document_title: World of Dance (season 2)

question_text: who won world of dance on september 12 2018

text: World of Dance (season 2)

text: Production[edit]

text: Season 2 was taped between January and March 2018 at Universal Studios Hollywood; about two months before first airing.

text: Format changes[edit]

text: While the format for season 2 remained relatively unchanged, there were a few slight alterations. Season 2 received a 16-episode order.,[2] six more than the ten-episode first season. Additionally, this season, a fourth category, Junior Team, was added for acts under 18 with 5 or more members. The qualifier rounds are cut down from a two minutes to an one-minute routine. The Duels are cut down from two minutes to a ´75 seconds´-routine. The top three highest-scoring acts in The Cut from each division will move on to The Divisional Final, in last season it was just the top two. The Cut, Divisional and World Final rounds are cut down from a two minutes to a '90 seconds'-routine. In The Cut and Divisional Final guess celebrities are assigned as mentors to each division. On World Final there are intermezzo shows. This season by Les Twins, Keone & Mari (actually Mariel) Madrid, Kinjaz and Derek Hough.

text: Show concept[edit]

text: In preparation for season two, handpicked competitors, being talented in any styles of dancing, from qualifying events around the nation and thousands of online submissions, are divided into four  divisions: Junior (groups of 1-4, under 18), Upper (groups of 1-4, 18 and older), Junior Team (groups of 5+, under 18) and Upper Team (groups of 5+, 18 and older). In some cases dancers who didn't apply were directly contacted by the producers or their agents.

text: The elimination process of the contestants are in four rounds:

text:
The Qualifiers - The contestants have to qualify with at least 80 points to make it to The Duels.
The Duels - The contestants choose their opponent starting with the highest scorer from the qualifiers. If the number of contestants in a division is uneven, the last duel will be competed by the three remaining opponents that were unpicked previously. The winner of the dual is the contestant/s with the highest score who then move on to The Cut.
The Cut - Mentors are assigned to each division to prepare the contestants for their performances. The top three scoring acts in each division move on to Divisional Final.
Divisional Final - The mentors still support the contestants from each division. A guest judge joins the panel to four judges. The top scoring act in each division will become division champion and move on to the World Final.[3]

tag: ol

text: In the World Final all four division champions will compete for the $1,000,000 USD grand prize. The concept of last season is copied; every contestant will perform twice in two separate rounds. The average score of both rounds by each contestant will make their final score. The contestant(s) with the highest final score will be crowned World of Dance champion 2018 and will win the $1,000,000 USD grand prize.

text: Scoring[edit]

text: The judges are scoring in 5 categories. Each category is worth 20 points, with a perfect score of 100:

text:
Performance (20 points):
Effort: How many different elements put into the routine without overloading or rushing through it. What was the whole effort to dance the performance by the act.
Personality: How characters and personality put into the performance, in the sense of acting to stimulate emotions by the audience, telling a story or framing pictures.
Technique  (20 points):
Transitions: How smooth and elegant the transitions from move to move were without lacking a performance moment.
Cleanness: How synchronized, ordered by a pattern, precise and committed the movements were within the act.
Execution: How flawless the execution of the performance by the act was to the performance song.
Choreography  (20 points):
Difficulty: How difficult it was to perform the figures and movements by the act from judges point of view.
Musicality: How well pictures, figures and movements were choreographed to the sound and beat of the performance song.
Tricks: Are unexpected show elements included by properties, clothing or the bodies of the dancers and how well was it done.
Creativity  (20 points):
Originality: How unique, new, fresh and interesting was the performance.
Artistic Choices: What styles of dancing were shown and merged. How well was it done regarding basic dance styles and style culture, e.g. costumes, shoes. The performance song and the use of properties are artistic choices as well. How well did they fit to the performance.
Dynamics: How energizing and powerful the performance was and how much action was on stage.
Presentation  (20 points):
Crowd Appeal: How the crowd around the show stage reacted to the performance.
Impact: How memorable, influential and worth talking about it later the performance was.

text: Judges, host and mentors[edit]

text:
Jennifer Lopez, Ne-Yo, and Derek Hough returned as the series judges, with Jenna Dewan returning as host.[4]
Misty Copeland, who judged in season 1, is announced coming back as guest judge for the Divisional Final, with Julianne Hough, Mel B, Savion Glover and Paula Abdul also joining as guest mentors for The Cut.[5]

text:
Tony Award winner Savion Glover will collaborate with judge Jennifer Lopez with the Junior Team division. Actress, dancer, singer and Emmy Award-winning choreographer Julianne Hough, who will be working with her brother, judge Derek Hough, in the Upper division. “America’s Got Talent” judge Mel B will join forces with judge Ne-Yo in mentoring the Junior division. World-renowned dancer/choreographer Paula Abdul will team with host/mentor Jenna Dewan in the Upper Team division
Grammy Award-winning and multi-platinum selling artist Ciara joining as guest mentor during the Divisional Final as well (airing Wednesday, Sept. 5 at 9 p.m. ET/PT).

text: Three weeks after the season finale host Jenna Dewan publicly announced that she would not return as host for season 3. “It has been an absolute thrill to be a part of this incredible, groundbreaking show from the very beginning, and I am forever grateful“. While she may not return for season 3 as a host she confirmed she would be returning briefly as a mentor.

text: Dancers[edit]

text: The acts competing in season 2 were released by People on May 1, 2018 and Bustle.[6][7] The list of contestants who made it to The Duels is published by NewsWeek, except Elektro Elite and ThaMOST (s.below).[8] The ages for each dance act were made available on the World of Dance website.

text:
Table key

Key

Description

Contestant(s) came in first in the World Final and won the competition

Contestant(s) didn't win in the World Final

Contestant(s) has/have qualified for the Divisional Final but didn't make it to The World Final

Contestant(s) has/have qualified for The Cut but didn't make it to The Divisional Final

Contestant(s) has/have qualified for The Duels but didn't make it to The Cut

Contestant(s) did not advance in The Qualifiers

text: Junior (under 18, up to 4 members)[edit]

text:
Dance act

Age(s)

Hometown

Dance style

Elimination date

Placement

Charity & Andres

18

Springville, Utah

Contemporary

-

World Final (3rd Place)

Sean & Kaycee

16/15

Los Angeles, California

Hip Hop Fusion

September 5, 2018

Division Final

Jaxon Willard

16

American Fork, Utah

Contemporary

September 5, 2018

Division Final

Josh & Taylor

18/15

Edmonton, Canada

Hip Hop

August 29, 2018

Cut

Avery & Marcus

13/17

San Clemente, California / Scottsdale, Arizona

Contemporary/Ballet

August 29, 2018

Cut

Jonas & Ruby

14/15

Miami, Florida

Ballroom

August 29, 2018

Cut

Madison Brown

12

Wellington, Florida

Contemporary

August 29, 2018

Cut

Victoria Caban

14

Jersey City, New Jersey

Flamenco

August 29, 2018

Cut

3 Xtreme

13-15

Bergen County, New Jersey

Hip Hop

August 1, 2018

Duels

Daniel & Mishella

10

Los Angeles, California

Ballroom

August 15, 2018

Duels

Elektro Elite

14-16*

Gilbert, Arizona

Hip Hop

August 15, 2018

Duels [9]

Eva Igo1

15

Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota

Contemporary

July 25, 2018

Duels

FRESHH

14-16

Vancouver, Canada

Hip Hop

August 8, 2018

Duels

Lucas Marinetto

14

Leesburg, Virginia

Tap

August 8, 2018

Duels

Second to None

13-15

San Diego, California

Tap

August 15, 2018

Duels

Vivian Ruiz

16

Miami, Florida

Contemporary

August 1, 2018

Duels

The Gentlemen

-

Fairfield, California

Hip Hop

July 17, 2018

Qualifiers

text: Ages of Elektro Elite are taken from a personal Q&A video.

text: Junior Team (under 18, 5-15 members)[edit]

text:
Dance act

Age(s)

Hometown

Dance style

Elimination date

Placement

The Lab1

8-16

West Covina, California

Hip Hop

-

Winners

Fabulous Sisters

11-17

Fukushima, Japan

Urban Dance

September 5, 2018

Division Final

The Rock Company

10-16

Las Vegas, Nevada

Contemporary

September 5, 2018

Division Final

Expressenz

14-17

Indianapolis, Indiana

Contemporary

August 22, 2018

Cut

FLIP

15-17

Quebec, Canada

Whacking

August 22, 2018

Cut

The Pulse

15-17

Orem, Utah

Ballroom

August 22, 2018

Cut

Quad Squad

11-17

Anaheim Hills, California

Contemporary

August 22, 2018

Cut

Cubcakes Dance Crew

9-12

Orange County, California

Hip Hop

August 8, 2018

Duels

Dem Raider Boyz

15-17

Greenbelt, Maryland

Stepping

August 8, 2018

Duels

Girl Cool

11-17

Los Angeles, California

Jazz/Fusion

August 15, 2018

Duels

Iowa Girlz

12-16

Pleasant Hill, Iowa

Contemporary

August 15, 2018

Duels

Lil Killaz Crew

11-17

Minsk, Belarus

B-Boying

August 1, 2018

Duels

RASCALS

9-17

Waipahu, Hawaii

Hip Hop

July 25, 2018

Duels

Tribe Unleashed

11-17

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Hip Hop

August 15, 2018

Duels

The Untouchables

10-17

Miami, Florida

Ballroom

July 25, 2018

Duels

text: Upper (18 and over, up to 4 members)[edit]

text:
Dance act

Age(s)

Hometown

Dance style

Elimination date

Placement

Michael Dameski

22

Sydney, Australia

Contemporary

-

World Final (Runner-up)

Karen y Ricardo

23/24

Santiago, Chile

Latin Cabaret

September 5, 2018

Division Final

Ashley & Zack

24/26

Los Angeles, California

Contemporary

September 5, 2018

Division Final

Alisa & Joseph

23/30

Estonia & Greece

Urban Dance

August 22, 2018

Cut

BDash & Konkrete

27/29

Los Angeles, California

Krumping

August 22, 2018

Cut

DNA1

28/32

New York City, New York

Ballroom

August 22, 2018

Cut

MarInspired

23/27

Los Angeles, California

Contemporary

August 22, 2018

Cut

Angyil

25

Kansas, Missouri

Popping

July 25, 2018

Duels

Dragon House

24-27

Atlanta, Georgia

Animation

August 1, 2018

Duels

Elektro Botz

19-21

Tempe, Arizona

Popping

August 1, 2018

Duels

L & J

24 & 30

Calgary, Canada & Paris, France

Contemporary

August 15, 2018

Duels

Luka & Jenalyn1

17/20

Toronto, Canada

Cabaret Ballroom

July 25, 2018

Duels

Morning Of Owl

Suwon, South Korea

Street Fusion

August 15, 2018

Duels

Pasha & Daniella

24/31

New York City, New York

Ballroom

July 25, 2018

Duels

Hilty & Bosch

35/36

Osaka, Japan

Locking

May 29, 2018

Qualifiers

St Kingz

-

Tokyo, Japan

Hip Hop/Comedy

July 10, 2018

Qualifiers

text: Upper Team (18 and over, 5-15 members)[edit]

text:
Dance act

Age(s)

Hometown

Dance style

Elimination date

Placement

S-Rank

13-27

Los Angeles, California

Hip Hop

-

World Final (4th Place)

The Ruggeds

21-30

Eindhoven, Netherlands

B-Boying

September 5, 2018

Division Final

Poreotics

20-29

Los Angeles, California

Hip Hop

September 5, 2018

Division Final

The Bradas

19-23

Auckland, New Zealand

Hip Hop

August 29, 2018

Cut

Connection

14-24

Chihuahua, Mexico

Hip Hop

August 29, 2018

Cut

Desi Hoppers

20-28

Mumbai, India

Hip Hop

August 29, 2018

Cut

Embodiment

15-28

Los Angeles, California

Contemporary

August 29, 2018

Cut

Lock 'N lol Crew

20-31

Seoul, South Korea

Hip Hop/Lockin'

August 29, 2018

Cut

Brotherhood

20-28

Vancouver, Canada

Hip Hop

August 15, 2018

Duels

Funkywunks

17-28

Orlando, Florida

Hip Hop

August 8, 2018

Duels

The Jam Project

20-32

Washington D.C.

Tap

July 25, 2018

Duels

Marissa & The Heartbreakers

20-29

Los Angeles, California

Heels

August 8, 2018

Duels

Opus Dance Collective

16-24

Toronto, Ontario

Contemporary

August 1, 2018

Duels

Pursuit

19-22

Los Angeles, California

Contemporary

August 8, 2018

Duels

Royal Flux1

20-28

Los Angeles, California

Contemporary

August 1, 2018

Duels

ThaMOST

San Diego, California

Hip Hop

August 15, 2018 [10]

Duels

LD Dance Company

-

Houston, Texas

Samba

June 12, 2018

Qualifiers

Silver Beat

-

Rwanda / London, United Kingdom

Afrodance

June 26, 2018

Qualifiers

text: ^1  This dance act competed on Season 1 of World of Dance

text: The Qualifiers[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The qualifier round took place between May 29, 2018 and July 24. In each round of the Qualifiers, the dance acts performed a 1-minute routine in front of the judges and a live studio audience. For a dance act to move to the next round, they had to receive an average score of 80 or higher. Karen y Ricardo was the first dance act of the season (and the second in the show's history) to receive a score of 100 from one or more of the judges, setting up an all-time show high score of 99.7 points, until Charity & Andres became the first act in the show's history to receive a perfect score of 100 in The Duels.

text:
Table key

Key

Description

Contestant(s) did not qualify

text:
Contestant performances and Judges' score

Date

Name

Division

Performance song

Judges' score

Ne-Yo

Jennifer

Derek

Average

May 29

Desi Hoppers

Upper Team

"Shape of You" - Ed Sheeran[a]

98

94

96

96

Sean & Kaycee

Junior

"Silence" - Marshmello (ft. Khalid)

97

96

95

96

S-Rank

Upper Team

"One Time Comin" - YG

92

91

90

91

Jaxon Willard

Junior

"Fragile" - Kygo & Labrinth

95

96

91

94

FLIP

Junior Team

"Feeling Good" - Avicii

81

83

84

82.7

Hilty & Bosch

Upper

"Bad Man" - Pitbull

79

78

78

78.3

Karen y Ricardo

Upper

"Pégate" - Ricky Martin

100

100

99

99.7

June 5

The Lab

Junior Team

"Take It to da House" - Trick Daddy

95

92

95

94

Pasha & Daniella

Upper

"Limit to Your Love" - James Blake

79

93

87

86.3

Connection

Upper Team

"Mi Gente" - J Balvin ft. Willy William

90

92

90

90.7

Charity & Andres

Junior

"Say You Won't Let Go" - James Arthur

97

96

93

95.3

BDash & Konkrete

Upper

"Moves" - Big Sean

96

93

94

94.3

Fabulous Sisters

Junior Team

"Beethoven Scherzo" - David Garrett

94

93

97

94.7

June 12

The Ruggeds

Upper Team

"Right Here, Right Now" - Fatboy Slim

82

83

85

83.3

Josh & Taylor

Junior

"Bellyache" - Billie Eilish (Marian Hill Remix)

94

94

92

93.3

Lock 'N lol Crew

Upper Team

80

79

84

81

Michael Dameski

Upper

"Mercy" - Shawn Mendes

90

95

93

92.7

LD Dance Company

Upper Team

"Danza Kuduro" - Don Omar

79

73

71

74.3

Rascals

Junior Team

"Let's Go" - Travis Barker

83

83

88

84.7

Elektro Botz

Upper

"Fireflies" - Owl City

93

88

86

89

June 19

Jonas & Ruby

Junior

"Legend" - The Score

85

87

82

84.7

The Bradas

Upper Team

"I Mean It" - G-Eazy

86

92

85

87.7

Lucas Marinetto

Junior

"Levels" - Nick Jonas

82

84

82

82.7

Expressenz

Junior Team

"Something in the Water" - Carrie Underwood

84

90

87

87

Poreotics

Upper Team

"TRNDSTTR" - Black Coast ft. M. Maggie (Lucian Remix)

87

90

87

88

Eva Igo

Junior

"I Ran(So Far Away)" - Hidden Citizens

96

95

94

95

June 26

Embodiment

Upper Team

“Believer” - Imagine Dragons

80

88

86

84.7

Daniel & Mishella

Junior

Runaway Baby” - Bruno Mars

80

87

81

82.7

Marissa & The Heartbreakers

Upper Team

“Love So Soft” - Kelly Clarkson (Cash Cash Remix)

83

86

82

83.7

Madison Brown

Junior

“The Fire” - Bishop Briggs

84

88

89

87

Freshh

Junior

“Like That” - Memphis Bleek

83

84

85

84

Silver Beat

Upper Team

“Recebe” - Black House

80

77

79

78.7

Royal Flux

Upper Team

”Don’t You Cry for Me” - Cobi

82

91

88

87

June 26

DNA

Upper

"O Fortuna" - Carmina Burana - Carl Orff

85

89

89

87.7

Brotherhood

Upper Team

“Run It” - Chris Brown

81

75

85

80.3

Vivian Ruiz

Junior

“You Don’t Do It for Me Anymore” - Demi Lovato

83

84

82

83

The Untouchables

Junior Team

"Instruction" - Jax Jones and Demi Lovato

87

89

90

88.7

St Kingz

Upper

"Bang Bang" - will.i.am

79

78

80

79

Ashley & Zack

Upper

"Versace on the Floor" - Bruno Mars

84

84

87

85

The Rock Company

Junior Team

"Imagine" - Emeli Sandé

97

97

96

96.7

July 17

Cubcakes Dance Crew

Junior Team

Swalla" - Jason Derulo

84

85

80

83

Luka & Jenalyn

Upper

"Down" - Marian Hill

88

86

87

87

The Jam Project

Upper Team

"25 or 6 to 4" - Chicago

82

83

84

83

Marinspired

Upper

"Issues" - Julia Michaels

88

96

90

91.3

Alisa & Joseph

Upper

"Stand by Me" - Ben E. King

92

94

86

90.7

The Gentlemen

Junior

"Another Love Song" - Judge

81

79

79

79.7

Dragon House

Upper

"Unforgettable" - French Montana

81

80

79

80

Quad Squad

Junior Team

"Sorry Not Sorry" - Demi Lovato

91

86

90

89

July 24

Victoria Caban

Junior

“Te Amo” - Rihanna

89

93

90

90.7

Pursuit

Upper Team

"All Time Low" - Jon Bellion

86

89

86

87

L & J

Upper

"What About Us" - Pink

94

89

88

90.3

The Pulse

Junior Team

"Bailar" - Deorro

78

84

79

80.3

Avery & Marcus

Junior

"Jungle" - Jamie N Common & X Ambassadors

85

83

84

84

FunkyWunks

Upper Team

"Sexy and I Know It" - LMFAO

89

87

85

87

Morning of Owl

Upper

"Go" - The Chemical Brothers.

82

86

84

84

Iowa Girls

Junior Team

Everybody Wants to Rule the World - Lorde

-

-

-

87.3

Dem Raider Boys

Junior Team

G.D.F.R. - Flo Rida

-

-

-

84

Girl Cool

Junior Team

Feel It Still - Portugal. The Man

-

-

-

81.7

Second To None

Junior

Glorious - Macklemore

-

-

-

82.7

Lil Killaz Crew

Junior Team

"It's Just Begun" - The Jimmy Castor Bunch

-

-

-

83

Opus Dance Collective

Upper Team

Green Light - Lorde

-

-

-

80.7

3 Xtreme

Junior

Mic Drop - BTS

-

-

-

83.3

Tribe Unleashed

Junior Team

Hollaback Girl - Gwen Stefani

-

-

-

83

Angyil

Upper

Confessions Part II - Usher

-

-

-

85.3

text: Jump up ^ Desi Hoppers used a remix of "Shape of You" that incorporated Indian drums.

text:
Some average scores are taken from a summary clip from the TV broadcast of part 8.
Elektro Elite has qualified with 80 points and ThaMOST with 84 points, but neither performance was posted as a Digital Exclusive, nor are the acts listed on NBC World of Dance website.

text: The Duels[edit]

text:
In each round of The Duels, two acts in the same division compete for a spot in the next round. In each division, the acts with the top qualifying scores choose their opponents, then both acts perform back-to-back, receiving feedback from the judges. The act with the highest average at the end of the duel moves on to the next round; the other faces immediate elimination.
Charity & Andres earned the first perfect score in the show's run during The Duels.

text:
Table key

Key

Description

Contestant(s) was/were eliminated by a duel

text:
The Qualifiers scores

Rank

Upper

Upper Team

Junior

Junior Team

Name

Score

Name

Score

Name

Score

Name

Score

1st

Karen y Ricardo

99.7

Desi Hoppers

96.0

Sean & Kaycee

96.0

The Rock Company

96.7

2nd

BDash & Konkrete

94.3

S-Rank

91.0

Charity & Andres

95.3

Fabulous Sisters

94.7

3rd

Michael Dameski

92.7

Connection

90.7

Eva Igo

95.0

The Lab

94.0

4th

MarInspired

91.3

Poreotics

88.0

Jaxon Willard

94.0

Quad Squad

89.0

5th

Alisa & Joseph

90.7

The Bradas

87.7

Josh & Taylor

93.3

The Untouchables

88.7

6th

L & J

90.3

Funkywunks

87.0

Victoria Caban

90.7

Iowa Girlz

87.3

7th

Elektro Botz

89.0

Pursuit

87.0

Madison Brown

87.0

Expressenz

87.0

8th

DNA

87.7

Royal Flux

87.0

Jonas & Ruby

84.7

Rascals

84.7

9th

Luka & Jenalyn

87.0

Embodiment

84.7

Avery & Marcus

84.0

Dem Raider Boyz

84.0

10th

Pasha & Daniella

86.3

ThaMOST

84.0

FRESHH

84.0

Tribe Unleashed

83.0

11th

Angyil

85.3

Marissa & The Heartbreakers

83.7

3 Xtreme

83.3

Lil Killaz Crew

83.0

12th

Ashley & Zack

85.0

The Ruggeds

83.3

Vivian Ruiz

83.0

Cubcakes Dance Crew

83.0

13th

Morning Of Owl

84.0

The Jam Project

83.0

Daniel & Mishella

82.7

FLIP

82.7

14th

Dragon House

80.0

Lock 'N lol Crew

81.0

Lucas Marinetto

82.7

Girl Cool

81.7

15th

Opus Dance Collective

80.7

Second to None

82.7

The Pulse

80.3

16th

Brotherhood

80.3

Elektro Elite

80.0

text: The Duel Picks[edit]

text: Opponent selection proceeded according to rank within each division, but performances have been arranged to spread the favorites among the episodes, in an effort to keep ratings up across all episodes.

text:
Contestant performances and Judges' scores

Date

Division

Name

Performance song

Judges' score

Ne-Yo

Jennifer

Derek

Average

July 25

Upper

Karen y Ricardo

"La Malanga" - Mercado Negro

97

99

99

98.3

Luka & Jenalyn

"Seven Nation Army" - The White Stripes

90

92

95

92.3

Junior Team

The Untouchables

"Warriors" - Imagine Dragons

89

89

90

89.3

Expressenz

"Say Something" - A Great Big World

93

95

94

94

Upper

Pasha & Daniella

"Faded" - ZHU

85

89

91

88.3

BDash & Konkrete

"Moonlight Sonata" - Covered Record

95

94

94

94.3

Junior Team

Rascals

"Snap Yo Fingers" - Lil Jon and E-40

97

94

92

94.3

The Fabulous Sisters

"Shatter Me" - Lindsey Stirling

95

96

96

95.7

Upper

Michael Dameski

"Hanging On" - Ellie Goulding

95

94

95

94.7

Angyil

"Down the Road" - C2C.

90

87

88

88.3

Upper Team

The Bradas

"Caught Up" - Usher

90

90

89

89.7

The Jam Project

"I Feel Good" - James Brown

86

88

91

88.3

Junior

Eva Igo

Praying - Kesha

94

91

91

92

Avery & Marcus

Now or Never - Halsey

95

93

92

93.3

August 1

Junior Team

The Lab

"Lean Back" - Terror Squad

95

95

95

95

Lil Killaz Crew

"Pump It" - The Black Eyed Peas

84

87

86

85.7

Upper

Alisa & Joseph

"One in a Million" - Ne-Yo

88

87

88

87.7

Elektro Botz

"XO Tour Llif3" - Lil Uzi Vert

85

85

91

87

Upper Team

Opus Dance Collective

"Stone Cold" - Demi Lovato

80

85

85

83.3

Desi Hoppers

"Talk Dirty" - Jason Derulo[a]

90

90

91

90.3

Junior

3 Xtreme

"Burn Up the Dance" - Dillon Francis

86

87

88

87

Sean & Kaycee

"Grimey" - TroyBoi

95

93

92

93.3

Upper Team

Royal Flux

"I Am Here" - Pink

86

89

90

88.3

Lock and LoL Crew

"Run Boy Run" - Woodkid

89

89

90

89.3

Upper

MarInspired

"Sign of the Times" - Harry Styles

85

87

88

86.7

Dragon House

"Break Ya Neck" - Busta Rhymes

85

84

90

86.3

Junior

Vivian Ruiz

"Came Here for Love" - Sigala

95

96

96

95.7

Charity & Andres

"Way Down We Go" - Kaleo

100

100

100

100

August 8

Junior

Lucas Marinetto

"Green Light" - John Legend

86

89

89

88

Jaxon Willard

"Surprise Yourself" - Jack Garratt

97

98

93

96

Upper Team

Marissa & The Heartbreakers

"Do It Like a Dude" - Jessie J

81

85

85

83.7

Poreotics

"Need You" - Dillon Francis.

86

89

88

87.7

Junior

Jonas & Ruby

"Santa Maria" - The Gotan Project

90

90

94

91.3

Freshh

"It Takes Two" - Rob Base and DJ EZ Rock

90

88

86

88

Upper Team

Pursuit

"Go Off" - M.I.A.

80

84

83

82.3

The Ruggeds

"Come Down."  - Anderson Paak

85

84

85

84.7

Junior Team

Flip

"Galvanize" - Beethoven/The Chemical Brother

90

88

93

90.3

Dem Raider Boyz

"Pump It Up" - Joe Budden

86

84

86

85.3

Cubcakes Dance Crew

"That's Not My Name" - The Ting Tings

88

88

88

88

Upper Team

Connection

"My Humps" - Black Eyed Peas.

85

86

85

85.3

FunkyWunks

"U Can't Touch This" -  MC Hammer

84

85

86

85

August 15

Junior

Victoria Caban

"Havana" - Camila Cabello

94

96

92

94

Daniel & Mishella

"Sax" - Fleur East

86

87

88

87

Upper Team

S-RANK

"Drop It Like It's Hot" - Snoop Dogg Feat. Pharrell Williams

97

92

94

94.3

ThaMOST

"Temperature" - Sean Paul

85

85

85

85

Junior

Second To None

"Classic" - MKTO

88

83

88

86.3

Josh & Taylor

"Fallin'" - Alicia Keys

90

95

92

92.3

Upper

L&J

"I Like The Way" - Bodyrockers

84

87

87

86

DNA

"Proud Mary"  - Tina Turner

88

89

88

88.3

Junior Team

Girl Cool

"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" - Nancy Sinatra

84

Quad Squad

"Shout" - The Isley Brothers

93

Junior

Madison Brown

"Game of Survival" - Ruelle

86.3

Elektro Elite

"D.A.N.C.E." - Justice

83.3

Junior Team

Tribe Unleashed

"It's Tricky" - Run-D.M.C.

82.7

The Rock Company

"Love, Reign O'er Me" - Lovelife's remix of The Who

85.7

Junior Team

Iowa Girls

"Never Forget You" - Zara Larsson

84

The Pulse

"Amor, Amor, Amor" - Jennifer Lopez

84.3

Upper

Ashley & Zack

"Don't Wanna Think" - Julia Michaels

91

92

93

92

Morning Of Owl

"The Rockafeller Skank" - Fatboy Slim

94

90

91

91.7

Upper Team

Embodiment

"Pray" - Sam Smith

94

93

93

93.3

Brotherhood

"HUMBLE" - Kendrick Lamar

94

91

93

92.7

text: Jump up ^ Desi Hoppers used a remix of "Talk Dirty" that incorporated Indian drums.

text: Some average scores are taken from a summary clip from the TV broadcast of part 4.

text: The Cut[edit]

text: In The Cut, the 30 remaining acts compete for three spots in each of their divisions. As each dance act competes, their final score is displayed on a leaderboard for their division. Once a dance act's score falls out of the top 3, they face immediate elimination. For this round, each of the judges and the host, Jenna Dewan, became mentors for one of the four divisions; They were also joined by four guest mentors: Savion Glover, Julianne Hough, Paula Abdul, and Mel B. Jennifer & Savion worked with the Junior Teams, Derek & Julianne worked with the Upper acts, Jenna & Paula worked with the Upper Teams, and Ne-Yo & Mel B worked with the Junior acts.

text:
The Duels scores

Rank

Upper

Upper Team

Junior

Junior Team

Name

Score

Name

Score

Name

Score

Name

Score

1st

Karen y Ricardo

98.3

S-Rank

94.3

Charity & Andres

100

The Fabulous Sisters

95.7

2nd

Michael Dameski

94.7

Embodiment

93.3

Jaxon Willard

96

The Lab

95

3rd

BDash & Konkrete

94.3

Desi Hoppers

90.3

Victoria Caban

94

Expressenz

94

4th

Ashley & Zack

92

The Bradas

89.7

Avery & Marcus

93.3

Quad Squad

93

5th

DNA

88.7

Lock and LoL Crew

89.3

Sean & Kaycee

93.3

Flip

90.3

6th

Alisa & Joseph

87.7

Poreotics

87.7

Josh & Taylor

92.3

The Rock Company

85.7

7th

MarInspired

86.7

Connection

85.3

Jonas & Ruby

91.3

The Pulse

84.3

8th

The Ruggeds

84.7

Madison Brown

86.3

text:
Contestant performances and Judges' scores

Date

Division

Name

Performance song

Judges' score

Ne-Yo

Jennifer

Derek

Average

August 22

Junior Team

Flip

"Big Breakdown" - Hans Dulfer & Candy Dulfer / "Perm" - Bruno Mars

87

88

90

88.3

Expressenz

"California Dreamin'" - Sia

86

87

88

87

The Pulse

"Another One Bites the Dust" - Hidden Citizens

88

The Lab

"Cold Water" - Major Lazer ft. Justin Bieber & MØ

100

97

98

98.3

Quad Squad

"Blame" - Calvin Harris

86.0

The Rock Company

"Hallelujah" - Jeff Buckley

93

93

95

93.7

The Fabulous Sisters

"Black and Gold" - Sam Sparro

94

97

98

96.3

Upper

Michael Dameski

"Lay Me Down" - Sam Smith

91

95

93

93

DNA

"I Could Fall in Love" - Selena

90

89

89

89.3

Alisa & Joseph

"Rather Be" - Clean Bandit

86.3

BDash & Konkrete

"Something Just Like This" - The Chainsmokers & Coldplay

92

91

90

91

MarInspired

"Make Me (Cry)" - Noah Cyrus

88

87

88

87.7

Ashley & Zack

"Fix You" - Coldplay

90

91

93

91.3

Karen y Ricardo

"Caminare" - Marc Anthony

100

99

98

99

August 29

Upper Team

Desi Hoppers

"Like A G6" - Far East Movement ft. The Cataracs & Dev[a]

92

90

90

90.7

Embodiment

"Gravity" - John Mayer

89

91

93

91

Lock and LoL Crew

"Get Up Offa That Thing" - James Brown

86.7

The Bradas

"I'll Show You" - Justin Bieber

90

88

89

89

Connection

"Scream" - Usher

94

91

89

91.3

Poreotics

"A Thousand Miles" - Vanessa Carlton[b]

93

91

91

91.7

The Ruggeds

"Not Giving In" - Rudimental ft. John Newman & Alex Clare

92

92

94

92.7

S-Rank

"DNA" - Kendrick Lamar

91

93

93

92.3

Junior

Josh & Taylor

"Latch" - Disclosure ft. Sam Smith

86

83

87

85.3

Victoria Caban

"Titanium" - David Guetta ft. Sia

85.3

Jonas & Ruby

"Animals" - Martin Garrix

85

89

91

88.3

Madison Brown

"American Funeral" - Alex da Kid ft. Joseph Angel

85.7

Sean & Kaycee

"Can I Be Him" - James Arthur

88

94

94

92.0

Avery & Marcus

"Thunder" - Imagine Dragons

85

86

85

85.3

Charity & Andres

"Waves" - Dean Lewis

89

93

96

92.7

Jaxon Willard

"Higher" - The Score

90

90

92

90.7

text:
Jump up ^ Desi Hoppers used a remix of "Like A G6" that incorporated Indian drums.

Jump up ^ Poreotics used a remix of "A Thousand Miles" that incorporated a jelly donut edm soundtrack, from the comment Derek Hough made about them in The Duels.

text: Divisional Final[edit]

text: In the Divisional Final, the 3 remaining acts in each division square off, with only one act going to the World Final to represent their division. Same as The Cut, each of the judges and the host, Jenna Dewan, became mentors for one of the four divisions. Jennifer mentored the Upper acts, Derek worked with the Junior Teams, Ne-Yo worked with the Upper Teams, and Jenna worked with the Junior acts. Guest mentor Ciara helped each division in their practice as well. Guest judge Misty Copeland joined the panel for this segment.

text:
Table key

Key

Description

Contestant(s) didn't make it to the World Final

text:
The Cut scores

Rank

Upper

Upper Team

Junior

Junior Team

Name

Score

Name

Score

Name

Score

Name

Score

1st

Karen y Ricardo

99.0

The Ruggeds

92.7

Charity & Andres

92.7

The Lab

98.3

2nd

Michael Dameski

93.0

S-Rank

92.3

Sean & Kaycee

92.0

The Fabulous Sisters

96.3

3rd

Ashley & Zack

91.3

Poreotics

91.7

Jaxon Willard

90.7

The Rock Company

93.7

text:
Contestant performances and Judges' scores

Date

Division

Name

Performance song

Judges' score

Ne-Yo

Misty

Jennifer

Derek

Average

September 5

Upper

Karen y Ricardo

"Bemba Colora" - Celia Cruz

95

94

96

96

95.3

Ashley & Zack

"Gravity" - Alex & Sierra

84

86

87

90

86.8

Michael Dameski

"Madness" - Ruelle

100

98

95

98

97.8

Junior Team

The Lab

"Lemon" - N.E.R.D & Rihanna

100

99

100

100

99.8

The Rock Company

"Find Me" - Sigma ft. Birdy

91

92

91

92

91.5

The Fabulous Sisters

"Wrecking Ball" - Miley Cyrus[a]

93

92

91

92

92

Upper Team

The Ruggeds

"Iron" - Woodkid

92

90

92

92

91.5

S-Rank

"Gas Pedal" - Sage the Gemini ft. IamSu

96

93

94

93

94

Poreotics

"Bangarang" - Skrillex ft. Sirah

85

87

87

88

86.8

Junior

Charity & Andres

"Castle" - Halsey

93

93

92

94

93

Jaxon Willard

"Blind Faith" - Johnny Manuel

87

89

87

88

87.8

Sean & Kaycee

"The Way I Do" - Bishop Briggs

91

92

95

91

92.3

text: Jump up ^ The Fabulous Sisters used a remix of "Wrecking Ball" that incorporated Japanese sounds and beats.

text: World Final[edit]

text: In the World Final, the final 4 division champions competed head to head to win the one million dollar prize. As with the previous 2 rounds, the judges and the host, Jenna, became mentors for each of the finalists. Derek worked with Charity & Andres, Jennifer worked with S-Rank, Jenna worked with Michael Dameski, and Ne-Yo worked with The Lab. Each of the 4 finalists performed twice. The first performance's music was chosen by their judge, or Jenna, and the second was chosen by the finalist. After each performance, the final scores were displayed on a leaderboard. The winner of the World Finals was determined by the judges combined average scores from both performances. After the first four performances, Season 1's Divisional Finalists Kinjaz and Keone & Mari performed with Derek Hough. Season 1's winner Les Twins also performed before the crowning. After the final performances, The Lab were announced as the winners of World of Dance; their final combined score of 97.5 beat out Michael Dameski by 1.5 points.

text:
Table key

Key

Description

Contestant(s) didn't win the competition

text:
The Divisional Final scores

Upper

Upper Team

Junior

Junior Team

Name

Score

Name

Score

Name

Score

Name

Score

Michael Dameski

97.8

S-Rank

94

Charity & Andres

93

The Lab

99.8

text:
Contestant performances and Judges' scores

Date

Round

Dance Act

Performance song

Judges' score

Ne-Yo

Jennifer

Derek

Average

September 12

1

Charity & Andres

"Ain't No Sunshine (Lido remix)" - Bill Withers

92

96

95

94.3

S-Rank

"Headband" - B.o.B ft. 2 Chainz

91

95

93

93

Michael Dameski

"Dive" - Ed Sheeran

95

97

95

95.7

The Lab

"Work It" - Missy Elliott

97

97

97

97

2

S-Rank

"It's Goin' Down" - Yung Joc ft. Nitti

94

94

94

94

Charity & Andres

"Legendary" - Welshly Arms

96

93

94

94.3

Michael Dameski

"Survivor" - 2WEI

98

96

95

96.3

The Lab

"Waiting on the World to Change" - John Mayer

100

96

98

98

text: Final Scores[edit]

text: 4th S-Rank (93.5)

text: 3rd Charity & Andres (94.3)

text: 2nd Michael Dameski (96)

text: WINNER The Lab (97.5)

text: Highest Scoring Dances[edit]

text:
Dance act

Division

Round

Music

Scores

Charity & Andres

Junior

The Duels

”Way Down We Go"—Kaleo

100 (100, 100, 100)

The Lab

Junior Team

Divisional Final

"Lemon"—N.E.R.D. & Rihanna

99.8 (100, 991, 100, 100)

Karen y Ricardo

Upper

The Qualifiers

"Pégate"—Ricky Martin

99.7 (100, 100, 99)

Karen y Ricardo

Upper

The Cut

"Caminaré"—Marc Anthony

99 (100, 99, 98)

Karen y Ricardo

Upper

The Duels

"La Malanga"—Mercado Negro

98.3 (97, 99, 99)

The Lab

Junior Team

The Cut

"Cold Water"—Major Lazer ft. Justin Bieber & MØ

98.3 (100, 97, 98)

The Lab

Junior Team

World Final

"Waiting on the World to Change"—John Mayer

98 (100, 96, 98)

Michael Dameski

Upper

Divisional Final

"Madness"—Ruelle

97.8 (100, 981, 95, 98)

The Lab

Junior Team

World Final

"Work It"—Missy Elliott

97 (97, 97, 97)

The Rock Company

Junior Team

The Qualifiers

"Imagine"—Emeli Sandé

96.7 (97, 97, 96)

The Fabulous Sisters

Junior Team

The Cut

"Black and Gold"—Sam Sparro

96.3 (94, 97, 98)

Michael Dameski

Upper

World Final

"Survivor" - 2WEI

96.3 (98, 96, 95)

Desi Hoppers

Upper Team

The Qualifiers

"Shape of You"—Ed Sheeran

96 (98, 94, 96)

Jaxon Willard

Junior

The Duels

"Surprise Yourself"—Jack Garratt

96 (97, 98, 93)

Sean & Kaycee

Junior

The Qualifiers

"Silence"—Marshmello ft. Khalid

96 (97, 96, 95)

text: ^1 Misty Copeland joined the Judges panel for Division Final round

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)

1

"The Qualifiers 1"

May 29, 2018
1.7/7
7.17[11]

2

"The Qualifiers 2"

June 5, 2018
1.5/7
6.31[12]

3

"The Qualifiers 3"

June 12, 2018
1.4/6
6.07[13]

4

"The Qualifiers 4"

June 19, 2018
1.4/6
6.22[14]

5

"The Qualifiers 5"

June 26, 2018
1.3/6
6.08[15]

6

"The Qualifiers 6"

July 10, 2018
1.2/6
5.88[16]

7

"The Qualifiers 7"

July 17, 2018
1.3/6
5.90[17]

8

"The Qualifiers 8"

July 24, 2018
1.2/6
5.64[18]

9

"The Duels 1"

July 25, 2018
1.0/5
4.94[19]

10

"The Duels 2"

August 1, 2018
1.1/5
5.33[20]

11

"The Duels 3"

August 8, 2018
1.1/5
4.75[21]

12

"The Duels 4"

August 15, 2018
1.1/5
5.12[22]

13

"The Cut 1"

August 22, 2018
1.2/5
5.05[23]

14

"The Cut 2"

August 29, 2018
1.1/5
5.06[24]

15

"Divisional Final"

September 5, 2018
1.1/5
5.17[25]

16

"World Final"

September 12, 2018
1.1/5
5.58[26]

text: Contestants who appeared on previous season[edit]

text:
Melvin Timtim, of S-Rank, competed in season 1, as a member of Chapkis Dance Family.
Josh Price, of S-Rank, competed in season 1, as a member of ImmaBEAST.
The Lab competed in season 1. They added six new members by The Lab to the lineup of last season.
Sean Lew, of Sean & Kaycee, competed in season 1, as a member of ImmaBEAST.
Taylor Hatala, of Josh & Taylor, competed in season 1 with her dance partner Kyndall Harris as KynTay.
Josh Beauchamp, of Josh & Taylor, competed in season 1, as a member of ImmaBEAST.
Eva Igo, competed in season 1, reached the World Final and finished as runner-up to 'Les Twins'.
Luka & Jenalyn competed in season 1.
Royal Flux competed in season 1.
DNA competed in season 1.
D'Angelo Castro, of The Untouchables, competed in season 1 with his partner Amanda Carbajales.


document_title: Leonardo da Vinci

question_text: when did leonardo da vinci start painting at what age

question_tokens: when did leonardo da vinci start painting at what age

root

text: Leonardo da Vinci

text: Life

text: Childhood, 1452–1466

text: Leonardo was born on 15 April 1452 (Old Style) "at the third hour of the night"[nb 2] in the Tuscan hill town of Vinci, in the lower valley of the Arno river in the territory of the Medici-ruled Republic of Florence.[13] He was the out-of-wedlock son of the wealthy Messer Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci, a Florentine legal notary, and Caterina, a peasant.[12][14][nb 3] Leonardo had no surname in the modern sense – "da Vinci" simply meaning "of Vinci"; his full birth name was "Lionardo di ser Piero da Vinci", meaning "Leonardo, (son) of (Mes)ser Piero from Vinci".[13] The inclusion of the title "ser" indicated that Leonardo's father was a gentleman.

tag: p

text: Little is known about Leonardo's early life. He spent his first five years in the hamlet of Anchiano in the home of his mother, and from 1457 lived in the household of his father, grandparents and uncle in the small town of Vinci. His father had married a sixteen-year-old girl named Albiera Amadori, who loved Leonardo but died young[15] in 1465 without children. When Leonardo was sixteen (1468), his father married again to twenty-year-old Francesca Lanfredini, who also died without children. Piero's legitimate heirs were born from his third wife Margherita di Guglielmo (who gave birth to six children:[16] Antonio, Giulian, Maddalena, Lorenzo, Violante and Domenico) and his fourth and final wife, Lucrezia Cortigiani (who bore him another six children:[17] Margherita, Benedetto, Pandolfo, Guglielmo, Bartolomeo and Giovanni).[18][19]

text: In all, Leonardo had twelve half-siblings, who were much younger than him (the last was born when Leonardo was forty years old) and with whom he had very few contacts, but they caused him difficulty after his father's death in the dispute over the inheritance.[19]

text: Leonardo received an informal education in Latin, geometry and mathematics. In later life, Leonardo recorded only two childhood incidents. One, which he regarded as an omen, was when a kite dropped from the sky and hovered over his cradle, its tail feathers brushing his face.[20] The second occurred while he was exploring in the mountains: he discovered a cave and was both terrified that some great monster might lurk there and driven by curiosity to find out what was inside.[15]

text: Leonardo's early life has been the subject of historical conjecture.[21] Vasari, the 16th-century biographer of Renaissance painters, tells a story of Leonardo as a very young man: A local peasant made himself a round shield and requested that Ser Piero have it painted for him. Leonardo responded with a painting of a monster spitting fire that was so terrifying that Ser Piero sold it to a Florentine art dealer, who sold it to the Duke of Milan. Meanwhile, having made a profit, Ser Piero bought a shield decorated with a heart pierced by an arrow, which he gave to the peasant.[22]

text: Verrocchio's workshop, 1466–1476

text: In 1466, at the age of fourteen, Leonardo was apprenticed to the artist Andrea di Cione, known as Verrocchio, whose bottega (workshop) was "one of the finest in Florence".[23] He apprenticed as a garzone (studio boy) to Andrea del Verrocchio, the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his day (and would do so for 7 years).[24] Other famous painters apprenticed or associated with the workshop include Domenico Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi.[15][25] Leonardo would have been exposed to both theoretical training and a vast range of technical skills,[26] including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics and carpentry as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting and modelling.[27][nb 4]

text: Much of the painted production of Verrocchio's workshop was done by his employees. According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his The Baptism of Christ, painting the young angel holding Jesus' robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again, although this is believed to be apocryphal.[28] Close examination reveals areas that have been painted or touched-up over the tempera using the new technique of oil paint; the landscape, the rocks seen through the brown mountain stream and much of the figure of Jesus bearing witness to the hand of Leonardo.[29] Leonardo may have been the model for two works by Verrocchio: the bronze statue of David in the Bargello and the Archangel Raphael in Tobias and the Angel.[14]

text: By 1472, at the age of twenty, Leonardo qualified as a master in the Guild of Saint Luke, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine,[nb 5] but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate with him.[15] Leonardo's earliest known dated work is a drawing in pen and ink of the Arno valley, drawn on 5 August 1473.[nb 6][25]

text: Professional life, 1476–1513

text: Florentine court records of 1476 show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy but acquitted; homosexual acts were illegal in Renaissance Florence.[14] From that date until 1478 there is no record of his work or even of his whereabouts.[30] In 1478, he left Verrocchio's studio and was no longer a resident at his father's house. One writer, called the Anonimo Gaddiano, claims that in 1480 Leonardo was living with the Medici and working in the Garden of the Piazza San Marco in Florence, a Neo-Platonic academy of artists, poets and philosophers that the Medici had established.[14] In January 1478, he received an independent commission to paint an altarpiece for the Chapel of St. Bernard in the Palazzo Vecchio; in March 1481, he received a second independent commission for The Adoration of the Magi for the monks of San Donato a Scopeto.[31] Neither commission was completed, the second being interrupted when Leonardo went to Milan.

text: In 1482, Leonardo, who according to Vasari was a talented musician,[32] created a silver lyre in the shape of a horse's head. Lorenzo de' Medici sent Leonardo to Milan, bearing the lyre as a gift, to secure peace with Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan.[33] At this time Leonardo wrote an often-quoted letter describing the many marvellous and diverse things that he could achieve in the field of engineering and informing Ludovico that he could also paint.[25][34]

text: Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499. He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie.[35] In the spring of 1485, Leonardo travelled to Hungary on behalf of Ludovico to meet Matthias Corvinus, for whom he is believed to have painted a Holy Family.[36][not in citation given] Between 1493 and 1495, Leonardo listed a woman called Caterina among his dependents in his taxation documents. When she died in 1495, the list of funeral expenditures suggests that she was his mother.[37]

text: Leonardo was employed on many different projects for Ludovico, including the preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions, designs for a dome for Milan Cathedral and a model for a huge equestrian monument to Francesco Sforza, Ludovico's predecessor. Seventy tons of bronze were set aside for casting it. The monument remained unfinished for several years, which was not unusual for Leonardo. In 1492, the clay model of the horse was completed. It surpassed in size the only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, Donatello's Gattamelata in Padua and Verrocchio's Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice, and became known as the "Gran Cavallo".[25][nb 7] Leonardo began making detailed plans for its casting;[25] however, Michelangelo insulted Leonardo by implying that he was unable to cast it.[15] In November 1494, Ludovico gave the bronze to be used for cannon to defend the city from invasion by Charles VIII.[25]

text: At the start of the Second Italian War in 1499, the invading French troops used the life-size clay model for the Gran Cavallo for target practice. With Ludovico Sforza overthrown, Leonardo, with his assistant Salai and friend, the mathematician Luca Pacioli, fled Milan for Venice,[38] where he was employed as a military architect and engineer, devising methods to defend the city from naval attack.[15] On his return to Florence in 1500, he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of Santissima Annunziata and were provided with a workshop where, according to Vasari, Leonardo created the cartoon of The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist, a work that won such admiration that "men and women, young and old" flocked to see it "as if they were attending a great festival".[39][nb 8]

text: In Cesena in 1502, Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron.[38] Leonardo created a map of Cesare Borgia's stronghold, a town plan of Imola in order to win his patronage. Maps were extremely rare at the time and it would have seemed like a new concept. Upon seeing it, Cesare hired Leonardo as his chief military engineer and architect. Later in the year, Leonardo produced another map for his patron, one of Chiana Valley, Tuscany, so as to give his patron a better overlay of the land and greater strategic position. He created this map in conjunction with his other project of constructing a dam from the sea to Florence, in order to allow a supply of water to sustain the canal during all seasons.

text: Leonardo returned to Florence, where he rejoined the Guild of Saint Luke on 18 October 1503. He spent two years designing and painting a mural of The Battle of Anghiari for the Signoria,[38] with Michelangelo designing its companion piece, The Battle of Cascina.[nb 9] In Florence in 1504, he was part of a committee formed to relocate, against the artist's will, Michelangelo's statue of David.[43]

text: In 1506 Leonardo returned to Milan. Many of his most prominent pupils or followers in painting either knew or worked with him in Milan,[15] including Bernardino Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio and Marco d'Oggiono.[nb 10] At this time he may have commenced a project for an equestrian figure of Charles II d'Amboise, the acting French governor of Milan.[44] A wax model survives and, if genuine, is the only extant example of Leonardo's sculpture.

text: Leonardo did not stay in Milan for long because his father had died in 1504, and in 1507 he was back in Florence trying to sort out problems with his brothers over his father's estate. By 1508 Leonardo was back in Milan, living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila.[45]

text: Old age and death, 1513–1519

text: From September 1513 to 1516, under Pope Leo X, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere in the Vatican in Rome, where Raphael and Michelangelo were both active at the time.[45] In October 1515, King Francis I of France recaptured Milan.[31] On 19 December, Leonardo was present at the meeting of Francis I and Pope Leo X, which took place in Bologna.[15][46][47] Leonardo was commissioned to make for Francis a mechanical lion that could walk forward then open its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies.[48][nb 11] In 1516, he entered Francis' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé, now a public museum, near the king's residence at the royal Château d'Amboise. He spent the last three years of his life here, accompanied by his friend and apprentice, Count Francesco Melzi, and supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi.[45]

text: Leonardo died at Clos Lucé, on 2 May 1519 at the age of 67. The cause is generally stated to be recurrent stroke; this diagnosis is consistent with accounts of the state of Leonardo's alleged remains as described in 1863. [50] Francis I had become a close friend. Vasari records that the king held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story, beloved by the French and portrayed in romantic paintings by Ingres, Ménageot and other French artists, as well as by Angelica Kauffman, may be legend rather than fact.[nb 12] Vasari states that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament.[51] In accordance with his will, sixty beggars followed his casket.[nb 13] Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving, as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects. Leonardo also remembered his other long-time pupil and companion, Salai, and his servant Battista di Vilussis, who each received half of Leonardo's vineyards. His brothers received land, and his serving woman received a black cloak "of good stuff" with a fur edge.[nb 14][52] Leonardo da Vinci was buried in the Chapel of Saint-Hubert in Château d'Amboise in France.

text: Some 20 years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benvenuto Cellini as saying: "There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher."[53]

text: Location of remains

text: Leonardo's remains were originally interred in the chapel of Saint-Florentin at the Chateau d'Amboise in the Loire Valley. However, following the chapel's destruction in 1802, the whereabouts of Leonardo's remains became subject to dispute. While excavating the site in 1863 the poet Arsene Houssaye found a partially-complete skeleton and stone fragments bearing the inscription 'EO [...] DUS VINC'. The unusually large skull led Houssaye to conclude he had located the remains of Leonardo, which were re-interred in their present location of the chapel of Saint-Hubert, also at the Chateau d'Amboise.[54] Reflecting doubts about the attribution, a plaque above the tomb states that the remains are only "presumed" to be those of Leonardo. In 2016 it was announced that DNA tests were to be conducted to investigate the veracity of the attribution, with results expected in 2019.[55]

text: Relationships and influences

text: Florence: Leonardo's artistic and social background

text: Florence at the time of Leonardo's youth was the centre of Christian Humanist thought and culture.[23] Leonardo commenced his apprenticeship with Verrocchio in 1466, the year that Verrocchio's master, the great sculptor Donatello, died. The painter Uccello, whose early experiments with perspective were to influence the development of landscape painting, was a very old man. The painters Piero della Francesca and Filippo Lippi, sculptor Luca della Robbia, and architect and writer Leon Battista Alberti were in their sixties. The successful artists of the next generation were Leonardo's teacher Verrocchio, Antonio del Pollaiuolo, and the portrait sculptor Mino da Fiesole. The latter's lifelike busts give the most reliable likenesses of Lorenzo Medici's father Piero and uncle Giovanni.[56][57][58][59]

text: Leonardo's youth was spent in a Florence that was ornamented by the works of these artists and by Donatello's contemporaries, Masaccio, whose figurative frescoes were imbued with realism and emotion, and Ghiberti, whose Gates of Paradise, gleaming with gold leaf, displayed the art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds. Piero della Francesca had made a detailed study of perspective,[60] and was the first painter to make a scientific study of light. These studies and Alberti's treatise De Pictura[61] were to have a profound effect on younger artists and in particular on Leonardo's own observations and artworks.[56][58][59]

text: Massaccio's "Expulsion from the Garden of Eden" depicting the naked and distraught Adam and Eve created a powerfully expressive image of the human form, cast into three dimensions by the use of light and shade, which was to be developed in the works of Leonardo in a way that was to be influential in the course of painting. The humanist influence of Donatello's "David" can be seen in Leonardo's late paintings, particularly John the Baptist.[56][57]

text: A prevalent tradition in Florence was the small altarpiece of the Virgin and Child. Many of these were created in tempera or glazed terracotta by the workshops of Filippo Lippi, Verrocchio and the prolific della Robbia family.[56] Leonardo's early Madonnas such as The Madonna with a carnation and the Benois Madonna followed this tradition while showing idiosyncratic departures, particularly in the case of the Benois Madonna in which the Virgin is set at an oblique angle to the picture space with the Christ Child at the opposite angle. This compositional theme was to emerge in Leonardo's later paintings such as The Virgin and Child with St. Anne.[15]

text: Leonardo was a contemporary of Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older than he was.[57] He would have met them at the workshop of Verrocchio, with whom they had associations, and at the Academy of the Medici.[15] Botticelli was a particular favourite of the Medici family, and thus his success as a painter was assured. Ghirlandaio and Perugino were both prolific and ran large workshops. They competently delivered commissions to well-satisfied patrons who appreciated Ghirlandaio's ability to portray the wealthy citizens of Florence within large religious frescoes, and Perugino's ability to deliver a multitude of saints and angels of unfailing sweetness and innocence.[56]

text: These three were among those commissioned to paint the walls of the Sistine Chapel, the work commencing with Perugino's employment in 1479. Leonardo was not part of this prestigious commission. His first significant commission, The Adoration of the Magi for the Monks of Scopeto, was never completed.[15]

text: In 1476, during the time of Leonardo's association with Verrocchio's workshop, the Portinari Altarpiece by Hugo van der Goes arrived in Florence, bringing from Northern Europe new painterly techniques that were to profoundly affect Leonardo, Ghirlandaio, Perugino and others.[57] In 1479, the Sicilian painter Antonello da Messina, who worked exclusively in oils, travelled north on his way to Venice, where the leading painter Giovanni Bellini adopted the technique of oil painting, quickly making it the preferred method in Venice. Leonardo was also later to visit Venice.[57][59]

text: Like the two contemporary architects Bramante and Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Leonardo experimented with designs for centrally planned churches, a number of which appear in his journals, as both plans and views, although none was ever realised.[57][62]

text: Leonardo's political contemporaries were Lorenzo Medici (il Magnifico), who was three years older, and his younger brother Giuliano, who was slain in the Pazzi conspiracy in 1478. Leonardo was sent as an ambassador by the Medici court to Ludovico il Moro, who ruled Milan between 1479 and 1499.[57]

text: With Alberti, Leonardo visited the home of the Medici and through them came to know the older Humanist philosophers of whom Marsiglio Ficino, proponent of Neo Platonism; Cristoforo Landino, writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and John Argyropoulos, teacher of Greek and translator of Aristotle were the foremost. Also associated with the Academy of the Medici was Leonardo's contemporary, the brilliant young poet and philosopher Pico della Mirandola.[57][59][63] Leonardo later wrote in the margin of a journal, "The Medici made me and the Medici destroyed me." While it was through the action of Lorenzo that Leonardo received his employment at the court of Milan, it is not known exactly what Leonardo meant by this cryptic comment.[15]

text: Although usually named together as the three giants of the High Renaissance, Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael were not of the same generation. Leonardo was twenty-three when Michelangelo was born and thirty-one when Raphael was born.[57] Raphael lived until the age of only 37 and died in 1520, the year after Leonardo died, but Michelangelo went on creating for another 45 years.[58][59]

text: Personal life

text: Within Leonardo's lifetime, his extraordinary powers of invention, his "outstanding physical beauty", "infinite grace", "great strength and generosity", "regal spirit and tremendous breadth of mind", as described by Vasari,[64] as well as all other aspects of his life, attracted the curiosity of others. One such aspect was his respect for life, evidenced by his vegetarianism and his habit, according to Vasari, of purchasing caged birds and releasing them.[65][66]

text: Leonardo had many friends who are now renowned either in their fields or for their historical significance. They included the mathematician Luca Pacioli,[67] with whom he collaborated on the book De divina proportione in the 1490s. Leonardo appears to have had no close relationships with women except for his friendship with Cecilia Gallerani and the two Este sisters, Beatrice and Isabella.[68] While on a journey that took him through Mantua, he drew a portrait of Isabella that appears to have been used to create a painted portrait, now lost.[15]

text: Beyond friendship, Leonardo kept his private life secret. His sexuality has been the subject of satire, analysis, and speculation. This trend began in the mid-16th century and was revived in the 19th and 20th centuries, most notably by Sigmund Freud.[69] Leonardo's most intimate relationships were perhaps with his pupils Salai and Melzi. Melzi, writing to inform Leonardo's brothers of his death, described Leonardo's feelings for his pupils as both loving and passionate. It has been claimed since the 16th century that these relationships were of a sexual or erotic nature. Court records of 1476, when he was aged twenty-four, show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy in an incident involving a well-known male prostitute. The charges were dismissed for lack of evidence, and there is speculation that since one of the accused, Lionardo de Tornabuoni, was related to Lorenzo de' Medici, the family exerted its influence to secure the dismissal.[70] Since that date much has been written about his presumed homosexuality and its role in his art, particularly in the androgyny and eroticism manifested in John the Baptist and Bacchus and more explicitly in a number of erotic drawings.[71]

text: Assistants and pupils

text: Gian Giacomo Caprotti da Oreno, nicknamed Salai or Il Salaino ("The Little Unclean One" i.e., the devil), entered Leonardo's household in 1490. After only a year, Leonardo made a list of his misdemeanours, calling him "a thief, a liar, stubborn, and a glutton", after he had made off with money and valuables on at least five occasions and spent a fortune on clothes.[72] Nevertheless, Leonardo treated him with great indulgence, and he remained in Leonardo's household for the next thirty years.[73] Salai executed a number of paintings under the name of Andrea Salai, but although Vasari claims that Leonardo "taught him a great deal about painting",[74] his work is generally considered to be of less artistic merit than others among Leonardo's pupils, such as Marco d'Oggiono and Boltraffio. In 1515, he painted a nude version of the Mona Lisa, known as Monna Vanna.[75] Salai owned the Mona Lisa at the time of his death in 1524, and in his will it was assessed at 505 lire, an exceptionally high valuation for a small panel portrait.[76]

text: In 1506, Leonardo took on another pupil, Count Francesco Melzi, the son of a Lombard aristocrat, who is considered to have been his favourite student. He travelled to France with Leonardo and remained with him until Leonardo's death.[15] Melzi inherited the artistic and scientific works, manuscripts, and collections of Leonardo and administered the estate.

text: Painting

text: Despite the recent awareness and admiration of Leonardo as a scientist and inventor, for the better part of four hundred years his fame rested on his achievements as a painter. A handful of works that are either authenticated or attributed to him have been regarded as among the great masterpieces. These paintings are famous for a variety of qualities that have been much imitated by students and discussed at great length by connoisseurs and critics. By the 1490s Leonardo had already been described as a "Divine" painter.[77]

text: Among the qualities that make Leonardo's work unique are his innovative techniques for laying on the paint; his detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and geology; his interest in physiognomy and the way humans register emotion in expression and gesture; his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition; and his use of subtle gradation of tone. All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works, the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and the Virgin of the Rocks.[78]

text: Early works

text: Leonardo first gained notoriety for his work on the Baptism of Christ, painted in conjunction with Verrocchio. Two other paintings appear to date from his time at Verrocchio's workshop, both of which are Annunciations. One is small, 59 centimetres (23 in) long and 14 centimetres (5.5 in) high. It is a "predella" to go at the base of a larger composition, a painting by Lorenzo di Credi from which it has become separated. The other is a much larger work, 217 centimetres (85 in) long.[79] In both Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, like two well-known pictures by Fra Angelico of the same subject, of the Virgin Mary sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily. Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo.[80]

text: In the smaller painting, Mary averts her eyes and folds her hands in a gesture that symbolised submission to God's will. Mary is not submissive, however, in the larger piece. The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise.[56] This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the Mother of God, not with resignation but with confidence. In this painting, the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation.[nb 15]

text: Paintings of the 1480s

text: In the 1480s, Leonardo received two very important commissions and commenced another work that was of ground-breaking importance in terms of composition. Two of the three were never finished, and the third took so long that it was subject to lengthy negotiations over completion and payment.

text: One of these paintings was St. Jerome in the Wilderness, which Bortolon associates with a difficult period of Leonardo's life, as evidenced in his diary: "I thought I was learning to live; I was only learning to die."[15] Although the painting is barely begun, the composition can be seen and is very unusual.[nb 16] Jerome, as a penitent, occupies the middle of the picture, set on a slight diagonal and viewed somewhat from above. His kneeling form takes on a trapezoid shape, with one arm stretched to the outer edge of the painting and his gaze looking in the opposite direction. J. Wasserman points out the link between this painting and Leonardo's anatomical studies.[82] Across the foreground sprawls his symbol, a great lion whose body and tail make a double spiral across the base of the picture space. The other remarkable feature is the sketchy landscape of craggy rocks against which the figure is silhouetted.

text: The daring display of figure composition, the landscape elements and personal drama also appear in the great unfinished masterpiece, the Adoration of the Magi, a commission from the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto. It is a complex composition, of about 250 x 250 centimetres. Leonardo did numerous drawings and preparatory studies, including a detailed one in linear perspective of the ruined classical architecture that forms part of the background. In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan at the behest of Lorenzo de' Medici in order to win favour with Ludovico il Moro, and the painting was abandoned.[14][80]

text: The third important work of this period is the Virgin of the Rocks, commissioned in Milan for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception. The painting, to be done with the assistance of the de Predis brothers, was to fill a large complex altarpiece.[83] Leonardo chose to paint an apocryphal moment of the infancy of Christ when the infant John the Baptist, in protection of an angel, met the Holy Family on the road to Egypt. The painting demonstrates an eerie beauty as the graceful figures kneel in adoration around the infant Christ in a wild landscape of tumbling rock and whirling water.[84] While the painting is quite large, about 200×120 centimetres, it is not nearly as complex as the painting ordered by the monks of St Donato, having only four figures rather than about fifty and a rocky landscape rather than architectural details. The painting was eventually finished; in fact, two versions of the painting were finished: one remained at the chapel of the Confraternity, while Leonardo took the other to France. The Brothers did not get their painting, however, nor the de Predis their payment, until the next century.[25][38]

text: Paintings of the 1490s

text: Leonardo's most famous painting of the 1490s is The Last Supper, commissioned for the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan. It represents the last meal shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death, and shows the moment when Jesus has just said "one of you will betray me", and the consternation that this statement caused.[25]

text: The novelist Matteo Bandello observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time.[85] This was beyond the comprehension of the prior of the convent, who hounded him until Leonardo asked Ludovico to intervene. Vasari describes how Leonardo, troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor Judas, told the Duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model.[86]

text: When finished, the painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterisation,[87] but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as "completely ruined".[88] Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of fresco, had used tempera over a ground that was mainly gesso, resulting in a surface subject to mould and to flaking.[89] Despite this, the painting remains one of the most reproduced works of art; countless copies have been made in every medium from carpets to cameos.

text: Paintings of the 16th century

text: Among the works created by Leonardo in the 16th century is the small portrait known as the Mona Lisa or "la Gioconda", the laughing one. In the present era it is arguably the most famous painting in the world. Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality perhaps due to the subtly shadowed corners of the mouth and eyes such that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined. The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called "sfumato", or Leonardo's smoke. Vasari, who is generally thought to have known the painting only by repute, said that "the smile was so pleasing that it seemed divine rather than human; and those who saw it were amazed to find that it was as alive as the original".[90][nb 17]

text: Other characteristics of the painting are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details, the dramatic landscape background in which the world seems to be in a state of flux, the subdued colouring, and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing oils laid on much like tempera and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable.[nb 18] Vasari expressed the opinion that the manner of painting would make even "the most confident master ... despair and lose heart."[93] The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date.[94]

text: In the painting Virgin and Child with St. Anne the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape, which Wasserman describes as "breathtakingly beautiful"[95] and harkens back to the St Jerome picture with the figure set at an oblique angle. What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed. Mary is seated on the knee of her mother, St Anne. She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice.[25] This painting, which was copied many times, influenced Michelangelo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto,[96] and through them Pontormo and Correggio. The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters Tintoretto and Veronese.

text: Murals

text: Leonardo's The Battle of Anghiara was a fresco commissioned in 1505 for the Salone dei Cinquecento (Hall of the Five Hundred) in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence. Its central scene depicted four men riding raging war horses engaged in a battle for possession of a standard, at the Battle of Anghiari in 1440. At the same time his rival Michelangelo, who had just finished his David, was assigned the opposite wall. All that remains of Leonardo's work is a copy by Rubens, but Maurizio Seracini is convinced it can still be found and has spent a lifetime searching for it. He was allowed to drill some pilot holes in a mural in the Salone dei Cinquecento, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence, and his team did find evidence of an oil painting underneath.[97][98]

text: Drawings

text: Leonardo was not a prolific painter, but he was a most prolific draftsman, keeping journals full of small sketches and detailed drawings recording all manner of things that took his attention. As well as the journals there exist many studies for paintings, some of which can be identified as preparatory to particular works such as The Adoration of the Magi, The Virgin of the Rocks and The Last Supper.[99] His earliest dated drawing is a Landscape of the Arno Valley, 1473, which shows the river, the mountains, Montelupo Castle and the farmlands beyond it in great detail.[15][99]

text: Among his famous drawings are the Vitruvian Man, a study of the proportions of the human body; the Head of an Angel, for The Virgin of the Rocks in the Louvre; a botanical study of Star of Bethlehem; and a large drawing (160×100 cm) in black chalk on coloured paper of The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and St. John the Baptist in the National Gallery, London.[99] This drawing employs the subtle sfumato technique of shading, in the manner of the Mona Lisa. It is thought that Leonardo never made a painting from it, the closest similarity being to The Virgin and Child with St. Anne in the Louvre.[100]

text: Other drawings of interest include numerous studies generally referred to as "caricatures" because, although exaggerated, they appear to be based upon observation of live models. Vasari relates that if Leonardo saw a person with an interesting face he would follow them around all day observing them.[101] There are numerous studies of beautiful young men, often associated with Salai, with the rare and much admired facial feature, the so-called "Grecian profile".[nb 19] These faces are often contrasted with that of a warrior.[99] Salai is often depicted in fancy-dress costume. Leonardo is known to have designed sets for pageants with which these may be associated. Other, often meticulous, drawings show studies of drapery. A marked development in Leonardo's ability to draw drapery occurred in his early works. Another often-reproduced drawing is a macabre sketch that was done by Leonardo in Florence in 1479 showing the body of Bernardo Baroncelli, hanged in connection with the murder of Giuliano, brother of Lorenzo de' Medici, in the Pazzi conspiracy.[99] With dispassionate integrity Leonardo has registered in neat mirror writing the colours of the robes that Baroncelli was wearing when he died.

text: Observation and invention

text: Journals and notes

text: Renaissance humanism recognised no mutually exclusive polarities between the sciences and the arts, and Leonardo's studies in science and engineering are sometimes considered as impressive and innovative as his artistic work.[25] These studies were recorded in 13,000 pages of notes and drawings, which fuse art and natural philosophy (the forerunner of modern science). They were made and maintained daily throughout Leonardo's life and travels, as he made continual observations of the world around him.[25]

text: Most of Leonardo's writings are in mirror-image cursive. While secrecy is often suggested as the reason for this style of writing, it may have been more of a practical expediency. Since Leonardo wrote with his left hand, it was probably easier for him to write from right to left.[nb 20]

text: Leonardo's notes and drawings display an enormous range of interests and preoccupations, some as mundane as lists of groceries and people who owed him money and some as intriguing as designs for wings and shoes for walking on water. There are compositions for paintings, studies of details and drapery, studies of faces and emotions, of animals, babies, dissections, plant studies, rock formations, whirlpools, war machines, flying machines and architecture.[25]

text: These notebooks—originally loose papers of different types and sizes, distributed by friends after his death—have found their way into major collections such as the Royal Library at Windsor Castle, the Louvre, the Biblioteca Nacional de España, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan, which holds the twelve-volume Codex Atlanticus, and British Library in London, which has put a selection from the Codex Arundel (BL Arundel MS 263) online.[102] The Codex Leicester is the only major scientific work of Leonardo in private hands; it is owned by Bill Gates and is displayed once a year in different cities around the world.

text: Leonardo's notes appear to have been intended for publication because many of the sheets have a form and order that would facilitate this. In many cases a single topic, for example, the heart or the human fetus, is covered in detail in both words and pictures on a single sheet.[103][nb 21] Why they were not published during Leonardo's lifetime is unknown.[25]

text: Scientific studies

text: Leonardo's approach to science was observational: he tried to understand a phenomenon by describing and depicting it in utmost detail and did not emphasise experiments or theoretical explanation. Since he lacked formal education in Latin and mathematics, contemporary scholars mostly ignored Leonardo the scientist, although he did teach himself Latin. In the 1490s he studied mathematics under Luca Pacioli and prepared a series of drawings of regular solids in a skeletal form to be engraved as plates for Pacioli's book De divina proportione, published in 1509.[25]

text: The content of his journals suggest that he was planning a series of treatises to be published on a variety of subjects. A coherent treatise on anatomy was said to have been observed during a visit by Cardinal Louis 'D' Aragon's secretary in 1517.[104] Aspects of his work on the studies of anatomy, light and the landscape were assembled for publication by his pupil Francesco Melzi and eventually published as Treatise on Painting by Leonardo da Vinci in France and Italy in 1651 and Germany in 1724,[105] with engravings based upon drawings by the Classical painter Nicolas Poussin.[106] According to Arasse, the treatise, which in France went into 62 editions in fifty years, caused Leonardo to be seen as "the precursor of French academic thought on art".[25]

text: While Leonardo's experimentation followed clear scientific methods, a recent and exhaustive analysis of Leonardo as a scientist by Fritjof Capra argues that Leonardo was a fundamentally different kind of scientist from Galileo, Newton and other scientists who followed him in that, as a Renaissance Man, his theorising and hypothesising integrated the arts and particularly painting.[107]

text: Anatomy and physiology

text: Leonardo started his study in the anatomy of the human body under the apprenticeship of Andrea del Verrocchio, who demanded that his students develop a deep knowledge of the subject.[108] As an artist, he quickly became master of topographic anatomy, drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features.

text: As a successful artist, Leonardo was given permission to dissect human corpses at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome. From 1510 to 1511 he collaborated in his studies with the doctor Marcantonio della Torre. Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words towards a treatise on anatomy.[109] These papers were left to his heir, Francesco Melzi, for publication, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing.[110] The project was left incomplete at the time of Melzi's death more than 50 years later, with only a small amount of the material on anatomy included in Leonardo's Treatise on painting, published in France in 1632.[25][110] During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including Vasari, Cellini and Albrecht Dürer, who made a number of drawings from them.[110]

text: Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the human skeleton and its parts, and of muscles and sinews. He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of biomechanics.[111] He drew the heart and vascular system, the sex organs and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus in utero.[99] The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time, and if published would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science.[109]

text: Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage. He drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness.[25][99] Leonardo also studied and drew the anatomy of many animals, dissecting cows, birds, monkeys, bears, and frogs, and comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans. He also made a number of studies of horses.[99]

text: Leonardo's dissections and documentation of muscles, nerves, and vessels helped to describe the physiology and mechanics of movement. He attempted to identify the source of 'emotions' and their expression. He found it difficult to incorporate the prevailing system and theories of bodily humours, but eventually he abandoned these physiological explanations of bodily functions. He made the observations that humours were not located in cerebral spaces or ventricles. He documented that the humours were not contained in the heart or the liver, and that it was the heart that defined the circulatory system. He was the first to define atherosclerosis and liver cirrhosis. He created models of the cerebral ventricles with the use of melted wax and constructed a glass aorta to observe the circulation of blood through the aortic valve by using water and grass seed to watch flow patterns. Vesalius published his work on anatomy and physiology in De humani corporis fabrica in 1543.[112]

text: Engineering and inventions

text: During his lifetime, Leonardo was valued as an engineer. In a letter to Ludovico il Moro, he wrote that he could create all sorts of machines both for the protection of a city and for siege. When he fled to Venice in 1499, he found employment as an engineer and devised a system of moveable barricades to protect the city from attack. He also had a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno river, a project on which Niccolò Machiavelli also worked.[113][114] Leonardo's journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical. They include musical instruments, a mechanical knight, hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms, finned mortar shells, and a steam cannon.[15][25]

text: In 1502, Leonardo produced a drawing of a single span 720-foot (220 m) bridge as part of a civil engineering project for Ottoman Sultan Beyazid II of Constantinople. The bridge was intended to span an inlet at the mouth of the Bosporus known as the Golden Horn. Beyazid did not pursue the project because he believed that such a construction was impossible. Leonardo's vision was resurrected in 2001 when a smaller bridge based on his design was constructed in Norway.[115][116]

text: Leonardo was fascinated by the phenomenon of flight for much of his life, producing many studies, including Codex on the Flight of Birds (c. 1505), as well as plans for several flying machines such as a flapping ornithopter and a machine with a helical rotor.[25] The British television station Channel Four commissioned a 2003 documentary, Leonardo's Dream Machines, in which various designs by Leonardo, such as a parachute and a giant crossbow, were interpreted, constructed and tested.[117][118] Some of those designs proved successful, whilst others fared less well when practically tested.

text: Fame and reputation

text: Leonardo's fame within his own lifetime was such that the King of France carried him away like a trophy, and was claimed to have supported him in his old age and held him in his arms as he died.

text: Interest in Leonardo and his work has never diminished. Crowds still queue to see his best-known artworks, T-shirts still bear his most famous drawing, and writers continue to hail him as a genius while speculating about his private life, as well as about what one so intelligent actually believed in.[25]

text: Giorgio Vasari, in the enlarged edition of Lives of the Artists, 1568,[119] introduced his chapter on Leonardo with the following words:

text: In the normal course of events many men and women are born with remarkable talents; but occasionally, in a way that transcends nature, a single person is marvellously endowed by Heaven with beauty, grace and talent in such abundance that he leaves other men far behind, all his actions seem inspired and indeed everything he does clearly comes from God rather than from human skill. Everyone acknowledged that this was true of Leonardo da Vinci, an artist of outstanding physical beauty, who displayed infinite grace in everything that he did and who cultivated his genius so brilliantly that all problems he studied he solved with ease.

text: The continued admiration that Leonardo commanded from painters, critics and historians is reflected in many other written tributes. Baldassare Castiglione, author of Il Cortegiano ("The Courtier"), wrote in 1528: "... Another of the greatest painters in this world looks down on this art in which he is unequalled ..."[120] while the biographer known as "Anonimo Gaddiano" wrote, c. 1540: "His genius was so rare and universal that it can be said that nature worked a miracle on his behalf ...".[121]

text: The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo's genius, causing Henry Fuseli to write in 1801: "Such was the dawn of modern art, when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence: made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius ..."[122] This is echoed by A. E. Rio who wrote in 1861: "He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents."[123]

text: By the 19th century, the scope of Leonardo's notebooks was known, as well as his paintings. Hippolyte Taine wrote in 1866: "There may not be in the world an example of another genius so universal, so incapable of fulfilment, so full of yearning for the infinite, so naturally refined, so far ahead of his own century and the following centuries."[124] Art historian Bernard Berenson wrote in 1896: "Leonardo is the one artist of whom it may be said with perfect literalness: Nothing that he touched but turned into a thing of eternal beauty. Whether it be the cross section of a skull, the structure of a weed, or a study of muscles, he, with his feeling for line and for light and shade, forever transmuted it into life-communicating values."[125]

text: The interest in Leonardo's genius has continued unabated; experts study and translate his writings, analyse his paintings using scientific techniques, argue over attributions and search for works which have been recorded but never found.[126] Liana Bortolon, writing in 1967, said: "Because of the multiplicity of interests that spurred him to pursue every field of knowledge ... Leonardo can be considered, quite rightly, to have been the universal genius par excellence, and with all the disquieting overtones inherent in that term. Man is as uncomfortable today, faced with a genius, as he was in the 16th century. Five centuries have passed, yet we still view Leonardo with awe."[15]

text: 21st century author Walter Isaacson in his biography of Leonardo[127] based much of his book on the thousands of notebook entries, studying the personal notes, sketches, budget notations, and musings of the man whom he considers the greatest of innovators. Isaacson was surprised to discover a "fun, joyous" side of Leonardo in addition to his limitless curiosity and creative genius.[128]

text: Miscellaneous

text: Davinciite, a recently described mineral recognised in 2011 by the International Mineralogical Association, is named in honour of the artist.[129]

text: Art market

text: A painting by Leonardo, Salvator Mundi, depicting Jesus Christ holding an orb sold for a world record $450.3 million at a Christie's auction in New York, 15 November 2017.[9] The highest price previously paid for a work of art at auction was for Pablo Picasso's Les Femmes d'Alger, which sold for $179.4 million in May 2015 at Christie's New York. $300 million, for Willem de Kooning's Interchange, sold privately in September 2015 by the David Geffen Foundation to hedge fund manager Kenneth C. Griffin, was formerly the highest known sale price for any artwork.[130]


document_title: The Players Club

question_text: what is ronnie real name from players club

text: The Players Club

text: Plot[edit]

text: The movie takes place as a flashback of Diana Armstrong (LisaRaye), sparked by her arrival at the scene of the raunchy, dysfunctional Players Club. She narrates that she used to work at the club; she begun working there after getting pregnant with her son and getting into a heated argument with her father, prompting her to move out of her parents' home. Initially, Diana ends up working at a shoe store. There she meets Ronnie (Chrystale Wilson) and Tricks (Adele Givens), who work for Dollar Bill (Bernie Mac) at The Players Club. They convince Diana she would make better money stripping, saying, "Use what you got to get what you want."

text: Dollar Bill gives Diana a job, giving her the name Diamond. Her job initially goes well. However, four years later her younger cousin Ebony Armstrong (Monica Calhoun) comes to live with her. After listening to Dollar's rendition of "The Strippin' Game", she starts working at the club.

text: Ebony is soon out of control - drinking excessively, staying out all night ,and influenced more and more by Ronnie and Tricks, who encourage Ebony to do more out-of-club parties for groups of men. Diana tries to warn Ebony to stay away from Ronnie and Tricks and to quit doing house parties, but Ebony rebels against being told what to do and ignores Diana's advice.

text: After a heated confrontation with Ebony, Diana has a flashback to a time when she was at a private party with Ronnie and Tricks. Diamond passes out on the bed drunk, and the men at the party offer to pay Ronnie to perform cunnilingus on Diamond. Ronnie accepts the offer and proceeds to assault Diamond. The flashback encourages Diana to continue to try to protect Ebony. Clyde (Alex Thomas) and Reggie (Ice Cube) - two watchmen who work for a drug lord named St. Louis - offer Ebony money to come off and have sex with them, but Diana intervenes.

text: Meanwhile, Dollar Bill gets confronted by a man who works for St. Louis, a drug lord to whom Dollar Bill owes $60,000. He warns Dollar Bill if he doesn't make a payment of $10,000 to St. Louis, he will hunt him down. That same night, St. Louis comes to his club to collect. L'il Man, the doorman of the club, tells St. Louis that Dollar Bill is not at the club; St. Louis and his men leave. The next day as Dollar Bill tries to leave the club, St. Louis' men Brooklyn (Charlie Murphy) and KC (Terrence Howard) confront him. They beat him unconscious and throw him into the back of his car. Luckily for him, they are stopped by Freeman (John Amos) and Peters (Faizon Love), two crooked cops. Dollar Bill is found in the trunk and is arrested on warrants; he is later bailed out and returns to the club.

text: The following night rapper Luther "Luke" Campbell comes to the strip club, Reggie and Clyde discuss him. When Dollar Bill is notified that Luke is at his club, he alerts the strippers via a money alarm, believing he will make a fortune. Clyde attempts to meet Luke, but Luke's bodyguard (Michael Clarke Duncan) informs Clyde that Luke is trying to relax and not meet with fans. Clyde insults the bodyguard, causing him to hit Clyde in the back of his head as he starts to walk away. In retaliation, Reggie beats down the bodyguard and belligerently fights against Luke and his friends, only for him to be gang-beaten and thrown into a glass window. The dazed Reggie opens fire wildly before being knocked out by the bouncer XL (Tiny Lister). Clyde then gets up and begins throwing punches himself.

text: Further tension develops between Ebony and Diana when Diana returns home one night after fleeing her obsessive customer Myrin, who admitted to stalking her and then tried to force entry to her apartment, to find Ebony in bed with her boyfriend Lance. Diana chases Lance out with her gun, shooting at him several times. Diana threatens and taunts Ebony. When Diana feigns leaving, Ebony is hit when she opens the door and is thrown out the apartment.

text: Diana then begins dating Blue (Jamie Foxx), a DJ at the Player's Club. Meanwhile, Ebony is offered a gig to dance at Ronnie's brother Junior's (Samuel Monroe Jr.) bachelor party, under the pretense from Ronnie that other girls from the club will be dancing there as well (In actuality, Ronnie lied to use her as a way out of stripping for her brother's friends at the party so Ebony can strip for them instead). When Ebony realizes that she will be the only woman in a hotel room full of horny men, she desperately tries calling Diana to come and pick her up, but to no avail.

text: Reggie and Clyde, both feeling insulted by Diana and Ebony from a previous encounter (she tells them she's not interested anymore), tell Junior that Ebony will have sex with him, claiming that they "ran a train" on her. Excited, Junior bursts in on Ebony while she is changing. Ebony resists, prompting Junior to brutally beat and rape her, leaving his friends to listen to it in full disgust and disbelief. Soon, Reggie, Clyde and the other guests leave, wanting no further involvement with Junior. When Ronnie discovers Ebony unconscious, she and Junior flee the hotel room as she scolds him. Later, Diana has a change of heart and she and Blue decide to check up on Ebony at the hotel, only to discover her bloodied and unconscious body on the bed.

text: Furious, Diana grabs her gun and goes to the Players Club, where Ronnie and Tricks are hiding out. After scaring the other strippers away by firing a warning shot, Diana gives the gun to Blue to cover her while she gets into a brutal fistfight with Ronnie, leaving Ronnie badly beaten. She quits in front of Dollar Bill, punches Tricks and leaves along with Blue.

text: Ronnie and Tricks are arrested by the police on charges of the rape of Ebony, and Junior had been arrested moments before. Later that night, Diana's timing proves to be perfect when St. Louis, comes to collect. He personally shoots up the club (though he does give warning to the customers beforehand, allowing them to leave). As he desperately tries to escape, Dollar is captured by Reggie, Clyde, and St. Louis' associate, whom Dollar Bill met earlier. Later, one of St. Louis' men Brooklyn destroy the club with a LAW rocket.

text: Ebony, still sporting the bruises from her rape, now has a job working at the shoe store. Having been berated by two strippers who work at a new club, called Club Sugar Daddy's, with the same slogan that influenced her to strip, she firmly stands her ground. In the end, Diamond narrates that Ebony moved back to Tallahassee, FL to be with her mother. Blue is a top DJ at a radio station, and that he and Diamond are moving further in their relationship. Ronnie and Tricks got jobs at Club Sugar Daddy's after their release from jail. Junior is serving time in prison for raping Ebony, and that he never got married. Reggie and Clyde were last seen at the Freaknik in Atlanta. St. Louis is still "running the South" along with his hired guns, Brooklyn and KC. Peters and Freeman are still harassing people all day. Little Man is managing a different strip club in Chicago. Dollar Bill was never heard from again (Notwithstanding, it can be safely assumed that he was murdered by St. Louis' men for his debts as he was last seen being stuffed into the trunk of their car). Diana is now a successful reporter, putting the past behind for good and move onto a perfect normal life with her son and now boyfriend, Blue.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
LisaRaye as Diana "Diamond" Armstrong: a college student and aspiring journalist who is gets a job at The Players Club to raise money for her college tuition. Diana has a rivalry with Ronnie and Tricks; her rivalry is indirectly related to the climax of the film.
Bernie Mac as Dollar Bill: the dim owner of The Players Club who is threatened by a loan shark named St. Louis, as Dollar Bill is deeply in debt to him. At one point earlier in the film, he is captured by Brooklyn and K.C. but escapes death when the two loan sharks are arrested. At the end, he is re-captured by St. Louis' men and is presumed to be murdered after.
Monica Calhoun as Ebony: Diamond's younger cousin who becomes out-of-control after getting a job at The Players Club. She befriends Ronnie and Tricks, who manipulate her throughout. the film. In the end, she begins working at a shoe store after being beaten and raped by Ronnie's younger brother.
Jamie Foxx as Blue: the club's radio disc jockey and Diamond's love interest of the film.
John Amos as Officer Freeman: a crooked police officer who harasses suspects.
Chrystale Wilson as Ronnie: A stripper at The Players Club with a rivalry with Diamond and Ebony. Ronnie is later beaten up by Diamond due to her indirect responsibility for Ebony's beating and rape.
Adele Givens as Tricks: A stripper at The Players Club and a right-hand of Ronnie. She is arrested at the end of the film.
Anthony Johnson as L'il Man: the club's doorman who is frequently taunted and harmed by St. Louis and his crooks when he covers up for Dollar Bill's absences.
Ice Cube as Reggie: A henchman working for St. Louis. Reggie is sent to the Players Club to look over Dollar Bill's business and has affection towards Ebony.
Alex Thomas as Clyde: Reggie's best friend who, like Reggie, has an affection towards Ebony and works for St. Louis.
Tiny Lister as XL the Bouncer: a tall, muscular bouncer of the club.
Larry McCoy as St. Louis: a wheelchair-using gangster to whom Dollar Bill owes money.
Charlie Murphy as Brooklyn: St. Louis' main henchman.
Terrence Howard as K.C.: St. Louis' secondary henchman and Brooklyn's partner in crime.
Faizon Love as Officer Peters: another police officer who harasses suspects.
Samuel Monroe Jr. as Junior: Ronnie's younger brother.
Luther Campbell as Luke: a rapper who visits the club.
Michael Clarke Duncan as Bodyguard: the tall, muscular bodyguard for Luke.
Montae Russell as Lance: Diamond's boyfriend who she ended her relationship with due to his attraction towards Ebony.

tag: ul

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: A successful soundtrack was released on March 17, 1998, peaking at #10 on the Billboard 200 and #2 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. It featured artists such as the film's star, Ice Cube, DMX, Master P and Jay-Z, among others.

text: Box office[edit]

text: The movie debuted at No. 5.[3] It went on to gross $23,047,939 domestically, and $213,546 in foreign markets for a total lifetime gross of $23,261,485.[4]