
Mariah Bell
Tarah Kayne / Danny O'Shea
Lorraine McNamara / Quinn Carpenter

Ross Miner (withdrew)
Ashley Wagner (withdrew)
Deanna Stellato / Nathan Bartholomay
Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons

1st alt.
Grant Hochstein (called up)
Angela Wang (called up)
Haven Denney / Brandon Frazier
Elliana Pogrebinsky / Alex Benoit

2nd alt.
Timothy Dolensky
Amber Glenn
Marissa Castelli / Mervin Tran
Karina Manta / Joseph Johnson

3rd alt.
Alexander Johnson
Courtney Hicks
Chelsea Liu / Brian Johnson
Julia Biechler / Damian Dodge

text: World Junior Championships[edit]

text: U.S. Figure Skating began announcing the team for the 2018 World Junior Championships on January 6, 2018.

text:
Men[21]
Ladies[22]
Pairs[23]
Ice dancing[24]

Tomoki Hiwatashi
Starr Andrews (withdrew)
Audrey Lu / Misha Mitrofanov
Christina Carreira / Anthony Ponomarenko

Alexei Krasnozhon
Ting Cui
Sarah Feng / TJ Nyman
Caroline Green / Gordon Green

Camden Pulkinen

Chloe Lewis / Logan Bye

Alt.
Maxim Naumov
Hanna Harrell
Laiken Lockley / Keenan Prochnow
Eliana Gropman / Ian Somerville

Alt.
Andrew Torgashev
Tessa Hong
Nadine Wang / Spencer Howe
Avonley Nguyen / Vadym Kolesnik

Alt.
Dinh Tran
Emmy Ma (called up)
Elli Kopmar / Jonah Barrett
Emma Gunter / Caleb Wein