document_title: Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.

question_text: who played father role in munna bhai mbbs

text: Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.

text: Plot[edit]

text: Murli Prasad Sharma (Sanjay Dutt), nicknamed Munna Bhai (literally Brother Munna), is a bhai or gunda: a good-natured don in the Mumbai underworld. Given that his father had wished him to be a medical doctor, he creates the faux Sri Hari Prasad Sharma Charitable Hospital (named after his father) and pretends to live in accordance with this wish whenever his father (Sunil Dutt) and mother (Rohini Hattangadi) visit him in Mumbai.

text: One year, however, Munna's plan goes awry when his father meets an old acquaintance, Dr. Asthana (Boman Irani) and the two older men decide to betroth Munna to Asthana's daughter, Dr. Suman "Chinki" (Gracy Singh). At this point the truth about Munna is revealed. Asthana insults Munna's parents and calls them "fools" for being ignorant of Munna's real life. Munna's father and mother, aghast and later heartbroken, leave for their village.

text: Munna, in grief and despair, decides that the only way to redeem himself and gain revenge for the humiliation suffered by his father at the hands of the spiteful Ashthana is to become a doctor. He decides to go to a medical college to obtain an MBBS degree.

text: With the help of his right-hand man Circuit (Arshad Warsi) and others, Munna "gains admission" to a medical college, where he again encounters Dr. Asthana, who is the dean. His success there becomes dependent upon the (coerced) help of faculty member Dr. Rustam Pavri (Kurush Deboo).

text: While Munna Bhai's skills as a medical doctor are minimal, he transforms those around him with the "Jadoo Ki Jhappi" ("magical hug") – a method of comfort taught to Munna by his mother – and the compassion he shows towards those in need. Despite the school's emphasis on mechanical, Cartesian, impersonal, often bureaucratic relationships between doctors and patients, Munna constantly seeks to impose a more empathetic, almost holistic, regimen. To this end, he defies all convention by treating a brain-dead man called "Anand bhai" (Yatin Karyekar) as if the man were able to perceive and understand normally; interacts on familiar but autocratic terms with patients; humiliates school bullies; effusively thanks a hitherto underappreciated janitor; and encourages the patients themselves to make changes in their lives, so that they do not need drugs or surgery.

text: Dr. Asthana, who perceives all this as symptoms of chaos, is unable to prevent it from expanding and gaining ground at his college. He becomes increasingly irrational, almost to the point of insanity. Repeatedly, this near-dementia is shown when he receives unwelcome tidings and he begins laughing in a way that implies that he has gone mad. This behaviour is explained early on as an attempt to practice "laughter therapy", an attempt that seems to have backfired – Asthana's laughing serves more to convey his anger than diffuse it. Meanwhile, his daughter becomes increasingly fond of Munna, who in his turn becomes unreservedly infatuated with her. Some comedy appears here, because Munna is unaware that Dr.Suman and his childhood friend "Chinki" are one and the same; an ignorance that Suman hilariously exploits. Asthana tries several times to expel Munna but is often thwarted by Munna's wit or the affection with which the others at the college regard Munna, having gained superior self-esteem by his methods. Asthana keeps a challenge that Munna can stay in college only if he passes the exam under his supervision. Munna and other mates accept it. Meanwhile, cancer patient Zaheer (Jimmy Sheirgill) is in a dying state seeking help from Munna. But unfortunately he dies in Munna's arms.

text: Eventually, Munna is shamed into leaving the college: his guilt over not being able to help Zaheer gets the better of him. In the moments immediately following Munna's departure, Anand miraculously awakens from his vegetative state; at this point Suman gives a heartfelt speech criticising her father for having banished Munna, saying that to do so is to banish hope, compassion, love, and happiness from the college.

text: Asthana eventually realises his folly. Munna later marries Dr. Suman, learning for the first time that she is "Chinki". The medical college – under Rustam Pavri's management since Asthana's retirement – begins to imitate Munna's radical methods of treatment. Munna and Suman open a hospital in Munna's home village, where they implement Munna's ideas daily. This, in addition to the birth of their offspring, earns Munna the nickname "Munnabhai – M.B.B.S. – Miya Biwi Bachhon Samet" (literally "Husband Wife with Children"). Munna's parents reconcile with him. His sidekick Circuit marries and has a son, who is nicknamed "Short Circuit". As the film concludes, Anand, restored to normal mental health, narrates the story to children as he is about to leave for Kolkata, West Bengal.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sunil Dutt as Hari Prasad Sharma
Sanjay Dutt as Murli Prasad Sharma (Munna Bhai)
Gracy Singh as Dr. Suman Asthana (Chinki)
Arshad Warsi as Sarkeshwar/Circuit
Boman Irani as Dr. JC Asthana
Jimmy Sheirgill as Zaheer
Rohini Hattangadi as Parvati Sharma
Nawazuddin Siddiqui as a pickpocket
Kurush Deboo as Dr. Rustam Pavri
Yatin Karyekar as Anand Banerjee
Rohitash Gaud as Coconut Seller in Park
Neha Dubey as Girl in club (Suman's friend)
Mumaith Khan as Reena / Hospital dancer – Song: Dekh le
Priya Bapat as 1st Year Medical Student
Pushkar Shrotri as professor in the college
Sundeep Suthar as Chai Wala[5]
Vishal Thakkar as Varun (Suicide Patient)

text: Production[edit]

text: In an interview, Hirani discussed how the idea for the film emerged from his interactions with some friends who were medical students.[6] Later, he also had the opportunity to interact with a lot of medical professionals when some members of his family became sick. These experiences gave birth to the idea for the film.

text: During the scripting stage, Hirani wanted Anil Kapoor to play the lead role.[7] However, Shah Rukh Khan was later cast as Munna along with Sanjay Dutt as Zaheer but due to his back problems Khan was forced to turn down the film.[8][9][10][11][12][13] Nevertheless, the end credits of the film thank Khan for his inputs into the script.[14] Hirani also narrated the script to Aishwarya Rai during the time he was in talks with Shahrukh Khan.[15] Khan and Rai were working together on Devdas at the time. Vivek Oberoi was considered for the role but in the end Sanjay Dutt took the role as Munna, which ultimately gave him an image make over and helped change the public perception of the controversial superstar; his real-life father Sunil Dutt returned to film after 10 years to play Munna's father. This is the first and only film in which real-life father and son Sunil and Sanjay appear together, although they both appeared in Reshma Aur Shera (1971), Rocky (1981) and Kshatriya (1993) but not in any scenes together.

text:
The original choice for Circuit's role was Makrand Deshpande. Arshad Warsi took over the role which proved to be a turning point for his career.
The scenes of the Medical College were shot at the Agriculture College of Pune and Grant Medical College Mumbai.[16]

text: The film has a similar premise to the 1998 American film Patch Adams, starring Robin Williams. The director Rajkumar Hirani, however, denies there being a resemblance, and says that he had not watched the film before the release of Munna Bhai.[17]

text: Hirani did not have a big budget to shoot the film. As a result he had to change the way certain scenes were shot. For example, the film ends with stills of Munna Bhai's wedding. Hirani was told that setting up a wedding stage and making a wedding outfit for Gracie Singh would cost him several thousand rupees. To save on some of that money, Hirani arranged to have the stills shot on an actual wedding stage set up for a real wedding near the sets. The production team reached an agreement with the wedding hall management and used their stage after a wedding ended.[18]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.Soundtrack album by Anu MalikReleased
2003 (India)Genre
Film soundtrackLabel
VenusProducer
Anu MalikAnu Malik chronology

LOC: Kargil(2003)LOC: Kargil2003

Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.(2003)

Murder(2004)Murder2004

text: The music is composed by Anu Malik and Sanjay Wandrekar with the former composing the songs and the latter, the score. Lyrics for the songs are penned by Abbas Tyrewala and Rahat Indori. According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, with around 1,000,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's fifteenth highest-selling.[19]

text:
Song
Artist(s)
Duration

"Chan Chan"

Vinod Rathod, Shreya Ghoshal

07:00

"Dekhle Aankhon Mein Aankhien Daal"

Sunidhi Chauhan, Anu Malik

03:24

"M Bole To"

Vinod Rathod, Sanjay Dutt, Prachi, Priya Mayekar

08:20

"Subha Ho Gayee Mamu"

Shaan

04:01

"Apun Jaise Tapori"

Vinod Rathod, Sanjay Dutt, Arshad Warsi

05:32

"Dekhle Aankhon Mein Aankhien Daal (Remix)"

Sunidhi Chauhan, Joi Barua

05:22

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. was the recipient of a number of awards. At the 2004 Filmfare awards, it received the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie, the Filmfare Best Screenplay Award, the Filmfare Best Dialogue Award, and the Filmfare Best Comedian Award in addition to four other nominations. It won a number of awards at the 2004 Zee Cine Awards including Best Debuting Director, Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role, Best Cinematography, and Best Dialogue.

text: Other ceremonies include the 2004 National Film Awards where it won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film and the 2004 International Indian Film Academy Awards where it won the IIFA Best Comedian Award.

text:
Date of Ceremony

Awards

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

3 February 2005

51st National Film Awards

Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment

Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.

Won

20 February 2004

49th Filmfare Awards

Best Film (Critics)

Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.

Won

Best Film

Nominated

Best Screenplay

Vidhu Vinod Chopra, Rajkumar Hirani, Lajan Joseph

Won

Best Director

Rajkumar Hirani

Nominated

Best Actor in a Comic Role

Sanjay Dutt

Won

Boman Irani

Nominated

Best Dialogues

Abbas Tyrewala

Won

Best Supporting Actor

Arshad Warsi

Nominated

22 May 2004

International Indian Film Academy Awards

Best Screenplay

Vidhu Vinod Chopra, Rajkumar Hirani, Lajan Joseph

Won

Best Actor in a Comic Role

Boman Irani

Won

Best Dialogues

Abbas Tyrewala

Won

Best Film

Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.

Nominated

Best Editing

Rajkumar Hirani

Won

Best Director

Nominated

Best Story

Nominated

Best Actor

Sanjay Dutt

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor

Arshad Warsi

Nominated

Best Music Director

Anu Malik

Nominated

Best Female Playback Singer

Sunidhi Chauhan (for the song "Dekhle Aankhon Mein Aankhien Daal")

Nominated

Best Lyrics

Rahat Indori (for the song "Dekhle Aankhon Mein Aankhien Daal")

Nominated

28 May 2004

Producer's Guild Film Awards

Best Debut Director

Rajkumar Hirani

Won

Best Editing

Won

Best Director

Nominated

Best Film

Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.

Nominated

Best Actor

Sanjay Dutt

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor

Arshad Warsi

Nominated

Best Screenplay

Vidhu Vinod Chopra, Rajkumar Hirani, Lajan Joseph

Nominated

Best Cinematography

Binod Pradhan

Nominated

26 February 2004

Zee Cine Awards

Best Actor in a Comic Role

Arshad Warsi

Won

Boman Irani

Nominated

Best Debut Director

Rajkumar Hirani

Won

Best Cinematography

Binod Pradhan

Won

Best Film

Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.

Nominated

2004

Bollywood Movie Awards

Best Director

Rajkumar Hirani

Won

Most Sensational Actor

Sanjay Dutt

Won

Best Supporting Actor

Arshad Warsi

Won

21 December 2010

BIG Entertainment Awards

Best Film of the Decade

Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.

Nominated

text: Remakes[edit]

text:
Year

Film

Language

Cast

Director

2004

Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.

Telugu

Chiranjeevi, Sonali Bendre, Paresh Rawal

Jayanth C. Paranjee

2004

Vasool Raja MBBS

Tamil

Kamal Haasan, Sneha, Prabhu, Prakash Raj

Saran

2006

Uppi Dada M.B.B.S.

Kannada

Upendra, Uma, Anant Nag

D. Rajendra Babu

2017

Dr. Nawariyan

Sinhala

Ranjan Ramanayake, Ruwangi Rathnayake

Ranjan Ramanayake


document_title: Metabolism

question_text: what is the name of the form of chemical energy in the body that can be used by all cells

root

text: Metabolism

text: Key biochemicals[edit]

text: Most of the structures that make up animals, plants and microbes are made from three basic classes of molecule: amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids (often called fats). As these molecules are vital for life, metabolic reactions either focus on making these molecules during the construction of cells and tissues, or by breaking them down and using them as a source of energy, by their digestion. These biochemicals can be joined together to make polymers such as DNA and proteins, essential macromolecules of life.

tag: p

text:
Type of molecule
Name of monomer forms
Name of polymer forms
Examples of polymer forms

Amino acids
Amino acids
Proteins (made of polypeptides)
Fibrous proteins and globular proteins

Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Starch, glycogen and cellulose

Nucleic acids
Nucleotides
Polynucleotides
DNA and RNA

tag: table

text: Amino acids and proteins[edit]

text: Proteins are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain joined together by peptide bonds. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions in metabolism. Other proteins have structural or mechanical functions, such as those that form the cytoskeleton, a system of scaffolding that maintains the cell shape.[6] Proteins are also important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, active transport across membranes, and the cell cycle.[7] Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle),[8] especially when a primary source of energy, such as glucose, is scarce, or when cells undergo metabolic stress.[9]

text: Lipids[edit]

text: Lipids are the most diverse group of biochemicals. Their main structural uses are as part of biological membranes both internal and external, such as the cell membrane, or as a source of energy.[7] Lipids are usually defined as hydrophobic or amphipathic biological molecules but will dissolve in organic solvents such as benzene or chloroform.[10] The fats are a large group of compounds that contain fatty acids and glycerol; a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acid esters is called a triacylglyceride.[11] Several variations on this basic structure exist, including alternate backbones such as sphingosine in the sphingolipids, and hydrophilic groups such as phosphate as in phospholipids. Steroids such as cholesterol are another major class of lipids.[12]

text: Carbohydrates[edit]

text: Carbohydrates are aldehydes or ketones, with many hydroxyl groups attached, that can exist as straight chains or rings. Carbohydrates are the most abundant biological molecules, and fill numerous roles, such as the storage and transport of energy (starch, glycogen) and structural components (cellulose in plants, chitin in animals).[7] The basic carbohydrate units are called monosaccharides and include galactose, fructose, and most importantly glucose. Monosaccharides can be linked together to form polysaccharides in almost limitless ways.[13]

text: Nucleotides[edit]

text: The two nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, are polymers of nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of a phosphate attached to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar group which is attached to a nitrogenous base. Nucleic acids are critical for the storage and use of genetic information, and its interpretation through the processes of transcription and protein biosynthesis.[7] This information is protected by DNA repair mechanisms and propagated through DNA replication. Many viruses have an RNA genome, such as HIV, which uses reverse transcription to create a DNA template from its viral RNA genome.[14] RNA in ribozymes such as spliceosomes and ribosomes is similar to enzymes as it can catalyze chemical reactions. Individual nucleosides are made by attaching a nucleobase to a ribose sugar. These bases are heterocyclic rings containing nitrogen, classified as purines or pyrimidines. Nucleotides also act as coenzymes in metabolic-group-transfer reactions.[15]

text: Coenzymes[edit]

text: Metabolism involves a vast array of chemical reactions, but most fall under a few basic types of reactions that involve the transfer of functional groups of atoms and their bonds within molecules.[16] This common chemistry allows cells to use a small set of metabolic intermediates to carry chemical groups between different reactions.[15] These group-transfer intermediates are called coenzymes. Each class of group-transfer reactions is carried out by a particular coenzyme, which is the substrate for a set of enzymes that produce it, and a set of enzymes that consume it. These coenzymes are therefore continuously made, consumed and then recycled.[17]

text: One central coenzyme is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the universal energy currency of cells. This nucleotide is used to transfer chemical energy between different chemical reactions. There is only a small amount of ATP in cells, but as it is continuously regenerated, the human body can use about its own weight in ATP per day.[17] ATP acts as a bridge between catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism breaks down molecules, and anabolism puts them together. Catabolic reactions generate ATP, and anabolic reactions consume it. It also serves as a carrier of phosphate groups in phosphorylation reactions.

text: A vitamin is an organic compound needed in small quantities that cannot be made in cells. In human nutrition, most vitamins function as coenzymes after modification; for example, all water-soluble vitamins are phosphorylated or are coupled to nucleotides when they are used in cells.[18] Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a derivative of vitamin B3 (niacin), is an important coenzyme that acts as a hydrogen acceptor. Hundreds of separate types of dehydrogenases remove electrons from their substrates and reduce NAD+ into NADH. This reduced form of the coenzyme is then a substrate for any of the reductases in the cell that need to reduce their substrates.[19] Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two related forms in the cell, NADH and NADPH. The NAD+/NADH form is more important in catabolic reactions, while NADP+/NADPH is used in anabolic reactions.

text: Minerals and cofactors[edit]

text: Inorganic elements play critical roles in metabolism; some are abundant (e.g. sodium and potassium) while others function at minute concentrations. About 99% of a mammal's mass is made up of the elements carbon, nitrogen, calcium, sodium, chlorine, potassium, hydrogen, phosphorus, oxygen and sulfur.[20] Organic compounds (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates) contain the majority of the carbon and nitrogen; most of the oxygen and hydrogen is present as water.[20]

text: The abundant inorganic elements act as ionic electrolytes. The most important ions are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate and the organic ion bicarbonate. The maintenance of precise ion gradients across cell membranes maintains osmotic pressure and pH.[21] Ions are also critical for nerve and muscle function, as action potentials in these tissues are produced by the exchange of electrolytes between the extracellular fluid and the cell's fluid, the cytosol.[22] Electrolytes enter and leave cells through proteins in the cell membrane called ion channels. For example, muscle contraction depends upon the movement of calcium, sodium and potassium through ion channels in the cell membrane and T-tubules.[23]

text: Transition metals are usually present as trace elements in organisms, with zinc and iron being most abundant of those.[24][25] These metals are used in some proteins as cofactors and are essential for the activity of enzymes such as catalase and oxygen-carrier proteins such as hemoglobin.[26] Metal cofactors are bound tightly to specific sites in proteins; although enzyme cofactors can be modified during catalysis, they always return to their original state by the end of the reaction catalyzed. Metal micronutrients are taken up into organisms by specific transporters and bind to storage proteins such as ferritin or metallothionein when not in use.[27][28]

text: Catabolism[edit]

text: Catabolism is the set of metabolic processes that break down large molecules. These include breaking down and oxidizing food molecules. The purpose of the catabolic reactions is to provide the energy and components needed by anabolic reactions which build molecules. The exact nature of these catabolic reactions differ from organism to organism, and organisms can be classified based on their sources of energy and carbon (their primary nutritional groups), as shown in the table below. Organic molecules are used as a source of energy by organotrophs, while lithotrophs use inorganic substrates, and phototrophs capture sunlight as chemical energy. However, all these different forms of metabolism depend on redox reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from reduced donor molecules such as organic molecules, water, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide or ferrous ions to acceptor molecules such as oxygen, nitrate or sulfate.[29] In animals, these reactions involve complex organic molecules that are broken down to simpler molecules, such as carbon dioxide and water. In photosynthetic organisms, such as plants and cyanobacteria, these electron-transfer reactions do not release energy but are used as a way of storing energy absorbed from sunlight.[30]

text:
Classification of organisms based on their metabolism

Energy source
sunlight
photo-

-troph

Preformed molecules
chemo-

Electron donor
organic compound

organo-

inorganic compound
litho-

Carbon source
organic compound

hetero-

inorganic compound
auto-

text: The most common set of catabolic reactions in animals can be separated into three main stages. In the first stage, large organic molecules, such as proteins, polysaccharides or lipids, are digested into their smaller components outside cells. Next, these smaller molecules are taken up by cells and converted to smaller molecules, usually acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), which releases some energy. Finally, the acetyl group on the CoA is oxidised to water and carbon dioxide in the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain, releasing the energy that is stored by reducing the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) into NADH.

text: Digestion[edit]

text: Macromolecules such as starch, cellulose or proteins cannot be rapidly taken up by cells and must be broken into their smaller units before they can be used in cell metabolism. Several common classes of enzymes digest these polymers. These digestive enzymes include proteases that digest proteins into amino acids, as well as glycoside hydrolases that digest polysaccharides into simple sugars known as monosaccharides.

text: Microbes simply secrete digestive enzymes into their surroundings,[31][32] while animals only secrete these enzymes from specialized cells in their guts, including the stomach and pancreas, and salivary glands.[33] The amino acids or sugars released by these extracellular enzymes are then pumped into cells by active transport proteins.[34][35]

text: Energy from organic compounds[edit]

text: Carbohydrate catabolism is the breakdown of carbohydrates into smaller units. Carbohydrates are usually taken into cells once they have been digested into monosaccharides.[36] Once inside, the major route of breakdown is glycolysis, where sugars such as glucose and fructose are converted into pyruvate and some ATP is generated.[37] Pyruvate is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways, but the majority is converted to acetyl-CoA through aerobic (with oxygen) glycolysis and fed into the citric acid cycle. Although some more ATP is generated in the citric acid cycle, the most important product is NADH, which is made from NAD+ as the acetyl-CoA is oxidized. This oxidation releases carbon dioxide as a waste product. In anaerobic conditions, glycolysis produces lactate, through the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase re-oxidizing NADH to NAD+ for re-use in glycolysis. An alternative route for glucose breakdown is the pentose phosphate pathway, which reduces the coenzyme NADPH and produces pentose sugars such as ribose, the sugar component of nucleic acids.

text: Fats are catabolised by hydrolysis to free fatty acids and glycerol. The glycerol enters glycolysis and the fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation to release acetyl-CoA, which then is fed into the citric acid cycle. Fatty acids release more energy upon oxidation than carbohydrates because carbohydrates contain more oxygen in their structures. Steroids are also broken down by some bacteria in a process similar to beta oxidation, and this breakdown process involves the release of significant amounts of acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, and pyruvate, which can all be used by the cell for energy. M. tuberculosis can also grow on the lipid cholesterol as a sole source of carbon, and genes involved in the cholesterol use pathway(s) have been validated as important during various stages of the infection lifecycle of M. tuberculosis.[38]

text: Amino acids are either used to synthesize proteins and other biomolecules, or oxidized to urea and carbon dioxide as a source of energy.[39] The oxidation pathway starts with the removal of the amino group by a transaminase. The amino group is fed into the urea cycle, leaving a deaminated carbon skeleton in the form of a keto acid. Several of these keto acids are intermediates in the citric acid cycle, for example the deamination of glutamate forms α-ketoglutarate.[40] The glucogenic amino acids can also be converted into glucose, through gluconeogenesis (discussed below).[41]

text: Energy transformations[edit]

text: Oxidative phosphorylation[edit]

text: In oxidative phosphorylation, the electrons removed from organic molecules in areas such as the protagon acid cycle are transferred to oxygen and the energy released is used to make ATP. This is done in eukaryotes by a series of proteins in the membranes of mitochondria called the electron transport chain. In prokaryotes, these proteins are found in the cell's inner membrane.[42] These proteins use the energy released from passing electrons from reduced molecules like NADH onto oxygen to pump protons across a membrane.[43]

text: Pumping protons out of the mitochondria creates a proton concentration difference across the membrane and generates an electrochemical gradient.[44] This force drives protons back into the mitochondrion through the base of an enzyme called ATP synthase. The flow of protons makes the stalk subunit rotate, causing the active site of the synthase domain to change shape and phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate – turning it into ATP.[17]

text: Energy from inorganic compounds[edit]

text: Chemolithotrophy is a type of metabolism found in prokaryotes where energy is obtained from the oxidation of inorganic compounds. These organisms can use hydrogen,[45] reduced sulfur compounds (such as sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and thiosulfate),[1] ferrous iron (FeII)[46] or ammonia[47] as sources of reducing power and they gain energy from the oxidation of these compounds with electron acceptors such as oxygen or nitrite.[48] These microbial processes are important in global biogeochemical cycles such as acetogenesis, nitrification and denitrification and are critical for soil fertility.[49][50]

text: Energy from light[edit]

text: The energy in sunlight is captured by plants, cyanobacteria, purple bacteria, green sulfur bacteria and some protists. This process is often coupled to the conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds, as part of photosynthesis, which is discussed below. The energy capture and carbon fixation systems can however operate separately in prokaryotes, as purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria can use sunlight as a source of energy, while switching between carbon fixation and the fermentation of organic compounds.[51][52]

text: In many organisms the capture of solar energy is similar in principle to oxidative phosphorylation, as it involves the storage of energy as a proton concentration gradient. This proton motive force then drives ATP synthesis.[17] The electrons needed to drive this electron transport chain come from light-gathering proteins called photosynthetic reaction centres or rhodopsins. Reaction centers are classed into two types depending on the type of photosynthetic pigment present, with most photosynthetic bacteria only having one type, while plants and cyanobacteria have two.[53]

text: In plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, photosystem II uses light energy to remove electrons from water, releasing oxygen as a waste product. The electrons then flow to the cytochrome b6f complex, which uses their energy to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast.[30] These protons move back through the membrane as they drive the ATP synthase, as before. The electrons then flow through photosystem I and can then either be used to reduce the coenzyme NADP+, for use in the Calvin cycle, which is discussed below, or recycled for further ATP generation.[54]

text: Anabolism[edit]

text: Anabolism is the set of constructive metabolic processes where the energy released by catabolism is used to synthesize complex molecules. In general, the complex molecules that make up cellular structures are constructed step-by-step from small and simple precursors. Anabolism involves three basic stages. First, the production of precursors such as amino acids, monosaccharides, isoprenoids and nucleotides, secondly, their activation into reactive forms using energy from ATP, and thirdly, the assembly of these precursors into complex molecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids and nucleic acids.

text: Organisms differ according to the number of constructed molecules in their cells. Autotrophs such as plants can construct the complex organic molecules in cells such as polysaccharides and proteins from simple molecules like carbon dioxide and water. Heterotrophs, on the other hand, require a source of more complex substances, such as monosaccharides and amino acids, to produce these complex molecules. Organisms can be further classified by ultimate source of their energy: photoautotrophs and photoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, whereas chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs obtain energy from inorganic oxidation reactions.

text: Carbon fixation[edit]

text: Photosynthesis is the synthesis of carbohydrates from sunlight and carbon dioxide (CO2). In plants, cyanobacteria and algae, oxygenic photosynthesis splits water, with oxygen produced as a waste product. This process uses the ATP and NADPH produced by the photosynthetic reaction centres, as described above, to convert CO2 into glycerate 3-phosphate, which can then be converted into glucose. This carbon-fixation reaction is carried out by the enzyme RuBisCO as part of the Calvin – Benson cycle.[55] Three types of photosynthesis occur in plants, C3 carbon fixation, C4 carbon fixation and CAM photosynthesis. These differ by the route that carbon dioxide takes to the Calvin cycle, with C3 plants fixing CO2 directly, while C4 and CAM photosynthesis incorporate the CO2 into other compounds first, as adaptations to deal with intense sunlight and dry conditions.[56]

text: In photosynthetic prokaryotes the mechanisms of carbon fixation are more diverse. Here, carbon dioxide can be fixed by the Calvin – Benson cycle, a reversed citric acid cycle,[57] or the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA.[58][59] Prokaryotic chemoautotrophs also fix CO2 through the Calvin – Benson cycle, but use energy from inorganic compounds to drive the reaction.[60]

text: Carbohydrates and glycans[edit]

text: In carbohydrate anabolism, simple organic acids can be converted into monosaccharides such as glucose and then used to assemble polysaccharides such as starch. The generation of glucose from compounds like pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, glycerate 3-phosphate and amino acids is called gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis converts pyruvate to glucose-6-phosphate through a series of intermediates, many of which are shared with glycolysis.[37] However, this pathway is not simply glycolysis run in reverse, as several steps are catalyzed by non-glycolytic enzymes. This is important as it allows the formation and breakdown of glucose to be regulated separately, and prevents both pathways from running simultaneously in a futile cycle.[61][62]

text: Although fat is a common way of storing energy, in vertebrates such as humans the fatty acids in these stores cannot be converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis as these organisms cannot convert acetyl-CoA into pyruvate; plants do, but animals do not, have the necessary enzymatic machinery.[63] As a result, after long-term starvation, vertebrates need to produce ketone bodies from fatty acids to replace glucose in tissues such as the brain that cannot metabolize fatty acids.[64] In other organisms such as plants and bacteria, this metabolic problem is solved using the glyoxylate cycle, which bypasses the decarboxylation step in the citric acid cycle and allows the transformation of acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate, where it can be used for the production of glucose.[63][65]

text: Polysaccharides and glycans are made by the sequential addition of monosaccharides by glycosyltransferase from a reactive sugar-phosphate donor such as uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) to an acceptor hydroxyl group on the growing polysaccharide. As any of the hydroxyl groups on the ring of the substrate can be acceptors, the polysaccharides produced can have straight or branched structures.[66] The polysaccharides produced can have structural or metabolic functions themselves, or be transferred to lipids and proteins by enzymes called oligosaccharyltransferases.[67][68]

text: Fatty acids, isoprenoids and steroids[edit]

text: Fatty acids are made by fatty acid synthases that polymerize and then reduce acetyl-CoA units. The acyl chains in the fatty acids are extended by a cycle of reactions that add the acyl group, reduce it to an alcohol, dehydrate it to an alkene group and then reduce it again to an alkane group. The enzymes of fatty acid biosynthesis are divided into two groups: in animals and fungi, all these fatty acid synthase reactions are carried out by a single multifunctional type I protein,[69] while in plant plastids and bacteria separate type II enzymes perform each step in the pathway.[70][71]

text: Terpenes and isoprenoids are a large class of lipids that include the carotenoids and form the largest class of plant natural products.[72] These compounds are made by the assembly and modification of isoprene units donated from the reactive precursors isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate.[73] These precursors can be made in different ways. In animals and archaea, the mevalonate pathway produces these compounds from acetyl-CoA,[74] while in plants and bacteria the non-mevalonate pathway uses pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate as substrates.[73][75] One important reaction that uses these activated isoprene donors is steroid biosynthesis. Here, the isoprene units are joined together to make squalene and then folded up and formed into a set of rings to make lanosterol.[76] Lanosterol can then be converted into other steroids such as cholesterol and ergosterol.[76][77]

text: Proteins[edit]

text: Organisms vary in their ability to synthesize the 20 common amino acids. Most bacteria and plants can synthesize all twenty, but mammals can only synthesize eleven nonessential amino acids, so nine essential amino acids must be obtained from food.[7] Some simple parasites, such as the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae, lack all amino acid synthesis and take their amino acids directly from their hosts.[78] All amino acids are synthesized from intermediates in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the pentose phosphate pathway. Nitrogen is provided by glutamate and glutamine. Amino acid synthesis depends on the formation of the appropriate alpha-keto acid, which is then transaminated to form an amino acid.[79]

text: Amino acids are made into proteins by being joined together in a chain of peptide bonds. Each different protein has a unique sequence of amino acid residues: this is its primary structure. Just as the letters of the alphabet can be combined to form an almost endless variety of words, amino acids can be linked in varying sequences to form a huge variety of proteins. Proteins are made from amino acids that have been activated by attachment to a transfer RNA molecule through an ester bond. This aminoacyl-tRNA precursor is produced in an ATP-dependent reaction carried out by an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase.[80] This aminoacyl-tRNA is then a substrate for the ribosome, which joins the amino acid onto the elongating protein chain, using the sequence information in a messenger RNA.[81]

text: Nucleotide synthesis and salvage[edit]

text: Nucleotides are made from amino acids, carbon dioxide and formic acid in pathways that require large amounts of metabolic energy.[82] Consequently, most organisms have efficient systems to salvage preformed nucleotides.[82][83] Purines are synthesized as nucleosides (bases attached to ribose).[84] Both adenine and guanine are made from the precursor nucleoside inosine monophosphate, which is synthesized using atoms from the amino acids glycine, glutamine, and aspartic acid, as well as formate transferred from the coenzyme tetrahydrofolate. Pyrimidines, on the other hand, are synthesized from the base orotate, which is formed from glutamine and aspartate.[85]

text: Xenobiotics and redox metabolism[edit]

text: All organisms are constantly exposed to compounds that they cannot use as foods and would be harmful if they accumulated in cells, as they have no metabolic function. These potentially damaging compounds are called xenobiotics.[86] Xenobiotics such as synthetic drugs, natural poisons and antibiotics are detoxified by a set of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. In humans, these include cytochrome P450 oxidases,[87] UDP-glucuronosyltransferases,[88] and glutathione S-transferases.[89] This system of enzymes acts in three stages to firstly oxidize the xenobiotic (phase I) and then conjugate water-soluble groups onto the molecule (phase II). The modified water-soluble xenobiotic can then be pumped out of cells and in multicellular organisms may be further metabolized before being excreted (phase III). In ecology, these reactions are particularly important in microbial biodegradation of pollutants and the bioremediation of contaminated land and oil spills.[90] Many of these microbial reactions are shared with multicellular organisms, but due to the incredible diversity of types of microbes these organisms are able to deal with a far wider range of xenobiotics than multicellular organisms, and can degrade even persistent organic pollutants such as organochloride compounds.[91]

text: A related problem for aerobic organisms is oxidative stress.[92] Here, processes including oxidative phosphorylation and the formation of disulfide bonds during protein folding produce reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide.[93] These damaging oxidants are removed by antioxidant metabolites such as glutathione and enzymes such as catalases and peroxidases.[94][95]

text: Thermodynamics of living organisms[edit]

text: Living organisms must obey the laws of thermodynamics, which describe the transfer of heat and work. The second law of thermodynamics states that in any closed system, the amount of entropy (disorder) cannot decrease. Although living organisms' amazing complexity appears to contradict this law, life is possible as all organisms are open systems that exchange matter and energy with their surroundings. Thus living systems are not in equilibrium, but instead are dissipative systems that maintain their state of high complexity by causing a larger increase in the entropy of their environments.[96] The metabolism of a cell achieves this by coupling the spontaneous processes of catabolism to the non-spontaneous processes of anabolism. In thermodynamic terms, metabolism maintains order by creating disorder.[97]

text: Regulation and control[edit]

text: As the environments of most organisms are constantly changing, the reactions of metabolism must be finely regulated to maintain a constant set of conditions within cells, a condition called homeostasis.[98][99] Metabolic regulation also allows organisms to respond to signals and interact actively with their environments.[100] Two closely linked concepts are important for understanding how metabolic pathways are controlled. Firstly, the regulation of an enzyme in a pathway is how its activity is increased and decreased in response to signals. Secondly, the control exerted by this enzyme is the effect that these changes in its activity have on the overall rate of the pathway (the flux through the pathway).[101] For example, an enzyme may show large changes in activity (i.e. it is highly regulated) but if these changes have little effect on the flux of a metabolic pathway, then this enzyme is not involved in the control of the pathway.[102]

text: There are multiple levels of metabolic regulation. In intrinsic regulation, the metabolic pathway self-regulates to respond to changes in the levels of substrates or products; for example, a decrease in the amount of product can increase the flux through the pathway to compensate.[101] This type of regulation often involves allosteric regulation of the activities of multiple enzymes in the pathway.[103] Extrinsic control involves a cell in a multicellular organism changing its metabolism in response to signals from other cells. These signals are usually in the form of soluble messengers such as hormones and growth factors and are detected by specific receptors on the cell surface.[104] These signals are then transmitted inside the cell by second messenger systems that often involved the phosphorylation of proteins.[105]

text: A very well understood example of extrinsic control is the regulation of glucose metabolism by the hormone insulin.[106] Insulin is produced in response to rises in blood glucose levels. Binding of the hormone to insulin receptors on cells then activates a cascade of protein kinases that cause the cells to take up glucose and convert it into storage molecules such as fatty acids and glycogen.[107] The metabolism of glycogen is controlled by activity of phosphorylase, the enzyme that breaks down glycogen, and glycogen synthase, the enzyme that makes it. These enzymes are regulated in a reciprocal fashion, with phosphorylation inhibiting glycogen synthase, but activating phosphorylase. Insulin causes glycogen synthesis by activating protein phosphatases and producing a decrease in the phosphorylation of these enzymes.[108]

text: Evolution[edit]

text: The central pathways of metabolism described above, such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, are present in all three domains of living things and were present in the last universal common ancestor.[3][109] This universal ancestral cell was prokaryotic and probably a methanogen that had extensive amino acid, nucleotide, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.[110][111] The retention of these ancient pathways during later evolution may be the result of these reactions having been an optimal solution to their particular metabolic problems, with pathways such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle producing their end products highly efficiently and in a minimal number of steps.[4][5] The first pathways of enzyme-based metabolism may have been parts of purine nucleotide metabolism, while previous metabolic pathways were a part of the ancient RNA world.[112]

text: Many models have been proposed to describe the mechanisms by which novel metabolic pathways evolve. These include the sequential addition of novel enzymes to a short ancestral pathway, the duplication and then divergence of entire pathways as well as the recruitment of pre-existing enzymes and their assembly into a novel reaction pathway.[113] The relative importance of these mechanisms is unclear, but genomic studies have shown that enzymes in a pathway are likely to have a shared ancestry, suggesting that many pathways have evolved in a step-by-step fashion with novel functions created from pre-existing steps in the pathway.[114] An alternative model comes from studies that trace the evolution of proteins' structures in metabolic networks, this has suggested that enzymes are pervasively recruited, borrowing enzymes to perform similar functions in different metabolic pathways (evident in the MANET database)[115] These recruitment processes result in an evolutionary enzymatic mosaic.[116] A third possibility is that some parts of metabolism might exist as "modules" that can be reused in different pathways and perform similar functions on different molecules.[117]

text: As well as the evolution of new metabolic pathways, evolution can also cause the loss of metabolic functions. For example, in some parasites metabolic processes that are not essential for survival are lost and preformed amino acids, nucleotides and carbohydrates may instead be scavenged from the host.[118] Similar reduced metabolic capabilities are seen in endosymbiotic organisms.[119]

text: Investigation and manipulation[edit]

text: Classically, metabolism is studied by a reductionist approach that focuses on a single metabolic pathway. Particularly valuable is the use of radioactive tracers at the whole-organism, tissue and cellular levels, which define the paths from precursors to final products by identifying radioactively labelled intermediates and products.[120] The enzymes that catalyze these chemical reactions can then be purified and their kinetics and responses to inhibitors investigated. A parallel approach is to identify the small molecules in a cell or tissue; the complete set of these molecules is called the metabolome. Overall, these studies give a good view of the structure and function of simple metabolic pathways, but are inadequate when applied to more complex systems such as the metabolism of a complete cell.[121]

text: An idea of the complexity of the metabolic networks in cells that contain thousands of different enzymes is given by the figure showing the interactions between just 43 proteins and 40 metabolites to the right: the sequences of genomes provide lists containing anything up to 45,000 genes.[122] However, it is now possible to use this genomic data to reconstruct complete networks of biochemical reactions and produce more holistic mathematical models that may explain and predict their behavior.[123] These models are especially powerful when used to integrate the pathway and metabolite data obtained through classical methods with data on gene expression from proteomic and DNA microarray studies.[124] Using these techniques, a model of human metabolism has now been produced, which will guide future drug discovery and biochemical research.[125] These models are now used in network analysis, to classify human diseases into groups that share common proteins or metabolites.[126][127]

text: Bacterial metabolic networks are a striking example of bow-tie[128][129][130] organization, an architecture able to input a wide range of nutrients and produce a large variety of products and complex macromolecules using a relatively few intermediate common currencies.

text: A major technological application of this information is metabolic engineering. Here, organisms such as yeast, plants or bacteria are genetically modified to make them more useful in biotechnology and aid the production of drugs such as antibiotics or industrial chemicals such as 1,3-propanediol and shikimic acid.[131] These genetic modifications usually aim to reduce the amount of energy used to produce the product, increase yields and reduce the production of wastes.[132]

text: History[edit]

text: The term metabolism is derived from the Greek Μεταβολισμός – "Metabolismos" for "change", or "overthrow".[133]

text: Aristotle's The Parts of Animals sets out enough details of his views on metabolism for an open flow model to be made. He believed that at each stage of the process, materials from food were transformed, with heat being released as the classical element of fire, and residual materials being excreted as urine, bile, or faeces.[134]

text: Ibn al-Nafis described metabolism in his 1260 AD work titled Al-Risalah al-Kamiliyyah fil Siera al-Nabawiyyah (The Treatise of Kamil on the Prophet's Biography) which included the following phrase "Both the body and its parts are in a continuous state of dissolution and nourishment, so they are inevitably undergoing permanent change."[135] The history of the scientific study of metabolism spans several centuries and has moved from examining whole animals in early studies, to examining individual metabolic reactions in modern biochemistry. The first controlled experiments in human metabolism were published by Santorio Santorio in 1614 in his book Ars de statica medicina.[136] He described how he weighed himself before and after eating, sleep, working, sex, fasting, drinking, and excreting. He found that most of the food he took in was lost through what he called "insensible perspiration".

text: In these early studies, the mechanisms of these metabolic processes had not been identified and a vital force was thought to animate living tissue.[137] In the 19th century, when studying the fermentation of sugar to alcohol by yeast, Louis Pasteur concluded that fermentation was catalyzed by substances within the yeast cells he called "ferments". He wrote that "alcoholic fermentation is an act correlated with the life and organization of the yeast cells, not with the death or putrefaction of the cells."[138] This discovery, along with the publication by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828 of a paper on the chemical synthesis of urea,[139] and is notable for being the first organic compound prepared from wholly inorganic precursors. This proved that the organic compounds and chemical reactions found in cells were no different in principle than any other part of chemistry.

text: It was the discovery of enzymes at the beginning of the 20th century by Eduard Buchner that separated the study of the chemical reactions of metabolism from the biological study of cells, and marked the beginnings of biochemistry.[140] The mass of biochemical knowledge grew rapidly throughout the early 20th century. One of the most prolific of these modern biochemists was Hans Krebs who made huge contributions to the study of metabolism.[141] He discovered the urea cycle and later, working with Hans Kornberg, the citric acid cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.[142][65] Modern biochemical research has been greatly aided by the development of new techniques such as chromatography, X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, radioisotopic labelling, electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. These techniques have allowed the discovery and detailed analysis of the many molecules and metabolic pathways in cells.


document_title: List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes

question_text: when does the next episode of marvel agents of shield air

text: List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Average viewers
(in millions inc. DVR)

1
22
September 24, 2013 (2013-09-24)
May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)
43
8.31[10]

2
22
September 23, 2014 (2014-09-23)
May 12, 2015 (2015-05-12)
76
7.09[11]

3
22
September 29, 2015 (2015-09-29)
May 17, 2016 (2016-05-17)
85
5.52[12]

4
22
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
May 16, 2017 (2017-05-16)
110
4.22[13]

5
22[9]
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)[14]
TBA
TBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Joss Whedon
Joss Whedon, Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen
September 24, 2013 (2013-09-24)
12.12[15]

2
2
"0-8-4"
David Straiton
Maurissa Tancharoen, Jed Whedon & Jeffrey Bell
October 1, 2013 (2013-10-01)
8.66[16]

3
3
"The Asset"
Milan Cheylov
Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen
October 8, 2013 (2013-10-08)
7.87[17]

4
4
"Eye Spy"
Roxann Dawson
Jeffrey Bell
October 15, 2013 (2013-10-15)
7.85[18]

5
5
"Girl in the Flower Dress"
Jesse Bochco
Brent Fletcher
October 22, 2013 (2013-10-22)
7.39[19]

6
6
"FZZT"
Vincent Misiano
Paul Zbyszewski
November 5, 2013 (2013-11-05)
7.15[20]

7
7
"The Hub"
Bobby Roth
Rafe Judkins & Lauren LeFranc
November 12, 2013 (2013-11-12)
6.67[21]

8
8
"The Well"
Jonathan Frakes
Monica Owusu-Breen
November 19, 2013 (2013-11-19)
6.89[22]

9
9
"Repairs"
Billy Gierhart
Maurissa Tancharoen & Jed Whedon
November 26, 2013 (2013-11-26)
9.69[23]

10
10
"The Bridge"
Holly Dale
Shalisha Francis
December 10, 2013 (2013-12-10)
6.11[24]

11
11
"The Magical Place"
Kevin Hooks
Paul Zbyszewski & Brent Fletcher
January 7, 2014 (2014-01-07)
6.63[25]

12
12
"Seeds"
Kenneth Fink
Monica Owusu-Breen & Jed Whedon
January 14, 2014 (2014-01-14)
6.37[26]

13
13
"T.R.A.C.K.S."
Paul Edwards
Lauren LeFranc & Rafe Judkins
February 4, 2014 (2014-02-04)
6.62[27]

14
14
"T.A.H.I.T.I."
Bobby Roth
Jeffrey Bell
March 4, 2014 (2014-03-04)
5.46[28]

15
15
"Yes Men"
John Terlesky
Shalisha Francis
March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)
5.99[29]

16
16
"End of the Beginning"
Bobby Roth
Paul Zbyszewski
April 1, 2014 (2014-04-01)
5.71[30]

17
17
"Turn, Turn, Turn"
Vincent Misiano
Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen
April 8, 2014 (2014-04-08)
5.37[31]

18
18
"Providence"
Milan Cheylov
Brent Fletcher
April 15, 2014 (2014-04-15)
5.52[32]

19
19
"The Only Light in the Darkness"
Vincent Misiano
Monica Owusu-Breen
April 22, 2014 (2014-04-22)
6.04[33]

20
20
"Nothing Personal"
Billy Gierhart
Paul Zbyszewski & DJ Doyle
April 29, 2014 (2014-04-29)
5.95[34]

21
21
"Ragtag"
Roxann Dawson
Jeffrey Bell
May 6, 2014 (2014-05-06)
5.37[35]

22
22
"Beginning of the End"
David Straiton
Maurissa Tancharoen & Jed Whedon
May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)
5.45[36]

text: Season 2 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

23
1
"Shadows"
Vincent Misiano
Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen
September 23, 2014 (2014-09-23)
5.98[37]

24
2
"Heavy Is the Head"
Jesse Bochco
Paul Zbyszewski
September 30, 2014 (2014-09-30)
5.05[38]

25
3
"Making Friends and Influencing People"
Bobby Roth
Monica Owusu-Breen
October 7, 2014 (2014-10-07)
4.47[39]

26
4
"Face My Enemy"
Kevin Tancharoen
Drew Z. Greenberg
October 14, 2014 (2014-10-14)
4.70[40]

27
5
"A Hen in the Wolf House"
Holly Dale
Brent Fletcher
October 21, 2014 (2014-10-21)
4.36[41]

28
6
"A Fractured House"
Ron Underwood
Rafe Judkins & Lauren LeFranc
October 28, 2014 (2014-10-28)
4.44[42]

29
7
"The Writing on the Wall"
Vincent Misiano
Craig Titley
November 11, 2014 (2014-11-11)
4.27[43]

30
8
"The Things We Bury"
Milan Cheylov
DJ Doyle
November 18, 2014 (2014-11-18)
4.58[44]

31
9
"...Ye Who Enter Here"
Billy Gierhart
Paul Zbyszewski
December 2, 2014 (2014-12-02)
5.36[45]

32
10
"What They Become"
Michael Zinberg
Jeffrey Bell
December 9, 2014 (2014-12-09)
5.29[46]

33
11
"Aftershocks"
Billy Gierhart
Maurissa Tancharoen & Jed Whedon
March 3, 2015 (2015-03-03)
4.48[47]

34
12
"Who You Really Are"
Roxann Dawson
Drew Z. Greenberg
March 10, 2015 (2015-03-10)
3.80[48]

35
13
"One of Us"
Kevin Tancharoen
Monica Owusu-Breen
March 17, 2015 (2015-03-17)
4.34[49]

36
14
"Love in the Time of Hydra"
Jesse Bochco
Brent Fletcher
March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)
4.29[50]

37
15
"One Door Closes"
David Solomon
Lauren LeFranc & Rafe Judkins
March 31, 2015 (2015-03-31)
4.26[51]

38
16
"Afterlife"
Kevin Hooks
Craig Titley
April 7, 2015 (2015-04-07)
4.24[52]

39
17
"Melinda"
Garry A. Brown
DJ Doyle
April 14, 2015 (2015-04-14)
4.04[53]

40
18
"The Frenemy of My Enemy"
Karen Gaviola
Monica Owusu-Breen & Paul Zbyszewski
April 21, 2015 (2015-04-21)
4.45[54]

41
19
"The Dirty Half Dozen"
Kevin Tancharoen
Brent Fletcher & Drew Z. Greenberg
April 28, 2015 (2015-04-28)
4.57[55]

42
20
"Scars"
Bobby Roth
Rafe Judkins & Lauren LeFranc
May 5, 2015 (2015-05-05)
4.45[56]

43

44
21

22
"S.O.S."
Vincent Misiano

Billy Gierhart
Jeffrey Bell

Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen
May 12, 2015 (2015-05-12)
3.88[57]

text: Season 3 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

45
1
"Laws of Nature"
Vincent Misiano
Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen
September 29, 2015 (2015-09-29)
4.90[58]

46
2
"Purpose in the Machine"
Kevin Tancharoen
DJ Doyle
October 6, 2015 (2015-10-06)
4.32[59]

47
3
"A Wanted (Inhu)man"
Garry A. Brown
Monica Owusu-Breen
October 13, 2015 (2015-10-13)
3.74[60]

48
4
"Devils You Know"
Ron Underwood
Paul Zbyszewski
October 20, 2015 (2015-10-20)
3.85[61]

49
5
"4,722 Hours"
Jesse Bochco
Craig Titley
October 27, 2015 (2015-10-27)
3.81[62]

50
6
"Among Us Hide..."
Dwight Little
Drew Z. Greenberg
November 3, 2015 (2015-11-03)
3.84[63]

51
7
"Chaos Theory"
David Solomon
Lauren LeFranc
November 10, 2015 (2015-11-10)
3.49[64]

52
8
"Many Heads, One Tale"
Garry A. Brown
Jed Whedon & DJ Doyle
November 17, 2015 (2015-11-17)
3.60[65]

53
9
"Closure"
Kate Woods
Brent Fletcher
December 1, 2015 (2015-12-01)
3.84[66]

54
10
"Maveth"
Vincent Misiano
Jeffrey Bell
December 8, 2015 (2015-12-08)
3.85[67]

55
11
"Bouncing Back"
Ron Underwood
Monica Owusu-Breen
March 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)
3.52[68]

56
12
"The Inside Man"
John Terlesky
Craig Titley
March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)
2.94[69]

57
13
"Parting Shot"
Michael Zinberg
Paul Zbyszewski
March 22, 2016 (2016-03-22)
2.88[70]

58
14
"Watchdogs"
Jesse Bochco
Drew Z. Greenberg
March 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)
3.20[71]

59
15
"Spacetime"
Kevin Tancharoen
Maurissa Tancharoen & Jed Whedon
April 5, 2016 (2016-04-05)
2.81[72]

60
16
"Paradise Lost"
Wendey Stanzler
George Kitson & Sharla Oliver
April 12, 2016 (2016-04-12)
3.01[73]

61
17
"The Team"
Elodie Keene
DJ Doyle
April 19, 2016 (2016-04-19)
2.85[74]

62
18
"The Singularity"
Garry A. Brown
Lauren LeFranc
April 26, 2016 (2016-04-26)
3.22[75]

63
19
"Failed Experiments"
Wendey Stanzler
Brent Fletcher
May 3, 2016 (2016-05-03)
2.92[76]

64
20
"Emancipation"
Vincent Misiano
Craig Titley
May 10, 2016 (2016-05-10)
2.93[77]

65
21
"Absolution"
Billy Gierhart
Chris Dingess & Drew Z. Greenberg
May 17, 2016 (2016-05-17)
3.03[78]

66
22
"Ascension"
Kevin Tancharoen
Jed Whedon
May 17, 2016 (2016-05-17)
3.03[78]

text: Season 4 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

Ghost Rider

67
1
"The Ghost"
Billy Gierhart
Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
3.44[79]

68
2
"Meet the New Boss"
Vincent Misiano
Drew Z. Greenberg
September 27, 2016 (2016-09-27)
2.95[80]

69
3
"Uprising"
Magnus Martens
Craig Titley
October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)
2.68[81]

70
4
"Let Me Stand Next to Your Fire"
Brad Turner
Matt Owens
October 18, 2016 (2016-10-18)
2.34[82]

71
5
"Lockup"
Kate Woods
Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman
October 25, 2016 (2016-10-25)
2.30[83]

72
6
"The Good Samaritan"
Billy Gierhart
Jeffrey Bell
November 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)
2.43[84]

73
7
"Deals with Our Devils"
Jesse Bochco
DJ Doyle
November 29, 2016 (2016-11-29)
2.41[85]

74
8
"The Laws of Inferno Dynamics"
Kevin Tancharoen
Paul Zbyszewski
December 6, 2016 (2016-12-06)
2.37[86]

LMD

75
9
"Broken Promises"
Garry A. Brown
Brent Fletcher
January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)
2.72[87]

76
10
"The Patriot"
Kevin Tancharoen
James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver
January 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)
2.03[88]

77
11
"Wake Up"
Jesse Bochco
Drew Z. Greenberg
January 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)
2.00[89]

78
12
"Hot Potato Soup"
Nina Lopez-Corrado
Craig Titley
January 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)
2.15[90]

79
13
"BOOM"
Billy Gierhart
Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman
February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)
2.08[91]

80
14
"The Man Behind the Shield"
Wendey Stanzler
Matt Owens
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)
2.13[92]

81
15
"Self Control"
Jed Whedon
Jed Whedon
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)
2.01[93]

Agents of Hydra

82
16
"What If..."
Oz Scott
DJ Doyle
April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)
2.15[94]

83
17
"Identity and Change"
Garry A. Brown
George Kitson
April 11, 2017 (2017-04-11)
2.32[95]

84
18
"No Regrets"
Eric Laneuville
Paul Zbyszewski
April 18, 2017 (2017-04-18)
2.43[96]

85
19
"All the Madame's Men"
Billy Gierhart
James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver
April 25, 2017 (2017-04-25)
2.15[97]

86
20
"Farewell, Cruel World!"
Vincent Misiano
Brent Fletcher
May 2, 2017 (2017-05-02)
2.15[98]

87
21
"The Return"
Kevin Tancharoen
Maurissa Tancharoen & Jed Whedon
May 9, 2017 (2017-05-09)
2.14[99]

88
22
"World's End"
Billy Gierhart
Jeffrey Bell
May 16, 2017 (2017-05-16)
2.08[100]

text: Season 5 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

89

90
1

2
"Orientation"
Jesse Bochco

David Solomon
Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen

DJ Doyle
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)
2.54[101]

91
3
"A Life Spent"
Kevin Hooks
Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
1.93[102]

92
4
"A Life Earned"
Stan Brooks
Drew Z. Greenberg
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)
1.84[103]

93
5
"Rewind"
Jesse Bochco
Craig Titley
December 22, 2017 (2017-12-22)
2.40[104]

94
6
"Fun & Games"
Clark Gregg
Brent Fletcher
January 5, 2018 (2018-01-05)
2.49[105]

95
7
"Together or Not at All"
Brad Turner
Matt Owens
January 12, 2018 (2018-01-12)
2.31[106]

96
8
"The Last Day"
Nina Lopez-Corrado
James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
2.41[107]

97
9
"Best Laid Plans"
Garry A. Brown
George Kitson
January 26, 2018 (2018-01-26)
2.27[108]

98
10
"Past Life"
Eric Laneuville
DJ Doyle
February 2, 2018 (2018-02-02)
2.22[109]

99
11
"All the Comforts of Home"[110]
Kate Woods
Drew Z. Greenberg
March 2, 2018 (2018-03-02)
TBD

100
12
"The Real Deal"[111]
Kevin Tancharoen
Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen & Jeffrey Bell
March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
TBD

101
13
"Principia"[112]
Brad Turner
Craig Titley
March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
TBD

102
14
"The Devil Complex"[113]
TBA
TBA
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
TBD


document_title: Colombia at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: how far did colombia make it in the 2014 world cup

question_tokens: how far did colombia make it in the 2014 world cup

text: Colombia at the FIFA World Cup

text: FIFA World Cup record[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup Record

Year

Round

Position

GP

W

D*

L

GS

GA

1930 to 1934
Not a FIFA member

 1938
Withdrew

 1950
Did not enter

 1954
Banned by FIFA

 1958
Did not qualify

 1962
Group stage
14th
3
0
1
2
5
11

1966 to 1986
Did not qualify

 1990
Round of 16
14th
4
1
1
2
4
4

 1994
Group stage
19th
3
1
0
2
4
5

 1998
Group stage
21st
3
1
0
2
1
3

2002 to 2010
Did not qualify

 2014
Quarter-finals
5th
5
4
0
1
12
4

 2018
Round of 16
9th
4
2
1
1
6
3

 2022
To be determined

Total
Quarter-final
6/21
22
9
3
10
32
30

text: By match[edit]

text:
Year

Round

Against

Score

Scorers

1962
Group 1
 Uruguay
1–2
Zuluaga

 Soviet Union
4–4
Aceros, Coll, Rada, Klinger

 Yugoslavia
0–5

1990
Group D
 United Arab Emirates
2–0
Redín, Valderrama

 Yugoslavia
0–1

 West Germany
1–1
Rincón

Round of 16
 Cameroon
1–2 (AET)
Redín

1994
Group A
 Romania
1–3
Valencia

 United States
1–2
Valencia

  Switzerland
2–0
Gaviria, Lozano

1998
Group G
 Romania
0–1

 Tunisia
1–0
Preciado

 England
0–2

2014
Group C
 Greece
3–0
Armero, Gutiérrez, Rodríguez

 Ivory Coast
2–1
Rodríguez, Quintero

 Japan
4–1
Cuadrado, Martínez (2), Rodríguez

Round of 16
 Uruguay
2–0
Rodríguez (2)

Quarter-Final
 Brazil
1–2 (AET)
Rodríguez

2018
Group H
 Japan
1–2
Quintero

 Poland
3–0
Mina, Falcao, Cuadrado

 Senegal
1–0
Mina

Round of 16
 England
1–1 (AET) p. 3–4
Mina

text: By opponent[edit]

text:
Country

Played

Won

Drawn

Lost

GF

GA

GD

 Japan
2
1
0
1
5
3
+2

 Uruguay
2
1
0
1
3
2
+1

 England
2
0
1
1
1
3
-2

 Romania
2
0
0
2
1
4
-3

 Yugoslavia
2
0
0
2
0
5
-5

 Greece
1
1
0
0
3
0
+3

 Poland
1
1
0
0
3
0
+3

 United Arab Emirates
1
1
0
0
2
0
+2

  Switzerland
1
1
0
0
2
0
+2

 Ivory Coast
1
1
0
0
2
1
+1

 Tunisia
1
1
0
0
1
0
+1

 Senegal
1
1
0
0
1
0
+1

 Soviet Union
1
0
1
0
4
4
0

 West Germany
1
0
1
0
1
1
0

 Cameroon
1
0
0
1
1
2
-1

 United States
1
0
0
1
1
2
-1

 Brazil
1
0
0
1
1
2
-1

text: Colombia at the 1962 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: In the 1962 qualifiers, they faced Peru in a two-game series and qualified for their first World Cup.

text:
Rank

Team

Pts

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

1

 Colombia

3
2
1
1
0
2
1
+1

2

 Peru

1
2
0
1
1
1
2
−1

text:
30 April 1961

Colombia

1 – 0

 Peru

showBogotá, Colombia

Gonzalez

Referee: Praddaude (Argentina)

text:
7 May 1961

Peru

1 – 1

 Colombia

showLima, Peru

Delgado  3'

Aceros

Referee: Marino (Uruguay)

text: Colombia qualified.

text: At Chile 1962, Colombia lost 2–1 to South American champions Uruguay in their opening match. They then drew 4–4 with the reigning European champions Soviet Union in one of biggest shocks at Chile 1962. It should be noted that in this game, Colombia scored four goals against Soviet goalkeeper Lev Yashin, widely considered the best goalkeeper in football history. Also in that game, Marcos Coll scored the only Olympic goal in World Cup history. Additionally, in coming back from three goals down to draw the match, the Colombians completed the biggest comeback to draw in World Cup history. Unfortunately, their campaign ended with a 5–0 defeat to Euro 1960 runners-up Yugoslavia, so they went out in the group stage.

text: Group One

text:
Team

Pts

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

 Soviet Union

5
3
2
1
0
8
5

 Yugoslavia

4
3
2
0
1
8
3

 Uruguay

2
3
1
0
2
4
6

 Colombia

1
3
0
1
2
5
11

text: Colombia at the 1990 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
At Italia '90, Colombia defeated United Arab Emirates 2–0, lost to Yugoslavia 1–0, and earned their place in the Round of Sixteen after a dramatic 1–1 draw with West Germany, which would later win the Cup.
Group D

text:
Team

Pts

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

 West Germany

5
3
2
1
0
10
3
+7

 Yugoslavia

4
3
2
0
1
6
5
+1

 Colombia

3
3
1
1
1
3
2
+1

 United Arab Emirates

0
3
0
0
3
2
11
−9

text: During their Round of Sixteen match against Cameroon, the game went into extra time after a 0–0 draw. In an unfortunate moment, goalkeeper René Higuita failed to protect the ball 35 yards (32 m) from the goal line, enabling Cameroon striker Roger Milla to snatch it from him, and score Cameroon's decisive second goal. Milla struck twice, giving Cameroon a 2–0 lead in extra time. Colombia would score in the 115th minute, but were unable to get an equalizer.

text: Colombia at the 1994 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Qualification — CONMEBOL Group One

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Colombia

6
4
2
0
13
2
+11
10

 Argentina

6
3
1
2
7
9
−2
7

 Paraguay

6
1
4
1
6
7
−1
6

 Peru

6
0
1
5
4
12
−8
1

text: Colombia qualified. Argentina advanced to the CONMEBOL / CONCACAF / OFC Intercontinental Play-off.

text: Colombia finished top of their qualifying group without having lost a match, which included a historic 5–0 win over Argentina in Buenos Aires. Expectations of the team were high, some even naming them as favourites to win the tournament.

text:
The match between Colombia and Romania was the first game for either side in the group phase. Romania took the lead in the 16th minute with their first attack of the match when Raducioiu took on three defenders before firing home a low shot. On the half hour mark, Hagi made it 2–0 when he noticed Córdoba out of position and dipped a cross over his head into the net. Valencia pulled a goal back for the Colombians in the 43rd minute when he headed in a corner from Perez. In the second half, Raducioiu put the result beyond doubt with his second goal in the final few minutes.

The team went into their second group game against the United States knowing they had to win to have any chance of progressing. On the 35th minute Andrés Escobar attempted to cut out a cross but accidentally deflected the ball into his own net. Earnie Stewart took the US two goals in front after scoring in the 56th minute. Valencia scored a consolation goal for Colombia in the closing minutes of the match.
They did win their final group match 2–0 over Switzerland, but it was not enough to help them progress

text: Group A

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Romania

3
2
0
1
5
5
0
6

  Switzerland

3
1
1
1
5
4
+1
4

 United States

3
1
1
1
3
3
0
4

 Colombia

3
1
0
2
4
5
−1
3

USA

1 – 1
Switzerland

Colombia

1 – 3
Romania

Switzerland

4 – 1
Romania

USA

2 – 1
Colombia

Switzerland

0 – 2
Colombia

USA

0 – 1
Romania

text: Andrés Escobar[edit]

text: Six days after Colombia's last match against Switzerland, Andrés Escobar was shot in Medellín by known drug cartel criminals. Escobar had previously scored an own goal in the Group Stage match against the United States.

text: Colombia at the 1998 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Colombia began their qualification rounds in South America well and ended in third place with 28 points, 2 points below Argentina who was in 1st place with 30 points. They ended in Group G with Tunisia, England, and Romania.

text: Qualification For France 98: A total of 10 CONMEBOL teams entered the competition. The South American zone was allocated 5 places (out of 32) in the final tournament. Brazil, the defending champions, qualified automatically, leaving 4 spots open for competition between 9 teams.

text: Final Standings

text:
Rank

Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

1

 Argentina

16
8
6
2
23
13
10
30

2

 Paraguay

16
9
2
5
21
14
7
29

3

 Colombia

16
8
4
4
23
15
8
28

4

 Chile

16
7
4
5
32
18
14
25

5

 Peru

16
7
4
5
19
20
-1
25

6

 Ecuador

16
6
3
7
22
21
1
21

7

 Uruguay

16
6
3
7
18
21
-3
21

8

 Bolivia

16
4
5
7
18
21
-3
17

9

 Venezuela

16
0
3
13
8
41
-33
3

text: Argentina, Paraguay, Colombia and Chile qualified.

text: Group G

text:
Team

Pts

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

 Romania

7
3
2
1
0
4
2
+2

 England

6
3
2
0
1
5
2
+3

 Colombia

3
3
1
0
2
1
3
−2

 Tunisia

1
3
0
1
2
1
4
−3

England

2 - 0

Tunisia

Romania

1 - 0

Colombia

Colombia

1 - 0

Tunisia

Romania

2 - 1

England

Colombia

0 - 2

England

Romania

1 - 1

Tunisia

text: In their opening match, Adrian Ilie of Valencia CF gave Romania a 1–0 victory over Colombia after he placed a magnificent chip shot in the 44th minute from some 15 yards (14 m) that sailed over goalkeeper Faryd Mondragón into the net.

text:
Romania

1 – 0

 Colombia

Ilie  45'

Report

text: Colombia's second match was against Tunisia. Colombia's Léider Preciado struck seven minutes from the end to give a 1-0 win.

text:
Colombia

1 – 0

 Tunisia

Preciado  83'

Report

text: Although England needed only a draw to guarantee a place in the Final 16, Darren Anderton drove home a fiercely struck angled drive in the 20th minute. David Beckham curled in a 30-yard (27 m) free kick nine minutes later and England won the game 2-0. Colombia was thus eliminated.

text:
Colombia

0 – 2

 England

Report

Anderton  20'Beckham  29'

text: Colombia at the 2014 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: After 16 years out of the World Cup, Colombia won their first match against Greece by a score of 3-0, marking the country's best ever performance in FIFA World Cup. The first goal was scored by Pablo Armero five minutes after the kick-off, Teofilo Gutierrez scored the second goal from a corner shot, James Rodriguez made their final score during the three minutes overtime. Colombia went on to beat Ivory Coast 2-1 and Japan 4-1. For the first time in history, Colombia won their group in group stages at the Fifa World Cup. They defeated Uruguay 2-0 in the Round of 16, marking the deepest run in the World Cup ever for the Colombian national team. They met Brazil in the quarter-finals and were narrowly defeated 2-1, bringing to an end their most successful World Cup campaign to date.

text:
Rank

Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

1
 Brazil

Host World Cup 2014

2
 Argentina

16
9
5
2
35
15
+20
32

3
 Colombia

16
9
3
4
27
13
+14
30

4
 Chile

16
9
1
6
29
25
+4
28

5
 Ecuador

16
7
4
5
20
16
+4
25

6
 Uruguay

16
7
4
5
25
25
0
25

7
 Venezuela

16
5
5
6
14
20
−6
20

8
 Peru

16
4
3
9
17
26
−9
15

9
 Bolivia

16
2
6
8
17
30
−13
12

10
 Paraguay

16
3
3
10
17
31
−14
12

text: Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador and Uruguay qualified.

text:
Pos

Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 Colombia

3

3

0

0

9

2

+7

9

Advance to knockout stage

2

 Greece

3

1

1

1

2

4

−2

4

3

 Ivory Coast

3

1

0

2

4

5

−1

3

4

 Japan

3

0

1

2

2

6

−4

1

Source: FIFARules for classification: Tie-breaking criteria

Colombia

3 - 0

Greece

Ivory Coast

2 - 1

Japan

Colombia

2 - 1

Ivory Coast

Japan

0 - 0

Greece

Japan

1 - 4

Colombia

Greece

2 - 1

Ivory Coast

text: The two teams had met in one previous match, in a friendly in 1994, where Colombia won 2–0.[2] Colombia midfielder Fredy Guarín was suspended for the match, after being sent off in the team's final qualifier against Paraguay.[3]

text:
Colombia took the lead within five minutes, Juan Cuadrado's cutback was converted by Pablo Armero via a deflection off Greek defender Kostas Manolas. Colombia extended the lead in the second half, when Abel Aguilar flicked on a corner kick from James Rodríguez and Teófilo Gutiérrez scored from close range.[4]
Greece's best chance fell to Theofanis Gekas, who headed against the bar. In stoppage time, Cuadrado set up James to complete the scoring with a low shot.[5]

text: The 3–0 scoreline was Colombia's biggest win to date in the World Cup.[6]

text:
Colombia

3–0

 Greece

Armero  5'
Gutiérrez  58'
Rodríguez  90+3'

Report

text: The two teams had never met before.[8]

text:
After a goalless first half, Colombia scored first when James Rodríguez headed in Juan Cuadrado's corner.[9]
The lead was extended six minutes later when Ivory Coast was caught in possession, and Teófilo Gutiérrez released substitute Juan Quintero to score. Ivory Coast reduced the deficit through Gervinho, who received a pass from Arthur Boka in the left wing, dribbled past three Colombian players and shot home.[10]

text: The second goal of the tournament by James allowed him to join Bernardo Redín and Adolfo Valencia as the only Colombian players to score more than one goal in the World Cup.[11]

text:
Colombia

2–1

 Ivory Coast

Rodríguez  64'
Quintero  70'

Report

Gervinho  73'

text: The two teams had met in two previous matches, most recently in a friendly in 2007, and also in the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup group stage, won by Colombia 1–0.[12]

text:
Colombia took the lead mid-way through the first half, with Juan Cuadrado taking a penalty kick, shooting low down the middle after Japan centre back Yasuyuki Konno fouled Colombia striker Adrián Ramos in the box.[13]
Japan then equalised through Shinji Okazaki's headed goal from a cross from Keisuke Honda on the right in first half stoppage time. Colombia's James Rodríguez was introduced after the half time break, and was credited for providing two assists for two goals scored by Jackson Martínez, on 55 minutes when he shot low to the net with his left foot, and 82 minutes when he curled the ball in from the right of the penalty area with his left foot, before finishing off the scoring with a strike of his own, assisted by Ramos, where he beat the last man before clipping the ball over the goalkeeper.[14] Colombia, which had already qualified for the knockout stage but needed a point to be certain of winning the group, finished as group winners with a perfect record of three wins out of three, while Japan, which had to win the match to have any chance to qualify, were eliminated.

text: Faryd Mondragón became the oldest player to make an appearance in the history of the World Cup, at the age of 43 years, 3 days, when he came on for the last five minutes of the match, breaking the record of Roger Milla, who played at the 1994 World Cup at the age of 42.[15] He also set the record for the longest time between World Cup appearances as 15 years and 363 days had passed since his last versus England at the 1998 World Cup, breaking Alfred Bickel's record of 12 years and 13 days between appearances (1938–1950).[16][self-published source][17]

text:
Japan

1–4

 Colombia

Okazaki  45+1'

Report

Cuadrado  17' (pen.)
Martínez  55', 82'
Rodríguez  90'

text: The two teams had met in 38 previous matches,[18] including in the 1962 FIFA World Cup group stage, won 2–1 by Uruguay. Their most recent meetings were in the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, with both teams winning at home, Colombia winning 4–0 and Uruguay winning 2–0. Uruguayan striker Luis Suárez was not in the line-up because of a nine-game ban imposed by FIFA due to a biting incident involving Italian defender Giorgio Chiellini during their final group stage match.[19]

text:
Colombia won 2–0 with both goals from James Rodríguez, the first in the 28th minute, where he controlled Abel Aguilar's headed ball on his chest before volleying left-footed from 25 yards out with the ball going in off the underside of the crossbar,[20] which won the 2014 FIFA Puskás Award later in the year.[21]
The second goal, in the 50th minute, was a close-range shot from six yards out after receiving the ball from a header by Juan Cuadrado on the right.[22]

text: Colombia progressed through to the quarter-finals for the first time in their history, where they would face Brazil.[23]

text:
Colombia

2–0

 Uruguay

Rodríguez  28', 50'

Report

text: The two teams had met in 25 previous matches, but never in the FIFA World Cup.[24] This was the first time Colombia had reached the quarter-finals of the World Cup. Brazil midfielder Luiz Gustavo was suspended for the match due to accumulation of yellow cards.[25]

text:
Brazil took the lead in the 7th minute, when Neymar's corner from the left was turned in from close range by Thiago Silva.[26]
They doubled the lead in the 69th minute when David Luiz scored directly from a long-range free kick, side-footing the ball over the wall and into the top-right corner. Colombia reduced the deficit with 10 minutes to go, when James Rodríguez converted a penalty kick low into the left corner and sent the goalkeeper the wrong way. The penalty was awarded after substitute Carlos Bacca was fouled by Brazil goalkeeper Júlio César.[27] Neymar was kneed in the back by Colombia defender Juan Camilo Zúñiga in the 88th minute, which resulted in the striker's withdrawal from the match. Subsequent medical evaluation discovered a fractured vertebra, forcing the Brazilian to miss the remainder of the tournament.[28] Brazil advanced to the semi-final, where they faced Germany.

text: James's sixth goal of the tournament was enough for him to win the Golden Boot award.[29] He also became the first player to score in his first five career World Cup matches since Peru’s Teófilo Cubillas (across the 1970 and 1978 tournaments).[30]

text:
Brazil

2–1

 Colombia

Thiago Silva  7'
David Luiz  69'

Report

Rodríguez  80' (pen.)

text: Colombia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 Brazil

18

12

5

1

41

11

+30

41

Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup

2

 Uruguay

18

9

4

5

32

20

+12

31

3

 Argentina

18

7

7

4

19

16

+3

28

4

 Colombia

18

7

6

5

21

19

+2

27

5

 Peru

18

7

5

6

27

26

+1

26

Advance to inter-confederation play-offs

6

 Chile

18

8

2

8

26

27

−1

26

7

 Paraguay

18

7

3

8

19

25

−6

24

8

 Ecuador

18

6

2

10

26

29

−3

20

9

 Bolivia

18

4

2

12

16

38

−22

14

10

 Venezuela

18

2

6

10

19

35

−16

12

text:
Group stage
Group H

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 Colombia

3

2

0

1

5

2

+3

6

Advance to knockout stage

2

 Japan

3

1

1

1

4

4

0

4[a]

3

 Senegal

3

1

1

1

4

4

0

4[a]

4

 Poland

3

1

0

2

2

5

−3

3

text: ^ Jump up to: a b Fair play points: Japan −4, Senegal −6.

tag: ol

text:
Colombia

1–2

 Japan

Quintero  39'

Report

Kagawa  6' (pen.)
Osako  73'

text:
Poland

0–3

 Colombia

Report

Mina  40'
Falcao  70'
Ju. Cuadrado  75'

text:
Senegal

0–1

 Colombia

Report

Mina  74'

text:
Colombia

1–1 (a.e.t.)

 England

Mina  90+3'

Report

Kane  57' (pen.)

Penalties

Falcao
Ju. Cuadrado
Muriel
Uribe
Bacca

3–4

 Kane
 Rashford
 Henderson
 Trippier
 Dier

text: Squads[edit]

text: 1962 World Cup[edit]

text: Head coach:  Adolfo Pedernera

text:
No.

Pos.

Player

Date of birth (age)

Caps

Club

1

1GK

Efraín Sánchez (c)

 (1926-02-27)27 February 1926 (aged 36)

 Independiente Medellín

2

1GK

Achito Vivas

 (1934-03-01)1 March 1934 (aged 28)

 Deportivo Pereira

3

2DF

Francisco Zuluaga

 (1929-02-04)4 February 1929 (aged 33)

 Independiente Santa Fe

4

2DF

Aníbal Alzate

 (1933-01-31)31 January 1933 (aged 29)

 Deportes Tolima

5

2DF

Jaime González

 (1938-04-01)1 April 1938 (aged 24)

 América de Cali

6

2DF

Ignacio Calle

 (1931-08-21)21 August 1931 (aged 30)

 Atlético Nacional

7

2DF

Carlos Aponte

 (1939-01-24)24 January 1939 (aged 23)

 Independiente Santa Fe

8

2DF

Héctor Echeverry

 (1938-04-10)10 April 1938 (aged 24)

 Independiente Medellín

9

3MF

Jaime Silva

 (1935-10-10)10 October 1935 (aged 26)

 Independiente Santa Fe

10

3MF

Rolando Serrano

 (1938-11-13)13 November 1938 (aged 23)

 América de Cali

11

2DF

Óscar López

 (1939-04-02)2 April 1939 (aged 23)

 Once Caldas

12

3MF

Hernando Tovar

 (1938-06-07)7 June 1938 (aged 23)

 Independiente Santa Fe

13

4FW

Germán Aceros

 (1938-09-30)30 September 1938 (aged 23)

 Deportivo Cali

14

4FW

Luis Paz

 (1942-06-25)25 June 1942 (aged 19)

 América de Cali

15

3MF

Marcos Coll

 (1935-08-23)23 August 1935 (aged 26)

 América de Cali

16

4FW

Ignacio Pérez

 (1934-12-19)19 December 1934 (aged 27)

 Once Caldas

17

4FW

Marino Klinger

 (1936-02-07)7 February 1936 (aged 26)

 Millonarios

18

4FW

Eusebio Escobar

 (1936-07-02)2 July 1936 (aged 25)

 Deportivo Pereira

19

4FW

Delio Gamboa

 (1936-01-28)28 January 1936 (aged 26)

 Millonarios

20

4FW

Antonio Rada

 (1937-06-13)13 June 1937 (aged 24)

 Deportivo Pereira

21

4FW

Héctor González

 (1937-07-07)7 July 1937 (aged 24)

 Independiente Santa Fe

22

4FW

Jairo Arias

 (1938-11-02)2 November 1938 (aged 23)

 Atlético Nacional

text: 1990 World Cup[edit]

text: Head coach:  Francisco Maturana

text:
No.

Pos.

Player

Date of birth (age)

Caps

Club

1

1GK

René Higuita

 (1966-08-27)27 August 1966 (aged 23)

 Atlético Nacional

2

2DF

Andrés Escobar

 (1967-03-13)13 March 1967 (aged 23)

 Young Boys

3

2DF

Gildardo Gómez

 (1963-10-13)13 October 1963 (aged 26)

 Atlético Nacional

4

2DF

Luis Fernando Herrera

 (1962-06-12)12 June 1962 (aged 27)

 Atlético Nacional

5

4FW

León Villa

 (1960-01-12)12 January 1960 (aged 30)

 Atlético Nacional

6

2DF

José Ricardo Pérez

 (1963-10-24)24 October 1963 (aged 26)

 Atlético Nacional

7

4FW

Carlos Estrada

 (1961-11-01)1 November 1961 (aged 28)

 Millonarios

8

3MF

Gabriel Gómez

 (1959-12-08)8 December 1959 (aged 30)

 Independiente Medellín

9

4FW

Miguel Guerrero

 (1967-09-07)7 September 1967 (aged 22)

 América de Cali

10

3MF

Carlos Valderrama (c)

 (1961-09-02)2 September 1961 (aged 28)

 Montpellier

11

3MF

Bernardo Redín

 (1963-02-26)26 February 1963 (aged 27)

 Deportivo Cali

12

1GK

Eduardo Niño

 (1967-08-08)8 August 1967 (aged 22)

 Independiente Santa Fe

13

2DF

Carlos Hoyos

 (1962-02-28)28 February 1962 (aged 28)

 Atlético Junior

14

3MF

Leonel Álvarez

 (1965-07-29)29 July 1965 (aged 24)

 Atlético Nacional

15

2DF

Luis Carlos Perea

 (1963-12-29)29 December 1963 (aged 26)

 Atlético Nacional

16

4FW

Arnoldo Iguarán

 (1957-01-18)18 January 1957 (aged 33)

 Millonarios

17

2DF

Geovanis Cassiani

 (1970-01-10)10 January 1970 (aged 20)

 Millonarios

18

2DF

Wilmer Cabrera

 (1967-09-15)15 September 1967 (aged 22)

 América de Cali

19

3MF

Freddy Rincón

 (1966-08-14)14 August 1966 (aged 23)

 América de Cali

20

3MF

Luis Fajardo

 (1963-08-18)18 August 1963 (aged 26)

 Atlético Nacional

21

2DF

Alexis Mendoza

 (1961-11-08)8 November 1961 (aged 28)

 Atlético Junior

22

4FW

Rubén Darío Hernández

 (1965-02-19)19 February 1965 (aged 25)

 Millonarios

text: 1994 World Cup[edit]

text: Head coach:  Francisco Maturana

text:
No.

Pos.

Player

Date of birth (age)

Caps

Club

1

1GK

Óscar Córdoba

 (1970-02-03)3 February 1970 (aged 24)

 América de Cali

2

2DF

Andrés Escobar

 (1967-03-13)13 March 1967 (aged 27)

 Atlético Nacional

3

2DF

Alexis Mendoza

 (1961-11-08)8 November 1961 (aged 32)

 Atlético Junior

4

2DF

Luis Fernando Herrera

 (1962-06-12)12 June 1962 (aged 32)

 Atlético Nacional

5

3MF

Hernán Gaviria

 (1969-11-27)27 November 1969 (aged 24)

 Atlético Nacional

6

3MF

Gabriel Gómez

 (1959-12-08)8 December 1959 (aged 34)

 Atlético Nacional

7

4FW

Antony de Ávila

 (1962-12-21)21 December 1962 (aged 31)

 América de Cali

8

3MF

John Harold Lozano

 (1972-03-30)30 March 1972 (aged 22)

 América de Cali

9

4FW

Iván Valenciano

 (1972-03-18)18 March 1972 (aged 22)

 Atlético Junior

10

3MF

Carlos Valderrama (c)

 (1961-09-02)2 September 1961 (aged 32)

 Atlético Junior

11

4FW

Adolfo Valencia

 (1968-02-06)6 February 1968 (aged 26)

 Bayern Munich

12

1GK

Farid Mondragón

 (1971-06-21)21 June 1971 (aged 22)

 Argentinos Juniors

13

2DF

Néstor Ortiz

 (1968-09-20)20 September 1968 (aged 25)

 Once Caldas

14

3MF

Leonel Álvarez

 (1965-07-29)29 July 1965 (aged 28)

 América de Cali

15

2DF

Luis Carlos Perea

 (1963-12-29)29 December 1963 (aged 30)

 Atlético Junior

16

4FW

Víctor Aristizábal

 (1971-12-09)9 December 1971 (aged 22)

 Atlético Nacional

17

3MF

Mauricio Serna

 (1968-01-22)22 January 1968 (aged 26)

 Atlético Nacional

18

2DF

Óscar Cortés

 (1968-10-19)19 October 1968 (aged 25)

 Millonarios

19

3MF

Freddy Rincón

 (1966-08-14)14 August 1966 (aged 27)

 Palmeiras

20

2DF

Wilson Pérez

 (1967-08-06)6 August 1967 (aged 26)

 América de Cali

21

4FW

Faustino Asprilla

 (1969-11-10)10 November 1969 (aged 24)

 Parma

22

1GK

José María Pazo

 (1964-04-04)4 April 1964 (aged 30)

 Atlético Junior

text: 1998 World Cup[edit]

text: Head coach:  Hernán Darío Gómez

text:
No.

Pos.

Player

Date of birth (age)

Caps

Club

1

1GK

Óscar Córdoba

 (1970-02-03)3 February 1970 (aged 28)

 Boca Juniors

2

2DF

Iván Córdoba

 (1976-08-11)11 August 1976 (aged 21)

 San Lorenzo

3

2DF

Ever Palacios

 (1969-01-18)18 January 1969 (aged 29)

 Deportivo Cali

4

2DF

José Santa

 (1970-11-12)12 November 1970 (aged 27)

 Atlético Nacional

5

2DF

Jorge Bermúdez

 (1971-06-18)18 June 1971 (aged 26)

 Boca Juniors

6

3MF

Mauricio Serna

 (1968-01-22)22 January 1968 (aged 30)

 Boca Juniors

7

4FW

Antony de Ávila

 (1962-12-21)21 December 1962 (aged 35)

 Barcelona

8

3MF

John Harold Lozano

 (1972-03-30)30 March 1972 (aged 26)

 Real Valladolid

9

4FW

Adolfo Valencia

 (1968-02-06)6 February 1968 (aged 30)

 Independiente Medellín

10

3MF

Carlos Valderrama (c)

 (1961-09-02)2 September 1961 (aged 36)

 Miami Fusion

11

4FW

Faustino Asprilla

 (1969-11-10)10 November 1969 (aged 28)

 Parma

12

1GK

Miguel Calero

 (1971-04-14)14 April 1971 (aged 27)

 Atlético Nacional

13

2DF

Wilmer Cabrera

 (1967-09-15)15 September 1967 (aged 30)

 Millonarios

14

3MF

Jorge Bolaño

 (1977-04-28)28 April 1977 (aged 21)

 Atlético Junior

15

4FW

Víctor Aristizábal

 (1971-12-09)9 December 1971 (aged 26)

 São Paulo

16

2DF

Luis Antonio Moreno

 (1970-12-25)25 December 1970 (aged 27)

 Deportes Tolima

17

3MF

Andrés Estrada

 (1967-11-12)12 November 1967 (aged 30)

 Deportivo Cali

18

3MF

John Wilmar Pérez

 (1970-02-02)2 February 1970 (aged 28)

 Deportivo Cali

19

3MF

Freddy Rincón

 (1966-08-14)14 August 1966 (aged 31)

 Corinthians

20

4FW

Hamilton Ricard

 (1974-01-12)12 January 1974 (aged 24)

 Middlesbrough

21

4FW

Léider Preciado

 (1977-02-26)26 February 1977 (aged 21)

 Santa Fe

22

1GK

Farid Mondragón

 (1971-06-21)21 June 1971 (aged 26)

 Independiente

text: 2014 World Cup[edit]

text: Head coach:  José Pékerman

text:
No.

Pos.

Player

Date of birth (age)

Caps

Club

1

1GK

David Ospina

 (1988-08-31)31 August 1988 (aged 25)

44

 Nice

2

2DF

Cristián Zapata

 (1986-09-30)30 September 1986 (aged 27)

24

 Milan

3

2DF

Mario Yepes (c)

 (1976-01-13)13 January 1976 (aged 38)

98

 Atalanta

4

2DF

Santiago Arias

 (1992-01-13)13 January 1992 (aged 22)

6

 PSV

5

3MF

Carlos Carbonero

 (1990-07-25)25 July 1990 (aged 23)

1

 River Plate

6

3MF

Carlos Sánchez

 (1986-02-06)6 February 1986 (aged 28)

44

 Elche

7

2DF

Pablo Armero

 (1986-11-02)2 November 1986 (aged 27)

53

 West Ham United[35]

8

3MF

Abel Aguilar

 (1985-01-06)6 January 1985 (aged 29)

49

 Toulouse

9

4FW

Teófilo Gutiérrez

 (1985-05-17)17 May 1985 (aged 29)

30

 River Plate

10

3MF

James Rodríguez

 (1991-07-12)12 July 1991 (aged 22)

22

 Monaco

11

3MF

Juan Cuadrado

 (1988-05-26)26 May 1988 (aged 26)

28

 Fiorentina

12

1GK

Camilo Vargas

 (1989-03-09)9 March 1989 (aged 25)

0

 Santa Fe

13

3MF

Fredy Guarín

 (1986-06-30)30 June 1986 (aged 27)

49

 Internazionale

14

4FW

Víctor Ibarbo

 (1990-05-19)19 May 1990 (aged 24)

9

 Cagliari

15

3MF

Alexander Mejía

 (1988-07-11)11 July 1988 (aged 25)

8

 Atlético Nacional

16

2DF

Éder Álvarez Balanta

 (1993-02-28)28 February 1993 (aged 21)

3

 River Plate

17

4FW

Carlos Bacca

 (1986-09-08)8 September 1986 (aged 27)

11

 Sevilla

18

2DF

Juan Camilo Zúñiga

 (1985-12-14)14 December 1985 (aged 28)

50

 Napoli

19

4FW

Adrián Ramos

 (1986-01-22)22 January 1986 (aged 28)

26

 Hertha BSC

20

3MF

Juan Quintero

 (1993-01-18)18 January 1993 (aged 21)

4

 Porto

21

4FW

Jackson Martínez

 (1986-10-03)3 October 1986 (aged 27)

27

 Porto

22

1GK

Faryd Mondragón

 (1971-06-21)21 June 1971 (aged 43)

50

 Deportivo Cali

23

2DF

Carlos Valdés

 (1985-05-22)22 May 1985 (aged 29)

14

 San Lorenzo[36]

text: 2018 World Cup[edit]

text: Head coach:  José Pékerman

text:
No.

Pos.

Player

Date of birth (age)

Caps

Goals

Club

1

1GK

David Ospina

 (1988-08-31)31 August 1988 (aged 29)

86

0

 Arsenal

2

2DF

Cristián Zapata

 (1986-09-30)30 September 1986 (aged 31)

55

2

 Milan

3

2DF

Óscar Murillo

 (1988-04-18)18 April 1988 (aged 30)

13

0

 Pachuca

4

2DF

Santiago Arias

 (1992-01-13)13 January 1992 (aged 26)

41

0

 PSV Eindhoven

5

3MF

Wílmar Barrios

 (1993-10-16)16 October 1993 (aged 24)

10

0

 Boca Juniors

6

3MF

Carlos Sánchez

 (1986-02-06)6 February 1986 (aged 32)

85

0

 Espanyol

7

4FW

Carlos Bacca

 (1986-09-08)8 September 1986 (aged 31)

45

14

 Villarreal

8

3MF

Abel Aguilar

 (1985-01-06)6 January 1985 (aged 33)

70

7

 Deportivo Cali

9

4FW

Radamel Falcao (captain)

 (1986-02-10)10 February 1986 (aged 32)

73

29

 Monaco

10

3MF

James Rodríguez

 (1991-07-12)12 July 1991 (aged 26)

63

21

 Bayern Munich

11

3MF

Juan Cuadrado

 (1988-05-26)26 May 1988 (aged 30)

70

7

 Juventus

12

1GK

Camilo Vargas

 (1989-03-09)9 March 1989 (aged 29)

5

0

 Deportivo Cali

13

2DF

Yerry Mina

 (1994-09-23)23 September 1994 (aged 23)

12

3

 Barcelona

14

4FW

Luis Muriel

 (1991-04-16)16 April 1991 (aged 27)

18

2

 Sevilla

15

3MF

Mateus Uribe

 (1991-03-21)21 March 1991 (aged 27)

8

0

 América

16

3MF

Jefferson Lerma

 (1994-10-25)25 October 1994 (aged 23)

5

0

 Levante

17

2DF

Johan Mojica

 (1992-08-21)21 August 1992 (aged 25)

4

1

 Girona

18

2DF

Farid Díaz

 (1983-07-20)20 July 1983 (aged 34)

13

0

 Olimpia

19

4FW

Miguel Borja

 (1993-01-26)26 January 1993 (aged 25)

7

2

 Palmeiras

20

3MF

Juan Fernando Quintero

 (1993-01-18)18 January 1993 (aged 25)

15

2

 River Plate

21

4FW

José Izquierdo

 (1992-07-07)7 July 1992 (aged 25)

5

1

 Brighton & Hove Albion

22

1GK

José Fernando Cuadrado

 (1985-06-01)1 June 1985 (aged 33)

1

0

 Once Caldas

23

2DF

Dávinson Sánchez

 (1996-06-12)12 June 1996 (aged 22)

9

0

 Tottenham Hotspur

text: Record Players[edit]

text:
No.

Name

Matches

World Cups

1

Freddy Rincón
10
1990, 1994 and 1998

Carlos Valderrama
10
1990, 1994 and 1998

3

Juan Cuadrado
9
2014 and 2018

David Ospina
9
2014 and 2018

5

James Rodríguez
8
2014 and 2018

6

Leonel Álvarez
7
1990 and 1994

Andrés Escobar
7
1990 and 1994

Luis Herrera
7
1990 and 1994

Santiago Arias
7
2014 and 2018

Juan Quintero
7
2014 and 2018

Carlos Sánchez
7
2014 and 2018

text: Current as of 03 July 2018 after the match v England

text: Goalscorers[edit]

text: Colombia's record World Cup scorer, James Rodríguez, has also won the Golden Boot when he scored 6 goals in the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

text:
Player

Goals

1962

1990

1994

1998

2014

2018

Francisco Zuluaga

1

1

Germán Aceros

1

1

Marcos Coll

1

1

Antonio Rada

1

1

Marino Klinger

1

1

Bernardo Redín

2

2

Carlos Valderrama

1

1

Freddy Rincón

1

1

Adolfo Valencia

2

2

Hernán Gaviria

1

1

John Harold Lozano

1

1

Léider Preciado

1

1

Pablo Armero

1

1

Teófilo Gutiérrez

1

1

James Rodríguez

6

6

Juan Fernando Quintero

2

1
1

Juan Guillermo Cuadrado

2

1
1

Jackson Martínez

2

2

Yerry Mina

3

3

Radamel Falcao

1

1

Total

32

5
4
4
1
12
6

text: Andrés Escobar (scored for the United States in 1994)

tag: ul

text: Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match v England

text: Awards and Records[edit]

text: Team Awards

text: FIFA Fair Play Trophy 2014

text: Individual Awards

text: Golden Boot 2014: James Rodríguez

text: Records

text: Only tournament goal directly from a corner: Marcos Coll (1962 v USSR)


document_title: SQL Server Compact

question_text: what is sql server compact edition database file

text: SQL Server Compact

text: Overview[edit]

text: SQL Server Compact shares a common API with the other Microsoft SQL Server editions.[4] It also includes ADO.NET providers for data access using ADO.NET APIs, and built-in synchronization capabilities,[2] as well as support for LINQ and Entity Framework. Future releases will unify the synchronization capabilities with Microsoft Synchronization Services.[5] Unlike other editions of Microsoft SQL Server, SQL CE runs in-process[5] with the application which is hosting it. It has a disk footprint of less than 2 MB and a memory footprint of approximately 5 MB.[2] SQL CE is optimized for an architecture where all applications share the same memory pool.[6] Windows Store apps for Windows 8 cannot use SQL Server Compact edition, or any other edition of SQL Server.[7]

text: Versions

text:
Official Name
Common Name

SQL Server 2000 Windows CE Edition
SQL CE 1.0

SQL Server 2000 Windows CE Edition
SQL CE 1.1

SQL Server 2000 Windows CE Edition
SQL CE 2.0

SQL Server 2005 Mobile Edition
SQL CE 3.0

SQL Server 2005 Compact Edition
SQL CE 3.1

SQL Server Compact 3.5
SQL CE 3.5

text: Support[edit]

text: SQL CE databases can support ACID-compliance, but do not meet the durability requirement by default because AutoFlush buffers changes in memory (including enlisted ambient transactions and explicit SQL CE transactions that do not override the Commit() call with an CommitMode.Immediate value). Therefore, committed transaction changes can be lost. To meet the durability requirement the commit call on the transaction must specify the immediate flag.[8] Like Microsoft SQL Server, SQL CE supports transactions, referential integrity constraints, locking as well as multiple connections to the database store.[4] However, nested transactions are not supported, even though parallel transactions (on different tables) are.[9] The current release does not support stored procedures[4] or native XML data type either.[5] It uses a subset of T-SQL[2] for querying and due to lack of XML support, XQuery is not supported either.[5] Queries are processed by an optimizing query processor.[10] SQL CE databases also support indexing, as well as support remote data replication (local caching of data in remote databases) and merge replication (bidirectional synchronization with master databases).[11]

text: SQL CE databases can be created and managed from Microsoft Visual Studio and some older versions of SQL Server Management Studio as well.[10]

text: File format[edit]

text:
SQL Server Compact

Filename extension
.sdf

Developed by
Microsoft

Type of format
Relational database

text: SQL CE databases reside in a single .sdf file,[12] which can be up to 4 GB in size.[4] The .sdf file can be encrypted with 128-bit encryption for data security.[12] SQL CE runtime mediates concurrent multi-user access to the .sdf file. The .sdf file can simply be copied to the destination system for deployment, or be deployed through ClickOnce. SQL CE runtime has support for DataDirectories.[6] Applications using an SQL CE database need not specify the entire path to an .sdf file in the ADO.NET connection string, rather it can be specified as |DataDirectory|\<database_name>.sdf, defining the data directory (where the .sdf database file resides) being defined in the assembly manifest for the application.[citation needed]

text: SQL Server Management Studio 2005 can read and modify CE 3.0 and 3.1 database files (with the latest service pack), but SQL Server Management Studio 2008 (or later) is required to read version 3.5 files. Microsoft Visual Studio Express 2008 SP1 can create, modify, and query CE 3.5 SP1 database files. SQL Server Management Studio cannot read CE 4.0 files. Visual Studio 2010 SP1 can handle CE 4.0 database files.[citation needed]

text: The .sdf ("Sqlce Database File") naming convention is optional, and any extension can be used.[citation needed]

text: Setting a password for the database file is optional. The database can be compressed and repaired with the option of the compacted/repaired database to be placed into a new database file.[citation needed]

text: Deprecation[edit]

text: In February 2013, Microsoft announced that SQL Server Compact Edition had been deprecated.[13]

text: Although no new versions or updates are planned, Microsoft will continue to support SQL Compact through their standard lifecycle support policy. This support will end in July 2021.[14]