document_title: Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)

question_text: who played the daughters on last man standing

text: Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Mike Baxter, a senior executive and director of marketing for an outdoor sporting goods store chain based in Denver, Colorado, whose world is filled with his wife, three daughters, grandson, and the young men dating his daughters.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Tim Allen as Mike Baxter: Mike is a father of three daughters and the director of marketing for the Outdoor Man chain of sporting goods stores. He fervently supports traditional American values, is a Protestant, and is politically conservative. Mike loves his daughters but says his favorite is Eve, the youngest and most athletic daughter, and whose political opinions and interests mirror his own. He is proud of her ability to excel at anything she tries, including school work, hunting, and playing sports. Mike often finds himself annoyed with Outdoor Man's young slow-witted employee Kyle, and with Ryan, his politically liberal son-in-law and the father of Mike's grandson Boyd. The video blog or "vlog" that Mike does for Outdoor Man is frequently used as a vehicle to rant about his political views. Mike is a graduate of the University of Michigan, and an amateur radio operator using the call sign KA0XTT.[4]
Nancy Travis as Vanessa Baxter, Mike's wife: Vanessa is a geologist working in the energy industry for a company that does hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking". In season four, Vanessa becomes frustrated with her job and decides to become a high school science teacher. Vanessa was ambiguous in her political views until season five, when she announces she is supporting Hillary Clinton for president, mainly because she thinks it will advance women's causes. She is also shown drinking wine frequently, and nearly as frequently mocked by Mike and her daughters about it. She is a graduate of Ohio State University. Vanessa has a tendency to put her foot in her mouth when around people of other races. Despite this, she and her African-American neighbor Carol Larabee seem to get along. Vanessa's humor tends to include bad puns, which irritate Mike and the girls to no end.
Amanda Fuller (seasons 2–6) and Alexandra Krosney (season 1) as Kristin Beth Baxter, the oldest daughter: Kristin, unlike her father, espouses more liberal beliefs. During her senior year of high school, Kristin became pregnant with her son, Boyd. She was a single mother living in the Baxter home until moving out in the season two finale. She began to reconcile with Boyd's father, Ryan, in season three, and the two get married between seasons four and five. Kristin worked at a diner until landing a job at an upscale restaurant run by a former co-worker at the end of season two. In season four, she becomes the manager of the new restaurant opened by Outdoor Man. Kristin tends to work extra hard in this new job to prove she did not get the position through nepotism, despite Mike and Ed frequently telling her she was qualified. Alexandra Krosney portrayed Kristin in the show's first season (despite being nearly two years younger than Molly Ephraim, playing Kristin's younger sister); Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller prior to season two for unspecified creative reasons.[5]
Molly Ephraim as Amanda Elaine "Mandy" Baxter-Anderson, the middle daughter: Mandy is nowhere near as intelligent as her sisters (though her penchant for cutting class and ignoring homework might label her as voluntarily dumb), but excels in social situations. Interested in fashion (and little else), she was one of the most popular girls at her high school. Mandy is very confident and creative, demonstrating traits found in her father. Unlike the rest of the family, she is lazy, conceited, selfish, insulting, and delinquent – she drinks underage, ignores all driving laws, shoplifts from Outdoor Man, and has been caught staying out all night – but occasionally displays moments of generosity and caring. She started dating Kyle in season 2. As of season three, she is attending a local college and working at the diner where Kristin used to work. Later that same season, she begins an online clothing business, selling her self-designed fashions which she assembles in the basement of her parents' house. Kyle asks her to marry him in season 5, the 100th episode. She marries Kyle in season six, but they have yet to move out of the Baxter home. Up until she turned 21, a running gag on the show was Mike, Vanessa, and occasionally Kristin snatching glasses of alcohol out of Mandy's hand, usually followed by Mandy making a lame excuse.
Kaitlyn Dever as Eve Baxter, the youngest daughter: Eve is an intelligent, athletic tomboy and generally has the same interests as Mike, including camping, sports, guns, and the military. She is Mike's favorite daughter, and excels at her hobbies. She frequently outplays the boys in soccer and makes the boys' football team as their placekicker. She is well aware of being the favorite over her two sisters. Eve has also inherited her father's sense of humor, and her trademark sarcastic wit is frequently directed at clueless sister Mandy. Eve is an excellent student, whose only weak subject is art, though she did have to change math classes to escape a prejudiced teacher. Eve is a member of Army Junior ROTC and works toward gaining admittance to West Point. Her attempt to do so is unsuccessful, which seriously depresses her, so in season six, Eve decides to take a "personal year" rather than immediately attend college. She spends some of this time singing and playing guitar for money, but this proves to be unfruitful. During her gap year, Eve applies to the Air Force Academy in nearby Colorado Springs, and is accepted.
Christoph Sanders as Kyle Anderson, a young employee at Outdoor Man: Kyle is universally recognized as a good guy. Kyle idolizes Mike, having grown up without a father figure. Kyle takes care of his grandmother who has dementia, and it is implied he grew up in her home. Kyle is often oblivious to social cues and is slow to catch on to the events happening around him. Kyle dated Kristin in season one and started dating Mandy in season two before proposing in season five, and marrying Mandy in season six.
Héctor Elizondo as Edward "Ed" Alzate, Mike's longtime boss: Ed started a bait and tackle shop many years ago and hired Mike, who helped turn the shop into the 20-store Outdoor Man chain.[6] Ed is perhaps fifteen years older than Mike, but the two men bond over similar outdoor hobbies and shared conservative values. Mike regularly talks to Ed about the happenings in his home and occasionally seeks advice. Having been divorced four times, Ed's suggestions are rarely helpful. Ed is a Vietnam veteran, although he saw no combat in Vietnam, stating that he was a clerk in Saigon. He continues to help fellow veterans at the local Veterans of Foreign Wars hall with their Veteran Affairs paperwork. Ed is also a recurring target for jokes about his age and lack of hair, most often from Mike. It is revealed in season 6 that Ed has early onset dementia.
Flynn Morrison (regular, seasons 2–6) and Evan and Luke Kruntchev (recurring, season 1) as Boyd Baxter, Kristin's son: Mike enjoys spending quality time with his grandson Boyd, and affectionately views him as the son he never had. Mike and Ryan often clash on how he should be raised. Boyd enjoys activities encouraged by both his father and grandfather.
Jordan Masterson (regular, seasons 2–6) and Nick Jonas (guest star, season 1) as Ryan Vogelson, Boyd's Canadian father: Though Ryan initially fled when Kristin got pregnant, he returned to be involved in Boyd's upbringing, and eventually the two reconciled and got engaged (at the end of season 3). Ryan holds liberal views, both politically and philosophically, and he and Mike routinely clash over their fundamentally opposing values, especially when it comes to child-rearing. Ryan wishes to raise his son without religion and patriotism, but neither Mike nor Kristin agree with this. His vegan diet, views on discipline, and what Mike sees as his oversensitivity are an affront to Mike's beliefs, but Ryan generally enjoys being a thorn in Mike's side. On rare occasions, Ryan and Mike agree on what is best for Boyd, but this usually puts them at odds with Kristin and/or Vanessa.
Jonathan Adams as Chuck Larabee (regular, seasons 4–6; recurring, seasons 2–3), Mike and Vanessa's neighbor: Chuck is a retired U.S. Marine and a veteran of the first Gulf War who runs a private security business and later takes charge of security for the Denver Outdoor Man. Chuck is an African-American, and often jokes with Mike about racial stereotypes, and they regularly exchange barbs as if they don't like each other. In reality, they are good friends, despite being unwilling to admit it. Vanessa sees through their heated exchanges, often telling them to "get a room". Chuck is married to Carol (but the two do not always agree politically) and they have a son, Brandon, who is the same age as Eve.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Robert Forster as Bud Baxter (seasons 1, 3–4), Mike's widower father who is initially in the construction business, but later opens a marijuana store after it becomes legal in Colorado.
Erika Alexander as Carol Larabee (seasons 2–5), Chuck's wife and Mike and Vanessa's neighbor. She is also Vanessa's best friend. Vanessa often goes overboard trying to act racially open-minded around her, but usually ends up looking foolish and annoying Carol.
Carla Jimenez as Blanca Alvarez (seasons 2–4), the Baxters' Guatemalan-born housekeeper who also helps Mandy with her fashion business. The Baxters were happy to celebrate with Blanca after she was sworn in as an American citizen.
Sarah Gilman as Cammy Harris (seasons 2–6), Eve's soccer teammate and extremely chatty best friend.
Jonathan Taylor Thomas as John Baker (seasons 2–3), Kristin's boss at a fancy restaurant where she works. Thomas also guest-starred as "Randy" (a nod to his Home Improvement character) in the season 4 episode "Helen Potts", with fellow Home Improvement co-star Patricia Richardson.
Christina Moore as April (seasons 1 & 3), Vanessa's air-headed and immature younger sister. She is always asking for money.
Danielle Bisutti as Michelle (season 1), Vanessa's friend and next-door neighbor; she is a meteorologist who gets most of her data from a free phone app.
Tye Sheridan as Justin (seasons 3–4), Eve's fellow Jr. ROTC member and football teammate who becomes her boyfriend. The two break up in season 4.
Zachary Gordon as Andrew (season 3), Eve's nerdy classmate who worships her and desperately wants to be her boyfriend.
Joely Fisher as Wendi Gracin (seasons 3–5), Ed's meddling younger girlfriend, whom he meets near the end of season three. Ed routinely has to put her in her place, particularly when she tries to get involved in decisions pertaining to his business. Wendi deserts Ed offscreen between Seasons 4 and 5, but the two patch things up and reunite.
Jay Leno as Joe Leonard (seasons 5–6), a semi-retired auto technician from whom Vanessa buys a classic car for Mike. Joe later works in the repair shop at Outdoor Man, servicing ATVs and snowmobiles.
Travis Tope as Rob (season 6), Eve's boyfriend who is studying criminal justice at UC Boulder. He's a recovering alcoholic, which worries Mike and Vanessa when they first meet him.

text: Notable guest stars[edit]

text: Several notable guest stars have appeared throughout the series, including appearances made from cast members of Tim Allen's previous series, Home Improvement.[citation needed]

text:
Jere Burns (4.22) as Victor Vogelson, Ryan's estranged father
Blake Clark (5.16) as Clark, the owner of a club in which Eve performed. Clark played Harry Turner, Tim's friend and owner of the hardware store on Home Improvement
Andrew Daly (1.16)
Bill Engvall (5.21, 6.7 & 6.18) as Reverend Paul, the new pastor of the Baxter family's church
Michael Gross (3.19) as Mr. Hardin
Tony Hawk (1.12) as himself
Nick Jonas (1.10) as Ryan in his first appearance
Kim Kardashian (1.16) as herself
Richard Karn (2.9 & 2.17) as Bill McKendree. Karn portrayed Al Borland, co-worker and friend to Tim Allen's character on Home Improvement
Brad Leland (6.17) as Wayne Sizemore
Reba McEntire (5.19) as Billie Cassidy, Mike's mountain-climbing former girlfriend
Frankie Muniz (1.18) as Richard
Melanie Paxson (1.23) as Liz
Cassandra Peterson (1.4) as Elvira
Patricia Richardson (4.12 & 5.17) as Helen Potts, the Baxters's widowed neighbor. Richardson portrayed Jill Taylor, the wife of Tim Allen's character in Home Improvement
Robin Roberts (5.17) as Teresa, a tank mechanic and Persian Gulf War veteran
Si Robertson (3.1)
Willie Robertson (3.1)
Mike Rowe (1.18) as Jimmy Baxter, Mike's younger brother
Jamie-Lynn Sigler (1.13) as Gabriella Alzate, one of Ed's five daughters (not including the war baby)
Tony Stewart (1.17) as himself
Paul F. Tompkins (1.2) as Chester McAllister

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
24
October 11, 2011 (2011-10-11)
May 8, 2012 (2012-05-08)

2
18
November 2, 2012 (2012-11-02)
March 22, 2013 (2013-03-22)

3
22
September 20, 2013 (2013-09-20)
April 25, 2014 (2014-04-25)

4
22
October 3, 2014 (2014-10-03)
April 17, 2015 (2015-04-17)

5
22
September 25, 2015 (2015-09-25)
April 22, 2016 (2016-04-22)

6
22
September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development and casting[edit]

text: Last Man Standing first appeared on ABC's development slate in late 2010 when writer Jack Burditt received a put pilot commitment from the network under the original title Man Up.[7] In January 2011, ABC green-lighted production of a pilot episode under the title Last Days of Man.[8][9] On February 18, Tim Allen, who had been attached to the potential series from the beginning, officially joined the project in the lead role.[10][11][12] At the end of March, Nancy Travis joined the cast in the leading female role as Allen's "smart and loving wife who doesn't miss much".[13][14][15] Soon thereafter, Héctor Elizondo came on board in a supporting role as the boss to Allen's character.[16]

text: Filming[edit]

text: On May 13, 2011, ABC picked up the pilot for the 2011–2012 television season under the new title Last Man Standing.[17] On May 17, 2011, ABC announced that the series would air on Tuesday nights at 8 Eastern/7 Central.[18] It debuted on October 11, 2011, with the first two episodes airing in a one-hour premiere.[19]

text: On November 3, 2011, the series was picked up for a full season of twenty-two episodes.[20] On January 12, 2012, the order was increased to twenty-four episodes.[21]

text: On May 11, 2012, ABC renewed the series for a second season set to air in the 2012–2013 season in November.[22][23]

text: On June 11, 2012, Tim Doyle was hired as the new showrunner of the series. Doyle was the third showrunner that the series had had since it entered production. Doyle replaced Kevin Abbott, who joined the staff as the showrunner mid-way in the first season. Abbott replaced series creator Jack Burditt, who was the showrunner for the first thirteen episodes. Unlike Burditt, who is no longer credited as an executive producer, Abbott continued to serve as an executive producer while showrunning the fellow ABC sitcom Malibu Country starring Reba McEntire. Both Last Man Standing and Malibu Country aired as a part of ABC's Friday night lineup for the 2012–2013 primetime television season.[24] On November 8, 2012, Abbott re-joined the Last Man Standing crew full-time, after a stint in rehab, and gave Nastaran Dibai full showrunning duties of Malibu Country.[25]

text: On June 11, 2012, it was announced that Alexandra Krosney (Kristin) was let go from the show for creative reasons.[26] Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller in season 2.[27] On June 19, 2012, it was also announced that twins Luke and Evan Kruntchev, who played the role of Boyd in season 1, would not be returning; they were replaced by Flynn Morrison in season 2.[28] The character of Boyd was also age-advanced from two years old to five years old.[29] Jordan Masterson plays Ryan, Boyd's father, in a recurring role beginning in season 2.[30] The role was previously played by Nick Jonas, who guest-starred in one episode in season 1.[31]

text: The second season initially received a 13-episode order. ABC announced on November 12, 2012, that an additional three scripts had been ordered.[32] On November 27, five more episodes were ordered to bring the second-season episode total to 18.[33]

text: On May 10, 2013, the series was renewed for a third season,[34] which premiered on September 20, 2013, and ended on April 25, 2014, after 22 episodes.[35]

text: On May 10, 2014, ABC renewed Last Man Standing for a fourth season, which premiered on October 3, 2014.[36] Allen and Elizondo guest-starred as their Last Man Standing characters in a crossover episode with the fellow ABC Friday sitcom Cristela.[37]

text: On May 10, 2015, ABC announced the show had been renewed for a fifth season. Last Man Standing had become a solid performer for the Friday night lineup at ABC, which with the help of Shark Tank and 20/20 has become the top network among adults 18–49 for the night. Leading off Friday night for ABC, the sitcom averaged a 1.8 rating in adults 18–49 and 8.2 million viewers overall, according to Nielsen's Live+7 estimates.[38][39]

text: On May 13, 2016, ABC renewed the series for a sixth season, which premiered on September 23, 2016.[40]

text: Cancellation[edit]

text: On May 10, 2017, ABC canceled Last Man Standing after six seasons, despite the series being the second-most-watched ABC sitcom during the 2016–17 season (based on Live+7 figures), with ratings remaining mostly steady during its sixth season.[41] A representative for 20th Century Fox Television said cancellation decisions are made by ABC. "This was a scheduling decision," wrote Jori Arancio, senior vice president of ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios. ABC and its production partner for the show, 20th Century Fox Television, typically negotiate licensing fees prior to each season; however, the network decided to cancel the show without doing so. Also, the contract between 20th Century Fox Television and ABC for the show, in which 20th Century Fox Television covered the cost of production, had expired after six seasons. Had the series been renewed for a seventh season, ABC would have been required to pick up Last Man Standing's production costs, which the network was unwilling to do.[42]

text: The cancellation was met with outrage from the show's fans, many of whom took to social media to voice their displeasure and petition for another network to pick up the show.[43] It also happened some months after lead actor Tim Allen (who is also a real-life Republican) said in an interview on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, that being a Republican in Hollywood is "like 1930s Germany. You gotta be real careful around here, you know. You'll get beat up if you don't believe what everybody believes." His comment was widely criticized, especially his comparing the treatment of Republicans in Hollywood with Nazi Germany.[44]

text: A viewer petition on the website Change.org calling for ABC to reinstate Last Man Standing surpassed 380,000 signatures as of May 23, 2017.[45] In a conference call with reporters earlier in May, ABC president Channing Dungey stated, "Last Man Standing was a challenging one for me, because it was a steady performer. Once we made the decision not to continue with comedy on Friday, it was just kind of that's where we landed." Dungey cited studio ownership, future creative direction, ratings and viewer engagement as all factors in her decision.[46]

text: Tim Allen voiced his displeasure with the cancellation, tweeting on May 16: "Stunned and blindsided by the network I called home for the last six years."[47]

text: On May 20, 2017, Howard Kurtzman, president of 20th Century Fox Television, reportedly showed some interest in his studio continuing to produce the show. "We're starting to explore that," Kurtzman said. "...[Fox Co-President] Jonnie [Davis] and I are hopeful that we can find another home for it."[48] Variety also confirmed in an exclusive report that 20th Century Fox Television would shop the series to other networks and streaming services in hopes it would be picked up for a seventh season;[49] another home has not yet been found, however.

text: In August 2017, Allen expressed his appreciation for support by the show's fans to bring it back, and said the talent behind the show had much more to add.[50]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: While popular among viewers (receiving an 82% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes[51] and 7.5/10 stars on IMDb[52]), Last Man Standing received generally negative reviews from critics. Season one has an approval rating of 16% on Rotten Tomatoes[53] and a score of 33 out of 100 on Metacritic.[54] The Hollywood Reporter commented: "A predictable sitcom with a stupid premise and bad acting."[55] Los Angeles Times: "The jokes and plots have been efficiently constructed, but most have no traction; they slide right off you, and the characters themselves seem disconnected from one another."[56] Entertainment Weekly offered a slightly more favorable review of the show: "When I look at the now-rounded softness of Tim Allen, and note once again how his sandpaper voice contrasts winningly with his hopeful eyes, it's impossible to plunge a shiv into this series."[57]

text: Season two scored 40% at Rotten Tomatoes.[58] Entertainment Weekly commented: "I think it's time the folks involved with Last take a closer look at All in the Family, in which the prejudice was built around real jokes."[59] The A.V. Club: "The problem with Last Man Standing's attempts to go political is exemplified by the first scene of the season première, which remains one of the most uncomfortable scenes of television I've ever watched ... doing its best to push buttons in the audience that don't need to be pushed, as if it thinks what made [Norman] Lear's sitcoms a success was the yelling or the mentions of social issues that people sometimes argued about."[60] Philly.com wrote about season three: "The unlikely comeback vehicle for Tim Allen, Last Man Standing on ABC, is a thoroughly traditional, absolutely charming sitcom. [...] Last Man is both economical and efficient, getting excellent comic mileage out of the most marginal bit players."[61]

text: The series was particularly popular among conservatives, many of whom viewed the show as a counterpoint to Modern Family, another 20th Century Fox sitcom that aired on ABC at the same time and featured more liberal ideologies.[42] A study conducted during the 2016 U.S. presidential election found that it was the tenth most popular show on television with Republicans.[62]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: ABC's series premiere of Last Man Standing drew a 3.5 adults 18–49 rating. That was 9% better than the 3.2 adults 18–49 rating for the series premiere of No Ordinary Family in the same time-slot the previous year (which was two weeks earlier in the season). Season 2 of Last Man Standing premiered with a 2.0, down about 38% from its first-season premiere, but up about 18% from the previous season's finale.[63]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
No. of
episodes
Premiered
Ended
TV season
Rank
Viewers
(million)
Live + DVR
viewers

Date
Premiere viewers
(million)
Premiere 18–49
rating/share
Date
Finale viewers
(million)
Finale 18–49
rating/share

1
Tuesday 8:00 pm
24
October 11, 2011
12.93[64]
3.4/10[64]
May 8, 2012
6.62[65]
1.7/5[65]
2011–12
50
9.12[66]
9.76[67]

2
Friday 8:00 pm
18
November 2, 2012
8.07[68]
2.0/7[68]
March 22, 2013
7.85[69]
1.6/6[69]
2012–13
53[70]
7.93[71]
8.34[72]

3
22
September 20, 2013
6.67[73]
1.5/6[73]
April 25, 2014
6.10[74]
1.4/6[74]
2013–14
58
7.17[75]
7.92[76]

4
22
October 3, 2014
6.91[77]
1.3/5[77]
April 17, 2015
6.16[78]
1.1/5[78]
2014–15
60[79]
8.18[79]
8.52[80]

5
22
September 25, 2015
6.26[81]
1.1/5[81]
April 22, 2016
5.94[82]
1.0/4[82]
2015–16
56[83]
7.96[83]
TBA

6
22
September 23, 2016
5.95[84]
1.1/5[84]
March 31, 2017
6.06[85]
1.1/5[85]
2016–17
41[86]
8.06[86]
TBA

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Last Man Standing was nominated for a 2012 People's Choice Award for "Favorite New TV Comedy", but lost to CBS's 2 Broke Girls.

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominee / episode
Outcome

2011
ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards
Top Television Series[citation needed]
Carl Thiel (composer)
Won

2012
People's Choice Awards
Favorite New TV Comedy
Last Man Standing
Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Actor
Tim Allen
Nominated

TV Guide Magazine's Fan Favorites Awards
Favorite Comeback[87]
Won

Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Supporting Young Actress
Kaitlyn Dever
Nominated

2013
Environmental Media Awards
Television Episodic Comedy[88]
"Mother Fracker"
Won

ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards
Top Television Series[89]
Carl Thiel (composer)
Won

2014
Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Outstanding Cinematography For A Multi-Camera Series
Donald A. Morgan – "Eve's Boyfriend"
Nominated

ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards
Top Television Series[90]
Carl Thiel (composer)
Won

2015
ASCAP Screen Music Awards
Top Television Series[91]
Carl Thiel (composer)
Won

text: Syndication[edit]

text: On September 4, 2015, the series joined the CMT Network with a mini-marathon of episodes. On September 3, 2015, it was announced that ABC Family (now Freeform) had obtained syndication rights to the series, which began airing episodes on September 28, 2015.[92] On May 15, 2015, it was announced that Hallmark Channel had obtained the rights to the sitcom and they aired the series from January 2016 until December 31, 2017.[93] Five seasons were available for streaming on Netflix. Currently, all six seasons are available for streaming on Hulu. The syndication of Last Man Standing is a major success in a time when few off-network reruns were becoming hits.[42]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Last Man Standing aired on ABC in the U.S.;[94] on Fox8, Network Ten and Eleven (previously aired on One) in Australia;[95] City in Canada; and TV3 in New Zealand.[96] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it premiered on October 9, 2012 on E4, with reruns until March 2017; Channel 4 then reran the program on Sunday mornings from July until September 2017; in 2018, 5STAR acquired the show for reruns.[97]


document_title: The Elder Scrolls

question_text: where does each race come from in elder scrolls

root

text: The Elder Scrolls

text: Development history[edit]

text:
Timeline of release years

1994
The Elder Scrolls: Arena

1995

1996
The Elder Scrolls II: Daggerfall

1997
An Elder Scrolls Legend: Battlespire

1998
The Elder Scrolls Adventures: Redguard

1999

2000

2001

2002
The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind

The Elder Scrolls III: Tribunal

2003
The Elder Scrolls III: Bloodmoon

The Elder Scrolls Travels: Stormhold

2004
The Elder Scrolls Travels: Dawnstar

The Elder Scrolls Travels: Shadowkey

2005

2006
The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion

The Elder Scrolls IV: Knights of the Nine

2007
The Elder Scrolls IV: Shivering Isles

2008

2009

2010

2011
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim

2012
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Dawnguard

The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Hearthfire

The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Dragonborn

2013

2014
The Elder Scrolls Online

2015

2016
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Special Edition

2017
The Elder Scrolls: Legends

tag: table

text: Before The Elder Scrolls[edit]

text: Prior to working on The Elder Scrolls series, Bethesda had worked predominantly with sports and action games. In the six years from its founding to Arena's 1994 release, Bethesda had released ten games, six of them sports[3] games, with such titles as Hockey League Simulator, NCAA Basketball: Road to the Final Four ('91/'92 Edition), and Wayne Gretzky Hockey,[4] and the remaining four adaptations from other media,[3] primarily the Terminator series.[4] Bethesda's course changed abruptly when it began its first action role-playing venture. Designer Ted Peterson recalls: "I remember talking to the guys at Sir-Tech who were doing Wizardry VII: Crusaders of the Dark Savant at the time, and them literally laughing at us for thinking we could do it."[5] Ted Peterson worked alongside Vijay Lakshman as one of the initial designers of what was then simply Arena, a "medieval-style gladiator game."[5][6]

tag: p

text: Arena[edit]

text: Peterson and Lakshman were joined by Julian Lefay who, according to Peterson, "really spear-headed the initial development of the series."[5] Peterson, Lakshman, and LeFay were longtime aficionados of pen-and-paper role-playing games,[5] which greatly influenced the creation of the world of Tamriel.[6] They were also fans of Looking Glass Studios' Ultima Underworld series, their main inspiration for Arena.[5] Initially, Arena was not to be a role-playing game at all. The player, and a team of his fighters, would travel about a world fighting other teams in their arenas until the player became "grand champion" in the world's capital, the Imperial City.[6] Along the way, side quests of a more role-playing nature could be completed. As the process of development progressed, however, the tournaments became less important and the side quests more.[5] RPG elements were added to the game, as it expanded to include cities outside the arenas, and dungeons beyond the cities.[6] Eventually it was decided to drop the idea of tournaments altogether, and focus on quests and dungeons,[5] making the game a "full-blown RPG."[6] Although the team had dropped all arena combat from the game, all the material had already been printed up with the title, so the game went to market as The Elder Scrolls: Arena. Bethesda Founder Christopher Weaver came up with the name of "The Elder Scrolls",[5] and the words eventually came to mean "Tamriel's mystical tomes of knowledge that told of its past, present, and future."[6] The game's initial voice-over was changed in response, beginning: "It has been foretold in the Elder Scrolls ..."[5]

text: Bethesda missed their Christmas 1993 deadline. The game was released in the first quarter of 1994, "really serious [mistake] for a small developer/publisher like Bethesda Softworks." The packaging included a scantily clad female warrior, which further contributed to distributor concern, leading to an initial distribution of only 20,000 units. Having missed the Christmas sales season, the development team was concerned that "We had screwed the company." Nevertheless, sales continued to grow, month after month, as news of the game was passed by word-of-mouth.[5] Despite some initial bugginess,[5] and the formidable demands the game made on players' machines,[7] it became a cult hit.[3] Evaluations of the game varied from "modest"[7] to "wild."[3] Still, the game maintained traction with its audience. Game historian Matt Barton concluded that "the game set a new standard for this type of [role-playing video game], and demonstrated just how much room was left for innovation."[7]

text: Daggerfall[edit]

text: Work on The Elder Scrolls II: Daggerfall began immediately after Arena's release in March 1994.[8] Ted Peterson was assigned the role of Lead Game Designer.[5] Daggerfall's plot was less clichéd than Arena's and involved a "complex series of adventures leading to multiple resolutions."[5] With Daggerfall, Arena's experience-point-based system was replaced with one rewarding the player for actually role-playing their character.[8] Daggerfall came equipped with an improved character generation engine, one that included a GURPS-influenced class creation system, offering players the chance to create their own classes, and assign their own skills.[5][9] Daggerfall was developed with an XnGine engine, one of the first truly 3D engines. Daggerfall realized a game world the size of Great Britain,[8] filled with 15,000 towns and a population of 750,000.[3] It was influenced by analog games and literature that Julian LeFay or Ted Peterson happened to be playing or reading at the time, such as Dumas's The Man in the Iron Mask and Vampire: The Masquerade.[5] It was released on August 31, 1996.[10] Like Arena, Daggerfall's initial release suffered from some bugs, leaving consumers disgruntled.[7] These early anomalies were fixed in later versions. This experience led to a more prudent release schedule for future games.[11]

text: Battlespire and Redguard[edit]

text: Following the release of Daggerfall, work began on three separate projects all at once: Battlespire, Redguard, and Morrowind. Battlespire, originally titled Dungeon of Daggerfall: Battlespire, was the first of the three to be released,[12] on November 30, 1997.[13] Originally designed as an expansion pack for Daggerfall, it was repackaged as a stand-alone game. Battlespire focused on dungeon romping and offered multiplayer gaming—player versus player deathmatch— the only series title to do so[12] before the release of The Elder Scrolls Online in 2014. Redguard was the second of the three titles to be released, on October 31, 1998.[14] It was a pure action-adventure game inspired by Tomb Raider, Prince of Persia, and the Ultima series.[15] Redguard did not offer the player the chance to create their own character. Instead, players would play the prefabricated "Cyrus the Redguard."[15] Both games did poorly with Bethesda's audience. Players used to the vast open spaces of Daggerfall did not take well to the reduced worlds of Redguard and Battlespire. Based upon its customers' clear desire for massive RPG worlds, Bethesda redoubled its efforts to build the next major chapter.[3]

text: Morrowind[edit]

text: The third title in The Elder Scrolls series was first conceived during the development of Daggerfall.[16] Initially designed to encompass the whole province of Morrowind and allow the player to join all five Dunmer Great Houses, it was decided that the scope of the game was too much for the technology available at the time.[16] At publication, it covered just the isle of Vvardenfell and allowed the player to only join three of the Great Houses. The XnGine was scrapped and replaced with Numerical Design Limited's Gamebryo, a Direct3D powered engine, with T&L capacity,[17] 32-bit textures and skeletal animation.[18] It was decided that the game world would be populated using the methods the team had developed in Redguard; with the game objects crafted by hand, rather than generated using the random algorithmic methods.[19]

text: The project took "close to 100 man-years to create." Bethesda tripled their staff and spent the first year developing The Elder Scrolls Construction Set. This allowed the game staff to easily balance the game and to modify it in small increments rather than large.[16] Ted Peterson, who had left following the release of Daggerfall, returned to work as an author of in-game material, and as a general consultant on the lore-based aspects of the work.[20] The PC version of Morrowind had gone gold by April 23, 2002,[21][22] and was released on May 1 in North America,[23] with the Xbox release set at June 7.[24] On January 3, Bethesda announced that game publisher Ubisoft would take control of Morrowind's European distribution, in addition to those of eight other Bethesda games.[25]

text: The Elder Scrolls III: Tribunal expansion pack went gold on November 1[26] and was released, with little fanfare,[27] on November 6.[28] Tribunal puts the player in the self-contained, walled city of Mournhold, which can be teleported to and from Morrowind's land mass.[26] Development on the expansion began immediately after Morrowind shipped, giving the developers a mere five-month development cycle to release the game. The prior existence of the Construction Set, however, meant that the team "already had the tools in place to add content and features very quickly."[29] Interface improvements, and specifically an overhaul of Morrowind's journal system, were among the key goals.[29][30] Morrowind's second expansion, The Elder Scrolls III: Bloodmoon, went gold by May 23,[31] and was released on June 6.[32] It had been worked on since the release of Tribunal.[33] In the expansion, the player travels to the frozen island of Solstheim and is asked to investigate the uneasiness of the soldiers stationed there.

text: Oblivion[edit]

text: Work on The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion began in 2002, immediately after Morrowind's publication.[35] Oblivion was developed by Bethesda Softworks, and the initial Xbox 360 and Personal computer (PC) releases were co-published by Bethesda and Take-Two Interactive subsidiary 2K Games.[36][37] Oblivion was released on March 21, 2006.[38] The game centers around an event later referred to as "The Oblivion Crisis", where portals to the planes of Oblivion open and release hordes of Daedra upon Tamriel. Developers working on Oblivion focused on providing a tighter storyline, more developed characters,[39][40] and to make information in the game world more accessible to players.[41] Oblivion features improved AI,[42][43] improved physics,[44] and improved graphics.[45][46][47] Bethesda developed and implemented procedural content creation tools in the creation of Oblivion's terrain, leading to landscapes that are more complex and realistic than those of past titles, but had less of a drain on Bethesda's staff.[48][49] Two downloadable expansion packs, Knights of the Nine and The Shivering Isles were released in 2006 and 2007, respectively.[50][51] Knights of the Nine added a questline surrounding the search for a set of Crusader relics, while The Shivering Isles added the eponymous plane of Oblivion to the game.

text: Skyrim[edit]

text: In August 2010, Todd Howard revealed Bethesda were currently working on a game that had been in development since the release of Oblivion, and that progress was very far along. While the game was conceptualized after Oblivion's release, main development was restricted until after Fallout 3 was released.[52] In November, a journalist from Eurogamer Denmark reported overhearing a developer on a plane talking about the project; a new The Elder Scrolls game,[53][54] although Bethesda did not comment on the report. At the Spike Video Game Awards in December, Todd Howard appeared on stage to unveil a teaser trailer and announce the title of the game.[55] The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim was released on November 11, 2011 to widespread critical acclaim. It was awarded 'Game of the Year' by IGN,[56] Spike[57] and others. The game is set after the events of Oblivion, when the great dragon Alduin the World Eater returns to Skyrim; a beast whose existence threatens all life in Tamriel. Three pieces of DLC were released on PC and Xbox 360 in 2012 – Dawnguard, Hearthfire and Dragonborn, with a PlayStation 3 release in February 2013. Dawnguard added two joinable factions and an associated questline revolving around Vampires, while Hearthfire added more home customisation options including a house creation kit and the ability to adopt children. Dragonborn added the island of Solstheim to the northeast. On October 28, 2016, Skyrim – Special Edition was released.[58]

text: Online and Legends[edit]

text: On May 3, 2012, The Elder Scrolls Online was revealed. The Elder Scrolls Online was released for Windows and OS X on April 4, 2014, with the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 versions initially slated to follow in June 2014 but later delayed until June 9, 2015.[59] The game originally required a subscription to play, but this requirement was dropped on March 17, 2015.[60] There is however a subscription service entitled "ESO Plus" which grants access to all current and future downloadable content (DLC). The DLC is otherwise available for individual purchase in the Crown Store. Additionally, the optional subscription grants various perks that allow players to progress slightly faster than a free player, and grants them a payment of 1500 crowns per month.[61] On June 14, 2015, The Elder Scrolls: Legends, a collectible card game, was announced by Bethesda during the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015. It was released on March 9, 2017 for Microsoft Windows and is currently in beta for Android, iOS, and OS X.

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: The Elder Scrolls games are action role-playing games, although they do include elements taken from action and adventure games. In Arena players advance by killing monsters (and thereby gaining experience points) until a preset value is met, whereupon they level-up. However, in Daggerfall, Morrowind, and Oblivion the series took a skill-based approach to character advancement. Players develop their characters' skills by applying them, and only level-up when a certain set of skills have been developed. Skyrim took a new approach, where the more a skill is leveled, the more it helps to level the character. This shifted the focus away from character creation and more onto character development. The flexibility of the games' engines has facilitated the release of game extensions (or mods) through The Elder Scrolls Construction Set.

text: The Elder Scrolls main series of games emphasizes different aspects of the gaming experience than most role-playing games. A brief article by Joystiq in early November 2006 compared BioWare's creations to Bethesda's by noting a difference in emphasis. Bethesda's creations focused on "aesthetic presentation and open-ended adventuring"; BioWare's on a combat system and modular architecture.[62] This overarching aim has been noted by their designers as well. Bethesda has described their motivations in creating the first series game, Arena, as those of any good pen-and-paper role-playing games: creating an environment in which the player could be what the player wants and do what the player wants.[63] Daggerfall's manual begins with a design manifesto, declaring the developers' intention to "create a book with blank pages," and "a game designed to encourage exploration and reward curiosity." Choices, in the form of paths taken by the player, to do good, to chase after evil, are left open to the player, "just like in real life."[64] This design trend continued with Morrowind, following the hiatus of similarly epic games in the interim, though Joystiq's previously noted insistence on graphics came again to the fore. During the development of Morrowind, Bethesda tripled its staff, so as to perfectly color its newly hand-made world. In their own words, "We knew we had to exceed the visual polish of the other games on the market, and we made it our goal to put The Elder Scrolls back into the forefront of game innovation."[65]

text: Series overview[edit]

text: Setting[edit]

text: The Elder Scrolls world is a high fantasy one, with influences from a multitude of cultures all over the globe. Like most works of high or epic fantasy, The Elder Scrolls games are typically serious in tone and epic in scope, dealing with themes of grand struggle against a supernatural or evil force. Many races exist in the world of The Elder Scrolls, some typical of high fantasy works, such as humans, orcs and elves; some atypical, such as the lizard-like Argonians and cat-like Khajiit; and some subversions, such as the extinct Dwemer, known colloquially as "dwarves," who follow the high fantasy stereotype of being subterranean, skilled metallurgists and masons, but are here a variety of elf. As is also typical in high fantasy works, magic and sorcery, mythical creatures, factions with their own political agendas, walled medieval cities and strongholds, and plot elements driven by prophecies and legends can be found in abundance as well. In accordance with many literary high fantasy works, the world of The Elder Scrolls is known for its attention to detail, including well-developed lore and back story. This includes a vast amount of information such as names, dates, and places that constitute its history and the interconnected structure of its various societies, cultures, and religions. Lore, including histories and legends, are contained in thousands of readable in-game books that are scattered throughout the game world.

text: The Elder Scrolls games primarily take place on the continent of Tamriel, located on the world of Nirn. The exceptions are The Elder Scrolls Legends: Battlespire, which is set in a "slipstream" dimension found between the mortal plane of Mundus and the myriad otherworldly planes of Oblivion; portions of The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, which venture into a particular Oblivion plane called the Deadlands, the realm of the Daedric Prince Mehrunes Dagon; the entirety of The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion's expansion Shivering Isles, which takes place in the Oblivion plane The Shivering Isles, realm of the Daedric Prince of madness, Sheogorath; and a brief visit to the Oblivion plane of Soul Cairn during the Dawnguard DLC of The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim; as well as the plane of Apocrypha during the Dragonborn DLC. The realm of Molag Bal, Coldharbour, also appears in The Elder Scrolls Online. Other continents exist on Nirn aside from Tamriel, such as Akavir, Yokuda, and Atmora,[66] but none have been used as a setting for a game in the series.

text: Tamriel itself is divided into nine provinces or regions, each of which is dominated by a distinct race: Black Marsh is home to the Argonians; Cyrodiil is home to the Imperials; Elsweyr is home to the Khajiit; Hammerfell is home to the Redguards; High Rock is home to the Bretons; Morrowind is home to the Dunmer, or Dark Elves; Skyrim is home to the Nords; Summerset Isle is home to the Altmer, or High Elves; and Valenwood is home to the Bosmer, or Wood Elves. A tenth race, the Orsimer, or Orcs, reside in settlements scattered across Tamriel and have unsuccessfully attempted on several occasions to establish their own homeland, Orsinium, in the mountains of High Rock.[citation needed]

text: The major political power in Tamriel's history is the Septim Empire, or Third Empire, centered in Cyrodiil, which at one time or another controlled most of Tamriel's nine provinces. The Empire was founded by Tiber Septim (also known as Talos Stormcrown), who as a Dragonborn, had powerful magical abilities called Shouts. Tiber Septim conquered Tamriel and his dynasty ruled the Empire for several hundred years, at times prospering in peace and other times marred by civil wars and succession crises. During the Oblivion Crisis of The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, a religious cult called The Mythic Dawn opened up dimensional gates to a Hell-like realm called The Deadlands and killed the Emperor Uriel Septim VII and his three sons. The Daedra, beings from the Planes of Oblivion, were eventually defeated, but the end of the Septim dynasty left a severely weakened Empire, which eventually erupted in civil war, allowing many Imperial provinces to break away.

text: As of The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, chronologically the latest-set game in the series (taking place in the 201st year of the Fourth Era of recorded history, abbreviated as 4E 201), the balance of power in Tamriel has shifted dramatically. The Third Empire of Tamriel, which once controlled the entire continent, has declined significantly under the new Mede dynasty of emperors; the Empire can claim only High Rock, Skyrim, and the capital province of Cyrodiil for its own. Three of the Empire's former provinces, Black Marsh, Hammerfell, and Morrowind, are effectively independent: Black Marsh and Hammerfell seceded from the Empire, while Imperial forces withdrew from Morrowind after a volcanic eruption and invasion from Black Marsh devastated it. Rising to rival the Empire is the Aldmeri Dominion, which rules the Summerset Isles and Valenwood outright, and claims the kingdoms of Anequina and Pellitine (the remnants of the province of Elsweyr) as client states. After having its capital city sacked, the Empire defeated a Dominion invasion during The Great War, but the effort exhausted it and peace was only achieved by conceding to many of the Dominion's harsh demands by signing the White-Gold Concordat, including ceding parts of Hammerfell and outlawing the worship of Talos. Skyrim is mired in civil war over the question of secession from the Empire, but some of Tamriel's inhabitants believe the conflict is only a distraction from the true looming threat: a second war between the Empire and the Dominion with both sides provoking each other locked in a state of "cold war."[67]

text: The Elder Scrolls[edit]

text: The actual Elder Scrolls play a very limited role in the storyline of the series, serving only as a framing plot device (i.e., "[the events in this game] were foretold in the Elder Scrolls..."). The Elder Scrolls themselves are rarely referenced in-game. The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion marked the first actual appearance of the Scrolls in the final quest of the Thieves Guild questline.[68] The Scroll itself appears as an incomprehensible chart, containing luminous glyphs.[68]

text: Information about The Elder Scrolls is sparse, and often contradictory. They are thought to be relics from the creation of the Aurbis and the Mundus by the Aedric et'Ada (legendary beings similar to Daedra that sacrificed their immortality to create the world). The Scrolls themselves usually cannot be translated nor transcribed; however, there exist a sect of monks—the Order of the Ancestor Moths—who devote their lives to the reading and interpreting of the Elder Scrolls.[68] Reading the Scrolls, however, takes a huge toll on the monks' vision. Senior members who read the Scrolls wear blindfolds at all times when they are not divining the Scrolls' content and retired Moth Priests are always completely blind. Attempting to read the Elder Scrolls without training always results in failure and immediate blindness. However, cosmically important individuals, or individuals that are the subject of prophecy, have been able to see the unencrypted writing on the Elder Scrolls without the associated rituals or resulting blindness. A book entitled Lost Histories of Tamriel provides further insight on the Elder Scrolls, stating that when any event has actually occurred, it sets itself unchangeably into the Scrolls, and no action, magical or otherwise, can alter this.[69]

text: In The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, the Scrolls are described as "fragments of creation" (a reference to the creation-myth associated with the Aedra), and play a vital role in the main quest-line. They are said to be very powerful artifacts and without training or worthiness, one may go insane trying to decipher them. The player is tasked with retrieving an Elder Scroll from an expansive Dwemer ruin known as Blackreach, located underground. During gameplay, if the player tries to read the Elder Scroll, they will go temporarily blind. It is discovered that the Elder Scroll was used by the ancient Nords to battle Alduin, the ancient Dragon prophesied to swallow the world, inadvertently sending him forward in time. The player character uses the Scroll to travel back in time to gain the knowledge of how the Nords were able to combat Alduin. It is also described that the number of the Scrolls is unknown not because of their immense quantity, but because the number itself is unknowable, as the Scrolls "do not exist in countable form." The actual number and placement of Elder Scrolls fluctuates constantly as it is said that they technically exist and do not exist at the same time. This makes their predictions difficult to cite authoritatively because entire Scrolls or entries can change or vanish as events transpire. This unpredictability has caused other ascetic groups, such as the Greybeards from Skyrim, to find the existence of the Elder Scrolls a blasphemy.

text: In The Elder Scrolls V: Dawnguard, Lord Harkon attempts to use the Elder Scrolls to blot out the sun so that the vampires can overwhelm Tamriel. Whether the player joins the vampires or the vampire hunters referred to as the Dawnguard, they will find a Moth Priest, Dexion Evicus, to read the Scrolls that are collected. Once collected, the Moth Priest reveals that he has become blind, not having prepared himself properly in his hurry to read the first Scroll. So he tells the player of a ritual allowing the player to read the Scrolls. The ritual involves harvesting bark from a special Canticle Tree and using it to bring Ancestor Moths to a shaft of light and reading all three Scrolls to find Auriel's Bow. The Moth Priest Dexion states that Ancestor Moths can give a person the connection to the divine augur that is necessary to truly read the Scrolls.

text: Future[edit]

text: At E3 2016, Bethesda Game Studios director Todd Howard reported that the studio was already working on a sixth installment in the Elder Scrolls franchise, although it would still be "a very long way off".[70] However, at E3 2017, Bethesda Softworks vice president of public relations stated that no new title was in active development, and that they have "at least two major titles" to complete before this would change.[71]

text: Related media[edit]

text: In 2009, science-fiction author Gregory Keyes released The Elder Scrolls: The Infernal City, a novel set approximately 40 years after the Oblivion Crisis. Lord of Souls was released in 2011 as Keyes' second novel in his The Elder Scrolls book series.

text: On August 1, 2013, Bethesda revealed The Elder Scrolls Anthology for the PC, a compilation of all five of The Elder Scrolls games, including all of the expansions to Morrowind, Oblivion and Skyrim.[72]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Aggregate review scores
As of February 6, 2015.

Game
GameRankings
Metacritic

The Elder Scrolls: Arena
(PC) 80%[73]
—

The Elder Scrolls II: Daggerfall
(PC) 79%[74]
—

An Elder Scrolls Legend: Battlespire
(PC) 63%[75]
—

The Elder Scrolls Adventures: Redguard
(PC) 78%[76]
—

The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind
(PC) 89%[77]
(Xbox) 87%[78]
(PC) 89[79]
(Xbox) 87[80]

The Elder Scrolls III: Tribunal
(PC) 81%[81]
(PC) 80[82]

The Elder Scrolls III: Bloodmoon
(PC) 83%[83]
(PC) 85[84]

The Elder Scrolls Travels: Shadowkey
(NG) 56%[85]
—

The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion
(X360) 94%[86]
(PC) 93%[87]
(PS3) 93%[88]
(X360) 94[89]
(PC) 94[90]
(PS3) 93[91]

The Elder Scrolls IV: Knights of the Nine
(PC) 83%[92]
(PC) 81[93]

The Elder Scrolls IV: Shivering Isles
(X360) 88%[94]
(PC) 87%[95]
(X360) 86[96]
(PC) 86[97]

The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
(X360) 95%[98]
(PC) 94%[99]
(PS3) 88%[100]
(X360) 96[101]
(PC) 94[102]
(PS3) 92[103]

The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Dawnguard
(PS3) 79%[104]
(X360) 76%[105]
(PC) 69%[106]
(PS3) 79[107]
(X360) 73[108]
(PC) 66[109]

The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Hearthfire
(PS3) 74%[110]
(X360) 62%[111]
(PS3) 69[112]
(X360) 54[113]

The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Dragonborn
(PS3) 83%[114]
(PC) 83%[115]
(X360) 83%[116]
(PC) 83[117]
(PS3) 82[118]
(X360) 82[119]

The Elder Scrolls Online
(PC) 71%[120]
(PC) 71[121]

The Elder Scrolls: Legends
(PC) 82%[122]
(iOS) 77%[123]
(PC) 80[124]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2012)

text: In 2012, Complex ranked The Elder Scrolls at number 20 on the list of the best video game franchises.[125] In 2013, The Elder Scrolls was voted as the Greatest Game Series of the Decade on GameSpot, beating out 64 other competitors. The Elder Scrolls reached the final round, beating the Grand Theft Auto series by a margin of 52.5% of the vote for The Elder Scrolls to 47.5% for Grand Theft Auto.[126][127]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In August 2011, Bethesda Softworks contacted the developer of Minecraft, Mojang, claiming that the intended trademark of the title Scrolls for its new game breached Bethesda's trademark on The Elder Scrolls.[128] On March 10, 2012, Markus Persson tweeted that the two had come to an agreement over the use of the name. The agreement prohibits Mojang from using the title Scrolls in any future sequels of the game.[129]


document_title: Speeds and feeds

question_text: what is the cutting speed for mild steel

text: Speeds and feeds

text: Cutting speed[edit]

text: Cutting speed  may be defined as the rate  at the workpiece surface, irrespective of the machining operation used. A cutting speed for mild steel of 100 ft/min  is the same whether it is the speed of the  cutter passing over the  workpiece, such as in a turning operation, or the speed of the  cutter moving past a  workpiece, such as in a milling operation. The cutting conditions will affect the value of this surface speed for mild steel.

text: Schematically, speed at the workpiece surface can be thought of as the tangential speed at the tool-cutter interface, that is, how fast the material moves past the cutting edge of the tool, although "which surface to focus on" is a topic with several valid answers. In drilling and milling, the outside diameter of the tool is the widely agreed surface. In turning and boring, the surface can be defined on either side of the depth of cut, that is, either the starting surface or the ending surface, with neither definition being "wrong" as long as the people involved understand the difference. An experienced machinist summed this up succinctly as "the diameter I am turning from" versus "the diameter I am turning to."[3] He uses the "from", not the "to", and explains why, while acknowledging that some others do not. The logic of focusing on the largest diameter involved (OD of drill or end mill, starting diameter of turned workpiece) is that this is where the highest tangential speed is, with the most heat generation, which is the main driver of tool wear.[3]

text: There will be an optimum cutting speed for each material and set of machining conditions, and the spindle speed (RPM) can be calculated from this speed. Factors affecting the calculation of cutting speed are:

text:
The material being machined (steel, brass, tool steel, plastic, wood) (see table below)
The material the cutter is made from (Carbon steel, high speed steel (HSS), carbide, ceramics)
The economical life of the cutter (the cost to regrind or purchase new, compared to the quantity of parts produced)

tag: ul

text: Cutting speeds are calculated on the assumption that optimum cutting conditions exist. These include:

text:
Metal removal rate (finishing cuts that remove a small amount of material may be run at increased speeds)
Full and constant flow of cutting fluid (adequate cooling and chip flushing)
Rigidity of the machine and tooling setup (reduction in vibration or chatter)
Continuity of cut (as compared to an interrupted cut, such as machining square section material in a lathe)
Condition of material (mill scale, hard spots due to white cast iron forming in castings)

text: The cutting speed is given as a set of constants that are available from the material manufacturer or supplier. The most common materials are available in reference books or charts, but will always be subject to adjustment depending on the cutting conditions. The following table gives the cutting speeds for a selection of common materials under one set of conditions. The conditions are a tool life of 1 hour, dry cutting (no coolant), and at medium feeds, so they may appear to be incorrect depending on circumstances. These cutting speeds may change if, for instance, adequate coolant is available or an improved grade of HSS is used (such as one that includes cobalt).

text:
Cutting speeds for various materials using a plain high speed steel cutter

Material type
Meters per min (MPM)
Surface feet per min (SFM)

Steel (tough)
50–18
100–60

Mild Steel
3–38
10–125

Mild Steel (with coolant)

6-7

20-25

Cast Iron (medium)
1–2
6–8

Alloy Steels (1320–9262)
20–3
65–12[4]

Carbon Steels (C1008–C1095)
21–4
70–0[5]

Free Cutting Steels (B1111–B1113 & C1108–C1213)
35–69
115–225[5]

Stainless Steels (300 & 400 series)
23–40
75–30[6]

Bronzes
24–45
80–10

Leaded Steel (Leadloy 12L14)
91
30[7]

Aluminium
75–15
50–30

Aluminum (with coolant)

15-21

50-70

Brass
90–20
300–700[8]

Machinable Wax

6

20

Acetal Copolymer (Delrin)

11

35

Polyethylene

12

40

Acrylic (with coolant)

15

50

Wood

183-305

600-1000

text: Machinability rating[edit]

text: The machinability rating of a material attempts to quantify the machinability of various materials. It is expressed as a percentage or a normalized value. The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) determined machinability ratings for a wide variety of materials by running turning tests at 180 surface feet per minute (sfpm). It then arbitrarily assigned 160 Brinell B1112 steel a machinability rating of 100%. The machinability rating is determined by measuring the weighed averages of the normal cutting speed, surface finish, and tool life for each material. Note that a material with a machinability rating less than 100% would be more difficult to machine than B1112 and material and a value more than 100% would be easier.

text: Machinability ratings can be used in conjunction with the Taylor tool life equation, VTn = C in order to determine cutting speeds or tool life. It is known that B1112 has a tool life of 60 minutes at a cutting speed of 100 sfpm. If a material has a machinability rating of 70%, it can be determined, with the above knowns, that in order to maintain the same tool life (60 minutes), the cutting speed must be 70 sfpm (assuming the same tooling is used).

text: When calculating for copper alloys, the machine rating is arrived at by assuming the 100 rating of 600 SFM. For example, phosphorus bronze (grades A–D) has a machinability rating of 20. This means that phosphor bronze runs at 20% the speed of 600 SFM or 120 SFM. However, 165 SFM is generally accepted as the basic 100% rating for "grading steels".[9]

text: Spindle speed[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The spindle speed is the rotational frequency of the spindle of the machine, measured in revolutions per minute (RPM). The preferred speed is determined by working backward from the desired surface speed (sfm or m/min) and incorporating the diameter (of workpiece or cutter).

text: The spindle may hold the:

text:
Material (as in a screw machine)
Drill bit in a drill
Milling cutter in a milling machine
Router bit in a wood router
Shaper cutter or knife in a wood shaper or spindle moulder
Grinding wheel on a grinding machine.
Or it may hold the chuck, which then holds the workpiece in a lathe. In these cases the tool is often a stationary tool bit, although there are plenty of exceptions, such as in thread milling.

text: Excessive spindle speed will cause premature tool wear, breakages, and can cause tool chatter, all of which can lead to potentially dangerous conditions. Using the correct spindle speed for the material and tools will greatly enhance tool life and the quality of the surface finish.

text: For a given machining operation, the cutting speed will remain constant for most situations; therefore the spindle speed will also remain constant. However, facing, forming, parting off, and recess operations on a lathe or screw machine involve the machining of a constantly changing diameter. Ideally this means changing the spindle speed as the cut advances across the face of the workpiece, producing constant surface speed (CSS). Mechanical arrangements to effect CSS have existed for centuries, but they were never applied commonly to machine tool control. In the pre-CNC era, the ideal of CSS was ignored for most work. For unusual work that demanded it, special pains were taken to achieve it. The introduction of CNC-controlled lathes has provided a practical, everyday solution via automated CSS. By means of the machine's software and variable speed electric motors, the lathe can increase the RPM of the spindle as the cutter gets closer to the center of the part.

text: Grinding wheels are designed to be run at a maximum safe speed, the spindle speed of the grinding machine may be variable but this should only be changed with due attention to the safe working speed of the wheel. As a wheel wears it will decrease in diameter, and its effective cutting speed will be reduced. Some grinders have the provision to increase the spindle speed, which corrects for this loss of cutting ability; however, increasing the speed beyond the wheels rating will destroy the wheel and create a serious hazard to life and limb.

text: Generally speaking, spindle speeds and feed rates are less critical in woodworking than metalworking. Most woodworking machines including power saws such as circular saws and band saws, jointers, Thickness planers rotate at a fixed RPM. In those machines, cutting speed is regulated through the feed rate. The required feed rate can be extremely variable depending on the power of the motor, the hardness of the wood or other material being machined, and the sharpness of the cutting tool.

text: In woodworking, the ideal feed rate is one that is slow enough not to bog down the motor, yet fast enough to avoid burning the material. Certain woods, such as black cherry and maple are more prone to burning than others. The right feed rate is usually obtained by "feel" if the material is hand fed, or by trial and error if a power feeder is used. In thicknessers (planers), the wood is usually fed automatically through rubber or corrugated steel rollers. Some of these machines allow varying the feed rate, usually by changing pulleys. A slower feed rate usually results in a finer surface as more cuts are made for any length of wood.

text: Spindle speed becomes important in the operation of routers, spindle moulders or shapers, and drills. Older and smaller routers often rotate at a fixed spindle speed, usually between 20,000 and 25,000 rpm. While these speeds are fine for small router bits, using larger bits, say more than 1-inch (25 mm) or 25 millimeters in diameter, can be dangerous and can lead to chatter. Larger routers now have variable speeds and larger bits require slower speed. Drilling wood generally uses higher spindle speeds than metal, and the speed is not as critical. However, larger diameter drill bits do require slower speeds to avoid burning.

text: Cutting feeds and speeds, and the spindle speeds that are derived from them, are the ideal cutting conditions for a tool. If the conditions are less than ideal then adjustments are made to the spindle's speed, this adjustment is usually a reduction in RPM to the closest available speed, or one that is deemed (through knowledge and experience) to be correct.

text: Some materials, such as machinable wax, can be cut at a wide variety of spindle speeds, while others, such as stainless steel require much more careful control as the cutting speed is critical, to avoid overheating both the cutter and workpiece. Stainless steel is one material that work hardens very easily, therefore insufficient feed rate or incorrect spindle speed can lead to less than ideal cutting conditions as the work piece will quickly harden and resist the tool's cutting action. The liberal application of cutting fluid can improve these cutting conditions; however, the correct selection of speeds is the critical factor.

text: Spindle speed calculations[edit]

text: Most metalworking books have nomograms or tables of spindle speeds and feed rates for different cutters and workpiece materials; similar tables are also likely available from the manufacturer of the cutter used.

text: The spindle speeds may be calculated for all machining operations once the SFM or MPM is known. In most cases we are dealing with a cylindrical object such as a milling cutter or a workpiece turning in a lathe so we need to determine the speed at the periphery of this round object. This speed at the periphery (of a point on the circumference, moving past a stationary point) will depend on the rotational speed (RPM) and diameter of the object.

text: One analogy would be a skateboard rider and a bicycle rider travelling side by side along the road. For a given surface speed (the speed of this pair along the road) the rotational speed (RPM) of their wheels (large for the skater and small for the bicycle rider) will be different. This rotational speed (RPM) is what we are calculating, given a fixed surface speed (speed along the road) and known values for their wheel sizes (cutter or workpiece).

text: The following formulae[10] may be used to estimate this value.

text: Approximation[edit]

text:
The exact RPM is not always needed, a close approximation will work (using 3 for the value of

π

{\displaystyle {\pi }}

).

text: e.g. for a cutting speed of 100 ft/min (a plain HSS steel cutter on mild steel) and diameter of 10 inches (the cutter or the work piece)

text: and, for an example using metric values, where the cutting speed is 30 m/min and a diameter of 10 mm,

text: Accuracy[edit]

text: However, for more accurate calculations, and at the expense of simplicity, this formula can be used:

text: and using the same example

text: and using the same example as above

text: where:

text:
RPM is the rotational speed of the cutter or workpiece.
Speed is the recommended cutting speed of the material  in meters/minute or feet/min
Diameter  in millimeters or inches.

text: Feed rate[edit]

text: Feed rate is the velocity at which the cutter is fed, that is, advanced against the workpiece. It is expressed in units of distance per revolution for turning and boring (typically inches per revolution [ipr] or millimeters per revolution). It can be expressed thus for milling also, but it is often expressed in units of distance per time for milling (typically inches per minute [ipm] or millimeters per minute), with considerations of how many teeth (or flutes) the cutter has then determining what that means for each tooth.

text: Feed rate is dependent on the:

text:
Type of tool (a small drill or a large drill, high speed or carbide, a boxtool or recess, a thin form tool or wide form tool, a slide knurl or a turret straddle knurl).
Surface finish desired.
Power available at the spindle (to prevent stalling of the cutter or workpiece).
Rigidity of the machine and tooling setup (ability to withstand vibration or chatter).
Strength of the workpiece (high feed rates will collapse thin wall tubing)
Characteristics of the material being cut, chip flow depends on material type and feed rate. The ideal chip shape is small and breaks free early, carrying heat away from the tool and work.
Threads per inch (TPI) for taps, die heads and threading tools.
Cut Width.  Any time the width of cut is less than half the diameter, a geometric phenomenon called Chip Thinning reduces the actual chipload.  Feedrates need to be increased to offset the effects of chip thinning, both for productivity and to avoid rubbing which reduces tool life.

text: When deciding what feed rate to use for a certain cutting operation, the calculation is fairly straightforward for single-point cutting tools, because all of the cutting work is done at one point (done by "one tooth", as it were). With a milling machine or jointer, where multi-tipped/multi-fluted cutting tools are involved, then the desirable feed rate becomes dependent on the number of teeth on the cutter, as well as the desired amount of material per tooth to cut (expressed as chip load).  The greater the number of cutting edges, the higher the feed rate permissible: for a cutting edge to work efficiently it must remove sufficient material to cut rather than rub; it also must do its fair share of work.

text: The ratio of the spindle speed and the feed rate controls how aggressive the cut is, and the nature of the swarf formed.

text: Formula to determine feed rate[edit]

text: This formula[11] can be used to figure out the feed rate that the cutter travels into or around the work.  This would apply to cutters on a milling machine, drill press and a number of other machine tools.  This is not to be used on the lathe for turning operations, as the feed rate on a lathe is given as feed per revolution.

text:
F
R
=

R
P
M
×
T
×
C
L

{\displaystyle FR={RPM\times T\times CL}}

text: Where:

text:
FR = the calculated feed rate in inches per minute or mm per minute.
RPM = is the calculated speed for the cutter.
T = Number of teeth on the cutter.
CL = The chip load or feed per tooth.  This is the size of chip that each tooth of the cutter takes.

text: Depth of cut[edit]

text: Cutting speed and feed rate come together with depth of cut to determine the material removal rate, which is the volume of workpiece material (metal, wood, plastic, etc.) that can be removed per time unit

text: Interrelationship of theory and practice[edit]

text: Speed-and-feed selection is analogous to other examples of applied science, such as meteorology or pharmacology, in that the theoretical modeling is necessary and useful but can never fully predict the reality of specific cases because of the massively multivariate environment. Just as weather forecasts or drug dosages can be modeled with fair accuracy, but never with complete certainty, machinists can predict with charts and formulas the approximate speed and feed values that will work best on a particular job, but cannot know the exact optimal values until running the job. In CNC machining, usually the programmer programs speeds and feedrates that are as maximally tuned as calculations and general guidelines can supply. The operator then fine-tunes the values while running the machine, based on sights, sounds, smells, temperatures, tolerance holding, and tool tip lifespan. Under proper management, the revised values are captured for future use, so that when a program is run again later, this work need not be duplicated.

text: As with meteorology and pharmacology, however, the interrelationship of theory and practice has been developing over decades as the theory part of the balance becomes more advanced thanks to information technology. For example, an effort called the Machine Tool Genome Project is working toward providing the computer modeling (simulation) needed to predict optimal speed-and-feed combinations for particular setups in any internet-connected shop with less local experimentation and testing.[12] Instead of the only option being the measuring and testing of the behavior of its own equipment, it will benefit from others' experience and simulation; in a sense, rather than 'reinventing a wheel', it will be able to 'make better use of existing wheels already developed by others in remote locations'.

text: Academic research examples[edit]

text: Speeds and feeds have been studied scientifically since at least the 1890s. The work is typically done in engineering laboratories, with the funding coming from three basic roots: corporations, governments (including their militaries), and universities. All three types of institution have invested large amounts of money in the cause, often in collaborative partnerships. Examples of such work are highlighted below.

text: In the 1890s through 1910s, Frederick Winslow Taylor performed turning experiments[13] that became famous (and seminal). He developed Taylor's Equation for Tool Life Expectancy.

text: Scientific study by Holz and De Leeuw of the Cincinnati Milling Machine Company[14] did for milling cutters what F. W. Taylor had done for single-point cutters.

text: "Following World War II, many new alloys were developed. New standards were needed to increase [U.S.] American productivity. Metcut Research Associates, with technical support from the Air Force Materials Laboratory and the Army Science and Technology Laboratory, published the first Machining Data Handbook in 1966. The recommended speeds and feeds provided in this book were the result of extensive testing to determine optimum tool life under controlled conditions for every material of the day, operation and hardness."[3]

text: Flórez-Orrego et al. 2010, studied the effect of the variation of cutting parameters in the surface integrity in turning of an AISI 304 stainless steel. They found that the feed rate has the greatest impairing effect on the quality of the surface, and that besides the achievement of the desired roughness profile, it is necessary to analyze the effect of speed and feed on the creation of micropits and microdefects on the machined surface. Moreover, they found that the conventional empirical relation that relates feed rate to roughness value does not fit adequately for low cutting speeds.


document_title: Memphis Belle (aircraft)

question_text: where was the memphis belle stationed during the war

text: Memphis Belle (aircraft)

text: Crew[edit]

text: The crew for the Memphis Belle are as follows:[5]

text:
Pilot: Captain Robert K. Morgan
Co-pilot: Captain James A. Verinis
Navigator: Captain Charles B. Leighton
Bombardier: Captain Vincent B. Evans
The First Engineer/Top Turret Gunner: Leviticus "Levy" Dillon
The Second Engineer/Top Turret Gunner: Eugene Adkins
The Third Engineer/Top Turret Gunner: Harold P. Loch
Radio Operator: Robert Hanson
Ball Turret Gunner: Cecil Scott
Right Waist Gunner: E. Scott Miller
Right Waist Gunner: Casmer A "Tony" Nastal
Left Waist Gunner: Clarence E. "Bill" Winchell
Tail Gunner: John P. Quinlan
Crew Chief: Joe Giambrone

text: Combat history[edit]

text: The Memphis Belle, a Boeing-built B-17F-10-BO, manufacturer's serial number 3470, USAAC Serial No. 41-24485, was added to the USAAF inventory on 15 July 1942,[6] and delivered in September 1942 to the 91st Bombardment Group at Dow Field, Bangor, Maine.[7]  She deployed to Prestwick, Scotland, on 30 September 1942, moving to a temporary base at RAF Kimbolton on 1 October, and then finally to her permanent base at RAF Bassingbourn, England, on 14 October.[7]  Each side of the fuselage bore the unit and aircraft identification markings of a B-17 of the 324th Bomb Squadron (Heavy); the squadron code "DF" and individual aircraft letter "A."[6][8]

text: Captain Robert K. Morgan's crew flew 29 combat missions with the 324th Bomb Squadron, all but four in the Memphis Belle.  The aircraft's 25 combat missions, which included eight German aircraft shot down by her crew, were:

text:
7 November 1942 – Brest, France[9][N 1]
9 November 1942 – St. Nazaire, France [9]
17 November 1942 – St. Nazaire, France[9]
6 December 1942 – Lille, France[9]
20 December 1942* – Romilly-sur-Seine, France [9][10][11]
30 December 1942 – Lorient, France (flown by Lt. James A. Verinis)
3 January 1943 – St. Nazaire, France[9]
13 January 1943 – Lille, France[9]
23 January 1943 – Lorient, France[9]
14 February 1943 – Hamm, Germany[9]
16 February 1943 – St. Nazaire, France[9]
27 February 1943* – Brest, France[9][N 2]
6 March 1943 – Lorient, France[9]
12 March 1943 – Rouen, France[9]
13 March 1943 – Abbeville, France [9]
22 March 1943 – Wilhelmshaven, Germany [9]
28 March 1943 – Rouen, France[9]
31 March 1943 – Rotterdam, Netherlands [11][13][14]
16 April 1943 – Lorient, France[9]
17 April 1943 – Bremen, Germany [9]
1 May 1943 – St. Nazaire, France[9]
13 May 1943 – Meaulte, France (flown by Lt. C.L. Anderson)
14 May 1943 – Kiel, Germany (flown by Lt. John H. Miller)
15 May 1943 – Wilhelmshaven, Germany[9]
17 May 1943 – Lorient, France[9]
19 May 1943* – Kiel, Germany (flown by Lt. Anderson) [N 3]

text: * Sources disagree on which two of these three missions the Memphis Belle received mission credits for.

text: Morgan's crew completed the following missions in B-17s other than the Memphis Belle:

text:
4 February 1943 – Emden, Germany (in B-17 DF-H 41-24515 Jersey Bounce)[16]
26 February 1943 – Wilhelmshaven, Germany (in B-17 41-24515)[17]
5 April 1943 – Antwerp, Belgium (in B-17 41-24480 Bad Penny)[17]
4 May 1943 – Antwerp, Belgium (in B-17 41-24527, The Great Speckled Bird)[18]

text: The aircraft was then flown back to the United States on 8 June 1943, by a composite crew chosen by the Eighth Air Force from those who had flown combat aboard, led by Capt. Morgan, for a 31-city war bond tour.  Morgan's original co-pilot was Capt. James A. Verinis, who himself piloted the Memphis Belle for one mission.  Verinis was promoted to aircraft commander of another B-17 for his final 16 missions and finished his tour on 13 May.  He rejoined Morgan's crew as co-pilot for the flight back to the United States.

text: The B-17 Hell's Angels (41-24577) of the 303rd Bomb Group completed 25 combat missions on 13 May 1943, becoming the first B-17 to complete the feat, one week before the Memphis Belle.[19][20]

text: Source of the name[edit]

text: The aircraft was named after pilot Robert K Morgan's sweetheart, Margaret Polk, a resident of Memphis, Tennessee. Morgan originally intended to call the aircraft Little One, which was his pet name for her, but after Morgan and copilot Jim Verinis saw the movie Lady for a Night, in which the leading character owns a riverboat named the Memphis Belle, he proposed that name to his crew.[N 4] Morgan then contacted George Petty at the offices of Esquire magazine and asked him for a pinup drawing to go with the name, which Petty supplied from the magazine's April 1941 issue.[22]

text: The 91st's group artist, Corporal Tony Starcer, copied the Petty girl as art on both sides of the forward fuselage, depicting her suit in blue on the aircraft's port side and in red on the starboard. The nose art later included 25 bomb shapes, one for each mission credit, and eight swastika designs, one for each German aircraft claimed shot down by the crew. Station and crew names were stenciled below station windows on the aircraft after her tour of duty was completed.

text: Postwar history[edit]

text: In his memoirs, Morgan claimed that during his publicity tour he flew the B-17 between the Buncombe County Courthouse and the City Hall of Asheville, North Carolina, his home town. Morgan wrote that after leaving a local airport he decided to buzz the town, telling his copilot, Captain Verinis, "I think we'll just drive up over the city and give them a little goodbye salute." Morgan turned the bomber down Patton Avenue, a main thoroughfare, toward downtown Asheville. When he observed the courthouse and the city hall (two tall buildings that are only about 50 ft (20 m) apart) dead ahead, he lowered his left wing in a 60 degree bank and flew between the structures. He wrote that the city hall housed an AAF weather detachment whose commanding officer allegedly complained immediately to the Pentagon, but was advised by a duty officer that "Major Morgan...has been given permission to buzz by General Henry "Hap" Arnold."[23]

text: Display in Memphis[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: After the war, the Memphis Belle was saved from reclamation at Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma where she had been consigned since 1 August 1945, by the efforts of the mayor of Memphis, Walter Chandler.  The city of Memphis bought the B-17 for US$350 (equivalent to $4,758 in 2017).[24][25] She was flown to Memphis in July 1946 and stored until the summer of 1949 when she was placed on display at the National Guard armory near the city's fairgrounds. She sat out-of-doors into the 1980s, slowly deteriorating from weather and vandalism.  Souvenir hunters removed almost all of the interior components.  Eventually no instruments were left in the cockpit, and virtually every removable piece of the aircraft's interior had been scavenged, often severing the aircraft's wiring and control cables in the process.

text: In the early 1970s, another mayor had donated the historic aircraft back to the Air Force, but they allowed her to remain in Memphis contingent on her being maintained.  Efforts by the locally organized Memphis Belle Memorial Association, Inc. (MBMA) saw the aircraft moved to Mud Island in the Mississippi River in 1987 for display in a new pavilion with large tarp cover.[25]  She was still open to the elements, however, and prone to weathering.  Pigeons would also nest inside the tarp and droppings were constantly needing removal from the B-17.  Dissatisfaction with the site led to efforts to create a new museum facility in Shelby County.   In the summer of 2003 the Belle was disassembled and moved to a restoration facility at the former Naval Air Station Memphis in Millington, Tennessee for work.  In September 2004, however, the National Museum of the United States Air Force, apparently tiring of the ups and downs of the city's attempts to preserve the aircraft, indicated that they wanted her back for restoration and eventual display at the museum at Wright-Patterson AFB near Dayton, Ohio.  The Memphis Belle- The Final Chapter in Memphis, a documentary film by Ken Axmaker, Jr., focuses on the history of the Belle in Memphis and emphasizes the final days and the volunteers who tried to keep one of the most famous aircraft in the world and another Memphis icon from disappearing.

text: Move to Dayton[edit]

text: On 30 August 2005, the MBMA announced that a consultant that they hired determined that the MBMA would not be able to raise enough money to restore the Belle and otherwise fulfill the Air Force's requirements to keep possession of the aircraft. They announced plans to return the aircraft to the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB near Dayton, Ohio, after a final exhibition at an airshow in Millington, Tennessee from 30 September–2 October  2005.  The Belle arrived safely at the museum in mid-October 2005 and was placed in one of the Museum's restoration hangars.

text: The Museum placed restoration of Memphis Belle near the top of its priorities. In the magazine Friends Journal of the museum's foundation, Major General Charles D. Metcalf, USAF (Ret), then the director of the museum, stated that it might take eight to 10 years to fully restore the aircraft.

text: By the spring of 2009, considerable preparatory work had been accomplished, but the fuselage and wings were still disassembled.[26]

text: After stripping the paint from the aft fuselage of the aircraft, hundreds of names and personal messages were found scratched in the aluminum skin. It turned out that, during the aircraft's war bond tour, people were allowed to leave their mark there.

text:
In May 2017 the museum announced the goal of completing the restoration and putting the Memphis Belle on display by May 17, 2018, the 75th anniversary of the plane's 25th mission.[27]
On March 19, 2018 the Memphis Belle was moved into the WWII Gallery at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, and was officially unveiled May 17, 2018.[4]

text: Memphis Belle film (1990)[edit]

text: Five airworthy B-17s were used in the filming of the 1990 British-American war drama film Memphis Belle, two from the US (N-17W – now on display in Seattle and Movie Memphis Belle 44-83546), B-17G Sally B from the UK and two French geographic survey B-17Gs, one of which crashed on take-off near the end of filming.

text: The B-17Gs had some sections converted into a B-17F configuration for the film. A former civilian firebomber, B-17G-85-DL, AAC Serial No. 44-83546, FAA registered N3703G, was converted by installing a Sperry top turret, early-style tail gunner's compartment and waist gunner's positions, and omitting the chin turret. After appearing in the film, this plane continues to make air show appearances as Movie Memphis Belle in that configuration. Originally painted with the Warner Brothers movie version of the nose art and markings, the B-17 (owned by restaurateur David Tallichet until his death in 2007) now carries the historic markings found on the actual Memphis Belle.  That aircraft is currently leased by The Liberty Foundation and provides historical flight experiences to the public.

text: The Sally B, used in film, is the last airworthy B-17 in the United Kingdom and is based at the Imperial War Museum, Duxford. She is part of the USAAC World War II Memorial Flight and makes dozens of appearances across the United Kingdom and Northern Europe. She is maintained and run by volunteers, relying solely upon donations.

text: In addition to the airworthy B-17s, others were used as planes visible at the airbase in the film, but not as the Memphis Belle. One example, B-17F-70-BO, Serial number 42-29782, is located at the Museum of Flight, Seattle, WA. Boeing Bee has been completely restored and is potentially airworthy once again.

text: Other aircraft named Memphis Belle[edit]

text:
A Republic F-105D Thunderchief (AF Ser. No. 60-0504)  from 357th Tactical Fighter Squadron of the 355th Tactical Fighter Wing based at Takhli Royal Thai Air Base during the Vietnam War was named Memphis Belle II in honor of the original B-17F. The aircraft claimed two MiG-17 kills in addition to numerous bombing missions, and was the last F-105 to fly. It is currently preserved at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio. She was donated in April 1990.[28]
A Rockwell B-1B Lancer (AF Ser. No. 86-0133) was named Memphis Belle.  In 1996, Colonel Robert K. Morgan, pilot of the original Memphis Belle, received the opportunity to fly in this aircraft, while she served with the Georgia Air National Guard's  116th Bomb Wing at Robins AFB, Georgia.[29]
A General Dynamics FB-111A Aardvark (AF Ser. No. 68-0267) was also nicknamed Memphis Belle II for a period during the 1980s. She is currently located at the Strategic Air Command Museum, located in Ashland, Nebraska.[30]
Two Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses have carried the name Memphis Belle B-52G (AF Ser. No. 59-2594) was named Memphis Belle III and took part in the 1991 Gulf War. That aircraft was retired from active service as the B-52G was phased out of USAF service and sent to the AMARC at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona in October, 1992. The first B-52H (AF Ser. No. 60-0001) was named Memphis Belle IV and is currently assigned to the 2nd Bomb Wing at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, having seen action in both Iraq and Afghanistan in support of Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom.[31]
A McDonnell Douglas F-15E (AF Ser. No 89-0485) from the 336th Fighter Squadron, 4th Fighter Wing, flew with the nose art "Memphis Belle III" during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003.
A Lockheed C-141 Starlifter (AF Ser. No 67-0024) became the Memphis Belle V. She was transferred to the AMARC inventory upon the retirement of all C-141s from active service in the U.S. Air Force, to include the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard.[32]
A Lockheed C-5 Galaxy (AF Ser. No. 69-0025) was named the Memphis Belle X was assigned to the 164th Airlift Wing of the Tennessee Air National Guard at Memphis Air National Guard Base.[33]
A Boeing C-17 Globemaster III (AF Ser. No. 93-0600) is named the Memphis Belle XI  assigned currently to the 164th Airlift Wing of the Tennessee Air National Guard at Memphis Air National Guard Base.
Pinnacle Airlines' first Bombardier CRJ (N8390A) is named Spirit of Memphis Belle.[34]


document_title: Ethnic origins of people in Canada

question_text: what ethnic community is the smallest in canada

text: Ethnic origins of people in Canada

text: Larger ethnic origins (200,000 or more individuals per group)[edit]

text:
Canadian
  English
  French
  Scottish
  German

  Italian
  First Nations (Indigenous)
  Ukrainian
  Indian (originating from India)
  Inuit

text:
100,000 +

  50,000-99,999

  20,000-49,999

  10,000-19,999

text:
Ethnicity[3]
Combined
responses[3]
As single
response[3]
One of multiple
responses[3]
Single
response of total
responses, %[3]

Canadian[4]
10,066,290
5,748,720
4,317,570
57.1

English
6,570,015
1,367,125
5,202,890
20.1

French
4,941,210
1,230,540
3,710,675
27.7

Scottish
4,719,850
568,515
4,151,340
12.0

Irish
4,354,155
491,030
3,863,125
11.2

German
3,179,425
670,640
2,508,785
21.1

Italian
1,445,335
741,045
704,285
51.2

Chinese
1,346,510
1,135,365
211,145
84.3

"North American Indian"[5]
1,253,615
512,150
741,470
40.8

Ukrainian
1,209,085
300,590
908,495
24.8

Dutch
1,035,965
303,400
732,560
29.3

Polish
984,565
269,375
715,190
27.3

Indian (from India)
962,665
780,175
182,495
81.0

Russian
500,600
98,245
402,355
19.6

Welsh
441,965
27,115
413,855
6.2

Filipino
436,190
321,390
114,800
73.6

Norwegian
432,515
44,790
387,725
10.2

Portuguese
410,850
262,230
148,625
63.4

Métis
409,065
77,295
331,770
18.8

British Isles,
not included elsewhere
403,915
94,145
309,770
23.3

Swedish
334,765
28,445
306,325
8.3

Spanish
325,730
67,475
258,255
20.6

American
316,350
28,785
287,565
8.8

Hungarian (Magyar)
315,510
88,685
226,820
27.9

Jewish
315,120
134,045
181,070
42.5

Greek
242,685
145,250
97,435
59.9

Jamaican
231,110
134,320
96,785
58.0

Danish
200,035
33,770
166,265
16.5

text: Smaller ethnic origins[edit]

text:
Ethnicity[3]
Combined
responses[3]
As single
response[3]
One of multiple
responses
per respondent[3]

Austrian
194,255
27,060
166,265

Romanian
192,170
79,650
112,515

Vietnamese
180,125
136,445
43,685

Belgian
168,910
33,670
135,240

Lebanese
165,150
103,855
61,295

Québécois
146,585
96,835
49,750

Korean
146,550
137,790
8,755

African,
not included elsewhere
138,750
52,745
86,005

Swiss
137,775
25,180
112,600

Finnish
131,040
30,195
100,850

Pakistani
124,730
89,605
35,125

Iranian
121,510
99,225
22,280

Croatian
110,800
56,405
45,475

Sri Lankan
103,625
79,515
24,105

Haitian
102,430
80,920
21,505

Japanese
98,900
56,470
42,430

Czech
98,090
23,570
74,520

Acadian
96,145
26,370
69,775

Icelandic
88,875
9,950
78,925

Arab,
not included elsewhere
86,135
55,565
30,565

Serbian
72,690
46,035
26,650

Inuit
65,885
40,975
24,910

Yugoslav
not included elsewhere
65,305
21,095
44,200

Slovak
64,145
20,970
43,180

Mexican
61,505
26,080
35,425

Black
61,430
32,510
28,910

Guyanese
61,085
28,565
32,520

South Asian,
not included elsewhere
60,895
48,815
12,080

Salvadorean
59,145
42,145
17,000

West Indian
58,800
25,890
32,910

Trinidadian/Tobagonian
58,415
23,215
35,200

Egyptian
54,875
33,225
21,655

Punjabi
not included elsewhere
53,520
32,065
21,455

Armenian
50,500
32,53
17,970

Afghan
48,090
41,590
6,500

Lithuanian
46,690
11,425
35,260

Moroccan
44,630
11,425
35,260

Colombian
44,100
31,145
12,960

Turk
43,695
23,355
20,340

Chilean
38,180
19,215
18,960

Somali
37,785
34,025
3,765

Maltese
37,120
13,085
24,035

Macedonian
37,055
18,515
18,540

Czechoslovakian
36,970
6,360
30,615

Scandinavian,
not included elsewhere
36,140
4,700
31,440

Slovenian
35,935
15,160
20,775

European,
not included elsewhere
35,795
17,010
18,785

Tamil
not included elsewhere
34,590
18,010
16,585

Syrian
31,375
13,315
18,055

Australian
30,635
2,975
27,660

Barbadian
30,435
11,660
18,775

Iraqi
29,955
22,055
7,900

Algerian
28,065
19,750
8,315

Latvian
27,870
7,720
20,150

Bulgarian
27,255
16,480
10,775

Peruvian
25,970
13,360
12,610

South African
25,855
5,710
20,145

Cambodian
25,245
15,905
9,335

Bangladeshi
24,600
20,915
3,680

Palestinian
23,975
14,610
9,360

Estonian
23,930
8,445
15,485

Ethiopian
23,400
18,865
4,535

Ghanaian
23,225
18,610
4,615

Latin, Central or South American,
not included elsewhere
22,470
12,580
9,895

Albanian
22,395
18,480
3,915

Bosnian
21,045
14,815
6,225

Laotian
20,110
13,745
6,365

Nigerian
19,515
13,615
5,900

Guatemalan
18,205
10,405
7,800

Taiwanese
not included elsewhere
17,705
11,950
5,750

Newfoundlander
17,025
4,760
12,265

Ecuadorian
16,485
10,350
6,135

Brazilian
15,755
4,220
11,530

Berber
14,630
9,370
5,255

Indonesian
14,320
3,225
11,095

Cuban
14,110
4,130
9,975

Argentinian
13,975
3,100
10,875

Aboriginal from Central/South America
12,870
1,485
11,380

Caribbean,
not included elsewhere
12,735
4,845
7,890

Sudanese
12,640
9,995
2,640

Fijian
12,560
6,240
6,320

Flemish
12,430
2,170
10,255

Dominican,
not otherwise specified
12,200
5,465
6,730

Grenadian
12,185
5,895
6,295

Malaysian
12,165
1,820
10,345

Bengali
not included elsewhere
12,130
9,460
2,675

West Asian,
not included elsewhere
12,080
7,570
4,505

Nicaraguan
11,150
6,460
4,690

Israeli
10,755
2,520
8,235

Byelorussian
10,505
2,620
7,885

Venezuelan
10,475
3,195
7,285

Eritrean
10,475
8,760
1,715

New Zealander
10,465
1,135
9,335

Vincentian/Grenadinian
10,140
4,715
5,425

Thai
10,015
4,210
5,810

Tunisian
9,520
6,095
3,430

Kurd
9,205
6,465
2,740

East or Southeast Asian,
not included elsewhere
8,990
7,270
1,725

Congolese (Zairian)
8,685
7,050
1,640

Assyrian
8,650
6,145
2,505

Congolese,
not otherwise specified
8,415
6,400
2,015

Jordanian
6,905
4,250
2,655

Honduran
5,845
3,330
2,515

Sinhalese
5,820
3,770
3,050

Rwandan
5,670
4,385
1,280

Slav (European)
5,475
1,915
3,560

Basque
4,975
715
4,260

Kenyan
4,955
2,315
2,635

Hispanic
4,900
2,705
2,195

Mauritian
4,860
1,590
3,270

Goan
4,815
1,465
3,350

Burundian
4,650
4,050
600

Manx
4,635
340
4,290

Maya
4,620
940
3,685

St. Lucian
4,605
1,950
2,655

Burmese
4,590
2,095
2,495

Uruguayan
4,550
1,490
3,065

Cameroonian
4,440
3,540
895

Sicilian
4,360
800
3,565

Tibetan
4,275
3,750
525

Frisian
4,145
1,035
3,110

Mongolian
3,965
1,015
2,950

Nepali
not included elsewhere
3,780
2,975
800

Panamanian
3,575
1,055
2,520

Zimbabwean
3,570
2,425
1,140

Azerbaijani
3,465
1,480
1,985

Costa Rican
3,445
1,515
1,930

Antiguan
3,415
1,335
2,080

Cypriot
3,395
830
2,570

Ugandan
3,315
2,025
1,290

Khmer
10,000
710
295

Gujarati
2,805
1,180
1,620

Gypsy (Roma)
2,590
390
2,205

Luxembourger
2,390
450
1,945

East African
2,270
1,000
1,270

Maghrebi, n.i.e.
2,270
1,125
1,145

Asian, n.o.s.
2,010
960
1,045

Hawaiian
1,955
110
1,840

Zairian
1,885
1,390
495

Yoruba
1,875
1,340
535

Tanzanian
1,865
830
1,030

Ashanti
1,860
1,325
540

Bermudan
1,845
205
1,640

Bolivian
1,795
865
935

Polynesian
1,745
310
1,435

Kittitian/Nevisian
1,730
730
1,000

Senegalese
1,675
1,045
630

Bahamian
1,585
360
1,225

Djiboutian
1,495
N/A
N/A

Yemeni
1,445
685
760

Singaporeans
1,390

Carib
1,330
70
1,255

Maori
1,305
135
1,170

Afrikaner
1,250
310
935

Igbo
1,200
850
355

Kosovar
1,200
960
245

Libyan
1,180
795
390

Ivoirean
1,120
655
465

Guinean, n.o.s.
1,120
710
415

Angolan
1,110
615
490

Saudi Arabian
1,080
660
420

Montenegrin
1,055
230
820

Puerto Rican
1,045
130
915

Pashtun
1,040
540
500

Oromo
1,030
710
320

"Texan"
1,000
700
300

Seychellois
980
605
370

Georgian
970
385
580

Tatar
875
370
505

Kuwaiti
855
585
275

Malian
815
480
340

Malagasy
780
415
365

Paraguayan
760
125
640

Togolese
755
480
275

Akan
750
505
240

Belizean
725
225
500

Martinique
605
140
460

Hmong
595
455
140

Sierra Leonean
565
350
220

Kashmiri
480
210
275

Pacific Islander, n.i.e.
390
125
265

Cornish (see Cornish people)
365
N/A
1,550

Manx (see Manx people)
350
N/A
N/A