document_title: The distance (boxing)

question_text: how much time do boxers get between rounds

text: The distance (boxing)

text: History[edit]

text: In the early days of bare-knuckle boxing, there was no limit on the number of rounds and so matches would be fought to a conclusion (i.e. with a knockout or tap out). For example, the match between Simon Byrne and James 'Deaf' Burke in 1833 lasted 3¼ hours.[3] Subsequently, laws and rules were passed to prevent such protracted bouts. When John L. Sullivan made boxing under Queensbury rules with gloved hands popular, his matches were of a pre-determined length and the referee would decide the winner if they went the distance.[4] If a match reached the prescribed limit without a formal result then the result would be "no-decision", though one boxer might be considered the winner by popular acclaim—a "newspaper decision." To regulate such results better, official judges were appointed to award points so that a technical winner could be determined.[5] For a period, titles in many US states could not be lost if the match went the distance.[6]

text: For amateur boxing, the Amateur Boxing Association of England set rules for the length of a match when it was formed in 1880. Initially there were three rounds of 3 minutes with a break of 1 minute between them. Changes were made in 1926 and 1997 and most recently, in 2000, the International Boxing Association made it four rounds of two minutes each.[3]

text: Championships shortened[edit]

text: In professional boxing, until the 1980s, the "championship distance" generally referred to the title rounds that numbered between 13 and 15.[7][8] For decades, the last heavyweight title match scheduled for less than 15 rounds had been the September 22, 1927 10-rounder between Gene Tunney and Jack Dempsey; from then, the only bout that was not scheduled for 15 rounds had been a scheduled 20-rounder between Joe Louis and Abe Simon on March 21, 1941.[9] This changed though, following the death of lightweight Duk Koo Kim in 1982[2] after his fourteen-round fight with Ray Mancini. Almost immediately, the World Boxing Council (WBC) issued a statement saying that WBC world title bouts would be set for 12 rounds.[9]

text: The following year on March 27, 1983, the first ever heavyweight title fight scheduled for 12 rounds under that rule was held by the WBC between Larry Holmes and Lucien Rodriguez.[9] The World Boxing Association, from which the World Boxing Organization had not yet separated, later followed suit[10] by voting to reduce their championship distances to 12 rounds on October 19, 1987.[11] While the International Boxing Federation, which had recently broken away from the WBA, continued to hold onto the position there was no documented medical evidence to show a 15-round fight is more dangerous than a 12-round fight, they eventually voted to shorten their championship distance to 12 rounds as well on June 3, 1988.[12]

text: The last heavyweight 15-rounder title fight was on October 16, 1987 between Mike Tyson and Tyrell Biggs.[2][13] The last middleweight 15-rounder title fight was a World Boxing Board title match on June 7, 1997 in which Jose Alfredo Flores won a split decision over Eric Holland in Ruidoso, New Mexico.[14]

text: In recent years, there have been calls to return the championship distance to 15 rounds.[2][8][9] For example, the debate following the Bernard Hopkins-Jermain Taylor fight on July 16, 2005 questioned whether Taylor, who was "losing steam" in the later rounds, would have won the title match were it a 15-round bout.[9]

text: Distance change criticisms[edit]

text: The shift from a 15-round to a 12-round distance for title fights has been controversial. There have been studies which show that the brain becomes more susceptible to damage after the 12th round.[10] Moreover, it has been argued that the 15-round distance greatly increased the risk of dehydration and exhaustion.[15]

text: However, "purists" of the sport have contended that the shift from 15 rounds to 12 rounds has impacted viewership of the sport.[15] Moreover, Frank Lotierzo, a critic of the 12-round limit, pointed out that fatalities are rare in heavyweight matches, instead attributing deaths to dehydration from the pressure of "making weight" for lower weight classes:[2]

text: "In my opinion, the reason that you hardly ever see fatalities in the heavyweight division is because the big guys don't have to make weight. In many cases, fighters under 150 pounds dehydrate themselves shedding those last few pounds too [sic] make weight. This leaves them vulnerable to brain injuries with a lack a fluid around their skull protecting the brain from crashing against it when they are hit. I believe this is more of a danger than fighters fighting 15 rounds. If I'm wrong, someone please explain why we rarely see heavyweights being killed in the ring? You would think most boxing fatalities would occur in the heavyweight division since they are clearly the most powerful punchers."

text: Lotierzo also argues that part of the motivation for a 12-round limit was not so much for safety, but to allow the matches to appear on network television.[2] Previously, the timing of boxing involved 15 three-minute rounds with 14 one-minute intervals between each round, the preamble, and post-fight interviews—requiring around 70–75 minutes; in contrast, a 12-round bout lasts 47 minutes, which fits neatly into a one-hour time slot when pre- and post-fight programming and commercials are added in.[16] However, by the 1990s, championship boxing had been almost exclusively become a premium pay-television (HBO, Showtime, pay-per-view) sport, meaning no commercials were necessary, and making that irrelevant.

text: Nonetheless, it has been noted that these rule changes have made certain kinds of boxing deaths far rarer, though boxing remains the 8th most deadly sport with 1.3 deaths per 100,000 participants.[10]

text: Speculation regarding change[edit]

text: It has been argued that "some of the greatest moments in sports would never have occurred" were the 12-round limit imposed in earlier matches.[8] Nonetheless, entirely different strategies might have been used were the fights scheduled for only 12 rather than 15 rounds, so it is possible that some or all matches could have ended the same way regardless of whether the scheduled distance were 12 or 15 rounds.

text: The following are some of the most notable longer championship distances, including the Fight of the Century, that would have had the reverse result were they abruptly ended after the 12th round:

text:
June 18, 1941: Joe Louis vs. Billy Conn — In this heavyweight championship match, Conn, the light-heavyweight titleholder, challenged Louis, the defending champion. Leading on all three scorecards, Conn would have captured the title were the bout only 12 rounds long, which might have prevented Louis from retaining the title by knocking out Conn[8] with a six-punch barrage in the 13th round.[2]
June 17, 1954: Rocky Marciano vs. Ezzard Charles — For much of the match, it appeared that Charles would become the first former champion to regain the heavyweight crown. However, in each of the final rounds Marciano unleashed three-minute non-stop striking combinations, earning a close but unanimous victory over Charles. Had this been 12 rounds, Marciano would not have become, to this day, the only heavyweight champion to have finished his career undefeated.[8] Charles also became the only man ever to last the full 15-round distance against Marciano.[17]
July 13, 1966: Emile Griffith vs. Joey Archer — Had this middleweight championship not gone the 15-round distance, the title would have been captured by Archer, but the defender outlasted and wore down Archer to retain it in the end.[8]
March 8, 1971: Fight of the Century (Joe Frazier vs. Muhammad Ali) — It has been argued that the apparent outcome of the match was reversed after "one of histories [sic] greatest left-hooks ever," which was thrown in the 15th round.[2]
September 16, 1981: Sugar Ray Leonard vs. Thomas Hearns — In what has been called "the biggest and most anticipated fight in welterweight history,"[2] Leonard was behind Hearns after the 12th round, though rallying to win in the 14th.
November 12, 1982: Aaron Pryor vs. Alexis Argüello - In what was ultimately named "The Fight of the 1980s", former three weight champion Alexis Argüello moved up to challenge for undefeated Aaron Pryor's Light Welterweight championship. In what would prove to be a brilliant ebb and flow fight, the slicker, smaller puncher, Arguello, was ahead after 12 rounds. However, in between the 13th and 14th rounds, Pryor's head trainer Panama Lewis was heard to ask for "another bottle...the one I mixed". Any drink but water has been strictly regulated since the Marquess of Queensbury rules were introduced in the 1800s. Rumors abound that the new bottle contained anything from Schnapps, to Alka Seltzer, PCP or an anti-asthma drug that opens the sinus cavities. Whatever the case, a suddenly revived Pryor stormed out of the corner and landed punch after punch on Arguello ultimately ending the Nicaraguan's bid to become a four weight champion. Had the fight only gone 12 rounds, it is argued that Arguello would probably be considered among the top three or four fighters of all-time.

text: It has also been argued that extra rounds would have changed the following fights:

text:
April 6, 1987: Marvin Hagler vs. Sugar Ray Leonard — Before the match, it was believed that Leonard's decision to challenge Hagler, the World Middleweight Champion, was a dangerous mistake that seemed destined to result in "a brutal knockout loss."[8] However, Leonard prevented Hagler from scoring by repeatedly dodging Hagler's heavy hits for the surprising upset victory by points. It was noted that Leonard was clearly more exhausted by the tactic than Hagler towards the final rounds and might not have been able to maintain his point lead for 15 rounds.[8]
July 16, 2005: Bernard Hopkins vs. Jermain Taylor I — The debate following the fight raised the question of whether Taylor, who was "losing steam" in the later rounds, would have won the title match were it a 15-round bout.[9]

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: The notion of "going the distance" is featured prominently in the 1976 film Rocky in which Rocky Balboa and Apollo Creed fight 15 rounds for the World Heavyweight Championship.[18] Rocky says,

text:
“
Nobody's ever gone the distance with Creed, and if I can go that distance, you see, and that bell rings and I'm still standin', I'm gonna know for the first time in my life, see, that I weren't just another bum from the neighborhood.
”

text: Balboa (Sylvester Stallone) and Creed (Carl Weathers) nearly go the distance again in their rematch in 1979's Rocky II, as do Rocky and Ivan Drago in their showdown in Rocky IV. Balboa's final fight against Mason "The Line" Dixon in Rocky Balboa lasts the maximum of 10 rounds.

text: Balboa's use of the term has also inspired its use in other works.

text:
"Go the Distance" is a song written for the Disney animated feature Hercules by Alan Menken, who also wrote the song "The Measure of a Man" for Rocky V.
In Command & Conquer: Yuri's Revenge, Sylvester Stallone (voice impersonated) is featured as an in-game celebrity character, "Sammy Stallion," who frequently says, "I'm goin' the distance," when directed to move in the battlefield of the Hollywood mission.[19][20][21]


document_title: List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders

question_text: who has the most steals in nba history

question_tokens: who has the most steals in nba history

root

text: Steals Recorded Leaders[edit]

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration [3]

§
1st time eligible for Hall of Fame in 2018 [4]

tag: table

text:
Rank
Player
Position(s)
Team(s) played for (years)[6]
Total steals
Games played[7]
Steals per game
average[8]

1
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
PG
Utah Jazz (1984–2003)
3,265
1,504
2.17

2
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd§
PG
Dallas Mavericks (1994–1996, 2008–2012)
Phoenix Suns (1996–2001)
New Jersey Nets (2001–2008)
New York Knicks (2012–2013)
2,684
1,391
1.93

3
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
SG
Chicago Bulls (1984–1993, 1995–1998)
Washington Wizards (2001–2003)
2,514
1,072
2.35

4
Payton, GaryGary Payton*
PG
Seattle SuperSonics (1990–2003)
Milwaukee Bucks (2003)
Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)
Boston Celtics (2004–2005)
Miami Heat (2005–2007)
2,445
1,335
1.83

5
Cheeks, MauriceMaurice Cheeks
PG
Philadelphia 76ers (1978–1989)
San Antonio Spurs (1989–1990)
New York Knicks (1990–1991)
Atlanta Hawks (1991–1992)
New Jersey Nets (1993)
2,310
1,101
2.10

6
Pippen, ScottieScottie Pippen*
SF
Chicago Bulls (1987–1998, 2003–2004)
Houston Rockets (1999)
Portland Trail Blazers (1999–2003)
2,307
1,178
1.96

7
Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
SG
Portland Trail Blazers (1983–1995)
Houston Rockets (1995–1998)
2,207
1,086
2.03

8
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*[9]
C
Houston Rockets (1984–2001)
Toronto Raptors (2001–2002)
2,162
1,238
1.75

9
Robertson, AlvinAlvin Robertson
SG
San Antonio Spurs (1984–1989)
Milwaukee Bucks (1989–1993)
Detroit Pistons (1993)
Toronto Raptors (1995–1996)
2,112
779
2.71

10
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
PF
Utah Jazz (1985–2003)
Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)
2,085
1,476
1.41

11
Blaylock, MookieMookie Blaylock
PG
New Jersey Nets (1989–1992)
Atlanta Hawks (1992–1999)
Golden State Warriors (1999–2002)
2,075
889
2.33

12
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
SG/PG
Philadelphia 76ers (1996–2006, 2009–2010)
Denver Nuggets (2006–2008)
Detroit Pistons (2008–2009)
Memphis Grizzlies (2009)
1,983
914
2.17

13
Harper, DerekDerek Harper
PG
Dallas Mavericks (1983–1994, 1996–1997)
New York Knicks (1994–1996)
Orlando Magic (1997–1998)
Los Angeles Lakers (1999)
1,957
1,199
1.63

14
Paul, ChrisChris Paul^
PG
New Orleans(/Oklahoma City) Hornets (2005–2011)
Los Angeles Clippers (2011–2017)
Houston Rockets (2017–present)
1,945
848
2.29

15
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant†
SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)
1,944
1,346
1.44

16
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas*
PG
Detroit Pistons (1981–1994)
1,861
979
1.90

17
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett†
PF/C
Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)
Boston Celtics (2007–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2015)
1,859
1,462
1.27

18
James, LeBronLeBron James^
SF
Cleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010, 2014–present)
Miami Heat (2010–2014)
1,792
1,092
1.64

19
Marion, ShawnShawn Marion†
SF/PF
Phoenix Suns (1999–2008)
Miami Heat (2008–2009)
Toronto Raptors (2009)
Dallas Mavericks (2009–2014)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2014–15)
1,759
1,163
1.53

20
Pierce, PaulPaul Pierce†
SF/SG
Boston Celtics (1999–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–14)
Washington Wizards (2014–15)
Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)
1,752
1,343
1.30

21
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
PG/SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1979–1991, 1996)
1,724
906
1.90

22
World Peace, MettaMetta World Peace†[10]
SF
Chicago Bulls (1999–2002)
Indiana Pacers (2002–2006)
Sacramento Kings (2006–2008)
Houston Rockets (2008–2009)
Los Angeles Lakers (2009–2013, 2015–2017)
New York Knicks (2013–2014)
1,721
991
1.74

23
Harper, RonRon Harper
SG/PG
Cleveland Cavaliers (1986–1989)
Los Angeles Clippers (1989–1994)
Chicago Bulls (1994–1999)
Los Angeles Lakers (1999–2001)
1,716
1,009
1.70

24
Lever, FatFat Lever
PG/SG
Portland Trail Blazers (1982–1984)
Denver Nuggets (1984–1990)
Dallas Mavericks (1990–1994)
1,666
752
2.22

25
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
PF
Philadelphia 76ers (1984–1992)
Phoenix Suns (1992–1996)
Houston Rockets (1996–2000)
1,648
1,073
1.54

26
Williams, GusGus Williams
PG
Golden State Warriors (1975–1977)
Seattle SuperSonics (1977–1984)
Washington Bullets (1984–1986)
Atlanta Hawks (1987)
1,638
825
1.99

27
Hawkins, HerseyHersey Hawkins
SG
Philadelphia 76ers (1988–1993)
Charlotte Hornets (1993–1995, 2000–2001)
Seattle SuperSonics (1995–1999)
Chicago Bulls (1999–2000)
1,622
983
1.65

28
Jones, EddieEddie Jones
SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1994–1999)
Charlotte Hornets (1999–2000)
Miami Heat (2000–2005, 2007)
Memphis Grizzlies (2005–2007)
Dallas Mavericks (2007–2008)
1,620
954
1.70

29
Strickland, RodRod Strickland
PG
New York Knicks (1988–1990)
San Antonio Spurs (1990–1992)
Portland Trail Blazers (1992–1996, 2001)
Washington Bullets/Wizards (1996–2001)
Miami Heat (2001–2002)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2002–2003)
Orlando Magic (2003–2004)
Toronto Raptors (2004)
Houston Rockets (2005)
1,616
1,094
1.48

30
Jackson, MarkMark Jackson
PG
New York Knicks (1987–1992, 2001–2002)
Los Angeles Clippers (1992–1994)
Indiana Pacers (1994–1996, 1997–2000)
Denver Nuggets (1996–1997)
Toronto Raptors (2000–2001)
Utah Jazz (2002–2003)
Houston Rockets (2004)
1,608
1,296
1.24

31
Porter, TerryTerry Porter
PG
Portland Trail Blazers (1985–1995)
Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–1998)
Miami Heat (1999)
San Antonio Spurs (1999–2002)
1,583
1,274
1.24

32
Terry, JasonJason Terry^
SG/PG
Atlanta Hawks (1999–2004)
Dallas Mavericks (2004–2012)
Boston Celtics (2012–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
Houston Rockets (2014–2016)
Milwaukee Bucks (2016–present)
1,568
1,369
1.15

33
Iguodala, AndreAndre Iguodala^
SF/SG
Philadelphia 76ers (2004–2012)
Denver Nuggets (2012–2013)
Golden State Warriors (2013–present)
1,565
1,001
1.56

34
Rivers, DocDoc Rivers
PG
Atlanta Hawks (1983–1991)
Los Angeles Clippers (1991–1992)
New York Knicks (1992–1994)
San Antonio Spurs (1994–1996)
1,563
864
1.81

35
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
SF/PF
Boston Celtics (1979–1992)
1,556
897
1.73

36
Christie, DougDoug Christie
SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1993–1994)
New York Knicks (1994–1996)
Toronto Raptors (1996–2000)
Sacramento Kings (2000–2005)
Orlando Magic (2005)
Dallas Mavericks (2005)
Los Angeles Clippers (2007)
1,555
827
1.88

37
Miller, AndreAndre Miller†
PG
Cleveland Cavaliers (1999–2002)
Los Angeles Clippers (2002–2003)
Denver Nuggets (2003–2006, 2011–2013)
Philadelphia 76ers (2006–2009)
Portland Trail Blazers (2009–2011)
Washington Wizards (2014–2015)
Sacramento Kings (2015)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2015–2016)
San Antonio Spurs (2016)
1,546
1,304
1.19

38
McMillan, NateNate McMillan
PG/SG
Seattle SuperSonics (1986–1998)
1,544
796
1.94

39
Hornacek, JeffJeff Hornacek
SG
Phoenix Suns (1986–1992)
Philadelphia 76ers (1992–1994)
Utah Jazz (1994–2000)
1,536
1,077
1.43

40
Davis, BaronBaron Davis
PG
Charlotte Hornets (1999–2002)
New Orleans Hornets (2002–2005)
Golden State Warriors (2005–2008)
Los Angeles Clippers (2008–2011)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2011)
New York Knicks (2012)
1,530
835
1.83

Mullin, ChrisChris Mullin*
SF/SG
Golden State Warriors (1985–1997, 2000–2001)
Indiana Pacers (1997–2000)
986
1.55

42
Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade^
SG
Miami Heat (2003–2016)
Chicago Bulls (2016–2017)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–present)
1,524
943
1.62

43
Gill, KendallKendall Gill
SG/SF
Charlotte Hornets (1990–1993, 1995–1996)
Seattle SuperSonics (1993–1995)
New Jersey Nets (1996–2001)
Miami Heat (2001–2002)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2002–2003)
Chicago Bulls (2003–2004)
Milwaukee Bucks (2004–2005)
1,519
966
1.57

44
Erving, JuliusJulius Erving*
SF
Philadelphia 76ers (1976–1987)
1,508
836
1.80

45
Miller, ReggieReggie Miller*
SG
Indiana Pacers (1987–2005)
1,505
1,389
1.08

46
Johnson, DennisDennis Johnson*
PG/SG
Seattle SuperSonics (1976–1980)
Phoenix Suns (1980–1983)
Boston Celtics (1983–1990)
1,477
1,100
1.34

47
Richardson, Micheal RayMicheal Ray Richardson
PG
New York Knicks (1978–1982)
Golden State Warriors (1982–1983)
New Jersey Nets (1983–1986)
1,463
556
2.63

48
Allen, RayRay Allen†
SG
Milwaukee Bucks (1996–2003)
Seattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)
Boston Celtics (2007–2012)
Miami Heat (2012–2014)
1,451
1,300
1.12

49
Kersey, JeromeJerome Kersey
SF
Portland Trail Blazers (1984–1995)
Golden State Warriors (1995–1996)
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–1997)
Seattle SuperSonics (1997–1998)
San Antonio Spurs (1999–2000)
Milwaukee Bucks (2000–2001)
1,439
1,153
1.25

50
Carter, VinceVince Carter^
SG/SF
Toronto Raptors (1999–2004)
New Jersey Nets (2004–2009)
Orlando Magic (2009–2010)
Phoenix Suns (2010–2011)
Dallas Mavericks (2011–2014)
Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)
Sacramento Kings (2017–present)
1,431
1,366
1.05

text: Progressive List of Steals Leaders[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of steals recorded leaders showing how the record increased through the years.[2]

tag: p

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[3]

§
1st time eligible for Hall of Fame in 2018 [11]

text:
Team Abbreviations
Team listed is the one player was on when he established the record.

ATL
Atlanta Hawks
GSW
Golden State Warriors
MIL
Milwaukee Bucks
OKC
Oklahoma City Thunder
SDC
San Diego Clippers

BOS
Boston Celtics
IND
Indiana Pacers
MIN
Minnesota Timberwolves
PHI
Philadelphia 76ers
SEA
Seattle SuperSonics

CHH
Charlotte Hornets
LAC
Los Angeles Clippers
NJN
New Jersey Nets
PHO
Phoenix Suns
TOR
Toronto Raptors

CHI
Chicago Bulls
LAL
Los Angeles Lakers
NOH
New Orleans Hornets
POR
Portland Trail Blazers
UTA
Utah Jazz

CLE
Cleveland Cavaliers
MEM
Memphis Grizzlies
NOP
New Orleans Pelicans
SAC
Sacramento Kings
WAS
Washington Wizards

DAL
Dallas Mavericks
MIA
Miami Heat
NYK
New York Knicks
SAS
San Antonio Spurs
WSB
Washington Bullets

text:
Steals Leaders at the end of every season

Season
Year-by-Year
Leader
Steals
Active Player
Leader
Steals
Career Leader
Steals
Single Season
Record
Steals
Season

1973–74
Larry Steele000POR
217
Larry Steele000POR
217
Larry Steele000POR
217
Larry Steele000POR
217
1973–74

1974–75
Rick Barry000GSW
228
400
400
Rick Barry000GSW
228
1974–75

1975–76
Slick Watts000SEA
261
Rick Barry000GSW
599
Rick Barry000GSW
599
Slick Watts000SEA
261
1975–76

1976–77
Don Buse000IND
281
Slick Watts000SEA
780
Slick Watts000SEA
780
Don Buse000IND
281
1976–77

1977–78
Ron Lee000PHO
225
Rick Barry000GSW
929
Rick Barry000GSW
929
1977–78

1978–79
Norm Nixon000LAL
Eddie Jordan000NJN
201
1,024
1,024
1978–79

1979–80
Micheal Ray Richardson00NYK
265
Randy Smith
00CLE 1979–81
000NYK 1981–82
000SDC & ATL 1982–83
1,143
Randy Smith
00CLE 1979–81
000NYK 1981–82
000SDC & ATL 1982–83
1,143
1979–80

1980–81
232
1,256
1,256
1980–81

1981–82
213
1,347
1,347
1981–82

1982–83
Rickey Green000UTA
220
1,403
1,403
1982–83

1983–84
215
Gus Williams
000SEA 1983–84
000WSB 1984–86
1,347
1983–84

1984–85
Micheal Ray Richardson00NJN
243
1,525
Gus Williams000WSB
1,525
1984–85

1985–86
Alvin Robertson000SAS
301
1,621
1,621
Alvin Robertson000SAS
301
1985–86

1986–87
260
Maurice Cheeks
00PHI 1986–89
000SAS 1989–90
000NYK 1990–91
000ATL 1991–92
000NJN 1992–93
1,670
Maurice Cheeks
00PHI 1986–89
000SAS 1989–90
000NYK 1990–91
000ATL 1991–92
000NJN 1992–93
1,670
1986–87

1987–88
Michael Jordan*000CHI
259
1,837
1,837
1987–88

1988–89
John Stockton*000UTA
263
1,942
1,942
1988–89

1989–90
Michael Jordan*000CHI
227
2,066
2,066
1989–90

1990–91
Alvin Robertson000MIL
246
2,194
2,194
1990–91

1991–92
John Stockton*000UTA
244
2,277
2,277
1991–92

1992–93
Michael Jordan*000CHI
221
2,310
2,310
1992–93

1993–94
Nate McMillan000SEA
216
John Stockton*000UTA
2,031
1993–94

1994–95
Scottie Pippen*000CHI
232
2,225
1994–95

1995–96
Gary Payton*000SEA
231
2,365
John Stockton*000UTA
2,365
1995–96

1996–97
Mookie Blaylock000ATL
212
2,531
2,531
1996–97

1997–98
Brevin Knight000CLE
196
2,620
2,620
1997–98

1998–99
Kendall Gill000NJN
134
2,701
2,701
1998–99

1999–00
Eddie Jones000CHH
192
2,844
2,844
1999–00

2000–01
Doug Christie000SAC
183
2,976
2,976
2000–01

2001–02
Jason Kidd§000NJN
175
3,128
3,128
2001–02

2002–03
Allen Iverson*000PHI
225
3,265
3,265
2002–03

2003–04
Shawn Marion†000PHO
167
Scottie Pippen*000CHI
2,307
2003–04

2004–05
Allen Iverson*000PHI
180
Gary Payton*
000BOS 2004–05
000MIA 2005–07
2,331
2004–05

2005–06
Chris Paul^000NOH
175
2,402
2005–06

2006–07
Shawn Marion†000PHO
156
2,445
2006–07

2007–08
Chris Paul^000NOH
217
Jason Kidd§
000NJN 2007–08
000DAL 2008–12
000NYK 2012–13
2,038
2007–08

2008–09
216
2,198
2008–09

2009–10
Rajon Rondo^000BOS
189
2,343
2009–10

2010–11
Chris Paul^000NOH
000LAC 2011–12
188
2,477
2010–11

2011–12
152
2,559
2011–12

2012–13
Mike Conley^000MEM
174
2,684
2012–13

2013–14
Ricky Rubio^000MIN
191
Kobe Bryant†000LAL
1,835
2013–14

2014–15
Stephen Curry^000GSW
163
1,882
2014–15

2015–16
169
1,944
2015–16

2016–17
John Wall^000WAS
157
Chris Paul^
000LAC 2016–17
000HOU 2017–18
1,912
2016–17

2017–18
Paul George^000OKC
58
1,935
2017–18

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document_title: List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters

question_text: what is scout's name in to kill a mockingbird

question_tokens: what is scout 's name in to kill a mockingbird

text: Primary characters[edit]

text: Atticus Finch[edit]

text: Atticus Finch is the middle-aged father of Jem and Scout Finch. He is a lawyer and was once known as "the deadliest shot in Maycomb County". Although he was a good shot, he does not like to mention the fact as he does not like the thought of having an advantage over people. He appears to support racial equality and was appointed to represent Tom Robinson, a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman, Mayella Ewell. The town disapproves of him defending Tom especially when he makes clear his intent to defend Tom Robinson to the best of his abilities. He is portrayed by Gregory Peck in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird.

text: "Scout" Finch[edit]

text: Jean Louise "Scout" Finch, as an adult, is the narrator. She comments on how she could not understand something at the time but now can appreciate it. She gets into trouble with Miss Caroline, her teacher, because she is expected to learn reading and writing her way. She is a tomboy and spends the most of her time with her brother Jem and best friend Dill. To Jem's advice to pretend to be a lady and start sewing or something, she answers, "Hell, no". The hints the narrator gives us about her grown-up life reveal that she has not attempted to change herself to please others.[2]

text: She matures from age 6 to age 9 as the novel progresses but remains naive and idealistic, despite an increased understanding of human nature and racism in her town. At the beginning of the book, Scout is confused by some of the words and names she hears people directing towards her father, such as "nigger-lover". Being only six, Scout does not know how to handle such situations so she tries to resolve her problems by fighting, or by talking to Atticus about what she has heard. By the end of the book, Scout realizes that racism does exist and comes to terms with its presence in her town. Scout also learns how to deal with others, including the Finch family housekeeper, Calpurnia, and her aunt, Alexandra. Scout is the only one of the novel's primary three children (Dill, Jem, and herself) to see and speak to Boo Radley during the course of the novel and realize that he is harmless, despite her initial fear of him. She also stops a mob that is trying to lynch Tom Robinson by talking to the mob leader, Mr. Cunningham, about inviting his son, Walter, over for dinner. Mr. Cunningham then tells the other mob members to get back in their cars and leave them alone. The members listen, and Scout unintentionally saves Tom Robinson's life. She is portrayed by Mary Badham in the film adaption of To Kill a Mockingbird.

text: Notable quote: "Until I feared I would lose it, I never loved to read. One does not love breathing." [3]

text: "Jem" Finch[edit]

text: Jeremy Atticus "Jem" Finch is Atticus' son and Scout's older brother by four years. Jem matures greatly throughout the course of the novel, much more affected by events than Scout seems to be. Being four years Scout's senior, Jem is seen to have a greater understanding of - and therefore greater difficulty in navigating - the obstacles thrown their way. Jem is seen explaining many things to Scout throughout the novel. Bob Ewell breaks Jem's arm during his assault on the Finch children, subsequently resulting in it being shorter than it had been, in an attempt to protect his sister. He is portrayed by Phillip Alford in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird.

text: Dill Harris[edit]

text: Charles Baker "Dill" Harris is a short, smart boy who visits Maycomb every summer from Meridian, Mississippi, and stays with his Aunt Rachel (Aunt Stephanie in the film). Dill is the best friend of both Jem and Scout, and his goal throughout the novel is to get Boo Radley to come out of his house. The children concoct many plans to lure Boo Radley out of his house for a few summers until Atticus tells them to stop. In chapter 5 of the novel, Dill promises to marry Scout and they become "engaged". One night Dill runs away from his home in Meridian, arriving in Maycomb County where he hides under Scout's bed. When she finds Dill, he tells both Scout and Atticus that he was chained to a wall in his father's basement; later, he confesses he actually ran away because he felt he was being replaced by his stepfather. Before Dill returned to Meridian after the summer, he went swimming with Jem at the Barker's Eddy creek. Scout, unfortunately, was unable to participate, because both boys were swimming naked.

text: Unlike Scout and Jem, Dill lacks the security of family support. He is unwanted and unloved by his mother and stepfather: "They do get on a lot better without me, I cannot help them any." As Francis (a cousin of Jem and Scout) says, "He hasn't got a home, he just gets passed around from relative to relative." Dill maintains he has no father; he doesn't know where his father might live, or if he will ever come back. He is played by John Megna in the film adaption of To Kill a Mockingbird.

text: This character is believed to be based on author Truman Capote, a childhood friend of Harper Lee.[4]

text: Calpurnia[edit]

text: Calpurnia, nicknamed Cal, is the Finch family's African-American housekeeper, whom the children love and Atticus deeply respects (he remarks in her defense that she "never indulged [the children] like most colored nurses"). She is highly regarded by Atticus. She is an important figure in Scout's life, providing discipline, instruction, and love. She also fills the maternal role for the children after their mother's death. Calpurnia is a mother herself and raised her son, Zeebo, to adulthood. Calpurnia is one of the few black characters in the novel who is able to read and write, and it is she who taught Scout to write. She learned how to read from Miss Maudie's aunt, Miss Buford, who taught her how to read out of Blackstone's Commentaries, a book given to her. Aunt Alexandra despised Calpurnia because Alexandra believed that Calpurnia was not a "maternal figure" for Jem and Scout, especially for Scout.

text: Calpurnia is a member of the First Purchase M.E. African Church in Maycomb. While Scout always hears her speak proper English, she is surprised to learn that Calpurnia does not do so at church, especially with the uneducated members of the congregation.

text: While everyone in the novel is filtered through Scout's perception, Calpurnia in particular appears for a long time more as Scout's idea of her than as a real person. At the beginning of the novel, Scout appears to think of Calpurnia as the wicked stepmother to Scout's own Cinderella. However, towards the end of the book, Scout views Calpurnia as someone she can look up to, and realizes Calpurnia has only protected her over the years. She is played by Estelle Evans in the film.

text: Arthur "Boo" Radley[edit]

text: Arthur "Boo" Radley is a recluse in To Kill a Mockingbird.

text: Maycomb children believe he is a horrible person, due to the rumors spread about him and a trial he underwent as a teenager. It is implied during the story that Boo is a very lonely man who attempts to reach out to Jem and Scout for love and friendship, such as leaving them small gifts and figures in a tree knothole. Scout finally meets him at the very end of the book, when he saves the children's lives from Bob Ewell. Scout describes him as being sickly white, with a thin mouth, thin and feathery hair, and grey eyes, almost as if he were blind. During the same night, when Boo whispers to Scout to walk him back to the Radley house, Scout takes a moment to picture what it would be like to be Boo Radley. While standing on his porch, she realizes his "exile" inside his house is really not that lonely.

text: Boo Radley's heroics in protecting the children from Bob Ewell are covered up by Atticus, Sheriff Tate, and Scout. This can be read as a wise refusal of fame. As Tate notes, if word got out that Boo killed Ewell, Boo would be inundated with gifts and visits, calamitous for him due to his reclusive personality. The precocious Scout recognizes the danger: renown would "kill the mockingbird". Boo Radley is a ghost who haunts the book yet manifests himself at just the right moments in just the right way. He is, arguably, the most potent character in the whole book and as such, inspires the other key characters to save him when he needs saving.

text: After the Tom Robinson trial, Jem and Scout have a different understanding of Boo Radley. "Scout, I think I'm beginning to understand something. I think I'm beginning to understand why Boo Radley's stayed shut up in the house all this time… it's because he wants to stay inside." (23.117)  Having seen a sample of the horrible things their fellow townspeople can do, choosing to stay out of the mess of humanity doesn't seem like such a strange choice.[5]

text: When Boo finally does come out, he has a good reason: Bob Ewell is trying to murder the Finch children. No one sees what happens in the scuffle, but at the end of it, Ewell is dead and Boo carries an unconscious Jem to the Finch house. Finally faced with Boo, Scout doesn't recognize him at first, but suddenly realizes who he is.   Boo Radley is played by Robert Duvall in the film.

text: Judge John Taylor[edit]

text: Judge John Taylor is a white-haired old man with a reputation for running his court in an informal fashion and an enjoyment of singing and dipping tobacco. He presides over the Tom Robinson trial showing great distaste for the Ewells and great respect for Atticus. Because of the judge's sympathies for Tom, Bob Ewell breaks into the judge's house while the judge's wife is at church. After the trial, Miss Maudie points out to the children that the judge had tried to help Tom by appointing Atticus to the case instead of Maxwell Green, the new, untried lawyer who usually received court-appointed cases. Judge Taylor knew that Atticus was the only man who would stand a chance at acquitting Tom, or at least would be able to keep the jury thinking for more than just a few minutes. By doing this, Judge Taylor was not giving in or supporting racism. He is portrayed in the film by Paul Fix.

text: Miss Maudie Atkinson[edit]

text: Miss Maude "Maudie" Atkinson lives across the street from the Finch family. She had known the Finches for many years, having been brought up on the Buford place, which was near the Finches' ancestral home, Finch's Landing. She is described as a woman of about 50 who enjoys baking and gardening; her cakes are especially held in high regard. However, she is frequently harassed by devout "Foot-Washing Baptists", who tell her that her enjoyment of gardening is a sin. The Foot-Washing Baptists also believe that women are a sin as well. Miss Maudie befriends Scout and Jem and tells them stories about Atticus as a boy. It is strongly implied that she and Atticus have a more than platonic relationship. Also, she is one of the few adults that Jem and Scout hold in high regard and respect. She does not act condescendingly towards them, even though they are young children. During the course of the novel, her house burns down; however, she shows remarkable courage throughout this (even saying that she wanted to burn it down herself to make more room for her flowers). She is not prejudiced, though she talks caustically to Miss Stephanie Crawford, unlike many of her Southern neighbors, and teaches Scout important lessons about racism and human nature. It is important to note that Miss Maudie fully explains that "it is a sin to kill a mockingbird", whereas Atticus Finch initially brings up the subject but doesn't go into depth. When Jem gets older, and doesn't want to be bothered by Scout, Miss Maudie keeps her from getting angry.  Maudie is played by Rosemary Murphy in the film.

text: Robert E. Lee "Bob" Ewell[edit]

text: Robert E. Lee "Bob" Ewell is the main antagonist of To Kill a Mockingbird. He has a daughter named Mayella and a younger son named Burris, as well as six other unnamed children. He is an alcoholic, poaching game to feed his family because he spends whatever money they legally gain via government "relief checks" on alcohol. It is implied, and evidence suggests, that he was the one who abused his daughter Mayella, not Tom Robinson (the African American man accused of doing so). Although most everybody in town knows that the Ewells are a disgrace and not to be trusted, it is made clear that Tom Robinson was convicted because he is a Negro whose accuser is white. Upon hearing of Tom's death, Bob is absolutely gleeful, gloating about his success. After being humiliated at the trial, however, he goes on a quest for revenge, becoming increasingly violent. He begins by spitting in Atticus' face, followed by a failed attempt to break into the home of Judge Taylor, then finally menacing Helen, the poor widow of Tom Robinson. Ewell later attempts to murder Jem and Scout Finch with a knife to complete his revenge. Boo Radley saves Jem and Scout and it is believed that he kills Ewell with the knife. Heck Tate, the sheriff, puts in the official report that Bob Ewell fell on his own knife and died after lying under a tree for 45 minutes. Ewell is played by James Anderson in the film.

text: Mayella Ewell[edit]

text: Mayella Violet Ewell, 19, is the oldest of the eight Ewell children. Before the trial, Mayella is noted for growing red geraniums outside her otherwise dirty home in order to bring some beauty into her life. Due to her family's living situation, Mayella has no opportunity for human contact or love. She eventually gets so desperate that she attempts to seduce a black man, Tom Robinson, by saving up nickels to send her siblings to go get ice cream so that Mayella can be alone with Tom. Her father sees this through a window and in punishment he beats her. Ewell then finds the sheriff, Heck Tate, and tells him that his daughter has been raped and beaten by Tom. At the trial, Atticus points out that only the right side of Mayella's face is injured, suggesting a left-handed assailant; Tom's left arm is mangled and useless, but Bob Ewell is left-handed. When Atticus asks her if she has any friends, she becomes confused because she does not know what a friend is. During her testimony she is confused by Atticus' polite speech and thinks that his use of "Miss Mayella" is meant to mock her. She testifies against Tom Robinson. Mayella is played by Collin Wilcox in the film.

text: Tom Robinson[edit]

text: Thomas "Tom" Robinson is an African-American who is put on trial for the rape of a white woman, Mayella Ewell. Atticus is assigned to defend him, and stands up to a lynch mob intent on exacting their own justice against him before the trial begins. Tom's left arm is crippled and useless, the result of an accident with a cotton gin when he was a child. Atticus uses this fact as the cornerstone of his defense strategy, pointing out that the nature of Mayella's facial injuries strongly suggest a left-handed assailant. Tom testifies that he had frequently helped Mayella with household chores because he felt sorry for her and the family's difficult life - a statement that shocks the all-white, male jury. Despite Atticus' skilled defense, the jury's racial prejudices lead them to find Tom guilty. Atticus plans to appeal the verdict, but before he can do so, Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape the prison where he is being held. Tom Robinson is played by Brock Peters.

text: Aunt Alexandra[edit]

text: Alexandra Hancock (née Finch) is Atticus' and Jack's sister, married to James "Uncle Jimmy" Hancock. She has a son named Henry and a very spoiled grandson named Francis. Around the middle of the book, Aunt Alexandra decides to leave her husband at Finch's Landing, the Finch family homestead to come stay with the Finches. Aunt Alexandra doesn't consider the black Calpurnia to be a very good motherly figure for Jem and Scout; she disapproves of Scout being a tomboy and wants to make Scout into a southern belle (encouraging her to act more 'lady like').[6] This is the cause of many conflicts between Scout and Alexandra throughout the course of the novel. However, as the trial progresses, Scout comes to see how much her aunt cares for her father and what a strong woman she is. This is especially evidenced by a tea party when Scout is horrified by the racism displayed, and her aunt and Miss Maudie help her deal with her feelings. By the end of the book, it's clear that Alexandra cares very much for her niece and nephew, though she and Scout will probably never really get along.

text: Minor characters[edit]

text: Jack Finch[edit]

text: John Hale "Jack" Finch is Atticus' and Alexandra's younger brother. (He is about 40, which is 10 years younger than Atticus.) Jack smells like alcohol and something sweet, and is said that he and Alexandra have similar features. Jack is a childless doctor who can always make Scout and Jem laugh, and they adore him. He and Miss Maudie are close to the same age; he frequently teases her with marriage proposals, which she always declines. Jack also has a pet cat named Rose Aylmer, who is mentioned during the Christmas visit.

text: Francis Hancock[edit]

text: Francis Hancock is the spoiled grandson of Aunt Alexandra. (The son of her son, Henry Hancock.) Every Christmas, Henry and his wife drop Francis at Finch's Landing, which is the only time Scout and Jem see him. Francis lives in Mobile, Alabama, and is a bit of a tattle-tale. He gets along well with Jem, but often spars with Scout. One Christmas, Francis calls Atticus a "nigger-lover," as well as insisting that he was ruining the family and the likes, which infuriates Scout and causes them to get into a fight. Francis lies about his role in it, telling Uncle Jack that Scout started it by calling him a "whore lady", and Jack therefore punishes Scout. However, she explains the full story and charitably persuades her uncle not to punish Francis about it, but to let Atticus think they had been fighting about something else (although Atticus later discovers the truth).

text: Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose[edit]

text: Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose is an elderly woman who lives near the Finches. She is hated by the children, who run by her house to avoid her. Scout describes Mrs. Dubose as "plain hell." A virulent racist, she calls Atticus a "nigger-lover" to his children's faces, and Jem flies into a rage and ravages Mrs. Dubose's camellia bushes. As a punishment, Jem is required to read to Mrs. Dubose each day for a month. As Jem reads, she experiences a fit of drooling and twitching and does not seem to pay any attention to the words. When an alarm rings, Jem is allowed to leave for the day. She extends the punishment for one extra week and dies shortly after letting Jem go for the last time. Atticus informs him that Mrs. Dubose was terminally ill and had become addicted to morphine. By reading to her, Jem had distracted her so that she could break the addiction. In thanks, she leaves him a candy box with a camellia flower in it; Jem burns the box in anger, but is later seen by Scout admiring the flower. Atticus tells Jem that Mrs. Dubose was the bravest person he ever knew, and she was trying to teach Jem the importance of bravery and true courage to endure anything when the situation is hopeless, as in her morphine addiction.

text: Mr. Heck Tate[edit]

text: Mr. Heck Tate is a friend of Atticus and also the sheriff of Maycomb County. He believes in protecting the innocent although he doesn't usually show it. At the end of the book, the Atticus and Heck argue over whether Jem or Boo Radley should be held responsible for the death of Bob Ewell. Heck eventually persuades Atticus to accept the theory that Ewell accidentally fell on his own knife, thus saving the harmless, reclusive Boo from the public exposure of a criminal trial.

text: Mr. Braxton Underwood[edit]

text: Mr. Braxton Bragg Underwood is a news reporter and a friend of Atticus. He owns and also publishes The Maycomb Tribune. Being a racist, he disagrees with Atticus on principle. He also has a strong belief in justice, as exemplified when he defends Atticus from the Cunningham mob by having his double barrel shotgun loaded and ready to shoot them. He also demonstrates some humanity when he publishes a scathing editorial comparing the killing of Tom Robinson (a cripple) to "the senseless slaughter of songbirds by hunters and children".

text: Mr. Horace Gilmer[edit]

text: Mr. Horace Gilmer is a lawyer from Abbottsville, and is the prosecuting attorney in the Tom Robinson case. Mr. Gilmer is between the ages of forty and sixty. Mr. Gilmer has a slight cast with one eye, which he uses to his advantage in trial. Mr. Gilmer appeared to be racist in his harsh cross-examination of Tom Robinson, but it is hinted at that he is in fact going easy on Tom. He and Atticus are not rivals and talk to each other during recesses during the case.

text: Dr. Reynolds[edit]

text: Dr. Reynolds is the Maycomb doctor. He is well known to Scout and Jem. Scout says that he "had brought Jem and me into the world, had led us through every childhood disease known to man including the time Jem fell out of the tree house, and he had never lost our friendship. Dr. Reynolds said that if we were boil-prone things would have been different..." (ch. 28). He inspects Jem's broken arm and Scout's minor bruises after the attack from Bob Ewell under the tree.

text: Dolphus Raymond[edit]

text: Dolphus Raymond is a white landowner who is jaded by the hypocrisy of the white society and prefers to live among black folks. In fact, he has children with a black woman. Dolphus pretends he is an alcoholic so that the people of Maycomb will have an excuse for his behavior, but in fact he only drinks Coca Cola out of a paper bag to try to hide it. When Dill and Scout discover that he is not a drunk, they are amazed. He shows Scout how sometimes you can pretend to be someone you're not so people will be more understanding of you.

text: Link Deas[edit]

text: Link Deas owns cotton fields and a store in Maycomb who employs Tom and later Helen because she does not get accepted by any other employers in the county due to Tom Robinson's legal troubles. He announces to the court (in defense of Tom) at one point in the trial that he hadn't "had a speck o' trouble outta him" in the eight years Tom had been working for him, and gets sent out by Judge John Taylor for doing so. When Bob Ewell starts threatening Helen after the trial, Mr. Deas fiercely defends her and threatens to have Mr. Ewell arrested if he keeps bothering her. He is on Tom Robinson's side during the trial and remains loyal to the family afterward.

text: Miss Caroline Fisher[edit]

text: Miss Caroline Fisher is Scout's first grade teacher and is new to Maycomb, Alabama and its ways. She attempts to teach the first grade class using a new system which she learned from taking certain college courses (Jem mistakenly refers to it as the "Dewey Decimal System", which is really how library books are organized.). She is upset by Scout's advanced reading capabilities and believes that Scout is receiving lessons from Atticus. She feels as though Scout is trying to outsmart and mock her. In an effort to standardize the class, she forbids Scout from reading with her father. Atticus asks Scout to step into Miss Caroline's skin.  However, he continues to allow Scout to read with him at night so long as she continues to go to school.  Miss Caroline has good intentions but proves quite incompetent as a teacher. When Scout tells Miss Fisher that she shamed a student (Walter Cunningham, Jr.) by giving him lunch money, she raps Scout's palms with a ruler (a punishment unheard of in Maycomb). She is also very sensitive and gets emotionally hurt quite easily, as seen when she cries after Burris Ewell yells at her, "Report and be damned to ye! Ain't no snot-nosed slut of a schoolteacher ever born c'n make me do nothin'! You ain't makin' me go nowhere, missus. You just remember that, you ain't makin' me go nowhere!"  After the Burris Ewell incident, Miss Caroline is seldom seen and soon forgotten.

text: Reverend Sykes[edit]

text: Reverend Sykes is the reverend of the First Purchase M.E. African Church in Maycomb County, where most if not all of the African-American characters go to church. Reverend Sykes forces the congregation to donate 10 dollars for Tom Robinson's family since at the time, Tom's wife, Helen, was having trouble finding work. During the trial, when the courtroom was too packed for the children to find seats, Reverend Sykes lets the kids sit with him up in the colored balcony and even saves their seats for them.

text: Miss Stephanie Crawford[edit]

text: Stephanie Crawford is the neighborhood gossip who claimed that she saw Boo Radley from her bedroom standing outside of her cleaned window one night. Crawford is one of the first on the scene after a loud gunshot is heard behind the Radley house. Because she is the neighborhood gossip, it is unwise to think of anything that she says as true, because most of the time it is not true at all. She is a friend of Alexandra Hancock. She lets Miss Maudie live with her when Miss Maudie's house burns down, supposedly in order to steal Miss Maudie's Lane cake recipe. She is thrilled to pass on gossip to the kids about Boo Radley. She claimed to have witnessed Bob Ewell's threatening Atticus at the Post Office corner as she was returning from the local Jitney Jungle grocery store.

text: In the film, she takes the place of Rachel Haverford and is now Dill's aunt.

text: Miss Rachel Haverford[edit]

text: Miss Rachel Haverford is Dill's aunt and the Finches' next door neighbor. She drank neat whiskey heavily after seeing a rattlesnake coiled in her closet, on her washing, when she hung her negligee up. Even though she can be very hard to deal with, she truly does love her nephew.  Her family name, in the legends of Maycomb County, is synonymous with jackass. She is also a Southern Belle.

text: In the film, she is not a character and Miss Stephanie takes her place as Dill's aunt.

text: Helen Robinson[edit]

text: Helen Robinson is the wife of Tom Robinson. She is spoken about a few times. She has three children. Employed by Link Deas following the death of her husband, she is repeatedly harassed by Bob Ewell when traveling to work. Upon learning of this, Deas threatens Ewell, forcing him to stop. She is an example of how one person's actions can have an effect on a lot of people and she elucidates the hardships that surround the Tom Robinson case.

text: Nathan Radley[edit]

text: Nathan Radley is the brother of Arthur "Boo" Radley and another difficult character to understand in To Kill a Mockingbird. When the children try to catch a view of "Boo" late one night through a window, he shoots over their heads with a shotgun (albeit thinking he was aiming at a black person). Nathan also cements up the knothole in which Arthur leaves little gifts for the children. On the other hand, he helps Miss Maudie by saving some of her belongings when her house is on fire. He is more present than his brother, but equally mysterious.

text: Jessie[edit]

text: Jessie is Mrs. Dubose's black nurse. She is the woman who shoos the children out when Mrs. Dubose has her fits, and she seems to care enormously for Mrs. Dubose. When Jem is forced to stay reading to Mrs. Dubose, Jessie kindly leads Jem and Scout to the door when Mrs. Dubose's alarm goes off. The rumors about Mrs. Dubose concealing a gun about her person involves Jessie; the book says "and even if Mrs. Dubose missed, her girl Jessie wouldn't".

text: Burris Ewell[edit]

text: Burris Ewell is a son of Bob Ewell and a younger sibling of Mayella Ewell as well as the first antagonist of the novel.  Burris is described as being chiefly antagonistic of Little Chuck Little and his teacher Miss Caroline Fisher. He comes to the first day of school, but departs just as everyone else in his family does. Burris is also poor. He has live lice in his hair. Burris also scared his teacher Caroline Fisher. He behaves rudely when she tells him to go home, wash his hair, and come back clean the next day. He refuses, and a student explains to Miss Caroline that Ewell children don't attend school. All they do is show up for the first day, get marked down on the register, and then they miss the entire school year until the first day of the next year. His famous quote was, "Report and be damned to ye! Ain't no snot-nosed slut of a schoolteacher ever born c'n make me do nothin'! You ain't makin' me go nowhere, missus. You just remember that, you ain't makin' me go nowhere!" As of Scout's first year of school (the first grade), Burris has repeated the first grade three times. Burris is also like his father and is very belligerent.

text: Lula[edit]

text: Lula is an African-American woman with a dislike for white people.  She doesn't like the idea of Calpurnia bringing Atticus Finch's children, Jem and Scout, with her to church and tells her so but is overruled by the other congregants. According to James Zeebo, Calpurnia's son, Lula's said to be, "a troublemaker from way back, with fancy ideas and haughty ways." She's threatened with being "churched" (subjected to church discipline) by Reverend Sykes.

text: Mrs. Grace Merriweather[edit]

text: Mrs. Grace Merriweather is the producer of the play in which Scout plays as a ham. She tells Everett that "the ladies of the South Maycomb Alabama Methodist Episcopal Church are behind him one hundred percent." She is mostly known for her devotion to the church and is widely held as the most devout lady in Maycomb; however, like many of her peers, she is very hypocritical and loves to gossip with all the other women.

text: Walter Cunningham, Jr.[edit]

text: Walter Cunningham, Jr. is a child who is almost as old as Jem but is in Scout's class. He lives on a farm. He is too poor to even pay off a 25-cent debt because the Great Depression hit his poor family hard. He doesn't take money because his family can't pay people back in cash.  His father paid Atticus for his service for something a while back with some goods.  Walter is invited over to the Finches' house once, after engaging in a fight with Scout, where he covers up all of his dinner with molasses, much to Scout's vocal dismay. This teaches Scout a lesson in humility and compassion.

text: Walter Cunningham, Sr.[edit]

text: Walter Cunningham, Sr. is Walter Cunningham Jr.'s father. He appears only twice, once at the beginning of the story when he has to pay off the debt to Atticus (Walter Cunningham Sr. was his client) by giving him firewood, vegetables and other supplies. He also leads the mob that comes to lynch Tom Robinson the night before the trial. Only when Scout talks to him about his son and how much he owes to Atticus does he reconsider and call off the mob. Scout innocently shames him because Scout reminds him of all the things that Atticus has done for him and for Maycomb County. After the verdict is given in the trial, Atticus tells Jem that one of the Cunninghams had changed his thoughts about Tom and pleaded that Tom was not guilty to the jury.

text: Little Chuck Little[edit]

text: Little Chuck Little is a student in Scout's first-grade class who has the mindset of an adult. His real name is Charles. He is depicted as chiefly antagonistic of Burris Ewell. He is presented in the novel when Miss Caroline is frightened by Burris' lice. He warned Miss Caroline that if Burris wasn't released from class, he might try something that would put their classmates at risk. When Burris starts advancing on Little Chuck after his warning/veiled insult, Little Chuck's hand moved to his pocket (implying that he was going to pull out a knife) while saying, "Watch your step, Burris. I'd soon's kill you as look at you. Now go home." Scared by Little Chuck's bravery and his implied knife, Burris retreats. From this we see, through the narrative view of Scout, his gentlemanly attitude and how it calms Miss Caroline down. Little Chuck may be even more intelligent than originally meets the eye, as he easily could have been bluffing about the aforementioned implied knife to scare Burris into retreating.

text: Mr. Dick Avery[edit]

text: Mr. Dick Avery is an overweight neighbor who tells Jem and Scout that dramatic changes in the weather are caused by disobedient and misbehaving children. After it snows, they build a snowman that resembles him. Mr. Avery can also be seen in the story pushing a mattress out of a window when Miss Maudie's house catches fire. The kids, including Jem and Scout, always waited for him to do something interesting. For instance, Jem claims that one night he urinated from his front porch in an impressive arc.

text: Miss Gates[edit]

text: Miss Gates is a third grade teacher at Scout's school who insists that America isn't prejudiced like Hitler's Germany. Despite this, Scout has heard her say that the blacks need to be taught a lesson after Tom's trial.

text: Eula May[edit]

text: Eula May is Maycomb's most prominent telephone operator. She sends out public announcements, invitations, and activates the fire alarm. She announced the closing of schools when it snowed and announced the rabid dog that entered Maycomb. Also, Eula May knows everybody in the town because of her unique job.

text: Cecil Jacobs[edit]

text: Cecil Jacobs teases Scout and Jem at school. Scout almost gets into a fight with Cecil over the trial of Tom Robinson. Scout beats up Cecil Jacobs because he says Atticus is a "Nigger Lover." He gives a current event on Adolf Hitler and later frightens Scout and Jem on their way to the Halloween pageant. He and Scout then pair up at the carnival. At the Halloween pageant afterwards, Cecil was a cow. He hints that black people are not as good as white people while talking about Hitler during current events. He also tends to take jokes too far. However importantly he shows how prejudice is passed on from parent to child.

text: Tim Johnson[edit]

text: Tim Johnson is a dog belonging to Harry Johnson (a character in the book who is mentioned once but is never seen). He is infected by rabies in chapter 10 and goes mad, putting everyone in the town at risk. Atticus is forced to shoot Tim Johnson before he reaches the Radley House or attacks anyone. When Atticus shoots the dog, his excellent marksmanship is revealed to Scout and Jem (his nickname used to be One-Shot Finch). The dog's body is collected by Zeebo.

text: Simon Finch[edit]

text: Simon Finch is the founder of Finch's Landing. He is referred to in the first chapter of the book, being a direct ancestor of Atticus. He is a Cornish Methodist, and emigrated from England to avoid religious persecution, landing in Philadelphia before settling in Alabama. He was married, with one son, eight daughters. He is also an apothecary.

text: Maxwell Green[edit]

text: Maxwell Green is the new lawyer in town. He is normally the judicially-assigned defense attorney but Judge Taylor assigned Tom Robinson's case to Atticus to give Tom Robinson a better chance.

text: Mr. X Billups[edit]

text: Mr. X Billups who is seen only once in the book, going to the trial, is described as a "funny man".  X is his name, and not his initial.  He was asked repeated times what his name was until he signed it.  X was the name he had been given when he was born because his parents marked his birth certificate with an X instead of a name.

text: The Barber Sisters (Miss "Tutti" and Miss "Frutti")[edit]

text: The Barber Sisters (Miss Sarah, nicknamed "Tutti" and Miss Frances, nicknamed "Frutti") are maiden sisters who live in the only house in Maycomb with a cellar. They were originally from Clanton, Alabama; and are rumored to be Republicans. Besides their Yankee ways, both sisters are deaf (Tutti completely deaf; Frutti uses an ear trumpet), and had a Halloween prank pulled on them by some "wicked" schoolchildren (Scout claims she was not included) who put all of their furniture in their cellar.

text: Mrs. Gertrude Farrow[edit]

text: Mrs. Farrow is a lady in the missionary society who visits the Finch house occasionally.

text: Mr. Conner[edit]

text: Mr. Conner is mentioned early on in the book. He was locked in an outhouse by "Boo" Radley and his friends. After taking the teenagers to court, Mr. Conner accused them of "disorderly conduct, disturbing the peace, assault and battery, and using abusive and profane language in the presence and hearing of a female." He added the last charge after claiming that the teens had "cussed so loud he was sure every lady in Maycomb heard them."

text: Zeebo[edit]

text: Calpurnia's eldest son, Zeebo, was taught how to read by Calpurnia. Zeebo is one of just four people in First Purchase Church who can read, so he is the vocal leader, leading hymns in their church by "lining"—reading a line of verse and having the congregation repeat it. He is also the garbage man of Maycomb, and took away the dead rabid dog, Tim Johnson. When Lula, a fellow church member tries to make Scout and Jem feel bad for attending church with Calpurnia, Zeebo welcomes them with open arms.


document_title: Pretty Woman

question_text: where do they fly to in pretty woman

question_tokens: where do they fly to in pretty woman

text: Pretty Woman

text: Plot[edit]

text: At the beginning of the film, Edward Lewis accidentally ends up on Hollywood Boulevard in the city's red-light district, after breaking up with his girlfriend during an unpleasant phone call in which he appears highly controlling; he asks her to escort him during his trip, but she is offended that he treats her as his 'beck and call girl'. Leaving a party, he takes his lawyer's Lotus Esprit luxury car, and encounters a prostitute, Vivian Ward. He stops for her, having difficulties driving the car, and asks for directions to Beverly Hills. He asks her to get in and guide him to the Beverly Hills Regent Hotel, where he is staying. It becomes clear that Vivian knows more about the Lotus than he does, and he lets her drive. Vivian charges Lewis $20 for the ride, and they separate. She goes to a bus stop, where he finds her and offers to hire her for the night; later, he asks Vivian to play the role his girlfriend has refused, offering her $3000 to stay with him for the next six days as well as paying for a new, more acceptable wardrobe for her. That evening, visibly moved by her transformation, Edward begins seeing Vivian in a different light. He begins to open up to her, revealing his personal and business lives.

text: Edward takes Vivian to a polo match in hopes of networking for his business deal. His attorney, Phillip, suspects Vivian is a corporate spy, and Edward tells him how they truly met. Phillip later approaches Vivian, suggesting they do business once her work with Edward is finished. Insulted, and furious that Edward has revealed their secret, Vivian wants to end the arrangement. Edward apologizes, and admits to feeling jealous of a business associate to whom Vivian paid attention at the match. Vivian's straightforward personality is rubbing off on Edward, and he finds himself acting in unaccustomed ways. Clearly growing involved, Edward takes Vivian in his private jet to see La Traviata in San Francisco. Vivian is moved to tears by the story of the prostitute who falls in love with a rich man. Vivian breaks her "no kissing on the mouth" rule (which her friend Kit taught her) and they have sex; in the aftermath, Vivian tells Edward she loves him, but he does not respond. Edward offers to put her up in an apartment so she can be off the streets. Hurt, she refuses, says this is not the "fairy tale" she dreamed of as a child, in which a knight on a white horse rescues her.

text: Meeting with the tycoon whose shipbuilding company he is in the process of "raiding," Edward changes his mind. His time with Vivian has shown him a different way of looking at life, and he suggests working together to save the company rather than tearing it apart and selling off the pieces. Phillip, furious at losing so much money, goes to the hotel to confront Edward, but finds only Vivian. Blaming her for the change in Edward, he attempts to rape her. Edward arrives and throws Phil out of the room.

text: With his business in L.A. complete, Edward asks Vivian to stay one more night with him -- because she wants to, not because he's paying her. She refuses. At the end of the film, Edward re-thinks his life and has the hotel chauffeur detour to Vivian's apartment building, where he leaps from out the white limo's sun roof and "rescues her", an urban visual metaphor for the knight on a white horse of her dreams. The film ends with the famous last lines from Vivian:

text: Edward Lewis: So what happens after he climbed up the tower and rescues her? Vivian: She rescues him right back.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Richard Gere as Edward Lewis, a rich corporate raider and womanizer from New York.
Julia Roberts as Vivian Ward, an assertive freelance hooker with a heart of gold on Hollywood Boulevard.
Ralph Bellamy as James Morse, owner of a troubled shipbuilding company Edward plans to take over. This was Bellamy's final acting performance before his death in 1991.
Jason Alexander as Phillip Stuckey, Edward's insensitive lawyer. Alexander is best known for the sitcom Seinfeld, in which a VHS copy of Pretty Woman appears in Seinfeld's apartment.
Héctor Elizondo as Barney Thompson, the dignified but soft-hearted hotel manager.
Laura San Giacomo as Kit De Luca, Vivian's wisecracking friend and roommate, who has taught her the prostitution trade.
Alex Hyde-White as David Morse, James Morse's grandson, who is being groomed to take over the company.
Amy Yasbeck as Elizabeth Stuckey, Phillip's wife.
Elinor Donahue as Bridget, a friend of Barney Thompson who works in a women's clothing store.
John David Carson as Mark Roth, a businessman in Edward's office.
Judith Baldwin as Susan, one of Edward's ex-girlfriends.
Laurelle Brooks Mehus as the hotel's night desk clerk.
James Patrick Stuart as the day bellhop.
Dey Young as a snobbish saleswoman in a dress store.
Larry Miller as Mr. Hollister, the manager of a clothing store where Vivian buys her new wardrobe.
Patrick Richwood as Dennis, the hotel elevator operator.
Hank Azaria as a detective. This was Azaria's first speaking role.
Amzie Strickland as Matron
Lynda Goodfriend as a Tourist.

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The film was initially conceived as a dark drama about sex work in Los Angeles in the 1980s.[4] The relationship between Vivian and Edward also originally involved controversial themes, including Vivian being addicted to drugs; part of the deal was that she had to stay off cocaine for a week. Edward eventually throws her out of his car and drives off. The original script ended with Vivian and her sex-worker friend on the bus to Disneyland.[4] Producer Laura Ziskin considered these elements detrimental to a sympathetic portrayal of Vivian, and they were removed or assigned to Kit. The deleted scenes have been found, and some were included on the DVD released for the film's 15th anniversary.[4] In one, Vivian tells Edward, "I could just pop ya good and be on my way", indicating her disinterest in "pillow talk". In another, she is confronted by drug dealers, then rescued by Edward.

text: The film bears striking resemblances to Pygmalion myths: particularly George Bernard Shaw's play of the same name, which also formed the basis for the Broadway musical My Fair Lady. It was Walt Disney Studios then-president Jeffrey Katzenberg who insisted the film be re-written as a modern-day fairy tale and love story, as opposed to the original dark drama. It was pitched to Touchstone Pictures and re-written as a romantic comedy. The original script was titled $3,000,[5] in reference to the amount Edward pays for a week's company from Vivian.[6] However, this title was changed because Disney executives thought it sounded like a title for a science fiction film.[7] The script also has unconfirmed references to That Touch of Mink, starring Doris Day and Cary Grant.[citation needed]

text: The film is one of two movies that triggered a resurgence of romantic comedy in Hollywood, the other being When Harry Met Sally. After the 1960s Doris Day/Rock Hudson romantic comedies, the genre had fallen out of favor.[citation needed] Following this film's success, Roberts became the romantic comedy queen of the 1990s.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Casting of the film was a rather lengthy process. Marshall had initially considered Christopher Reeve, Daniel Day-Lewis, and Denzel Washington for the role of Edward, and Al Pacino and Burt Reynolds turned it down.[8] Pacino went as far as doing a casting reading with Roberts before rejecting the part.[9] Gere initially refused but when he met with Roberts, she persuaded him and he eventually agreed to play Lewis.[10] He reportedly started off much more active in his role; but Garry Marshall took him aside and said "No, no, no, Richard. In this movie, one of you moves and one of you does not. Guess which one you are?"[11] Julia Roberts was not the first choice for the role of Vivian, and was not wanted by Disney. Many other actresses were considered. Marshall originally envisioned Karen Allen for the role; when she declined, auditions went to many better-known actresses of the time including Molly Ringwald,[12] who turned it down because she felt uncomfortable playing a sex worker.[citation needed] Winona Ryder auditioned, but was turned down because Marshall felt she was "too young". Jennifer Connelly was also dismissed for the same reason.[4]

text: Meg Ryan, who was a top choice of Marshall's, turned it down as well. According to a note written by Marshall, Mary Steenburgen was also among the first choices. Diane Lane came very close to being cast (the script was much darker at the time); they had gone as far as costume fittings, but due to scheduling conflicts she could not accept. Michelle Pfeiffer turned the role down, saying she did not like the script's "tone."[13] Daryl Hannah was also considered, but believed the role was "degrading to women".[13] Valeria Golino declined, doubting it would work with her thick Italian accent.[citation needed] And Jennifer Jason Leigh had auditioned.[14] When all the other actresses turned down the role, 21-year-old Julia Roberts, a relative unknown, with only the sleeper hit Mystic Pizza (1988) and the yet-to-be-released Steel Magnolias (1989) to her credit, won the role of Vivian. Her performance made her a star.

text: Filming[edit]

text: The film's budget was substantial, at $14 million, so producers could shoot in many locations.[4] Most filming took place in Los Angeles, California, specifically in Beverly Hills, and inside soundstages at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank. The escargot restaurant the "Voltaire" was shot at the restaurant "Rex," now called "Cicada". Scenes set in the Beverly Wilshire Hotel lobby were shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Filming commenced on July 24, 1989, but was immediately plagued by problems. These included Ferrari and Porsche declining the product placement opportunity for the car Edward drove, neither firm wishing to be associated with sex workers.[4] Lotus Cars saw the placement value, and supplied a Silver 1989.5 Esprit SE (which was later sold).

text: Shooting was a generally pleasant, easy-going experience, as the budget was broad and the shooting schedule was not tight.[4] While shooting the scene where Vivian is lying down on the floor of Edward's penthouse, watching reruns of I Love Lucy, Garry Marshall had to tickle Roberts' feet (out of camera range) to get her to laugh. The scene in which Gere playfully snaps the lid of a jewelry case on her fingers was improvised, and her surprised laugh was genuine. The red dress Vivian wears to the opera has been listed among the most unforgettable dresses of all time.[15]

text: During the scene in which Roberts sang to a Prince song in the bathtub, slid down and submerged her head under the bubbles; she emerged to find the crew had left except for the cameraman, who captured the moment on film. In the love scene, she was so stressed that a vein become noticeable on her forehead and had to be massaged by Marshall and Gere. She also developed a case of hives, and calamine lotion was used to soothe her skin until filming resumed.[4] The filming was completed on October 18.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In its opening weekend, the film was at number one at the box office, grossing $11,280,591 and averaging $8,513 per theater.[16] Despite dropping to number two in its second weekend, it grossed more with $12,471,670.[16] It was number one at the box office for four non-consecutive weeks, and in the Top 10 for 16 weeks.[16] It has grossed $178,406,268 in the United States and $285,000,000 in other countries for a total worldwide gross of $463,406,268.[17] It was also the fourth highest-grossing film of the year in the United States[18] and the third highest-grossing worldwide.[19] The film remains Disney's highest-grossing R-rated release ever.[20]

text: Critical response [edit]

text: The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 61% of 55 film critics have given it a positive review, with a rating average of 5.7 out of 10.[21] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gives it a score of 51 based on 17 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[22]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a D, saying it "starts out as a neo-Pygmalion comedy" and with "its tough-hooker heroine, it can work as a feminist version of an upscale princess fantasy." Gleiberman also said it "pretends to be about how love transcends money," but "is really obsessed with status symbols."[23] On its twentieth anniversary, Gleiberman wrote another article, saying that while he felt he was right, he would have given it a B today.[24] Carina Chocano of The New York Times said the movie "wasn't a love story, it was a money story. Its logic depended on a disconnect between character and narrative, between image and meaning, between money and value, and that made it not cluelessly traditional but thoroughly postmodern."[25]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
48th Golden Globe Awards

Best Actress – Julia Roberts

text:
16th César Awards

Best Foreign Film

63rd Academy Awards

Best Actress – Julia Roberts

48th Golden Globe Awards

Best Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical)
Best Actor – Richard Gere
Best Supporting Actor – Hector Elizondo

Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay – J. F. Lawton

text: Music[edit]

text: The film is noted for its musical selections. The hugely successful soundtrack features the song "Oh, Pretty Woman" by Roy Orbison, which inspired its title. Roxette's "It Must Have Been Love" reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1990. The soundtrack also features "King of Wishful Thinking" by Go West, "Show Me Your Soul" by Red Hot Chili Peppers, "No Explanation" by Peter Cetera, "Wild Women Do" by Natalie Cole and "Fallen" by Lauren Wood. The soundtrack went on to be certified triple platinum by the RIAA.[26]

text: The opera featured in the film is La Traviata, which also served as inspiration for its plot. The highly dramatic aria fragment that is repeated is the end of "Dammi tu forza!" ("Give me strength!"), from the opera. The piano piece Gere's character plays in the hotel lobby was actually composed by and performed by him. Roberts sings the song "Kiss" by Prince while she is in the tub and Gere's character is on the phone. Background music is composed by James Newton Howard. Entitled "He Sleeps/Love Theme", this piano composition is inspired by Bruce Springsteen's "Racing in the Street".

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Pretty Woman

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
March 13, 1990

Recorded
1964, 1988–1989

Genre
Pop
Rock

Length
43:36

Label
EMI

Producer
Various artists

Singles from Pretty Woman

"Show Me Your Soul"
Released: February 14, 1990
"King of Wishful Thinking"
Released: 1990
"It Must Have Been Love"
Released: 20 May 1990

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
 link

text: The soundtrack was released on March 13, 1990 by EMI.[27][28]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Wild Women Do" (performed by Natalie Cole)
4:06

2.
"Fame '90" (performed by David Bowie)
3:36

3.
"King of Wishful Thinking" (performed by Go West)
4:00

4.
"Tangled" (performed by Jane Wiedlin)
4:18

5.
"It Must Have Been Love" (performed by Roxette)
4:17

6.
"Life in Detail" (performed by Robert Palmer)
4:07

7.
"No Explanation" (performed by Peter Cetera)
4:19

8.
"Real Wild Child (Wild One)" (performed by Christopher Otcasek)
3:39

9.
"Fallen" (performed by Lauren Wood)
3:59

10.
"Oh, Pretty Woman" (performed by Roy Orbison)
2:55

11.
"Show Me Your Soul" (performed by Red Hot Chili Peppers)
4:20

Total length:
43:36

text: Musical adaptation[edit]

text: A stage musical adaptation of the film is scheduled to open on Broadway in the fall of 2018. This follows an out-of-town tryout at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago, which will run from March 13 to April 15, 2018. The musical has music and lyrics by Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance; the late Garry Marshall and J.F. Lawton will co-write the book and Jerry Mitchell is the director and choreographer.[29] The Chicago and Broadway casts will feature Samantha Barks, in her Broadway debut as Vivian and Steve Kazee as Edward. Orfeh will portray Kit, and Jason Danieley will play Philip Stuckey.[29] Eric Anderson will portray the role of Barney Thompson.


document_title: List of All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship finals

question_text: when was the last time waterford were in an all ireland final

text: List of finals[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Score
Venue
Winning Captain
Losing Captain

2017
Details
Galway
0-26
Waterford
2-17
Croke Park, Dublin
David Burke
Kevin Moran

2016
Details
Tipperary
2-29
Kilkenny
2-20
Croke Park, Dublin
Brendan Maher
Shane Prendergast

2015
Details
Kilkenny
1-22
Galway
1-18
Croke Park, Dublin
Joey Holden
David Collins

2014
Details
Kilkenny
2-17
Tipperary
2-14
Croke Park, Dublin
Lester Ryan
Brendan Maher

Drawn match
Kilkenny
3-22
Tipperary
1-28
Croke Park, Dublin

2013
Details
Clare
5-16
Cork
3-16
Croke Park, Dublin
Patrick Donnellan
Pa Cronin

Drawn match
Clare
0-25
Cork
3-16
Croke Park, Dublin

2012
Details
Kilkenny
3-22
Galway
3-11
Croke Park, Dublin
Eoin Larkin
Fergal Moore

Drawn match
Kilkenny
0-19
Galway
2-13
Croke Park, Dublin

2011
Details
Kilkenny
2-17
Tipperary
1-16
Croke Park, Dublin
Brian Hogan
Eoin Kelly

2010
Details
Tipperary
4-17
Kilkenny
1-18
Croke Park, Dublin
Eoin Kelly
T.J. Reid

2009
Details
Kilkenny
2-22
Tipperary
0-23
Croke Park, Dublin
Michael Fennelly
Willie Ryan

2008
Details
Kilkenny
3-30
Waterford
1-13
Croke Park, Dublin
James Fitzpatrick
Michael Walsh

2007
Details
Kilkenny
2-19
Limerick
1-15
Croke Park, Dublin
Henry Shefflin
Damien Reale

2006
Details
Kilkenny
1-16
Cork
1-13
Croke Park, Dublin
Jackie Tyrrell
Pat Mulcahy

2005
Details
Cork
1-21
Galway
1-16
Croke Park, Dublin
Seán Óg Ó hAilpín
Liam Donoghue

2004
Details
Cork
0-17
Kilkenny
0-9
Croke Park, Dublin
Ben O'Connor
Martin Comerford

2003
Details
Kilkenny
1-14
Cork
1-11
Croke Park, Dublin
D.J. Carey
Alan Browne

2002
Details
Kilkenny
2-20
Clare
0-19
Croke Park, Dublin
Andy Comerford
Brian Lohan

2001
Details
Tipperary
2-18
Galway
2-15
Croke Park, Dublin
Tommy Dunne
Liam Hodgins

2000
Details
Kilkenny
5-15
Offaly
1-14
Croke Park, Dublin
Willie O'Connor
Johnny Dooley

1999
Details
Cork
0-13
Kilkenny
0-12
Croke Park, Dublin
Mark Landers
Denis Byrne

1998
Details
Offaly
2-16
Kilkenny
1-13
Croke Park, Dublin
Hubert Rigney
Tom Hickey

1997
Details
Clare
0-20
Tipperary
2-13
Croke Park, Dublin
Anthony Daly
Conor Gleeson

1996
Details
Wexford
1-13
Limerick
0-14
Croke Park, Dublin
Martin Storey
Ciarán Carey

1995
Details
Clare
1-13
Offaly
2-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Anthony Daly
Johnny Pilkington

1994
Details
Offaly
3-16
Limerick
2-13
Croke Park, Dublin
Martin Hanamy
Gary Kirby

1993
Details
Kilkenny
2-17
Galway
1-15
Croke Park, Dublin
Eddie O'Connor
Michael McGrath

1992
Details
Kilkenny
3-10
Cork
1-12
Croke Park, Dublin
Liam Fennelly
Ger FitzGerald

1991
Details
Tipperary
1-16
Kilkenny
0-15
Croke Park, Dublin
Declan Carr
Christy Heffernan

1990
Details
Cork
5-15
Galway
2-21
Croke Park, Dublin
Tomás Mulcahy
Joe Cooney

1989
Details
Tipperary
4-24
Antrim
3-9
Croke Park, Dublin
Bobby Ryan
Ciarán Barr

1988
Details
Galway
1-15
Tipperary
0-14
Croke Park, Dublin
Conor Hayes
Nicky English

1987
Details
Galway
1-12
Kilkenny
0-9
Croke Park, Dublin
Conor Hayes
Paddy Prendergast

1986
Details
Cork
4-13
Galway
2-15
Croke Park, Dublin
Tom Cashman
Noel Lane

1985
Details
Offaly
2-11
Galway
1-12
Croke Park, Dublin
Pat Fleury
Michael Connolly

1984
Details
Cork
3-16
Offaly
1-12
Semple Stadium, Thurles
John Fenton
Pat Fleury

1983
Details
Kilkenny
2-14
Cork
2-12
Croke Park, Dublin
Liam Fennelly
Jimmy Barry-Murphy

1982
Details
Kilkenny
3-18
Cork
1-13
Croke Park, Dublin
Brian Cody
Jimmy Barry-Murphy

1981
Details
Offaly
2-12
Galway
0-15
Croke Park, Dublin
Pádraig Horan
Seán Silke

1980
Details
Galway
2-15
Limerick
3-9
Croke Park, Dublin
Joe Connolly
Seán Foley

1979
Details
Kilkenny
2-12
Galway
1-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Ger Fennelly
Joe McDonagh

1978
Details
Cork
1-15
Kilkenny
2-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Charlie McCarthy
Ger Henderson

1977
Details
Cork
1-17
Wexford
3-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Martin O'Doherty
Tony Doran

1976
Details
Cork
2-21
Wexford
4-11
Croke Park, Dublin
Ray Cummins
Tony Doran

19752
Details
Kilkenny
2-22
Galway
2-10
Croke Park, Dublin
Billy Fitzpatrick
John Connolly

1974
Details
Kilkenny
3-19
Limerick
1-13
Croke Park, Dublin
Nicky Orr
Seán Foley

1973
Details
Limerick
1-21
Kilkenny
1-14
Croke Park, Dublin
Éamonn Grimes
Pat Delaney

1972
Details
Kilkenny
3-24
Cork
5-11
Croke Park, Dublin
Noel Skehan
Frank Norberg

1971
Details
Tipperary
5-17
Kilkenny
5-14
Croke Park, Dublin
Tadhg O'Connor
Pat Henderson

19703
Details
Cork
6-21
Wexford
5-10
Croke Park, Dublin
Paddy Barry
Michael Collins

1969
Details
Kilkenny
2-15
Cork
2-9
Croke Park, Dublin
Eddie Keher
Denis Murphy

1968
Details
Wexford
5-8
Tipperary
3-12
Croke Park, Dublin
Dan Quigley
Mick Roche

1967
Details
Kilkenny
3-8
Tipperary
2-7
Croke Park, Dublin
Jim Treacy
Mick Roche

1966
Details
Cork
3-9
Kilkenny
1-10
Croke Park, Dublin
Gerald McCarthy
Jim Lynch

1965
Details
Tipperary
2-16
Wexford
0-10
Croke Park, Dublin
Jimmy Doyle
Tom Neville

1964
Details
Tipperary
5-13
Kilkenny
2-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Mick Murphy
Seán Buckley

1963
Details
Kilkenny
4-17
Waterford
6-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Séamus Cleere
Joe Condon

1962
Details
Tipperary
3-10
Wexford
2-11
Croke Park, Dublin
Jimmy Doyle
Billy Rackard

1961
Details
Tipperary
0-16
Dublin
1-12
Croke Park, Dublin
Matt Hassett
Noel Drumgoole

1960
Details
Wexford
2-15
Tipperary
0-11
Croke Park, Dublin
Nick O'Donnell
Tony Wall

1959
Details
Waterford
3-12
Kilkenny
1-10
Croke Park, Dublin
Frankie Walsh
Seán Clohessey

Drawn match
Waterford
1-17
Kilkenny
5-5
Croke Park, Dublin

1958
Details
Tipperary
4-9
Galway
2-5
Croke Park, Dublin
Tony Wall
Seán Cullinane

1957
Details
Kilkenny
4-10
Waterford
3-12
Croke Park, Dublin
Mickey Kelly
Phil Grimes

1956
Details
Wexford
2-14
Cork
2-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Jim English
Tony O'Shaughnessy

1955
Details
Wexford
3-13
Galway
2-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Nick O'Donnell
Jimmy Duggan

1954
Details
Cork
1-9
Wexford
1-6
Croke Park, Dublin
Christy Ring
Padge Kehoe

1953
Details
Cork
3-3
Galway
0-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Christy Ring
Mick Burke

1952
Details
Cork
2-14
Dublin
0-7
Croke Park, Dublin
Paddy Barry

1951
Details
Tipperary
7-7
Wexford
3-9
Croke Park, Dublin
Jimmy Finn
Nicky Rackard

1950
Details
Tipperary
1-9
Kilkenny
1-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Seán Kenny
Mick Kenny

1949
Details
Tipperary
3-11
Laois
0-3
Croke Park, Dublin
Pat Stakelum
Paddy Ruschitzko

1948
Details
Waterford
6-7
Dublin
4-2
Croke Park, Dublin
Jim Ware

1947
Details
Kilkenny
0-14
Cork
2-7
Croke Park, Dublin
Dan Kennedy
Seán Condon

1946
Details
Cork
7-5
Kilkenny
3-8
Croke Park, Dublin
Christy Ring
Jack Mulcahy

1945
Details
Tipperary
5-6
Kilkenny
3-6
Croke Park, Dublin
John Maher
Peter Blanchfield

1944
Details
Cork
2-13
Dublin
1-2
Croke Park, Dublin
Seán Condon

1943
Details
Cork
5-16
Antrim
0-4
Croke Park, Dublin
Mick Kennefick
Jimmy Walsh

1942
Details
Cork
2-14
Dublin
3-4
Croke Park, Dublin
Jack Lynch

1941
Details
Cork
5-11
Dublin
0-6
Croke Park, Dublin
Connie Buckley
Eddie Wade

1940
Details
Limerick
3-7
Kilkenny
1-7
Croke Park, Dublin
Mick Mackey
Jim Langton

1939
Details
Kilkenny
2-7
Cork
3-3
Croke Park, Dublin
Jimmy Walsh
Jack Lynch

1938
Details
Dublin
2-5
Waterford
1-6
Croke Park, Dublin
Mick Daniels

1937
Details
Tipperary
3-11
Kilkenny
0-3
FitzGerald Stadium, Killarney
Jimmy Lanigan

1936
Details
Limerick
5-6
Kilkenny
1-5
Croke Park, Dublin
Mick Mackey
Paddy Larkin

1935
Details
Kilkenny
2-5
Limerick
2-4
Croke Park, Dublin
Lory Meagher
Timmy Ryan

1934
Details
Limerick
5-2
Dublin
2-6
Croke Park, Dublin
Timmy Ryan

1933
Details
Kilkenny
1-7
Limerick
0-6
Croke Park, Dublin
Ned Doyle
Micky Fitzgibbon

1932
Details
Kilkenny
3-3
Clare
2-3
Croke Park, Dublin
Jimmy Walsh
John Joe 'Goggles' Doyle

1931
Details
Cork
5-8
Kilkenny
3-4
Croke Park, Dublin
Eudie Coughlan
Lory Meagher

1930
Details
Tipperary
2-7
Dublin
1-3
Croke Park, Dublin
John Joe Callinan

1929
Details
Cork
4-9
Galway
1-3
Croke Park, Dublin
Dinny Barry-Murphy

1928
Details
Cork
6-12
Galway
1-0
Croke Park, Dublin
Seán Óg Murphy

1927
Details
Dublin
4-8
Cork
1-3
Croke Park, Dublin
Mick Gill
Seán Óg Murphy

1926
Details
Cork
4-6
Kilkenny
2-0
Croke Park, Dublin
Seán Óg Murphy
Richard Grace

1925
Details
Tipperary
5-6
Galway
1-5
Croke Park, Dublin
Johnny Leahy

1924
Details
Dublin
5-3
Galway
2-6
Croke Park, Dublin
Frank Wall

1923
Details
Galway
7-3
Limerick
4-5
Croke Park, Dublin
Mick Kenny
Paddy McInerney

1922
Details
Kilkenny
5-3
Tipperary
2-6
Croke Park, Dublin
Wattie Dunphy
Johnny Leahy

1921
Details
Limerick
8-5
Dublin
3-2
Croke Park, Dublin
Bob McConkey

1920
Details
Dublin
4-9
Cork
4-3
Croke Park, Dublin
Bob Mockler
Dick O'Gorman

1919
Details
Cork
6-4
Dublin
2-4
Croke Park, Dublin
Jimmy Kennedy

1918
Details
Limerick
9-5
Wexford
1-3
Croke Park, Dublin
Willie Hough

1917
Details
Dublin
5-4
Tipperary
4-2
Croke Park, Dublin
John Ryan
Johnny Leahy

1916
Details
Tipperary
5-4
Kilkenny
3-2
Croke Park, Dublin
Johnny Leahy
Sim Walton

1915
Details
Laois
6-2
Cork
4-1
Croke Park, Dublin
Jack Finlay
Connie Sheehan

1914
Details
Clare
5-1
Laois
1-0
Croke Park, Dublin
Amby Power
Jack Carroll

1913 Details
Kilkenny
2-4
Tipperary
1-2
Jones' Road, Dublin
Dick Walsh
Patrick 'Wedger' Meagher

1912
Details
Kilkenny
2-1
Cork
1-3
Jones' Road, Dublin
Sim Walton
Barry Murphy

1911
[a]
Details
Kilkenny
w/o
Limerick
scr.

1910
Details
Wexford
7-0
Limerick
6-2
Jones' Road, Dublin
Dick Doyle
John "Tyler" Mackey

1909
Details
Kilkenny
4-6
Tipperary
0-12
Cork Athletic Grounds
Dick Walsh
Tom Semple

1908
Details
Tipperary
2-5
Dublin
1-8
Croke Park, Dublin

Tipperary
3-15
Dublin
1-5
Geraldine Park, Athy
Tom Semple

1907
Details
Kilkenny
3-12
Cork
4-8
Fraher Field, Dungarvan
Dick Walsh
Jamesy Kelleher

1906
Details
Tipperary
3-16
Dublin
3-8
Kilkenny
Tom Semple

1905[b]
Details
Cork
5-10
Kilkenny
3-12
Fraher Field, Dungarvan
D.J. Stapleton
Christy Young

Kilkenny
7-7
Cork
2-9
Tipperary

1904
Details
Kilkenny
1-9
Cork
1-8
Carrick-on-Suir
Jer Doheny
Dan Harrington

1903
Details
Cork
3-16
London
1-1
Fraher Field, Dungarvan
Steva Riordan

1902
Details
Cork
3-13
London
0-0
Cork Athletic Grounds, Cork
Jamesy Kelleher

1901
Details
London
1-5
Cork
0-4
Jones' Road
Jack Coughlan

1900
Details
Tipperary
3-13
London
0-6
Jones' Road
Ned Hayes
Dan Horgan

1899[c]
Details
Tipperary
3-12
Wexford
1-4
Jones' Road
Tom Condon
James Furlong

1898
Details
Tipperary
7-13
Kilkenny
3-10
Jones' Road
Mikey Maher

1897
Details
Limerick
3-4
Kilkenny
2-4
Jones' Road
Denis Grimes

1896
Details
Tipperary
8-14
Dublin
0-4
Jones' Road
Mikey Maher

1895
Details
Tipperary
6-8
Kilkenny
1-0
Jones' Road
Mikey Maher

1894
Details
Cork
5-20
Dublin
2-0
Clonturk Park, Drumcondra
Stephen Hayes

1893
Details
Cork
6-8
Kilkenny
0-2
Phoenix Park
John 'Curtis' Murphy

1892[d]
Details
Cork
2-4
Dublin
1-1
Clonturk Park, Drumcondra
Bill O'Callaghan

1891
Details
Kerry
(Ballyduff)
2-3
Wexford
(Crossabeg)
1-5
Clonturk Park, Drumcondra
John Mahony
Nick Daly

1890[e]
Details
Cork
(Aughabullogue)
1-6
Wexford
(Castlebridge)
2-2
Clonturk Park, Drumcondra
Dan Lane
Nick Daly

1889
Details
Dublin
(Kickhams)
5-4[2]
Clare
(Tulla)
1-6
Pond Field, Inchicore
Nicholas O'Shea
John Considine

1888[f]
Not Played

1887
Details
Tipperary
(Thurles)
1-1 (1)
Galway
(Meelick)
0-0 (0)
Birr Sportsfield, Birr
Jim Stapleton

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
a. ^ Limerick refused to play in Thurles after the original fixture on 18 February 1911 in Cork was postponed owing to the state of pitch. Kilkenny were awarded the All-Ireland title. Tipperary were nominated to play in the All-Ireland final in their absence.
b. ^ A refixture of the All-Ireland Final was needed following an objection and a counter-objection.
c. ^ The 1899 final was left unfinished with Tipperary being awarded the title.
d. ^ Dublin withdrew from the field with ten minutes remaining. after Cork were awarded a disputed goal. Cork were awarded the title.
e. ^ Cork withdrew from the field in protest at rough play by the Wexford team. Cork were awarded the title.
f. ^ The 1888 Championship was unfinished owing to a tour of the United States by hurlers, footballers and athletes.

text:
1997 was the first All-Ireland Hurling Final where the two competing teams came from the same province.
1975 was the first 70-minute All-Ireland Hurling Final.
1970 was the first 80-minute All-Ireland Hurling Final.
A refixture of the All-Ireland Final was needed following an objection and a counter objection.
The 1892 final was left unfinished with Cork being awarded the title.
The 1890 final was left unfinished with Cork being awarded the title.

tag: ol


document_title: The Lord Knows I'm Drinking

question_text: who wrote the lord knows i'm drinking

question_tokens: who wrote the lord knows i 'm drinking

text: The Lord Knows I'm Drinking

text:
"The Lord Knows I'm Drinking"Single by Cal Smithfrom the album I've Found Someone of My OwnB-side
"Sweet Things I Remember About You"Released
November 1972Format
7"Recorded
March 12, 1972Bradley's Barn,Mount Juliet, TennesseeGenre
CountryLength
2:48Label
Decca Records 33040Songwriter(s)
Bill AndersonProducer(s)
Walter HaynesCal Smith singles chronology

"For My Baby" (1972)

"The Lord Knows I'm Drinking" (1972)

"I Can Feel the Leaving Coming On" (1973)

"For My Baby" (1972)

"The Lord Knows I'm Drinking" (1973)

"I Can Feel the Leaving Coming On" (1973)

text: "The Lord Knows I'm Drinking" is a 1972 song written by Bill Anderson and made famous by country music singer Cal Smith.

text: Song background[edit]

text: Smith, who had first gained fame performing with Ernest Tubb's Texas Trubadors in the 1960s, released a series of minor hits in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It wasn't until 1972 when he hit the top 5 of the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart with "I've Found Someone of My Own" (a cover of the Free Movement pop hit). Later in 1972, he released what became his first No. 1 hit, the Anderson-penned "The Lord Knows I'm Drinking."

text: A sharp denunciation of small-town religious self-righteousness,[1] "The Lord Knows I'm Drinking" was his first No. 1 country hit in March, as part of a 15-week stay on in the Billboard country chart's top 40.[2] The record was also Smith's only single to cross over to the pop chart, where it peaked at number 64.

text: "The Lord Knows I'm Drinking" was one of the last country music hits for the original Decca Records; in early 1973, the label was dropped in favor of MCA Records, where Smith continued recording and enjoying success.

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1972–1973)

Peakposition

U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles

1

U.S. Billboard Hot 100

64

Canadian RPM Country Tracks

1