document_title: Montgomery bus boycott

question_text: who was elected to lead the montgomery bus boycott

text: Montgomery bus boycott

text: Events leading up to the bus boycott[edit]

text: Prior to the bus boycott, Jim Crow laws enabled the racial segregation of the Montgomery Bus Line. As a result of this segregation African Americans were not hired as drivers, were forced to ride in the back of the bus, and were frequently ordered to surrender their seats to white people even though black passengers made up 75% of the bus system's riders.[2]

text: African-American passengers were also attacked by bus drivers and shortchanged and left stranded after paying their fares.[3] A number of reasons have been given for why bus drivers acted in this manner, including racism,[4] frustrations over labor disputes and labor conditions, and increased animosity towards blacks in reaction to the 1954 Brown decision, with many of the drivers joining the White Citizens Councils as a result of the decision.[5]

text: The boycott also took place within a larger statewide and national movement for civil rights, including court cases such as Morgan v. Virginia, the earlier Baton Rouge bus boycott, and the arrest of Claudette Colvin.

text: Morgan v. Virginia decision[edit]

text: The NAACP had accepted and litigated other cases, including that of Irene Morgan in 1946, which resulted in a victory in the U.S. Supreme Court on the grounds that segregated interstate bus lines violated the Commerce Clause.[6] That victory, however, overturned state segregation laws only insofar as they applied to travel in interstate commerce, such as interstate bus travel,[7] and Southern bus companies immediately circumvented the Morgan ruling by instituting their own Jim Crow regulations.[8] Further incidents continued to take place in Montgomery, including the arrest for disorderly conduct in May 1951 of Lillie Mae Bradford, who refused to leave the white passengers' section until the bus driver corrected an incorrect charge on her transfer ticket.[9]

text: Baton Rouge bus boycott[edit]

text: On February 25, 1953, the Baton Rouge, Louisiana city-parish council passed Ordinance 222, after the city saw protesting from African-Americans when the council raised the city's bus fares.[10] The ordinance abolished race-based reserved seating requirements and allowed the admission of African-Americans in the front sections of city buses if there were no white passengers present, but still required African-Americans to enter from the rear, rather than the front of the buses.[11] However, the ordinance was largely unenforced by the city bus drivers. The drivers later went on strike after city authorities refused to arrest Rev. T.J. Jemison for sitting in a front row.[12] Four days after the strike began, Louisiana Attorney General and former Baton Rouge mayor Fred S. LeBlanc declared the ordinance unconstitutional under Louisiana state law.[11] This led Rev. Jemison to organize what historians believe to be the first bus boycott of the civil rights movement.[13] The boycott ended after eight days when an agreement was reached to only retain the first two front and back rows as racially reserved seating areas.[10]

text: Arrest of Claudette Colvin[edit]

text: Black activists had begun to build a case to challenge state bus segregation laws around the arrest of a 15-year-old girl, Claudette Colvin, a student at Booker T. Washington High School in Montgomery. On March 2, 1955, Colvin was handcuffed, arrested and forcibly removed from a public bus when she refused to give up her seat to a white man. At the time, Colvin was an active member in the NAACP Youth Council; Rosa Parks was an advisor.[14] Colvin's legal case formed the core of Browder v. Gayle, which ended the Montgomery bus boycott when the Supreme Court ruled on it in December 1956.

text: Keys v. Carolina Coach Co. decision[edit]

text: In November 1955, just three weeks before Parks' defiance of Jim Crow laws in Montgomery, the Interstate Commerce Commission, in response to a complaint filed by Women's Army Corps private Sarah Keys, closed the legal loophole left by the Morgan ruling in a landmark case known as Keys v. Carolina Coach Co..[15] The ICC prohibited individual carriers from imposing their own segregation rules on interstate travelers, declaring that to do so was a violation of the anti-discrimination provision of the Interstate Commerce Act. But neither the Supreme Court's Morgan ruling nor the ICC's Keys ruling addressed the matter of Jim Crow travel within the individual states.[citation needed]

text: History[edit]

text: Under the system of segregation used on Montgomery buses, the ten front seats were reserved for whites at all times. The ten back seats were supposed to be reserved for blacks at all times. The middle section of the bus consisted of sixteen unreserved seats for whites and blacks on a segregated basis.[16] Whites filled the middle seats from the front to back, and blacks filled seats from the back to front until the bus was full. If other black people boarded the bus, they were required to stand. If another white person boarded the bus, then everyone in the black row nearest the front had to get up and stand, so that a new row for white people could be created; it was illegal for whites and blacks to sit next to each other. When Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat for a white person, she was sitting in the first row of the middle section.[17]

text: Often when boarding the buses, black people were required to pay at the front, get off, and reenter the bus through a separate door at the back.[18] Occasionally, bus drivers would drive away before black passengers were able to reboard.[19] National City Lines owned the Montgomery Bus Line at the time of the Montgomery bus boycott.[20]

text: Rosa Parks[edit]

text: Rosa Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was a seamstress by profession; she was also the secretary for the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. Twelve years before her history-making arrest, Parks was stopped from boarding a city bus by driver James F. Blake, who ordered her to board at the back door and then drove off without her. Parks vowed never again to ride a bus driven by Blake. As a member of the NAACP, Parks was an investigator assigned to cases of sexual assault. In 1945, she was sent to Abbeville, Alabama, to investigate the gang rape of Recy Taylor. The protest that arose around the Taylor case was the first instance of a nationwide civil rights protest, and it laid the groundwork for the Montgomery bus boycott.[21]

text: In 1955, Parks completed a course in "Race Relations" at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee, where nonviolent civil disobedience had been discussed as a tactic. On December 1, 1955, Parks was sitting in the foremost row in which black people could sit (in the middle section). When a white man boarded the bus, the bus driver told everyone in her row to move back. At that moment, Parks realized that she was again on a bus driven by Blake. While all of the other black people in her row complied, Parks refused, and she was arrested[22] for failing to obey the driver's seat assignments, as city ordinances did not explicitly mandate segregation but did give the bus driver authority to assign seats. Found guilty on December 5,[23] Parks was fined $10 plus a court cost of $4[24], and she appealed.[citation needed]

text: E. D. Nixon[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Some action against segregation had been in the works for some time before Parks' arrest, under the leadership of E. D. Nixon, president of the local NAACP chapter and a member of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Nixon intended that her arrest be a test case to allow Montgomery's black citizens to challenge segregation on the city's public buses. With this goal, community leaders had been waiting for the right person to be arrested, a person who would anger the black community into action, who would agree to test the segregation laws in court, and who, most importantly, was "above reproach". When Colvin was arrested in March 1955, Nixon thought he had found the perfect person, but the teenager turned out to be pregnant. Nixon later explained, "I had to be sure that I had somebody I could win with." Parks was a good candidate because of her employment and marital status, along with her good standing in the community.

text: Between Parks' arrest and trial, Nixon organized a meeting of local ministers at Martin Luther King Jr.'s church. Though Nixon could not attend the meeting because of his work schedule, he arranged that no election of a leader for the proposed boycott would take place until his return. When he returned, he caucused with Ralph Abernathy and Rev. E.N. French to name the association to lead the boycott to the city (they selected the "Montgomery Improvement Association", "MIA"), and they selected King (Nixon's choice) to lead the boycott. Nixon wanted King to lead the boycott because the young minister was new to Montgomery and the city fathers had not had time to intimidate him. At a subsequent, larger meeting of ministers, Nixon's agenda was threatened by the clergymen's reluctance to support the campaign. Nixon was indignant, pointing out that their poor congregations worked to put money into the collection plates so these ministers could live well, and when those congregations needed the clergy to stand up for them, those comfortable ministers refused to do so. Nixon threatened to reveal the ministers' cowardice to the black community, and King spoke up, denying he was afraid to support the boycott. King agreed to lead the MIA, and Nixon was elected its treasurer.

text: Boycott[edit]

text: On the night of Rosa Parks' arrest, the Women's Political Council, led by Jo Ann Robinson, printed and circulated a flyer[25] throughout Montgomery's black community that read as follows:

text: Another woman has been arrested and thrown in jail because she refused to get up out of her seat on the bus for a white person to sit down. It is the second time since the Claudette Colvin case that a Negro woman has been arrested for the same thing. This has to be stopped. Negroes have rights too, for if Negroes did not ride the buses, they could not operate. Three-fourths of the riders are Negro, yet we are arrested, or have to stand over empty seats. If we do not do something to stop these arrests, they will continue. The next time it may be you, or your daughter, or mother. This woman's case will come up on Monday. We are, therefore, asking every Negro to stay off the buses Monday in protest of the arrest and trial. Don't ride the buses to work, to town, to school, or anywhere on Monday. You can afford to stay out of school for one day if you have no other way to go except by bus. You can also afford to stay out of town for one day. If you work, take a cab, or walk. But please, children and grown-ups, don't ride the bus at all on Monday. Please stay off all buses Monday.[24]

text: The next morning there was a meeting led by the new MIA head, King, where a group of 16 to 18 people gathered at the Mt. Zion Church to discuss boycott strategies. At that time Rosa Parks was introduced but not asked to speak, despite a standing ovation and calls from the crowd for her to speak; when she asked if she should say something, the reply was, "Why, you've said enough."[26] A citywide boycott of public transit was proposed to demand a fixed dividing line for the segregated sections of the buses. Such a line would have meant that if the white section of the bus was oversubscribed, whites would have to stand; blacks would not be forced to give up their seats to whites.[citation needed]

text: This demand was a compromise for the leaders of the boycott, who believed that the city of Montgomery would be more likely to accept it rather than a demand for a full integration of the buses. In this respect, the MIA leaders followed the pattern of 1950s boycott campaigns in the Deep South, including the successful boycott a few years earlier of service stations in Mississippi for refusing to provide restrooms for blacks. The organizer of that campaign, T. R. M. Howard of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership, had spoken on the brutal slaying of Emmett Till as King's guest at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church only four days before Parks's arrest. Parks was in the audience and later said that Emmett Till was on her mind when she refused to give up her seat.[27]

text: The MIA's demand for a fixed dividing line was to be supplemented by a requirement that all bus passengers receive courteous treatment by bus operators, be seated on a first-come, first-served basis, and that blacks be employed as bus drivers.[28] The proposal was passed, and the boycott was to commence the following Monday. To publicize the impending boycott it was advertised at black churches throughout Montgomery the following Sunday.[citation needed]

text: On Saturday, December 3, it was evident that the black community would support the boycott, and very few blacks rode the buses that day. On December 5, a mass meeting was held at the Holt Street Baptist Church to determine if the protest would continue.[29] Given twenty minutes notice, King gave a speech[30] asking for a bus boycott and attendees enthusiastically agreed. Starting December 7, Hoover's FBI noted the "agitation among negroes" and tried to find "derogatory information" about King.[31]

text: The boycott proved extremely effective, with enough riders lost to the city transit system to cause serious economic distress. Martin Luther King later wrote "[a] miracle had taken place." Instead of riding buses, boycotters organized a system of carpools, with car owners volunteering their vehicles or themselves driving people to various destinations. Some white housewives also drove their black domestic servants to work. When the city pressured local insurance companies to stop insuring cars used in the carpools, the boycott leaders arranged policies at Lloyd's of London.[citation needed]

text: Black taxi drivers charged ten cents per ride, a fare equal to the cost to ride the bus, in support of the boycott. When word of this reached city officials on December 8, the order went out to fine any cab driver who charged a rider less than 45 cents. In addition to using private motor vehicles, some people used non-motorized means to get around, such as cycling, walking, or even riding mules or driving horse-drawn buggies. Some people also hitchhiked. During rush hours, sidewalks were often crowded. As the buses received few, if any, passengers, their officials asked the City Commission to allow stopping service to black communities.[32] Across the nation, black churches raised money to support the boycott and collected new and slightly used shoes to replace the tattered footwear of Montgomery's black citizens, many of whom walked everywhere rather than ride the buses and submit to Jim Crow laws.[citation needed]

text: In response, opposing whites swelled the ranks of the White Citizens' Council, the membership of which doubled during the course of the boycott. The councils sometimes resorted to violence: King's and Abernathy's houses were firebombed, as were four black Baptist churches. Boycotters were often physically attacked. After the attack at King's house, he gave a speech to the 300 angry African Americans who had gathered outside. He said:

text: If you have weapons, take them home; if you do not have them, please do not seek to get them. We cannot solve this problem through retaliatory violence. We must meet violence with nonviolence. Remember the words of Jesus: "He who lives by the sword will perish by the sword". We must love our white brothers, no matter what they do to us. We must make them know that we love them. Jesus still cries out in words that echo across the centuries: "Love your enemies; bless them that curse you; pray for them that despitefully use you". This is what we must live by. We must meet hate with love. Remember, if I am stopped, this movement will not stop, because God is with the movement. Go home with this glowing faith and this radiant assurance.[33]

text: King and 89 other boycott leaders and carpool drivers were indicted[34] for conspiring to interfere with a business under a 1921 ordinance.[35] Rather than wait to be arrested, they turned themselves in as an act of defiance.[citation needed]

text: King was ordered to pay a $500 fine or serve 386 days in jail. He ended up spending two weeks in jail. The move backfired by bringing national attention to the protest. King commented on the arrest by saying: "I was proud of my crime. It was the crime of joining my people in a nonviolent protest against injustice."[36]

text: Also important during the bus boycott were grass-roots activist groups that helped to catalyze both fund-raising and morale. Groups such as the Club from Nowhere helped to sustain the boycott by finding new ways of raising money and offering support to boycott participants.[37] Many members of these organizations were women and their contributions to the effort have been described by some as essential to the success of the bus boycott.[38][39]

text: Victory[edit]

text: Pressure increased across the country. The related civil suit was heard in federal district court and, on June 4, 1956, the court ruled in Browder v. Gayle (1956) that Alabama's racial segregation laws for buses were unconstitutional. As the state appealed the decision, the boycott continued. The case moved on to the United States Supreme Court. On November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court upheld the district court's ruling, ruling that segregation on public buses and transportation was against the law.

text: The boycott officially ended December 20, 1956, after 381 days. The city passed an ordinance authorizing black bus passengers to sit virtually anywhere they chose on buses. The Montgomery bus boycott resounded far beyond the desegregation of public buses. It stimulated activism and participation from the South in the national Civil Rights Movement and gave King national attention as a rising leader.[41][42]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: White backlash against the court victory was quick, brutal, and, in the short-term, effective.[43][44] Two days after the inauguration of desegregated seating, someone fired a shotgun through the front door of Martin Luther King's home. A day later, on Christmas Eve, white men attacked a black teenager as she exited a bus. Four days after that, two buses were fired upon by snipers. In one sniper incident, a pregnant woman was shot in both legs. On January 10, 1957, bombs destroyed five black churches and the home of Reverend Robert S. Graetz, one of the few white Montgomerians who had publicly sided with the MIA.[45][46]

text: The City suspended bus service for several weeks on account of the violence. According to legal historian Randall Kennedy, "When the violence subsided and service was restored, many black Montgomerians enjoyed their newly recognized right only abstractly... In practically every other setting, Montgomery remained overwhelmingly segregated…"[46] On January 23, a group of Klansmen (who would later be charged for the bombings) lynched a black man, Willie Edwards, on the pretext that he was dating a white woman.[47]

text: The City's elite moved to strengthen segregation in other areas, and in March 1957 passed an ordinance making it "unlawful for white and colored persons to play together, or, in company with each other . . . in any game of cards, dice, dominoes, checkers, pool, billiards, softball, basketball, baseball, football, golf, track, and at swimming pools, beaches, lakes or ponds or any other game or games or athletic contests, either indoors or outdoors."[46]

text: Later in the year, Montgomery police charged seven Klansmen with the bombings, but all of the defendants were acquitted. About the same time, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled against Martin Luther King's appeal of his "illegal boycott" conviction.[48] Rosa Parks left Montgomery due to death threats and employment blacklisting.[49] According to Charles Silberman, "by 1963, most Negroes in Montgomery had returned to the old custom of riding in the back of the bus."[50]

text: Participants[edit]

text: People[edit]

text:
Ralph Abernathy
Hugo Black
James F. Blake
Aurelia Browder
Mary Fair Burks
Johnnie Carr
Claudette Colvin
Clifford Durr
Mildred Fahrni[51]
Georgia Gilmore
Robert Graetz
Fred Gray
Grover C. Hall, Jr.
Coretta Scott King
Martin Luther King Jr.
Theodora Lacey
Edgar Nixon
Rosa Parks
Mother Pollard
Jo Ann Robinson
Bayard Rustin
Nate Singleton
Glenn Smiley
Mary Louise Smith

text: Organizations[edit]

text:
Committee for Nonviolent Integration
Fellowship of Reconciliation
Georgia Gilmore
Men of Montgomery
Montgomery Improvement Association
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Women's Political Council


document_title: Judgement of Paris

question_text: from among which three goddesses must paris choose the fairest to give the golden apple to

root

text: Judgement of Paris

text: Sources of the episode[edit]

text: As with many mythological tales, details vary depending on the source. The brief allusion to the Judgement in the Iliad (24.25–30) shows that the episode initiating all the subsequent action was already familiar to its audience; a fuller version was told in the Cypria, a lost work of the Epic Cycle, of which only fragments (and a reliable summary[1]) remain. The later writers Ovid (Heroides 16.71ff, 149–152 and 5.35f), Lucian (Dialogues of the Gods 20), Pseudo-Apollodorus (Bibliotheca, E.3.2) and Hyginus (Fabulae 92), retell the story with skeptical, ironic or popularizing agendas. It appeared wordlessly on the ivory and gold votive chest of the 7th-century BC tyrant Cypselus at Olympia, which was described by Pausanias as showing:

tag: p

text: The subject was favoured by painters of red-figure pottery as early as the sixth century BC,[3] and remained popular in Greek and Roman art, before enjoying a significant revival, as an opportunity to show three female nudes, in the Renaissance.

text: Mythic narrative[edit]

text: It is recounted[4] that Zeus held a banquet in celebration of the marriage of Peleus and Thetis (parents of Achilles).  However, Eris, goddess of discord was not invited, for it was believed she would have made the party unpleasant for everyone.  Angered by this snub, Eris arrived at the celebration with a golden apple from the Garden of the Hesperides, which she threw into the proceedings as a prize of beauty.[5] According to some later versions, upon the apple was the inscription καλλίστῃ (kallistēi, "To/for the fairest one").[6]

text: Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. They asked Zeus to judge which of them was fairest, and eventually he, reluctant to favor any claim himself, declared that Paris, a Trojan mortal, would judge their cases, for he had recently shown his exemplary fairness in a contest in which Ares in bull form had bested Paris's own prize bull, and the shepherd-prince had unhesitatingly awarded the prize to the god.[7]

text: Thus it happened that, with Hermes as their guide, the three candidates bathed in the spring of Ida, then confronted Paris on Mount Ida in the climactic moment that is the crux of the tale. After failing to judge their beauty with their clothing on, the three goddesses stripped nude to convince Paris of their worthiness. While Paris inspected them, each attempted with her powers to bribe him; Hera offered to make him king of Europe and Asia, Athena offered wisdom and skill in war, and Aphrodite, who had the Charites and the Horai to enhance her charms with flowers and song (according to a fragment of the Cypria quoted by Athenagoras of Athens), offered the world's most beautiful woman (Euripides, Andromache, l.284, Helena l. 676). This was Helen of Sparta, wife of the Greek king Menelaus. Paris accepted Aphrodite's gift and awarded the apple to her, receiving Helen as well as the enmity of the Greeks and especially of Hera. The Greeks' expedition to retrieve Helen from Paris in Troy is the mythological basis of the Trojan War.

text: The story of the Judgement of Paris naturally offered artists the opportunity to depict a sort of beauty contest between three beautiful female nudes, but the myth, at least since Euripides, rather concerns a choice among the gifts that each goddess embodies. The bribery involved is ironic and a late ingredient.

text: According to a tradition suggested by Alfred J. Van Windekens,[8] objectively, "cow-eyed" Hera was indeed the most beautiful, not Aphrodite. However, Hera was the goddess of the marital order and of cuckolded wives, amongst other things.  She was often portrayed as the shrewish, jealous wife of Zeus, who himself often escaped from her controlling ways by cheating on her with other women, mortal and immortal. She had fidelity and chastity in mind and was careful to be modest when Paris was inspecting her. Aphrodite, though not as objectively beautiful as Hera, was the goddess of sexuality, and was effortlessly more sexual and charming before him. Thus, she was able to sway Paris into judging her the fairest. Athena's beauty is rarely commented in the myths, perhaps because Greeks held her up as an asexual being, being able to "overcome" her "womanly weaknesses"  to become both wise and talented in war (both considered male domains by the Greeks). Her rage at losing makes her join the Greeks in the battle against Paris' Trojans, a key event in the turning point of the war.

text: In post-Classical art[edit]

text: The subject became popular in art from the late Middle Ages onwards. All three goddesses were usually shown nude, though in ancient art only Aphrodite is ever unclothed, and not always.[9] The opportunity for three female nudes was a large part of the attraction of the subject.  It appeared in illuminated manuscripts and was popular in decorative art, including 15th-century Italian inkstands and other works in maiolica, and cassoni.[10]  As a subject for easel paintings, it was more common in Northern Europe, although Marcantonio Raimondi's engraving of c. 1515, probably based on a drawing by Raphael, and using a composition derived from a Roman sarcophagus, was a highly influential treatment, which made Paris's Phrygian cap an attribute in most later versions.[11]

text: The subject was painted many (supposedly 23) times by Lucas Cranach the Elder, and was especially attractive to Northern Mannerist painters.  Rubens painted  several compositions of the subject at different points in his career. Watteau and Angelica Kauffman were among the artists who painted the subject in the 18th century. The Judgement of Paris was painted frequently by academic artists of the 19th century, and less often by their more progressive contemporaries such as Renoir and Cézanne. Later artists who have painted the subject include André Lhote, Enrique Simonet (El Juicio de Paris 1904) and Salvador Dalí.

text: Ivo Saliger (1939), Adolf Ziegler (1939) and Joseph Thorak (1941) also used the classic myth to propagate German renewal during the Nazi period.[citation needed]

text: Gallery[edit]

text: Paintings[edit]

text:
Miniature, c. 1495

Lucas Cranach the Elder, c. between 1512-1514

Niklaus Manuel, c. 1520

Lucas Cranach the Elder, c. 1528

Lucas Cranach the Elder, c. 1530

Joan de Joanes, c. approx. 1523-1579

Frans Floris, c. 1548

Frans Floris, c. 1550s

Hendrick De Clerck, 1560-1630, The Phoebus Foundation

Hans von Aachen, c. 1588

Hans von Aachen, c. 1593.

Hendrick van Balen the Elder, c. 1599

Joachim Wtewael, c. 1605

Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1606

Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1625

Anthony van Dyck, c.1628

Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1638-1639

Cornelis Cornelisz. van Haarlem, c. 1628

Claude Lorrain, c. 1645-1646

Carel van Savoyen, c. 1650-1660

Luca Giordano, c. between 1681-1683

Adriaen van der Werff, c. 1712

Adriaen van der Werff, c. 1716

Michele Rocca, c. between 1710-1720

Antoine Watteau, c. 1720

Anton Raphael Mengs, c. 1757

Angelica Kauffman, c. 1770-1797

François-Xavier Fabre, c. 1808

Guillaume Guillon Lethière, c. 1812

Joseph Hauber, c. 1819

Jean-Baptiste Regnault, c. 1820

Henri-Pierre Picou, c. between 1824-1895

Paul Cézanne, c. 1862-1864

Anselm Feuerbach, c. 1869-1870

Max Klinger, c. 1886-1887

El Juicio de Paris by Enrique Simonet, c. 1904 (Museo de Málaga)

Eduard Lebiedzki, c. by 1906

Eduard Veith, c. by 1925

tag: ul

text: Mosaïc[edit]

text:
Unknown, 115–150 AD, Louvre Museum (Ma 3443)

Unknown, 115–150 AD, detail, Louvre Museum (Ma 3443)

text: Sculptures and engravings[edit]

text:
An Etruscan bronze mirrorback, 4th-3rd century BCE (Louvre)

Marcantonio Raimondi after Raphael, c. 1510-20

Dorman Hering, c. 1529

Willem Isaacsz van Swanenburg, c. 1609

Capodimonte porcelain, Capitoline Museums, Rome

Landolin Ohmacht, 1804-07

text: Kallistēi[edit]

text: Kallistēi  is the word of the Ancient Greek language inscribed on the Golden Apple of Discord by Eris.  In Greek, the word is καλλίστῃ (the dative singular of the feminine superlative of καλος, beautiful).  Its meaning can be rendered "to the fairest one".

text: Calliste (Καλλίστη; Mod. Gk. Kallisti) is also an ancient name for the isle of Thera.

text: Use in Discordianism[edit]

text: The word Kallisti (Modern Greek) written on a golden apple, has become a principal symbol of Discordianism, a post-modernist religion.  In non-philological texts (such as Discordian ones) the word is usually spelled as καλλιστι. Most versions of Principia Discordia actually spell it as καλλιχτι, but this is definitely incorrect; in the afterword of the 1979 Loompanics edition of Principia, Gregory Hill says that was because on the IBM typewriter he used, not all Greek letters coincided with Latin ones, and he didn't know enough of the letters to spot the mistake. Zeus' failure to invite Eris is referred to as The Original Snub in Discordian mythology.[12]

text: Dramatizations[edit]

text: The story is the basis of an opera,  The Judgement of Paris, with a libretto by William Congreve, that was set to music by four composers in London, 1700–1701. Thomas Arne composed a highly successful score to the same libretto in 1742. The opera Le Cinesi (The Chinese Women) by Christoph Willibald Gluck (1754) concludes with a ballet, The Judgement of Paris, sung as a vocal quartet. Francesco Cilea's 1902 opera Adriana Lecouvreur also includes a Judgement of Paris ballet sequence.

text: The story is the basis of an earlier opera, Il pomo d'oro, in a prologue and five acts by the Italian composer Antonio Cesti with a libretto by Francesco Sbarra (1611-1668). It was first performed before the imperial court in a specially constructed open-air theatre Vienna in 1668. The work was so long it had to be staged over the course of two days: the Prologue, Acts One and Two were given on July 12; Acts Three, Four and Five on July 14. The staging was unprecedented for its magnificence (and expense). The designer Ludovico Ottavio Burnacini provided no fewer than 24 sets and there were plenty of opportunities for spectacular stage machinery, including shipwrecks and collapsing towers.

text: Novelist Gore Vidal named his 1952 book, The Judgment of Paris, after this story.

text: The Judgement of Paris was burlesqued in the 1954 musical The Golden Apple. In it, the three goddesses have been reduced to three town biddies in smalltown Washington state. They ask Paris, a traveling salesman, to judge the cakes they have made for the church social. Each woman (the mayor's wife, the schoolmarm, and the matchmaker) makes appeals to Paris, who chooses the matchmaker. The matchmaker, in turn, sets him up with Helen, the town floozy, who runs off with him.

text: The Judgement of Paris is featured in the 2003 TV miniseries Helen of Troy. The event is brief, and only Hera and Aphrodite offer bribes. All three goddesses remain fully clothed. Aphrodite gives Paris a vision of Helen, while Helen has a reciprocal vision of Paris.

text: In the Hercules: The Legendary Journeys series, the contest is altered somewhat with Aphrodite and Athena entering but Artemis is the third goddess contestant instead of Hera (offering the one who chooses her the chance to be renowned as a great warrior). The Golden Apple appears as a gift from Aphrodite with the ability to make any mortal woman fall in love with the man holding it and to make a mortal man and woman soul mates if they simultaneously touch it. The other major differences beside the presence of Artemis and the role of the apple are the fact that it is Iolaus who is the judge and the goddesses appear in swimsuits and not nude.


document_title: That Was Then, This Is Now (song)

question_text: who sings that was then this is now

question_tokens: who sings that was then this is now

text: That Was Then, This Is Now (song)

text:
"That Was Then, This Is Now"

Single by The Monkees

from the album
Then & Now... The Best of The Monkees

B-side
"(Theme from) The Monkees"
(1966 album version)

Released
June 27, 1986[1]

Recorded
May 30, 1986[2]

Genre
Pop, Rock, Synthpop

Length
4:02

Label
Arista

Songwriter(s)
Vance Brescia

Producer(s)
Michael Lloyd

The Monkees singles chronology

"Do It in the Name of Love"
(1971)
"That Was Then, This Is Now"
(1986)
"Daydream Believer (remix)"
(1986)

"Do It in the Name of Love"
(1971)
"That Was Then, This Is Now"
(1986)
"Daydream Believer (remix)"
(1986)

tag: table

text: "That Was Then, This Is Now" is a song written by Vance Brescia for his band The Mosquitos and recorded as the title track of their 1985 EP.[3]

text: The Monkees (at that point consisting of Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork) covered the song for Arista Records, who released their recording as a single and on the compilation album Then & Now... The Best of The Monkees in June 1986.[4] The song was a surprise hit, capitalizing on Monkees nostalgia at the time, reaching number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 24 on the adult contemporary chart. It has since been featured on several compilation albums by The Monkees.


document_title: Sericulture

question_text: at which stage does a silkworm produce silk thread

text: Sericulture

text: History[edit]

text: According to Confucian text, the discovery  of silk production dates to about 2700 BC, although archaeological records point to silk cultivation as early as the Yangshao period (5000–3000 BC).[1] In 1977, a piece of ceramic created 5400–5500 years ago and designed to look like a silkworm was discovered in Nancun, Hebei, providing the earliest known evidence of sericulture.[2]  Also, by careful analysis of archaeological silk fibre found on Indus Civilization sites dating back to 2450–2000 BC, it is believed that silk was being used over a wide region of South Asia.[3][4] By about the first half of the 1st century AD it had reached ancient Khotan,[5] by a series of interactions along the Silk Road.  By 140 AD the practice had been established in India.[6] In the 6th century the smuggling of silkworm eggs into the Byzantine Empire led to its establishment in the Mediterranean, remaining a monopoly in the Byzantine Empire for centuries (Byzantine silk). In 1147, during the Second Crusade, Roger II of Sicily (1095–1154) attacked Corinth and Thebes, two important centres of Byzantine silk production, capturing the weavers and their equipment and establishing his own silkworks in Palermo and Calabria,[7] eventually spreading the industry to Western Europe.

text:
Chinese sericulture process

The silkworms and mulberry leaves are placed on trays.

Twig frames for the silkworms are prepared.

The cocoons are weighed.

The cocoons are soaked and the silk is wound on spools.

The silk is woven using a loom.

text: Production[edit]

text:
Silkworm larvae are fed with mulberry leaves, and, after the fourth moult, they climb a twig placed near them and spin their silken cocoons. The silk is a continuous filament comprising fibroin protein, secreted from two salivary glands in the head of each larva, and a gum called sericin, which cements the filaments.
The sericin is removed  by placing the cocoons in hot water, which frees the silk filaments and readies them for reeling. This is known as the degumming process.[8] The immersion in hot water also kills the silkworm pupa.

text: Single filaments are combined to form thread, which is drawn under tension through several guides and wound onto reels.  The threads may be plied to form yarn. After drying, the raw silk is packed according to quality.

text: Stages of production[edit]

text: The stages of production are as follows:

text:
The silk moth lays 300 to 500 eggs.
The silk moth eggs hatch to form larvae or caterpillars, known as silkworms.
The larvae feed on mulberry leaves.
Having grown and moulted several times, the silkworm extrudes a silk fiber and forms a net to hold itself.
It swings itself  from side to side in a figure '8' distributing the saliva that will form silk.
The silk solidifies when it contacts the air.
The silkworm spins approximately one mile of filament and completely encloses itself in a cocoon in about two or three days. The amount of usable quality silk in each cocoon is small. As a result, about 2500 silkworms are required to produce a pound of raw silk.[9]
The intact cocoons are boiled, killing the silkworm pupa.
The silk is obtained by brushing the undamaged cocoon to find the outside end of the filament.
The silk filaments sec then wound on a reel. One cocoon contains approximately 1,000 yards of silk filament. The silk at this stage is known as raw silk. One thread comprises up to 48 individual silk filaments.

tag: ol

text: Mahatma Gandhi was critical of silk production based on the Ahimsa philosophy "not to hurt any living thing". He also promoted "Ahimsa silk", made without boiling the pupa to procure the silk and wild silk made from the cocoons of wild and semi-wild silk moths.[10][11][12] The Human League also criticised sericulture in the early single Being Boiled.  In the early 21st century the organisation PETA has campaigned against silk.[13]

text:
third stage of silkworm

silkworms on to Modern Rotary mountage

silk cocoon in mountages

Play media

silk pavilion constructed with silkworms


document_title: Riverdale (2017 TV series)

question_text: how many episodes are there in season 1 of riverdale

text: Riverdale (2017 TV series)

text: Premise

text: The series follows Archie Andrews' life in the small town of Riverdale and explores the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image.[1]

text: Cast and characters

text:
KJ Apa as Archibald "Archie" Andrews: A high school football player who has a passion for music. He is best friends with Jughead Jones and Betty Cooper.[2]
Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth "Betty" Cooper: A smart girl with a longtime crush on Archie, she becomes friends with Veronica Lodge to help upend her perfect life.[3]
Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge: A former socialite from New York who moves to Riverdale and becomes friends with Archie and Betty.[4]
Cole Sprouse as Forsythe "Jughead" Jones III: A philosophically inclined social outcast who is Archie's best friend.[3]
Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge: Veronica's mother, who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter following the incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge.[5]
Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom: A wealthy, entitled, and manipulative girl who is a classmate of Archie and his friends.[6]
Ashleigh Murray as Josephine "Josie" McCoy: The lead singer of Josie and the Pussycats and a classmate of Archie and his friends.[2]
Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper: Betty and Polly's mother, who is the editor of the local paper.[7]
Luke Perry as Frederick "Fred" Andrews: Archie's father, who owns a construction company.[8]
Mark Consuelos as Hiram Lodge: Veronica's father, who was recently incarcerated for illegal activities. Consuelos joined the cast for the second season after his character was only mentioned by name in season one.[9]
Casey Cott as Kevin Keller: An openly gay high school student who is friends with Archie, Betty and Veronica and is the son of Riverdale's sheriff. Cott was promoted to series regular in the second season.[10]
Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe "F.P." Jones II: Jughead's estranged father and the leader of the Southside Serpents, a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale.[11][12] Ulrich was promoted to series regular in the second season.[13]

text: Episodes

text: Series overview

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Average viewers
(in millions inc. DVR)

1
13
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
154
1.69[14]

2
22[15]
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
May 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)[16]
TBA
TBA

text: Season 1 (2017)

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Chapter One: The River's Edge"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
T15.10136
1.38[17]

During an eventful summer, including the supposed drowning of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July, Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music. He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper, the sweet girl-next-door who harbors her own secret—her feelings for Archie. Meanwhile, Veronica Lodge, the daughter of Hermione and Hiram, a millionaire facing embezzlement charges, arrives in town, instantly capturing Archie's attention. Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing, Betty and Veronica become fast friends, united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad, Cheryl Blossom, who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother's death. Archie's former best friend, Jughead Jones, begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer, including what happened between him and Archie. Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason's body, which has a gunshot wound to the head, by the lake.

2
2
"Chapter Two: A Touch of Evil"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
February 2, 2017 (2017-02-02)
T13.20302
1.15[18]

Veronica's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls, while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair. Kevin, disturbed by the discovery of Jason's body, refuses to acknowledge Moose's affections for him. Jughead, after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands, deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff, Kevin's father. Archie asks his father, Fred, for advice and decides to come clean. Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty, but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty's sister, Polly, for Jason's death. At a pep rally in his honor, Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field; in the locker room, where Veronica has followed to comfort her, Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to "come back." Against the wishes of her mother, Alice, Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica, while Archie also reconciles with Jughead. The next day, during science class, Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason's autopsy, which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July.

3
3
"Chapter Three: Body Double"
Lee Toland Krieger
Yolonda E. Lawrence
February 9, 2017 (2017-02-09)
T13.20303
1.20[19]

Cheryl admits to Sheriff Keller and her parents, Clifford and Penelope, that Jason wanted to run away and she helped him fake his drowning. Betty, upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press, restarts the school newspaper, The Blue and Gold, and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died. Veronica is enraged to learn that Chuck Clayton, whom she had one date with, has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and, when he refuses to stop, she, Betty, and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends, including Jason, to the shaming. Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop's Scoutmaster, Dilton Doiley, during a training exercise. Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean. Fred builds a grounded Archie a studio in which to practice, Chuck is kicked off the football team, and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together. Dilton reveals that he saw Miss Grundy's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie's secret is at risk.

4
4
"Chapter Four: The Last Picture Show"
Mark Piznarski
Michael Grassi
February 16, 2017 (2017-02-16)
T13.20304
1.14[20]

Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive-in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem. At the diner, Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Miss Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship. Under the guise of an interview, Betty questions Miss Grundy about her life, while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened. Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago. They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name "Jennifer Gibson." Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape. At the drive-in's final night, Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before. Alice exposes Archie's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial, but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town. Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason's murder has been stolen. Jughead vandalizes the projectionist's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader, who turns out to be his father.

5
5
"Chapter Five: Heart of Darkness"
Jesse Warn
Ross Maxwell
February 23, 2017 (2017-02-23)
T13.20305
0.98[21]

Angry at Cheryl for helping Jason run away, Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow her to speak at Jason's memorial, but Cheryl does so anyway, ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left. Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie Mantle against each other for the coveted spot of team captain. Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor, who ultimately decides not to teach him. Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs. Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner. He and Betty encounter Jason's grandmother, Rose, who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged. While cleaning the diner, Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it, a warning from the Serpents. Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great-grandfather Cooper decades before. Archie is named captain, but turns it down to focus on his music. Jughead and Betty deduce that her father, Hal, is responsible for stealing the sheriff's evidence.

6
6
"Chapter Six: Faster, Pussycats! Kill! Kill!"
Steven A. Adelson
Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart
March 2, 2017 (2017-03-02)
T13.20306
1.09[22]

With Riverdale High's annual variety show approaching, Valerie's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie. Meanwhile, Betty and Jughead's investigation into Jason's murder brings them face-to-face with Betty's sister Polly, who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth, unaware of Jason's death and seven months pregnant. As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother, she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes. At the same time, Hermione's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred. Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show. Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason's death to no avail, but grows closer to Jughead, eventually kissing him. After, they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason's belongings. However, an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive, around the same time that Polly escapes from the home.

7
7
"Chapter Seven: In a Lonely Place"
Allison Anders
Aaron Allen
March 9, 2017 (2017-03-09)
T13.20307
1.03[23]

Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her, which fails. As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers, Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house. Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly. F.P., after being offered a job by Fred, reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together, but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail. Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice. Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason's murder, but Fred provides Keller with an alibi. Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly, so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead. F.P. is revealed to have Jason's jacket in his trailer.

8
8
"Chapter Eight: The Outsiders"
David Katzenberg
Julia Cohen
March 30, 2017 (2017-03-30)
T13.20308
0.99[24]

Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for "some biker gang", implied to be the Southside Serpents, in exchange for money before both of them ran away. Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly. Fred's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford. Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project, but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop. After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents' bar, Archie realizes Jughead's father is a Serpent. At the baby shower, Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live. Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion, and when he refuses to let her come back, Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household. F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred's construction site. Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms.

9
9
"Chapter Nine: La Grande Illusion"
Lee Rose
James DeWille
April 6, 2017 (2017-04-06)
T13.20309
0.91[25]

As the Blossom family's annual maple tree-tapping ceremony approaches, Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort. When he refuses, Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor. Veronica grows close to Ethel but, when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram's investors, she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship. Alice prepares to publish a full-blown exposé on the Blossoms, but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house. Betty gets a call from Archie, learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason's death. She and Jughead decide to write the tell-all exposé in The Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them. Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him, Archie attempts to reconcile with Val, but she breaks up with him.

10
10
"Chapter Ten: The Lost Weekend"
Dawn Wilkinson
Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson
April 13, 2017 (2017-04-13)
T13.20310
0.87[26]

Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce, leaving Archie alone. Betty learns that Jughead's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party. She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house. Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf. The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl, who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends. F.P. also shows up after Betty's insistence. Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave, but Cheryl forces him to stay for a "game" in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets. Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over. He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice, implying she was once a member of the Serpents. Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss. Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram's behalf. To Archie's surprise, his father returns home with his mother, Mary.

11
11
"Chapter Eleven: To Riverdale and Back Again"
Kevin Sullivan
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
April 27, 2017 (2017-04-27)
T13.20311
0.89[27]

While Archie and his mother reconnect, Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison. F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead's novel, urging him to consider moving on. To learn the truth about Hiram, Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason's murder. The Blossoms, increasingly suspicious of Polly, forbid her from entering their master bedroom. Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together. Polly and Cheryl discover the former's engagement ring in Penelope's jewelry collection, which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford. At a contentious dinner, Alice tries to question F.P., but he shuts her down. Afterwards, he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family. While Archie and Veronica perform "Kids in America" at homecoming, the police execute a search warrant on F.P.'s trailer, find a gun, and arrest him for murder. Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason's death.

12
12
"Chapter Twelve: Anatomy of a Murder"
Rob Seidenglanz
Michael Grassi
May 4, 2017 (2017-05-04)
T13.20312
0.98[28]

Jughead calls his mother, but she refuses to let him move in with her. F.P. confesses to everything, including Jason's murder. Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence and learn the family secret: the Coopers are, in fact, Blossoms by blood, making Jason and Polly's relationship technically incest. The Coopers take Polly back to their home. Mary, posing as F.P.'s lawyer, advises Jughead to visit his father, who tells him never to come see him again. With Joaquin's help, the group tracks down one of F.P.'s associates, but finds him dead of an apparent overdose. The police are summoned and find a bag full of money with Hermione's initials on it. With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects, Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin and find Jason's varsity jacket. Inside one of the pockets, they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason, which they tell Cheryl. Nevertheless, Jughead learns that his father's other charges will not be dropped. Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale and Mary returns to Chicago. When the police go to arrest Clifford, they discover he has hanged himself in the syrup distillery.

13
13
"Chapter Thirteen: The Sweet Hereafter"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
T13.20313
0.96[29]

It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and Jason found out. Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing the family business. F.P. is cleared of all charges relating to the murder, but remains in police custody. Alice reveals to Betty that, in high school, she found out she was pregnant, but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child, a baby boy, for adoption. Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High. Devastated by her father's secrets and suicide, Cheryl attempts to drown herself in Sweetwater River, but Archie, along with Veronica, Betty, and Jughead, saves her. Cheryl later burns down the Thornhill mansion, much to Penelope's dismay. The next day, Archie meets Fred at Pop's, where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money. He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint. When Archie tries to intervene, the gunman shoots Fred.

text: Season 2 (2017–18)

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

14
1
"Chapter Fourteen: A Kiss Before Dying"
Rob Seidenglanz
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
T13.20801
2.34[30]

After being shot, Fred is rushed to the hospital by Archie, who is soon joined by his friends. Sheriff Keller gains a description of the shooter from Archie and calls him in for a lineup, but none of the men in the lineup are the shooter. When Veronica searches Fred's belongings, Archie sees that his wallet is missing. Betty and Jughead visit Pop's to look for the wallet but find nothing; instead, they learn from Pop that the shooter did not take any money from the register, meaning that it was actually a hit against Fred. Jughead asks the Southside Serpents to investigate the shooting, but to no avail. Veronica accuses Hermione of hiring a hitman to kill Fred, but she vehemently denies this and tensions develop between them when Veronica is not sure of her mother is telling the truth. Meanwhile, Cheryl intimidates Penelope—who suffers severe burns due to the fire at their mansion and is hospitalized—into lying that it was an accident. Fred survives his shooting. Hiram returns to Riverdale, further escalating the tensions in the Lodge family. In the nearby town of Greendale, Ms. Grundy is strangled to death by Fred's shooter.

15
2
"Chapter Fifteen: Nighthawks"
Allison Anders
Michael Grassi
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
T13.20802
1.76[31]

After learning of Ms. Grundy's murder, an increasingly anxious Archie suspects that her death is connected with Fred's shooting, which pushes him to get a gun from Dilton Doiley. Following the shooting, business at Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe has declined, leading Pop to consider selling the diner, but Betty convinces Pop to let her throw a retro fun night to drum up business. Jughead learns that F.P. is facing 20 years in prison and seeks help from Penny Peabody, a Serpent lawyer, who advises Jughead to ask the Blossoms to testify on F.P.'s behalf. Cheryl initially refuses, but relents when Betty extorts her with the video of Jason's murder. With Cheryl's testimony, the judge decides to revisit F.P's sentence. Hiram quietly buys the diner from Pop, but tells Veronica he made a "charitable donation". In the woods, Moose Mason and Midge Klump take some jingle jangle (a new drug to Riverdale), and as they do so, they are shot by Fred's shooter.

16
3
"Chapter Sixteen: The Watcher in the Woods"
Kevin Sullivan
Ross Maxwell
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
T13.20803
1.62[32]

Kevin, who was in the forest, hears the gunshots and rushes to find Midge crying. Moose, who shielded Midge from the gunfire, is hospitalized and survives. Following the incident, Archie founds a vigilante group called the Red Circle, to protect Riverdale High students. The Coopers receive a letter from "the Black Hood", taking responsibility for the shootings and the murder of Ms. Grundy, and detailing his intentions to target sinners. Polly leaves town, fearing for her babies. Meanwhile, Jughead begins his tenure at Southside High, befriends Toni Topaz, a Serpent, and refounds the school newspaper, the Red and Black, under the advisory of English teacher Robert Philips. Kevin keeps going out late at night, which concerns Betty. Betty follows him on one of his runs, which leads to him lashing out at her. Hiram tells Archie that he should utilize the Black Hood's main weapons for the Red Circle. Inspired by this, the Red Circle makes a video calling out the Black Hood.

17
4
"Chapter Seventeen: The Town That Dreaded Sundown"
Jason Stone
Amanda Lasher
November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)
T13.20804
1.51[33]

Archie's viral video results in negative repercussions, as Principal Waldo Weatherbee demands he disband the Red Circle. Though Archie refuses, the Red Circle disbands regardless due to the football team being suspended but later reassembles when Archie runs afoul of the Serpents and assists him in a rumble, in which Dilton is injured. Veronica finds out that Archie intends to murder the Black Hood and convinces him to discard his gun. Betty receives a letter from the Black Hood, revealing that her speech from the jubilee ball inspired his actions and gives her a cipher that only she could solve. Mayor Sierra McCoy (Josie's mother) hosts a town meeting to discuss action against the Black Hood, in which Alice blames the Serpents, but Fred argues against letting fear rule them. Betty and Jughead figure out that the Black Hood intends to attack town hall and have the meeting evacuated, before showing the letter to her parents, Sheriff Keller and Mayor McCoy. Later, Betty receives a call from the Black Hood.

18
5
"Chapter Eighteen: When a Stranger Calls"
Ellen Pressman
Aaron Allen
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
T13.20805
1.47[34]

The Black Hood reveals to Betty that he knows where Polly is and threatens to kill her unless she publishes a mugshot of Alice, which she does. Hiram invites the St. Clair's, friends of the Lodges from New York. On the Southside, Jughead attempts to stop Sweet Pea and the Serpents from blowing up the Riverdale Register office and joins the gang to prevent this from happening. The Black Hood forces Betty to cut ties with Veronica and Jughead and later gives her a hood. At the Lodge's open house event, Nick St. Clair drugs Cheryl and takes her back to his hotel room to rape her, but is stopped and beaten by Veronica and the Pussycats. Jughead and Toni sit in his trailer, where he tells her his relationship with Betty is over; they kiss. Back at Betty's house, the Black Hood tells her she has broken the rules and he will now kill Polly unless she gives him the name of a "sinner" to kill, to which Betty names Nick St. Clair.

19
6
"Chapter Nineteen: Death Proof"
Maggie Kiley
Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
T13.20806
1.43[35]

The Black Hood challenges Betty to find the identity of The Sugarman, who has been supplying the jingle jangle to Riverdale. Cheryl wants to press charges against Nick, whom the Black Hood did not attack, but Penelope agrees not to in exchange for money from the St. Clair's. Archie goes to Southside High, where he saves Jughead from a raid organized by McCoy and Sheriff Keller. Tall Boy, F.P.'s right hand man, reaches an agreement with the Ghoulies, the dealers of jingle jangle. Jughead and Archie visit F.P., who tells Jughead to challenge the Ghoulies to a race. During the race, Archie pulls the brake on Jughead's car, and reveals he called Sheriff Keller, who arrests the Ghoulies leader. Veronica convinces Hiram and Hermione to stop investing with the St. Clair's, while Cheryl does the same with Penelope. Later, the Lodges receive a call that the St. Clair's have been run off the road, but will recover in months. Penelope reveals to Cheryl that the Sugarman is Robert Philips; Cheryl later tells Betty, who exposes him in the Blue and Gold. Philips is subsequently arrested and shot by the Black Hood in jail.

20
7
"Chapter Twenty: Tales from the Darkside"
Dawn Wilkinson
James DeWille
November 29, 2017 (2017-11-29)
T13.20807
1.45[36]

After killing Phillips, the Black Hood leaves a letter at Pop's challenging Riverdale to go 48 hours without sinning, or he will kill again. Jughead is enlisted by Penny Peabody to deliver a crate of drugs to repay her for her earlier help, which he does with Archie. She says this is a one-time thing, but Jughead later finds she was lying. Josie begins to receive weird messages from a secret admirer, implied to be Cheryl, including a box with a pig's heart. Mayor McCoy reprimands her for coming home late, revealing she has received death threats. Betty, realizing that Phillips was killed in the sheriff's office, believes Sheriff Keller might be the Black Hood. She investigates, but Keller is able to provide proof that he is not the Black Hood. However, Betty and Veronica discover that he is having an affair with Mayor McCoy. Archie, Jughead, Betty, Veronica, Josie, and Cheryl all gather at Pop's. After Jughead leaves to visit F.P., the Black Hood calls Pop to inform him Riverdale failed his challenge, and Pop grimly announces that "The reckoning is upon us".

21
8
"Chapter Twenty-One: House of the Devil"
Kevin Sullivan
Yolonda Lawrence
December 6, 2017 (2017-12-06)
T13.20808
1.48[37]

F.P. is released from jail and begins working at Pop's, intending to quit the Serpents. Jughead and Betty decide to throw F.P. a "retirement" party at the Whyte Worm, so they enlist Archie and Veronica to do the detective work. While Jughead reconnects with his dad, Betty goes to the Whyte Worm to organize the party. There, she meets Toni and tells her she wants to keep watch over Jughead. Archie and Veronica follow a lead on a past serial killer called the Riverdale Reaper, who murdered a family of four before being killed himself by a lynch mob. Their investigation leads them to discover there was a fifth member of the family, which they discover to be the school's janitor, Joseph Svenson. Archie and Veronica confront Svenson, but decide he isn't the Black Hood. At the party, F.P., who is upset that Jughead helped Peabody, decides to stay with the Serpents. Outside, Veronica breaks up with Archie following a discussion about love. Jughead, not wanting to bring Betty into the Serpents' business, also ends their relationship.

22
9
"Chapter Twenty-Two: Silent Night, Deadly Night"
Rob Seidenglanz
Shepard Boucher
December 13, 2017 (2017-12-13)
T13.20809
1.43[38]

Fred receives a hospital bill of $86,000. Failing to convince her parents to help Fred, Veronica sneaks into Hiram's study and finds out that he bought Pop's. She later convinces him and Hermione to stop hiding secrets from her and help Fred. Jughead rallies the younger Serpents, who kidnap Peabody and cut off her Serpent tattoo. Betty and Archie receive a box from the Black Hood, containing Svenson's finger. They then receive a call from the Black Hood, who challenges them to find Svenson. They are able to find Svenson's location, but instead find an empty coffin. The Black Hood then arrives and tries to force Betty into burying Archie alive, but flees when the police arrive. After a chase, Keller shoots and kills the Black Hood before he can escape. The Black Hood is then revealed to be Svenson himself. Later, with the Black Hood dead, Veronica and Archie get back together, while Betty throws away all of her findings surrounding Svenson, but she keeps the hood he gave her earlier.

23
10
"Chapter Twenty-Three: The Blackboard Jungle"
Tim Hunter
Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson
January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)
T13.20810
1.44[39]

The Lodges strike a deal with Mayor McCoy for land which involves shutting down Southside High, causing Jughead, Toni, Sweet Pea and the other Serpents to transfer to Riverdale High, putting them at odds with other students. Archie is approached by FBI Agent Adams, who wants his help on finding proof of Hiram's criminal dealings. Archie agrees to help in exchange for immunity for Veronica and Fred. Archie investigates Nick, who implies that Hiram was behind his car crash, which broke both of his legs. Despite Hal's objections, Betty and Alice track down Alice's son she gave up for adoption, Chic. Chic initially refuses to come with them, but Betty returns to his residence and saves him from an assault, bringing him to the Cooper household. Jughead, following advice from F.P., gets his fellow Serpents to lay low. Archie reveals to Adams that he secretly doubts Svenson was really the Black Hood. That night, Chic lurks in Betty's room while she sleeps.

24
11
"Chapter Twenty-Four: The Wrestler"
Gregg Araki
Greg Murray & Devon Turner
January 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)
T13.20811
1.39[40]

Pickens' Day, a day in remembrance of Riverdale's founder, nears. Archie tries out for the wrestling team in order to impress Hiram, a former wrestler. Betty learns that Chic is a webcam model, and attempts to reach out to him. Jughead interviews Toni's grandfather for a school project, learning that he is a member of a Native American tribe which was slaughtered by Pickens. Jughead publishes the story, escalting tensions with the two sides. At the Pickens' Day fest, the Serpents protest the event, but Hiram spins their words positively. That night, Archie meets with Hiram, who offers him his business tutelage, which Archie accepts. The next morning, Mayor McCoy, Sheriff Keller, and the Lodges meet at the statue of Pickens, which has been decapitated.

25
12
"Chapter Twenty-Five: The Wicked and the Divine"
Rachel Talalay
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
January 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)
T13.20812
1.34[41]

Veronica's confirmation nears, bringing many Lodge family members and business associates to Riverdale. While serving at a poker game with Hiram and his associates, Archie learns that Hiram is a mobster and his associates are planning his 'removal' after Veronica's confirmation. Archie alerts Hiram to this, and Hiram later arranges that mobster's death. Meanwhile, Mayor McCoy orchestrates the eviction of all Serpents from their trailer park. Jughead and Betty are alerted to the location of the Pickens head by a scrapyard owner, who gives them evidence that Tall Boy decapitated the statue. Jughead and F.P. put Tall Boy on trial, who reveals that Hiram assisted him launching a mutiny so that Tall Boy could remove F.P. and Jughead from the Serpents. Betty and Jughead get back together. A strange man comes to the Cooper house asking for Chic. Later, Betty returns home to find Alice cleaning up the man's blood.

26
13
"Chapter Twenty-Six: The Tell-Tale Heart"
Julie Plec
Michael Grassi
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
T13.20813
1.28[42]

Betty and Alice clean up the man's body and dispose of it with help from Jughead and F.P. Jughead sends the Pickens' statue head to the Lodges, which Hiram believes may be a declaration of war. Mayor McCoy attempts to take control of her deal with the Lodges, and the Lodges prepare to expose her affair with Sheriff Keller. Veronica, however, warns her of this, and McCoy resigns from office. Agent Adams attempts to strong-arm Archie into giving him the information, including blackmailing Archie in order for him to plant a bug in Hiram's office. Archie instead reveals this to Hiram. Hiram's driver takes Archie to a private location to meet with "the boss", revealed to be Hermione. Hermione tells Archie that Adams is actually one of the Lodges' capos and it was a test, which Archie has passed. Hermione welcomes him to the family.

27
14
"Chapter Twenty-Seven: The Hills Have Eyes"
David Katzenberg
Ross Maxwell
March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
T13.20814
1.26[43]

Hiram suggests Archie, Veronica, Betty, and Jughead go to the Lodge's lake house for a romantic getaway. Cheryl, upset over not being invited, calls Jughead and informs him of Betty's kiss with Archie, which causes tension within the group. Veronica and Jughead kiss to "level the playing field". Later, the girls go into town while the guys have a discussion over the close mutual bonds between the four. Back in Riverdale, Josie informs Kevin of their parents affair. Cheryl reveals to Toni that she had a "friendship-turned-lesbian-relationship" broken up by Penelope. At the lake house, tensions arise again when Jughead and Betty learn that Hiram bought the trailer park and the Riverdale Register. A group of men that Veronica interacted with in town break into the house, but Veronica activates a silent alarm. One of Hiram's men arrive and kills one of the intruders, and the four return to Riverdale.

28
15
"Chapter Twenty-Eight: There Will Be Blood"
Mark Piznarski
Aaron Allen
March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)
T13.20815
1.19[44]

Jughead keeps investigating the Lodges' plans, but he cannot use what he finds. Hiram and Hermione want Fred to run for mayor, including financing his run. Hal asks Alice for a divorce, and Polly comes back to Riverdale. Clifford's secret will is read, which entitles money to anyone of Blossom's blood. Clifford's twin brother Claudius returns. When Chic refuses the DNA test, Betty steals his dental floss to do her own test and discovers that Chic is not who he says to be. After Smithers points Jughead to Shankshaw Prison, F.P.'s inside contact allows them to learn the truth about the Lodge's plans: they want to turn Southside High into a private prison and the housing Fred is building will be for the employees of the prison. After the Lodges are forced to tell Fred, he refuses to run for Mayor, so Hermione announces her run instead. Archie undergoes a blood ritual with Hiram, pledging loyalty. Meanwhile, Claudius and Penelope plot to get their house "in order", including Nana and Cheryl, who overhears the plan.

29
16
"Chapter Twenty-Nine: Primary Colors"
Sherwin Shilati
James DeWille
March 21, 2018 (2018-03-21)
T13.20816
1.16[45]

Jughead learns Southside High will be turned into a prison, and goes on a hunger strike to protest. Hiram accelerates the timeline for demolition, but the high school Serpents chain themselves to the school. Fred attempts to end his contract with the Lodges, leading to a legal dispute. Hiram asks Archie to cut the Serpents' chains, which Archie does in exchange for Fred being released from his contract. Betty learns Chic's father is not Hal. Penelope and Claudius attempt to kill Nana Rose, but she survives. Veronica runs for student president, but everyone seems to be against her. Jughead also considers running with Betty. Betty moves in with Jughead to avoid Chic. Cheryl tells Penelope she knows what she did, leading Penelope to get Cheryl committed. Free of his contract with the Lodges, Fred announces he is running for mayor against Hermione.

30
17
"Chapter Thirty: The Noose Tightens"
Alexis Ostrander
Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson
March 28, 2018 (2018-03-28)
T13.20817
0.96[46]

Hermione's run for mayor is considered risky by fellow mobsters Kowalski and Martin, believing it may lead to unwanted investigation. They demand a 25% cut of the prison's profits, which Hiram refuses. Kowalski and Martin, however, turn Hiram's capo Adams into hospitalizing Andre, leaving the Lodges shorthanded on security. Archie scares the two into abandoning the deal with the help of Reggie and other Riverdale athletes. Meanwhile, the car belonging to the man Chic killed is found. The owner of the car demands $10,000 from the Coopers to prevent her from going to the police, but Jughead and the Serpents scare her away. Alice sends Chic away and apologizes the Serpents for her years of badmouthing them. Toni and Veronica discover that Cheryl has been admitted into conversion therapy, and with help from Nana Rose, find out she's at Sister of the Quiet Mercy. Toni, Veronica, and Kevin rescue Cheryl, and Toni and Cheryl kiss. Cheryl soon returns to Riverdale High, which she declares 'will burn'.

31
18
"Chapter Thirty-One: A Night to Remember"
Jason Stone
Arabella Anderson & Tessa Leigh Williams
April 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)
T13.20818
1.10[47]

32
19
"Chapter Thirty-Two: Prisoners"[48]
Jennifer Phang
Cristine Chambers
April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)
T13.20819
TBD

33
20
"Chapter Thirty-Three: Shadow of a Doubt"[49]
Gregory Smith
Yolanda E. Lawrence
May 2, 2018 (2018-05-02)
T13.20820
TBD

34
21
"Chapter Thirty-Four: Judgment Night"[50]
Cherie Nowlan
Shepard Boucher
May 9, 2018 (2018-05-09)[51]
T13.20821
TBD

35
22
"Chapter Thirty-Five: Brave New World"[52]
Steven A. Adelson
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
May 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)[51]
T13.20822
TBD

text: Production

text: Development

text: Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013, after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition.[53] The duo brought the project to Warner Bros., where a VP recommended a more high-concept direction involving time travel or interdimensional portals, suggesting Louis C. K. to portray an older Archie.[54] Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project, which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at the studio towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series.[53] Riverdale was originally in development at Fox, with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty.[55] However, Fox did not go forward with the project. In 2015, the show's development was moved to The CW,[56] which officially ordered a pilot on January 29, 2016.[57] On March 7, 2017, The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season.[58] On April 2, 2018, The CW renewed the series for a third season.[59]

text: Casting

text: Casting Archie was a difficult process, with Aguirre-Sacasa stating "I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way."[60] The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network, which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation.[60]

text: In April 2017, it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge's father, Hiram Lodge.[61] The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1, 2017.[62] The next month, it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why.[63] It was also announced that Casey Cott, who played Kevin Keller, was promoted to a series regular.[64] In July 2017, it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody, an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run-ins with the law.[65] In August 2017, it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair, Veronica's ex-boyfriend from New York.[66][67]

text: In March 2018, Andy Cohen appeared in the sixteenth episode of the second season as himself. In the series, he and Hermione are friends. He previously offered her a role as a cast member on The Real Housewives of New York City; however, Hermione turned down the offer to keep things private for the Lodge family.[68]

text: Filming

text: Filming of the pilot began on March 14, 2016, and ended on April 1 in Vancouver, British Columbia.[69][70] Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7, 2016, in Vancouver.[71] Sets include Pop Tate's Chock'lit Shoppe, a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18-wheeler there, believing that it was open.[72] Season two will also be filmed in Vancouver and the nearby Fraser Valley.[73] The aerial view of Riverdale is actually drawn from stock footage used in the series Pretty Little Liars, Gilmore Girls, and the landmark setting are the same utilized in both of the aforementioned series as well as in Hart of Dixie.[74] Filming for the second season started on June 22, 2017,[75] and concluded on March 27, 2018.[76]

text: Homages to other films and TV series

text: Several reviewers had noted that the series' episode titles, are often taken directly or slightly altered from the titles of older films.[77][78] For example, De Elizabeth of TeenVogue points out that Riverdale's pilot episode was named "River's Edge" after the 1986 film of the same name, and the season finale also takes its name from 1997's The Sweet Hereafter.[79] Executive producer Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa notes that this is a deliberate choice, in order to hint at what will happen in that episode.[79]

text: Additionally, Katie-Kouise Smith, of Popbuzz, notes that the opening credits for Riverdale mirror those of the Twin Peaks television series, and are intended as an homage to that series' creator, David Lynch.[74]

text: Release

text: Broadcast

text: Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale,[80] making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after its original U.S. broadcast.[81]

text: Marketing

text: In July 2016, members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic-Con to promote the upcoming series, where they premiered the first episode "Chapter One: The River's Edge".[82] The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016.[83] The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos, where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe.[84][85][86]

text: Comic-book adaptation

text: Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017, Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale, featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series' own continuity. The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa himself, along with various other writers from the show. Alongside a one-shot pilot issue, illustrated by Alitha Martinez, released in March 2017,[87] the first issue of the ongoing Riverdale comic book series was set to release starting April 2017.[88]

text: In addition to the adaptation, Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale. This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line, introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular ongoing comic series that inspired it. Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines. The first volume was released in March 2017.[88]

text: Music

text: Musical performances are featured throughout the series,a blend of cover versions and originals. Songs performed in episodes are released as digital singles after broadcast; WaterTower Music released a digital compilation of the season 1 songs on May 12, 2017.[89]

text: An album of Blake Neely's scoring for season 1 was released on compact disc by La-La Land Records and simultaneously on download by WaterTower Music on July 18, 2017.[90]

text: Season 1

text:
[show]Riverdale: Season 1 (Original Television Soundtrack)[91]

No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length

1.
"The Song That Everyone Sings"
KJ Apa
3:46

2.
"Fear Nothing"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law
2:37

3.
"All Through The Night"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law
2:37

4.
"Dance Dance Dance"
KJ Apa
1:00

5.
"Candy Girl (Sugar Sugar)" (Cover of the Inner Circle version feat. Flo Rida; full-length version, Petsch is not heard on the aired version.)
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law and Madelaine Petsch
2:19

6.
"I Feel Love"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law and Camila Mendes
3:11

7.
"I'll Try"
KJ Apa
3:15

8.
"I Got You"
KJ Apa and Hayley Law
3:32

9.
"Kids in America"
KJ Apa and Camila Mendes
2:55

10.
"Our Fair Riverdale"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law
1:19

11.
"Astronaut"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law and Camila Mendes
3:28

12.
"These Are the Moments I Remember"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law, Camila Mendes and KJ Apa
2:58

text:
[show]Riverdale: Season 1 (Original Television Score)[92]

No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length

1.
"Riverdale"
Blake Neely
2:58

2.
"If You Love Me"
Blake Neely
2:06

3.
"Viral Gossip in Town"
Blake Neely
3:08

4.
"Everyone a Suspect"
Blake Neely
2:33

5.
"Receiving the Jersey"
Blake Neely
1:56

6.
"Doubts and Accusations"
Blake Neely
2:24

7.
"All is OK With Milkshakes"
Blake Neely
2:48

8.
"Long Reach"
Blake Neely
3:47

9.
"Ended Up Drowning"
Blake Neely
4:11

10.
"Irreconcilable"
Blake Neely
3:25

11.
"So Many Questions"
Blake Neely
2:42

12.
"A Gift / Forced to Leave"
Blake Neely
3:23

13.
"Not Making the Play"
Blake Neely
3:25

14.
"Overwhelming Evidence"
Blake Neely
3:53

15.
"Realizations"
Blake Neely
2:02

16.
"Do You Feel Guilty?"
Blake Neely
2:38

17.
"Into the Woods"
Blake Neely
3:21

18.
"Name of the Game"
Blake Neely
3:38

19.
"Angry and Vulnerable Girls"
Blake Neely
2:52

20.
"Results of the Father"
Blake Neely
4:39

21.
"Your Father Was Arrested"
Blake Neely
2:44

22.
"The Recording"
Blake Neely
4:12

23.
"Oh, Mommy!"
Blake Neely
3:51

24.
"What Floats Beneath"
Blake Neely
3:29

25.
"Never Safe"
Blake Neely
1:59

text: Reception

text: Critical response

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

1
88% (54 reviews)
68 (36 reviews)

2
87% (13 reviews)
TBD

text: The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a fresh rating of 88% based on 54 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.27/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Riverdale offers an amusingly self-aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie, odd, daring, and above all addictive."[93] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[94] Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a "B+" saying that it turned, "out to be an artfully crafted, instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential."[95]

text: Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters. While reviewing the first season, Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared "the show marginalizes and ignores the [people of color] in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there."[96] In an article for Vulture, Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats (who are each played by African Americans), noting, "They're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message. Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past, even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting."[97] Monique Jones of Ebony noted, "Despite the show's multi-racial casting choices, it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town." She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown, but declared "Archie shouldn't be what makes Valerie interesting to us".[98]

text: Ratings

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Thursday 9:00 pm
13
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
1.38[17]
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
0.96[29]
2016–17
154
1.69
0.7/2[14]

2
Wednesday 8:00 pm
22[15]
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
2.34[30]
May 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)[16]
TBD
2017–18
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Season 1 (2017)

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Chapter One: The River's Edge"
January 26, 2017
0.5/2
1.38[17]
0.4
1.01
0.9
2.38[101]

2
"Chapter Two: A Touch of Evil"
February 2, 2017
0.4/2
1.15[18]
0.4
0.76
0.8
1.91[102]

3
"Chapter Three: Body Double"
February 9, 2017
0.5/2
1.20[19]
N/A
0.71
N/A
1.90[103]

4
"Chapter Four: The Last Picture Show"
February 16, 2017
0.4/1
1.14[20]
0.4
0.73
0.8
1.87[104]

5
"Chapter Five: Heart of Darkness"
February 23, 2017
0.3/1
0.98[21]
0.4
0.71
0.7
1.69[105]

6
"Chapter Six: Faster, Pussycats! Kill! Kill!"
March 2, 2017
0.4/1
1.09[22]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"Chapter Seven: In a Lonely Place"
March 9, 2017
0.4/1
1.03[23]
0.3
0.76
0.7
1.80[106]

8
"Chapter Eight: The Outsiders"
March 30, 2017
0.4/2
0.99[24]
N/A
0.55
N/A
1.54[107]

9
"Chapter Nine: La Grande Illusion"
April 6, 2017
0.3/1
0.91[25]
N/A
0.63
N/A
1.54[108]

10
"Chapter Ten: The Lost Weekend"
April 13, 2017
0.3/1
0.87[26]
0.3
0.58
0.6
1.48[109]

11
"Chapter Eleven: To Riverdale and Back Again"
April 27, 2017
0.3/1
0.89[27]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

12
"Chapter Twelve: Anatomy of a Murder"
May 4, 2017
0.3/1
0.98[28]
0.3
0.58
0.6
1.56[110]

13
"Chapter Thirteen: The Sweet Hereafter"
May 11, 2017
0.4/2
0.96[29]
N/A
0.56
N/A
1.52[111]

text: Season 2 (2017–18)

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Chapter Fourteen: A Kiss Before Dying"
October 11, 2017
0.8/3
2.34[30]
0.6
1.40
1.4
3.74[112]

2
"Chapter Fifteen: Nighthawks"
October 18, 2017
0.6/2
1.76[31]
0.6
1.34
1.2
3.10[113]

3
"Chapter Sixteen: The Watcher in the Woods"
October 25, 2017
0.6/2
1.62[32]
0.6
1.32
1.2
2.94[114]

4
"Chapter Seventeen: The Town That Dreaded Sundown"
November 1, 2017
0.6/2
1.51[33]
0.5
1.30
1.1
2.80[115]

5
"Chapter Eighteen: When a Stranger Calls"
November 8, 2017
0.5/2
1.47[34]
0.5
1.23
1.0
2.70[116]

6
"Chapter Nineteen: Death Proof"
November 15, 2017
0.5/2
1.43[35]
0.5
1.23
1.0
2.66[117]

7
"Chapter Twenty: Tales from the Darkside"
November 29, 2017
0.5/2
1.45[36]
0.5
1.19
1.0
2.64[118]

8
"Chapter Twenty-One: House of the Devil"
December 6, 2017
0.5/2
1.48[37]
0.6
1.20
1.1
2.68[119]

9
"Chapter Twenty-Two: Silent Night, Deadly Night"
December 13, 2017
0.5/2
1.43[38]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

10
"Chapter Twenty-Three: The Blackboard Jungle"
January 17, 2018
0.5/2
1.44[39]
0.5
1.14
1.0
2.59[120]

11
"Chapter Twenty-Four: The Wrestler"
January 24, 2018
0.5/2
1.39[40]
0.5
1.15
1.0
2.54[121]

12
"Chapter Twenty-Five: The Wicked and the Divine"
January 31, 2018
0.5/2
1.34[41]
0.5
1.06
1.0
2.40[122]

13
"Chapter Twenty-Six: The Tell-Tale Heart"
February 7, 2018
0.5/2
1.28[42]
0.4
0.96
0.9
2.24[123]

14
"Chapter Twenty-Seven: The Hills Have Eyes"
March 7, 2018
0.5/2
1.26[43]
0.4
0.95
0.9
2.22[124]

15
"Chapter Twenty-Eight: There Will Be Blood"
March 14, 2018
0.4/2
1.19[44]
0.4
0.91
0.8
2.10[125]

16
"Chapter Twenty-Nine: Primary Colors"
March 21, 2018
0.4/2
1.16[45]
0.4
0.94
0.8
2.10[126]

17
"Chapter Thirty: The Noose Tightens"
March 28, 2018
0.3/1
0.96[46]
0.4
0.91
0.7
1.87[127]

18
"Chapter Thirty-One: A Night to Remember"
April 18, 2018
0.4/2
1.10[47]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Awards and nominations

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2017
Saturn Awards
Best Action-Thriller Television Series
Riverdale
Won
[128]

Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series
KJ Apa
Nominated

Breakthrough Performance
KJ Apa
Won
[129]

Leo Awards
Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series
Tyler Harron for "Pilot - Chapter 1"
Nominated
[130]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Breakout TV Show
Riverdale
Won
[131]

Choice Breakout TV Star
K.J. Apa
Nominated

Lili Reinhart
Won

Choice Drama TV Actor
Cole Sprouse
Won

Choice Drama TV Show
Riverdale
Won

Choice Hissy Fit
Madelaine Petsch
Won

Choice Scene Stealer
Camila Mendes
Won

Choice TV Ship
Lili Reinhart and Cole Sprouse
Won

2018
Dorian Awards
Campy TV Show of the Year
Riverdale
Nominated
[132]

Saturn Awards
Best Action-Thriller Television Series
Riverdale
Pending
[133]

Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series
KJ Apa
Pending

Lili Reinhart
Pending

Cole Sprouse
Pending

text: Spin-off

text: In September 2017, it was reported that a live-action television series was being developed for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions, with a planned release in the 2018–2019 television season. Based on the comic series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, featuring the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch, the series would be a companion series to Riverdale. Lee Toland Krieger will direct the pilot, which will be written by Aguirre-Sacasa. Both are executive producers along with Berlanti, Schechter, and Goldwater.[134] In December 2017, it was reported that the project had moved to Netflix under a yet-to-be-announced new title. Two seasons, comprising ten episodes each, have been ordered by the streaming service.[135] In January 2018, it was announced that the lead role of Sabrina Spellman would be portrayed by Kiernan Shipka,[136] and CW president Mark Pedowitz noted that, "at the moment, there is no discussion about crossing over" with Riverdale.[137] Filming for first season began on March 19, 2018, just as filming of the second season of Riverdale concludes, which will allow the same crew members to work on both series.[138] It is expected to film back-to-back with the second season.[139]