document_title: Splinter (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)

question_text: what is the rat's name on ninja turtles

question_tokens: what is the rat 's name on ninja turtles

text: Splinter (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)

text: Mirage Comics, original films, 2003 cartoon[edit]

text: In both the original comics and the live-action movies, Splinter is the pet rat of a ninja named Hamato Yoshi in Japan. Intelligent for his species, Splinter is able to learn ninjutsu art by mimicking his master's movements while he practiced. Yoshi becomes embroiled in a dispute with a fellow ninja by the name of Oroku Nagi, and is eventually murdered by Nagi's brother, Oroku Saki, who is seeking revenge for his brother's death. However, in the 1990 film and 2003 TV series Nagi is removed entirely. Additionally in the 1990 film, Splinter escapes from his cage during the murder, and attacks Saki, clawing at his face. Saki in turn slices his ear off. It is suggested that this mutilation is the reason Saki took the Shredder disguise to hide the scars. In contrast, in the 2003 TMNT cartoon it was Hun's face who Splinter clawed.

text: Without a home, Splinter is forced to run away and live in New York City's sewers. Due to a traffic accident, four baby turtles and a canister of radioactive ooze are sent down into the sewer. The canister mutates both Splinter and the turtles. Splinter names the four turtles Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael, and Michelangelo (after a book on Renaissance artists that he found in a storm drain) and trains them in the arts of ninjutsu, so that they can take revenge for his dead master, while raising them as his own sons.

text: In the 2003 TMNT cartoon, he possesses a significant reputation as a ninja master; in a multi-part episode, he is revealed to be a champion of the Battle Nexus, a multi-dimension-spanning contest where the greatest combatants of various dimensions come together to fight each other for the title of Battle Nexus Champion. When the Turtles learn of the Battle Nexus, they participate as well, resulting in Splinter forfeiting when called upon to fight Michelangelo, as he wishes to allow his sons the opportunity to fight where he succeeded in the past.

text: In the 2003 episode, "Fast Forward", Splinter is sent to the future with the Turtles, but the villain, Viral, blasts Splinter with a decompiler ray that scatters his bits all over the internet. While Splinter wasn't seen much in the "Back to the Sewers" season, the focus of those episodes is the Turtles' efforts to find Splinter's data bits by traveling all over cyberspace. Splinter is restored in the final episode and helps defeat the Cyber Shredder.

text: 1987 animated series[edit]

text: In the 1987 TMNT cartoon, Splinter and Yoshi are combined. He is a martial art instructor for the Foot Clan in Japan, and also has a passion for Renaissance art. Yoshi is framed by his rival, Oroku Saki, for trying to murder their common dojo master. Unable to prove his innocence and expelled from the Foot Clan, Splinter moves to New York City, where he lives as a hermit in its sewers and befriends the rats. One day, he comes across four baby turtles which were accidentally dropped by a boy through a sewer grate. Splinter keeps them as pets and treats them like his children. When he finds the turtles near some broken barrels that are oozing glowing pink (later retconned to green) chemical liquid, he tries to clean them with his bare hands. As a result, they are all affected by the leaking chemical, which is a mutagen. The mutagen combines the DNA of living beings who have been in contact. Thus, the turtles, being in a pet store with people touching them, turn into young humanoid turtles. Yoshi, having been in contact with sewer rats, becomes a humanoid rat.

text: Yoshi raises the turtles by himself, and gives them the names of his favorite Renaissance artists: Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael and Michelangelo. Yoshi is given the nickname "Splinter", due to his proficiency at breaking wooden boards, and he teaches them the art of ninjutsu in order to protect themselves. Like many real life ninja masters, he has a strong sense of honor and follows very strict rules which all four of his students adopt.

text: Master Splinter doesn't have a father/son relationship with the turtles, as suggested in other versions, but more of a teacher/student bond. In fact, in Turtles Forever the old 1987 series turtles are surprised when the 2003 series turtles call Splinter "father". However, in this movie, the 2003 series Leonardo comments that it feels right to be with the 1987 Splinter regardless of the differences between the two worlds. Splinter's assurances that he feels the same, coupled with his comment that Leonardo and his brothers will always be welcome there, helps Leonardo see the common similarities between the teams, regardless of their different styles and methods. In addition, in an episode called "The Old Switcheroo", Splinter shows a glimpse of fatherly concern for Leonardo when he is injured by one of Donatello's contraptions. Master Splinter gets the chance to be human again in the episode "Splinter No More", but realizes he prefers being with the turtles. Master Splinter always has a wise quote or speech for the turtles, and often steps in with his ninja skills when the turtles are caught in a, seemingly inescapable, predicament.

text: In the final episode, "Divide and Conquer", Splinter explains to the turtles after they've defeated Dregg that they're no longer his students but his equals and they have finally become ninja masters.[4]

text: Archie TMNT Adventures comics[edit]

text: Archie Comics published the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures which is the 1987 TV series in comic form. In the comic, they maintained Splinter's human background even when they started publishing original storylines.

text: 2012 animated series[edit]

text: In the 2012 series, Splinter is again introduced as Hamato Yoshi, a Zen philosopher and expert of ninjutsu. His relationship with Oroku Saki is mostly intact, with the Hamato and Foot Clans later revealed to have had a long-term conflict with each other. Despite being raised as brothers, both Yoshi and Saki become rivals due to their affection for Tang Shen, and Saki wishes to discredit Yoshi in front of her. Yoshi loses his temper and the altercation ends their friendship, culminating with Saki learning of his true heritage and starting a battle that burns down the Hamato Clan monastery, killing Shen and, seemingly, Shen and Yoshi's daughter, Miwa.

text: After moving to New York City, Yoshi has just purchased four pet turtles when he stumbles upon an exchange in an alley between two Kraang droids. Seeking to silence Yoshi before he can share what he has seen, a fight ensues and the canister the droids have been carrying smashes open, splashing both Yoshi and his turtles with a mutagen. As the result of stepping on the tail of a black rat upon entering an alley, Yoshi mutates into a humanoid mutant black rat, while the Turtles take on human characteristics. Realizing he can no longer live a normal life, he retreats to the New York sewers where he raises his pets as sons and teaches them ninjutsu.

text: Splinter's sons, along with their new friend April O'Neil, soon become involved in the conflict with both of Splinter's old enemies, the Shredder and the Kraang. Reluctantly allowing the group to get involved, Splinter appoints Leonardo as their leader and continues to offer counsel and lessons as they engage various foes. Recognizing great sensitivity in April, he begins training her as a kunoichi, and comes to regard her with a fatherly fondness. Splinter ventures from his lair on only two occasions. The first is when he falls under the control of the Rat King, who attempts to persuade him to forsake his humanity and embrace the life of a rat. Splinter eventually breaks free with the Turtles' help and defeats the Rat King. The second is when Shredder kidnaps April and lures Splinter to his stronghold for a final confrontation. Splinter overpowers Shredder's men and engages his old foe. Shredder reveals that Splinter's daughter, Miwa, had not died and that Shredder had taken her and raised her as his own. Splinter nearly defeats Shredder, only to be attacked by Miwa; Miwa, whose name is now Karai, has been taught, by Shredder, that Splinter is responsible for her mother's death.

text: As the second season progresses, Splinter tells the turtles about his true relationship with Karai. He is able, eventually, to convince Karai of the truth about their past, but she subsequently mutates into a snake-like being when Shredder's plan for revenge backfires. Later, Earth is invaded by the Kraang and, in the ensuing battle, much of Splinter's lair is destroyed before Splinter is able to defeat Kraang Sub-Prime. Splinter then leaves the lair to find his missing sons. Splinter again engages Shredder in battle and, seemingly victorious, Splinter prepares to reunite with his sons, April, and Casey Jones, only to be attacked from behind by Shredder and thrown into a sewer drain. He is rescued from drowning by Karai and left in an area of the sewer to recover.

text: At the end of the 3rd season, Splinter asks Shredder for a truce to stop the alien Triceratons. Shredder agrees but at the end of the battle, Shredder stabs Splinter in the back (literally). The turtles hold him one last time before they, Casey and April flee with Fugitoid, as he arrives at the very last moment in a spaceship as Earth is sucked into a black hole.

text: When the turtles go through time and fail to claim all the Black-Hole Generator pieces to help in the battle against the Triceratons and warn Splinter in time to stop Shredder from killing him. Splinter defeats Shredder, somewhat paralyzing him as Tiger Claw takes him away. When Shredder has himself infused with mutagen, he kidnaps Karai and demands her to come. Splinter fights Shredder along with the turtles, and the fight, leading up to rocky crevices and chasms below, Splinter and Shredder fall into a gaping chasm. Shredder's fall stops short as he lands on a rock outcrop as Splinter falls way way down. He is still alive but his leg is broken. He sees the Rat King come toward him, seemingly surviving his fall down as well. Meanwhile the turtles try to find him but Shredder goes after them. Splinter fights the Rat King but soon tumbles down and realizes that his fight with the Rat King was all a hallucination because of his fever he had developed in the chasm. He finds the skeletal remains of the Rat King and Donatello and Michelangelo find him, alive and well.

text: He later attempts to use his healing mantras to help April recover from the influence of the crystal fragment of the mystical Sol Star, and receives a vision of the ancient Aeons themselves but is overpowered by the form of a demonic Aeon. As April becomes possessed by the cosmic entity from within the Sol Star fragment, he attempts to reach her, but is contained by April's exceptionally strong telekinesis. Regaining consciousness in the ransacked lair, he warns Donatello to be very careful as that being was not April. When April awakens from her ordeal, he expresses how impressed he is at how April was able to literally destroy her demons. He is once again killed by Shredder during a battle, when Super Shredder impales him with his mutated claws and throws him off a rooftop. Splinter is buried at the O'Neil farmhouse. His spirit still gives his sons advice.

text: IDW comics and 2014 film[edit]

text: The IDW Comics series, which began in 2011, presents a new origin for both Splinter and the Turtles. All five were originally test subjects at Baxter Stockman's bioengineering firm, Stockgen Corporation. When agents of the Foot Clan break into Stockgen and attempt to steal an alien mutagen, Splinter and the Turtles escape but are exposed to the mutagen in the process. While the element of Splinter being Hamato Yoshi is still present, Oroku Saki is now the Foot Clan's medieval leader, with Splinter and the Turtles being the reincarnations of Yoshi and his sons.

text: In the back-story, Hamato Yoshi was a member of the Foot Clan in feudal Japan. He is initially known for his unruly temper and lack of discipline, but with the help of his Master, Masato and his love, Tang Shen, he learned to control his temper and becomes a skilled warrior. His contemporary, Oroku Saki, seeks to make the Foot a clan to be feared. When Yoshi openly objects to the needless slaughter of a village connected to an assassination target, he and his family are declared traitors. Yoshi cannot save Tang Shen from being murdered, but does save his sons. Yoshi raises and trains his sons for eleven years until Saki and the Foot find them. When his sons are executed before his eyes, Yoshi swears that he will destroy Oroku Saki before he, himself, falls under the blade.

text: Splinter credits their reincarnation as the result of prayers that he (as Yoshi) made to the Buddha to grant him the opportunity to face Oroku Saki again. Only in present day does that wish come to pass, as Splinter comes face-to-face with Oroku Saki, now calling himself the Shredder. What begins as an initiation to test Splinter's ninja skills quickly becomes a duel to the death, once Saki realizes the truth. Despite his best efforts, an exhausted Splinter is bested by Shredder and almost killed until his sons arrive with Casey Jones to save him.

text: The live action 2014 reboot uses the test subject origin story, but Splinter is neither a reincarnation of Hamato Yoshi nor is he associated with him in any way. In fact, Yoshi is written out of the script entirely and Splinter simply learns ninjutsu from a discarded book after being mutated. In the movie, Splinter tells April that he does not remember his life before being in a laboratory, implying that there may be more to Splinter's character.

text: 2018 Animated Series[edit]

text: In Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Splinter is featured with a drastic redesign. He is now short, obese, and has an overall round shape. His personality is far less elegant, now showing a humorous, crude, and gluttonous side (such as eating a whole cake on the couch while watching a game show.) Splinter however retains his martial arts knowledge, acrobatic moves, and begins training the turtles more seriously after mutated threats arrive.

text: Appearance[edit]

text: Splinter's physical appearance remains fairly consistent in all incarnations of the character; he is portrayed as an elderly rat dressed in robes. In the original live-action movies, he is missing part of his right ear, which was cut off by Saki. In the 2003 animated series, Splinter is depicted as having gray fur instead of the brown fur of his other incarnations. In the 2012 series, Splinter is physically taller and younger than he was in past incarnations. He also has a more rat-like design along with distinctive body marks on his fur.

text: Personality[edit]

text: Splinter is portrayed as wise, intelligent and a skilled "elderly martial arts master". He is nearly always calm, even when angry, refrains from raising his voice. He is the quintessential calm, all-knowing, wise master of all martial arts.

text: Splinter cares for his adopted sons with fierce devotion, rescuing them in very critical moments in the series, such as when Shredder attempted to execute the four on a building, or when Bishop tried to literally tear them apart for science. He is furious when the Foot attempts to slay the Turtles with a robot Splinter and goes all the way to Japan after the four are kidnapped by the Tribunal.

text: Despite his love for his sons, Splinter is fairly militant with them, especially when they are young and inexperienced. Splinter's main fear is that he and his family will one day be exposed to the outside world, as he is understandably and protective. He disciplines the turtles when they become disobedient or unruly. His punishments include making them do backflips repeatedly in the second live-action movie, or being sent to the Hashi, a form of punishment in the 2014 film using chopsticks for balance.

text: Splinter is not completely cut off from the pleasures of modern culture; he enjoys soap operas. This is more fully displayed in "Fast Forward", when his hobby is mentioned several times. It is also mentioned in both the 2007 animated film and the 2012 series that he very much enjoys dessert, particularly Ice pops.

text: Portrayal[edit]

text:
In the 1987 series, he was voiced by Peter Renaday in the American version and by Hideyuki Umezu (TV), Yuzuru Fujimoto (NHK-BS2) and Kiyoshi Kobayashi (VHS) in the Japanese versions. The film Turtles Forever features this incarnation, voiced by David Wills.
In Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation, Splinter is voiced by Stephen Mendel.
In the 2003 Fast Forward, Back to the Sewer and Turtles Forever American version, Splinter is voiced by Darren Dunstan. In the Japanese version, he is voiced by Shōto Kashii.
In the first two movies, he is voiced by Kevin Clash, and in the third, he was voiced by James Murray. In the 2007 animated film, he was voiced by Mako Iwamatsu; Iwamatsu died during production, and his new fill-in Greg Baldwin stepped in to provide a large share of Splinter's dialogue in the finished film (receiving a credit only for "additional voices"). Splinter was Mako's final role before his death. In the Japanese versions he was voiced by Kiyoshi Kobayashi and Joji Yanami in the first film, Michio Hazama in the second, Hideyuki Umezu in the third and Shoto Kashii in the fourth.
In the 2007 TMNT game, he is voiced by Terrence Scammell.
In the 2012 animated series, Splinter is voiced by Hoon Lee.
In the 2013 video game TMNT: Out of the Shadows, Splinter is voiced by Feodor Chin.
In the 2014 reboot, Splinter was portrayed by actor Danny Woodburn and his voice was provided by Tony Shalhoub.[5][6] In Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, the film's sequel, Shalhoub again voices Splinter and the motion-capture for the character is done by Peter D. Badalamenti.
In the 2018 animated series, Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Splinter is voiced by Eric Bauza.

text: Video games[edit]

text: Splinter appears in most video games based on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise. He is a playable character in the 2003 video game, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2: Battle Nexus, TMNT: Mutant Melee and TMNT: Smash Up. In Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles on the NES, he transforms into a human in the ending.


document_title: Water resources of China

question_text: of 600 large cities in china about how many are experiencing a water shortage

root

text: Water resources of China

text: Water quantity[edit]

text: Water balance[edit]

text: Over-extraction of groundwater and falling water tables are big problems in China, particularly in the north. According to the Ministry of Construction, preliminary statistics show that there are more than 160 areas nationwide where groundwater has been over-exploited with an average annual groundwater depletion of more than 10 billion cubic meters. As a result, more than 60,000 square kilometers of ground surface have sunk with more than 50 cities suffering from serious land subsidence.[1] Flooding also still is a major problem.

tag: p

text: In a Xinhua article from 2002, Chinese experts warned of future or current water shortages. Water resource usage was expected to peak in 2030 when the population peaks. Areas north of the Yangtze river were particularly affected with 80.9% of Chinese water resources being south of the river. Northern China had used 10,000-year-old aquifers which had resulted in ground cracking and subsidence in some regions.[2]

text: A 2005 article in China Daily stated that out of 514 rivers surveyed in 2000, 60 were dry. Water volume in lakes had decreased by 14%. Many wetlands had decreased in size.[3]

text: Jared Diamond stated in his 2005 book Collapse that, in the past 50 years, exploitation in the form of dams and other irrigation infrastructure have all but halted the Yellow River's natural course, threatening to dry up the entire river valley. The cessation of river flows, or flow stoppages, has surged since the 1980s because of increased water usage and waste. In 1997, the lower Yellow River did not flow 230 days out of the year, an increase of over 2000% since 1988. Increased erosion and sedimentation, especially on the Loess Plateau, has made the river much less navigable by ship.[4]

text: For the 2008 Summer Olympics, China diverted water from Hebei and Shanxi provinces, areas already beset by drought and dramatic water shortages, to Beijing.[5] In July 2008, the head of the Beijing Water Authority Bi Xiaogang denied that the Olympics would increase water consumption by a large amount. However, previously he and other local officials said that Beijing would divert up to 400 million cubic meters of water from Hebei for the Games with water-diversion facilities and pipes being built to pump water from four reservoirs in Hebei.[6] Around Baoding city alone, a mostly rural area, 31,000 residents lost land and their homes due to a water transfer project; many more have been displaced throughout Hebei.[7][8] According to an August 24, 2008 report by the UK’s Times, much of the infrastructure intended for the water diversion scheme was left half-constructed or unused when Beijing officials realized that water demand estimates had been far too high. The number of tourists attending the Beijing games was lower than expected, and many migrant workers, ethnic minorities, and political dissidents had left the city as a result of intimidation or official requests. Nevertheless, the Hebei area had already been sucked dry to fill a number of large reservoirs, leading to drought and agricultural losses.[9]

text: Water transfers[edit]

text: Large-scale water transfers have long been advocated by Chinese planners as a solution to the country's water woes. The South-North Water Transfer Project is being developed primarily to divert water from the Yangtze river.

text: The development or diversion of major transboundary rivers originating in China, such as the Brahmaputra River and the Mekong River, could be a source on tension with China's neighbors. For example, after building two dams upstream, China is building at least three more on the Mekong, inflaming passions in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand. In a book titled "Tibet's Waters Will Save China" a group of Chinese ex-officials have championed the northward rerouting of the waters of the Brahmaputra as an important lifeline for China in a future phase of South-North Water Transfer Project. Such a diversion could fuel tension with India and Bangladesh, if no prior agreement would be reached on sharing the river's water.[10]

text: On a smaller scale, some of the waters of the Irtysh River, which would otherwise flow into Kazakhstan, Russia, and the Arctic Ocean, have been diverted into the arid areas of north-central Xinjiang via the Irtysh–Karamay–Ürümqi Canal.

text: Sea water desalination[edit]

text: Due to the water problems, as well as for future exports, China is building up its desalination technological abilities and plans to create an indigenous industry. Some cities have introduced extensive water conservation and recycling programs and technologies.[11]

text: Water quality[edit]

text: The quality of groundwater or surface water is a major problem in China, be it because of man-made water pollution or natural contamination.

text: Pollution and Water Shortage[edit]

text: Deterioration of drinking water quality continues to be a major problem in China. Continuous emissions from manufacturing is the largest contributor to lowered drinking quality across the People’s Republic,[12] but introduction of poorly treated sewage, industrial spills, and extensive use of agricultural fertilizers and pesticides have proven to be major contributors as well. Furthermore, these water quality issues couple with seasonal scarcity of water to spark endemic water shortages, which frequently affect millions of people to some extent.[13]

text: According to China's State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) in 2006, 60% of the country's rivers suffer from pollution to such an extent that they cannot be safely used as drinking water sources.[14] According to the 2008 State of the Environment Report by the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the successor agency of SEPA, pollution of specific rivers is as follows:

text:
The Pearl River and the Yangtze River had "good water quality";
The Songhua River was "slightly polluted" (it was "moderately polluted" in 2006);
The Liaohe River, the Huai River, and the Yellow River were "moderately polluted" (another translation says they "had poor water quality"); and
the Haihe River which flows through Beijing and Tianjin was "badly polluted".[15]

tag: ul

text: A 2006 article by the Chinese Embassy in the UK stated that approximately 300 million nationwide have no access to clean water. Almost 90% of underground water in cities are affected by pollution and as well as 70% of China’s rivers and lakes.[16]

text: A 2007 article in China Daily stated that large scale use of pesticides and fertilizers from agriculture also contribute to water pollution.[17]

text: A 2008 report about the Yellow River argued that severe pollution caused by factory discharges and sewage from fast-expanding cities has made one-third of the river unusable even for agricultural or industrial use. The report, based on data taken last year[which year?], covered more than 8,384 miles of the river, one of the longest waterways in the world, and its tributaries. The Yellow River Conservancy Committee, which surveyed more than 8,384 miles of the river in 2007, said 33.8% of the river system registered worse than level five. According to criteria used by the UN Environment Program, level five is unfit for drinking, aquaculture, industrial use and even agriculture. The report said waste and sewage discharged into the system last year totaled 4.29bn tonnes. Industry and manufacturing provided 70% of the discharge into the river, with households accounting for 23% and just over 6% coming from other sources.[12]

text: There have been a high number of river pollution incidents in recent years in China, such as drinking water source pollution by algae in the Lake Tai, Wuxi in May 2007. There was a "bloom of blue-green algae that gave off a rotten smell" shutting off the main source of drinking water supply to 5.8 million people. By September 2007, the city had closed or given notice to close more than 1,340 polluting factories. The city ordered the rest to clean up by June or be permanently shut down. The closing of the factories resulted in a 15% reduction of local GDP.[18] The severe pollution had been known for many years, but factories had been allowed to continue to operate until the crisis erupted.

text: The 2005 Jilin chemical plant explosions in Jilin City caused a large discharge of nitrobenzene into the Songhua River. Levels of the carcinogen were so high that the entire water supply to Harbin city (pop 3.8M) was cut off for five days between November 21, 2005 and November 26, 2005, though it was only on November 23 that officials admitted that a severe pollution incident was the reason for the cutoff.[19]

text: Chinese environmental activist and journalist Ma Jun warned in 2006 that China is facing a water crisis that includes water shortages, water pollution and a deterioration in water quality. Ma argued that 400 out of 600 cities in China are facing water shortages to varying degrees, including 30 out of the 32 largest cities. Furthermore, Ma argued, discharges of waste water have increased continually over the years 2001-2006, and that 300 million peasants’ drinking water is not safe. He warned: "In the north, due to the drying up of the surface water, the underground water has been over-extracted. The water shortage in the north could have drastic affects because almost half of China’s population lives on only 15 percent of its water. The situation is not sustainable. Though the south has abundant water, there is a lack of clean water due to serious water pollution. Even water-abundant deltas like the Yangtze and the Pearl River suffer from water shortages."[20][21]

text: According to an article in the Guardian, in 2005, deputy minister Qiu Baoxing stated that more than 100 out of the 660 cities had extreme water shortages. Pan Yue, deputy director of the state environment protection agency, warned that economic growth was unsustainable due to the water problems. In 2004 the World Bank warned that the scarcity of the resource would lead to "a fight between rural interests, urban interests and industrial interests on who gets water in China." In April 2005 there were dozens of injuries in Dongyang city, Zhejiang Province, due to clashes over the nearby chemical factories of the Juxi Industrial Park accused of water pollution that harmed crops and led to deformed babies being born. According to the article, a quarter of the population lacked clean drinking water and less than a third of the waste was treated. China is expected to face worsening water shortages until 2030 when the population peaks.[13]

text: According to a 2007 report by the World Bank, the pollution scandals demonstrate that, if not immediately and effectively controlled, pollution releases can spread across the boundaries of administrative jurisdictions, causing "environmental and economic damage as well as public concern and the potential for social unease". Once an accident has occurred, the impact on the environment and human health becomes more difficult and more costly to control. Therefore, the report recommends prevention of pollution by strict enforcement of appropriate policies and regulations.[22]

text: Natural contamination[edit]

text: Large portions of China's aquifers suffer from arsenic contamination of groundwater. Arsenic poisoning occurs after long-term exposure to contaminated groundwater through drinking. The phenomenon was first detected in China in the 1950s. As water demand grows, wells are being drilled deeper and now frequently tap into arsenic-rich aquifers. As a consequence, arsenic poisoning is rising. To date there have been more than 30,000 cases reported with about 25 million people exposed to dangerously high levels in their drinking water.[23]

text: According to the WHO over 26 million people in China suffer from dental fluorosis (weakening of teeth) due to elevated fluoride in their drinking water. In addition, over 1 million cases of skeletal fluorosis (weakening of bones) are thought to be attributable to drinking water.[24] High levels of fluoride occur in groundwater and defluoridation is in many cases unaffordable.

text: Pollution incidents[edit]

text: The Hubei Shuanghuan Science and Technology Stock Co poisoned at least 100 tonnes (220,000 lb) fish in a river in central Hubei province in September 2013 with discharged ammonia into the Fuhe river.[25]

text: Conservation and Sanitation[edit]

text: Water supply and sanitation in the People's Republic of China is undergoing a massive transition, while facing numerous challenges - such as rapid urbanization and a widening economic gap between urban and rural areas.[26]

text: The World Bank in a 2007 report stated that between 1990 and 2005 there have been major financial investments in water infrastructure. While urban water supply coverage increased from 50% to 90%, there are still seasonal water shortages in many cities. Water usage by the growing population has increased but it has decreased by industry causing a stabilization of the overall water usage level. Sewage treatment of urban wastewater more than tripled from 15% to 52%. Installed wastewater treatment capacity grew much more quickly due to an increasing absolute amount of wastewater. Absolute release of municipal pollutants has decreased slightly since 2000.[27]

text: According to a 2007 article, the SEPA stated that the water quality in the central drinking water sources for major cities was "mainly good".[14]

text: Management[edit]

text: The responsibility for dealing with water is split between several agencies within the government. Water pollution is the responsibility of the environmental authorities, but the water supply itself is managed by the Ministry of Water Resources. Sewage treatment is managed by the Ministry of Construction, but groundwater management falls within the realm of the Ministry of Land and Resources. China grades its water quality in six levels, from Grade I to Grade VI, with Grade VI being the most polluted.[28]

text: In 2007 Ma Xiancong, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute of Law, identified the following areas where the government failed to act, or tacitly consented, approved or actively took part and so created a worse situation: land appropriation, pollution, excessive mining and the failure to carry out environmental impact assessments. An example of this emerged in 2006, when the State Environmental Protection Administration revealed over a dozen hydroelectric projects that had broken the Environmental Impact Assessment Law.[29]

text: In 2005 experts warned that China must use Integrated Water Resources Management in order to achieve sustainable development.[3]


document_title: Charitie Lees Smith

question_text: who wrote the song before the throne of god

text: Charitie Lees Smith

text: Anglicanism portal

text: Charitie Lees Smith (1841–1923) also known as Charitie Lees Bancroft, was an Anglican Irish American hymnwriter.

text: Life[edit]

text: Charitie was born on 21 June 1841, at Bloomfield, County Dublin, the fourth child of Rev. George Sidney Smith and Charlotte Lees. The Rev. George Smith was the minister of Colebrooke church, in the Church of Ireland parish of Aghalurcher from 1838–1867 and, during this period, the family, including Charitie, lived in Ardunshin House near Brookeborough, County Fermanagh, Ireland.

text: In 1860, one of Charitie's first compositions O for the robes of whiteness appeared in leaflet form in the immediate aftermath of the Irish 1859 revival. In 1863 she wrote perhaps her best known hymn "Before the Throne of God Above" which she entitled The Advocate (a hymn which was revived in evangelical circles in the late Twentieth Century). In 1867 Charitie's father took the family to Tattyreagh, Omagh, County Tyrone, when he became the rector of St Columba's Church. Charitie continued with her compositions eventually publishing them in a volume entitled Within the Veil in 1867.

text: In 1869, a Liverpudlian Arthur Bancroft married Charitie in Edinburgh, Scotland. Records of her married life are scarce but it seems she was widowed twice. She died on 20 June 1923, in Oakland, California aged 82 bearing the name de Cheney.

text: Bibliography[edit]

text: Jack Strahan (2002) More Hymns and Their Writers Glasgow, GTP.


document_title: List of highest United States cities by state

question_text: city with the highest elevation in the united states

text: Nebraska Harrison Elevation 4876 feet This is an incomplete list of the highest United States cities by state. Only settlements that are permanently occupied all year long are included, and only the highest in each state is listed.

text:
Altitude
Name
State, District or Territory
Comments

10,200 feet (3109 m)
Leadville
 Colorado
Leadville is the highest city. The towns of Montezuma at 10,335 feet (3150 m), Alma at 10,355 feet (3156 m) are higher. Breckenridge, Colorado is at 9600 ft (2926 metres). Silverton, Colorado (9314 feet (2839 m) The town limits of Winter Park (9052 feet (2759 m)) extend to 12,060 feet (3676 m).[1]

9800 feet (2987 m)
Brian Head
 Utah
[2] Town Offices elevation 9,656'

9321 feet (2841 m)
Taos Ski Valley
 New Mexico
[3] Some homes and businesses above 10,000'

9062 feet (2762 m)
Fox Park
 Wyoming
Highest incorporated city or town is Encampment at 7,277 feet.

8356 feet (2547 m)
Greer
 Arizona
[4] An unincorporated community and census-designated place in Apache County, Arizona, United States, in the White Mountains in the east central part of the state. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 41.[5]

7920 feet (2414 m)
Mammoth Lakes
 California
[6]

7608 feet (2319 m)
Cooke City
 Montana
[7] Larger community Big Sky, surpassing 8,700', is unincorporated[8]

7510 feet (2289 m)
Mount Charleston
 Nevada
[9] Unincorporated town

7325 feet (2233 m)
Los Alamos
 New Mexico
Elevation measured at the US post office on Central Avenue, and is based on a 2001 lidar survey (vertical datum NAVD88).

7198 feet (2194 m)
Santa Fe
 New Mexico
Santa Fe is the capital of the State of New Mexico and the highest capital city in the United States. The population is 70,297.

7165 feet
(2184 m)

Laramie
Wyoming
Laramie is the home of the University of Wyoming, the only public university in Wyoming. The population is 30, 816.

7000 feet (2134 m)
Flagstaff, Arizona
 Arizona
Flagstaff Arizona is at 7,000 feet above sea level, with a population of 66,000 and the home of Northern Arizona University. Looking at cities with a population of 25,000 or more, Flagstaff Arizona is the 2nd highest above sea level in the United States.

6253 feet (1906 m)
Stanley
 Idaho
Stanley was the 2000 Census Center of Population in Idaho.[10]

6062 feet
(1848 m)

Cheyenne
Wyoming
Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming and is the home of the largest outdoor rodeo in the world, Cheyenne Frontier Days. City population is 59, 466.

5817 feet (1773 m)
Truckee
 California
[11] Truckee was named after a Paiute chief. His assumed Paiute name was Tru-ki-zo. He was the father of Chief Winnemucca and grandfather of Sarah Winnemucca.

5506 feet (1678 m)
Beech Mountain
 North Carolina
[12] Some private roads above 5200'; town center is at 5075'

5315 feet (1620 m)
Custer
 South Dakota
[citation needed] Most of Lead surpasses Custer in elevation

5312 feet (1619 m)
Albuquerque
 New Mexico
[citation needed]

5280 feet (1609 m)
Denver
 Colorado
[citation needed]

4900 feet (1494 m)
Fort Davis
 Texas
[13]

4812 feet (1467 m)
Carson City
 Nevada
[14] Snow Valley Peak (9,218 ft) lies entirely within the city limits

4802 feet (1464 m)
Lakeview
 Oregon
[15]

4793 feet (1461 m)
Bozeman
 Montana

4702 feet (1433 m)
Sun Valley
 Nevada
[16] Unincorporated

4353 feet (1327 m)
Kenton
 Oklahoma
[17] Unincorporated

3907 feet (1191 m)
Kanorado
 Kansas

3750 feet (1143 m)
Volcano
 Hawaii
Unincorporated

3740 feet (1140 m)
El Paso
 Texas

3638 feet (1109 m)
Whitetop
 Virginia
[18] Unincorporated

3573 feet (1089 m)
Roswell
 New Mexico
Population : 56,000

3396 feet (1035 m)
Paxson
 Alaska
Unincorporated

3333 feet (1016 m)
Boone
 North Carolina
[19] Population : 17,122

3192 feet (973 m)
Rhame
  North Dakota
[20]

3166 feet (965 m)
Agrihan
 Northern Mariana Islands
[21] Currently uninhabited.

3163 feet (964 m)
Ta'u
 American Samoa
Highest peak in Samoa Lata Mountain. Island Population: 873

3100 feet (945 m)
Davis
 West Virginia
Davis is incorporated as a town. The highest place incorporated as a city is Bluefield, elevation 2611 feet (796 m), nicknamed "Summit City".[22] The Snowshoe Mountain resort village is the second-highest point in the state at 4848 feet (1478 m), but is neither incorporated nor permanently populated.

3100 feet (945 m)
Sky Valley
 Georgia
[23]

3133 feet (955 m)
Trade
 Tennessee
[24] Unincorporated; highest incorporated city is Mountain City, elevation 2,418 feet

2622 feet (799 m)
Waterville
 Washington
[25]

2530 feet (771 m)
Seven Springs
 Pennsylvania
Highest incorporated city is Hazleton at 1,866 ft,[26] one of the highest incorporated cities east of the Mississippi

2401 feet (732 m)
Aibonito
 Puerto Rico
[27]

2349 feet (716 m)
Knapp Creek
 New York
[28] Unincorporated. Highest incorporated city is Olean at 1,447 ft[29]

2215 feet (675 m)
Woodford
 Vermont
[30]

2162 feet (659 m)
Compton
 Arkansas
Highest incorporated city is Winslow at 1,729 ft.

2070 feet (631 m)
Frostburg
 Maryland
[31]

2064 feet (629 m)
Peru
 Massachusetts

2000 feet (610 m)
Isabella
 Minnesota
[32] Unincorporated community

1980 feet (604 m)
Clarksville
 New Hampshire
[33]

1762 feet (537 m)
Payne Gap
 Kentucky
[34]

1736 feet (529 m)
Star Lake
 Wisconsin
[35]

1708 feet (521 m)
Mentone
 Alabama
[36]

1645 feet (501 m)
Seymour
 Missouri
Cedar Gap is the highest unincorporated community at 1705 feet.[citation needed]

1614 feet (492 m)
Rangeley
 Maine

1598 feet (487 m)
Allendorf
 Iowa
Highest incorporated city or town is Melvin at 1,581 ft.[34]

1555 feet (474 m)
Saint Thomas
 United States Virgin Islands

Population: 51,634 about 48.5% of US Virgin Island total

1550 feet (472 m)
Bellefontaine
 Ohio
The highest point in Ohio, Campbell Hill, is within the city limits

1473 feet (449 m)
Iron River
 Michigan
[37]

1319 feet (402 m)
Goshen
 Connecticut

1211 feet (369 m)
Bethel
 Indiana
[34]

1120 feet (341 m)
Pickens
 South Carolina
[38]

1033 feet (315 m)
Waddams Grove
 Illinois

812 feet (247 m)
Foster
 Rhode Island
[39]Jerimoth Hill, highest point in Rhode Island, is located in Foster

561 feet (171 m)
Iuka
 Mississippi

420 feet (128 m)
Barkley
 Delaware
[40] City closest to Ebright Azimuth, the highest point in Delaware.

384 feet (117 m)
Arcadia
 Louisiana
[41] Ruston is the highest incorporated city at 331 feet.

380 feet (116 m)
Washington DC
 District of Columbia
[42]

345 feet (105 m)
Lakewood
 Florida
[43] Lowest natural high point in any state.

tag: table


document_title: List of radio soap operas

question_text: what was the first soap opera on radio

question_tokens: what was the first soap opera on radio

text: List of radio soap operas

text: Radio daytime drama serials were broadcast for decades, and some expanded to television. These dramas are often referred to as "soaps", a shortening from "soap opera". That term stems from the original dramatic serials broadcast on radio that had soap manufacturers such as Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive, and Lever Brothers as sponsors [1] and producers.[2] These early radio serials were broadcast in weekday daytime slots when mostly housewives would be able to listen; thus the shows were aimed at and consumed by a predominantly female audience.[1]

text:
Show
Region/country
Began
Ended
Creator
Ref.

Adopted Daughter
United States
1939
1941
Jettabee Anne Hopkins

The Affairs of Dr Gentry

1957
1959

[3]

Against the Storm
United States
1939
1952
Sandra Michael
[3]

Amanda of Honeymoon Hill
United States
1940
1946
Frank and Anne Hummert
[3]

The Archers
United Kingdom
1951
Present
Godfrey Baseley

Arnold Grimm's Daughter
United Kingdom
1937
1942
Margaret Sangster
[4]

Aunt Jenny's Real Life Stories
United States
1937
1955

[4]

Aunt Mary
United States
1942
1951
Leigh and Virginia Crosby & Gil South
[3]

Bachelor's Children
United States
1935
1946
Bess Flynn
[3]

Backstage Wife
United States
1935
1959
Frank and Anne Hummert
[3]

Barry Cameron

1945
1946
Richard, Leonard, and Peggy Blake

Betty and Bob
United States
1932
1940
Frank and Anne Hummert
[3]

Big Sister
United States
1936
1952
Julian Funt, Carl Bixby, Bob Newman and Bill Sweets
[3]

Bob and Victoria

1947
1947
Lee and Virginia Crosby & Gil South
[4]

Brave Tomorrow
United States
1943
1944
Ruth Adams Knight
[4]

Brenda Curtis
United States
1939
1940
Ken Roberts
[4]

Bright Horizon
United States
1941
1945
James and Elizabeth Hart, John M. Young, Ted Maxwell, Stuart Hawkins, and Kathleen Norris
[3]

The Brighter Day
United States
1948
1956
Irna Phillips
[3]

The Carters of Elm Street
United States
1939
1940
Mona Kent
[4]

Central City
United States
1938
1941
Frank and Anne Hummert
[3]

The Colcloughs
United Kingdom
1991
2016
1993
Present
Mike Hopwood

Citizens
United Kingdom
1987
1991
BBC

City Soap
United Kingdom
2005
2008
Preston Fm

Clara, Lu, and Em
United States
1930
1942
Louise Starkey, Isobel Carothers and Helen King
[3]

College Road
Ireland
2009
2009
MightyStudent
[3]

Dan Harding's Wife
United States
1936
1938
Ken Robinson
[3]

David Harum
United States
1936
1950
Frank and Anne Hummert
[3]

Doc Barclay's Daughters
United States
1939
1940
Frank and Anne Hummert
[3]

The Doctor's Wife

1952
1956

Front Line Family
United Kingdom / Canada
1941
1948

Front Page Farrell
United States
1941
1954
Frank and Anne Hummert
[3]

Girl Alone
United States
1935
1941
Fayette Krum
[3]

The Goldbergs
United States
1929
1950
Gertrude Berg
[4]

The Guiding Light
United States
1937
1956 [5]
Irna Phillips
[3]

Helpmate
United States
1941
1944
Frank and Anne Hummert
[3]

Her Honor, Nancy James

1938
1939

[4]

Hilltop House

1937, 1948
1941, 1957
Edward Wolf
[4][6]

Into the Light

1941
1942
Larry Bearson
[4]

Jane Arden
United States
1938
1939

[4]

John's Other Wife

1936
1942
Frank and Anne Hummert
[4]

Joyce Jordan, M.D.
United States
1938
1956

[3]

Judy and Jane
United States
1932
1935
Frank and Anne Hummert
[4]

Just Plain Bill
United States
1932
1955
Frank and Anne Hummert
[4]

Kate Hopkins Angel of Mercy

1940
1942
Gertrude Berg and Chester McCracken
[4]

Kitty Foyle
United States
1942
1944

[3]

Kitty Keene, Incorporated
United States
1937
1941
Day Keene and Lester Huntly

The Life and Love of Dr. Susan

1939
1939
Edith Meiser
[4]

Life Begins

1940
1941

[4]

Life Can Be Beautiful
United States
1938
1954
Don Becker and Carl Bixby
[4]

Life of Mary Sothern

1934
1938
Don Becker
[4]

The Light of the World
United States
1940
1950

[3]

Linda's First Love

1939
ca. 1950

[4]

Lone Journey

1940
1952
Sandra Michael
[4]

Lonely Women
United States
1942
1943
Irna Phillips

Lora Lawton
United States
1943
1950

[3]

Lorenzo Jones
United States
1937
1955

[3]

Ma Perkins
United States
1933
1960
Frank and Anne Hummert
[3]

Matysiakowie
Poland
1956
present
Jerzy Janicki

Mrs Dale's Diary
United Kingdom
1948
1969
Jonqil Antony

Myrt and Marge
United States
1931
1942
Myrtle Vail
[3]

"Newarkers"
United Kingdom
2013
2013
Radio Newark

The O'Neills
United States
1935
1943

[3]

One Man's Family
United States
1932
1959
Carlton E. Morse
[3]

Our Gal Sunday
United States
1936
1959

[3]

Painted Dreams
United States
1930
1943
Irna Phillips
[7]

Pepper Young's Family
United States
1932
1959
Elaine Sterne Carrington
[3]

Perry Mason
United States
1943
1955
Erle Stanley Gardner
[3]

Portia Faces Life
United States
1940
1952

[3]

Pretty Kitty Kelly
United States
1937
1940

[3]

The Right to Happiness
United States
1939
1960
Irna Phillips
[3]

The Road of Life
United States
1937
1959
Irna Phillips
[3]

The Romance of Helen Trent
United States
1933
1960
Frank and Anne Hummert
[4]

Rosemary
United States
1944
1955
Elaine Sterne Carrington
[3]

The Second Mrs. Burton
United States
1946
1960

[3]

Silver Street
United Kingdom
2004
2010

Staying Well in Camberwell
United States
2011
2011
Cheryl L. Davis [8]
[9][10]

Stella Dallas
United States
1937
1955

[3]

The Story of Mary Marlin
United States
1935
1952

[3]

The Strange Romance of Evelyn Winters
United States
1944
1952

[3]

This is Nora Drake
United States
1947
1959

[3]

Today's Children
United States
1933
1938
Irna Phillips
[3]

Today's Children (second series)
United States
1943
1950
Irna Phillips (Dialogue by Virginia Cooke)
[3]

Valiant Lady
United States
1938
1952

[3]

Waggoners' Walk
United Kingdom
1969
1980

We Love and Learn
United States
1942
1956

[3]

Wendy Warren and the News
United States
1947
1958

[3]

Westway
United Kingdom
1997
2005

When a Girl Marries
United States
1939
1957
Elaine Sterne Carrington
[3]

The Woman in My House
United States
1951
1959

[3]

Woman in White
United States
1938
1948

[3]

A Woman of America
United States
1943
1945

[3]

You Me Now
New Zealand
2010
2012
Radio New Zealand and All The Way Home Productions
[3]

Young Doctor Malone
United States
1939
1960
Irna Phillips
[3]

Young Widder Brown
United States
1938
1956
Frank Hummert and Anne Hummert
[3]

Your Family and Mine
United States
1938
1940

[4]


document_title: List of Doc Martin episodes

question_text: when does the new series of doc martin air

text: List of Doc Martin episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired
DVD release
Avg. UK Ratings

Series premiere
Series finale
Region 2
Region 1

1
6
2 September 2004 (2004-09-02)
7 October 2004 (2004-10-07)
31 October 2005 (2005-10-31)[1]
12 June 2007 (2007-06-12)[2]
9.32 million

2
8
10 November 2005 (2005-11-10)
5 January 2006 (2006-01-05)
3 April 2006 (2006-04-03)[3]
28 July 2009 (2009-07-28)[4]
8.68 million

TV film
25 December 2006 (2006-12-25)
29 September 2008 (2008-09-29)[5]
28 July 2009 (2009-07-28)[4]
5.88 million

3
7
24 September 2007 (2007-09-24)
5 November 2007 (2007-11-05)
18 February 2008 (2008-02-18)[6]
2 February 2010 (2010-02-02)[7]
9.12 million

4
8
20 September 2009 (2009-09-20)
8 November 2009 (2009-11-08)
1 March 2010 (2010-03-01)[8]
6 July 2010 (2010-07-06)[9]
9.15 million

5
8
12 September 2011 (2011-09-12)
31 October 2011 (2011-10-31)
5 March 2012 (2012-03-05)[10]
5 June 2012 (2012-06-05)
10.60 million

6
8
2 September 2013 (2013-09-02)
21 October 2013 (2013-10-21)
24 March 2014 (2014-03-24)
10 December 2013 (2013-12-10)
8.97 million

7
8
7 September 2015 (2015-09-07)
2 November 2015 (2015-11-02)
16 November 2015 (2015-11-16)[11]
8 December 2015 (2015-12-08)
7.61 million[A]

8
8
20 September 2017 (2017-09-20)
8 November 2017 (2017-11-08)
TBA
TBA
TBA

9
8
September 2018
November 2018
TBA
TBA
TBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2004)[edit]

text:
No. overall
No. in series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Viewers
(millions)[12]
Original airdate

1
1
"Going Bodmin"
Ben Bolt
Dominic Minghella
9.93
2 September 2004 (2004-09-02)

Martin attends an interview for the post of general practitioner (GP). Having unwittingly offended local teacher Louisa Glasson, he spontaneously diagnoses her glaucoma. Although pleased to renew his acquaintance with his Auntie Joan with whom he spent holidays as a boy, he is less than enamoured of the other locals he encounters and the state of his predecessor's surgery. He also inadvertently uncovers an affair between a teenager and the wife of the Lieutenant Colonel, leading to threats of a divorce, a reconciliation and then a punch on his nose. Disillusioned, Martin decides he has made a mistake and plans to return to London.[13]

2
2
"Gentlemen Prefer"
Ben Bolt
Dominic Minghella
8.98
9 September 2004 (2004-09-09)

Martin's surgery officially opens for business, but patients continue to treat it as a drop-in cafe. Former teacher Roger Fenn is hoarse and has a lump on his neck, so Martin refers him to a specialist for a biopsy. He is diagnosed with cancer and must have surgery which may cost the former singer his voice. Martin also sacks Elaine as his receptionist for her general attitude and incompetence after she inaccurately takes down the name or phone number of a boy with suspected appendicitis.[13]

3
3
"Sh*t Happens"
Ben Bolt
Dominic Minghella
8.91
16 September 2004 (2004-09-16)

A stomach bug sweeps the village, filling Martin's surgery with patients. Martin appears on the local radio station in an attempt to alert the village to a potential health scare, but his efforts misfire. Bert Large and his son have an argument over college and the future of their family businesses.[13]

4
4
"The Portwenn Effect"
Ben Bolt
Dominic Minghella
9.31
23 September 2004 (2004-09-23)

Louisa buys two tickets to the Portwenn Players Dance and invites Martin. He doesn't want to go so Louisa offers the ticket to Mark instead. Peter Cronk, a boy at Louisa's school, causes trouble on a wildlife trip and Martin meets the Park Ranger Stewart, who believes he lives with a 6 foot squirrel named Anthony.[13]
Special Guest: Ben Miller

5
5
"Of All the Harbours in All the Towns"
Ben Bolt
Kirstie Falkous & John Regier
9.45
30 September 2004 (2004-09-30)

John Slater, an old flame of Joan's, returns to the village hoping to rekindle his love affair with her, but Martin discovers he has a life-threatening heart condition. Fifteen-year-old Melanie Gibson (Stephanie Leonidas) has a crush on the doctor after he mends her dislocated shoulder.[13]
Special Guest: John Alderton

6
6
"Haemophobia"
Ben Bolt
Dominic Minghella
9.31
7 October 2004 (2004-10-07)

Martin is forced to confront his fear of blood, first when the town plays a prank on him involving ketchup as a fake injury, and then when Peter, a young lad of the town, suffers a ruptured spleen that needs an urgent operation.[13]

text: Series 2 (2005–06)[edit]

text:
No. overall
No. in series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Viewers
(millions)[12]
Original airdate

7
1
"Old Dogs"
Ben Bolt
Dominic Minghella & Edana Minghella
8.86
10 November 2005 (2005-11-10)

Louisa's old flame, Danny Steel, comes to Portwenn hoping to rekindle their romance. He is furious with Martin for interfering with his mother's move to a nursing home. A man who has a habit of inexplicably injuring himself consults Martin. Elaine has resigned and moved away with her boyfriend Greg and has been replaced by her cousin, Pauline Lamb.[14]

8
2
"In Loco"
Ben Bolt
Richard Stoneman
8.19
17 November 2005 (2005-11-17)

Louisa interviews for a position as headmistress and crosses Martin by insisting that children with a highly contagious disease should still come to school against the doctor's wishes. Peter stays with Martin after Peter's mother suffers serious burns. Bert Large steps in to maintain the chip shop whilst Mrs Cronk is hospitalised, only to find his "experience in the catering trade" is a little wayward.[14]

9
3
"Blood is Thicker"
Ben Bolt
Jack Lothian
9.26
24 November 2005 (2005-11-24)

Al discovers that Bert is not his natural father; Martin diagnoses food poisoning for a rural family with a mysterious unseen mother.[14]

10
4
"Aromatherapy"
Ben Bolt
Dominic Minghella & Edana Minghella
8.99
1 December 2005 (2005-12-01)

An old man, inexplicably emanating a horrible stench, consults Doctor Ellingham; and the local radio host, Caroline, seems to have a serious drinking problem. Julie Mitchell arrives in Portwenn and immediately catches the attention of PC Mark Mylow.[14]
Special guest: Hugh Lloyd

11
5
"Always on My Mind"
Ben Bolt
Richard Stoneman
8.56
8 December 2005 (2005-12-08)

Martin examines Helen Pratt, but she collapses and dies. Her husband, Phil, is angry with the doctor and blames him for his wife's death. A feud develops between Phil and Helen's long-time friend Joan after Phil becomes convinced that Joan knew something secret about him. Joan encourages Martin to explain the circumstances of Helen's death to Phil, having previously been extremely cold and insensitive following her death. Pauline begins training to become a member of the lifeboat crew, flirting with her instructor, Ross, in the process, causing Al to become jealous.
Special guest: Roger Lloyd-Pack [14]

12
6
"The Family Way"
Ben Bolt
Dominic Minghella & Edana Minghella
8.83
15 December 2005 (2005-12-15)

Martin's cold and difficult parents come to stay with him. He hasn't seen them for seven years, and is puzzled as to why they should turn up out of the blue. Mark and Julie get engaged. Danny Steel's lung collapses whilst renovating a house and Martin examines a woman with what she claims is a thyroid, but the results turn out to be rather different.
Special guests: John Woodvine & Claire Bloom[14]

13
7
"Out of the Woods"
Minkie Spiro
Jack Lothian
8.11
22 December 2005 (2005-12-22)

PC Mark Mylow plans to spend his stag night sleeping rough in the woods with Al Large, but gets bitten by an adder. The doctor doesn't have a clue where they are and his only hope lies with the area's park ranger – Stewart.[14]

14
8
"Erotomania"
Minkie Spiro
Dominic Minghella & Edana Minghella
8.60
5 January 2006 (2006-01-05)

Martin tries to persuade Mrs. Tishell, the pharmacist, to remove her collar, which she has worn for years. Louisa breaks up with Danny after career disagreements. A man from the Salvation Army arrives in Portwenn trying to trace a girl who left her home. Whom could he be after?[14]

text: TV film (2006)[edit]

text:
No. overall
Title
Directed by
Written by
Viewers
(millions)[12]
Original airdate

15
"On the Edge"
Ben Bolt
Jack Lothian
5.88
25 December 2006 (2006-12-25)

Martin learns that he is under investigation for rude and condescending behaviour with the end result that he may have to go on a 2 week course to improve his people skills. Pauline advises him that he will have to find a new receptionist as she is returning to university to study nursing. Bert Large thinks he's struck gold when word gets out that a rare bird is nesting in the local cliffs so he borrows the police van to offer guided tours. Louisa Glasson's father Terry suddenly re-appears in the village accompanied by his friend, Jonathan. Terry had left the village under a cloud when he was accused of stealing money from the lifeboat fund but he has always maintained his innocence and Louisa remains his staunchest defender. Things get serious when Jonathan stops taking his medication and takes Martin, Louisa and Pauline prisoner and the problems in the town heat up.[15]

text: Series 3 (2007)[edit]

text:
No. overall
No. in series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Viewers
(millions)[12]
Original airdate

16
1
"The Apple Doesn't Fall"
Ben Bolt
Richard Stoneman
8.10
24 September 2007 (2007-09-24)

Martin believes Louisa may be anaemic after she passes out in front of her class. A young girl is treated for hyperactivity and it's suspected that she's been taking her Mum's diet pills. After the horror and shock of discovering his fiance Julie's secret, Constable Mark Mylow has left — PC Joe Penhale (John Marquez) arrives in Portwenn to replace him, arousing attention from the doc, who discovers him unconscious at the wheel of his police car.[16] Titled Tick Tock in American release.

17
2
"Movement"
Ben Bolt
Nick Vivian
8.58
1 October 2007 (2007-10-01)

Bert Large abandons his plumbing business in favour of running a restaurant. Following the restaurant's opening, several cases of food poisoning occur with Louisa being one of the victims.[16] Titled The Morning After in American release.

18
3
"City Slickers"
Ben Bolt
Richard Stoneman
8.84
8 October 2007 (2007-10-08)

A couple and their son move in next door to Louisa causing problems for her, Martin and the local people. Residents also begin to discover something unusual about PC Penhale[16] Titled Love Thy Neighbor in American release.

19
4
"The Admirer"
Ben Bolt
Jack Lothian
8.81
15 October 2007 (2007-10-15)

Hotel owner Carrie Wilson has her sights on Martin much to Louisa's chagrin. Joan has an admirer in painter Edward Melville, who is 30 years younger than she.[16] Titled The GP Always Rings Twice in American release.

20
5
"The Holly Bears a Prickle"
Ben Bolt
Ben Bolt
9.21
22 October 2007 (2007-10-22)

Pauline's gambling addiction finally comes to a head after an explosive confrontation in the surgery. Martin and Louisa go out on a date, but it is ruined by an inappropriate remark, and Louisa ends their relationship. Louisa's friend, Holly (Lucy Robinson), injures her back while walking in Portwenn. The episode ends with Martin proposing to Louisa, telling her he can't imagine life without her. [16] Titled Breaking Up Is Hard to Do in American release.

21
6
"Nowt So Queer"
Ben Bolt
Keith Temple
9.92
29 October 2007 (2007-10-29)

The news of Martin and Louisa's engagement spreads like wildfire through Portwenn. A mysterious respiratory infection breaks out in the village. Martin becomes concerned about a patient who lives with her domineering and sinister sister, a biochemist. Al Large is concerned about his finances. [16]Titled The Two of Us in American release

22
7
"Happily Ever After"
Ben Bolt
Jack Lothian
10.37
5 November 2007 (2007-11-05)

On the day of their wedding, Louisa's bridesmaid is hit in the eye with a party popper; the local florist gets arrested and his shop shuttered. Bert Large has to make contingency plans for the wedding party. Martin suggests the vicar has a drink problem and later catches him with a bottle of whiskey. The vicar ends up in hospital after falling over and fracturing his hip. Martin has to find a replacement, and pays a high price for his services. Louisa's maid of honor has another emergency.[16] Titled In Sickness and In Health in American release.

text: Series 4 (2009)[edit]

text:
No. overall
No. in series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Viewers
(millions)[12]
Original airdate

23
1
"Better the Devil"
Ben Bolt
Jack Lothian
8.30
20 September 2009 (2009-09-20)

Life in the beautiful Cornish village of Portwenn has become ever more infuriating for Dr. Martin Ellingham since his and Louisa's heart-wrenching decision to call off their wedding. Louisa has left the village, and Martin has begun to question what keeps him in Cornwall. It's certainly not his relentlessly annoying patients. Mrs Tishell's husband Clive returns to his wife and concerns the doctor with his lack of hearing. Martin's ex-girlfriend Dr. Edith Montgomery aids a patient of his, and the pair immediately come to a disagreement over the patient's need for an operation. The episode ends with the return of Louisa and her surprise news.[17]

24
2
"Uneasy Lies the Head"
Ben Bolt
Ben Bolt
8.03
27 September 2009 (2009-09-27)

Dr. Martin Ellingham struggles to deal with Louisa's news, and is conflicted over what action to take. But Louisa is adamant she does not want Martin involved. Auntie Joan, however, is highly insistent that she help Louisa through the pregnancy. Louisa takes a job back at Portwenn Primary School, where the headmaster is creating suspicion and public concern over his increasingly erratic behaviour. Martin realises the schoolmaster is unwell when he evacuates blue urine. Things come to a frightening turn when he takes a class of schoolchildren to the beach.
Special guest: David Haig[17]

25
3
"Perish Together as Fools"
Ben Bolt
Richard Stoneman
8.71
4 October 2009 (2009-10-04)

Dr. Martin Ellingham is shocked to find Louisa and Aunt Joan knocking at his door before the Surgery has opened. Louisa has had a medical scare and wants Martin's reassurance that everything is fine. PC Joe Penhale's big brother Sam comes to Portwenn. Louisa moves in with an old man who wants to move to a nursing home but Martin refuses his request. The doctor is less than pleased when he hears the surgery needs to be re-decorated. Al Large goes to lengths in order to convince Pauline he is good enough for her.[17]

26
4
"Driving Mr. McIynn"
Minkie Spiro
Richard Stoneman
9.21
11 October 2009 (2009-10-11)

Dr. Martin Ellingham is called to Louisa's new home after she has a dizzy spell while shifting furniture. Martin urges her to slow down, but is shocked to learn that Louisa has applied to be her school's headteacher again, with the previous one getting porphyria and having to leave. Martin refuses an application to an elderly couple for a disabled parking badge when the wheelchair bound man refuses to prove he is indeed disabled, thus when Martin tries to gain proof anyway, he ends up stabbing the man in his hand with a surgical pin.[17]

27
5
"The Departed"
Minkie Spiro
Jack Lothian
9.49
18 October 2009 (2009-10-18)

Dr. Martin Ellingham is in London to meet Robert Dashwood, who is leading the selection process for the prestigious Imperial College London surgeon's job that Martin has applied for. Robert can tell that Martin is excited to be back in the world of surgery, and is pleased when Martin says he has finally conquered his debilitating blood phobia. Robert is confident that Martin will get the job. Meanwhile, a family sues Joan after she traps their highly troublesome child in her chicken coop, after which he develops a mysterious malaise.[17]

28
6
"Midwife Crisis"
Ben Bolt
Ben Bolt
9.23
25 October 2009 (2009-10-25)

Dr. Martin Ellingham meets Portwenn's new midwife, Molly, who will be looking after Louisa. Martin is dismissive of her profession and irritated by her prejudiced attitude towards him and by her insistence that men aren't needed to help pregnant women. Thus the two of them do not hit it off. In the meantime, Bert hires Marigold to work in the restaurant kitchen. She responds by bringing him game to use in the restaurant. Her husband Michael becomes deathly ill, Marigold shows some milder, but similar symptoms, and when Bert calls in Martin to look at Michael, the Doc finds spoiled roadkill (the very same game Marigold has been supplying Bert) in the kitchen cupboard. He determines that they both are suffering from toxoplasmosis from eating bad meat. [17]

29
7
"Do Not Disturb"
Ben Bolt
Richard Stoneman
9.95
1 November 2009 (2009-11-01)

Dr. Martin Ellingham seeks out Louisa to talk about his new surgeon's job at Imperial College London, but they are interrupted by Bert, who wants to plan a baby shower for Louisa. Joan opens up her house to the public as a B&B, and her first guest is an old friend with disgusting breath and a constipation issue. Martin and Pauline exchange angry words when she discovers a letter offering him a job at Imperial College London, with Martin incensed that she opened his mail in the first place.[17]

30
8
"The Wrong Goodbye"
Ben Bolt
Jack Lothian
10.28
8 November 2009 (2009-11-08)

Dr. Martin Ellingham and Pauline are surprised by the number of patients coming to see him on the last day before his Surgery closes and he moves to London, but after a series of mishaps, including the taxi driver crashing his car with Louisa inside it, Louisa goes into labour and the Doc is facing a dilemma; should he move away or stick around to support Louisa and their newborn child?[17]

text: Series 5 (2011)[edit]

text:
No. overall
No. in series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Viewers (millions)
includes ITV1 HD and ITV1 +1 broadcasts[18]
Original airdate

31
1
"Preserve the Romance"
Ben Bolt
Ben Bolt
10.24
12 September 2011 (2011-09-12)

Curmudgeonly Martin Ellingham's plans to resume his career as a consultant in London are put on hold with the birth of the son he fathered with his now estranged partner, Louisa Glasson. At the surgery, new doctor Diana Dibbs is excited to begin work, but Martin begins to have serious doubts about her competence after she misdiagnoses patients, dishes out prescriptions for totally inappropriate drugs and advises patients to up dosages if problems persist. Pauline has left and got a job in Bristol, and replaced as receptionist by the new doctor's husband, much to Dr Ellingham's shock. Later, Ellingham receives some devastating news: the day previously when driving over Bodmin Moor to visit Louisa in hospital with the new baby, Aunt Joan had a heart attack and died at the wheel of her parked car.

32
2
"Dry Your Tears"
Ben Bolt
Richard Stoneman
10.66
19 September 2011 (2011-09-19)

Determined to get to grips with fatherhood, Martin asks Louisa to move into his house so he can help to raise their son. He even suggests that Louisa and 'baby' could move to London with him. Louisa is none too sure about the move to London. Meanwhile, Aunt Joan's sister Ruth Ellingham turns up at Portwenn for Joan's funeral. Aunt Ruth is a doctor like Ellingham and his father Christopher, but she is a psychiatrist. Aunt Ruth, Aunt Joan, and Ellingham's father Chris were all siblings. Ellingham turns Joan's funeral into a medical warning. Aunt Ruth has no intentions of staying until Martin reveals that Aunt Joan's farm is all Ruth's.

33
3
"Born with a Shotgun"
Ben Bolt
Jack Lothian
10.37
26 September 2011 (2011-09-26)

Ellingham has a new receptionist, Morwenna Newcross, an attractive teenage girl to replace Pauline. Morwenna fails to make a good impression on the doc by arriving late on her first day. Her grandfather William Winchelcy gives her some 'magic pills' to make sure she is on time, and bright as a button at work. Sleepless nights are taking their toll on Martin and Louisa. Tempers are frayed as they try to find ways to comfort their constantly wailing baby. Meanwhile, Aunt Ruth is dealing with an artistic intruder on the farm, Michael Dunwich, who has stolen the hub caps from her car and whose mother, Mrs Dunwich, is having mysterious abdominal and mental problems, and also believes her son is trying to poison her. Can Dr Ellingham and Constable Penhale solve the mystery?

34
4
"Mother Knows Best"
Ben Bolt
Chris Hurford, Tom Butterworth
10.43
3 October 2011 (2011-10-03)

It's Portwenn Fun Day and the village is buzzing with excitement about this major fund raising event. PC Penhale is in his element rallying the runners and whipping up support. The event sparks culinary rivalry between Bert Large who runs Large's restaurant with son Al and Mark, the landlord of the Crab and Lobster pub. They are both keen to take advantage of the day to boost their takings by providing food for the runners and spectators. Also, Louisa's mother Eleanor (played by Louise Jameson) arrives unexpectedly, and Martin and Louisa find their son is sleeping through usual feeds until they find out her mother gave him some of her brew to calm him down.

35
5
"Remember Me"
Paul Seed
Jack Lothian
10.66
10 October 2011 (2011-10-10)

PC Joe Penhale has an unexpected visitor in the shape of his ex-wife Maggie, who appears to have completely forgotten that they split up a couple of years ago. Joe takes her to Large's restaurant, where fellow diner Martin quickly spots that Maggie is showing symptoms of amnesia. Louisa's mother Eleanor catches up with her old school friend Paul, a local fisherman, who takes her out on a date. Morwenna arrives at the surgery with an injured foot and the doctor grimaces at the sight of the blood as he treats the wound. Ellingham notices that Morwenna avoids having an injection and realises she is frightened of needles. PC Penhale warns Martin and Louisa that if they do not register a name for their son soon, the state will be forced to step in. In the end they name their son James Henry Ellingham.

36
6
"Don't Let Go"
Ben Bolt
Chris Hurford, Tom Butterworth
10.86
17 October 2011 (2011-10-17)

In an effort to get Maggie to stay in Portwenn after she gets the all-clear, PC Joe Penhale tries to prove that he is the man for her – and even engineers situations where he can show off his macho side to impress her. Maggie does eventually leave but she and PC Penhale part on good terms. Martin steps in when school caretaker Mr Coley becomes confused after breathing carbon monoxide and puts the children of the school at risk. Tensions mount between Martin and Louisa as they find themselves unable to agree on anything, from schooling for their son to what to have for dinner. Feeling that things will never change, not wanting to move to London and that Martin is incapable of showing affection Louisa takes James and moves in with her mother.

37
7
"Cats & Sharks"
Paul Seed
Richard Stoneman
10.92
24 October 2011 (2011-10-24)

Bert Large's restaurant business is in financial trouble. He can't even afford the food and drink for a charity event to raise money for Florence Dingle's cat sanctuary. Mrs Dingle is distraught. She desperately needs the money to continue to look after the cats and kittens in her care. Bert is also being chased by loan sharks Alastair Tonken and his son Norman for the repayment of £1,000 they gave him to clear his debts, warning of repercussions if he doesn't pay up. Mrs Tishell's infatuation for Martin increases, encouraged by his continued separation from Louisa. Martin, assisted by Morwenna, performs an emergency hernia operation on Louisa's mother Eleanor and saves her life when the ambulance's arrival is delayed.

38
8
"Ever After"
Ben Bolt
Jack Lothian
10.65
31 October 2011 (2011-10-31)

Mrs Tishell discovers that she can no longer hide her infatuation with Dr Ellingham and she decides that she must take drastic action, fuelled by a cocktail of drugs that are affecting her judgment. Martin asks her to look after James for the day. Mrs Tishell mis-dispenses eyedrops to PC Penhale causing him to crash his Land Rover. Mrs Tishell mistakenly thinks that Martin has sent her a covert message through a young couple he has treated and vanishes with James to a nearby holiday home. The drugs, for a few hours, cause her to think that James is her and Ellingham's son. Martin, Louisa, Aunt Ruth and PC Penhale chase after her. To coax her out of the locked house, Martin pretends to profess his love for Mrs Tishell and a desire to stay in Portwenn, while actually aiming his remarks at Louisa. James Henry is rescued, Martin and Louisa profess their love, kiss and reconcile.

text: Series 6 (2013)[edit]

text:
No. overall
No. in series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Viewers (millions)
includes ITV HD and ITV +1 broadcasts[18]
Original airdate

39
1
"Sickness and Health"
Nigel Cole
Jack Lothian
9.51
2 September 2013 (2013-09-02)

Wedding bells are ringing for the Doc and Louisa. But will the marriage finally go ahead? The Doc is irritated by PC Penhale, who wrongly presumes he is best man, plus Louisa is late. The Reverend has his doubts as to whether she will turn up, putting Martin on edge. Meanwhile, Ruth is having a rough time looking after James. He refused to eat his dinner and he won't settle, crying continuously. To make matters worse, they have a power cut.

40
2
"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner?"
Nigel Cole
Ben Bolt
9.05
9 September 2013 (2013-09-09)

It is Louisa's first day back at school and their new child minder, Mel, is late for work. When Mel finally does arrive Martin is dubious about handing James over to this woman who is constantly scratching. Martin insists the new nanny have a medical appointment to diagnose the cause of the itch. Meanwhile, Ruth has been roped into doing a phone-in programme on Radio Portwenn with Caroline the DJ, and a listener called 'Cliff' phones in saying he finds it difficult to make friends.

41
3
"The Tameness of a Wolf"
Nigel Cole
Richard Stoneman
8.36
16 September 2013 (2013-09-16)

Two fishermen wake the Doc and Louisa at the crack of dawn - they found a man collapsed on the beach. Martin examines the mystery man. His name is Robert Campbell. When Robert realises the Doc is Dr Ellingham, he starts to probe Martin about his family. Meanwhile, It's Mike's first day looking after James. Louisa is frosty with him. When she gets to school she can't help but feel uneasy and sneaks back home to check up on Mike. Al rents Morwenna's spare room.

42
4
"Nobody Likes Me"
Paul Seed
Charlie Martin
8.89
23 September 2013 (2013-09-23)

Louisa wants Martin to engage more with James, so she arranges for him to take their baby to playgroup, where he has to pair up with a mother and daughter and sing songs. Meanwhile, Al signs up to a dating website, Bert is suspicious when he catches Jennifer in the bathroom with a needle, and Ruth moves into a cottage in the village, but soon has a spot of trouble with her grumpy new neighbour.

43
5
"The Practice Around the Corner"
Paul Seed
Julian Unthank
9.17
30 September 2013 (2013-09-30)

Mrs Tishell returns to the village, and her affection for Martin quickly disappears when he refuses to pass her fit for work. As if he didn't have enough on his plate, Martin must also face his fear of blood when tests show that Lorna has a high level of ferritin, which is placing a strain on her heart and liver. Meanwhile, Penhale hopes to be selected for an elite police squad by taking part in a survival training course, which goes horribly wrong when he shoots himself in the foot.

44
6
"Hazardous Exposure"
Paul Seed
Charlie Martin
9.09
7 October 2013 (2013-10-07)

Bert pops the question to Jennifer, and Ruth finds fault with Al's business proposal. Hypochondriac Malcolm Rayner is struggling with his breathing and Martin asks him if he has ever worked with asbestos. Penhale then spreads pandemonium by putting up warning notices about the substance's harmful properties throughout the village.

45
7
"Listen with Mother"
Nigel Cole
Richard Stoneman
8.58
14 October 2013 (2013-10-14)

Mrs Tishell finds herself falling in love with Martin all over again. Al receives a visit from two military policemen who are trying to track down Baby James's babysitter, Mike Pruddy. Martin becomes convinced that something is wrong with him following a conversation with his mother. The school sports day ends up in disaster, and Louisa's attempts at getting him to open up about the loss of his father prove futile.

46
8
"Departure"
Nigel Cole
Jack Lothian
9.07
21 October 2013 (2013-10-21)

Louisa decides to leave for Spain with baby James and says an awkward goodbye to Martin, but when he finds the scan of her brain, he spots a malformation and realises she could suffer a haemorrhage if she gets on the plane. Will the doctor make it to the airport in time? Meanwhile, disaster strikes at Bert and Jennifer's engagement party.

text: Series 7 (2015)[edit]

text:
No. overall
No. in series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Viewers (millions)
includes ITV HD and ITV +1 broadcasts[18][A]
Original airdate

47
1
"Rescue Me"
Nigel Cole
Jack Lothian
6.64
7 September 2015 (2015-09-07)

With Louisa visiting her mother in Spain to get some perspective on their marriage, Martin knows he needs to try to change for the sake of their relationship, so he endeavours to keep his promise to her to see a therapist. Aunt Ruth arranges an appointment for him with Dr Rachel Timoney, but a lifeboat training exercise causes problems for the doctor.

48
2
"The Shock of the New"
Nigel Cole
Julian Unthank
7.33
14 September 2015 (2015-09-14)

Al welcomes his first fishing guests but an uninvited one means that a good review is definitely not guaranteed, while Bert decides to try to rejuvenate trade at the restaurant by joining an online voucher scheme. Morwenna asks Martin for a pay rise, and Louisa has to find a new babysitter to look after James Henry and reluctantly decides to offer Janice a trial. Penhale is excited to receive his new police issue Taser, but Portwenn does not exactly offer him plenty of opportunities to try it out.

49
3
"It's Good to Talk"
Nigel Cole
Charlie Martin & Jack Lothian
6.72
21 September 2015 (2015-09-21)

Martin decides to move out of the Surgery to give Louisa space, leaving Mrs Tishell concerned he will not be able to look after himself on his own. Penhale helps Janice babysit, and Al is very concerned when he finds out about Bert's behaviour and when he hears there are bailiffs at the restaurant.

50
4
"Education, Education, Education"
Charles Palmer
Richard Stoneman
8.26
28 September 2015 (2015-09-28)

Louisa and Martin have their first therapy session together - though neither of them was expecting they would be given homework. Morwenna is not amused when Peter Cronk, who is on work experience starts trying to boss her around in the surgery. Mrs Tishell is surprised when her husband Clive returns and tells her he wants to give things another go, and Louisa has to call Martin when one of her pupils collapses during a school excursion.

51
5
"Control-Alt-Delete"
Charles Palmer
Julian Unthank
8.06
5 October 2015 (2015-10-05)

Reaching breaking point with being followed around by Buddy, Martin resolves to find a vet to have the dog put down once and for all. Meanwhile, Ruth finds out that Bert has been trying to make his own whisky. Clive is suspicious of Mrs Tishell and who she might be cooking meals for, Penhale makes a hash of asking Janice out, and Louisa and Martin's therapy homework results in a picnic on the beach, where they are interrupted by local vet Angela Sim - who appears to be hallucinating.
Special Guest: Caroline Quentin

52
6
"Other People's Children"
Ben Gregor
Julian Unthank
7.82
19 October 2015 (2015-10-19)

Louisa helps out her ex-boyfriend Danny when he brings seven children from London to camp on Ruth's farm - supervised by Al and Bert - while she and Martin plan a date on the advice of Dr Timoney. However, their night at the restaurant is interrupted when Danny calls saying one of the youngsters has gone missing. Things get worse for the couple when Martin uncovers a health scare at James's first birthday party that makes all the guests leave very quickly.

53
7
"Facta Non Verba"
Ben Gregor
Richard Stoneman
8.04
26 October 2015 (2015-10-26)

Louisa is not best pleased when her new art teacher Erica wants to try out some rather alternative ideas on the children, while Dr Timoney is involved in a car accident outside the school. Penhale is confused when he is offered a transfer to Exeter, Bert decides to go back to being a handyman, and Louisa and Martin are intrigued when Dr Timoney invites them for an additional therapy session.
Special Guest: Sigourney Weaver & Gemma Jones

54
8
"The Doctor Is Out"
Ben Gregor
Jack Lothian
8.03
2 November 2015 (2015-11-02)

Louisa worries Dr Timoney's suggestion that she and Martin aren't meant to be together might have prompted him to leave Portwenn for good. Calling on Ruth, Morwenna and Janice for help, she tries to track the down the missing GP, with no luck. However, what Dr Ellingham's friends and family fail to realise is that he is actually trapped up at the Wilton farm, where desperate wife Annie is trying to coerce him into curing her seriously ill husband Jim. Meanwhile, Ruth and Bert offer Al a proposition regarding the whisky and the B&B..
Special Guest: Gemma Jones

text: Series 8 (2017)[edit]

text:
No. overall
No. in series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Viewers (millions)
includes ITV HD and ITV +1 broadcasts[18][A]
Original airdate

55
1
"Mysterious Ways"
Nigel Cole
Jack Lothian
7.04
20 September 2017 (2017-09-20)

56
2
"Sons and Lovers"
Nigel Cole
Richard Stoneman
6.67
27 September 2017 (2017-09-27)

57
3
"Farewell, My Lovely"
Nigel Cole
Julian Unthank
TBA
4 October 2017 (2017-10-04)

58
4
"Faith"
TBA
TBA
TBA
11 October 2017 (2017-10-11)

59
5
"From the Mouths of Babes"
TBA
TBA
TBA
18 October 2017 (2017-10-18)

text: Notes[edit]

text: A. ^ Episode 1 is based on 28 day data from BARB for ITV and ITV+1. Episodes 2 and 3 are based on 28 day data from BARB for ITV and ITV+1 and 7 day data for ITV HD. Episodes 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 are based on 28 day data from BARB for ITV, ITV+1 and ITV HD.


document_title: Words per minute

question_text: average number of words read in a minute

text: Words per minute

text: Alphanumeric entry[edit]

text: Brandon Raziano found that one study of average computer users in 1998, the average rate for transcription was 33 words per minute, and 19 words per minute for composition.[2] In the same study, when the group was divided into "fast", "moderate", and "slow" groups, the average speeds were 40 wpm, 35 wpm, and 23 wpm, respectively.[3]

text: With the onset of the era of desktop computers, fast typing skills became much more widespread.

text: An average professional typist types usually in speeds of 50 to 80 wpm, while some positions can require 80 to 95 (usually the minimum required for dispatch positions and other time-sensitive typing jobs), and some advanced typists work at speeds above 120 wpm.[4] Two-finger typists, sometimes also referred to as "hunt and peck" typists, commonly reach sustained speeds of about 37 wpm for memorized text and 27 wpm when copying text, but in bursts may be able to reach much higher speeds.[3] From the 1920s through the 1970s, typing speed (along with shorthand speed) was an important secretarial qualification and typing contests were popular and often publicized by typewriter companies as promotional tools.

text: The fastest typing speed on an alphanumeric keyboard, 216 words in one minute, was achieved by Stella Pajunas in 1946 on an IBM electric.[5][6][7] As of 2005[update], writer Barbara Blackburn was the fastest alphanumerical English language typist in the world, according to The Guinness Book of World Records. Using the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard, she maintained 150 wpm for 50 minutes, and 170 wpm for shorter periods. Her top speed was 212 wpm. Current online records of sprint speeds on short text selections are 290 wpm, achieved by Guilherme Sandrini on typingzone.com and 295 wpm achieved by Kathy Chiang on TypeRacer.com. For longer passages, Sean Wrona holds the record with 174 wpm on a 50-minute test taken on hi-games.net.[8]

text: Stenotype[edit]

text: Stenotype keyboards enable the trained user to input text as fast as 225 wpm or faster at very high accuracy for an extended period of time, which is sufficient for real-time activities such as court reporting or closed captioning. While dropout rates are very high—in some cases, only 10%[9] or even less graduate—stenotype students are usually able to reach speeds of 100–120 wpm within six months, which is faster than most alphanumeric typists. Guinness World Records[10] gives 360 wpm with 97.23% accuracy as the highest achieved speed using a stenotype.

text: Numeric entry[edit]

text: The numeric entry or 10 key speed is a measure of one's ability to manipulate the numeric keypad found on most modern separate computer keyboards. It is used to measure speed for jobs such as data entry of number information on items such as remittance advice, bills, or checks, as deposited to lockboxes. It is measured in "Keystrokes per hour," or KPH. Many jobs require a certain KPH, often 8,000 or 10,000.

text: Handwriting[edit]

text: For an adult population (age range 18–64) the average speed of copying is 68 letters per minute (approximately 13 wpm), with the range from a minimum of 26 to a maximum of 113 letters per minute (approximately 5 to 20 wpm).[11]

text: A study of police interview records showed that the highest speed fell in the range 120–155 characters per minute, the highest possible limit being 190 characters per minute.[12]

text: According to various studies the speed of handwriting of 3–7 graders varies from 25 to 94 letters per minute.[13]

text: Using stenography (shorthand) methods, this rate increases greatly. Handwriting speeds up to 350 words per minute have been achieved in shorthand competitions.[14]

text: Reading and comprehension[edit]

text: Words per minute is a common metric for assessing reading speed and is often used in the context of remedial skills evaluation, as well as in the context of speed reading, where it is a controversial measure of reading performance.

text: A word in this context is the same as in the context of speech.

text: Research done in 2012[15] measured the speed at which subjects read a text aloud, and found the average speed across 17 different languages to be 184±29 WPM or 863±234 CPM. However, for the languages that use the Latin or Cyrillic alphabets, the number of WPM varied, as low as 161±18 for Finnish and as high as 228±30 for English. The reason for this is different word structures in each language (longer words in such languages as Finnish and shorter words in English). However, the number of characters per minute tends to be around 1000 for all the tested languages. For the tested Asian languages that use particular writing systems (Arabic, Hebrew, Chinese, Japanese) these numbers are lower.

text: Scientific studies have demonstrated that reading—defined here as capturing and decoding all the words on every page—faster than 900 wpm is not feasible given the limits set by the anatomy of the eye.[16]

text: While proofreading materials, people are able to read English at 200 WPM on paper, and 180 WPM on a monitor.[17] [Those numbers from Ziefle, 1998, are for studies that used monitors prior to 1992. See Noyes & Garland 2008 for a modern tech view of equivalence.]

text: Speech and listening[edit]

text: Audiobooks are recommended to be 150–160 words per minute, which is the range that people comfortably hear and vocalize words.[18]

text: Slide presentations tend to be closer to 100–125 wpm for a comfortable pace,[19] auctioneers can speak at about 250 wpm,[citation needed] and the fastest speaking policy debaters speak from 350[20] to over 500 words per minute.[21] Internet speech calculators show that various things influence words per minute including nervousness.[citation needed]

text: John Moschitta, Jr., was listed in Guinness World Records, for a time, as the world's fastest speaker, being able to talk at 586 wpm.[22] He has since been surpassed by Steve Woodmore, who achieved a rate of 637 wpm.[23]

text: Morse code[edit]

text: Morse code uses variable length sequences of short and long duration signals (dots and dashes) to represent source information[24] e.g. sequences for the letter "K" and numeral "2" are respectively (▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄) and (▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄). This variability complicates the measurement of Morse code speed rated in words per minute.

text: It is standard practice to use two different such standard words to measure Morse code speeds in words per minute. The standard words are: "PARIS" and "CODEX". In Morse code "PARIS" has 50 dot durations, while "CODEX" has 60.

text: Morse is still widely used by amateur radio operators (hams). Experienced hams routinely send Morse at 20 words per minute, using manually operated hand telegraph keys ; enthusiasts such as members of The CW Operators' Club routinely send and receive Morse code at speeds up to 60 wpm. Twenty words per minute (20wpm) represents the rough upper limit for Morse operators attempting to write down Morse code received by ear using paper and pencil. Many skilled Morse code operators can receive Morse code by ear mentally without writing down the information at speeds up to 70 wpm. To write down the Morse code information manually at speeds higher than 20 wpm it is usual for the operators to use a typewriter or computer keyboard to enable higher speed copying.

text: The fastest Morse code operator was Theodore Roosevelt McElroy copying at 75.6 wpm using a typewriter at the 1939 world championship.[25]