document_title: Fleetwood Mac

question_text: when is the last time fleetwood mac toured

question_tokens: when is the last time fleetwood mac toured

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text: Fleetwood Mac

text: History[edit]

text: 1967–1970: Formation and early years[edit]

text: Fleetwood Mac was formed in July 1967 in London when Peter Green left the British blues band John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers. Peter Green had replaced guitarist Eric Clapton in the Bluesbreakers,[9] and received critical acclaim for his work on their album A Hard Road. After he had been in the Bluesbreakers for some time, Green asked if drummer Mick Fleetwood could replace Aynsley Dunbar. Green had been in two bands with Fleetwood—Peter B's Looners and the subsequent Shotgun Express (which featured a young Rod Stewart as vocalist).[10] John Mayall agreed and Fleetwood became a member of the band.

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text: The Bluesbreakers now consisted of Green, Fleetwood, John McVie and Mayall. Mayall gave Green free recording time as a gift, in which Fleetwood, McVie and Green recorded five songs. The fifth song was an instrumental that Green named after the rhythm section, "Fleetwood Mac".

text: Soon after, Green contacted Fleetwood to form a new band. The pair wanted McVie on bass guitar and even named the band 'Fleetwood Mac' as a way to entice him. However, McVie opted to keep his steady income with Mayall rather than take a risk with a new band. In the meantime, Peter Green and Mick Fleetwood teamed up with slide guitarist Jeremy Spencer and bassist Bob Brunning, who was in the band on the understanding that he would leave if McVie agreed to join. The Green, Fleetwood, Spencer, Brunning version of the band made its debut on 13 August 1967 at the Windsor Jazz and Blues Festival as Peter Green's Fleetwood Mac featuring Jeremy Spencer. Brunning played only a handful of gigs with Fleetwood Mac.[11] Within weeks of this show, John McVie agreed to join the band as permanent bassist.[12][13]

text: Fleetwood Mac's first album, Fleetwood Mac, was a no-frills blues album and was released on the Blue Horizon label in February 1968.[14] In fact, there were no other players on the album (except for the song "Long Grey Mare", which was recorded with Brunning on bass). The album was successful in the UK, hitting No. 4, though it did not have any singles on it. The band soon released two singles "Black Magic Woman" (later a big hit for Santana) and "Need Your Love So Bad".[15]

text: The band's second album, Mr. Wonderful, was released in August 1968. Like the first, it was an all-blues album. The album was recorded live in the studio with miked amplifiers and PA system, rather than plugged into the board.[16] They also added horns and featured a friend of the band on keyboards, Christine Perfect of Chicken Shack.[17]

text: Shortly after the release of their second album, Fleetwood Mac added guitarist Danny Kirwan, then just eighteen years old, to their line-up, recruited from the South London blues trio Boilerhouse, consisting of Kirwan on guitar with Trevor Stevens on bass and Dave Terrey on drums.[18] Green and Fleetwood had been to watch Boilerhouse rehearse in a basement boiler-room and Green was so impressed, he invited the band to play support slots for Fleetwood Mac. Green wanted Boilerhouse to become a professional band but Stevens and Terrey were not prepared to turn professional at the time, so Green sought to find another rhythm section by placing an ad in Melody Maker. There were over 300 applicants, but when Green and Fleetwood ran auditions at the Nag's Head in Battersea (home of the Mike Vernon Blue Horizon Club), the hard to please Green could not find anyone good enough to replace the pair, so he invited Kirwan to join Fleetwood Mac as their third guitarist.[19]

text: Green had been frustrated that Jeremy Spencer had little desire to contribute to Green's songs. A self-taught guitarist, Kirwan's signature vibrato and unique style added a new dimension to an already complete band. With Kirwan, the band released their first number one single in Europe, "Albatross". Around this time they released their second American album, English Rose, which contained half of Mr. Wonderful, new songs from Kirwan, and their third European album called The Pious Bird of Good Omen, which was a collection of singles, B-sides, and a selection of some work the band did with Eddie Boyd.

text: When the band went to the United States in January 1969 they recorded many songs at the soon-to-close Chess Records Studio, with some blues legends of Chicago including Willie Dixon, Buddy Guy and Otis Spann. These would prove, however, to be Fleetwood Mac's last all-blues recordings. Along with their change of style, the band was also going through some label changes. Up until this point, they had been on Blue Horizon. With Kirwan in the band, however, the musical possibilities were too great for them to stay on a blues-only label. The band signed with the Immediate Records label and released "Man of the World", another British and European hit single. For the B-side Spencer fronted Fleetwood Mac as "Earl Vince and the Valiants" and recorded "Somebody's Gonna Get Their Head Kicked In Tonite", typifying the more raucous rock 'n' roll side of the band. Immediate Records was in bad shape and the band shopped around for a new deal. Even though The Beatles wanted the band on Apple Records (Mick Fleetwood and George Harrison were brothers-in-law), the band's manager Clifford Davis decided to go with Warner Bros. Records (through Reprise Records, a Frank Sinatra-founded label), the label they have stayed with ever since.

text: Fleetwood Mac's first album for Reprise, released in September 1969, was the well-regarded Then Play On. Although the initial pressing of the American release of this album was the same as the British version, it was altered to contain the song "Oh Well", which featured consistently in live performances from the time of its release through 1997, and then again starting in 2009. Then Play On, which was the band's first rock album, featured only the songs of Kirwan and Green. Jeremy Spencer, meanwhile, recorded a solo album of many 1950s-style rock and roll songs, backed by the rest of the band.

text: In July 1969, Fleetwood Mac opened for Ten Years After at the Schaefer Music Festival at New York City's Wollman Rink. They re-appeared at the festival in 1970.

text: By 1970, Peter Green, the frontman of the band, was not in good health. He had taken LSD in Munich, which may have contributed to the onset of his schizophrenia.[20] German author and filmmaker Rainer Langhans mentions in his autobiography that he and Uschi Obermaier met Peter Green in Munich, where they invited him to their "High-Fish-Commune". They were not really interested in Green; they just wanted to get in contact with Mick Taylor: Langhans and Obermaier wished to organise a "Bavarian Woodstock". They wanted Jimi Hendrix and The Rolling Stones to be the leading acts of their Bavarian open air festival. They needed Green just to get in contact with The Rolling Stones via Mick Taylor.[citation needed]

text: Green's last hit with Fleetwood Mac was "The Green Manalishi (With the Two-Prong Crown)" (first recorded at the Boston Tea Party in February 1970 and later recorded by Judas Priest). This recording was released as Green's mental stability deteriorated, and he wanted to give all of the band's money to charity. Other members of the band did not agree, and subsequently Green decided to leave the band. His last show with Fleetwood Mac was on 20 May 1970. During that show, the band went past their allotted time and the power was shut off, although Mick Fleetwood kept drumming. Some of the Boston Tea Party recordings (5/6/7 February 1970) were eventually released in the 1980s as the Live in Boston album, with a more complete remastered 3-volume compilation released by Snapper Music in the late 1990s.

text: 1970–1974: Transitional era[edit]

text: Kirwan and Spencer were left with the task of having to fill up Green's space in their live shows and on their recordings. In September 1970, Fleetwood Mac released Kiln House. Kirwan's songs moved the band in the direction of rock. Meanwhile, Spencer's contributions focused on re-creating the country-tinged "Sun Sound" of the late 1950s. Christine Perfect, who had retired from the music business after one unsuccessful solo album, contributed to Kiln House, singing backup vocals, playing keyboards and drawing the album cover. Since Fleetwood Mac were progressing and developing a new sound, Perfect was asked to join the band. They also released a single at that time; "Dragonfly" b/w "The Purple Dancer" in the UK and certain European countries. Despite good notices in the press, the single was not a success and the B-side has been reissued only once, on a Reprise German and Dutch-only "Best of" album, making it one of their most obscure songs.

text: Christine Perfect, who by this point had married bassist John McVie, made her first appearance with the band as Christine McVie at Bristol University in May 1969 just as she was leaving Chicken Shack. She had success with the Etta James classic, "I'd Rather Go Blind", and was twice voted female artist of the year in England. Christine McVie played her first gig as an official member on 6 August 1970 in New Orleans. CBS Records, which now owned Blue Horizon (except in the US and Canada), released an album of previously unreleased material from the original Fleetwood Mac called The Original Fleetwood Mac. The album was relatively successful, and the band continued to gain popularity.[citation needed]

text: While on tour in February 1971, Jeremy Spencer said he was going out to "get a magazine", but never returned. After several days of frantic searching, the band discovered that Spencer had joined a religious group, the Children of God.[21] Liable for the remaining shows on the tour, they convinced Peter Green to help finish the tour. He brought along his friend, Nigel Watson, who played the congas (twenty-five years later Green and Watson collaborated again to form the Peter Green Splinter Group). Green, however, would only be back with Fleetwood Mac temporarily, so the band decided to search for a new guitarist.[citation needed]

text: In the summer of 1971, the band held auditions for a guitarist in their large country home, "Benifold", which they jointly bought with their manager Davis for £23,000 (equivalent to £326,500 in 2016[22]) prior to the Kiln House tour.[23] A friend of the band named Judy Wong recommended her high school friend, Bob Welch, who was living in Paris at the time. The band had a few meetings with Welch and decided to hire him, without actually playing with him or listening to any of his recordings.

text: In September 1971, the band released Future Games. Due to Welch's arrival and Spencer's departure, the album was different from anything the band had done up to that point, and there were many new fans in America who were becoming more and more interested in the band. In Europe, CBS released Fleetwood Mac's first Greatest Hits package, which was predominantly composed of songs by Peter Green, though there was one song by Spencer and one by Kirwan.

text: In 1972, six months after the release of Future Games, the band released the well-received album Bare Trees. Though mostly composed by Kirwan, Bare Trees featured Welch's "Sentimental Lady", which would be a much bigger hit for him five years later when he re-recorded it for his solo album French Kiss, backed with Mick Fleetwood and Christine McVie. It also featured "Spare Me a Little of Your Love", a bright Christine McVie tune that became a staple of the band's live act throughout the early to mid-1970s.

text: While the band was doing well in the studio, their tours were more problematic. Danny Kirwan developed an alcohol dependency and became alienated from Welch and the McVies. It was not until he smashed his Les Paul Custom guitar before a concert, refused to go on stage, and criticised the band afterwards, that Fleetwood was finally convinced that he had no choice but to fire Kirwan.[24]

text: The next two and a half years were the most challenging for the band. In the three albums they released in this period, they constantly changed line-ups. In September 1972, the band added guitarist Bob Weston and vocalist Dave Walker, formerly of Savoy Brown and Idle Race.[25] Bob Weston was well known for playing slide guitar and had known the band from his touring period with Long John Baldry. Fleetwood Mac also hired Savoy Brown's road manager, John Courage. Fleetwood, The McVies, Welch, Weston, and Walker recorded Penguin, which was released in January 1973. After the tour, the band fired Walker because his vocal style and attitude did not fit in with the rest of the band.

text: The remaining five carried on and recorded Mystery to Me six months later. This album contained Welch's song "Hypnotized" which got a lot of airplay on the radio and became one of the band's most successful songs to date in the US. The band was proud of the new album and anticipated that it would be a hit. However, things were not well within the band. The McVies' marriage at this time was under a lot of stress, which was aggravated by their constant working with each other, and John McVie's considerable alcohol abuse.[26] During the tour, Weston had an affair with Fleetwood's wife, Jenny Boyd Fleetwood, the sister of Pattie Boyd Harrison. Courage soon fired Weston and the tour was cancelled, so due to lack of touring, the album sold less than its predecessor.

text: 1974: The fake Fleetwood Mac[edit]

text: In 1974, the band's manager, Clifford Davis, then claimed that he owned the name Fleetwood Mac, and recruited members of a band called Legs (which had recently issued one single under Davis' management)[27] to tour as Fleetwood Mac.

text: The bogus Fleetwood Mac consisted of Elmer Gantry (vocals, guitar), Kirby Gregory (guitar), Paul Martinez (bass), John Wilkinson (keyboards) and Australian-born drummer Craig Collinge (formerly of The Librettos, Procession and Third World War). The members of this conglomeration apparently had been told that Mick Fleetwood would join them on later dates, and claimed that Fleetwood had been involved in the early planning stages of the tour before dropping out.[28]

text: As the tour got underway, Fleetwood Mac's road manager, John Courage, realised that the line-up being used wasn't authentic. Courage ended up hiding the real Fleetwood Mac's equipment, which helped shorten the tour by the bogus band, which soon dissolved. But the lawsuit that followed—regarding who actually owned the rights to the band name "Fleetwood Mac"—put the real Fleetwood Mac out of commission for almost a year. While the band was named after Mick Fleetwood and John McVie, they had signed contracts that showed the band forfeited the rights to the name.

text: In the aftermath of the dissolution of the fake Fleetwood Mac, nobody from that lineup was ever officially made a part of the real Fleetwood Mac, although some of them later acted as Danny Kirwan's studio band. Gantry and Gregory went on to become members of Stretch, whose 1975 UK hit single "Why Did You Do It" was written about the fake Fleetwood Mac touring debacle.[29] Gantry later collaborated with The Alan Parsons Project. Martinez, meanwhile, went on to play with the Deep Purple offshoot Paice Ashton Lord, as well as Robert Plant's backing band.

text: 1974: Return of the real Fleetwood Mac[edit]

text: During the fake Fleetwood Mac months, Welch stayed in Los Angeles and connected with entertainment attorneys. He swiftly realised that the band was being neglected by Warner Bros., and that if they wanted to change that, they would have to change their base of operation from England to America, to which the rest of the band agreed immediately. Rock promoter Bill Graham wrote a letter to Warner Bros. to convince them that the real Fleetwood Mac were, in fact, Fleetwood, Welch and the McVies. But while this did not end the legal battle, the band was able to record as Fleetwood Mac again. Instead of getting another manager, Fleetwood Mac decided to manage themselves.[citation needed]

text: In September 1974, Fleetwood Mac signed a new recording contract with Warner Bros., but remained on the Reprise imprint. The quartet released their album Heroes Are Hard to Find in September 1974 and for the first time in its history, the band had only one guitarist. While on tour they added a second keyboardist, Doug Graves, who had been an engineer on Heroes Are Hard to Find. In late 1974, Graves was preparing to become a permanent member of the band by the end of their US tour.

text: I'm looking forward to adding something to this already great band; I helped engineer their album 'Heroes Are Hard to Find' and got to know each member well. It came to me as a shock when Mick asked me to join but I am enjoying playing live with the band, and hopefully will start a new studio album with the band soon.

text: However, Graves did not ultimately join full-time. In 1980, Christine McVie explained the decision:

text: "He (Doug Graves) was there to back me up, but I think it was decided after the first two or three concerts that I was better off without him. The band wanted me to expand my role and have a little more freedom, so he played some organ behind me, but he didn't play the same way I did...[30]

text: Robert ("Bobby") Hunt, who had been in the band Head West with Bob Welch back in 1970 replaced Graves. Neither musician, however, proved to be a long-term addition to the line-up, and Welch left soon after the tour ended (on 5 December 1974 at Cal State University), having tired of the touring and legal struggles. Nevertheless, the tour enabled the Heroes album to reach a higher position on the American charts than any of the band's previous records.[citation needed]

text: 1975–1987: Addition of Buckingham and Nicks leads to mainstream success[edit]

text: After Welch announced that he was leaving the band, Fleetwood began searching for a possible replacement. While Fleetwood was checking out Sound City Studios in Los Angeles, the house engineer, Keith Olsen, played him a track he had recorded in the studio, "Frozen Love", from the album Buckingham Nicks (1973). Fleetwood liked it, and was introduced to the guitarist from the band, Lindsey Buckingham, who coincidentally was at Sound City that day recording some demos. Fleetwood soon asked him to join. Buckingham agreed, on the condition that his music partner and girlfriend, Stevie Nicks, also become part of the band; Fleetwood agreed. Buckingham and Nicks joined the band on New Year's Eve 1974 (within 4 weeks of the previous incarnation splitting).[31][32]

text: In 1975, the new line-up released the eponymous Fleetwood Mac. The album was a breakthrough for the band and became a huge hit, reaching No.1 in the US and selling over 5 million copies. Among the hit singles from this album were Christine McVie's "Over My Head" and "Say You Love Me", and Stevie Nicks' "Rhiannon", as well as the much-played album track "Landslide" (a live rendition of which became a hit twenty years later on The Dance album).

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"Landslide" (Fleetwood Mac)

17 second sample from Fleetwood Mac's song "Landslide".

Problems playing this file? See media help.

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text: Behind the scenes the band was fraying apart in 1976; with the success of the band also came the end of John and Christine McVie's marriage, as well as Buckingham and Nicks' long term romantic relationship. Even Fleetwood was in the midst of divorce proceedings from his wife, Jenny. The pressure put on Fleetwood Mac to release a successful follow-up album, combined with their new-found wealth, led to creative and personal tensions, fuelled by high consumption of drugs and alcohol.[citation needed]

text: The album Rumours (the band's first release on the main Warner label after Reprise was retired and all of its acts were reassigned to the parent label) was released in the spring of 1977, in which the band members laid bare the emotional turmoil they were experiencing at the time. Critically acclaimed, it was the recipient of the Grammy Award for Album of the Year for 1977. The album generated multiple Top Ten singles, including Buckingham's "Go Your Own Way", Nicks' US No.1 "Dreams" ( sample (help·info)), and Christine McVie's "Don't Stop" and "You Make Loving Fun". Buckingham's "Second Hand News", Nicks' "Gold Dust Woman" and "The Chain" (the only song written by all five bandmates) also received significant radio airplay. By 2003, Rumours had sold over 19 million copies in the US alone (certified as a diamond album by the RIAA), and a total of 40 million copies worldwide, bringing it to eighth on the list of best-selling albums. Fleetwood Mac supported the album with a lucrative tour.

text: On 10 October 1979, Fleetwood Mac was honoured with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for their contributions to the music industry at 6608 Hollywood Boulevard.[33][34]

text: Buckingham was able to convince Fleetwood to let his work on their next album be more experimental, and to work on tracks at home, then bring them to the band in the studio. The result of this was the 20-track double album, Tusk, released in 1979. It spawned three hit singles; Lindsey Buckingham's "Tusk" (US No. 8), which featured the USC Trojan Marching Band; Christine McVie's "Think About Me" (US No. 20); and Stevie Nicks' 6½ minute opus "Sara" (US No. 7). "Sara" was cut to 4½ minutes for both the hit single and the first CD-release of the album, but the unedited version has since been restored on the 1988 greatest hits compilation, the 2004 reissue of Tusk and Fleetwood Mac's 2002 release of The Very Best of Fleetwood Mac. Original guitarist Green also took part in the sessions of Tusk, but his playing for the Christine McVie track "Brown Eyes" is not credited on the album.[35]

text: Tusk sold four million copies worldwide. Fleetwood blames the album's relative failure on the RKO radio chain playing the album in its entirety prior to release, thus allowing mass home taping.[36]

text: The band embarked on an 11-month tour to support and promote Tusk. They travelled across the world, including the USA, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, France, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. In Germany they shared the bill with reggae superstar Bob Marley. It was on this world tour that the band recorded music for the Fleetwood Mac Live album, which was released at the end of 1980.

text: The next album, 1982's Mirage—following 1981 solo albums by Nicks (Bella Donna), Fleetwood (The Visitor), and Buckingham (Law and Order)—was a return to a more conventional approach. Buckingham had been chided by critics, fellow band members and music business managers for the lesser commercial success enjoyed by Tusk. Recorded at Château d'Hérouville in France and produced by Richard Dashut, Mirage was an attempt to recapture the huge success of Rumours. Its hits included Christine McVie's "Hold Me" and "Love in Store" (co-written by Robbie Patton and Jim Recor, respectively), Stevie Nicks' "Gypsy", and Lindsey Buckingham's "Oh Diane", which made the Top 10 in the UK. A minor hit was also scored by Buckingham's "Eyes Of The World" and "Can't Go Back".

text: In contrast to the Tusk Tour, the band only embarked on a short tour of 18 American cities, the Los Angeles show being recorded and released on video. They also headlined the first US Festival, on 5 September 1982, for which the band was paid $500,000 ($1,267,931 today). Mirage was certified double platinum in the US.

text: Following Mirage, the band went on hiatus, which allowed members to pursue solo careers. Stevie Nicks released two more solo albums (1983's The Wild Heart and 1985's Rock a Little), Lindsey Buckingham issued Go Insane in 1984, the same year that Christine McVie made an eponymous album (yielding the Top 10 hit "Got a Hold on Me" and the Top 40 hit "Love Will Show Us How"). All three met with success and it was Nicks who became the most popular. However, also during this period, Mick Fleetwood had filed for bankruptcy, Nicks was admitted to the Betty Ford Clinic for addiction problems, and John McVie had suffered an addiction-related seizure—all attributed to the lifestyle of excess afforded to them by their worldwide success. It was rumoured that Fleetwood Mac had finally broken up; however, Buckingham commented that he was unhappy to allow Mirage to remain as the band's last effort.[37]

text: The Rumours line-up of Fleetwood Mac recorded one more album for the time being, Tango in the Night, in 1987. Initially, as with various other Fleetwood Mac albums, the material started off as a Buckingham solo album before becoming a group project. The album went on to become their best-selling release since Rumours, especially in the UK where it hit No. 1 three times over the following year. The album sold three million copies in the USA and contained four hits: Christine McVie's "Little Lies" and "Everywhere" (the former being co-written with McVie's new husband Eddy Quintela), Sandy Stewart and Stevie Nicks' "Seven Wonders", and Lindsey Buckingham's "Big Love". "Family Man" (Buckingham and Richard Dashut), and "Isn't It Midnight" (Christine McVie), were also released as singles, with lesser success.

text: 1987–1995: Departure of Buckingham and Nicks[edit]

text: Although a ten-week tour was scheduled, Buckingham backed out at the last minute. He tried to explain to his bandmates that he felt his creativity was being stifled by his remaining in the band. A group meeting at Christine McVie's house on 7 August 1987 resulted in much rancour and recrimination, as well as an alleged (in Mick Fleetwood's autobiography) physical altercation between Buckingham and Nicks. Buckingham left the band the following day.[citation needed] Following Buckingham's departure, Fleetwood Mac added two new guitarists to the band, Billy Burnette and Rick Vito, without auditions.[38]

text: Burnette is the son of Dorsey Burnette and nephew of Johnny Burnette, both of The Rock and Roll Trio. He had already worked with Mick Fleetwood in Zoo, with Christine McVie as part of her solo band, done some session work with Stevie Nicks, and backed Lindsey Buckingham on Saturday Night Live. Furthermore, Fleetwood and Christine McVie had played on his Try Me album in 1985. Vito, a Peter Green admirer, had played with many artists from Bonnie Raitt to John Mayall, and worked with John McVie on two Mayall albums.

text: The 1987–88 "Shake the Cage" tour was the first outing for this line-up, and was successful enough to warrant the release of a concert video (simply titled "Tango in the Night"), filmed at San Francisco's Cow Palace arena in December 1987.

text: Capitalising on the success of Tango in the Night, the band continued with a Greatest Hits album in 1988. It featured singles from the 1975–1988 era, and included two new compositions: "No Questions Asked" written by Nicks, and "As Long as You Follow" written by McVie and Quintela, which was released as a single in 1988 but only made No. 43 in the US and No.66 in the UK. It did, however, reach No.1 on the US Adult Contemporary charts. The Greatest Hits album, which peaked at No. 3 in the UK and No. 14 in the US (though has since sold over 8 million copies there), was dedicated to Buckingham by the band, with whom they had now reconciled.

text: Following the Greatest Hits collection, Fleetwood Mac recorded Behind the Mask. With this album, the band veered away from the stylised sound that Buckingham had evolved during his tenure in the band (also evident in his solo works), and ended up with a more adult contemporary style from producer Greg Ladanyi. However, the album yielded only one Top 40 hit, McVie's "Save Me". Behind the Mask only achieved Gold album status in the US, peaking at No.18 on the Billboard album chart, though it entered the UK Albums Chart at No. 1. It received mixed reviews, and was seen by some music critics as a low point for the band in the absence of Lindsey Buckingham (who had actually made a guest appearance by playing on the title track). However, Rolling Stone magazine said that Vito and Burnette were "the best thing to ever happen to Fleetwood Mac" and the British Q magazine also praised the album in their review. The subsequent "Behind the Mask" tour saw the band play sold out shows at London's Wembley Stadium, and on the final show in Los Angeles, the band were joined onstage by Buckingham. The two women of the band, McVie and Nicks, had decided that the tour would be their last (McVie's father died during the tour) though both stated that they would still record with the band. However, in 1991, both Nicks and Rick Vito announced they were leaving Fleetwood Mac altogether.

text: In 1992, Fleetwood himself arranged a 4-disc box set spanning highlights from the band's 25-year history, titled 25 Years – The Chain (an edited 2-disc set was also available). A notable inclusion in the box set was "Silver Springs", a Stevie Nicks composition that was recorded during the Rumours sessions but was omitted from the album and used as the B-side of "Go Your Own Way" instead. Nicks had requested use of the track for her 1991 best-of compilation TimeSpace, but Fleetwood had refused her request as he had planned to include it in this collection as something of a rarity.[citation needed] The disagreement between Nicks and Fleetwood garnered press coverage, and is believed to be the main catalyst for Nicks leaving the band in 1991.[citation needed] The box set, however, also included a brand new Stevie Nicks/Rick Vito composition, "Paper Doll", which was released in the US as a single. As both members had left the band by this point, the track was presumably a leftover from the Behind the Mask sessions. There were also two new Christine McVie compositions, "Heart of Stone" and "Love Shines", the latter of which was released as a single in the UK and certain other territories. Lindsey Buckingham also contributed a new song, "Make Me a Mask", which bore all the markings of an insular Buckingham studio creation, devoid of input from other band members. Mick Fleetwood also released a deluxe hardcover companion book to coincide with the release of the box set, titled My 25 Years in Fleetwood Mac. The volume featured many rare photographs and notes (written by Fleetwood himself) detailing the band's 25-year history.

text: Some months after this, the Buckingham/Nicks/McVie/McVie/Fleetwood line-up reunited at the request of US President Bill Clinton for his first Inaugural Ball in 1993. Clinton had made Fleetwood Mac's "Don't Stop" his campaign theme song. His subsequent request to perform it at the Inauguration Ball was met with enthusiasm by the band. However, this line-up had no intention to reunite again.[39]

text: Inspired by the new interest in the band, Mick Fleetwood, John McVie, and Christine McVie recorded another album as Fleetwood Mac, with Billy Burnette taking on lead guitar duties. However, just as they made the decision to continue, Billy Burnette announced in March 1993 that he was leaving the band to pursue a country album and an acting career. Bekka Bramlett, who had worked a year earlier with Mick Fleetwood's Zoo, was recruited. Solo singer-songwriter/guitarist and Traffic member Dave Mason, who had worked with Bekka's parents Delaney & Bonnie twenty five years earlier, was subsequently added. By March 1994, Billy Burnette, himself a good friend and co-songwriter with Delaney Bramlett, returned with Fleetwood's blessing.

text: The band, minus Christine McVie, toured in 1994, opening for Crosby, Stills, & Nash, and in 1995 as part of a package with REO Speedwagon and Pat Benatar. The tour saw the band perform classic Fleetwood Mac songs from the initial 1967–1974 era. In 1995, at a concert in Tokyo, the band was greeted by former member Jeremy Spencer, who performed a few songs with them.

text: On 10 October 1995, Fleetwood Mac released the unsuccessful Time album. Although hitting the UK Top 60 for one week the album had zero impact in the US. It failed even to graze the Billboard Top 200 albums chart, a stunning reversal for a band that had been a mainstay on that chart for most of the previous two decades. Shortly after the album's release, Christine McVie informed the band that the album was her last. Bramlett and Burnette subsequently formed a country music duo, Bekka & Billy.

text: 1995–1997: Reformation[edit]

text: Just weeks after disbanding Fleetwood Mac, Mick Fleetwood announced that he was working with Lindsey Buckingham again. John McVie was soon added to the sessions, and later Christine McVie. Stevie Nicks also enlisted Lindsey Buckingham to produce a song for a soundtrack.

text: In May 1996, Mick Fleetwood, John McVie, Christine McVie and Stevie Nicks made an appearance at a private party in Louisville, Kentucky prior to the Kentucky Derby (with Steve Winwood filling in for Lindsey Buckingham). A week later, the Twister film soundtrack was released, which featured the Stevie Nicks-Lindsey Buckingham duet, "Twisted", with Mick Fleetwood on drums. This eventually led to a full Rumours line-up reunion when the band officially reformed in March 1997.

text: 1997–2007: Reunion and Christine McVie's departure[edit]

text: The regrouped Fleetwood Mac performed a live concert recorded on a Warner Bros. Burbank, California soundstage on 22 May, and from this performance came the 1997 live album The Dance, bringing Fleetwood Mac back to the top of the US album charts for the first time in 10 years. The album returned Fleetwood Mac to their superstar commercial status that they had not enjoyed since their Tango in the Night album. The album was certified a 5 million seller by the RIAA. A successful arena tour followed the MTV premiere of The Dance, which kept the reunited Fleetwood Mac on the road throughout much of 1997, the 20th anniversary of their Rumours album. With the added ensemble of Neale Heywood on guitar, Brett Tuggle on keyboards, Lenny Castro on percussion, and Sharon Celani (she had toured with Fleetwood Mac in the late 1980s) and Mindy Stein on backing vocals, this would, however, be the final foray of the classic line-up with Christine McVie for 16 years. As of 2015, Brett Tuggle, Neale Heywood, and Sharon Celani still perform with Fleetwood Mac as touring musicians.

text: In 1998, Fleetwood Mac were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Members inducted included the original band—Mick Fleetwood, John McVie, Peter Green, Jeremy Spencer and Danny Kirwan—and Rumours-era members Christine McVie, Stevie Nicks, and Lindsey Buckingham, but not Bob Welch, despite his key role in keeping the band alive during the early 1970s. The Rumours-era version of the band performed both at the induction ceremony and at the Grammy Awards program that year. Peter Green attended the induction ceremony but did not perform with his former bandmates, opting instead to perform his composition "Black Magic Woman" with Santana, who were inducted the same night. Neither Jeremy Spencer nor Danny Kirwan attended. Fleetwood Mac were also the recipients of the "Outstanding Contribution to Music" award at the BRIT Awards (British Phonographic Industry Awards) the same year.

text: In 1998, Christine McVie left the band. Her departure left Buckingham and Nicks to sing all the lead vocals for the band's 2003 album Say You Will, although Christine did contribute some backing vocals and keyboards. The album debuted at No.3 on the Billboard 200 chart (No. 6 in the UK) and yielded chart hits with "Peacekeeper" and the title track, and a successful world arena tour, which lasted through 2004. The tour grossed $27,711,129 and was ranked No. 21 in the top 25 grossing tours of 2004.

text: Around 2004–05, there were rumours of a reunion of the early line-up of Fleetwood Mac, involving Peter Green and Jeremy Spencer. While these two guitarists and vocalists apparently remained unconvinced of the merits of such a project,[40] in April 2006, during a question-and-answer session on the Penguin Fleetwood Mac fan website, bassist John McVie said of the reunion idea:

text: If we could get Peter and Jeremy to do it, I'd probably, maybe, do it. I know Mick would do it in a flash. Unfortunately, I don't think there's much chance of Danny doing it. Bless his heart.[41]

text: In interviews given in November 2006 to support his solo album Under the Skin, Buckingham stated that plans for the band to reunite once more for a 2008 tour were still on the cards. Recording plans have been put on hold for the foreseeable future. In a September 2007 interview Stevie Nicks gave to the UK newspaper The Daily Telegraph, she noted that she was unwilling to carry on with the band unless Christine McVie returned.[42] However, in a more recent interview, Mick Fleetwood said "... be very happy and hopeful that we will be working again. I can tell you everyone's going to be extremely excited about what's happening with Fleetwood Mac."[43]

text: 2008–2013: Unleashed Tour and Extended Play[edit]

text: On 14 March 2008, the Associated Press reported Sheryl Crow as saying that she would be working with Fleetwood Mac in 2009. Crow and Stevie Nicks collaborated a great deal in the past and she has stated that Nicks has been a great teacher and inspiration for her.[44] In a subsequent interview with Buckingham, he said after discussions between the band and Crow, the potential collaboration with Crow "lost its momentum".[45] However, in a June 2008 interview, Nicks denied that Crow would be joining Fleetwood Mac as a replacement for Christine McVie. According to Nicks, "the group will start working on material and recording probably in October, and finish an album."[46] On 7 October 2008, Mick Fleetwood confirmed on the BBC's The One Show that the band were working in the studio and also announced plans for a world tour in 2009.

text: In late 2008, Fleetwood Mac announced that the band would tour in 2009, beginning in March. As per the 2003–2004 tour, Christine McVie would not be featured in the line-up. The tour was branded as a greatest hits show entitled "Unleashed", although they played album tracks such as "Storms" and "I Know I'm Not Wrong". The first show was on 1 March 2009, and in February they announced a slew of new dates.

text: During their show on 20 June 2009 in New Orleans, Louisiana, Stevie Nicks premiered part of a new song that she had written about Hurricane Katrina.[47] The song was later released as "New Orleans" on Stevie Nicks' 2011 album In Your Dreams with Mick Fleetwood on drums. In October 2009, the band began a tour of Europe that carried on into early November, followed by a tour of Australia and New Zealand in December. Also in October, The Very Best of Fleetwood Mac was re-released in an extended two-disc format (this format having been released in the US in 2002), premiering at number six on the UK Albums Chart. On 1 November 2009, a new one-hour documentary, Fleetwood Mac: Don't Stop, was broadcast in the UK on BBC One, which featured recent interviews with all four current band members.[48] During the documentary, Nicks gave a candid summary of the current state of her relationship with Buckingham, stating "Maybe when we're 75 and Fleetwood Mac is a distant memory, we might be friends."

text: On 6 November 2009, Fleetwood Mac played the last show of the European leg of their Unleashed tour at London's Wembley Arena. Christine McVie was present in the audience, so Stevie Nicks paid a tribute from the stage to a standing ovation from the audience, stating that she thought about her former bandmate "every day", and went on to dedicate that night's performance of "Landslide" to McVie. On 19 December 2009, Fleetwood Mac played the second to last act of their Unleashed tour to a sell-out crowd at what was originally intended to be a one-off event at the TSB Bowl of Brooklands, New Plymouth, New Zealand. Tickets, after pre-sales, sold out within twelve minutes of public release, and another date (Sunday 20 December) was added[49] and also sold out. The tour grossed $84,900,000 and was ranked No. 13 in the highest grossing worldwide tours of 2009. On 19 October 2010, Fleetwood Mac played a private show at the Phoenician Hotel in Scottsdale, Arizona for TPG (Texas Pacific Group).

text: On 3 May 2011, the Fox Network broadcast an episode of Glee entitled "Rumours" that featured six songs from the band's 1977 album.[50] The show sparked renewed interest in the band and its commercially most successful album, and Rumours reentered the Billboard 200 chart at No. 11, the same week that Stevie Nicks' new solo album In Your Dreams debuted at No. 6. (Nicks was quoted by Billboard saying that her new album was "my own little Rumours."[51] ) The two recordings sold about 30,000 and 52,000 units, respectively. Music downloads accounted for ninety-one percent of the Rumours sales. The spike in sales for Rumours represented an uptick of 1,951%. It was the highest chart entry by a previously issued album since The Rolling Stones's reissue of Exile On Main St. reentered the chart at No. 2 on 5 June 2010.[52] In a July 2012 interview, Nicks confirmed that the band would reunite for a tour in 2013.[53]

text: Original Fleetwood Mac bassist Bob Brunning died on 18 October 2011, at the age of 68.[54] Former guitarist and singer Bob Weston was found dead on 3 January 2012, at the age of 64.[55] Former singer and guitarist Bob Welch was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot wound on 7 June 2012, at the age of 66.[56] Don Aaron, a spokesman at the scene, stated, "He died from an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound to the chest." A suicide note was found in the residence (Tennessean Music Team). The musician had been struggling with health issues and was dealing with depression. His wife was the one to discover the body.[57]

text: The band's 2013 tour, which covered 34 cities, started on 4 April in Columbus, OH. The band performed two new songs ("Sad Angel" and "Without You"), which Buckingham described as some of the most "Fleetwood Mac-ey" sounding songs since Mirage, with the latter song re-recorded from the Buckingham-Nicks era.[58] The band released their first new studio material in ten years, Extended Play, on 30 April 2013.[59] The EP debuted and peaked at No. 48 in the US, and produced one single, "Sad Angel". On 25 and 27 September 2013, the second and third nights of the band's London O2 shows, Christine McVie joined them onstage for "Don't Stop".[60]

text: On 27 October, the band announced that John McVie had been diagnosed with cancer, and that they were cancelling their New Zealand and Australian performances so he could undergo treatment. They stated that "We are sorry to not be able to play these Australian and New Zealand dates. We hope our Australian and New Zealand fans as well as Fleetwood Mac fans everywhere will join us in wishing John and his family all the best."[61] According to The Guardian on 22 November 2013, Christine McVie stated that she would like to return to Fleetwood Mac if they wanted her, and also affirmed that John McVie's prognosis was "really good."[62]

text: 2014–2018: Return of Christine McVie and later departure of Buckingham[edit]

text: On 11 January 2014, Mick Fleetwood announced that Christine McVie would be rejoining Fleetwood Mac,[63] and the news was confirmed on 13 January by the band's primary publicist, Liz Rosenberg. Rosenberg also stated that an official announcement regarding a new album and tour would be forthcoming.[64] In October 2014, Nicks appeared in American Horror Story: Coven while Fleetwood Mac's song "Seven Wonders" was playing in the background.[65]

text: On with the Show, a 33-city North American Tour opened in Minneapolis, Minnesota on 30 September 2014. A series of May–June 2015 arena dates in the United Kingdom went on sale on 14 November, selling out in minutes. Additional dates for the tour were added, extending into November.

text: In January 2015, Buckingham suggested that the new album and the new tour might be Fleetwood Mac's last act and that the band would cease to operate in 2015 or soon afterwards. He concluded: "We're going to continue working on the new album, and the solo stuff will take a back seat for a year or two. A beautiful way to wrap up this last act".[66] On the other hand, Mick Fleetwood stated that the new album may take a few years to complete and that they are waiting for contributions from Stevie Nicks, who has been ambivalent about committing to a new record.[67]

text: In August 2016, Fleetwood revealed that while the band has a "a huge amount of recorded music", virtually none of it features Stevie Nicks. Buckingham and Christine McVie however, have contributed multiple songs to the new project. Fleetwood told Ultimate Classic Rock, "She [McVie] ... wrote up a storm ... She and Lindsey could probably have a mighty strong duet album if they want. In truth, I hope it will come to more than that. There really are dozens of songs. And they’re really good. So we’ll see."[68]

text: Stevie Nicks explained her reluctance to record another album with Fleetwood Mac. "Is it possible that Fleetwood Mac might do another record? I can never tell you yes or no, because I don't know. I honestly don't know… It's like, do you want to take a chance of going in and setting up in a room for like a year [to record an album] and having a bunch of arguing people? And then not wanting to go on tour because you just spent a year arguing?". She also emphasized the point that people don't buy as many records as they used to.[69]

text: Buckingham and Christine McVie announced a new album titled Lindsey Buckingham/Christine McVie, which features Mick Fleetwood and John McVie on a few tracks.[70] Lindsey Buckingham/Christine McVie was released on 9 June 2017, and was preceded by the single, "In My World". A 38-date tour was arranged, which began on 21 June and concluded 16 November.[71][72] Fleetwood Mac also plan to embark on another tour in 2018.[73] Fleetwood Mac headlined the second night of the Classic West concert (on 16 July 2017 at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles) and the second night of the Classic East concert (at New York's Citi Field on 30 July 2017).

text: In November 2017 the band announced a deluxe reissue of their 1975 self-titled album. The reissue features a remastered version of the original album along with unreleased outtakes, alternate versions and live versions. The repackage was officially released worldwide on 19 January 2018.[74] Fleetwood Mac were announced at the MusiCares Person of the Year in 2018 and reunited to perform several songs at the Grammy-hosted gala honouring them. Artists including Lorde, Harry Styles, Little Big Town and Miley Cyrus also performed.[6]

text: In April 2018, the song "Dreams" re-entered the Hot Rock Songs chart at No. 16 due to a viral meme featuring the hit song. This chart re-entry comes 40 years after the song topped the Hot 100. The song's streaming totals also translated into 7,000 "equivalent album units"—a jump of 12 percent—which helped Rumours go from No. 21 to No. 13 on the Top Rock Albums chart.[75]

text: Also that month, Buckingham departed the group a second time, reportedly by way of dismissal.[76] The cause was said to be disagreement about the nature of the tour,[77] in particular centering on whether newer or less well known material might be included per Buckingham’s desire.[78] Mick Fleetwood and the band appeared on CBS This Morning on April 25, 2018 and said that Buckingham would not sign off on a Tour that the group had been planning for a year and a half. He said that they had reached a "huge impasse" and "hit a brick wall." When asked if Buckingham had been fired, Fleetwood said, "Well, we don't use that word because I think it's ugly." He also said that "Lindsey has huge amounts of respect and kudos to what he's done within the ranks of Fleetwood Mac and always will."[79]

text: Former Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers guitarist Mike Campbell and Neil Finn of Crowded House were named to replace Buckingham.[77][76] On CBS This Morning, Fleetwood said that Fleetwood Mac had been reborn and that "This is the new lineup of Fleetwood Mac."[79]

text: In April 2018 the band announced "An Evening with Fleetwood Mac" tour starting in October 2018.

text: Tours[edit]

text:
Kiln House Tour – 1970
Future Games Tour – 1971
Bare Trees Tour – 1972
Penguin Tour – early 1973
Mystery to Me Tour – mid-1973
Heroes Are Hard to Find Tour – 1974
Fleetwood Mac Tour – 1975
Rumours Tour – 1977
Tusk Tour – 1979–1980
Mirage Tour – 1982
Shake the Cage Tour – 1987–1988
Behind the Mask Tour – 1990
Another Link in the Chain Tour – 1994–1995
The Dance – 1997
Say You Will Tour – 2003–2004
Unleashed tour – 2009
Fleetwood Mac Live – 2013
On with the Show – 2014–2015
An Evening with Fleetwood Mac – 2018–2019

tag: ul

text: Band members[edit]

text:
Mick Fleetwood – drums, percussion (1967–1995, 1996–present)
John McVie – bass guitar (1967–1995, 1996–present)
Christine McVie – vocals, keyboards (1970–1995, 1996–1998, 2014–present)
Stevie Nicks – vocals, percussion, piano (1974–1991, 1996–present)
Mike Campbell – lead guitar (2018–present)
Neil Finn – vocals, rhythm guitar (2018–present)

text: Discography[edit]

text: Studio albums[edit]

text:
Fleetwood Mac (1968)
Mr. Wonderful (1968)
Then Play On (1969)
Kiln House (1970)
Future Games (1971)
Bare Trees (1972)
Penguin (1973)
Mystery to Me (1973)
Heroes Are Hard to Find (1974)
Fleetwood Mac (1975)
Rumours (1977)
Tusk (1979)
Mirage (1982)
Tango in the Night (1987)
Behind the Mask (1990)
Time (1995)
Say You Will (2003)

text: Remasters[edit]

text: The 1967–1969 era Blue Horizon albums (Fleetwood Mac, Mr. Wonderful, The Pious Bird of Good Omen and Fleetwood Mac in Chicago) and 1971 outtakes album The Original Fleetwood Mac have been remastered and reissued on CD, as have the 1975–1987 era Warner Bros. studio albums Fleetwood Mac, Rumours, Tusk, Mirage, and Tango in the Night

text: In 2013, a deluxe edition of Rumours was released. The same year, Then Play On was remastered and reissued on CD. Reissues of "Then Play On", "Kiln House", "Future Games" and "Bare Trees" were released on vinyl, initially bundled with a 7" single of "Oh Well, Parts I & II", then released separately in 2014. In 2015, a 5CD/1DVD/2 LP deluxe edition, a 3CD expanded edition, plus a 1CD remaster of Tusk was released.[80] In 2016, multiple editions of Mirage remastered were released.[81] A 30th anniversary edition of Tango in the Night was released 31 March 2017.[82]


document_title: G.I. (military)

question_text: where did the term g.i. come from

question_tokens: where did the term g.i . come from

text: G.I. (military)

text: G.I. is a noun used to describe the soldiers of the United States Army and airmen of the United States Army Air Forces and also for general items of their equipment.[1] The term G.I. has been used as an initialism of "Government Issue" or "General Issue", but it originally referred to "galvanized iron", as used by the logistics services of the United States Armed Forces.[2] The letters "G.I." were used to denote equipment made from galvanized iron, such as metal trash cans, in U.S. Army inventories and supply records.[2][3] In British military parlance and in armed forces modelled on British military traditions, G.I. refers to a Gunnery Instructor (generally an NCO responsible for inducting and training recruits).

text: During World War I, American soldiers sardonically referred to incoming German artillery shells as "G.I. cans". Also during that war, "G.I." started being interpreted as "Government Issue" or "General Issue" for the general items of equipment of soldiers and airmen. The term "G.I." came into widespread use in the United States with the start of the Selective Service System ("the draft") in 1940, extending into 1941. Next, the use of "G.I." expanded from 1942 through 1945. The American five-star General Dwight D. Eisenhower said in 1945 that "the truly heroic figure of this war [is] G.I. Joe and his counterpart in the air, the navy, and the Merchant Marine of every one of the United Nations."[4]

text: "G.I." was also used as an adjective for anything having to do with the US Army or Army Air Force.[2]


document_title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 6)

question_text: law and order svu professor charged with assault

text: Production[edit]

text: Emmy Ann Wooding, a long time assistant at Wolf Films, died in a car accident while the sixth season was being filmed. The seventh episode "Charisma" was dedicated to her memory.[1] Towards the end of the season, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit crossed over with the third Law & Order spin-off, Law & Order: Trial by Jury with two episodes: "Night" in SVU and "Day" in TBJ. In the episode Casey Novak is beaten unconscious by an Islamic fundamentalist. In an interview for USA Network, Diane Neal, who did her own stunts, revealed that she indeed passed out due to an error in how they acted out the scene.[2]

text: In an interview about Season 6, Mariska Hargitay mentioned that filming of the night time scenes took place on Tuesday and Friday nights — when finished episodes were airing.[3] The same interview explained how she provided input to the writing of the episode "Doubt". Hargitay, who is a trained rape crisis counsellor, said "I made Neal take a tour of the rape treatment center. Because once I became a counselor I could say, 'No, this isn't how we do it.'"[3] "Doubt", which is noted for not revealing the jury's verdict, focused on a student and her professor and the difficulty in determining whether their encounter was rape or consensual sex. NBC conducted an online poll which revealed that 60% of the viewers were in favor of a "not guilty" verdict. Filming of the episode ran long because of a truck that would not start. According to producer Gail Barringer "It was at night and we had a long delay, we went really late. It's the worst feeling to keep looking at your watch. We want it all to be perfect, but your watch just screams at you."[4]

text: During the sixth season, sound mixer Bill Daly, who had been with the show since its inception, elaborated on the audio equipment used by SVU. This included Lectrosonics receivers and interruptible foldbacks set up so that everything was wireless.[5]

text: Cast changes and returning characters[edit]

text: All main cast members present at the end of the fifth season returned for the sixth. Stephanie March, who left the show early in Season 5, returned as Alexandra Cabot in the sixteenth episode "Ghost".

text: In the episode "Outcry", John Schuck played the NYPD's Chief of Detectives which became a recurring part. The episodes "Weak", "Contagious" and "Identity" starred Mary Stuart Masterson as Dr. Rebecca Hendrix, a psychiatrist and former cop. This gave Masterson what has been called her best known role.[6] After confirming that Hendrix was needed while BD Wong was acting in theatre, Neal Baer stated that the character also gave him an opportunity to introduce a conflict between Benson and Stabler and said "Stabler hasn't always felt warmly toward psychiatry, but he does warm up to this character - who has been both a cop and a shrink."[7] The character Dr. Amy Solwey from the fifth season returned in the episode "Parts". Played by Marlee Matlin, Neal Baer said "Munch got very involved with her character, and we thought, Wow, that's really moving‚ let's bring her back."[8]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Christopher Meloni as Det. Elliot Stabler
Mariska Hargitay as Det. Olivia Benson
Richard Belzer as Det. John Munch
Diane Neal as ADA Casey Novak
Ice-T as Det. Fin Tutuola
B. D. Wong as Dr. George Huang
Dann Florek as Capt. Don Cragen

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Fred Dalton Thompson as DA Arthur Branch
Jill Marie Lawrence as Defense Attorney Cleo Conrad
J. Paul Nicholas as Defense Attorney Linden Delroy
Judith Light as Bureau Chief ADA Elizabeth Donnelly
Triney Sandoval as TARU Technician Echevarria
Viola Davis as Defense Attorney Donna Emmett
Kevin Jiggetts as Officer Green
Mary Stuart Masterson as Dr. Rebecca Hendrix
Ned Eisenberg as Defense Attorney Roger Kressler
Peter Hermann as Defense Attorney Trevor Langan
Sheila Tousey as Judge Danielle Larsen
Joselin Reyes as Paramedic Martinez
Ali Reza as Dr. Rohit Mehta
Joel de la Fuente as TARU Technician Ruben Morales
John Schuck as Chief of Detectives Muldrew
Mike Doyle as CSU Forensics Technician Ryan O'Halloran
Joseph E. Murray as EMT Olson
Charlayne Woodard as Sister Peg
Joanna Merlin as Judge Lena Petrovsky
Audrie J. Neenan as Judge Lois Preston
Donnetta Lavinia Grays as Officer Ramirez
William H. Burns as Officer Robbins
Nicholas Gonzalez as Det. Mike Sandoval
Tom O'Rourke as Judge Mark Seligman
Caren Browning as CSU Captain Judith Siper
Allison Siko as Kathleen Stabler
Patricia Cook as Elizabeth Stabler
Jeffrey Scaperrotta as Dickie Stabler
Adam Kulbersh as TARU Technician Ben Suarato
Paul Borghese as Officer Tanner
Philip Bosco as Judge Joseph Terhune
Stephanie March as ADA Alexandra Cabot (Episode 16)
Tamara Tunie as ME Dr. Melinda Warner

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: In the season premiere "Birthright", Lea Thompson starred as a mother who lets her maternal instincts go out of control. Her character arranged for the kidnapping of a girl played by Abigail Breslin. Neal Baer opined in an interview that "The premiere with Lea Thompson really moved people."[7] In the same interview, Baer said "The one with Ming Na was beautifully made. It gave you a sense of Chinatown that you don't usually see on TV."[7] In "Debt", Ming-Na played a woman who gets in over her head with a Chinese gang specializing in smuggling and extortion.

text: The third episode "Obscene" starred Lewis Black as a shock jock whose right to free speech comes under attack. This is prompted by an overprotective mother played by Dana Delany. SVU writers had been asking Delany to do a show for years and wrote the part with her in mind. According to Delany, "It deals with First Amendment rights and a Howard Stern type character. I think it presents both sides of the argument well."[9] Kyle MacLachlan starred in the episode "Conscience" as a grieving father who notices an opportunity to eliminate a sociopath. MacLachlan later pointed out "I took matters into my own hands and actually got away with it which was one of the few times on SVU that that happens."[10]

text: The episode "Charisma" saw Jeff Kober play a lying and manipulative cult leader. Mariska Hargitay described his character as "The most charismatic, genius-like serial-killer-cult-leader that doesn't think he's doing anything wrong."[3] For her performance in "Weak", Amanda Plummer won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series.[12] Plummer played Miranda Cole, a paranoid schizophrenic who struggles to recount the details of her rape. Dallas Roberts (who would later guest star as Dr. Gregory Yates in Season 16 and Season 17) played her attacker. In "Contagious", child actress Jennette McCurdy played Holly Purcell, a traumatized nine-year-old rape victim. For an interview in 2008, McCurdy wrote "My favorite job to this day has been Law and Order: SVU. I played a girl who had been badly abused, so the part involved lots of crying and seriousness."[13]

text: In "Haunted", Ernest Waddell made his first of what would become several appearances as Fin Tutuola's son Ken Randall. The character had been mentioned in previous seasons but never shown. Neal Baer stated that the plan to reveal family members slowly was intentional with "We like revealing those kinds of things about a character - as you would in any workplace where you know the people. You work with them, they're your 'workplace family', but you may not know about other details until issues come up that reveal those details."[7] This episode was referenced in an interview with Ice T who said "When you add children to it, Fin kind of softens up."[14] In "Rage", Matthew Modine portrayed Gordon Rickett, a serial killer who shares a history with Detective Stabler. When announcing the episode, Neal Baer said that Stabler "must now confront his own built up rage, before it leads to tragedy."[15]

text: Marlee Matlin reprised her role from the fifth season in the episode "Parts". She praised Richard Belzer's performance for a second time and expressed excitement over being able to portray her SVU character in two seasons: "When I had heard that the producers had never brought back a perp to reprise a role, I was very honored. Amy is such a complex and troubled character and one I could easily see return."[16] ADA Novak took on the Department of Defence in the season finale "Goliath". The incident inspiring her to do so involved an ex-military police officer played by R. E. Rogers. Rogers had previously played an ex-military character in the show's second season.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

117
1
"Birthright"
Arthur W. Forney
Jonathan Greene
September 21, 2004 (2004-09-21)
E5201
14.20[17]

The SVU detectives investigate the attempted kidnapping of a six-year-old girl (Abigail Breslin). The man behind the attempt (Ned Bellamy) is revealed to be a private investigator hired by a woman (Lea Thompson) who is convinced that she is the girl's biological mother. This claim uncovers a fertility doctor (David Forsyth) with a scheme to steal embryos and give them to different parents, prompting a custody battle between the egg donor mother and the birthparents (Beau Gravitte and Camilla Scott).

118
2
"Debt"
David Platt
Amanda Green
September 28, 2004 (2004-09-28)
E5203
13.00[18]

A child abandonment incident prompts Benson and Stabler to investigate the disappearance of a mother. They learn from her sister (Ming-Na Wen) that she made a deal with human traffickers to have her teenage daughter (Jenny Wong) smuggled to New York from China. It is revealed that the teenage immigrant has been forced into prostitution and her life is subsequently used as a bargaining chip by the gangsters to avoid prosecution. When the squad captures the gang's leader (Jack Yang), Detective Stabler is able to get help from one of his junior members (Aaron Yoo) by convincing him that the bright future he was promised is a lie. After arresting a corrupt immigration attorney (Loren Dean), the NYPD finally learns where the captive women are being held. Detective Stabler arrives just in time to keep the promise he made.

119
3
"Obscene"
Constantine Makris
José Molina
October 12, 2004 (2004-10-12)
E5205
12.35[19]

A teenage actress (Maggie Grace) is raped while sleeping in her trailer. The producer (Nestor Serrano) of the show, which features sexually suggestive content, suspects that the rape was orchestrated as part of a media decency campaign led by a protective mother (Dana Delany). The SVU discovers that it was her son (Ricky Ullman) who committed the rape because he thought it would impress a radio shock jock (Lewis Black). This leads to two trials focusing on the influence and power of entertainment media.

120
4
"Scavenger"
Daniel Sackheim
Dawn DeNoon & Lisa Marie Petersen
October 19, 2004 (2004-10-19)
E5207
12.62[20]

The SVU squad races against the clock to solve the puzzles and uncover the clues scattered throughout the city by a taunting copycat serial killer (Doug Hutchison). With the help of his mother (Anne Meara), the squad is able to save a survivor of the original crimes (Elizabeth Franz).

121
5
"Outcry"
Constantine Makris
Patrick Harbinson
October 26, 2004 (2004-10-26)
E5202
13.01[21]

A missing high school student (Amanda Seyfried) is found at a construction site, claiming that she was raped by several men in uniform. In what becomes an increasingly fraught investigation, Benson and Stabler have to deal not only with the media frenzy surrounding the case, but also with the girl's changing account of the events.

122
6
"Conscience"
David Platt
Roger Wolfson & Robert Nathan
November 9, 2004 (2004-11-09)
E5208
14.30[22]

The five-year-old son (Michael and Max Illes) of a psychiatrist (Kyle MacLachlan) disappears from a birthday party, and is later found dead by the police. As the detectives investigate, the pool of suspects gradually shrinks, until the evidence eventually points in an unexpected direction (Jordan Garrett).

123
7
"Charisma"
Arthur W. Forney
Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters
November 16, 2004 (2004-11-16)
E5206
16.38[23]

The investigation of an impregnated twelve-year-old girl (Holliston Coleman) leads to a charismatic cult leader (Jeff Kober), who turns on his own followers and escapes as the detectives attempt to search his premises. Tracking him down proves difficult as the people with strong ties to him, including the girl's mother (Shannon Cochran), have been brainwashed. Due to unusual circumstances in the squadroom, Benson teams up with Munch in the ensuing manhunt.

124
8
"Doubt"
Ted Kotcheff
Marjorie David
November 23, 2004 (2004-11-23)
E5209
15.20[24]

When a college student (Shannyn Sossamon) claims rape and her professor (Billy Campbell) claims it was consensual sex, Stabler and Benson find themselves in the middle of a "he said, she said" battle. The argument indirectly reveals that Stabler has become separated from his wife. Stabler initially believes the professor but changes his mind when he sees him manipulate his daughter (Carolyn Miller). Benson initially believes the student but changes her mind when she stages a suicide attempt to gain sympathy. Unsure of where blame lies, they make their way to the courtroom to hear the jury's verdict.

125
9
"Weak"
David Platt
Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters
November 30, 2004 (2004-11-30)
E5213
15.30[25]

In their investigation of a serial rapist, the detectives enlist the help of a former cop turned psychiatrist (Mary Stuart Masterson) in order to reach out to a paranoid schizophrenic (Amanda Plummer), who remembers being attacked by the perpetrator but is unable to express her account of it.

126
10
"Haunted"
Juan J. Campanella
Amanda Green
December 7, 2004 (2004-12-07)
E5212
13.50[26]

In the aftermath of a bodega robbery, Detective Tutuola's past as a narcotics officer catches up with him when a grief-stricken mother (Jeanetta Arnette) blames him for her estranged daughter's spiralling drug abuse. Fin teams up with a young narcotics detective (Nicholas Gonzalez) and sets out to make things right.

127
11
"Contagious"
Aaron Lipstadt
Jonathan Greene
January 11, 2005 (2005-01-11)
E5214
15.94[27]

A medical exam of a nine-year-old girl (Jennette McCurdy) who survived a car accident with her parents reveals that she was a victim of sexual abuse. Out of fear and desperation, she ends up blaming the wrong suspect (Daniel Hugh Kelly), leading to a rash of false accusations against him by other girls. However the SVU finds out she was actually victimized by someone who acted like a witness (Zach Gilford).

128
12
"Identity"
Rick Wallace
Lisa Marie Petersen & Dawn DeNoon
January 18, 2005 (2005-01-18)
E5215
15.34[29]

Complications ensue in the investigation of a gangbanger who fell off a building after the victim that he tried to rape bit him in self-defense. When Detectives Benson and Stabler are sure that they have found the victim (Reiley McClendon), his twin sister (Reiley McClendon) admits to biting the gangbanger even though the bite came from someone who was chromosomally male. The twins are shocked at the revelation that their parents (John Bolger and Hillary Bailey Smith) tried to raise one of them as a girl after a botched circumcision. Investigation reveals more regarding the ulterior motive of a doctor (Peter Firth) to prove that nurture supersedes nature.

Partially inspired by the case of David Reimer.[28]

129
13
"Quarry"
Constantine Makris
José Molina
January 25, 2005 (2005-01-25)
E5217
14.19[30]

The body of a seven-year-old child reported missing in 1980 is found and Benson and the squad begins to investigate convicted serial killer Lucas Biggs (John Savage) who is on death row in Virginia. While Biggs can detail every child he ever molested, he swears he has no memory of this one. Benson soon learns that the boy was killed by one of Biggs' former victims (Terry Serpico) who, unbeknownst to his wife (Angelica Torn), lives a secret life as a child molester passing on the abusive habits he learned. Someone kills the suspect before he can be picked up. When a man (Michael Shannon) confesses to picking off a rapist, Benson needs to decide whether he committed the crime or whether he confessed out of trauma and shame.

130
14
"Game"
David Platt
Patrick Harbinson
February 8, 2005 (2005-02-08)
E5216
14.18[31]

A rape / murder preceded by a vehicular assault against the victim is discovered to be a recreation of a violent video game called Intensity. Interviewing the game's creators leads the detectives to a former employee (Matthew Faber), who then leads them to a teenage couple (Seth Gabel and Trisha LaFache) who claim to be unable to distinguish fantasy from reality.

131
15
"Hooked"
Jean de Segonzac
Joshua Kotcheff
February 15, 2005 (2005-02-15)
E5211
13.76[32]

When the body of a teenager (Janae Kram) is found with an ID belonging to her older cousin (Jessica Dunphy), Benson and Stabler learn that she and her best friend (Hayden Panettiere) were sexually promiscuous. They later learn that she was an HIV-positive prostitute working for a porn director (Matt Malloy), and the object of an older man's obsession.

132
16
"Ghost"
David Platt
Amanda Green
February 22, 2005 (2005-02-22)
E5218
14.03[33]

A series of drug-related hits leads the detectives back to the notorious drug lord Cesar Velez. The detectives are left with one survivor (Reymond Wittman), a scared child whom the drug lords are trying to finish off. The gun used in the murders is linked to Liam Connors (Brían F. O'Byrne), one of Velez's top agents. Connors has a strong defense which almost gets him acquitted until Benson and Stabler arrest him for trying to kill ADA Alexandra Cabot a year earlier. Alex returns from witness protection to assist with the case.

133
17
"Rage"
Juan J. Campanella
Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters
March 1, 2005 (2005-03-01)
E5219
12.29[34]

The discovery of a body leads to a man (Matthew Modine) arrested by Stabler fourteen years ago. Stabler swears that he will not let him get away with rape and murder for a second time. The squad can only hold him for twenty-four hours, but after a visceral interrogation are able to glean enough information during that time period to have a place to start. Cragen and Benson both worry that Stabler will let his hatred for the suspected child molester interfere with his ability to do his job.

134
18
"Pure"
Aaron Lipstadt
Dawn DeNoon
March 8, 2005 (2005-03-08)
E5220
14.73[35]

An eighteen-year-old girl (Molly Bea Spears) is abducted by a rapist, causing her family (Marianne Hagan and Taylor Spreitler) to offer a substantial reward for her safe return. A self-proclaimed psychic (Martin Short) comes forward claiming to have information and the girl is found dead shortly thereafter. Stabler refuses to believe that the man in the squadroom is a real psychic. As he drops hints and plays calculating mind games, it becomes increasingly apparent that either he or his wife (Mary Mara) is involved.

135
19
"Intoxicated"
Marita Grabiak
Jonathan Greene
March 15, 2005 (2005-03-15)
E5221
11.05[36]

A fifteen-year-old girl (Danielle Panabaker) is caught about to have sex with her twenty-one-year-old boyfriend (Jon Foster) by her mother (Cathy Moriarty), who demands that the police charge him with statutory rape, despite her daughter's objections. On their way to the hospital, Benson calls a children's rights lawyer (Glenne Headly) who interrupts the exam. This backfires when the mother is found brutally murdered and the young lovers are the prime suspects. The detectives try to piece together what led to the murder and discover a history of violence and alcohol abuse by the deceased.

136
20
"Night"
Arthur W. Forney & Juan J. Campanella
Teleplay by: Amanda Green
Story by: Amanda Green & Chris Levinson
May 3, 2005 (2005-05-03)
E5224
16.54[37]

Benson and Stabler investigate the rape and murder of a woman found with a wad of money stuffed in her mouth. They trace the money to a lawyer (Bradley Cooper) handling the finances of a wealthy family. The woman (Angela Lansbury) demands that the detectives stay away from her son (Alfred Molina) even though they suspect that he preys on illegal immigrants who do not report the crimes out of fear of getting deported. The people are short on evidence until a Bosnian immigrant has the courage to come forward. Angry about exposing the fact that she was raped, her brother (Stelio Savante), an Islamic fundamentalist, brutally assaults ADA Casey Novak.

This episode begins a crossover with Law & Order: Trial by Jury that concludes on "Day".
Special appearances by Bebe Neuwirth as ADA Tracey Kibre, Kirk Acevedo as DA Investigator Hector Salazar and Fred Thompson as DA Arthur Branch.

137
21
"Blood"
Félix Alcalá
Patrick Harbinson
May 10, 2005 (2005-05-10)
E5223
14.50[38]

A young woman (Lauren Hodges) reports that her baby has been tossed out of a car. Benson and Stabler learn that she is addicted to prescription pain killers and this leads them to an elderly woman (Melinda Dillon) who lives with her son (Matt Schulze) and daughter-in-law (Christine Elise). The young woman identifies the daughter-in-law as the one who sold her the drugs, but when the detectives go to confront her, they find the drug dealer dead. Stabler uses his influence as a police officer when his daughter, Kathleen, is arrested for drunk driving.

138
22
"Parts"
Matt Earl Beesley
David Foster
May 17, 2005 (2005-05-17)
E5204
16.21[39]

After a woman's head is found in a car junkyard, SVU detectives track it down to the black market. This journey exposes them to the tragic lives of people who die waiting for kidney transplants. Through the organ dealer (Marc Grapey), Stabler and Munch learn that the parents (Kevin Carroll and Cherita Armstrong) of a dying boy (Tyler James Williams) broke the law to get him on the fast track to receiving a kidney. The two begin to feel like they cost an innocent person his life until someone close to Munch (Marlee Matlin) makes a sacrifice.

139
23
"Goliath"
Peter Leto
Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters
May 24, 2005 (2005-05-24)
E5225
16.38[41]

After the wife (Amy Landecker) of a police officer (R. E. Rodgers) claims her husband raped her, Benson and Stabler arrest the man and come close to believing his version of events when he attacks his captain (Ronni Lieberman). When another officer (Brian Hutchison) murders his wife and attempts to kill himself that same night, the whole force gets involved and soon realizes that the two men both recently returned home from Afghanistan, where they were given the drug Quinium, an anti-malarial. With the reluctant help of a reporter (Jon Bernthal) and a base doctor with an attack of conscience (John Dossett), Novak takes on the U.S. Army.

The episode has close resemblances to the story of the anti-malarial drug Mefloquine.[40]
Special appearance by Fred Thompson as DA Arthur Branch.


document_title: Lily Morris

question_text: when was why am i always the bridesmaid written

text: Lily Morris

text: Biography[edit]

text: Morris was born in the Holborn area of London, and began performing professionally at the age of ten.[citation needed]

text: She built a formidable career, including several successful international tours.[1]  She had a particularly successful run at the Palace Theater in New York in 1928.[2] She also appeared in the musical revue film Elstree Calling (1930), co-directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and a later appearance in the film Radio Parade of 1935 as a charlady alongside fellow music hall performer Nellie Wallace.

text: She retired from the stage in 1940, except for a brief appearance in 1948.[3] In 1941 she appeared as the formidable "Lady Randall" in the Arthur Askey comedy I Thank You but reverts to type in the final scene where she gives a rendition of the old music hall standard "Waiting at the Church" at an impromptu concert in a tube station bomb shelter.[4]

text: Song hits[edit]

text: Lily Morris's most popular song hits include:

text:
"Because He Loves Me"
"My Old Man (Said Follow the Van)" (original performer: Marie Lloyd)
"Don't Have Any More, Missus Moore" (1929), (written by Harry Castling[5])
"He's Only a Working Man"
"The Old Apple Tree"
"Waiting at the Church"
"Why Am I Always the Bridesmaid, Never the Blushing Bride?" (written 1917)

text: Selected filmography[edit]

text: Variety (1935)


document_title: National FFA Organization

question_text: when did the ffa adopt the creed and colors

text: National FFA Organization

text: Overview[edit]

text: The National FFA Organization is a youth leadership organization that makes a positive difference in the lives of young people by developing their potential for premier leadership, personal growth and career success through agriculture education. The FFA Motto is Learning to do, Doing to learn, Earning to live, Living to serve.

text: FFA functions within the three-circle model of agricultural education as a student leadership organization that complements a student's classroom/laboratory instruction and supervised agricultural experience program.[13] FFA members can compete in Career Development Events (CDE) that cover job skills in everything from communications to mechanics. Some events allow students to compete as individuals, while others allow them to compete in teams.[14] These competitions can happen at a local or district level, state level, and on the national level.

text: Students are supervised by agricultural education teachers in cooperation with parents, employers and other adults who assist individuals in the development and achievement of educational and career goals.

text: Official colors of the FFA are known as National Blue and Corn Gold.[15]

text: FFA structure[edit]

text: FFA is represented at several different levels across the nation; FFA administration may change from state to state. The basic levels are the national level, serving all of the United States of America, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands; the state level, serving an individual state association; and the chapter level, serving a school or set of schools in an area. By definition, there can be three types of chapters at the secondary level, they are middle for middle school, junior for ninth grade and senior which can be either tenth through twelfth or ninth through twelfth depending on the school. Other levels include districts, subdistricts, sections, regions, areas, and federations.

text: FFA was created to serve high school students, and has moved into middle schools where membership may begin as early as age 12, allowing members to become active earlier and stay active for longer. Each chapter is chartered as part of the state association and national organization. Collegiate chapters exist as well.

text: Most states hold FFA conventions at least once annually, where members gather to compete, be recognized for awards, attend leadership workshops, debate organizational issues in a delegate process, and more. Nationally, the National FFA Convention & Expo is held once a year in the fall. It was held in Kansas City, Missouri, from 1928 to 1998. The convention moved to Louisville, Kentucky, in 1999 before moving again in 2006 to Indianapolis, Indiana. Louisville again hosted the national convention from 2013 to 2015. FFA announced in July 2015 that the national convention would be hosted in Indianapolis each year from 2016 to 2024.[16]

text: Officers of FFA[edit]

text: As the FFA is a member-led organization intended to serve youth around the nation, it elects officers from its own diverse membership to certain levels of FFA. With these basic constitutional officers a basis of parliamentary procedure is completed during meetings and banquets; each officer during these procedures will stand and recite their office level and what it is stationed by, and why the particular position is stationed as so.Typical officer roles are:

text: Constitutional officers[edit]

text:
President — Stationed by the rising sun, a token of a new era in agriculture.
Vice President — Stationed by the plow, the symbol of labor and tillage of the soil.
Secretary — Stationed by the ear of corn, to keep a record of all meetings and correspond with other secretaries wherever corn is grown and FFA members meet.
Treasurer — Stationed by the emblem of George Washington, to keep an accurate account of receipts and disbursements just as Washington kept his farm accounts.
Reporter — Stationed by the Flag, strives to inform the public in order that every man, woman, and child may know the FFA is a national organization.
Sentinel — Stationed by the door, to ensure the door is open to all and keep the meeting room comfortable as well as assist in maintaining order.
Advisor — Stationed by the owl, the time honored emblem of knowledge and wisdom

text: Others may include[edit]

text:
Parliamentarian — Stationed by a copy of Robert's Rules of Order.
Historian — Stationed at the scroll or chapter scrapbook.
Student Advisor — Stationed by the owl or the key.
Chaplain — Stationed by the Bible or Book.
Executive Committee/Executive Board.

text: Each officer is an agricultural student and holds responsibilities needed to serve, and are elected each year by members at the respective levels.

text: National officers[edit]

text:
President - David Townsend, Delaware
Secretary - Victoria Harris, Florida
Eastern Region Vice President - Ashley Willits, New York
Southern Region Vice President - DeShawn Blanding, South Carolina
Central Region Vice President - Valerie Earley, Minnesota
Western Region Vice President - Trey Elizondo, Texas

text: This allows officers to be elected to one of the four national regions of the FFA, as well as a President and a Secretary

text: List of past national presidents[edit]

text:
2015–2016 - Taylor McNeel, Arkansas
2014–2015 - Andy Paul, Georgia
2013–2014 - Brian Walsh, Virginia
2012–2013 - Clay Sapp, Florida
2011–2012 - Ryan Best, New Mexico
2010–2011 - Riley Pagett, Oklahoma
2009–2010 - Levy Randolph, California
2008–2009 - Paul Moya, New Mexico
2007–2008 - Zach Kinne, Missouri
2006–2007 - Beau Williamson, California
2005–2006 - Travis Jett, Oklahoma
2004–2005 - Jackie Mundt, Wisconsin
2003–2004 - Javier Moreno, Puerto Rico
2002–2003 - Tim Hammerich, California
2001–2002 - Dane White, California
2000–2001 - Trent McKnight, Texas
1999–2000 - Chris Vitelli, Florida
1998–1999 - Lisa Ahrens, Iowa
1997–1998 - Hillary Smith, Georgia
1996–1997 - Corey Rosenbusch, Texas
1995–1996 - Seth Derner, Nebraska
1994–1995 - Corey Flournoy, Illinois
1993–1994 - Curtis Childers, Texas
1992–1993 - Travis Park, Indiana
1991–1992 - Lee Thurber, Nebraska
1990–1991 - Mark Timm, Indiana

text: Official FFA dress[edit]

text: FFA jacket[edit]

text: The most recognizable symbol of the organization is the blue corduroy FFA jacket that is worn by current FFA members. The back of the jacket features a large FFA emblem just underneath the name of each FFA member's state. The name of the local FFA chapter, district, region or area is embroidered below the emblem. The front of the FFA jacket features a smaller FFA emblem on the left chest and the FFA member's name and sometimes, if applicable, office and year on the right chest. FFA members are required to wear the FFA jacket as part of official dress while participating in all official organization activities.[17]

text: The FFA jacket was created to be worn by the Fredericktown Band of the Fredericktown FFA Chapter by Dr. Gus Lintner.[18] It was adopted in 1933.

text: The color of the jacket's corduroy has ranged from shades of blue to shades of purple through the years. In 2004, the National FFA Organization worked with a supplier in North Carolina to set a new standard for the blue corduroy by using samples from archived FFA jackets. The jacket's color standardization was accompanied by a restoration of the embroidered FFA emblems and fit corrections led by Clemson University's Apparel Research Center. The improved FFA jacket, produced in both Van Wert, Ohio and South Vietnam, was first made available in August 2005. Currently, all lettering, embroidery and finishing of FFA jackets is completed by Universal Lettering Company in Van Wert, Ohio.[19]

text: Elements of FFA official dress[edit]

text: FFA members are required to wear official FFA dress while participating in official organization activities. For females, official dress consists of a black skirt (black slacks may be appropriate for traveling and outdoor activities), a white collared blouse, an official FFA blue scarf, black dress shoes with a closed heel and toe, black nylon hosiery, and an official FFA jacket zipped to the top. Male official dress includes black dress pants, a white dress shirt, an official FFA tie, black dress shoes with a closed heel and toe, black socks and an official FFA jacket zipped to the top.[17]

text: Awards and pins[edit]

text: FFA members earn metal pins that signify achievement within the organization. These pins can be placed on the front of the FFA jacket,[17] however, official guidelines state that no more than three pins may be worn at one time. The pins are to be placed beneath the FFA member's name on the right chest and can recognize the highest office, highest award, and highest organizational degree. Two exceptions exist within pin placement guidelines. When an FFA member earns a State FFA Degree or American FFA Degree, the award keys should be worn above the name on right chest or attached to the FFA jacket with a standard key chain, and no other pins should accompany these.[17]

text: Traditions[edit]

text: As an organization, the FFA has many traditions and trademarks identifying it as an agricultural education organization:[20]

text: The FFA Motto: Learning to Do, Doing to Learn, Earning to Live, Living to Serve.

text: The FFA Mission: The National FFA Organization is dedicated to making a positive difference in the lives of students by developing their potential for premier leadership, personal growth, and career success through agricultural education.[20]

text: The Official FFA Colors: National Blue and Corn Gold (worn on the Official FFA jackets).[21]

text: The FFA Emblem: Cross section of the ear of corn: represents unity. Where ever you live in the United States, corn is grown everywhere. Rising Sun: signifies progress. It represents that tomorrow will always bring a new day. Plow: signifies labor and tillage of the soil. It also shows the historic foundation of our country's strength. Eagle: symbolizes freedom and our ability to explore the new agriculture world. Owl: represents knowledge. Long recognized for wisdom and knowledge. Agriculture Education and FFA: symbolizes the combination of learning and leadership.

text: The FFA Creed: The creed was written by Erwin Milton "E.M." Tiffany of Lyndon, Kansas[22] and adopted at the 3rd National FFA Convention.[22] It was revised at the 38th and 63rd National FFA Conventions by the assembled delegate body. It is recited by new members to the organization to reflect their growing belief in agriculture and agricultural education. The FFA Creed also must be memorized and recited to earn the Greenhand Degree.

text:
I believe in the future of agriculture, with a faith born not of words but of deeds – achievements won by the present and past generations of agriculturists; in the promise of better days through better ways, even as the better things we now enjoy have come to us from the struggles of former years.

I believe that to live and work on a good farm or to be engaged in other agricultural pursuits, is pleasant as well as challenging; for I know the joys and discomforts of agricultural life and hold an inborn fondness for those associations which, even in hours of discouragement I cannot deny.
I believe in leadership from ourselves and respect from others. I believe in my own ability to work efficiently and think clearly, with such knowledge and skill as I can secure, and in the ability of progressive agriculturists to serve our own and the public interest in producing and marketing the product of our toil.
I believe in less dependence on begging and more power in bargaining; in the life abundant and enough honest wealth to help make it so-for others as well as myself; in less need for charity and more of it when needed; in being happy myself and playing square with those whose happiness depends upon me.
I believe that American agriculture can and will hold true to the best traditions of our national life and that I can exert an influence in my home and community which will stand solid for my part in that inspiring task.

text: Career Development Events[edit]

text: FFA Career Development Event (CDEs) are contests that members compete in to test their skills learned through agricultural education instruction. They vary at the different levels of FFA, and some are contested only at certain levels and certain states, districts, areas or federations.[23]

text: At the national level, there are 24 Career Development Events:[23]

text:
Ag Business
Ag Communications
Ag Issues Forum
Ag Mechanics
Ag Sales
Agronomy (Insects, seeds, etc.)
Dairy Cattle Evaluation
Dairy Cattle Handlers Activity
Dairy Foods
Environmental & Natural Resources
Extemporaneous Public Speaking
Floriculture
Food Science & Technology
Forestry
Horse Evaluation
Job Interview
Land Judging
Livestock Evaluation
Marketing Plan
Meats Evaluation & Technology
Nursery/Landscape
Parliamentary Procedure
Poultry Evaluation
Prepared Public Speaking
Rangeland Judging

text: Wildlife Management

text:
Veterinarian Science
Quiz Bowl

text: Others[edit]

text: Examples of CDEs that can be available at the state level are:

text:
Small Animal Care
Arboriculture
Aquaculture
Safe Equipment Operation
Opening/Closing Ceremonies
Wildlife
Website Development
Entomology
Tractor Operations
Greenhand CDE
F.A.R.M education
Envirothon
Demonstration

text: Supervised Agricultural Experience Programs[edit]

text: To be an active member in the National FFA Organization, a member must have an Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE) project.[24] The projects involve hands-on application of concepts and principles learned in the agricultural education classroom, with guidelines for the SAE projects governed by the state FFA delegation. SAE programs are grouped into four different areas:

text:
Exploratory – learning about the 'big picture' of agriculture and related careers
Research/Experimentation and Analysis – conducting research or analysis of information to discover new knowledge
Ownership/Entrepreneurship – planning and operation of an agriculture-related business
Placement – working either for pay or experience in an agricultural setting

text: Notable alumni[edit]

text: In politics[edit]

text:
Harold Brubaker, North Carolina state representative, past National FFA Secretary from Pennsylvania
Jimmy Carter, Governor of Georgia, 39th President of the United States
Matt Lohr, Virginia state representative, past state FFA President and National FFA Vice President
Bruce Maloch, Arkansas state senator, past state FFA President and National FFA Secretary
Rick Perry, Governor of Texas, past district FFA officer
Jeff Miller (Florida politician), United States Representative from Florida, past state FFA Secretary
Sam Brownback, Governor of Kansas, past United States Senator & United States representative, past state FFA President and national FFA vice president

text: In entertainment[edit]

text:
Trace Adkins, country music singer
Johnny Cash, country and rock & roll music singer/songwriter, actor
Chris Colfer, actor best known for Glee
Easton Corbin, country music singer/songwriter
Steve Doocy, network-television personality on the Fox News Channel and a best selling author. Co-host of Fox & Friends in the mornings.
Matthew Fox, actor best known for Lost and Party of Five
Brantley Gilbert, country music singer
Don Henley, music entertainer
Toby Keith, country music singer, actor
Lyle Lovett, country music singer
Tim McGraw, country music singer
Eddie Montgomery, country music singer, half of the duo Montgomery Gentry
Beyoncé Giselle Knowles, pop and R&B singer
Willie Nelson, country music singer
Jim Ross, WWE Hall of Famer, past state FFA Vice President
Orion Samuelson, radio broadcaster
Josh Shipp, motivational speaker & entertainer
Taylor Swift, country and pop music singer/songwriter, actress
Craig Morgan, country music singer/songwriter

text: In the arts[edit]

text:
Jim Davis, creator of the Garfield comic strip
Jared Hess, director of Napoleon Dynamite
Nicholas Kristof, Pulitzer Prize Winner, past Oregon State Officer
John Mellencamp, recording artist, co-founder of Farm Aid

text: Other[edit]

text:
Leonard J. Arrington, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Historian. "Dean of Mormon History", past National FFA Vice President
Howard Warren Buffett, grandson of famed American investor and philanthropist Warren Edward Buffett, past FFA chapter president
Bo Jackson, American athlete and a former multi-sport professional in American football (NFL) and Baseball (MLB)
Sterling Marlin, NASCAR driver
Brad Meester, American football center for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League, past FFA chapter president
Rebecca Podio, Miss Wyoming 2013
Bryant Reeves, retired American professional basketball player for the NBA's Vancouver Grizzlies
Carroll Shelby, American automotive designer, racing driver and entrepreneur
Chris Soules, The Bachelorette contestant and The Bachelor star, past Iowa FFA Member
Harry Stine, founder and owner of Stine Seed, past Iowa FFA Member
Mark Tauscher, American football Offensive Tackle for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League

text: Notable historic events and milestones[edit]

text:
1928: FFA is established
1929: National Blue and Corn Gold is adopted as official colors
1930: Official FFA creed adopted
1944: Future Farmers of America Foundation formed
1953: Future Farmers of America U.S. postage stamp issued by U.S. Postal Service
1965: African American New Farmers of America merged with FFA
1969: Girls are allowed to join FFA
1988: Official Name change from Future Farmers of America to FFA Organization
2006: National FFA Foundation receives first $1 million contribution from Ford Motor Company.
2009: FFA celebrates 40 years of women in the organization.
2010: FFA members earn a record 3,449 American FFA Degrees.
2011: National FFA Alumni Association celebrates its 40th anniversary.
2013: Official FFA Jacket celebrates 80th anniversary.
2015: National FFA celebrates 50 years since NFA merged with the FFA.