document_title: History of the Panama Canal

question_text: when did the us take over the panama canal

question_tokens: when did the us take over the panama canal

text: History of the Panama Canal

text: French project[edit]

text: The idea of a canal across Central America was revived during the early 19th century. In 1819, the Spanish government authorized the construction of a canal and the creation of a company to build it.

text: Although the project stalled for some time, a number of surveys were made between 1850 and 1875. They indicated that the two most-favorable routes were across Panama (then part of Colombia) and Nicaragua, with a third route across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico another option. The Nicaraguan route was surveyed.

text: Conception[edit]

text: After the 1869 completion of the Suez Canal, France thought that an apparently-similar project to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans could be carried out with little difficulty. In 1876 an international company, La Société internationale du Canal interocéanique, was created to undertake its construction; two years later, it obtained a concession from the Colombian government (since Panama was a Colombian province) to dig a canal across the isthmus.

text: Ferdinand de Lesseps, who was in charge of the Suez Canal construction, headed the project. His enthusiastic leadership and his reputation as the man who had built the Suez Canal persuaded speculators and ordinary citizens to invest nearly $400 million in the project.

text: However, despite his previous success de Lesseps was not an engineer. The Suez Canal, essentially a ditch dug through a flat, sandy desert, presented few challenges. Although Central America's mountainous spine has a low point in Panama, it is still 110 meters (360.9 ft) above sea level at its lowest crossing point. The sea-level canal proposed by de Lesseps would require a great deal of excavation through a variety of rock, rather than Suez' sand.

text: Less-obvious barriers were the rivers crossing the canal, particularly the Chagres (which flows strongly during the rainy season). Since the water would be a hazard to shipping if it drained into the canal, a sea-level canal would require the river's diversion.

text: The most serious problem was tropical disease, particularly malaria and yellow fever, whose methods of transmission were unknown at the time. The legs of hospital beds were placed in cans of water to keep insects from crawling up them, but the stagnant water was an ideal breeding place for mosquitoes (carriers of the diseases).

text: The project was plagued by a lack of engineering expertise. In May 1879, an international engineering congress led by de Lesseps convened in Paris. Of its 136 delegates, only 42 were engineers; the others were speculators, politicians and friends of de Lesseps.

text: He was convinced that a sea-level canal, dug through the mountainous spine of Central America, could be completed at least as easily as the Suez Canal. The engineering congress estimated the project's cost at $214 million; on February 14, 1880, an engineering commission revised the estimate to $168.6 million. De Lesseps reduced this estimate twice, with no apparent justification: on February 20 to $131.6 million and on March 1 to $120 million. The congress estimated seven or eight years as the time required to complete the canal; de Lesseps reduced this estimate to six years (the Suez Canal required ten).

text: The proposed sea-level canal would have a uniform depth of 9 meters (29.5 ft), a bottom width of 22 meters (72.2 ft) and a width at water level of about 27.5 meters (90.2 ft); the excavation estimate was 120,000,000 m3 (157,000,000 cu yd). A dam was proposed at Gamboa to control flooding of the Chagres River, with channels to drain water away from the canal. However, the Gamboa dam was later found impracticable and the Chagres River problem was left unsolved.

text: Construction[edit]

text: Construction of the canal began on January 1, 1881, with digging at Culebra beginning on January 22.[1] A large labor force was assembled, numbering about 40,000 in 1888 (nine-tenths of whom were afro-Caribbean workers from the West Indies). Although the project attracted good, well-paid French engineers, retaining them was difficult due to disease. The death toll from 1881 to 1889 was estimated at over 22,000, of whom as many as 5,000 were French citizens.[3]

text: By 1885 it had become clear to many that a sea-level canal was impractical, and an elevated canal with locks was preferable; de Lesseps resisted, and a lock canal plan was not adopted until October 1887. By this time increasing mortality rates, as well as financial and engineering problems coupled with frequent floods and mudslides, indicated that the project was in serious trouble. Work continued under the new plan until May 15, 1889, when the company went bankrupt and the project was suspended. After eight years the canal was about two-fifths completed, and about $234.8 million had been spent.

text: The company's collapse was a scandal in France, and the antisemitic Edouard Drumont exploited the role of two Jewish speculators in the affair. One hundred four legislators were found to have been involved in the corruption, and Jean Jaurès was commissioned by the French parliament to conduct an inquiry which was completed in 1893.[2]

text: New Panama Canal Company[edit]

text: It soon became clear that the only way to recoup expenses for the stockholders was to continue the project. A new concession was obtained from Colombia, and in 1894 the Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panama was created to finish the canal. To comply with the terms of the contract, work began immediately on the Culebra excavation while a team of engineers began a comprehensive study of the project. They eventually settled on a plan for a two-level, lock-based canal.

text: The new effort never gained traction, mainly because of US speculation that a canal through Nicaragua would render one through Panama useless. The most men employed on the new project was 3,600 (in 1896), primarily to comply with the terms of the concession and to maintain the existing excavation and equipment in saleable condition. The company had already begun looking for a buyer, with an asking price of $109 million.

text: In the US, a congressional Isthmian Canal Commission was established in 1899 to examine possibilities for a Central American canal and recommend a route. In November 1901, the commission reported that a US canal should be built through Nicaragua unless the French were willing to sell their holdings for $40 million. The recommendation became law on June 28, 1902, and the New Panama Canal Company was compelled to sell at that price.[3]

text: Results[edit]

text: Although the French effort was, to a large extent, doomed to failure from the beginning due to disease and a lack of understanding of the engineering difficulties, it was not entirely futile. The old and new companies excavated 59,747,638 m3 (78,146,960 cu yd) of material, of which 14,255,890 m3 (18,646,000 cu yd) was taken from the Culebra Cut. The old company dredged a channel from Panama Bay to the port at Balboa, and the channel dredged on the Atlantic side (known as the French canal) was useful for bringing in sand and stone for the locks and spillway concrete at Gatún.

text: Detailed surveys and studies (particularly those carried out by the new canal company) and machinery, including railroad equipment and vehicles, aided the later American effort. The French lowered the summit of the Culebra Cut along the canal route by five meters (17 ft), from 64 to 59 metres (210 to 194 ft). An estimated 22,713,396 m3 (29,708,000 cu yd) of excavation, valued at about $25.4 million, and equipment and surveys valued at about $17.4 million were usable by the Americans.[citation needed]

text: Nicaraguan canal[edit]

text: The 1848 discovery of gold in California and the rush of would-be miners stimulated US interest in building a canal between the oceans. In 1887, a United States Army Corps of Engineers regiment surveyed canal possibilities in Nicaragua. Two years later, the Maritime Canal Company was asked to begin a canal in the area and chose Nicaragua. The company lost money in the panic of 1893, and its work in Nicaragua ceased. In 1897 and 1899, the United States Congress charged a canal commission with researching possible construction; Nicaragua was chosen as the location both times.

text: Although the Nicaraguan canal proposal was made redundant by the American takeover of the French Panama Canal project, increases in shipping volume and ship sizes have revived interest in the project. A canal across Nicaragua accommodating post-Panamax ships or a rail link carrying containers between ports on either coast have been proposed.[citation needed]

text: United States[edit]

text: Theodore Roosevelt believed that a US-controlled canal across Central America was a vital strategic interest of the country. This idea gained wide circulation after the destruction of the USS Maine in Cuba on February 15, 1898. Reversing a Walker Commission decision in favor of a Nicaraguan canal, Roosevelt encouraged the acquisition of the French Panama Canal effort. George S. Morison was the only commission member who argued for the Panama location. The purchase of the French-held land for $40 million was authorized by the June 28, 1902 Spooner Act. Since Panama was then part of Colombia, Roosevelt began negotiating with that country to obtain the necessary rights. In early 1903 the Hay–Herrán Treaty was signed by both nations, but the Senate of Colombia failed to ratify the treaty.

text: Roosevelt implied to Panamanian rebels that if they revolted, the US Navy would assist their fight for independence. Panama declared its independence on November 3, 1903, and the USS Nashville impeded Colombian interference. The victorious Panamanians gave the United States control of the Panama Canal Zone on February 23, 1904, for $10 million in accordance with the November 18, 1903 Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty.

text: Takeover[edit]

text: The United States took control of the French property connected to the canal on May 4, 1904, when Lieutenant Jatara Oneel of the United States Army was presented with the keys during a small ceremony.[citation needed] The new Panama Canal Zone Control was overseen by the Isthmian Canal Commission (ICC) during construction.

text: The first step taken by the US government was to place all the canal workers under the new administration. The operation was maintained at minimum strength to comply with the canal concession and keep the machinery in working order. The US inherited a small workforce and an assortment of buildings, infrastructure and equipment, much of which had been neglected for fifteen years in the humid jungle environment. There were no facilities in place for a large workforce, and the infrastructure was crumbling.

text: Cataloguing assets was a large job; it took many weeks to card-index available equipment. About 2,150 buildings had been acquired,[4] many of which were uninhabitable; housing was an early problem, and the Panama Railway was in a state of decay. However, much equipment (such as locomotives, dredges and other floating equipment) was still serviceable.

text: Although chief engineer John Findley Wallace was pressured to resume construction, red tape from Washington stifled his efforts to obtain heavy equipment and caused friction between Wallace and the ICC. He and chief sanitary officer William C. Gorgas were frustrated by delay, and Wallace resigned in 1905. He was replaced by John Frank Stevens, who arrived on July 26, 1905. Stevens quickly realized that serious investment in infrastructure was necessary and determined to upgrade the railway, improve sanitation in Panama City and Colón, renovate the old French buildings and build hundreds of new ones for housing. He then began the difficult task of recruiting the large labor force required for construction. Stevens' approach was to press ahead first and obtain approval later. He improved drilling and dirt-removal equipment at the Culebra Cut for greater efficiency, revising the inadequate provisions in place for soil disposal.

text: No decision had been made about whether the canal should be a lock or a sea-level one; the ongoing excavation would be useful in either case. In late 1905, President Roosevelt sent a team of engineers to Panama to investigate the relative merits of both types in cost and time. Although the engineers voted eight to five in favor of a sea-level canal, Stevens and the ICC opposed the plan; Stevens' report to Roosevelt was instrumental in convincing the president of the merits of a lock canal and Congress concurred. In November 1906 Roosevelt visited Panama to inspect the canal's progress, the first trip outside the United States by a sitting president.

text: Whether contract employees or government workers would build the canal was controversial. Bids for the canal's construction were opened in January 1907, and Knoxville, Tennessee-based contractor William J. Oliver was the low bidder. Stevens disliked Oliver, and vehemently opposed his choice. Although Roosevelt initially favored the use of a contractor, he eventually decided that army engineers should carry out the work[4] and appointed Major George Washington Goethals as chief engineer (under Stevens' direction) in February 1907. Stevens, frustrated by government inaction and the army involvement, resigned and was replaced by Goethals.[5]

text: Workforce[edit]

text: The US relied on a stratified workforce to build the canal. High-level engineering jobs, clerical positions, skilled labor and jobs in supporting industries were generally reserved for white Americans, with manual labor primarily by cheap immigrant labor. These jobs were initially filled by Europeans, primarily from Spain, Italy and Greece, many of whom were radical and militant due to political turmoil in Europe. The US then decided to recruit primarily from the British and French West Indies, and these workers provided most of the manual labor on the canal.[6]

text: Living conditions[edit]

text: The Canal Zone originally had minimal facilities for entertainment and relaxation for the canal workers apart from saloons; as a result, alcohol abuse was a great problem. The inhospitable conditions resulted in many American workers returning home each year.

text: A program of improvements was implemented. Clubhouses were built, managed by the YMCA, with billiard, assembly and reading rooms, bowling alleys, darkrooms for camera clubs, gymnastic equipment, ice cream parlors, soda fountains and a circulating library. Member dues were ten dollars a year, with the remaining upkeep (about $7,000 at the larger clubhouses) paid by the ICC. The commission built baseball fields and arranged rail transportation to games; a competitive league soon developed. Semimonthly Saturday-night dances were held at the Hotel Tivoli, which had a spacious ballroom.

text: These measures influenced life in the Canal Zone; alcohol abuse fell, with saloon business declining by 60 percent.[citation needed] The number of workers leaving the project each year dropped significantly.

text: US construction[edit]

text: The work done thus far was preparation, rather than construction. By the time Goethals took over, the construction infrastructure had been created or overhauled and expanded from the French effort and he was soon able to begin construction in earnest.

text: Goethals divided the project into three divisions: Atlantic, Central and Pacific. The Atlantic Division, under Major William L. Sibert, was responsible for construction of the breakwater at the entrance to Limon Bay, the Gatún locks and their 5.6 km (3.5 mi) approach channel, and the Gatun Dam. The Pacific Division (under Sydney B. Williamson, the only civilian division head) was responsible for the Pacific entrance to the canal, including a 4.8 km (3.0 mi) breakwater in Panama Bay, the approach channel, and the Miraflores and Pedro Miguel locks and their associated dams. The Central Division, under Major David du Bose Gaillard, was responsible for everything in between. It had arguably the project's greatest challenge: excavating the Culebra Cut (known as the Gaillard Cut from 1915 to 2000), which involved cutting 8 miles (13 km) through the continental divide down to 12 meters (40 ft) above sea level.

text: By August 1907, 765,000 m³ (1,000,000 cubic yards) per month was being excavated; this set a record for the rainy season; soon afterwards this doubled, before increasing again. At the peak of production, 2,300,000 m³ (3,000,000 cubic yards) were being excavated per month (the equivalent of digging a Channel Tunnel every 3½ months).[citation needed]

text: Culebra Cut[edit]

text: One of the greatest barriers to a canal was the continental divide, which originally rose to 110 metres (360.9 ft) above sea level at its highest point. The effort to cut through this barrier of rock was one of the greatest challenges faced by the project.

text: Goethals arrived at the canal with Major David du Bose Gaillard of the US Army Corps of Engineers. Gaillard was placed in charge of the canal's Central Division, which stretched from the Pedro Miguel locks to the Gatun Dam, and dedicated himself to getting the Culebra Cut (as it was then known) excavated.

text: The scale of the work was massive. Six thousand men worked in the cut, drilling holes in which a total of 27,000 t (60,000,000 lb) of dynamite were placed to break up the rock (which was then removed by as many as 160 trains per day). Landslides were frequent, due to the oxidation and weakening of the rock's underlying iron strata. Although the scale of the job and the frequent, unpredictable slides generated chaos, Gaillard provided quiet, clear-sighted leadership.

text: On May 20, 1913, Bucyrus steam shovels made a passage through the Culebra Cut at the level of the canal bottom. The French effort had reduced the summit to 59 metres (193.6 ft) over a relatively narrow width; the Americans had lowered this to 12 metres (39.4 ft) above sea level over a greater width, and had excavated over 76,000,000 m3 (99,000,000 cu yd) of material. About 23,000,000 m3 (30,000,000 cu yd) of this material in addition to the planned excavation, in the form of landslides. Dry excavation ended on September 10, 1913; a January slide had added 1,500,000 m3 (2,000,000 cu yd) of earth, but it was decided that this loose material would be removed by dredging when the cut was flooded.

text: Dams[edit]

text: Two artificial lakes are key parts of the canal: Gatun and Miraflores Lakes. Four dams were constructed to create them. Two small dams at Miraflores impound Miraflores Lake, and a dam at Pedro Miguel encloses the south end of the Culebra Cut (essentially an arm of Lake Gatun). The Gatun Dam is the main dam blocking the original course of the Chagres River, creating Gatun Lake.

text: The Miraflores dams are an 825-metre (2,707 ft) earth dam connecting the Miraflores Locks in the west and a 150-metre (492 ft) concrete spillway dam east of the locks. The concrete dam has eight floodgates, similar to those on the Gatun spillway. The earthen, 430-metre (1,411 ft) Pedro Miguel dam extends from a hill in the west to the lock. Its face is protected by rock riprap at the water level. The largest and most challenging of the dams is the Gatun Dam. This earthen dam, 640 metres (2,100 ft) thick at the base and 2,300 metres (7,546 ft) long along the top, was the largest of its kind in the world when the canal opened.[citation needed]

text: Locks[edit]

text: Building the locks began with the first concrete laid at Gatun on August 24, 1909. The Gatun locks are built into a cutting into a hill bordering the lake, requiring the excavation of 3,800,000 m3 (4,970,212 cu yd) of material (mostly rock). The locks were made of 1,564,400 m3 (2,046,158 cu yd) of concrete, with an extensive system of electric railways and cable cars transporting concrete to the lock-construction sites.

text: The Pacific-side locks were finished first: the single flight at Pedro Miguel in 1911, and Miraflores in May 1913. The seagoing tugboat Gatun, an Atlantic-entrance tug used to haul barges, traversed the Gatun locks on September 26, 1913. The trip was successful, although the valves were controlled manually; the central control board was not yet ready.

text: Opening[edit]

text: On October 10, 1913, the dike at Gamboa which had kept the Culebra Cut isolated from Gatun Lake was demolished; the detonation was made telegraphically by President Woodrow Wilson in Washington. On January 7, 1914, the Alexandre La Valley, an old French crane boat, became the first ship to make a complete transit of the Panama Canal under its own steam after working its way across during the final stages of construction.

text: As construction wound down, the canal team began to disperse. Thousands of workers were laid off, and entire towns were disassembled or demolished. Chief sanitary officer William C. Gorgas, who left to fight pneumonia in the South African gold mines, became surgeon general of the Army. On April 1, 1914 the Isthmian Canal Commission disbanded, and the zone was governed by a Canal Zone Governor; the first governor was George Washington Goethals.

text: Although a large celebration was planned for the canal's opening, the outbreak of World War I forced the cancellation of the main festivities and it became a modest local affair. The Panama Railway steamship SS Ancon, piloted by Captain John A. Constantine (the canal's first pilot), made the first official transit on August 15, 1914. With no international dignitaries in attendance, Goethals followed the Ancon's progress by railroad.

text: Summary[edit]

text: The canal was a technological marvel and an important strategic and economic asset to the US. It changed world shipping patterns, removing the need for ships to navigate the Drake Passage and Cape Horn. The canal saves a total of about 7,800 miles (12,600 km) on a sea trip from New York to San Francisco.

text: Its anticipated military significance of the canal was proven during World War II, when the canal helped restore the devastated United States Pacific Fleet.[7] Some of the largest ships the United States had to send through the canal were aircraft carriers, particularly Essex class; they were so large that although the locks could accommodate them, the lampposts along the canal had to be removed.

text: The Panama Canal cost the United States about $375 million, including $10 million paid to Panama and $40 million paid to the French company. Although it was the most expensive construction project in US history to that time, it cost about $23 million less than the 1907 estimate despite landslides and an increase in the canal's width. An additional $12 million was spent on fortifications.

text: A total of over 75,000 people worked on the project; at the peak of construction, there were 40,000 workers. According to hospital records, 5,609 workers died from disease and accidents during the American construction era.[citation needed]

text: A total of 182,610,550 m3 (238,845,582 cu yd) of material was excavated in the American effort, including the approach channels at the canal ends. Adding the work by the French, the total excavation was about 204,900,000 m3 (268,000,000 cu yd) (over 25 times the volume excavated in the Channel Tunnel project).[citation needed]

text: Of the three presidents whose terms spanned the construction period, Theodore Roosevelt is most associated with the canal and Woodrow Wilson presided over its opening. However, William Howard Taft may have given the canal its greatest impetus for the longest time. Taft visited Panama five times as Roosevelt's secretary of war and twice as president. He hired John Stevens and later recommended Goethals as Stevens' replacement. Taft became president in 1909, when the canal was half finished, and was in office for most of the remainder of the work. However, Goethals later wrote: "The real builder of the Panama Canal was Theodore Roosevelt".[citation needed]

text: The following words by Roosevelt are displayed in the rotunda of the canal's administration building in Balboa:[citation needed]

text: It is not the critic who counts, not the man who points out how the strong man stumbled, or where the doer of deeds could have done them better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena; whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood; who strives valiantly, who errs and comes short again and again; who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions, and spends himself in a worthy cause; who, at the best, knows in the end the triumph of high achievement; and who, at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly, so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who know neither victory nor defeat.

text: David du Bose Gaillard died of a brain tumor in Baltimore on December 5, 1913, at age 54. Promoted to colonel only a month earlier, Gaillard never saw the opening of the canal whose creation he directed. The Culebra Cut (as it was originally known) was renamed the Gaillard Cut on April 27, 1915, in his honor. A plaque commemorating Gaillard's work stood over the cut for many years; in 1998 it was moved to the administration building, near a memorial to Goethals.

text: Third-lane plans[edit]

text: As the situation in Europe deteriorated during the late 1930s, the US again became concerned about its ability to move warships between the oceans. The largest US battleships already had problems with the canal locks, and there were concerns about the locks being incapacitated by bombing.[8][9]

text: These concerns led Congress to pass a resolution on May 1, 1936, authorizing a study of improving the canal's defenses against attack and expanding its capacity to handle large vessels. A special engineering section was created on July 3, 1937, to carry out the study. The section reported to Congress on February 24, 1939, recommending work to protect the existing locks and the construction of a new set of locks capable of carrying larger vessels than the existing locks could accommodate. On August 11, Congress authorized the work.

text: Three new locks were planned, at Gatún, Pedro Miguel and Miraflores, parallel to the existing locks with new approach channels. The new locks would add a traffic lane to the canal, with each chamber 1,200 ft (365.76 m) long, 140 ft (42.67 m) wide and 45 ft (13.72 m) deep. They would be 1⁄2 mi (805 m) east of the existing Gatún locks and 1⁄4 mi (402 m) west of the Pedro Miguel and Miraflores locks.

text: The first excavations for the new approach channels at Miraflores began on July 1, 1940, following the passage by Congress of an appropriations bill on June 24, 1940. The first dry excavation at Gatún began on February 19, 1941. Considerable material was excavated before the project was abandoned, and the approach channels can still be seen paralleling the original channels at Gatún and Miraflores.

text: In 2006, the Autoridad del Canal de Panamá (the Panama Canal Authority, or ACP) proposed a plan creating a third lane of locks using part of the abandoned 1940s approach canals. Following a referendum, work began in 2007 and the expanded canal began commercial operations on June 26, 2016. After a two-year delay, the new locks allow the transit of Panamax ships (which have a greater cargo capacity than the original locks can handle). The first ship to cross the canal through the third set of locks was a Panamax container ship, the Chinese-owned Cosco Shipping Panama. The cost of the expansion was estimated at $5.25 billion.[2]

text: Transfer to Panama[edit]

text:
Statement on the Panama Canal treaty signing

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Jimmy Carter's speech upon signing the Panama Canal treaty, September 7, 1977

Statement on the Panama Canal treaty signing

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text: After construction, the canal and the Canal Zone surrounding it were administered by the United States. On September 7, 1977, US President Jimmy Carter signed the Torrijos-Carter Treaty setting in motion the process of transferring control of the canal to Panama. The treaty became effective on October 1, 1979, providing for a 20-year period in which Panama would have increasing responsibility for canal operations before complete US withdrawal on December 31, 1999. Since then, the canal has been administered by the Panama Canal Authority (Autoridad de Canal de Panama, or ACP).

text: The treaty was controversial in the US, and its passage was difficult. The controversy was largely generated by contracts to manage two ports, at either end of the canal, which were awarded by Panama to Hong Kong-based conglomerate Hutchison Whampoa. According to US Republicans, the company has close ties to the Chinese government and the Chinese military.[10] However, the United States Department of State said that it found no evidence of connections between Hutchison Whampoa and Beijing.[11] Some Americans were wary of placing the strategic waterway under the protection of Panamanian security forces.[12]

text: Although concerns existed in the US and the shipping industry about the canal after the transfer, Panama has exercised good stewardship.[13] According to ACP figures, canal income increased from $769 million in 2000 (the first year under Panamanian control) to $1.4 billion in 2006.[citation needed] Traffic through the canal increased from 230 million tons in 2000 to nearly 300 million tons in 2006. The number of accidents has decreased from an average of 28 per year in the late 1990s to 12 in 2005. Transit time through the canal averages about 30 hours, about the same as during the late 1990s. Canal expenses have increased less than revenue, from $427 million in 2000 to $497 million in 2006. On October 22, 2006, Panamanian citizens approved a referendum to expand the canal.

text: Former US Ambassador to Panama Linda Watt, who served from 2002 to 2005, said that the canal operation in Panamanian hands has been "outstanding". "The international shipping community is quite pleased", Watt added.[14]


document_title: Aria (name)

question_text: what does the name aria mean in hebrew

question_tokens: what does the name aria mean in hebrew

root

text: Aria (name)

text:
AriaGender
Male and FemaleOriginWord/name
Italian, Albanian language, Persian, Aramaic, HebrewOther namesSee also
Aria, Arya

tag: table

text:
Aria can be a male or female name depending on the country of origin. It means "air" and the melody “Aria” in Italian, Ari/”Aria” in Albanian language means from gold; "lioness of God" in Hebrew (ארייה), and "noble" in Persian (آریا). Aria is a masculine Persian given name, in India it is used as both a masculine and a feminine name though.[1][2]
In music, an aria is a self-contained piece for one voice, with or without orchestral accompaniment, normally part of a larger work.

tag: p

text: The name may refer to:

text: People[edit]

text:
Aria Barzan (Ariobarzanes of Persis, died 330 BC ),( known as Ariobarzane the Brave), an Iranian prince and military commander who led a last stand of the Persian army at the Battle of the Persian Gate against Macedonian King Alexander the Great.
Aria Clemente (born 1995), Filipina singer and actress
Aria Curzon (born 1987), American actress
Aria Giovanni (born 1977), American pornographic actress and model
Aria Johnson (born 1983), American singer and actress
Aria Tesolin (born 1993), Canadian opera singer
Aria Wallace (born 1996), American actress

tag: ul

text: Fiction[edit]

text:
Aria Blaze, fictional character in My Little Pony films
Aria Kanzaki, fictional character in the Aria the Scarlet Ammo series of novels
Aria Montgomery, fictional character in the television series Pretty Little Liars
Aria Shichijou, fictional character in the Seitokai Yakuindomo manga series
Aria T'Loak, fictional character in the Mass Effect series of RPG games
Aria, fictional character in the video game Crypt of the Necrodancer
Aria Benett, fictional character in the video game Final Fantasy III
Aria, fictional character in the Guilty Gear series of fighting games
Aria T'Loak, a character from the Mass Effect series of video games
Aria Wallenstein, a character from the Sword Oratoria series of light novels


document_title: Michigan–Michigan State football rivalry

question_text: who won last year michigan or michigan state

text: Series history[edit]

text: The teams have met 110 times with Michigan winning 69 games, Michigan State winning 36 games, and five games ending with the score tied. Michigan dominated the series for the first half century, compiling a 33–6–3 record from 1898 to 1949. The tide shifted to Michigan State in the 1950s and 1960s, as the Spartans under head coaches Biggie Munn and Duffy Daugherty compiled a 14–4–2 record from 1950 to 1969. The tide then shifted back to the Wolverines as Michigan compiled a 30–8 record against the Spartans from 1970 to 2007. Since 2008, Michigan State has dominated the series with an 8–2 record.

text: Michigan State's longest winning streak against Michigan is four games. Michigan's longest winning streak against Michigan State is 14 games.

text: Paul Bunyan Trophy[edit]

text: The game's trophy is the "Paul Bunyan – Governor of Michigan Trophy", or simply, the Paul Bunyan Trophy. It is a four foot tall wooden statue of Paul Bunyan, the giant lumberjack of American folklore, on a five-foot base. It reflects Michigan's history as a major lumber-producing state. The trophy was first presented in 1953 by governor G. Mennen Williams to commemorate Michigan State's joining the Big Ten Conference.[3]

text: When the trophy was created in 1953, Michigan athletic director and former head coach Fritz Crisler refused to take the trophy if Michigan had won the game.[citation needed]  Michigan State won the first game for the Paul Bunyan Trophy in 1953, displaying it proudly in Jenison Fieldhouse.

text: The following year in 1954, the trophy was left on the field for half an hour after Michigan defeated the Spartans 33–7. "We'll find a place for the trophy," Crisler told The Michigan Daily after game. The Paul Bunyan Trophy was stored in the Michigan Stadium locker room in one of the equipment closets.[4]

text: Despite winning in 1954 and 1955, Michigan did not engrave their scores onto the neglected trophy. When the Spartans won in 1956, they engraved the Wolverine victories onto the trophy.[4]

text: The 1958 game was a 12–12 tie. The favored Spartans were so embarrassed that they didn't win, they originally refused to keep the trophy while Michigan refused to take the trophy. Michigan State eventually relented and kept the trophy.[4]

text: Despite its rocky start, the Trophy has become an important icon for both Universities, as a symbol of football supremacy in the State of Michigan.[citation needed]

text: Notable games[edit]

text: 1898: The first game[edit]

text: The first game in the rivalry between Michigan and Michigan State (then known as Michigan Agricultural College) was played in Ann Arbor on October 12, 1898, with Michigan defeating the Aggies 39–0.  The Detroit Free Press wrote that the game was "essentially a practice game," as Michigan played 25 different players during the game.  Charles Widman scored two touchdowns and was "the strongest ground-gainer" for Michigan. In the second half, Keena also kicked a field goal from a place-kick, "the first time a Michigan eleven has ever scored in that fashion."[5][6] After the 1898 shutout, Michigan sent its freshman team against Michigan Agricultural for the next three years.[7] The two rivals have played each other more than 100 times since the inaugural meeting in 1898.

text: 1902.  Michigan's 1902 team finished 11–0, outscored opponents 644 to 12, and became known as the second of head coach Fielding H. Yost's "Point-a-Minute" teams.  The Wolverines faced Michigan Agricultural on Wednesday, October 8, 1902, and defeated the Aggies 119–0.[8] Michigan was held on downs only once in the game, and the Aggies made only three first downs.[8] Right halfback Albert Herrnstein ran back a kickoff the length of the field and scored seven touchdowns in the game. Willie Heston and Everett Sweeley did not play in the game, and the Detroit Free Press noted: "The opinion is quite general that if Heston and Sweeley had been in the game the Buffalo record would have been beaten,[9] but, as it was, Michigan was simply fagged out running down the field for touchdowns."[8] The game was played in halves of 20 and 18 minutes. With 119 points in 38 minutes of play, Yost's Point-a-Minute squad averaged 3.1 points per minute against the Aggies. After the game, The Newark Advocate wrote: "Michigan has undoubtedly the fastest scoring team in the world, and the Ann Arbor boys play Yosts' 'hurry up' formations like clock work. It requires a fast team to take the ball, line up and score 119 points, even if they have no opponents in two 20 minute halves."[10]

text: 1908  After losing to the Wolverines in the first three games between the programs, the Aggies played the Wolverines to a scoreless tie on October 10, 1908. The game was played in front of 6,000 spectators at East Lansing's College Field, and the Aggies' fans "went wild with delight" when the game ended.[11][12]  In Ann Arbor, the result was met with disbelief among Michigan fans who had expected an easy win.[13]  The Detroit Free Press called it "the greatest game of football ever seen in this part of the state."[11] The Michigan Alumnus opined that the Wolverines were outplayed and would have been defeated had it not been for Dave Allerdice repeatedly punting out of danger.[14]

text: 1910. On October 15, 1910, Michigan beat Michigan Agricultural 6–3 at Ferry Field. The 1910 Aggies compiled a record of 6–0 and outscored opponents 165 to 2 against teams other than the Wolverines (including a 17–0 victory over Notre Dame.[15][16]  Prior to the Michigan game, the M. A. C. student body adopted the slogan, "On to Michigan."[17] After a scoreless first half, the Aggies blocked two punts in the third quarter.  On the second occasion, the punt was blocked and rolled to Michigan's 12-yard line where the Aggies recovered the ball.  Leon Hill kicked a field goal from the 21-yard line, and the Aggies' maintained a 3–0 lead into the fourth quarter.  With less than five minutes left in the game, Shorty McMillan completed a pass to Stanley Borleske who ran 50 yards to the Aggies' 15-yard line.  Due to a penalty, the Wolverines had five unsuccessful chances to score the touchdown after advancing to the three-yard line.  Michigan then lined up for a field goal, but the play was a fake. Don Green took the snap from center and ran for the touchdown.[18][19]  After the game, the referee, Ralph Hoagland, said: "Yost has certainly taught his men some great things about the forward pass.", [18][19] while Yost praised the Michigan Agricultural team as "remarkably strong."[1][20]

text: 1913. On October 18, 1913, the Aggies secured their first victory over Michigan, 12–7.  Michigan Agricultural's fullback, George E. Julian, scored two touchdowns, and Blake Miller returned a Michigan fumble 45 yards for a touchdown.  One account of the game noted: "The one great feature of the game was the accuracy of the Aggies forward passing which netted a total of 76 yards for the Farmers."[21] The New York Times described the game as "a desperate gruelling struggle."[22] Miller suffered a blow to the head during the game and was hospitalized in serious condition.[23] After the game, The Michigan Alumnus made note of the Aggies' potential as an athletic threat: "This victory with the football tie in 1908, and the Farmers' clean sweep in baseball in 1912, point to the fact that M.A.C. will bear watching by Michigan."[24]  In the celebration following the game, two Aggies fans were arrested and jailed for "throwing bottles about the streets" in the early hours of Sunday morning.[25]

text: 1915.  The Aggies won their second game against Michigan 24–0.  Neno DaPrato scored two touchdowns and kicked a field goal for the Aggies.[26]  The victory was the second in three years for the Aggies under head coach John Macklin.

text:
1970
The #12 ranked Wolverines avenged their 1969 loss to the Spartans, winning 34–20 in Ann Arbor. Michigan would establish their dominance in the series with this win, creating an eight-game winning streak against the Spartans, outscoring them 202–70 including consecutive shutouts in the 1972 and 1973 games.

text:
1978
Michigan was ranked #5 in the country when the unranked Spartans visited Ann Arbor. Michigan had won the previous eight series meetings under Bo Schembechler when Michigan State, led by QB Eddie Smith and wide receiver (and future MLB star) Kirk Gibson led the Spartans to a 24–15 upset.  Michigan State's all-time leading linebacker Dan Bass led defensive efforts. Michigan State would end up sharing the Big Ten title that season with the Wolverines.

text:
1990
"No. One vs. No One" was the tag line used by the Michigan faithful leading up to the 1990 meeting in Ann Arbor between the two schools.[citation needed] Michigan came into the game ranked #1 in the country. With six seconds left, Elvis Grbac threw a TD pass to Derrick Alexander to make it 28–27 Michigan State. Michigan coach Gary Moeller elected to go for two and the win. Desmond Howard lined for a pass and was defended by Spartan Eddie Brown. While going out for the pass Desmond became entangled with Brown, appeared to have caught the ball for a moment, before dropping it as he fell to the turf. The play was controversial since Howard got entangled with Brown on the play, but no penalty was called. The Wolverines then attempted an onside kick, which they recovered. Grbac then scrambled and threw a Hail Mary that was tipped and intercepted to end the game.[27] Both schools ended up tied for the Big Ten title, along with Illinois and Iowa; all four schools had identical 6-2 conference records.

text:
1997
In an AP Top-15 match up between both teams which featured ESPN College Gameday in East Lansing, the #5 Michigan Wolverines defeated the #15 Spartans, 23-7. The Wolverine defense had six interceptions, five of which came from Spartan QB Todd Schultz.  One of those interceptions included a one-handed interception by eventual 1997 Heisman trophy winner Charles Woodson where he managed to get one foot in bounds on the sideline. Marcus Ray had a pair of interceptions, along with one apiece by DiAllo Johnson and Andre Weathers. Michigan would go on to share the national championship that season (with future Big Ten foe Nebraska), their first since the 1940’s.

text:
2001
The 2001 game, also known as Clockgate, was hosted by Michigan State. U-M entered the game undefeated and ranked #6 in the nation. With under three minutes left, the Spartans received the ball at midfield down 24–20. A Michigan facemask penalty resulted in 15 yards and an automatic first down. Two plays later, the Wolverines received a penalty for 12 men on the field. Michigan State was incorrectly charged with their final timeout on that play; the Spartans should not have been because of the U-M penalty. Instead, the final MSU timeout was exhausted. 17 seconds remained when Michigan State quarterback Jeff Smoker attempted to scramble for a touchdown but was stopped at the one yard line. The Spartans rushed to the line and spiked the ball with 1 second remaining on the clock. On the next play, Smoker threw a touchdown pass to T.J. Duckett to win the game 26–24. Michigan coaches, players, and the ABC broadcasters argued that the clock should have expired on the play and that the timekeeper, "Spartan Bob" Stehlin, purposely stopped the clock before the ball was grounded.[28] Michigan commentator Frank Beckmann speculated that Michigan State had benefited from its home field advantage, even calling the unfolding controversy "criminal" on the air.[29] Beckmann's reaction to the last-second MSU victory included stating the full name of each game official and saying the Big Ten was out of the national title picture "because of the job that was done here by the men in the striped shirts today". Beckmann also referred to the last tick as "staying on the board for an eternity" and speculated that Dave Parry, then Big Ten coordinator of officials, would soon "no doubt give an apology phone call to (U-M coach) Lloyd Carr." Instead, the Big Ten reviewed the video of the game and concluded that the clock operator acted appropriately.  Dave Parry, the Big Ten Coordinator of officials, said "we could find nothing that suggested a mistake had been made".  Stehlin observed afterwards that seven different media outlets timed the play and all concluded that time remained in the ball game. Michigan would finish the season 8-4, making Beckmann's complaints moot.[30] Beckmann would publicly insist that U-M was cheated for years afterwards, prompting public speculation that Stehlin might file a lawsuit against Beckmann for slander. Instead, he publicly stated he forgave Beckmann.[31]
Nevertheless, the Big Ten changed its timekeeping policy for the 2002 season.[31] Previously, the home team appointed an individual of their choosing to keep the official time in the pressbox. Now, time is kept on the field by a neutral official appointed by the Big Ten.[32]

text: 2004 Despite being an underdog on the road in Ann Arbor, unranked Michigan State built up a 27-10 lead in the 4th quarter against #12 ranked Michigan. The Wolverines eventually awoke and added a 24 yard field goal by Garrett Rivas to cut the MSU lead to 14. Michigan recovered the ensuing onside kick and went down the field to make it a 27-20 MSU lead after a 36 yard Braylon Edwards touchdown reception. Michigan's defense was able to force an MSU punt and once again, Braylon Edwards demonstrated late game heroics with an iconic 21 yard touchdown catch to knot the score at 27-27. Michigan scored 17 points in less than 4 minutes. A potential MSU game-winning field goal attempt fell short and the game went into overtime for the first time in series history. The teams traded field goals and touchdowns in the first two OT periods respectively. Another touchdown reception by Edwards and a successful two point conversion put Michigan up 45-37. MSU failed to answer with a touchdown and Michigan's comeback was complete with a 45-37 victory over the Spartans in triple overtime. Braylon Edwards amassed 189 yards receiving along with 3 touchdowns. True freshman quarterback Chad Henne of Michigan threw for 273 yards and 4 touchdowns.

text: 2005 For the first time since 1968, the game featured a ranked Michigan State team and an unranked Michigan team. The Spartans sat at #11 in the AP Poll after a 4-0 start while Michigan dropped out of the poll the week of the game after a 2-2 start to the season. Michigan raced out to a 21-7 lead but by halftime the lead was shaved down to 24-21. The game was tied in the 4th quarter 24-24 when Mike Hart punched it in from the 1 yard line to put Michigan up 31-24. MSU tied the game on a 46 yard fumble return for a touchdown by defensive tackle Domata Peko with 6 minutes remaining, a controversial play as it appeared quarterback Chad Henne's arm was going forward which would've resulted in an incomplete pass. Michigan had a chance to win the game in regulation with 53 seconds remaining but the kick missed wide right. The game went into overtime for the second year in a row. Despite hitting a 26 yard field goal earlier in the game, MSU kicker John Goss missed on a field goal attempt. Garrett Rivas redeemed himself, nailing a 35 yard field goal and giving Michigan a 34-31 win overtime. The 4th consecutive win for the Wolverines over the Spartans and the second straight in overtime. Both team's quarterbacks threw for over 250 yards and Michigan running back Mike Hart gashed Michigan State with 218 yards rushing. Despite a hot 4-0 start where MSU climbed to #11 in the AP Poll, they went 1-6 the rest of the way to finish 5-6 and further adding heat to coach John L. Smith's "hot seat".

text:
2007
The 2007 game marked Michigan's sixth straight win over Michigan State. The Wolverines once again narrowly won with a comeback in the fourth quarter, winning 28–24.[33] Michigan quarterback Chad Henne led two touchdown drives in the final 7:35 of the game, completing touchdown passes to Greg Mathews and Mario Manningham, to lead the Wolverines back from a 24–14 deficit. Henne finished the game with 18 completions for 211 yards and four touchdowns, while Manningham had eight receptions for 129 yards and two touchdowns.[34] After the game, Michigan running back Mike Hart called Michigan State Michigan's "little brother." "I was just laughing,” Hart said of Michigan State taking the lead. “I thought it was funny. They got excited. Sometimes you get your little brother excited when you’re playing basketball, and you let him get the lead, and then you come back and take it back." Mark Dantonio later responded to Hart's comment stating "I find a lot of the things they do amusing. They need to check themselves sometimes. But just remember, pride comes before the fall... This game is an important game. So they want to mock us all they want to mock us, I'm telling them: it's not over. So they can print that crap all they want all over their locker room. It's not over. It'll never be over here. It's just starting... I'm going to be a coach here for a long time. It's not over. It's just starting.".[35]

text:
2008
The game on October 25, 2008, in Ann Arbor, was the first Michigan–Michigan State game for new Michigan coach Rich Rodriguez. Early in the game, Michigan scored on a pass to running back Brandon Minor, who was only able to get one foot on a pylon. The pass was initially called incomplete, but the play was reviewed and incorrectly ruled a touchdown. During halftime, ABC-TV displayed the NCAA rule on the broadcast screen and concluded that the Replay Official was incorrect in awarding the touchdown to Michigan; ABC indicated officials on the field had been correct in originally ruling the play incomplete.  The Commissioner of the Big Ten later acknowledged that the call was wrong.[36] The two teams traded touchdowns for much of the game before the Spartans finally pulled away in the 4th quarter, winning 35–21.[37]

text: 2012 On October 20, 2012, the Wolverines defeated the Spartans for the first time since 2007, despite not scoring a touchdown. Michigan won in Ann Arbor 12–10 to earn back the Paul Bunyan Trophy. At 10:20 in the second quarter, Brendan Gibbons kicked a FG to put Michigan up 3–0. With 5:03 left, MSU kicker Dan Conroy missed a 38-yard FG attempt. With 1:07 left in the first half, Matt Wile made a 48-yard FG to make the score 6–0 Michigan at halftime. MSU quickly scored a touchdown in their first possession of the second half to go up 7–6. Michigan kicked a third field goal at 13:37 in the fourth quarter to go up 9–7. It appeared that Michigan had MSU stopped towards the end of the fourth by forcing them into a fourth and 9 on their own 30, however the Spartans ran a fake punt and advanced the ball almost to midfield on their way to scoring three more points to go up 10–9. Michigan got the ball back and drove all the way into MSU territory only to be stopped and punt the ball away with 4 minutes left. The Michigan defense forced a three-and-out and they got the ball back at their own 39 with 2:11 left. Denard Robinson completed a 20-yard pass on fourth down to advance Michigan to the MSU 25 yard line and with 9 seconds left Michigan spiked the ball. Brendan Gibbons lined up to kick the game-winning field goal and was iced by Mark Dantonio. Gibbons lined back up and split the uprights to win it for Michigan, 12–10. After the game, the students rushed the field in celebration. This was the 900th all-time win for the Wolverines, making them the first program to reach this level in college football history.

text: 2013 November 2 in East Lansing, Michigan State dominated Michigan defensively, winning 29–6. Michigan QB Devin Gardner was sacked 7 times and Michigan accumulated the fewest rushing yards for a game in its entire history (-48 yards). The Spartans held the Wolverines to their lowest point total in the series since 1967, the last time Michigan State had won by more than 20 points. This was the second game in a row that Michigan failed to score a touchdown against Michigan State. This game marked MSU's fifth win of the previous six games in the series.

text: 2014 October 25, 2014: As they were coming onto the East Lansing field prior to the game, the Michigan team drove a stake into the turf, angering the Spartans. Michigan finally scored its first touchdown against MSU in three years with just 3:40 remaining in the game, but, after Michigan made the 2-point conversion, Michigan State marched downfield and scored a final touchdown with 0:28 remaining.  This was notable because four of the previous six games ended with the Spartans taking a knee inside the Michigan red zone, instead of adding a final score.  In his postgame press conference, Mark Dantonio referenced the stake incident in explaining the decision to add a final touchdown.

text: 2015 October 17, 2015: the game was played in Ann Arbor for the first time since 2012. The #12 Wolverines, led by first-year coach Jim Harbaugh, entered the game 5–1. The #7 Spartans came into the game 6–0. This was the first meeting of coaches Mark Dantonio and Harbaugh. Michigan scored first and never trailed all the way until the final play of the game. Late in the 4th quarter, with the Wolverines leading 23-21, Michigan State drove into field goal range, but a sack pushed them outside the 40. They failed to convert on 4th and long, giving Michigan the ball and seemingly the victory. However, with 10 seconds left in the game, Michigan was faced with a 4th and short and decided to punt. Michigan State pressured with all 11 defenders while Michigan sent players downfield to cover the punt. The numeric mismatch on the line allowed easy penetration while the Wolverine center quick-snapped a low ball bobbled by the punter. The ball was caught by Spartan Jalen Watts-Jackson, and he ran the ball in 38 yards for a touchdown. Michigan State did not lead at any point in the game until time expired, but they outgained Michigan in the contest 386 to 230 yards.[38][39][40]

text: 2017 October 7, 2017: For the first time, Michigan and Michigan State would meet for a night game in their 110th meeting. The game was held in Ann Arbor at the Big House at 7:30 PM on ABC, Chris Fowler and Kirk Herbstreit on the call. Michigan came into the game as #7 in the AP Poll and 4-0 on the season. The Michigan State Spartans came into the game unranked at 3-1 on the season, with their only loss at that point to Notre Dame in East Lansing. Michigan was 3-0 in night games at Michigan Stadium at the time. In the first quarter, Michigan would take the lead on a 30-yard field goal by Quinn Nordin to make the score 3 to 0. Michigan State would then score on a 14-yard touchdown run by Brian Lewerke. The score was 7 to 3, Spartans with the lead. In the second quarter, Michigan State would score again on a 16-yard pass from Brian Lewerke to Madre London. The score was 14-3 at halftime, with the Spartans leading in Ann Arbor. Towards the middle of the third quarter, it began to rain in Ann Arbor. Strong winds and heavy rain affected the game in the third quarter, making it even more difficult for the offensively challenged teams to move the ball. Tornado warnings were issued throughout lower Michigan but no delays were issued for the game. In the middle of the third quarter, Khalid Hill ran in a 1-yard touchdown for Michigan, cutting the Spartans lead to 4. The score was 14 to 10. Throughout the game, Michigan State forced 5 turnovers (2 fumbles, 3 interceptions) to the Wolverines' zero forced turnovers. Michigan tried a Hail Mary in the closing seconds, but a deflection by MSU's Joe Bachie in the endzone would cement the Spartans' upset win at the Big House in Ann Arbor, 14-10. The win marked the 8th win in the last 10 games against Michigan. Michigan would drop to 17th in AP Poll the following week and the Spartans would enter the top 25, finishing the season at 16th in the CFP rankings.

text: Accomplishments by the two rivals[edit]

text:
Team
Michigan State[41]
Michigan[42]

National titles[43]
6
11

CFP appearances
1
0

Bowl appearances[44][45]
27
46

Postseason bowl record
12–15 (0.444)
21–25 (0.456)

Rose Bowl appearances
5
20

Rose Bowl wins
4
8

Big Ten Championship Game appearances
3
0

Big Ten Championship Game wins
2
0

Big Ten titles
9
42

All-time program record
694–453–44
943–339–36

text: Game results[edit]

text: Michigan State victoriesMichigan victoriesTie games

text: No.DateLocationWinnerScore1 1898  Ann Arbor  Michigan 39–22 1902  Ann Arbor  Michigan 119–03 1907  Ann Arbor  Michigan 46–04 1908  East Lansing Tie0–05 1910  Ann Arbor   Michigan 6–36 1911  East Lansing  Michigan 15–37 1912  Ann Arbor  Michigan 55–78 1913  Ann Arbor  Michigan State 12–79 1914  East Lansing  Michigan 3–010 1915  Ann Arbor  Michigan State 24–011 1916  Ann Arbor  Michigan 9–012 1917  Ann Arbor  Michigan 27–013 1918  Ann Arbor  Michigan 21–614 1919  Ann Arbor  Michigan 26–015 1920  Ann Arbor  Michigan 35–016 1921  Ann Arbor  Michigan 30–017 1922  Ann Arbor  Michigan 63–018 1923  Ann Arbor  Michigan 37–019 1924  East Lansing  Michigan 7–020 1925  Ann Arbor  Michigan 39–021 1926  Ann Arbor  Michigan 55–322 1927  Ann Arbor  Michigan 21–023 1928  Ann Arbor  Michigan 3–024 1929  Ann Arbor  Michigan 17–025 1930  Ann Arbor Tie0–026 1931  Ann Arbor Tie0–027 1932  Ann Arbor  Michigan 26–028 1933  Ann Arbor  Michigan 20–629 1934  Ann Arbor  Michigan State 16–030 1935  Ann Arbor  Michigan State 25–631 1936  Ann Arbor  Michigan State 21–732 1937  Ann Arbor  Michigan State 19–1433 1938  Ann Arbor  Michigan 14–034 1939  Ann Arbor  Michigan 26–1335 1940  Ann Arbor  Michigan 21–1436 1941  Ann Arbor  Michigan 19–737 1942  Ann Arbor  Michigan 20–038 1945  Ann Arbor  Michigan 40–039 1946  Ann Arbor  No. 11 Michigan 55–740 1947  Ann Arbor  Michigan 55–041 1948  East Lansing  Michigan 13–742 1949  Ann Arbor  Michigan 7–343 1950  Ann Arbor  No. 19 Michigan State 14–744 1951  Ann Arbor  No. 2 Michigan State 25–045 1952  Ann Arbor  No. 1 Michigan State 27–1346 1953  East Lansing  No. 4 Michigan State 14–647 1954  Ann Arbor  No. 20 Michigan 33–748 1955  Ann Arbor  No. 2 Michigan 14–749 1956  Ann Arbor  No. 2 Michigan State 9–050 1957  Ann Arbor  No. 2 Michigan State 35–651 1958  East Lansing Tie12–1252 1959  Ann Arbor  Michigan State 34–853 1960  East Lansing  No. 13 Michigan State 24–1754 1961  Ann Arbor  No. 2 Michigan State 28–055 1962  East Lansing  Michigan State 28–056 1963  Ann Arbor Tie7–7No.DateLocationWinnerScore57 1964  East Lansing  No. 4 Michigan 17–1058 1965  Ann Arbor  No. 4 Michigan State 24–759 1966  East Lansing  No. 1 Michigan State 20–760 1967  Ann Arbor  Michigan State 34–061 1968  Ann Arbor  Michigan 28–1462 1969  East Lansing  Michigan State 23–1263 1970  Ann Arbor  No. 6 Michigan 34–2064 1971  East Lansing  No. 2 Michigan 24–1365 1972  Ann Arbor  No. 5 Michigan 10–066 1973  East Lansing  No. 5 Michigan 31–067 1974  Ann Arbor  No. 4 Michigan 21–768 1975  East Lansing  No. 8 Michigan 16–669 1976  Ann Arbor  No. 1 Michigan 42–1070 1977  East Lansing  No. 3 Michigan 24–1471 1978  Ann Arbor  Michigan State 24–1572 1979  East Lansing  No. 11 Michigan 21–773 1980  Ann Arbor  Michigan 27–2374 1981  East Lansing  No. 6 Michigan 38–2075 1982  Ann Arbor   Michigan 31–1776 1983  East Lansing  No. 14 Michigan 42–077 1984  Ann Arbor  Michigan State 19–778 1985  East Lansing  No. 3 Michigan 31–079 1986  Ann Arbor  No. 4 Michigan 27–680 1987  East Lansing  Michigan State 17–1181 1988  Ann Arbor  No. 17 Michigan 17–382 1989  East Lansing  No. 5 Michigan 10–783 1990  Ann Arbor  Michigan State 28–2784 1991  East Lansing  No. 5 Michigan 45–2885 1992  Ann Arbor  No. 3 Michigan 35–1086 1993  East Lansing  Michigan State 17–787 1994  Ann Arbor  No. 9 Michigan 40–2088 1995  East Lansing  Michigan State 28–2589 1996  Ann Arbor  No. 9 Michigan 45–2990 1997  East Lansing  No. 5 Michigan 23–791 1998  Ann Arbor   Michigan 29–1792 1999  East Lansing  No. 11 Michigan State 34–3193 2000  Ann Arbor  No. 16 Michigan 14–094 2001  East Lansing  Michigan State 26–2495 2002  Ann Arbor  No. 15 Michigan 49–396 2003  East Lansing  No. 13 Michigan 27–2097 2004  Ann Arbor  No. 14 Michigan 45–373OT98 2005  East Lansing   Michigan 34–31OT99 2006  Ann Arbor  No. 6 Michigan 31–13100 2007  East Lansing  No. 14 Michigan 28–24101 2008  Ann Arbor  Michigan State 35–21102 2009  East Lansing  Michigan State 26–20OT103 2010  Ann Arbor  No. 17 Michigan State 34–17104 2011  East Lansing  No. 23 Michigan State 28–14105 2012  Ann Arbor  No. 23 Michigan 12–10106 2013  East Lansing  No. 22 Michigan State 29–6107 2014  East Lansing  No. 8 Michigan State 35–11108 2015  Ann Arbor  No. 7 Michigan State 27–23109 2016  East Lansing  No. 2 Michigan 32–23110 2017  Ann Arbor  Michigan State 14–10111 2018  East Lansing  No. 6 Michigan 21–7Series: Michigan leads 70–36–5

text: Big Ten games[edit]

text: Since Michigan State joined the Big Ten Conference in 1950 [46], Michigan leads the series 37–27–2 through the 2018 meeting. Michigan was a charter member of the Big Ten in 1896 before leaving the league after the 1906 football season and returning for the 1917 season. Michigan State joined the Big Ten in 1950 and, in their first game as conference rivals (1953), defeated Michigan 14-6 in East Lansing.  The reason Michigan State joined the Big Ten in 1950, but did not begin officially competing in Big Ten football until 1953, is because The University of Michigan blocked Michigan State from joining the "Big 9" (which would have made it the Big 10), believing that Michigan's intrastate dominance  would be curtailed[47].


document_title: List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals

question_text: who has scored the most goals in history

text: In top-level association football, 27 players have scored 500 or more goals over the course of their career, according to research by the Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Only players who were active in top division football for all or most of their careers are considered. The ranking below takes into account goals scored in official matches played with national teams at all age levels and clubs in all divisions.[1]

text: Ranking[edit]

text:
Unverified data is excluded from players' data; goal and match totals may be higher.
Players in bold are currently active; data is accurate as of 21 January 2018.[2][3]

text:
Rank
Player
Goals
Matches
Ratio
Years

1
 Bican, JosefJosef Bican (CZE)
805
530
1.52
1931–1956

2
 Romário (BRA)
772
994
0.78
1985–2007

3
 Pelé (BRA)
767
831
0.92
1957–1977

4
 Puskás, FerencFerenc Puskás (HUN)
746
754
0.99
1943–1966

5
 Müller, GerdGerd Müller (GER)
735
793
0.93
1962–1981

6
 Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo (POR)
644
925
0.7
2002–present

7
 Messi, LionelLionel Messi (ARG)
620
791
0.78
2004–present

8
 Deák, FerencFerenc Deák (HUN)
576
—
1940–1957

9
 Seeler, UweUwe Seeler (GER)
575
—
1953–1978

 Maravilha, TúlioTúlio Maravilha (BRA)
575
—
1988–2012

11
 Friedenreich, ArthurArthur Friedenreich (BRA)
557
—
1909–1935

12
 Willimowski, ErnstErnst Willimowski (POL)
554
—
1934–1955

13
 Eusébio (POR)
552
—
1957–1979

14
 McGrory, JimmyJimmy McGrory (SCO)
550
—
1922–1937

15
 Binder, FranzFranz Binder (AUT)
546
—
1949–1976

16
 Peyroteo, FernandoFernando Peyroteo (POR)
544
—
1937–1949

17
 Sánchez, HugoHugo Sánchez (MEX)
541
—
1976–1997

18
 Walter, FritzFritz Walter (GER)
539
—
1937–1959

19
 Takács, JózsefJózsef Takács (HUN)
523
—
1917–1934

20
 Zsengellér, GyulaGyula Zsengellér (HUN)
522
—
1935–1953

 Zico (BRA)
522
—
1971–1994

22
 Di Stéfano, AlfredoAlfredo Di Stéfano (ARG)
514
—
1945–1966

 Krankl, HansHans Krankl (AUT)
514
—
1970–1989

24
 Nordahl, GunnarGunnar Nordahl (SWE)
513
—
1937–1958

25
 Dinamite, RobertoRoberto Dinamite (BRA)
512
—
1971–1993

26
 Greaves, JimmyJimmy Greaves (ENG)
511
—
1957–1980

27
 Bene, FerencFerenc Bene (HUN)
508
—
1961–1978

text: Source: Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation[1]


document_title: History of Walmart

question_text: where did the idea of walmart come from

question_tokens: where did the idea of walmart come from

text: History of Walmart

text: 1960s and 1970s[edit]

text: At some point Sam Walton made the decision to achieve higher sales volumes by keeping sales prices lower than his competitors by reducing his profit margin. Inspired by the successes of other discount department store chains, Walton opened the second store in Harrison, Arkansas that year. Responsible for the purchase and maintenance of signage, Walton's assistant, Bob Bogle, came up with the name "Wal-Mart" for the new chain.[2] By 1967, the company grew to 24 stores across the state of Arkansas, and had reached $12.6 million in sales, and by 1968, the company opened its first stores outside of Arkansas in Sikeston, Missouri and Claremore, Oklahoma.[3]

text: The company's first stock split occurred in May 1972 at a market price of $47. By this time, Walmart was operating in five states: Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri and Oklahoma, and expanded into Tennessee in 1973, and Kentucky and Mississippi in 1974. As the company expanded into Texas in 1975, there were 125 stores with 7,500 associates, and total sales of $340.3 million.

text: By 1977, Wal-Mart expanded into Illinois and made its first corporate acquisition, assuming ownership and operation of the Mohr-Value stores, which operated in Missouri and Illinois.[4] This was followed by the acquisition of the Hutcheson Shoe Company in 1978. In the same year Walmart also branched out into several new markets, launching its pharmacy, auto service center, and jewelry divisions.

text: 1980s and 1990s[edit]

text: In 1981, Wal-Mart expanded into the southeastern US market, opening stores in Georgia and South Carolina, and acquiring 92 Kuhn's Big K stores. They expanded into Florida and Nebraska in 1982.

text: In April 1983, the company opened its first Sam's Club store, a membership-based discount warehouse club, in Midwest City, Oklahoma. They also expanded into Indiana, Iowa, New Mexico, and North Carolina and implemented "people greeters" in all of their stores. The first stores opened in Virginia in 1984.

text: In 1985, with 882 stores with sales of $8.4 billion and 104,000 associates, the company expanded into Wisconsin and Colorado, and the first stores opened in Minnesota in 1986.

text: By the company's 25th anniversary in 1987, there were offices to track inventory, sales, and send instant communication to their stores.[5] Continuing their technological upgrades, they had equipped 90% of their stores with barcode readers by 1988, to further assist in keeping track of their large inventory.

text: In February 1988, company founder Sam Walton stepped down as Chief Executive Officer, and David Glass was named to succeed him.[6] Walton remained on as Chairman of the Corporate Board of Directors, and the company also restructured their senior management positions, elevating a cadre of executives to positions of greater responsibility.

text: Also in 1988, the first Wal-Mart Supercenter was opened in Washington, Missouri. The supercenter concept features everything contained in an average Walmart discount store, in addition to a tire and oil change shop, optical center, one-hour photo processing lab, portrait studio, and numerous alcove shops such as banks, cellular telephone stores, hair and nail salons, video rental stores, and fast food outlets.

text: By 1988, Wal-Mart was the most profitable retailer in the United States,[7] though it did not outsell K-Mart and Sears in terms of value of items purchased until late 1990 or early 1991.

text: By 1988, Walmart was operating in 27 states, having expanded into Arizona, Michigan, Ohio, West Virginia, New Jersey, and Wyoming. By 1990, they expanded into California (which marked Walmart officially becoming a fully nationwide retailer), Nevada, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, and Utah. The Walmart Visitor's Center also opened this year on the site of Sam Walton's original store.

text: The 1990s saw an era of furious growth on an unprecedented scale and the incorporation of several new ideas and technology into the business.

text: In 1990, US sales had quadrupled to $32 billion over the previous five years [4] and Walmart acquired The McLane Company, a food service distributor,[8] which was later sold to Berkshire Hathaway in 2003.[9]

text: In 1991, the company expanded into Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and New York. Walmart expanded worldwide this year, with the opening of their first store outside the United States in Mexico City. They also acquired Western Merchandisers, Inc. of Amarillo, Texas. 1991 also saw the launch of the Sam's American Choice brand of products.

text: On March 17, 1992 US President George H. W. Bush presented Sam Walton with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Walton died on April 5, 1992. His eldest son, S. Robson Walton, succeeded him as Chairman of the corporate board of directors, on April 7, 1992. This year, Walmart had a presence in 45 states which by this time expanded into Idaho, Montana, and Oregon, as well as Puerto Rico.

text: In 1993, the Walmart International Division was formed with Bobby Martin as its president. The company also expanded into Alaska, Hawaii, Rhode Island and Washington. Their stores also achieve the billion-dollar sales mark in one week in December 1993.

text: In 1994, the National Advertising Review Board challenged the Walmart slogan, "Always the low price. Always," contending that it implied that Walmart's prices were always the lowest and could mislead some shoppers. In response, Walmart adopted a new slogan, "Always low prices. Always."[10]

text: Also in 1994, the Code Adam program was instituted in Walmart stores. That same year, Walmart acquired 91 PACE Membership Warehouse clubs from Kmart and 122 Woolco stores in Canada in 1994. In addition, it opened 3 value clubs in Hong Kong, and had 96 stores in Mexico.

text: By 1995, Walmart had 1,995 discount stores, 239 Supercenters, 433 SAM'S CLUBS and 276 international stores with sales at $93.6 billion (including US sales of $78 billion) and 675,000 associates. Walmart expanded into its final state (Vermont), and also expanded into South America, with three new units in Argentina and five in Brazil.

text: The company entered the Chinese market in 1996 through a joint-venture agreement. IN 1996 WalMart opened in Fairbanks Alaska, soon after the Sam's Club of Fairbanks opened. In 1997, Walmart replaced Woolworth on the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The company had its first $100 billion sales year, with sales totaling $118.1 billion. Also this year, they acquired 21 Wertkauf stores in Germany, and introduced their OneSource nutrition centers.

text: In 1998, Walmart introduced the Neighborhood Market concept at three stores in Arkansas. Neighborhood Market stores are predominantly grocery stores, and are intended to attract customers with easier parking, less crowded aisles, and quicker checkout compared to an average grocery store. Internationally Walmart enters South Korea by acquiring 4 stores operated by Korea Makro.

text: Also in 1998, Walmart launched its Wal-Mart Television Network, a vast, in-store advertising network showing commercials for products sold in the stores, concert clips and music videos for a recording artist's media, trailers for upcoming movie releases, and news.

text: The Asda chain in the United Kingdom became a subsidiary in 1999, and is the second largest chain in the UK after Tesco.

text: 21st century[edit]

text: In 2000, Lee Scott was named president and CEO and US sales had doubled to $156 billion since 1995. That same year, Walmart was ranked fifth by Fortune magazine on its Global Most Admired All-Stars list and in 2003 and 2004, it was named as the most admired company in America.

text: In 2002, Walmart entered the Japanese market by acquiring a minor stake in Seiyu Group, who would become a wholly owned subsidiary of Walmart by 2008.

text: In 2005, Walmart had $312.4 billion in sales, more than 6,200 facilities around the world, including 3,800 stores in the United States and 3,800 international units, and more than 1.6 million associates employed worldwide. Their US presence had grown so rapidly that there were only small pockets of the country that remained further than 60 miles away from the nearest Walmart.[11] Approximately 138 million customers visited Walmart stores each week all over the world. Their corporate philanthropy efforts also assisted the US hurricane relief efforts with $18 million in cash donations. Through a purchase of stock in Central American Retail Holding Company (CARHCO), Walmart also entered the countries of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.

text: On 22 May 2006, Walmart announced the sale of its 16 stores in South Korea to Shinsegae Co, which rebranded the stores to E-Mart. Then on 26 July 2006 Walmart announced a complete pull-out from the German market; all existing 85 stores were sold to the Metro Group, which rebranded most of them to Real (hypermarket).

text: On September 12, 2007, for the first time in 13 years, Walmart introduced new advertising with the slogan, "Save Money Live Better," instead of "Always Low Prices, Always." It commissioned Global Insight for the ads and the report stated that as of 2006, the retailer saves American families $2,500 yearly (up 7.3% from $2,329, 2004). The new research found that the reduction in price levels due to Walmart resulted to savings for consumers of $287 billion in 2006, equivalent to $957 per person and $2,500 per household.

text: On June 30, 2008, Walmart unveiled the company's new logo, which stylized the name as "Walmart". A spark, a symbol chosen to represent Walmart associates, replaces the star. In early 2009, Walmart entered Chile by acquiring Distribucion y Servicio D&S SA. In May 2009 Walmart entered into a 50/50 partnership with Bharti to gain access to the Indian market.

text: On February 22, 2010, the company confirmed it was acquiring the video streaming company Vudu, Inc. for an estimated $100 million.[12]

text: In June 2011, Walmart acquired 51% of Massmart Holdings. This acquisition gives the company access to the African countries of: South Africa, Botswana, Ghana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia.

text: The Massmart acquisition received final governmental approval in early 2012. The single store Mauritius was closed in January 2012.

text: In June 2014, Walmart employees went on strike in several major cities in the United States.[13]

text: New ventures[edit]

text: In late 2005, Walmart designed two experimental stores, one in McKinney, Texas and the other in Aurora, Colorado, which featured wind turbines, photovoltaic solar panels, biofuel-capable boilers, water-cooled refrigerators, and xeriscape gardens.[14]

text: In March 2006, Walmart sought to appeal to a more affluent demographic, with the opening of a new supercenter in Plano, Texas at the corner of Park Blvd. and the Dallas North Tollway which was intended to compete against stores that some viewed as more upscale and appealing.[15] The new store features wooden floors, wider aisles, a sushi bar, a coffee/sandwich shop (with free Wi-Fi Internet access), a Subway, and higher-end items such as microbrew beer, expensive wines, and high-end electronics. The exterior sports the less-common hunter green background behind the Walmart letters instead of the trademark blue.

text: In response to the popularity of organic food supermarkets, such as Whole Foods and Wild Oats, Walmart announced plans in May 2006, to increase the amount of organic food available in its stores.[16] They announced that both conventionally grown and organic versions of certain products would be available, and the price of organic versions would not be more than 10% over the price of conventionally grown products.[16] Since Walmart is one of the nation's largest grocery retailers, there was some concern expressed that their push to lower prices would not be sustainable for inexpensive organic food.[17]

text: Legal trouble[edit]

text: Over the last decade or so Walmart has become involved in numerous lawsuits for a variety of reasons. The majority of the suits are class action lawsuits in which employees are suing for unpaid wages.[18] They have also run into numerous discrimination cases in which employees are suing for being profiled out of money or out of jobs. For example, there were two separate cases, one in 2004 and one in 2005, in which black employees were suing two different Walmarts for denying them jobs based on race.[19] These became so popular that the reverend Jesse Jackson intervened and spoke during both of the proceedings. There are also many lawsuits in which women are suing Wal-Mart for discriminating against them. In one article written in 2004 USA today mentioned 32 different lawsuits that involved women suing Walmart. But still Walmart has prevailed.[20] All of this has not had any effects on Walmart financially however, according to Fortune 500, Walmart still had $351 billion in revenue ($11 billion in profit) in 2007, a new high for the corporation.[21]

text: On December 3, 2008, the family of Walmart service worker Jdimytai Damour, who was killed by a stampede of shoppers frantically entering a Walmart store in Valley Stream, New York on Black Friday (November 28),[22] filed a wrongful death lawsuit against the corporation; Damour's family alleged Walmart of encouraging a mass number of customers to come to the store simultaneously.[23][24] In addition, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration cited Walmart for "...inadequate crowd management following the Nov. 28, 2008, death of an employee at its Valley Stream, New York, store. The worker died of asphyxiation after being knocked to the ground and trampled by a crowd of about 2,000 shoppers who surged into the store for its annual 'Blitz Friday' pre-holiday sales event." [25] The company went on to spend an estimated $2 million in legal fees fighting OSHA's $7,000 fine, because it apparently wished to prevent OSHA from establishing a precedent that would enable OSHA to influence Walmart's crowd control measures in the future.[26]

text: Countries of operation[edit]

text: As of October 2009, Walmart stores operate in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[27]


document_title: Vastus medialis

question_text: what is the origin of the vastus medialis

text: Vastus medialis

text: Structure[edit]

text:
The vastus medialis is a muscle present in the anterior compartment of thigh, and is one of the four muscles that make up the quadriceps muscle. The others are the vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and rectus femoris.[1] It is the most medial of the "vastus" group of muscles. The vastus medialis arises medially along the entire length of the femur, and attaches with the other muscles of the quadriceps in the quadriceps tendon.[1]
The vastus medialis muscle originates from a continuous line of attachment on the femur, which begins on the front and middle side (anteromedially) on the intertrochanteric line of the femur. It continues down and back (posteroinferiorly) along the pectineal line and then descends along the inner (medial) lip of the linea aspera and onto the medial supracondylar line of the femur. The fibers converge onto the inner (medial) part of the quadriceps tendon and the inner (medial) border of the patella.[1]
The obliquus genus muscle is the most distal segment of the vastus medialis muscle. Its specific training plays an important role in maintaining patella position and limiting injuries to the knee. With no clear delineation, it is simply the most distal group of fibers of the vastus medialis.

text: Function[edit]

text: The vastus medialis is one of four muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh.[1] It is involved in knee extension, along with the other muscles which make up the quadriceps muscle.[1] The vastus medialis also contributes to correct tracking of the patella.[2]

text: A division of the vastus medialis muscle into two groups of fibers has been hypothesized, a long and relatively inline group of fibres with the quadriceps ligament, the vastus medialis longus; and a shorter and more obliquely oriented with group of fibres, the vastus medialis obliquus. There is as yet insufficient evidence to conclusively confirm or deny this hypothesis.[3]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Knee pain[edit]

text: Knee pain is thought to be primarily associated with specific quadriceps muscle weakness or fatigue, especially in the vastus medialis obliquus (VMO). It is known that fatigue can be caused by many different mechanisms, ranging from the accumulation of metabolites within muscle fibers to the generation of an inadequate motor command in the motor cortex.[4] Characteristics of the vastus medialis, including its angle of insertion, correlate with presence of knee joint pain (patellofemoral pain syndrome).[5] However, this syndrome is complex and definitive evidence of causality has not yet been published.

text: Misfiring and fatiguing of the VMO causes mal-tracking of the patella and subsequent damage to surrounding structures creating increased force on the knees, often resulting in injuries such as patellofemoral pain syndrome, anterior cruciate ligament rupture, chondromalacia, and tendinitis.[6] Through the use of electromyography, researchers can evaluate and record the electrical activity produced by the skeletal muscle of the VMO to analyze the biomechanics and detect any possible abnormalities, weakness, or fatigue. With an analysis of muscle activity of the VMO through the use of electromyography, proper rehabilitative plans and goals can be established to not only correct the already established abnormality, but even prevent such injuries if tested sooner. Preventing injuries is crucial as well as teaching proper training techniques to ensure there are no valgus collapse forces causing unplanned stress on other structures of the knee, causing asymmetry, and predisposing that individual for injury.

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Right femur. Posterior surface.

Muscles of the iliac and anterior femoral regions.

The femoral artery.

Vastus medialis

Vastus medialis muscle

Vastus medialis muscle

Vastus medialis muscle

Vastus medialis muscle

Vastus medialis muscle

Muscles of thigh. Cross section.


document_title: Pineapple Express (film)

question_text: who plays ted jones son in pineapple express

text: Pineapple Express (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1937, a military facility is on watch behind a two-way mirror as a soldier, smoking marijuana, begins to reveal very graphically what he hates about the army, but still remains euphoric. A high-ranking officer immediately closes the project and deems marijuana illegal.

text: Seventy years later, Dale Denton, a 25-year-old process server and habitual marijuana smoker, makes a visit to the home of his drug dealer, Saul Silver, to buy marijuana. Saul tells him that he may already know the identity of Dale's next customer, Ted Jones. Dale drives to Ted's house and witnesses Ted and a police officer, Officer Carol Brazier, shoot a man to death. Dale panics and flees the area, but leaves his roach at the scene, which contains a rare strain of marijuana called Pineapple Express. Ted is able to identify the strain and sends his two henchmen, Budlofsky and Matheson, to a dealer, Red, who tells them that he has only sold the pot to Saul.

text: Dale flees to Saul's apartment and learns that Ted is a dangerous drug lord and could trace the roach back to Saul. Dale and Saul flee into the nearby woods while Ted's henchmen persuade Red to arrange a meeting with Saul. They accidentally fall asleep in Dale's car and wake up to find that they missed their meeting with Red. They leave the woods and arrive at Red's house, hoping to determine whether Ted has linked them with the Pineapple Express. Red says Ted isn't after them, but Dale realizes that he's lying, and starts a fight that results in Red getting knocked out. They wake Red and question him until he reveals that Ted has discovered who they are and that he is going to kill them. Dale and Saul decide that they must leave the city.

text: In order to leave town, Dale and Saul sell some Pineapple Express to raise bus fare. However, a police officer named Barber sees Dale and arrests him for selling marijuana. In the back of the cruiser, Dale tries to convince Barber that Brazier is corrupt and tells her that he witnessed her and Ted murder a man. Barber recognizes Brazier and promises him that she will investigate her soon because Barber had been long suspicious of Brazier's corruption. However, Saul leaps in front of the police car and hijacks it, thinking that Brazier is the one who is driving. Brazier hears a police radio call of Dale's arrest and pursues Dale and Saul in a high-speed chase, but they manage to escape. After an argument with each other about the situation they are in, Dale and Saul go their separate ways. Saul visits his grandmother in an assisted living home, but he is kidnapped and held hostage in Ted's lair beneath a barn. Dale enlists Red to help him rescue Saul, but Red unexpectedly backs out at the last minute, and Dale is captured. While Dale and Saul are held hostage, they reconcile with each other and make plans to escape.

text: Suddenly, Asian mobsters attack the barn to avenge a fellow gangster's death at the hands of Ted and Officer Brazier (the same murder that Dale witnessed). Dale and Saul finally free themselves but are caught by Matheson. Matheson grazes Dale's ear with a gunshot, but he is disarmed and shot by Saul. Dale and Saul join the fight, and a brawl ensues between Dale and Ted. When Budlofsky refuses to kill Saul, Matheson emerges from the lair and shoots him in the chest, killing him. He turns around to kill Saul, but Red drives through the barn and saves Saul by hitting Matheson with his car. Red then seems to be shot to death by Brazier. One of the mobsters activates a bomb, resulting in Ted's death, and setting fire to the barn. When Red's car explodes, it flips over and lands on Brazier, killing her. The explosion incapacitates Saul, but Dale finds him and carries him from the burning barn. Red, wounded but still alive, also escapes and reconciles with them. Afterward, they eat breakfast at a diner and talk about their adventure before Saul's grandmother picks them up and takes them to the hospital.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Seth Rogen as Dale Denton
James Franco as Saul Silver
Danny McBride as Red
Kevin Corrigan as Budlofsky
Craig Robinson as Matheson
Gary Cole as Ted Jones
Rosie Perez as Carol Brazier
Ken Jeong as Ken
Amber Heard as Angie Anderson
Ed Begley, Jr. as Robert Anderson
Nora Dunn as Shannon Anderson
Joe Lo Truglio as Mr. Edwards
Cleo King as Police Liaison Officer Barber
Bill Hader as Private Miller
James Remar as General Bratt
David McDivitt as Cop with Mole
Bibek Adhikari as Angie's ex-boyfriend
Troy Gentile as Troy Jones, Ted's son
Connie Sawyer as Faye Belogus
Arthur Napiontek as Clark
Dana Lee as Cheung
Bobby Lee as Bobby
Justin Long as Justin

text: Production[edit]

text: The inspiration for making Pineapple Express, according to producer Judd Apatow, was Brad Pitt's character in True Romance, a stoner named Floyd. Apatow "thought it would be funny to make a movie in which you follow that character out of his apartment and watch him get chased by bad guys".[2] According to Rogen, the ideal production budget was $40 million, but due to the subject matter—"because it's a weed movie", as he described it—Sony Pictures allotted $25 million.[3] The movie is named after a real cannabis strain called Pineapple Express.[4]

text: Rogen originally was going to play Saul, but Apatow suggested that Franco should play the role instead. After a table read, Rogen agreed, thus casting himself in the role of Dale Denton.[5]

text: Seth Rogen spoke with musician Huey Lewis about writing and performing the film's theme song in November 2007.[6]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A "red-band" trailer for the film, featuring the song "Paper Planes" by M.I.A.,[7] leaked in February 2008.[8] Sony Pictures had the video removed from YouTube within a few days of its posting.[9] Patrick Goldstein's Summer Movie Posse of the Los Angeles Times described its incorporation as "the most impressive use of M.I.A.'s 'Paper Planes' ever".[10] The film's makers had been keen on including the song in the film's main trailer and approached M.I.A.'s U.S. label Interscope Records for permission. She added "Interscope asked me and I was, like, well, since it’s just the trailer, that’s cool. I didn’t really think twice about it" stating she would have thought more carefully about permitting the song's use if it was in the main film, "scrutinizing what scene they were using it in and stuff like that".[11] Pineapple Express had an advance screening at the Just for Laughs Film Festival on July 19, 2008.[12] The film was released on August 6, 2008.[13] Cable network FX pre-bought exclusive rights to air the film after its theatrical run.[14] One particular aspect of the film that has been almost universally praised is the cinematography; Seth Rogen even joked on the commentary that "even people who hate the movie admit that it's shot well".

text: David Gordon Green met with Apatow, Rogen and Goldberg on the set of Knocked Up and later on the set of Superbad to discuss the project.[15] Green cited The Blues Brothers, Midnight Run, Running Scared, The Gravy Train and Stir Crazy as sources of inspiration and influence on directing the film.[15]

text: There was a sneak peek of the film attached to the Superbad DVD, released on December 4, 2007.

text: Release[edit]

text: Sony released the film on Wednesday August 6, 2008 and it grossed $12.1 million on its first day. Over the weekend, it opened at number two behind The Dark Knight with $23.2 million, a five-day total of $41.3 million. The film went on to gross $87.3 million in the U.S. and Canada and $14.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $101.5 million.[1]

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on January 6, 2009. Both rated and unrated versions of the film are available. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray in Australia on December 31, 2008. Both the Blu-ray and 2-disc DVD versions of the film come with a digital copy of the unrated film.

text: Reception[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 68%, based on 193 reviews, with an average rating is 6.3/10. The site's consensus reads: "Both funny and scatter shot, this loose-knit action/buddy/stoner comedy bridges genres and keeps a steady tempo of low ball laughs."[16] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 64 out of 100 based on 37 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[17]

text: Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune praised the film's script, noting that it "recalls what made Superbad worth seeing: the sidewinding conversational riffs, the why-am-I-laughing? wordplay." However, he was critical of the second half of the film, and felt that the violence in contrast to the comedy of the first half was jarring and gratuitous.[18] Kelly Vance of East Bay Express enjoyed Franco's performance, stating that he "steals the movie easily", as well as the authenticity of the film's sets.[19]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The original motion picture soundtrack to the film was released on August 5, 2008.[20] Although featured in the trailer for the film,[21] the song "Paper Planes" by M.I.A. is not used in the film or on its soundtrack. Following the trailer's release, "Paper Planes" gained massive airplay, entering the Top 5 on Billboard Hot 100. Also featured in the film but absent from the soundtrack album are Grace Jones' Sly and Robbie produced cover of Johnny Cash's "Ring of Fire", the former of which can be found on her 1998 compilation Private Life: The Compass Point Sessions.

text:
"Pineapple Express" by Huey Lewis and the News (4:27)
"Electric Avenue" by Eddy Grant (3:48)
"Dr. Greenthumb" by Cypress Hill (3:08)
"Lost at Birth" by Public Enemy (3:33)
"Poison" by Bell Biv DeVoe (4:20)
"Wanted Dread and Alive" by Peter Tosh (4:22)
"Don't Look Around" by Mountain (3:44)
"Pineapple Chase (aka The Reprise of the Phoenix)" by Graeme Revell (3:03)
"Bird's Lament" by Moondog & The London Saxophonic (2:02)
"Coconut Girl" by Brother Noland (3:36)
"Hi'ilawe" by Arthur Lyman (1:09)
"Time Will Tell" by Bob Marley (3:31)
"Tha Crossroads" by Bone Thugs-n-Harmony (3:45)
"Pineapple Fight (aka The Nemesis Proclaimed)" by Graeme Revell (3:08)
"I Didn't Mean to Hurt You" by Spiritualized (5:12)
"Woke Up Laughing" by Robert Palmer (3:35)

tag: ol

text: Possible sequel[edit]

text: Judd Apatow stated that there's a strong possibility for a sequel, but nothing has been announced offiially.[22][23] A supposed trailer for the sequel was released on April 1, 2013 with Rogen, Franco, McBride, and Robinson reprising their roles, and Jonah Hill appearing as Woody Harrelson, but this was revealed later to be an April Fools prank, promoting their upcoming film This Is the End.[24] According to Rogen and Goldberg, however, the homemade Pineapple Express 2 film in This Is the End depicts what they envision for the actual sequel.[25] After the Sony hack in 2014, there was an email leaked saying that Sony does not plan to do a sequel to the film.