document_title: Scroll wheel

question_text: some mice have a wheel in the middle. generally what is this wheel for

question_tokens: some mice have a wheel in the middle . generally what is this wheel for

text: Scroll wheel

text: Functionality[edit]

text: It is used, as the name suggests, for scrolling. It can often also be used as a third mouse button by pressing on it. The wheel is often – but not always – engineered with detents to turn in discrete steps, rather than continuously as an analog axis, to allow the operator to more easily intuit how far they are scrolling.

text: Some modern mice can scroll horizontally as well as vertically, using a tilting scroll-wheel (introduced by Microsoft), scroll ball (found, for example, on Apple's Mighty Mouse), pointing stick,[1] touchpad (as on Apple's Magic Mouse), optical sensor,[2] or a second scroll wheel. Logitech mice with 'Free Spinning' scroll wheels use a 14 gram scroll wheel with high rotational inertia like a flywheel that can be used to quickly scroll through long pages and lists.[3] A peculiar early example was a mouse by Saitek which had a joystick-style hatswitch on it.[4]

text: Scroll wheels are prevalent on modern computer mice and have become an integral part of the hardware interface. However, non-wheeled mice are still available.

text: Scroll wheels can also be found on such handheld devices such as PDAs, portable digital audio players such as the original Apple iPod, or mobiles phones such as early Sony models and BlackBerry devices.

text: History[edit]

text: In 1985 NTT, Japan and ETH Zürich, Switzerland (Kunio Ōno, Ken'ichi Fukaya and Jürg Nievergelt) jointly invented and developed the first scrolling mouse. Their Mighty Mouse had the scroll wheel accessible on the side.[5] In 1987, an early prototype of the top mounted scrolling wheel mouse was developed by Jack McCauley for gaming applications.[6] Between 1989 and 1993 Daniel S. Venolia of Apple developed another mouse prototype with a thumb-wheel accessible on the side.[5]

text: In 1995, the Taiwanese company KYE Systems released the first commercial mouse with scroll wheel. It was named Genius EasyScroll and was also available as Mouse Systems ProAgio.[7][8][9][10]

text: The scroll wheel was popularized by the Microsoft IntelliMouse in 1996 along with support for the mouse wheel in Microsoft Office 97. It was based on ideas developed by Eric Michelman since 1993 with input from Chris Graham.[7][11]

text: The introduction of the scroll wheel is notably one of the first additions to the basic two-button mouse design used for PCs that became a de facto standard. Its popularity increased with the proliferation of the World Wide Web, where efficient mouse-only scrolling is most useful, since it allows the mouse pointer to remain close to the page's hyperlinks while scrolling rather than moving to a scroll bar.

text: In the 21st century, scroll wheels started appearing on keyboards as well, particularly on Logitech and Microsoft models. It is usually located to the left of the caps lock key. The implementation of scroll wheels on laptop computers has generally faded, while touchpads are often programmed with a pointing device gesture to substitute for them; such as allowing the edges to scroll the page (rather than to move the pointer), partly making up for the lack of a scroll wheel; touchpads with multitouch capability usually achieve scroll capability by touching and dragging two fingers on the touchpad at the same time; many Linux distributions offer a third method of scrolling using the touchpad, where the user will first activate scroll-mode by pressing in a corner of the pad, and then dragging in a circle around the center of the pad, letting go of the touchpad will switch back to the default mouse-mode.

text: Other applications[edit]

text: In many applications (e.g., web browsers), holding down the control key while rolling the scroll wheel causes the text size to increase or decrease, or an image in an image-editing or map-viewing program to zoom in or out, if such a feature is available. Also clicking the link with a scroll wheel button makes the link open in a new tab, and clicking on the opened tab closes it.

text: In first-person shooter (FPS) games, the scroll wheel is usually set to change weapons. Because of this some gaming mice, such as Logitech G500, implement a locking feature that lets the mouse switch between scrolling in steps (needed for gaming) and continuous scrolling (good for web browsing). The scroll wheel is also sometimes used to control the zoom of scoped weapons and binoculars. FPS games with an emphasis on realism may choose to use the wheel for changing between stances or adjusting the range settings on iron sights. Since the introduction of tilting scroll-wheels, many FPS games use the left-right motion of the scroll wheel to cause the player to lean left and right.[citation needed] A less common use is to use the mouse wheel to adjust the player's speed of movement.

text: Real time strategy games often use the mouse wheel to change the altitude of the camera; many also allow the view to either tilt or pan with mouse movement when the scroll wheel button is held down.[citation needed]

text: CAD applications such as AutoDesk's AutoCAD use the mouse wheel to navigate the space in which the user is drawing. This has also become a de facto standard in 3D applications such as Trimble's SketchUp where the wheelscroll is zoom, and wheelclick with a mouse drag is orbit.


document_title: Child labor laws in the United States

question_text: when did child labor end in the us

question_tokens: when did child labor end in the us

root

text: Child labor laws in the United States

text: Federal law[edit]

text: The main law regulating child labor in the United States is the Fair Labor Standards Act. For non-agricultural jobs, children under 14 may not be employed, children between 14 and 16 may be employed in allowed occupations during limited hours, and children between 16 and 18 may be employed for unlimited hours in non-hazardous occupations.[1] A number of exceptions to these rules exist, such as for employment by parents, newspaper delivery, and child actors.[1] The regulations for agricultural employment are generally less strict.

tag: p

text: State laws[edit]

text: States have varying laws covering youth employment. Each state has minimum requirements such as, earliest age a child may begin working, number of hours a child is allowed to be working during the day, number of hours a child is allowed to be worked during the week. The United States Department of Labor lists the minimum requirements for agricultural work in each state.[2] Where state law differs from federal law on child labor, the law with the more rigorous standard applies.[1]

text: Individual states have a wide range of restrictions on labor by minors, often requiring work permits for minors who are still enrolled in high school, and limiting the times and hours that minors can work by age and imposing additional safety regulations.[3]

text: History of children's labor for wages[edit]

text: As the United States industrialized, factory owners hired young workers for a variety of tasks. Especially in textile mills, children were often hired together with their parents. Children had a special disposition to working in factories as their small statures were useful to fixing machinery and navigating the small areas that fully grown adults could not.[citation needed] Many families in mill towns depended on the children's labor to make enough money for necessities.[4]

text: Activism against child labor[edit]

text: The National Child Labor Committee, an organization dedicated to the abolition of all child labor, was formed in 1904. By publishing information on the lives and working conditions of young workers, it helped to mobilize popular support for state-level child labor laws. These laws were often paired with compulsory education laws which were designed to keep children in school and out of the paid labor market until a specified age (usually 12, 14, or 16 years.)

text: In 1916, under pressure from the NCLC and the National Consumers League, the United States Congress passed the Keating–Owen Act, regulating interstate commerce involving goods produced by employees under the ages of 14 or 16, depending on the type of work, which was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson. It was the first federal child labor law. However, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the law two years later in Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918), declaring that the law violated the Commerce Clause by regulating intrastate commerce. Later that year, Congress attempted to levy a tax on businesses with employees under the ages of 14 or 16 (again depending on the type of work), which was struck down by the Supreme Court in Bailey v. Drexel Furniture (1922).

text: In response to these setbacks, Congress, on June 2, 1924, approved an amendment to the United States Constitution that would authorize Congress to regulate "labor of persons under eighteen years of age", and submitted it to the state legislatures for ratification.[5] Only five states ratified the amendment in the 1920s. However, President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration supported it, and another 14 states signed on in 1933 (his first year in office); 28 states in all had given their approval by 1937. An additional 8 states were needed at the time to ratify the proposed amendment.[6]

text: The common legal opinion on federal child labor regulation reversed in the 1930s. Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938 regulating the employment of those under 16 or 18 years of age, and the Supreme Court upheld the law.[6] After this shift, the amendment has been described as "moot"[7] and effectively part of the Constitution.[8]

text: However, while the 1938 labor law placed limits on many forms of child labor, agricultural labor was excluded. As a result, approximately 500,000 children pick almost a quarter of the food currently produced in the United States.[9]

text: In 1994 the Arkansas state Federation of Labor placed a child welfare initiative on the ballot prohibiting child labor, which the voters passed.[10]

text: Human rights organizations have documented child labor in USA. According to a 2009-2010 petition by Human Rights Watch: "Hundreds of thousands of children are employed as farm workers in the United States, often working 10 or more hours a day. They are often exposed to dangerous pesticides, experience high rates of injury, and suffer fatalities at five times the rate of other working youth. Their long hours contribute to alarming drop-out rates. Government statistics show that barely half ever finish high school. According to the National Safety Council, agriculture is the second most dangerous occupation in the United States. However, current US child labor laws allow child farm workers to work longer hours, at younger ages, and under more hazardous conditions than other working youths. While children in other sectors must be 12 to be employed and cannot work more than 3 hours on a school day, in agriculture, children can work at age 12 for unlimited hours before and after school."[citation needed][11][12]


document_title: Orders of magnitude (energy)

question_text: amount of energy in the sun in joules

question_tokens: amount of energy in the sun in joules

text: Orders of magnitude (energy)

text: Below 1 J[edit]

text:
List of orders of magnitude for energy

Factor (Joules)
SI prefix
Value
Item

10−34

6.626×10−34 J
Photon energy of a photon with a frequency of 1 hertz.[1]

10−33

2×10−33 J
Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule at the lowest temperature reached, 100 picokelvins as of 1999[update][2]

10−28

6.6×10−28 J
Energy of a typical AM radio photon (1 MHz) (4×10−9 eV)[3]

10−24
Yocto- (yJ)
1.6×10−24 J
Energy of a typical microwave oven photon (2.45 GHz) (1×10−5 eV)[4][5]

10−23

2×10−23 J
Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule in the Boomerang Nebula, the coldest place known outside of a laboratory, at a temperature of 1 kelvin[6][7]

10−22

2-3000×10−22 J
Energy of infrared light photons[8]

10−21
Zepto- (zJ)
1.7×10−21 J
1 kJ/mol, converted to energy per molecule[9]

2.1×10−21 J
Thermal energy in each degree of freedom of a molecule at 25 °C (kT/2) (0.01 eV)[10]

2.856×10−21 J
By Landauer's principle, the minimum amount of energy required at 25 °C to change one bit of information

3–7×10−21 J
Energy of a van der Waals interaction between atoms (0.02–0.04 eV)[11][12]

4.1×10−21 J
The "kT" constant at 25 °C, a common rough approximation for the total thermal energy of each molecule in a system (0.03 eV)[13]

7–22×10−21 J
Energy of a hydrogen bond (0.04 to 0.13 eV)[11][14]

10−20

4.5×10−20 J
Upper bound of the mass-energy of a neutrino in particle physics (0.28 eV)[15][16]

10−19

1.6×10−19 J
≈1 electronvolt (eV)[17]

3–5×10−19 J
Energy range of photons in visible light[18][19]

3–14×10−19 J
Energy of a covalent bond (2–9 eV)[11][20]

5–200×10−19 J
Energy of ultraviolet light photons[8]

10−18
Atto- (aJ)

10−17

2-2000×10−17 J
Energy range of X-ray photons[8]

10−16

10−15
Femto- (fJ)
3 * 10−15 J
Average kinetic energy of one human red blood cell.[21][22][23]

10−14

1×10−14 J
Sound energy (vibration) transmitted to the eardrums by listening to a whisper for one second.[24][25][26]

> 2×10−14 J
Energy of gamma ray photons[8]

2.7×10−14 J
Upper bound of the mass-energy of a muon neutrino[27][28]

8.2×10−14 J
Rest mass-energy of an electron[29]

10−13

1.6×10−13 J
1 megaelectronvolt (MeV)[30]

10−12
Pico- (pJ)
2.3×10−12 J
Kinetic energy of neutrons produced by D-T fusion, used to trigger fission (14.1 MeV)[31][32]

10−11

3.4×10−11 J
Average total energy released in the nuclear fission of one uranium-235 atom (215 MeV)[33][34]

10−10

1.5030×10−10 J
Rest mass-energy of a proton[35]

1.505×10−10 J
Rest mass-energy of a neutron[36]

1.6×10−10 J
1 gigaelectronvolt (GeV)[37]

3×10−10 J
Rest mass-energy of a deuteron[38]

6×10−10 J
Rest mass-energy of an alpha particle[39]

7×10−10 J
Energy required to raise a grain of sand by 0.1mm (the thickness of a piece of paper).[40]

10−9
Nano- (nJ)
1.6×10−9 J
10 GeV[41]

8×10−9 J
Initial operating energy per beam of the CERN Large Electron Positron Collider in 1989 (50 GeV)[42][43]

10−8

1.3×10−8 J
Mass-energy of a W boson (80.4 GeV)[44][45]

1.5×10−8 J
Mass-energy of a Z boson (91.2 GeV)[46][47]

1.6×10−8 J
100 GeV[48]

2×10−8 J
Mass-energy of the Higgs Boson (125.1 GeV)[49]

6.4×10−8 J
Operating energy per proton of the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron accelerator in 1976[50][51]

10−7

1×10−7 J
≡ 1 erg[52]

1.6×10−7 J
1 TeV (teraelectronvolt),[53] about the kinetic energy of a flying mosquito[54]

10−6
Micro- (µJ)
1.04×10−6 J
Energy per proton in the CERN Large Hadron Collider in 2015 (6.5 TeV)[55][56]

10−5

10−4

10−3
Milli- (mJ)

10−2
Centi- (cJ)

10−1
Deci- (dJ)
1.1×10−1 J
Energy of an American half-dollar falling 1 metre[57][58]

tag: table

text: 1 to 105 J[edit]

text:
100
J
1 J
≡ 1 N·m (Newton–metre)

1 J
≡ 1 W·s (Watt-second)

1 J
Kinetic energy produced as an extra small apple (~100 grams[59]) falls 1 meter against Earth's gravity[60]

1 J
Energy required to heat 1 gram of dry, cool air by 1-degree Celsius[61]

1.4 J
≈ 1 ft·lbf (foot-pound force)[52]

4.184 J
≡ 1 thermochemical calorie (small calorie)[52]

4.1868 J
≡ 1 International (Steam) Table calorie[62]

8 J
Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin theoretical upper limit for the energy of a cosmic ray coming from a distant source[63][64]

101
Deca- (daJ)
5×101 J
The most energetic cosmic ray ever detected[65] was most likely a single proton traveling only slightly slower than the speed of light.[66]

102
Hecto- (hJ)
1×102 J
Flash energy of a typical pocket camera electronic flash capacitor (100–400 µF @ 330 V)[67][68]

3×102 J
Energy of a lethal dose of X-rays[69]

3×102 J
Kinetic energy of an average person jumping as high as they can[70][71][72]

3.3×102 J
Energy to melt 1 g of ice[73]

> 3.6×102 J
Kinetic energy of 800 g[74] standard men's javelin thrown at > 30 m/s[75] by elite javelin throwers[76]

5–20×102 J
Energy output of a typical photography studio strobe light in a single flash[77]

6×102 J
Kinetic energy of 2 kg[78] standard men's discus thrown at 24.4 m/s[citation needed] by the world record holder Jürgen Schult[79]

6×102 J
Use of a 10-watt flashlight for 1-minute

7.5×102 J
A power of 1 horsepower applied for 1 second[52]

7.8×102 J
Kinetic energy of 7.26 kg[80] standard men's shot thrown at 14.7 m/s[citation needed] by the world record holder Randy Barnes[81]

8.01×102 J
Amount of work needed to lift a man with an average weight (81.7 kg) one meter above earth (or any planet with earth gravity)

103
Kilo- (kJ)
1.1×103 J
≈ 1 British thermal unit (BTU), depending on the temperature[52]

1.4×103 J
Total solar radiation received from the Sun by 1 square meter at the altitude of Earth's orbit per second (solar constant)[82]

1.8×103 J
Kinetic energy of M16 rifle bullet (5.56×45mm NATO M855, 4.1 g fired at 930 m/s)[83]

2.3×103 J
Energy to vaporize 1 g of water into steam[84]

3×103 J
Lorentz force can crusher pinch[85]

3.4×103 J
Kinetic energy of world-record men's hammer throw (7.26 kg[86] thrown at 30.7 m/s[87] in 1986)[88]

3.6×103 J
≡ 1 W·h (Watt-hour)[52]

4.2×103 J
Energy released by explosion of 1 gram of TNT[52][89]

4.2×103 J
≈ 1 food Calorie (large calorie)

~7×103 J
Muzzle energy of an elephant gun, e.g. firing a .458 Winchester Magnum[90]

9×103 J
Energy in an alkaline AA battery[91]

104

1.7×104 J
Energy released by the metabolism of 1 gram of carbohydrates[92] or protein[93]

3.8×104 J
Energy released by the metabolism of 1 gram of fat[94]

4–5×104 J
Energy released by the combustion of 1 gram of gasoline[95]

5×104 J
Kinetic energy of 1 gram of matter moving at 10 km/s[96]

105

3×105 J—15×105 J
Kinetic energy of an automobile at highway speeds (1 to 5 tons[97] at 89 km/h or 55 mph)[98]

5×105 J
Kinetic energy of 1 gram of a meteor hitting Earth[99]

text: 106 to 1011 J[edit]

text:
106
Mega- (MJ)
1×106 J
Kinetic energy of a 2 tonne[97] vehicle at 32 metres per second (115 km/h or 72 mph)[100]

1.2×106 J
Approximate food energy of a snack such as a Snickers bar (280 food calories)[101]

3.6×106 J
= 1 kWh (kilowatt-hour) (used for electricity)[52]

4.2×106 J
Energy released by explosion of 1 kilogram of TNT[52][89]

8.4×106 J
Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active woman (2000 food calories)[102][103]

107

1×107 J
Kinetic energy of the armor-piercing round fired by the assault guns of the ISU-152 tank[104][citation needed]

1.1×107 J
Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active man (2600 food calories)[102][105]

3.7×107 J
$1 of electricity at a cost of $0.10/kWh (the US average retail cost in 2009)[106][107][108]

4×107 J
Energy from the combustion of 1 cubic meter of natural gas[109]

4.2×107 J
Caloric energy consumed by Olympian Michael Phelps on a daily basis during Olympic training[110]

6.3×107 J
Theoretical minimum energy required to accelerate 1 kg of matter to escape velocity from Earth's surface (ignoring atmosphere)[111]

108

1×108 J
Kinetic energy of a 55 tonne aircraft at typical landing speed (59 m/s or 115 knots)[citation needed]

1.1×108 J
≈ 1 therm, depending on the temperature[52]

1.1×108 J
≈ 1 Tour de France, or ~90 hours[112] ridden at 5 W/kg[113] by a 65 kg rider[114]

7.3×108 J
≈ Energy from burning 16 kilograms of oil (using 135 kg per barrel of light crude)[citation needed]

109
Giga- (GJ)
1–10×109 J
Energy in an average lightning bolt[115] (thunder)

1.1×109 J
Magnetic stored energy in the world's largest toroidal superconducting magnet for the ATLAS experiment at CERN, Geneva[116]

1.2×109 J
Inflight 100-ton Boeing 757-200 at 300 knots (154 m/s)

1.4x109 J
Theoretical minimum amount of energy required to melt a tonne of steel (380 kWh)[117][118]

2x109 J
Energy of an ordinary 61 liter gasoline tank of a car.[95][119][120]

2×109 J
Planck energy, the unit of energy in Planck units[121]

3×109 J
Inflight 125-ton Boeing 767-200 flying at 373 knots (192 m/s)

3.3×109 J
Approximate average amount of energy expended by a human heart muscle over an 80-year lifetime[122][123]

4.2×109 J
Energy released by explosion of 1 ton of TNT.

4.5×109 J
Average annual energy usage of a standard refrigerator[124][125]

6.1×109 J
≈ 1 bboe (barrel of oil equivalent)[126]

1010

2.3×1010 J
Kinetic energy of an Airbus A380 at cruising speed (560 tonnes at 562 knots or 289 m/s)[citation needed]

4.2×1010 J
≈ 1 toe (ton of oil equivalent)[126]

5×1010 J
Yield energy of a Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, the second most powerful non-nuclear weapon ever designed[127][128]

7.3×1010 J
Energy consumed by the average U.S. automobile in the year 2000[129][130][131]

8.6×1010 J
≈ 1 MW·d (megawatt-day), used in the context of power plants[132]

8.8×1010 J
Total energy released in the nuclear fission of one gram of uranium-235[33][34][133]

1011

2.4×1011 J
Approximate food energy consumed by an average human in an 80-year lifetime.[134]

text: 1012 to 1017 J[edit]

text:
1012
Tera- (TJ)
3.4×1012 J
Maximum fuel energy of an Airbus A330-300 (97,530 liters[135] of Jet A-1[136])[137]

3.6×1012 J
1 GW·h (gigawatt-hour)[138]

4×1012 J
Electricity generated by one 20-kg CANDU fuel bundle assuming ~29%[139] thermal efficiency of reactor[140][141]

6.4×1012 J
Energy contained in jet fuel in a Boeing 747-100B aircraft at max fuel capacity (183,380 liters[142] of Jet A-1[136])[143]

1013

1.1×1013 J
Energy of the maximum fuel an Airbus A380 can carry (320,000 liters[144] of Jet A-1[136])[145]

1.2×1013 J
Orbital kinetic energy of the International Space Station (417 tonnes[146] at 7.7 km/s[147])[148]

6.3×1013 J
Yield of the Little Boy atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in World War II (15 kilotons)[149][150]

9×1013 J
Theoretical total mass-energy of 1 gram of matter[151]

1014

3.75×1014 J
Total energy released by the Chelyabinsk meteor.[152]

6×1014 J
Energy released by an average hurricane in 1 second[153]

1015
Peta- (PJ)
> 1015 J
Energy released by a severe thunderstorm[154]

1×1015 J
Yearly electricity consumption in Greenland as of 2008[155][156]

4.2×1015 J
Energy released by explosion of 1 megaton of TNT[52][157]

1016

1×1016 J
Estimated impact energy released in forming Meteor Crater[citation needed]

1.1×1016 J
Yearly electricity consumption in Mongolia as of 2010[155][158]

9×1016 J
Mass-energy in 1 kilogram of antimatter (or matter)[159]

1017

1×1017 J
Energy released on the Earth's surface by the magnitude 9.1–9.3 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake[160]

1.7×1017 J
Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each second[161]

2.1×1017 J
Yield of the Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear weapon ever tested (50 megatons)[162][163]

4.2×1017 J
Yearly electricity consumption of Norway as of 2008[155][164]

4.5×1017 J
Approximate energy needed to accelerate one ton to one-tenth of the speed of light

8×1017 J
Estimated energy released by the eruption of the Indonesian volcano, Krakatoa, in 1883[165][166]

text: 1018 to 1023 J[edit]

text:
1018
Exa- (EJ)
1.4×1018 J
Yearly electricity consumption of South Korea as of 2009[155][167]

1019

1.4×1019 J
Yearly electricity consumption in the U.S. as of 2009[155][168]

1.4×1019J
Yearly electricity production in the U.S. as of 2009[169][170]

5×1019 J
Energy released in 1-day by an average hurricane in producing rain (400 times greater than the wind energy)[153]

6.4×1019 J
Yearly electricity consumption of the world as of 2008[update][171][172]

6.8×1019 J
Yearly electricity generation of the world as of 2008[update][171][173]

1020

5x1020 J
Total world annual energy consumption in 2010[174][175]

8×1020 J
Estimated global uranium resources for generating electricity 2005[176][177][178][179]

1021
Zetta- (ZJ)
6.9×1021 J
Estimated energy contained in the world's natural gas reserves as of 2010[174][180]

7.9×1021 J
Estimated energy contained in the world's petroleum reserves as of 2010[174][181]

1022

1.5×1022J
Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each day[161][182]

2.4×1022 J
Estimated energy contained in the world's coal reserves as of 2010[174][183]

2.9×1022 J
Identified global uranium-238 resources using fast reactor technology[176]

3.9×1022 J
Estimated energy contained in the world's fossil fuel reserves as of 2010[174][184]

4×1022 J
Estimated total energy released by the magnitude 9.1–9.3 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake[185]

1023

2.2×1023 J
Total global uranium-238 resources using fast reactor technology[176]

5×1023 J
Approximate energy released in the formation of the Chicxulub Crater in the Yucatán Peninsula[186]

text: Over 1024 J[edit]

text:
1024
Yotta- (YJ)
5.5×1024 J
Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each year[161][187]

1025

6×1025 J
Energy released by a typical solar flare

1026

1.3×1026 J
Conservative estimate of the energy released by the impact that created the Caloris basin on Mercury[citation needed]

3.8×1026 J
Total energy output of the Sun each second[188]

1027

1028

3.8×1028 J
Kinetic energy of the Moon in its orbit around the Earth (counting only its velocity relative to the Earth)[189][190]

1029

2.1×1029 J
Rotational energy of the Earth[191][192][193]

1030

1.8×1030 J
Gravitational binding energy of Mercury

1031

3.3×1031 J
Total energy output of the Sun each day[188][194]

1032

2×1032 J
Gravitational binding energy of the Earth[195]

1033

2.7×1033 J
Earth's kinetic energy in its orbit[196]

1034

1.2×1034 J
Total energy output of the Sun each year[188][197]

1039

6.6×1039 J
Theoretical total mass-energy of the Moon

1041

5.4×1041 J
Theoretical total mass-energy of the Earth[198][199]

6.87×1041 J
Gravitational binding energy of the Sun[200]

1043

5×1043 J
Total energy of all gamma rays in a typical gamma-ray burst[201][202]

1044

1–2×1044 J
Estimated energy released in a supernova,[203] sometimes referred to as a foe

7044120000000000000♠1.2×1044 J
Approximate lifetime energy output of the Sun.

1045

7045110000000000000♠(1.1±0.2)×1045 J
Brightest observed hypernova ASASSN-15lh[204]

few times×1045 J
Beaming-corrected 'True' total energy (Energy in gamma rays+relativistic kinetic energy) of hyper-energetic Gamma Ray Burst[205][206][207][208][209]

1046

1×1046 J
Estimated energy released in a hypernova[210]

1047

1.8×1047 J
Theoretical total mass-energy of the Sun[211][212]

5.4×1047 J
Mass-energy emitted as gravitational waves during the merger of two black holes, originally about 30 Solar masses each, as observed by LIGO[213]

8.8×1047 J
GRB 080916C - the most powerful Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) ever recorded - total 'apparent'/isotropic (not corrected for beaming) energy output estimated at 8.8 × 1047 joules (8.8 × 1054 erg), or 4.9 times the sun’s mass turned to energy.[214]

1053

6x1053 J
Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the RBS 797[215]

1054

3x1054 J
Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the Hercules A (3C 348)[216]

1055

1055 J
Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the MS 0735.6+7421

1058

4×1058 J
Visible mass-energy in our galaxy, the Milky Way[217][218]

1059

1×1059 J
Total mass-energy of our galaxy, the Milky Way, including dark matter and dark energy[219][220]

1062

1–2×1062 J
Total mass-energy of the Virgo Supercluster including dark matter, the Supercluster which contains the Milky Way[221]

1069

4×1069 J
Estimated total mass-energy of the observable universe[222]

text: SI multiples[edit]

text:
SI multiples for joule (J)

Submultiples

Multiples

Value
SI symbol
Name
Value
SI symbol
Name

10−1 J
dJ
decijoule
101 J
daJ
decajoule

10−2 J
cJ
centijoule
102 J
hJ
hectojoule

10−3 J
mJ
millijoule
103 J
kJ
kilojoule

10−6 J
µJ
microjoule
106 J
MJ
megajoule

10−9 J
nJ
nanojoule
109 J
GJ
gigajoule

10−12 J
pJ
picojoule
1012 J
TJ
terajoule

10−15 J
fJ
femtojoule
1015 J
PJ
petajoule

10−18 J
aJ
attojoule
1018 J
EJ
exajoule

10−21 J
zJ
zeptojoule
1021 J
ZJ
zettajoule

10−24 J
yJ
yoctojoule
1024 J
YJ
yottajoule

text: This SI unit is named after James Prescott Joule. As with every International System of Units (SI) unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case (J). However, when an SI unit is spelled out in English, it should always begin with a lower case letter (joule)—except in a situation where any word in that position would be capitalized, such as at the beginning of a sentence or in material using title case. Note that "degree Celsius" conforms to this rule because the "d" is lowercase.— Based on The International System of Units, section 5.2.


document_title: Dragon Ball Super

question_text: who owns the rights to dragon ball super

text: Dragon Ball Super

text: Plot[edit]

text: Sometime after the defeat of Majin Buu, peace has returned to Earth. Son Goku has settled down and works as a farmer to support his family. His family and friends live peaceful lives.[5] However, a new threat appears in the form of Beerus the Destroyer, who is considered to be the most terrifying and the second most powerful being in the 7th Universe. After awakening from decades of slumber, Beerus tells Whis, his attendant, that he is eager to fight the legendary warrior whom he had seen in a prophecy known as the Super Saiyan God (超（スーパー）サイヤ人ゴッド, Sūpā Saiya-jin Goddo).[6] To protect Earth, Goku transforms into the Super Saiyan God to fight Beerus by using the power of five Super Saiyans, which includes Vegeta, Gohan, Son Goten, Trunks, and the baby in Videl's womb. Despite losing, Goku's efforts appease the God of Destruction enough that he decides to spare the planet.

text: While Goku and Vegeta leave with Beerus and Whis to train for a year, the remaining remnants of Frieza's army arrive on Earth in search for the Dragon Balls to revive Frieza. A few months after coming back to life and training, Frieza gathers his forces and returns to enact his revenge on Goku. Despite achieving a new transformation, he is defeated by Goku and Vegeta, who have both mastered the Super Saiyan God Super Saiyan transformation. Frieza destroys the Earth in retaliation. With Whis's ability to turn back time, Goku is able to kill Frieza again.

text: Champa, Beerus' brother and the Destroyer of the 6th Universe, convinces Beerus to hold a tournament between the best fighters from each god's universe for the possession of Earth. Goku and some of his friends join the tournament. Each match in the tournament shows different surprises and abilities. The tournament reaches its climax in the second-to-last match, between Goku and Hit. After a failed attempt to lift the rules to face Hit in his full power, Goku forfeits the match. However, Hit then forfeits the next and final match, as he was inspired by Goku to do the same thing. The tournament concludes with the 7th Universe's victory.

text: Goku later meets and befriends Grand Zenō, who is the king of all universes. Goku promises to bring him a friend to play with. Later, Future Trunks reappears and brings news of a new and powerful enemy resembling Goku, who is known as Goku Black. Goku and the others eventually discover that Goku Black is actually a Supreme Kai apprentice from the 10th Universe named Zamasu, who hijacked Goku's body from a different world, as part of his plan to attain immortality and wipe out all mortals.[7] In the end, Zamasu is erased along with the entire future world by the future Grand Zenō, who accompanies Goku back to his world. Goku fulfills his promise to Grand Zenō by introducing him to his future self.

text: Some time after Future Trunks returns home, Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō hold a new tournament called the Tournament of Power (力の大会, Chikara no Taikai). At Goku's suggestion, the multiverse tournament features teams of fighters from 8 of the 12 universes. However, it becomes a battle for survival when both kings declare that the universes defeated at the tournament will be erased.[8] Goku, Vegeta, Gohan, Krillin, Android 17, Android 18, Piccolo, Tien, Master Roshi, and a temporarily revived Frieza join the tournament as representatives for the 7th Universe to protect it. The 7th Universe team must battle against many formidable enemies from the other universes, particularly the 11th Universe's Pride Troopers and their incredibly powerful leader, Jiren. During the fight, Goku briefly attains a new godly form known as Ultra Instinct (身勝手の極意, Migatte no Gokui), which increases his agility and power and allows him to move automatically without his brain needing to send signals to his body.[9] The tournament ends with Goku and Frieza taking Jiren down along with themselves, which leaves Android 17 the sole contestant remaining and the winner of the Tournament of Power. He is awarded one wish from the Super Dragon Balls, which he uses to restore all of the erased universes. For his efforts in the tournament, Frieza is fully revived and rebuilds his army, while Goku and his friends return to their daily lives on Earth.

text: Production[edit]

text: In addition to his role as the series creator, Akira Toriyama is also credited for the "original story and character design concepts" of the new anime originally directed by Kimitoshi Chioka.[4] Toriyama elaborated on his involvement with the "Future Trunks arc" saying he created the story based on suggestions from the editorial department, "As with last time, I wrote the overall plot outline, and the scriptwriters have been compiling and expanded the story content into individual episodes, making various changes and additions, and generally doing their best to make the story more interesting."[10] In addition to new characters designed by Toriyama, other characters for the "Universe Survival arc" were designed by Toyotarou, artist of the anime's manga adaptation, and a few by both.[11]

text: Toei Animation producer Atsushi Kido previously worked on Dragon Ball Z for a brief time during the Freeza arc, while Fuji TV producer Osamu Nozaki said he has been a fan of the series since childhood.[12] Morio Hatano, series director of Saint Seiya Omega (episodes #1–51), began sharing the series director credit with Chioka beginning with episode #33, before taking it over completely with #47. From episode #68 to #76, Morio Hatano shared the role of series director with Kōhei Hatano (no relation), another storyboard artist and episode director for the series.

text: Masako Nozawa reprises her roles as Son Goku, Son Gohan, and Son Goten.[4] Most of the original cast reprise their roles as well.[7][13] However, Jōji Yanami's roles as Kaiō-sama and the narrator were indefinitely taken over by Naoki Tatsuta as of episode 12, so that Yanami could take medical leave.[14] Kōichi Yamadera and Masakazu Morita also return as Beerus and Whis, respectively.[13] Due to Hiromi Tsuru's passing shortly before the end of the series, her role as Bulma was recast to Aya Hisakawa for the remaining episodes.

text: The first preview of the series aired on June 14, 2015, following episode 164 of Dragon Ball Z Kai.[15] The next day, the main promotional image for Dragon Ball Super was added to its official website and unveiled two new characters,[13] who were later revealed to be named Champa and Vados, respectively.[16] A thirty-second trailer including the new characters was uploaded to the series' official website on June 26, 2015.[17] On January 19, 2018, it was revealed that Super's timeslot will be replaced with GeGeGe no Kitarō starting on April 1, 2018. According to Amazon Japan, the final Blu-ray set indicated the series' end at episode 131.[18] The series ended on March 25, 2018, with the conclusion of the "Universe Survival Saga". Fuji TV stated that no definite plans were made to either continue the series at a later date or discontinue it entirely.[19]

text: English production and broadcasting[edit]

text: Dragon Ball Super received an English-language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia and India on January 21, 2017. This dub is produced by Los Angeles based Bang Zoom! Entertainment for the Asian market. A sneak preview of the English dub's first episode aired on December 17, 2016.[20] Production on the Bang Zoom! dub ended after episode 27.[21][22]

text: On November 4, 2016, Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to Dragon Ball Super and would be producing an English dub, with many cast members of their previous English-language releases of Dragon Ball media reprising their respective roles.As well as officially announcing the dub, it was also announced they would be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform, FunimationNow.[23][24] On December 7, 2016, IGN reported that the Funimation English dub of Dragon Ball Super would air on Adult Swim Saturdays at 8 p.m. with an encore showing in their Toonami block later that night at 11:30 p.m. starting on January 7, 2017.[25] This was later confirmed on Toonami's official Facebook page.[26] The United States premiere of Dragon Ball Super obtained 1,063,000 viewers for its 8 p.m. showing on Adult Swim.[27]

text: Toonami Africa started airing Dragon Ball Super in Fall 2017 at 15:00 CAT (Central African Time) with an edited Funimation English Dub.

text: Music[edit]

text:
"Chōzetsu☆Dynamic!"

Sample of "Chōzetsu☆Dynamic!" performed by Kazuya Yoshii, the opening theme song for the first 76 episodes of the show.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Norihito Sumitomo, the composer for Battle of Gods and Resurrection 'F', is scoring Dragon Ball Super.[28] An original soundtrack for the anime was released on CD by Nippon Columbia on February 24, 2016.[29]

text: The first opening theme song for episodes 1 to 76 is "Chōzetsu☆Dynamic!" (超絶☆ダイナミック！, Chōzetsu Dainamikku, "Excellent Dynamic!") by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey. The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series.[30] The second opening theme song for episodes 77 to 131 is "Genkai Toppa × Survivor" (限界突破×サバイバー, "Limit Breakthrough × Survivor") by enka singer Kiyoshi Hikawa. Yukinojo Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock song. Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music.[31][32]

text: The first ending theme song for episodes 1 to 12 is "Hello Hello Hello" (ハローハローハロー, Harō Harō Harō) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America.[30] The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is "Starring Star" (スターリングスター, Sutāringu Sutā) by the group Key Talk.[33] The singer for Funimation's English dub is Professor Shyguy.[34] The third ending song for episodes 26 to 36 is "Usubeni" (薄紅, "Light Pink") by the band Lacco Tower. The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is "Forever Dreaming" by Czecho No Republic.[35] The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is "Yokayoka Dance" (よかよかダンス, Yokayoka Dansu, "It's Fine Dance") by idol group Batten Showjo Tai.[36] The sixth ending theme song for episodes 60 to 72 is "Chao Han Music" (炒飯MUSIC, Chāhan Myūjikku) by Arukara.[37] The seventh ending theme song for episodes 73 to 83 is "Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma" (悪の天使と正義の悪魔, "Evil Angel and Righteous Devil") by The Collectors.[38] The eighth ending theme song for episodes 84 to 96 is "Boogie Back" by Miyu Inoue.[39][40] The ninth ending theme song for episodes 97 to 108 is "Haruka" (遥) by Lacco Tower.[41] The tenth ending theme song for episodes 109 to 121 is "70cm Shiho no Madobe" (70cm四方の窓辺, "By a 70cm Square Window") by RottenGraffty.[42][43] The eleventh ending theme song for episodes 122 to 131 is "Lagrima" by OnePixcel.[44]

text: Related media[edit]

text: Dragon Ball Super is being adapted into a manga illustrated by artist Toyotarou, who was previously responsible for the official Resurrection 'F' manga adaptation.[45] Toyotarou explained that he receives the major plot points from Toriyama, before drawing the storyboard and filling in the details in between himself. He sends the storyboard to Toriyama for review.[46] It began serialization in the August 2015 issue of V Jump, which was released on June 20, 2015.[47] Shueisha began collecting the chapters into tankōbon volumes with the first published on April 4, 2016.[48] Viz Media began posting free English translations of the manga chapters to their website on June 24, 2016.[49] A print release of the first volume followed in spring 2017.[50]

text: An animated film is also in the works, and it will be the first film in the franchise to be produced under the Dragon Ball Super title. The film will be released on December 14, 2018. It will be a continuation to the series that will act as a new arc. A poster showcasing the film's new art style was released on March 12, 2018.[51] A teaser depicting Goku facing off against an unknown Saiyan (who is the movie's original character that was designed by Akira Toriyama) was released a week later.[52][53]

text: The anime episodes are being released on Japanese Blu-ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each. The first set was released on December 2, 2015. The second set was released on March 2, 2016. The third set was released on July 2, 2016. The fourth set was released on October 4, 2016.[54]

text: Bandai announced that a line of Dragon Ball Super toys would be available in the United States in summer 2017.[55] Bandai has also announced the updated Dragon Ball Super Card Game that starts with one starter deck, one special pack containing 4 booster packs and a promotional Vegeta card and a booster box with 24 packs. It was released on July 28, 2017.[56] A line of six Dragon Ball Super Happy Meal toys were made available at Japanese McDonald's restaurants in May 2017.[57]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The average audience TV rating in Japan was 5.6% (Kanto region). The maximum audience rating was 8.4% (Episode 47) and the lowest rating was 3.5% (Episodes 109-110).[58]

text: First impressions of the series' debut episode were mostly positive with the quality of animation being praised the most.[59] Richard Eisenbeis of Kotaku praised the series' title sequence and said "My middle-school self is so happy right now, you guys."[60] Jamieson Cox of The Verge also praised the title sequence and said that "Dragon Ball Super's intro will have you begging for its North American release". Cox was also surprised that, considering how popular the franchise is, the series did not launch internationally at the same time. He called it "a move that wouldn't be unprecedented" giving Sailor Moon Crystal as an example.[61] Lucas Siegel of Comicbook.com praised the debut episode for its "laid back plotline" and animation style and said that the debut was "very much put out as a "slice of life" episode". Siegel also noted that the premiere episode was more of a "where are they now" introduction to the series that will eventually help build anticipation for "where will they be."[62]

text: However, the fifth episode received harsh criticism from Japanese and Western audiences due to its poor animation style compared to the previous four episodes.[63][64] Dragon Ball Kai and Resurrection 'F' producer Norihiro Hayashida felt that the criticism was overblown. He said that people were criticizing the entire series based on a few bad sequences that were done by new animators. He went on to explain a quality decline in the anime industry that he believes is the result of studios cutting time given for post-production and not allowing for reviews of the final product.[65] Toei Animation improved the animation for episode five's Blu-ray and DVD release.[66]

text: The twenty-fourth episode of the series also received harsh criticism from both Japanese and western audiences due to its poor animation style, which continued throughout several episodes compared to its previous episodes. However, the Champa Arc was praised for improving its animation. Episode 39 of the series was critically acclaimed for its improved animation and praised fighting sequences. Attack of the Fanboy reported that "Dragon Ball Super" episode 39 may be the best installment of the series to date.[67] Goku and Hit's fight "starts off explosively from the get-go."[68] The Future Trunks Arc also garnered positive reception from fans and critics alike. IGN's Shawn Saris acclaiming Episode 66, stating that, "Episode 66 of Dragon Ball Super has a few missteps but ultimately leads to a great final battle with Zamasu."[69]

text: The final arc, "Universe Survival Arc," garnered much more positive reception than previous arcs. Several episodes such as 109/110 and 116 have been cited as some of the Super series' best episodes;[70][71] WatchMojo.com listed the fight between Goku and Jiren in episodes 109/110 as the best anime fight of 2017.[72] Despite this praise, Jay Gibbs of ComicsVerse criticized the series for its inconsistent narrative, having heard "an explanation within an episode, then see that very explanation invalidated seconds later." [73]

text: All four volumes of Dragon Ball Super's manga adaptation have charted on Oricon's weekly list of the best-selling manga; volumes one and two sold 29,995 and 56,947 copies in their debut weeks respectively.[74][75] Volume three was the fourth best-selling for its week with 92,114 copies sold,[76] and volume four was fourth its week with 150,889.[77] According to Nielsen BookScan, the English version of volume one was the second best-selling graphic novel of May 2017,[78] the ninth of June,[79] the fourteenth of July,[80] and the eighteenth of August.[81]

text: The show's penultimate episode and the finale were live streamed in several cities in Mexico, El Salvador, Ecuador, and Nicaragua for free in public venues.[82][83]


document_title: England at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: when was the last time england made a world cup quarter final

question_tokens: when was the last time england made a world cup quarter final

text: England at the FIFA World Cup

text: History[edit]

text: Brazil 1950[edit]

text: England's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship. The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park, Cardiff, against Wales. Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes, and just seven minutes later, Jackie Milburn doubled the lead. This was the first goal of Milburn's hat trick, which left England 4–0 up with 20 minutes to play. Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time, but England held on for a comfortable victory.

text: A month later, England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road, and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes. England were already 6–0 up, thanks to Jack Froggatt, two for Stan Pearson, Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley, by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes. Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth's goal, however, leaving the score at 8–1 at the hour mark. The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that, with only one apeice before the final whistle, with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England's ninth, and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland.

text: It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland, who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales. With the top two from the group qualifying, both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals, and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship, and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil. A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory, the title and the top spot in the group.

text: 1950 Finals[edit]

text: England were seeded in pot one for the finals, which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2, which also contained Spain, Chile and the United States. England's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro, and, as was expected, England cruised to a 2–0 victory, courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion.[citation needed]

text: Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time. Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory, which has gone down as one of the World Cup's greatest upsets. A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back, they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10–1 in England's favour. However, this has proven to be untrue.[5]

text: This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match, against Spain in Rio. They needed to win, and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through, and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour. As it turned out, no such calculations were necessary, despite Chile's victory, as Spain's Zarra scored the only goal of the game, eliminating England from the competition.

text: Switzerland 1954[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: As with their first World Cup, England's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953–54 British Home Championship. They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again, and the 4–1 result was the same. However, unlike four years earlier, it was the home side that went into the lead, after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch. Despite being 1–0 down at half time, England scored four within eight minutes of the restart; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse.

text: Goodison Park was the venue for England's home clash against Ireland, who were newly renamed Northern Ireland. Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes. Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark, but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later. Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3–1 win for England.

text: With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals, the final game between England and Scotland, at Hampden Park, settled nothing except the placings within the group, despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3–3 draw at home to Wales. Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes, but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later. Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time, and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen's 68th-minute goal. Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time, and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play, England topped the competition for the second time in a row.

text: 1954 Finals[edit]

text: England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals, with hosts Switzerland, Italy and Belgium. In an odd twist, unique to the 1954 tournament, England and Italy, as the two seeded teams in the group, did not have to play each other.

text: Equally, Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other. England's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel, and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes. Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later, and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later, it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians.

text: Broadis scored his second just after the hour, but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3–2 down. Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again. In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup, drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time, and as such the teams played on with the score at 3–3.

text: Just one minute into the added period, Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it, but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4–4. It stayed this way until the extra period was up, and as penalty shoot-outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group, the match was recorded as a draw.

text: England's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern. This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions, and they scored one goal in each half (from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively) to give them a comfortable win of 2–0. As Switzerland (against England), Italy (against Switzerland) and Belgium (against Italy) had all lost one game, England progressed as group winners, along with Switzerland, who won a play-off against Italy.

text: England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter-finals. Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes, but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later. England were clearly struggling, but held on until just before half time, when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay.

text: Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break, but Tom Finney kept England's foot in the door with his sixty seventh-minute goal. However, it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two-goal lead with twelve minutes to play. The score remained at 4–2, and England were eliminated from the cup.

text: Sweden 1958[edit]

text: For the first time, England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden. They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark. In the qualifying round, England won three out of the four games and drew the other. Four months before the World Cup, Roger Byrne, Duncan Edwards, David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United. At the finals, which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part, the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups.

text: England were drawn against the Soviet Union (2–2), Brazil (0–0) and Austria (2–2), who finished third in the 1954 World Cup. At the end of the group stage, Soviet Union and England each had three points, and had scored four goals and conceded four goals. This meant there was a play-off to decide the second-placed team in the group, the winner to qualify. England lost the play-off 1–0 and were thus knocked out. The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose.

text: Chile 1962[edit]

text: The third World Cup which took place in South America, saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group, which contained Portugal and Luxembourg, defeating Luxembourg on both occasions, and defeating Portugal at home, and drawing in Lisbon.

text: At the finals, England were drawn in a group with Hungary, Argentina and Bulgaria. England defeated Argentina 3-1, thanks to goals from Ron Flowers, Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves,[6] before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria, and a 2–1 defeat to Hungary.[7]

text: England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3, defending champions Brazil, in the quarter-finals. Brazil scored first through Garrincha, before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time. However, second-half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3–1, and eliminated England from the competition.[8] This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom's last game in charge. Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals. From May 1963, Alf Ramsey became the manager of England.

text: England 1966[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2018)

text: In the 1966 World Cup Finals, England used their home advantage and, under Ramsey, won their first, and only, World Cup title. England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London, which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege. After drawing 0–0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay, which started a run of four games all ending goalless. England then beat both France and Mexico 2–0 and qualified for the quarter-finals.[citation needed]

text: The quarter-finals saw England play Argentina, which ended in a 1–0 win to England. This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina, when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game. A 2–1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed. Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament. The final saw England play West Germany, with the result finishing in a 4–2 win for England, after extra time.[citation needed]

text: Mexico 1970[edit]

text: 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup. England were drawn in a group with Romania, former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia. Each of the matches only saw one goal, with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia, and losing to Brazil. The quarter-final saw a repeat of the 1966 final, with England playing West Germany. England were hampered by the fact that first-choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill, and Peter Bonetti played instead. England led 2–0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters, but in the 70th minute, Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany.

text: After Beckenbauer's goal, Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton, who overtook Billy Wright as England's most capped player ever, with caps totalling 106. Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute, thereby taking the game into extra time. During extra time, Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3–2. This turned out to be Charlton's last game for England.[9]

text: West Germany 1974[edit]

text: For the first time, England did not qualify for a World Cup. In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales, England could not overtake Poland. After only drawing at home to Wales 1–1 and losing the first leg 2–0 to Poland, meant that England had to beat Poland at home, whilst Poland only needed to draw. Poland managed to withstand England's attacks in the first half, who had Martin Peters playing for them. Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski.

text: England equalised six minutes later, with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke. England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay. Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a "clown".[10] The commentator of the game then said "it's all over".[11] Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place. After failing to qualify, Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time, where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years, no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years. This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager.[12]

text: Argentina 1978[edit]

text: England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America. This time, England were denied by Italy, who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points. Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head-to-head record between the two sides finished the same, following a 2–0 home win for each team. The lower-ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg, but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive. Nevertheless, Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England, after taking the role in 1977.

text: Spain 1982[edit]

text: 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams, where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup. Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania, Switzerland and Norway.

text: At the finals, England won all three group games, defeating France 3-1, with a brace from Bryan Robson,[13] before beating Czechoslovakia 2–0, with a Jozef Barmos own goal, [14] and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1–0, thanks to a Trevor Francis goal.[15]

text: The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams, a first time event at the World Cup. England drew with West Germany 0–0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2–1, England then had to beat Spain with a two-goal difference to progress to the next round. England, however, only managed a 0–0 draw against the Spanish. England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament. After the World Cup, Ron Greenwood's time as England manager ended, and he was replaced by Bobby Robson.

text: Mexico 1986[edit]

text: 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico. England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland, who qualified in second place, Romania, Finland and Turkey. In Mexico, England lost their opening game to Portugal 1–0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco. The final group game, however, saw England beat Poland 3–0, which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup, with Gary Lineker scoring a hat-trick.

text: This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco. England then also beat Paraguay 3–0 in the Round of 16. In the quarter-finals, England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals, both scored by Diego Maradona. Maradona's first goal, known as the Hand of God, was illegal and should not have counted, as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net. However, the referee missed this infringement, and ruled that the goal should stand. Maradona then made the score 2-0, famously dribbling from inside Argentina's half and around several English players before scoring. Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2-1, but England ran out of time to equalise, and were eliminated. Nevertheless, Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England's first Golden Boot winner.

text: Italy 1990[edit]

text: By winning three and drawing three, England qualified for Italia '90, the second World Cup to be held in Italy, scoring ten goals and conceding none. England were unbeaten through qualification, winning three games, and drawing the remaining three, but still finished second to Sweden, whom they drew with twice.[16] England profited from Romania's 3–1 win over Denmark, who, had they won, would have qualified as the third-best second-placed team. West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia '90 as the best second-placed teams in the groups with four teams.

text: Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches, England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily. In group F, was the European champions Netherlands, the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England. After opening the tournament with a 1–1 draw against Ireland and a 0–0 draw against the Dutch, England then beat Egypt 1–0. This was Egypt's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup.[citation needed] England won the group with four points.[17]

text: In the next round, England had to play Belgium. The game went to extra time, and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute, David Platt scored the winning goal.[18] England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter-finals. Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter-finals. England opened the scoring through David Platt, but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2-1. Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time. He then scored a second penalty, to see England reach the semi-finals.[19]

text: In the semi-finals, England met West Germany. There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes, which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games. There was also no separating the two teams after extra time, thereby taking the game to penalties.[20]

text: Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty, he was unable to save any. German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner, having failed to save any of England's first three penalties, saved England's fourth penalty, taken by Stuart Pearce. Olaf Thon then scored for Germany, meaning that England's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans' fifth penalty. However, Waddle's penalty missed completely, going high over the crossbar, thereby resulting in England's being knocked out of the competition.[20] The third-place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time. Even though this was England's best finish since the 1966 World Cup, Bobby Robson's time as England manager had come to an end.[21][22]

text: United States 1994[edit]

text: For the 1994 World Cup in the United States, under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor, England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament. In a group with six teams, England lost to Norway and the Netherlands, finishing third above Poland, Turkey and San Marino.

text: England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven-goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify.[23] In the game against San Marino, Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds, taking the lead for the outsiders. England went on to win 7–1, which was too small a goal margin. Additionally, despite the half-time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1-1, the Dutch went on to win 3-1, meaning that however many goals England scored, they could still not qualify. Taylor's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables, who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996, hosted in England.[12]

text: France 1998[edit]

text: After missing out on the World Cup in 1994, England, managed by Glenn Hoddle, qualified for the World Cup in France. England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy, Poland, Georgia and Moldova. England beat Poland, Georgia and Moldova both home and away, but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically; defeat would see them have to navigate a play-off to secure qualification. The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group.

text: At the finals in France, England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2–0 in the first game, with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes.[24] Their second match saw England lose 2–1 to Romania; despite an 81st-minute equaliser from Michael Owen, Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time. In their final group game, England defeated Colombia 2–0 in the decisive match, thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham.[25] England finished second in Group G, which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase, and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H, Argentina.

text: In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties, David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence, knocking over Diego Simeone.[26][27] Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game, before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later. England took the lead through Owen, in the 16th minute. Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half.

text: The game finished 2-2, and, as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time, penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round. While David Seaman did save one penalty, Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two, including the vital one from David Batty, thereby knocking England out of the World Cup. Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post.[28][29]

text: South Korea/Japan 2002[edit]

text: In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time. England, under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven-Göran Eriksson, were able to qualify for the tournament. England were drawn in Group 9, alongside Germany, Finland, Greece and Albania. In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium, (which closed after the match) England played Germany, losing 1–0, the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann. The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan, who resigned at the end of the match, and was replaced by Eriksson.[30] By beating Germany 5–1 in Munich, England's qualifying campaign was revitalised, and they qualified automatically, by drawing 2–2 with Greece. Germany, who could only draw 0–0 with Finland, had to play a play-off game against Ukraine, with England qualifying ahead winning the group.

text: In Japan, England had to play against Eriksson's homeland, Sweden, and both settled out for a 1–1 draw. England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1-0, thanks to a Beckham penalty. However, England could only manage a disappointing 0-0 draw against Nigeria, meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round, where they played Denmark, they qualified as runners up, which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter-finals if they qualified.

text: England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3–0, thanks to goals from Micheal Owen, Rio Ferdinand, and Emile Heskey.[31] England played four-time World Cup winners and 1998 runners-up Brazil in the quarter-finals. Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal, a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2–1, and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England, and went on to win the tournament.[32]

text: Germany 2006[edit]

text: England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup. The group featured other home nations in Wales, and Northern Ireland, as well as Poland (who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany), Azerbaijan and Austria. England won eight of the 10 games, and qualified as group winners, in front of Portugal, despite drawing to Austria in Vienna, and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast.[33]

text: In Germany, however, England were less convincing. England played in Group B, alongside Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago, and Sweden. England started with a 1–0 win against Paraguay; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal.[34] The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead, with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal, and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard.[35][36] The last group game saw England play against Sweden, where an eventual 2-2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners, thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany.[37]

text: In the last 16 stage, a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1–0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter-finals, where they faced Portugal.[38] The game finished goalless, and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot-out. Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard, Steven Gerrard, and Jamie Carragher; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves. Portugal won the shoot-out 3-1, despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana. This game was also Erickson's final match as England manager.[39]

text: South Africa 2010[edit]

text: Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello, after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008. By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine, England qualified ahead of Croatia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Andorra. England's group was seen as a favourable one, containing comparatively much weaker teams.[40] However, England opened up their campaign with a 1–1 draw against the United States, thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green. They then drew 0–0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans, drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney.[41] England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1–0, but only qualified as runners up to the United States, thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany.

text: In the second round match, Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose, who opened the scoring. The score became 2–0 to Germany after 32 minutes. Shortly after, England defender Matthew Upson scored a header. Later, Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line; which was confirmed on replays. German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line, but decided to deceive the referee.[42] The German media reported it was "revenge for Wembley", while the English media criticised FIFA's refusal to implement goal-line technology. Ironically, despite his earlier opposition to goal-line technology, Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out.[43][42][44] As England tried to equalise, Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals. This became Germany's biggest win against England in a World Cup, winning 4-1.[45]

text: Brazil 2014[edit]

text: Under Roy Hodgson, who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA, England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil. Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds. The other opponents included Montenegro, Poland, Moldova and San Marino. After winning six games and drawing four, England qualified unbeaten.[46]

text: The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay, both former world champions, which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group, along with Costa Rica. England lost to Italy and Uruguay, and were thus knocked out after two games. The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw. This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup, ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match, their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup.[46]

text: Russia 2018[edit]

text: England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup, in a group of six with Slovakia, Slovenia, Scotland, Lithuania and Malta, with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification. England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce, only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules.[47]

text: Under Allardyce's replacement, Gareth Southgate, England went undefeated throughout qualification, winning eight matches out of 10, drawing with Slovenia 0–0 in Ljubljana, and drawing 2–2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th-minute equaliser from Harry Kane.[48] This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated, having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup, and Euro 2016 qualifying.

text: 2018 Finals[edit]

text: Under Gareth Southgate, the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia. The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute. Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker. Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane, inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out. England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute, again by Harry Kane, resulting in a 2–1 victory.[49]

text: In the second group stage match, England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6-1. Jesse Lingard scored the third goal, John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat-trick with the second, fifth and sixth goals.[50]

text: In the final group stage match, England narrowly lost 1-0 to Belgium. Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams, with England specificially making 9 changes. Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial, as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world.[c][51][52] The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second, setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia.[53][54]

text: England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena, Moscow, with the same team as against Tunisia. Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament, and the third penalty, after once again being fouled in the box from a corner, similarly as against Panama.[55] The score remained at 1-0, until stoppage time, where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time. Neither team managed to score in extra time, and the match went to penalties, which England won 4-3.[56] As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 (last defeating Ecuador in the last 16); it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot-out.[d][58] The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in, with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match.[e][59]

text: England played against Sweden in their quarter-final at Cosmos Arena, Samara on 7 July 2018.[57] They won the match 2–0, with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal, a header scored from a corner, and Dele Alli a second header from close range. This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990, and third overall.[60] The team played Croatia in the semi-final, resulting in a 2–1 loss after extra time.[61] England would later finish fourth in the competition, the best result since 1990. England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff, thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard, despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld.[62]

text: The tournament would see England score nine goals from set-pieces – the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966.[63]

text: Records[edit]

text:
Year
Round
Position
GP
W
D*
L
GF
GA
GD

 1930
Not a FIFA member

 1934

 1938

 1950
Group stage
8th
3
1
0
2
2
2
0

 1954
Quarter-finals
7th
3
1
1
1
8
8
0

 1958
Group stage
11th
4
0
3
1
4
5
-1

 1962
Quarter-finals
8th
4
1
1
2
5
6
-1

 1966
Champions
1st
6
5
1
0
11
3
8

 1970
Quarter-finals
8th
4
2
0
2
4
4
0

 1974
Did not qualify

 1978

 1982
Second group stage
6th
5
3
2
0
6
1
5

 1986
Quarter-finals
8th
5
2
1
2
7
3
4

 1990
Semi finals
4th
7
3
3
1
8
6
2

 1994
Did not qualify

 1998
Round of 16
9th
4
2
1
1
7
4
3

  2002
Quarter-finals
6th
5
2
2
1
6
3
3

 2006
Quarter-finals
7th
5
3
2
0
6
2
4

 2010
Round of 16
13th
4
1
2
1
3
5
-2

 2014
Group stage
26th
3
0
1
2
2
4
-2

 2018
Semi-finals
4th
7
3
1
3
12
8
4

 2022
TBD

   2026

Total
15/21
1 title
69
29
21
19
91
64
27

text:
showEngland's World Cup record

First Match

 England 2–0 Chile  (25 June 1950; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

Biggest Win

 England 6–1 Panama  (24 June 2018; Nizhny Novgorod, Russia)

Biggest Defeat

 England 1-4 Germany  (27 June 2010; Bloemfontein, South Africa)

Best Result

Champions at the 1966 World Cup

Worst Result

Group stage in 1950, 1958 and 2014

text: By match[edit]

text:
Year

Round

Against

Score

Scorers

 1950
Group 2
 Chile
2–0
Mortensen, Mannion

 United States
0–1

 Spain
0–1

 1954
Group 4
 Belgium
4–4 (aet)
Broadis (2), Lofthouse (2)

  Switzerland
2–0
Mullen, Wilshaw

Quarter-final
 Uruguay
2–4
Lofthouse, Finney

 1958
Group 4
 Soviet Union
2–2
Kevan, Finney

 Brazil
0–0

 Austria
2–2
Haynes, Kevan

Play-off
 Soviet Union
0–1

 1962
Group 4
 Hungary
1–2
Flowers

 Argentina
3–1
Flowers, Charlton, Greaves

 Bulgaria
0–0

Quarter-final
 Brazil
1–3
Hitchens

 1966
Group 1
 Uruguay
0–0

 Mexico
2–0
Charlton, Hunt

 France
2–0
Hunt (2)

Quarter-final
 Argentina
1–0
Hurst

Semi-final
 Portugal
2–1
Charlton (2)

Final
 West Germany
4–2 (aet)
Hurst (3), Peters

 1970
Group 3
 Romania
1–0
Hurst

 Brazil
0–1

 Czechoslovakia
1–0
Clarke

Quarter-final
 West Germany
2–3 (aet)
Mullery, Peters

 1982
Group 4
 France
3–1
Robson (2), Mariner

 Czechoslovakia
2–0
Francis, Barmoš (o.g.)

 Kuwait
1–0
Francis

Group B Round 2
 West Germany
0–0

 Spain
0–0

 1986
Group F
 Portugal
0–1

 Morocco
0–0

 Poland
3–0
Lineker (3)

Round of 16
 Paraguay
3–0
Lineker (2), Beardsley

Quarter-final
 Argentina
1–2
Lineker

 1990
Group F
 Republic of Ireland
1–1
Lineker

 Netherlands
0–0

 Egypt
1–0
Wright

Round of 16
 Belgium
1–0 (aet)
Platt

Quarter-final
 Cameroon
3–2 (aet)
Platt, Lineker (2)

Semi-final
 West Germany
1–1 (aet)[f]
Lineker

Third-place play-off
 Italy
1–2
Platt

 1998
Group G
 Tunisia
2–0
Shearer, Scholes

 Romania
1–2
Owen

 Colombia
2–0
Anderton, Beckham

Round of 16
 Argentina
2–2 (aet)[f]
Shearer, Owen

  2002
Group F
 Sweden
1–1
Campbell

 Argentina
1–0
Beckham

 Nigeria
0–0

Round of 16
 Denmark
3–0
Ferdinand, Owen, Heskey

Quarter-final
 Brazil
1–2
Owen

 2006
Group B
 Paraguay
1–0
Gamarra (o.g.)

 Trinidad and Tobago
2–0
Crouch, Gerrard

 Sweden
2–2
Cole, Gerrard

Round of 16
 Ecuador
1–0
Beckham

Quarter-final
 Portugal
0–0 (aet)[f]

 2010
Group C
 United States
1–1
Gerrard

 Algeria
0–0

 Slovenia
1–0
Defoe

Round of 16
 Germany
1–4
Upson

 2014
Group D
 Italy
1–2
Sturridge

 Uruguay
1–2
Rooney

 Costa Rica
0–0

 2018
Group G
 Tunisia
2–1
Kane (2)

 Panama
6–1
Stones (2), Kane (3), Lingard

 Belgium
0–1

Round of 16
 Colombia
1–1 (aet)[g]
Kane

Quarter-final
 Sweden
2–0
Maguire, Alli

Semi-final
 Croatia
1–2 (aet)
Trippier

Third-place play-off
 Belgium
0–2

text: By opponent[edit]

text:
Country

Played

Won

Drawn

Lost

GF

GA

GD

 Argentina
5
3
1
1
8
5
+3

 Germany
5
1
2
2
8
10
-2

 Brazil
4
0
1
3
2
6
-4

 Sweden
3
1
2
0
5
3
+2

 Belgium
4
1
1
2
5
7
-2

 Portugal
3
1
1
1
2
2
0

 Uruguay
3
0
1
2
3
6
-3

 France
2
2
0
0
5
1
+4

 Paraguay
2
2
0
0
4
0
+4

 Tunisia
2
2
0
0
4
1
+3

 Czechoslovakia
2
2
0
0
3
0
+3

 Colombia
2
1
1
0
3
1
+2

 Romania
2
1
0
1
2
2
0

 Soviet Union
2
0
1
1
2
3
-1

 United States
2
0
1
1
1
2
-1

 Spain
2
0
1
1
0
1
-1

 Italy
2
0
0
2
2
4
-2

 Panama
1
1
0
0
6
1
+5

 Poland
1
1
0
0
3
0
+3

 Denmark
1
1
0
0
3
0
+3

 Chile
1
1
0
0
2
0
+2

  Switzerland
1
1
0
0
2
0
+2

 Mexico
1
1
0
0
2
0
+2

 Trinidad and Tobago
1
1
0
0
2
0
+2

 Cameroon
1
1
0
0
3
2
+1

 Kuwait
1
1
0
0
1
0
+1

 Egypt
1
1
0
0
1
0
+1

 Ecuador
1
1
0
0
1
0
+1

 Slovenia
1
1
0
0
0
0
+1

 Austria
1
0
1
0
2
2
0

 Republic of Ireland
1
0
1
0
1
1
0

 Bulgaria
1
0
1
0
0
0
0

 Morocco
1
0
1
0
0
0
0

 Netherlands
1
0
1
0
0
0
0

 Nigeria
1
0
1
0
0
0
0

 Algeria
1
0
1
0
0
0
0

 Costa Rica
1
0
1
0
0
0
0

 Hungary
1
0
0
1
1
2
-1

 Croatia
1
0
0
1
1
2
-1

text: Last update: 14 July 2018

text: Players' honours[edit]

text: List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups[edit]

text:
No.

Name

Matches

World Cups

1
Peter Shilton
17
1982, 1986, 1990

2

Terry Butcher
14
1982, 1986, 1990

Bobby Charlton
14
1958, 1962, 1966, 1970

Ashley Cole
14
2002, 2006, 2010

Bobby Moore
14
1962, 1966, 1970

6
David Beckham
13
1998, 2002, 2006

7

Steven Gerrard
12
2006, 2010, 2014

Gary Lineker
12
1986, 1990

Michael Owen
12
1998, 2002, 2006

10
Chris Waddle
11
1986, 1990

text: List of England top goalscorers at World Cups[edit]

text:
No.

Name

Goals

World Cups

1
Gary Lineker
10
1986 (6) and 1990 (4)

2
Harry Kane
6
2018

3
Geoff Hurst
5
1966 (4) and 1970 (1)

4

Bobby Charlton
4
1962 (1) and 1966 (3)

Michael Owen
4
1998 (2) and 2002 (2)

6

Nat Lofthouse
3
1954

Roger Hunt
3
1966

David Platt
3
1990

David Beckham
3
1998, 2002 and 2006

Steven Gerrard
3
2006 (2) and 2010

11
Nine players
2

text: Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia

text: List of England goals by tournament[edit]

text:
World Cup

Goalscorer(s)

1950

Wilf Mannion, Stan Mortensen

1954

Nat Lofthouse (3), Ivor Broadis (2), Tom Finney, Jimmy Mullen, Dennis Wilshaw

1958

Derek Kevan (2), Tom Finney, Johnny Haynes

1962

Ron Flowers (2), Bobby Charlton, Jimmy Greaves, Gerry Hitchens

1966

Geoff Hurst (4), Roger Hunt (3), Bobby Charlton (3), Martin Peters

1970

Allan Clarke, Geoff Hurst, Alan Mullery, Martin Peters

1982

Trevor Francis (2), Bryan Robson (2), Paul Mariner, Own Goal

1986

Gary Lineker (6), Peter Beardsley

1990

Gary Lineker (4), David Platt (3), Mark Wright

1998

Michael Owen (2), Alan Shearer (2), Darren Anderton, David Beckham, Paul Scholes

2002

Michael Owen (2), David Beckham, Sol Campbell, Rio Ferdinand, Emile Heskey

2006

Steven Gerrard (2), David Beckham, Joe Cole, Peter Crouch, Own Goal

2010

Jermain Defoe, Steven Gerrard, Matthew Upson

2014

Wayne Rooney, Daniel Sturridge

2018

Harry Kane (6), John Stones (2), Jesse Lingard, Harry Maguire, Dele Alli, Kieran Trippier

text: List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup[edit]

text: Historically, very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad.[64]

text:
Year

Number (Country)

Players (Apps)

1950–1958

0

1962

1 (Italy)

Gerry Hitchens (2)

1966–1970

0

1982

1 (West Germany)

Tony Woodcock (2)

1986

2 (Italy)

Mark Hateley (3), Ray Wilkins

1990

5 (4 in Scotland, 1 in France)

Terry Butcher (5), Trevor Steven (3), Gary Stevens (2), Chris Woods (0); Chris Waddle (7)

1998

0

2002

1 (Germany)

Owen Hargreaves (2)

2006

2 (1 Spain, 1 Germany)

David Beckham (5); Owen Hargreaves (4)

2010

0

2014

1 (Scotland)

Fraser Forster (0)

2018

0

text: Team awards and records[edit]

text: Team Awards

text:
World Champions 1966
FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990
FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 (shared)

tag: ul

text: Individual Awards

text:
Golden Ball 1966: Bobby Charlton
Silver Ball 1966: Bobby Moore
Golden Boot 1986: Gary Lineker
Golden Boot 2018: Harry Kane
Bronze Boot 1966: Geoff Hurst
Golden Glove 1966: Gordon Banks
Best Young Player Award 1998: Michael Owen

text: Team Records

text:
Most penalty shoot-outs lost: 3 (shared with Italy and Spain)
Biggest World Cup victory: 6-1 vs Panama, 2018 Group Stage [65]

text: Individual Records

text:
Only hattrick in a final: Geoff Hurst (1966 v West Germany)
Oldest captain: Peter Shilton (age 40 years and 292 days, 1990 v Italy)
Most clean sheets: Peter Shilton (10, 1982-1990) (shared with Fabien Barthez)

text: Refereeing[edit]

text: Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees, more than by any other football association. The first Englishman to officiate a final, George Reader, is also the oldest World Cup referee to date, as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil. The other final referees are William Ling (1954), Jack Taylor (1974) and Howard Webb (2010).

text: Arthur Ellis, who was a linesman at the 1950 final, is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups (1950–1958).