document_title: August: Osage County

question_text: how did beverly die in august osage county

text: August: Osage County

text: Plot[edit]

text: The action takes place over the course of several weeks in August inside the three-story home of Beverly and Violet Weston outside Pawhuska, Oklahoma.

text:
Prologue
The play opens with Beverly Weston, a once-famous poet, interviewing Johnna, a young Cheyenne woman, for a position as live-in cook and caregiver for his wife Violet, who is being treated for mouth cancer due to heavy cigarette use for most of her life. Violet is addicted to several different kinds of prescription drugs and exhibits paranoia and mood swings. Beverly, who freely admits that he is an alcoholic, lightly converses about Violet's current problems, most of which Beverly concedes are the result of personal demons too powerful to be cured by drugs. Violet enters the scene clearly affected by her drugs. After an incoherent and combative argument with Beverly, Violet returns upstairs. Beverly hires Johnna, lends her a book of TS Eliot's poetry, and continues to drink.

text:
Act One
Several weeks later. Beverly Weston has not been seen for five days. Several family members have gathered in the house to provide support for Violet including her daughter Ivy, her sister Mattie Fae and Mattie Fae's husband Charlie. When Violet is not making calls attempting to track down her husband or popping pills, she spends the time sniping at her family, particularly Ivy, whom she criticizes for her mode of dress and lack of a romantic life. The news comes that Beverly's boat is missing, furthering the fear that he has committed suicide. Ivy's older sister Barbara arrives from Boulder, Colorado with her husband Bill and 14-year-old daughter Jean. Barbara has not visited her mother in several years, and has mixed feelings about returning to the house because of the confrontational nature of their relationship. They fall into an argument almost immediately, during which Violet accuses her of abandoning her family and breaking her father's heart.

text: Later in the evening, Jean bonds with Johnna after the older woman allows her to smoke some marijuana in her room. She confides to Johnna that her parents are separated and are attempting to hide the fact from the family. Bill and Barbara argue over the cause of their separation as they make a bed out of the fold-out sofa in the living room: Bill is sleeping with a much-younger woman, one of his students at the university where he teaches. At five AM, the local sheriff, Deon Gilbeau (Barbara's high school boyfriend) rings the doorbell and breaks the news that Beverly has been found drowned. Barbara goes to identify the body as Violet comes downstairs in a drug-addled fog. The act ends with her spiraling into confusion.

text:
Act Two
Several days later. The family has come from Beverly's funeral. Violet spends a quiet moment alone in Beverly's office, bitterly reproaching him for leaving her, and takes some more pills. Before the memorial dinner prepared for the family by Johnna, several family arguments and scenes arise. Ivy and Barbara's sister Karen has flown in from Florida with her new fiancé and can talk about nothing except her wedding plans, distressing Barbara. During an argument with her mother and Mattie Fae, Ivy unwittingly confesses that she is seeing someone romantically but refuses to say who. Mattie Fae and Charlie's son Little Charles has overslept and missed the funeral. His father is sympathetic but Mattie Fae is, as usual, rude to and critical of her son. Karen's fiancé Steve discovers that Jean is a pot-smoker and offers to share his stash with her, lewdly flirting with the teenaged girl. In a private moment, it is revealed that Ivy's lover is actually Little Charles, her first cousin.

text: Dinner is served, and Violet begins insulting and needling all of her family members. After inappropriately discussing Beverly's will at the table, she cruelly exposes Barbara and Bill's separation. When Barbara starts to fight back, Violet tauntingly reveals the full extent of her addiction, and the tensions develop into a violent confrontation, culminating in Barbara physically attacking her mother. After family members separate them, Barbara takes control of the situation, ordering that the family raid the house to discover all of Violet's hiding places for her pills.

text:
Act Three
Several hours later things have calmed down, but the pain of the dinner confrontation has not gone away. Barbara reports that Violet's doctor thinks she has brain damage, and the three sisters share a drink in their father's study, discussing their mother. Ivy reveals that she and Little Charles are planning to run away to New York, and refuses to acknowledge the need for someone to take care of Violet. She reveals that it was Violet, not Beverly, who was heartbroken when Barbara left Oklahoma. Violet enters, now more coherent and off her drugs but no less incorrigible, is resigned to dealing with her demise on her own terms. She discusses a depressing story from her childhood with her daughters. In a private moment, Barbara and Violet apologize to each other, but it is uncertain how long the peace will last.

text: Mattie Fae observes a tender moment between Little Charles and Ivy, and begins taunting him again when the ever-patient Charlie finally loses his temper with his wife, berating her for her cruelty to her own son and promising her that unless she can find a way to be kind to Little Charles, he is going to leave her. The lecture is accidentally overheard by Barbara, who confirms when pressed that Little Charles and Ivy are lovers. She is shocked when Mattie Fae reveals that Little Charles is not just Ivy's first cousin but also her half-brother, the result of a long-ago affair between Mattie Fae and Beverly. Mattie Fae refuses to tell Ivy or Little Charles the truth, leaving it up to Barbara, who knows that the news will destroy Ivy, to find a way to end the incestuous affair.

text: Late that night, Steve and Jean share a joint, and before long, Steve attempts to molest Jean. Johnna walks in on the scene and attacks Steve with a cast iron skillet; the noise brings Jean's parents and Karen to the scene. An ugly argument follows when Jean defensively lashes out at her parents with hurtful comments about her father's affair, and Barbara slaps her. Karen leaves with Steve, choosing to lie to herself and mistakenly blaming Jean for what happened. Bill elects to return to Boulder with Jean and admits, when Barbara confronts him, that he is not going to come back to her. He leaves as Barbara tells him she loves him.

text: Two weeks pass. Barbara, now drinking heavily, offers Johnna a chance to quit and leave the toxic environment of the Weston house, but she chooses to stay. Sheriff Gilbeau drops by the house with the news that Beverly had stayed at a motel shortly before he committed suicide. He and Barbara nearly share a tender moment, but she is too emotionally exhausted and drunk to consummate it.

text: Several days later, Ivy has dinner with Barbara and Violet. Ivy attempts to tell her mother, over Barbara's objections, of her plans with Little Charles but Violet suddenly confesses that she already knows that Little Charles is Beverly's son. Ivy recoils in shock and horror, rebuffing Barbara's attempts to comfort her, and says that she will never tell him and leaves for New York anyway. Violet calmly reveals that she has deliberately destroyed Ivy and Charles' affair, which she knew of the entire time. Barbara and her mother have one last angry confrontation during which Violet blames Barbara for her father's suicide. Violet also reveals his suicide might have been preventable since she knew which motel he stayed in the night he left the house. Barbara, realizing that her Mother has slipped beyond her help, leaves the house. Violet breaks down and is left only with Johnna, who ends the play with a quotation from a T.S. Eliot poem: "This is the way the world ends, this is the way the world ends."

text: Characters[edit]

text: Productions[edit]

text: The show was originally produced on August 12, 2007 by the Steppenwolf Theatre Company at the Downstairs Theatre in Chicago.[4] The Broadway production began previews on October 30, 2007, at the Imperial Theatre only days before the 2007 Broadway stagehand strike on November 10 which temporarily closed most shows on Broadway. The strike continued through the official opening date of November 20, forcing the show to re-schedule its December 4 opening. The Broadway show closed on June 28, 2009, after 648 performances and 18 previews.[2] The Broadway debut used much of cast from Steppenwolf in Chicago, and opened to receive wide acclaim.[5] The production, originally slated to close on February 17, 2008, was extended for three weeks to March 9 after the strike, and later extended to April 13, 2008,[6] when it was subsequently given an open-ended commercial run.

text: Both the Steppenwolf and Broadway productions were directed by Anna D. Shapiro, featuring scenic design by Todd Rosenthal, costume design by Ana Kuzmanic, lighting design by Ann G. Wrightson, sound design by Richard Woodbury, original music by David Singer, dramaturgy by Edward Sobel, dialect coaching by Cecille O'Reilly, and fight choreography by Charles Coyl. Both productions were stage managed by Deb Styer, with Jane Grey joining the New York company. August: Osage County made its UK debut at London's National Theatre in November 2008. Additionally, a US National Tour was launched at Denver's Ellie Caulkins Opera House on July 24, 2009 with Estelle Parsons portraying the role as Violet. This production went on to tour throughout the country.[7] The play made its Israeli debut at Habima Theatre in Tel Aviv in January 2009 starring Gila Almagor. The play made its Puerto Rican debut at the Rene Marquez Theater Hall of the Luis A. Ferre Performing Arts Center in San Juan in March 2009 starring Gladys Rodríguez.

text: It also was presented in Australia, at the Arts Centre Playhouse, Melbourne, produced by the Melbourne Theatre Company, and starring Robyn Nevin, from 23 May to June 27, 2009. The play had its German premiere in Mannheim at the Nationaltheater (October 31, 2008) under the title "Eine Familie" (German for "A family"), directed by Burkhard C. Kosminski. The Austrian premiere in Vienna, in the Akademietheater from October 31, 2009, onwards was staged by the Latvian director Alvis Hermanis and featured Kirsten Dene in the role of Violet Weston. The play has been translated into Spanish and premiered in Buenos Aires, Argentina at the Teatro Lola Membrives, starring Norma Aleandro and Mercedes Morán. It ran there for more than a year, with frequent sold-out houses. The play made its Swedish debut at Göteborg City Theatre. Opening Night on January 29, 2010, starring Ann Petrén, and its Danish at the Betty Nansen Theatre in Copenhagen. It was due to premiere in Montevideo by mid-2010, at the Teatro El Galpón. August premiered on April 29, 2010 in Lima, at the Teatro La Plaza – Isil, starring Claudia Dammert. The Catalan play premiered on November 25, 2010 in the Catalan National Theatre (Teatre Nacional de Catalunya, Barcelona) with great success.[8] It was renewed for another season during 2012. The cast included Anna Lizaran as Violet and Emma Vilarasau as Barbara. The Steppenwolf Theatre Company opened a production in Sydney in conjunction with the Sydney Theatre Company in August 2010.

text: The amateur debut of the play was made by Hingham High School in Hingham, Massachusetts, on May 4, 2012, and was followed by a production at the Hawken School Hawken Players Society production, on November 7–10, 2013.[9] The New Zealand premiere of the play was presented by Auckland Theatre Company in September 2010, starring Jennifer Ward-Lealand, Stuart Devenie and Nancy Brunning and directed by Colin McColl. The Wellington production opened at Circa Theatre on April 1, 2011, with Jennifer Ludlam reprising the role of Violet. In April 2014, the play premiered in Romania, at the Iași National Theatre. The play had its national regional premiere on September 9, 2010, in Albuquerque, NM with Fusion Theatre Company. According to the company's website, the run for this production was completely sold out.[10] The cast included professional and Tony-nominated actors such as Laurie Thomas and Joanne Camp, and was directed by Gil Lazier. Review: http://www.talkinbroadway.com/regional/alb/alb15.html The play had its university premiere on September 23, 2010, in a unique co-production undertaken by Wright State University's Department of Theatre, Dance and Motion Pictures and The Human Race Theatre Company of Dayton, Ohio.[11] The production was the first co-production of its kind for this play, combining seven professional actors with six students (EMC candidates) in WSU's BFA Acting program, and played to over four thousand during its three-week run in the Robert and Elaine Stein Auditorium on the Wright State campus.[12]

text: This production featured Susanne Marley as Violet Weston, the role she had played in the Broadway production, and Rainbow Dickerson, also from the Broadway production, as well as six students from the WSU undergraduate theatre program.[13] The play has its Dutch premiere on May 1, 2011 at the Stadsschouwburg Utrecht (Utrecht City Theatre) by theatre company De Utrechtse Spelen. It will be directed by Antoine Uitdehaag and stars Tjitske Reidinga, Peter Blok, Ria Eimers and Tom de Ket. The Dutch title is Augustus: Oklahoma. It made its Florida premiere at Florida Repertory Theatre Company in Fort Myers in March 2011.[14] On April 20, 2011, the show open at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival. The play had its North Carolina regional premiere on August 25, 2011 at the Carolina Actors Studio Theatre in Charlotte. It was chosen for the 2011 Graduation Production of the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, National Taiwan University, premiering on May 11.[15] August: Osage County had its first college premiere at Western Illinois University on April 20, 2011. Due to a serious fall during its final week of rehearsal, the director had to step in for the lead and perform the role of Violet Weston.

text: The Spanish version of the play opened on December 7, 2011, in Madrid, with an all-star-cast including Amparo Baró as Violet, Carmen Machi as Barbara, Alicia Borrachero as Ivy, Clara Sanchis as Karen, Sonsoles Benedicto as Mattie-Fae and Irene Escolar as Jean among many others, directed by Gerardo Vera. The show closed on February 22, 2012, after a huge success. In India, veteran theatre actor and director Lillete Dubey has directed a slightly adapted version of the play and has been touring with it in several Indian cities such as Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore. In the Indian version, while the name of the play and those of most characters remain the same, the narrative has been shifted to the Indian state of Goa. Many well-known Indian theatre and film actors have major roles in the play, with Dubey herself playing the role of Violet with Sandhya Mridul as Barbara, Kitu Gidwani as Mattie, Mita Vashisht as Karen and Suchitra Pillai as Ivy. The Polish adaptation of the play, titled "Sierpień" (meaning "August"), had its premiere in Teatr Studio in Warsaw on February 2, 2012.[16] Imperium Theater in Leiden, The Netherlands, was the first amateur theater company outside the United States to perform the play, on May 12, 2012. The PACE (Performing Arts Curriculum Experience) program at Mamaroneck High School opened their 2013 season with August: Osage County on October 23rd, 2013. The Fox Network's cartoon comedy series American Dad did an over the top, metaphor-festooned satirical send up of the play's style as well as Clifford Odets' Paradise Lost, called “Blood Crieth Unto Heaven.” The UMass Theatre Guild of University of Massachusetts Amherst premiered an entirely student-run production of August: Osage County on April 9, 2015.[17]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Original Chicago Cast[edit]

text:
Ian Barford* – Little Charles
Deanna Dunagan – Violet Weston
Kimberly Guerrero—Johnna Monevata
Francis Guinan* – Charlie Aiken
Rick Snyder* – Steve Heidebrecht
Dennis Letts – Beverly Weston
Fawn Johnstin—Jean Fordham
Mariann Mayberry* – Karen Weston
Amy Morton* – Barbara Fordham
Sally Murphy* – Ivy Weston
Jeff Perry* – Bill Fordham
Rondi Reed* – Mattie Fae Aiken
Troy West—Sheriff Deon Gilbeau
Diane Dorsey—u/s Violet, Mattie Fae
Robert E. Dennison—u/s Beverly, Charlie
Patrice Egleston—u/s Barbara
Lori Myers—u/s Ivy, Karen
Peter Davis—u/s Bill, Steve, Sherriff Gilbeau
Steven Marzolf—u/s Little Charles
Sadieh Rifai—u/s Johnna
Zanny Laird—u/s Jean

text: (*) Steppenwolf Ensemble Members

text: Original Broadway Cast[edit]

text:
Ian Barford* – Little Charles
Deanna Dunagan – Violet Weston (succeeded during the run by Estelle Parsons and later Phylicia Rashad)
Kimberly Guerrero—Johnna Monevata
Francis Guinan* – Charlie Aiken
Brian Kerwin – Steve Heidebrecht
Dennis Letts – Beverly Weston
Madeleine Martin – Jean Fordham
Mariann Mayberry* – Karen Weston
Amy Morton* – Barbara Fordham
Sally Murphy* – Ivy Weston
Jeff Perry* – Bill Fordham
Rondi Reed* – Mattie Fae Aiken (succeeded during the run by Elizabeth Ashley)
Troy West—Sheriff Deon Gilbeau
Munson Hicks—u/s Charles, Beverly
Susane Marley—u/s Violet, Mattie Fae
Jay Patterson—u/s Steve, Bill, Sherriff
Dee Pelletier—u/s Barbara, Karen, Ivy
Molly Ranson—u/s Jean
Aaron Serotsky—u/s Little Charles, Sherriff
Kristina Valada-Viars—u/s Johnna

text: (*) Steppenwolf Ensemble Member

text: Original London Cast[edit]

text:
Ian Barford* – Little Charles
Deanna Dunagan – Violet Weston
Kimberly Guerrero—Johnna Monevata
Paul Vincent O'Connor—Charlie Aiken
Gary Cole* – Steve Heidebrecht
Chelcie Ross—Beverly Weston
Molly Ranson—Jean Fordham
Mariann Mayberry* – Karen Weston
Amy Morton* – Barbara Fordham
Sally Murphy* – Ivy Weston
Jeff Perry* – Bill Fordham
Rondi Reed* – Mattie Fae Aiken
Troy West—Sheriff Deon Gilbeau
Morgan Deare—u/s Charlie, Beverly
Anne Kavanagh—u/s Violet, Mattie Fae
Mitchell Mullen—u/s Steve, Bill
Lizzie Roper—u/s Karen, Ivy
Sarah Van der Pol—u/s Jean, Johnna
Ian Porter—u/s Little Charles, Sherriff
Elizabeth Moynihan—u/s Barbara

text: (*) Steppenwolf Ensemble Member

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: 2007 Chicago Production[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

2007
Jeff Award[18]
Best Production – Play
Won

Best Director – Play
Anna D. Shapiro
Won

Best Ensemble
Won

Best Actress in a Principal Role – Play
Deanna Dunagan
Won

Amy Morton
Nominated

Best New Work – Play
Tracy Letts
Won

Best Scenic Design
Todd Rosenthal
Won

text: Original Broadway Production[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

2008
Tony Award[19]
Best Play
Won

Best Leading Actress in a Play
Deanna Dunagan
Won

Amy Morton
Nominated

Best Featured Actress in a Play
Rondi Reed
Won

Best Direction of a Play
Anna D. Shapiro
Won

Best Scenic Design of a Play
Todd Rosenthal
Won

Best Lighting Design of a Play
Ann G. Wrightson
Nominated

Drama Desk Award
Outstanding Play
Won

Outstanding Actress in a Play
Deanna Dunagan
Won

Amy Morton
Nominated

Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play
Jeff Perry
Nominated

Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play
Rondi Reed
Nominated

Outstanding Director of a Play
Anna D. Shapiro
Won

Outstanding Costume Design
Ana Kuzmanic
Nominated

Drama League Award
Distinguished Production of a Play
Won

Outer Critics Circle Award[20]
Outstanding Broadway Play
Won

Outstanding Director of a Play
Anna D. Shapiro
Won

Outstanding Actress in a Play
Deanna Dunagan
Won

New York Drama Critics' Circle Award
Best Play
Tracy Letts
Won

Theatre World Award
Deanna Dunagan
Won

Pulitzer Prize for Drama
Tracy Letts
Won

text: In 2009, Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Even with a run time of three and a half hours, Tracy Letts' 2007 drama of Southern-fried familial dysfunction went by in one lightning-fast jolt of pure theatrical electricity."[21]

text: Origins of the play's name[edit]

text: The play is named after a poem written by Howard Starks. Of this, Tracy Letts has stated,

text: "I could never come up with a title as brilliant as 'August: Osage County.' Mr. Howard Starks, gentleman, teacher, poet, genius, mentor, friend, created that title for an extraordinary poem that is one of the inspirations for my play. I steal the title with deference, yet without apology – Howard, I'm sure, would have it no other way – and I dedicate this play to his memory."[22]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ /oʊˈseɪdʒ/


document_title: Kelly Taylor (90210)

question_text: who is the father of kelly taylor's son on 90210

question_tokens: who is the father of kelly taylor 's son on 90210

root

text: Kelly Taylor (90210)

text: Beverly Hills, 90210[edit]

text: Introduction[edit]

text: Throughout the course of the first series, Kelly became one of the show's most developed characters. When introduced in 1990, she was presented as, on the surface, a stereotypical spoiled type who placed high value on posh appearances and material possessions. However, the character would become increasingly layered as the series progressed.[1]

tag: p

text: The reasons for Kelly's behavior first started to reveal themselves in episode 7, "Perfect Mom", when Kelly was forced to confront her mother's drug addiction and alcoholism. Several of her friends, particularly the Walsh family and Andrea Zuckerman, first came to appreciate Kelly's difficulties in life when they saw her handle this problem.[7] During episode 13, "Slumber Party,"[8] Kelly revealed that she was taken advantage of by a senior during her freshmen year in high school, which had led to a promiscuous lifestyle and reputation which deeply hurt her self-esteem. The others then began to realize that Kelly had been through more difficulties than they were aware of, and later, she and Andrea would become close friends. When Andrea was pregnant and was contemplating an abortion in season 4, Kelly was one of the primary people she reached out to.[9]

text: Progression[edit]

text: Toward the end of the second season, Kelly met a man named Jake Hanson (played by Grant Show), an emotionally guarded biker who was slightly older than she. While Jake ultimately resisted their romance, citing Kelly's age, he admitted to admiring her for her heart and kindness. This story line was used to launch the spin-off series Melrose Place.[10] Eventually, Kelly was revealed to have a notable conscience during a summer fling with Dylan McKay, the boyfriend of her friend Brenda, often being the voice of reason during their affair.[11] Kelly went through a period of minor depression during her senior year in high school in season 3. The stress of having feelings for Dylan, someone who she could not pursue because of his relationship with Brenda, added to her struggles. Even when Kelly dated Dylan out in the open, following his relationship with Brenda, it caused her to temporarily lose Brenda as a friend.[12]

text: Also during this time, Kelly's mother had a new baby, Erin, got married, and put Kelly's childhood home up for sale. Self-consciousness over her figure, along with the anxiety she began to feel, caused her to lash out emotionally, abuse diet pills, and briefly lose control over her life.[13] The character's physical appearance is shown to play a part in her development. At various points of the series, she won the title of Spring Princess at a dance, and was voted her school's most beautiful girl. Kelly is aware of her appeal, but not to the point of conceit; instead, she is sometimes shown to be troubled by it. At one point, she entered a phase where she felt that no one took her seriously, which was heightened when Dylan gave his manuscript to Andrea for review instead of to her. During this time, she began to feel that people only liked her because she was physically attractive.[14]

text: Creator Darren Star has commented on the character's progression.[15] In his DVD commentary of the episode "Spring Dance", Star notes Kelly's first attempt to romance Brandon Walsh,[16] in which she'd embraced her role as Spring Princess and used a largely forward and aggressive approach. He goes on to state that in the fourth season, when Kelly was prone to expressing her affections in a more gentle and compassionate manner,[17] she made a greater impression on Brandon. While pursuing Jake on Melrose Place, a confused Kelly eventually asks, "Don't you think I'm pretty?" This contrasts with her attitude one year later, when she becomes more interested in having others appreciate her for what lies beneath the surface.[14] This development is standardized one additional year later, via her aforementioned second pursuit of Brandon Walsh, which ends in success.

text: Rise in prominence[edit]

text: The evolution of Kelly's character led to developments both on-screen and off. In a 1995 article on Garth, TV Guide reported that the show's creators made a conscious decision to place her character at center stage. An anonymous producer cites "faith in Jennie as an actress," further stating that he and producer Aaron Spelling "knew she had the chops to do it."[2] This development would gradually lead to Kelly supplanting Brenda as the prominent female lead, as the former received what the producer called "better story lines."[2] Reportedly, these matters became a source of tension between Garth and Shannen Doherty, who played Brenda.[2] Following Doherty's final appearance on the show in 1994, however, Garth stated, "We were friends at work, and I miss her most of the time."[18]

text: Ultimately, throughout the first five seasons, Kelly gained an increasing degree of screen presence and growth. Amidst her continuing development,[19] her role in launching the spin-off, her prominent triangle with Brenda and Dylan,[20] her later affections with male lead Brandon,[21] and the launch of a second triangle with Brandon and Dylan,[22] Kelly became the character that several major events or changes were based around. Additionally, she was given varying involvement in noted story lines not surrounding her—including Dylan's family trauma, Brenda's acting pursuits, and David's recovery from drug use.[23][24] Her status would become standardized throughout the course of the series' run.[1]

text: In addition to Melrose Place, she would later be used to help launch the third spin-off, 90210 (with Garth being the first performer from the original show to be cast).[25] This development would make Kelly Taylor the most prominent figure in the collective franchise, via the most appearances in episodes and series premieres.[26][27] Shannen Doherty, who returned as Brenda in the third spin-off, reported that she and Garth, like their characters, had renewed their friendship, stating, "Now we’re really good friends—and I love her."[28]

text: Adulthood[edit]

text: Kelly faced several difficult issues and obstacles, often with the assistance of loved ones, including her occasionally difficult home life, being trapped in a fire, being tricked into joining a cult,[29] and becoming temporarily addicted to cocaine.[30] In addition to many other matters, she endured getting amnesia,[31] shooting her rapist in self-defense,[32] becoming unexpectedly pregnant and having a miscarriage, and learning that it would be difficult for her to have children because of a condition called endometriosis.[33] In overcoming these matters, she was able to become a better person and help others.[34]

text: Tori Spelling's Donna Martin and Kathleen Robertson's Clare Arnold were among Kelly's best friends and roommates. Tiffani Thiessen's Valerie, who replaced Brenda, became Kelly's nemesis, but right before Valerie's departure, the two women formed a truce.[35]

text: Kelly's two most prominent romantic relationships were with Jason Priestley's Brandon and Luke Perry's Dylan. In season 5, she was faced with making a choice between the two, as a result of Brandon proposing and Dylan confessing his feelings for her and asking her to leave with him on a trip around the world. She declined to choose between the two men at that time, instead stating, "I choose me," but also affirming her love for both of them. In the seventh season, however, she finally stated that she had chosen Brandon.[36] She nearly married Brandon, but the two decided that they were not ready.[37] Following Jason Priestley's departure from the series, Jennie Garth became the officially billed lead, with the character of Kelly further maturing, reuniting romantically with Dylan, and starting her own PR firm.

text: Melrose Place[edit]

text: For the launch of the series Melrose Place in 1992, Jennie Garth made a multi-episode special guest appearance. During the final episodes of Beverly Hills, 90210 season 2, Grant Show played his Melrose Place character Jake, who started a relationship with Kelly which led into early episodes of the spin-off. During Kelly's appearances, her relationship with Jake was largely on-and-off due to his discomfort with her youth. In the end, after weeks of trying to break up with Kelly, Jake pretended to cheat on her, prompting her to leave him.[38] Afterward on both Beverly Hills, 90210 and Melrose Place, Kelly, Donna, Jake, and others made occasional comments concerning Kelly and Jake's brief relationship.

text: In 2008, Kelly Taylor returned in the spin-off 90210, now working as a guidance counselor at her alma mater West Beverly Hills High School. It was revealed that in the intervening years, she attained a master's degree and had a son named Sammy with Dylan. She and Dylan ended their relationship soon after. It was also revealed that West Beverly principal Harry Wilson was Kelly's neighbor growing up.[39]

text: Kelly's tenuous relationship with her mother Jackie (Ann Gillespie) continued in the series' first season, with tension arising due to Jackie's drunken negligence of Erin, a recurring character in the original series and a regular in the spin-off.[40] She also resumed her friendship with Brenda Walsh. However, their relationship was briefly strained by Kelly's and possibly Brenda's lingering feelings for former boyfriend Dylan McKay, as well as Brenda sleeping with Kelly's ex-boyfriend, Ryan Matthews, a teacher at West Beverly.[41] Following Brenda's discovery that she could not have children, she and Kelly made amends once again.[42]

text: On the night of Donna's moving-back party, Kelly and Ryan met at a convenience store. She was told by a fortune teller that she would meet a man with a six-pack. In his hands, Ryan was holding a six-pack of beer. Kelly and Ryan then went to his apartment, where they were last seen making out.[43] Ultimately, she and Ryan chose not to pursue a romantic relationship.

text: In the second season, Kelly began to spend more time with Harry, much to the chagrin of his wife Debbie. It was implied that both Kelly and Harry had begun to develop feelings for each other. However, Garth refused to participate in a proposed story line involving an affair.[44] Upon learning that Jackie was dying of cancer, Kelly was initially distant from her mother and protective of Erin (who is commonly called by her surname Silver), eventually causing Silver to move out and live with Jackie. The day after Silver's "half-birthday," Jackie was admitted to the hospital. After talking to Silver, Kelly gained the strength to visit their mother. Eventually, Kelly and Jackie made amends before Jackie's untimely death. Garth departed the series following season 2, later citing problems with the newly appointed show-runner, Rebecca Sinclair, and the direction the show took.[45] Although not written out after her last appearance, she was mentioned several times later in the show, indicating that she was still around looking after her sister, just not on screen.[46]

text: Reception[edit]

text: With regard to Garth's long-running portrayal, Nellie Andreeva of The Hollywood Reporter acknowledged the character of Kelly as being "organic to 90210's setting" in a 2009 article.[6] On November 24, 2008, SOAPnet aired a Beverly Hills, 90210 marathon titled "Kelly's Leftovers", dedicated to the character's love life.[47] While discussing the Melrose Place spin-off in a 2009 interview, Grant Show, who played Jake Hanson in the original, stated that he would be open to appearing if Jennie Garth did so as Kelly Taylor.[4] After being confirmed to direct a season 1 episode of the spin-off 90210, Jason Priestley commented that he hoped Jennie Garth would be among the actors present.[3] Sara Foster, who was cast as Jen Clark in the spin-off, has stated that she was excited and nervous about meeting Garth, who she'd watched in the original series.[5]

text: In its biographical article on the actress, Yahoo! states that "playing the popular tramp-turned-good girl Kelly through the years afforded Garth the opportunity to not only grow up on camera in front of America, but to fully develop her character and improve her acting chops each season."[48] Additionally, Kelly Taylor has been cited by the media as an inspiration for the character Naomi Clark (AnnaLynne McCord), introduced in 90210.[49][50] On September 2, 2010 (9/02/10), Reuters.com featured an article on the original series, quoting a Twitter message in which Garth stated, "Love to the original cast and crew. And the new kids too."[51]


document_title: One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India

question_text: when was gst bill passed in lok sabha

question_tokens: when was gst bill passed in lok sabha

text: Background[edit]

text:
Part of a series on

Constitution of India

Preamble

Parts[show]
Fundamental Rights
PART
I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII
VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI  ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV
XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI
XXII

Schedules[show]
First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth
Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth
Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth

Appendices[show]
I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V

Amendments[show]
List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101

Related topics[show]

Union List
State List
Concurrent List
Basic structure doctrine
Uniform civil code

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tag: table

text: An empowered union committee was set up by the [Third Vajpayee ministry|Dishant Chauhan administration] in 2000 to streamline the GST model to be adopted and to develop the required back-end infrastructure that would be needed for its implementation.[2][3]

text: In his budget speech on 28 February 2006, P. Chidambaram, the Finance Minister, announced the target date for implementation of GST to be 1 April 2010 and formed another empowered committee of State Finance Ministers to design the road map. The committee submitted its report to the government in April 2008 and released its First Discussion Paper on GST in India in 2009.[2] Since the proposal involved reform/ restructuring of not only indirect taxes levied by the Central but also the States, the responsibility of preparing a Design and Road Map for the implementation of GST was assigned to the Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers (EC). In April, 2008, the EC submitted a report, titled "A Model and Road map for Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India" containing broad recommendations about the structure and design of GST. In response to the report, the Department of Revenue made some suggestions to be incorporated in the design and structure of proposed GST bill . Based on inputs from GoI and States, The EC released its First Discussion Paper on Goods and Services Tax in India on 10 November 2009 with the objective of generating a debate and obtaining inputs from all stakeholders.

text: A dual GST module for the country has been proposed by the EC. This dual GST model has been accepted by centre. Under this model GST have two components viz. the Central GST to be levied and collected by the Centre and the State GST to be levied and collected by the respective States. Central Excise duty, additional excise duty, Service Tax, and additional duty of customs (equivalent to excise), State VAT, entertainment tax, taxes on lotteries, betting and gambling and entry tax (not levied by local bodies) would be subsumed within GST. Other taxes which will be subsumed with GST are Octroi, entry tax and luxury tax thus making it a single indirect tax in India.[4]

text: In order to take the GST related work further, a Joint Working Group consisting of officers from Central as well as State Government was constituted. This was further trifurcated into three Sub-Working Groups to work separately on draft legislation required for GST, process/forms to be followed in GST regime and IT infrastructure development needed for smooth functioning of proposed GST. In addition, an Empowered Group for development of IT Systems required for Goods and Services Tax regime has been set up under the chairmanship of Dr. Shruti Negi.

text: Legislative history[edit]

text: On 29 March 2017, CGST, IGST, UTGST and GST compensation law passed in Loksabha[5]

text: The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Second Amendment) Bill, 2014 was introduced in the Lok Sabha by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley on 19 December 2014, and passed by the House on 6 May 2015. In the Rajya Sabha, the bill was referred to a Select Committee on 14 May 2015. The Select Committee of the Rajya Sabha submitted its report on the bill on 22 July 2015. The bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 3 August 2016, and the amended bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on 8 August 2016.[6]

text: The bill, after ratification by the States, received assent from President Pranab Mukherjee on 8 September 2016,[7][8] and was notified in The Gazette of India on the same date.[9]

text: Ratification[edit]

text: The Act was passed in accordance with the provisions of Article 368 of the Constitution, and has been ratified by more than half of the State Legislatures, as required under Clause (2) of the said article. On 12 August 2016, Assam became the first state to ratify the bill, when the Assam Legislative Assembly unanimously approved it.[10] State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below:[11]

text:
Assam (12 August 2016)[12]
Bihar (16 August)[13][14]
Jharkhand (17 August)[15]
Chhattisgarh (22 August)[16]
Himachal Pradesh (22 August)[17]
Gujarat (23 August)[18]
Delhi (24 August)[19]
Madhya Pradesh (24 August)[20]
Nagaland (26 August)[21]
Haryana (29 August)[22]
Maharashtra (29 August)[23]
Mizoram (30 August)[24]
Sikkim (30 August)[25]
Telangana (30 August)[26]
Goa (31 August)[27]
Odisha (1 September)[28]
Puducherry (2 September)[29]
Rajasthan (2 September)[30]
Andhra Pradesh (8 September)[31]
Arunachal Pradesh (8 September)[32]
Meghalaya (9 September)[33]
Punjab (12 September)[34]
Tripura (26 September) [35]
Uttarakhand (2 May 2017)[36]
Uttar Pradesh (16 May)[37]
Tamil Nadu (19 June)[38]
Jammu and Kashmir (5 July)[39][40]

Did not ratify:

Karnataka[a]
Kerala
Manipur
West Bengal[b]


document_title: Home and Family

question_text: where is the home and family show filmed

text: Home and Family

text: Concept[edit]

text: Home and Family is a two-hour daily Hallmark series,recorded before a studio audience on Tuesdays and Thursdays, in Los Angeles, California. Steines said that the decision for that was made to encourage actors to be on the show, without having to wake at 4:00 a.m. The focus of the show is simply entertainment and tips within a "wholesome image".[2] They refrain from discussions on current events or politics as well as censor themselves in speech, such as the word "breast" is not allowed to be used.[2]

text: The series originally aired on The Family Channel but ended in 1998. Its revival began on October 1, 2012, and moved to its current home, the Hallmark Channel. Mark Steines and Paige Davis co-hosted the show but Davis left after six weeks on November 16, 2012, with her final episode being taped the day before she was replaced by Cristina Ferrare,[3][4] who in turn was replaced by Debbie Matenopoulos.

text: Ferrare's departure was abrupt and the audience was not given any explanation nor any notice prior to her departure. On June 21, 2016, Hallmark Channel confirmed that Ferrare would no longer co-host the show with Steines; former co-host of The View Debbie Matenopoulos was named as her replacement. In a statement via-Facebook, Ferrare addressed her exit: "It's really very simple, Home and Family will have a season 5 which I am so happy for and the Network decided that they want a new co-host and that will be Debbie. She will do a great job!"[5]

text: The show continued on to season two where it premiered on September 30, 2013. Then on April 30, 2014, Home and Family was renewed for a third season, which premiered on September 15 of that same year. It was announced on April 14, 2015, that season four was approved and along with that notice they announced that the show would air new episodes weekly throughout the entire year.

text: Hosts[edit]

text: Current hosts[edit]

text:
Mark Steines (2012–present)
Debbie Matenopoulos (2016–present)

tag: ul

text: Former hosts[edit]

text:
Chuck Woolery (1996)
Michael Burger (1996–1998)
Cristina Ferrare (1996–1998, 2012–2016)
Paige Davis (2012)

text: Current "family"[edit]

text:
Kym Douglas (lifestyle)
Orly Shani (sewing, crafts, and style)
Ken Wingard (decor, DIY)
Paige Hemmis (DIY expert)
Shirley Bovshow (gardening)
Lawrence Zarian (fashion)
Ali Fedotowsky
Larissa Wohl (Pet adoption expert)
Maria Provenzano (DIY Expert)


document_title: Lunar phase

question_text: what is the last phase of the moon

question_tokens: what is the last phase of the moon

text: Lunar phase

text: Phases of the Moon[edit]

text: In Western culture, the four principal phases of the Moon are new moon, first quarter, full moon, and third quarter (also known as last quarter). These are the instances when the Moon's ecliptic longitude and the Sun's ecliptic longitude differ by 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, respectively.[a] Each of these phases occur at slightly different times when viewed from different points on Earth. During the intervals between principal phases, the Moon's apparent shape is either crescent or gibbous. These shapes, and the periods when the Moon shows them, are called the intermediate phases and last one-quarter of a synodic month, or 7.38 days, on average. However, their durations vary slightly because the Moon's orbit is rather elliptical, so the satellite's orbital speed is not constant. The descriptor waxing is used for an intermediate phase when the Moon's apparent shape is thickening, from new to full moon, and waning when the shape is thinning.

text: The eight principal and intermediate phases are given the following names, in sequential order:

text:
Principal and intermediate phases of the Moon

Phase
Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
Visibility
Mid-phase
standard time
Average
moonrise time
Average
moonset time
Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
Photograph
(view from
Northern Hemisphere)

New moon
Disc completely in Sun's shadow
(lit by earthshine only)
Invisible (too close to Sun)
Midday
6 am
6 pm

Not visible

Waxing crescent
Right side, 1–49% lit disc
Left side, 1–49% lit disc
Late morning to post-dusk
3 pm
9 am
9 pm

First quarter
Right side, 50% lit disc
Left side, 50% lit disc
Afternoon and early evening
6 pm
Midday
Midnight

Waxing gibbous
Right side, 51–99% lit disc
Left side, 51–99% lit disc
Late afternoon and most of night
9 pm
3 pm
3 am

Full moon
Completely illuminated disc
Sunset to sunrise (all night)
Midnight
6 pm
6 am

Waning gibbous
Left side, 99–51% lit disc
Right side, 99–51% lit disc
Most of night and early morning
3 am
9 pm
9 am

Third quarter (or last quarter)
Left side, 50% lit disc
Right side, 50% lit disc
Late night and morning
6 am
Midnight
Midday

Waning crescent
Left side, 49–1% lit disc
Right side, 49–1% lit disc
Pre-dawn to early afternoon
9 am
3 am
3 pm

text: Non-Western cultures may use a different number of lunar phases; for example, traditional Hawaiian culture has a total of 30 different phases (one per day).[1]

text: Waxing and waning[edit]

text: When the Sun and Moon are aligned on the same side of the Earth, the Moon is "new", and the side of the Moon facing Earth is not illuminated by the Sun. As the Moon waxes (the amount of illuminated surface as seen from Earth is increasing), the lunar phases progress through new moon, crescent moon, first-quarter moon, gibbous moon, and full moon. The Moon is then said to wane as it passes through the gibbous moon, third-quarter moon, crescent moon, and back to new moon. The terms old moon and new moon are not interchangeable. The "old moon" is a waning sliver (which eventually becomes undetectable to the naked eye) until the moment it aligns with the Sun and begins to wax, at which point it becomes new again.[2] Half moon is often used to mean the first- and third-quarter moons, while the term quarter refers to the extent of the Moon's cycle around the Earth, not its shape.

text: When an illuminated hemisphere is viewed from a certain angle, the portion of the illuminated area that is visible will have a two-dimensional shape as defined by the intersection of an ellipse and circle (in which the ellipse's major axis coincides with the circle's diameter). If the half-ellipse is convex with respect to the half-circle, then the shape will be gibbous (bulging outwards),[3] whereas if the half-ellipse is concave with respect to the half-circle, then the shape will be a crescent. When a crescent moon occurs, the phenomenon of earthshine may be apparent, where the night side of the Moon dimly reflects indirect sunlight reflected from Earth.

text: Orientation by latitude[edit]

text: In the Northern Hemisphere, if the left (east) side of the Moon is dark, then the bright part is thickening, and the Moon is described as waxing (shifting toward full moon). If the right (west) side of the Moon is dark, then the bright part is thinning, and the Moon is described as waning (past full and shifting toward new moon). Assuming that the viewer is in the Northern Hemisphere, the right side of the Moon is the part that is always waxing. (That is, if the right side is dark, the Moon is becoming darker; if the right side is lit, the Moon is getting brighter.)

text: In the Southern Hemisphere, the Moon is observed from a perspective inverted, or rotated 180°, to that of the Northern and to all of the images in this article, so that the opposite sides appear to wax or wane.

text: Closer to the Equator, the lunar terminator will appear horizontal during the morning and evening. Since the above descriptions of the lunar phases only apply at middle or high latitudes, and observers moving towards the tropics from northern or southern latitudes will see the Moon rotated anti-clockwise or clockwise with respect to the images in this article.

text: The lunar crescent can open upward or downward, with the "horns" of the crescent pointing up or down, respectively. When the Sun appears above the Moon in the sky, the crescent opens downward; when the Moon is above the Sun, the crescent opens upward. The crescent Moon is most clearly and brightly visible when the Sun is below the horizon, which implies that the Moon must be above the Sun, and the crescent must open upward. This is therefore the orientation in which the crescent Moon is most often seen from the tropics. The waxing and waning crescents look very similar. The waxing crescent appears in the western sky in the evening, and the waning crescent in the eastern sky in the morning.

text: Earthshine[edit]

text: When the Moon as seen from Earth is a narrow crescent, Earth as viewed from the Moon is almost fully lit by the Sun. Often, the dark side of the Moon is dimly illuminated by indirect sunlight reflected from Earth, but is bright enough to be easily visible from Earth. This phenomenon is called earthshine and sometimes picturesquely described as "the old moon in the new moon's arms" or, as pictured here, "the new moon in the old moon's arms".

text: Calendar[edit]

text: The Gregorian calendar month, which is 1⁄12 of a tropical year, is about 30.44 days, while the cycle of lunar phases (the Moon's synodic period) repeats every 29.53 days on average. Therefore, the timing of the lunar phases shifts by an average of almost one day for each successive month. (A lunar year lasts about 354 days.)

text: Photographing the Moon's phase everyday for a month (starting in the evening after sunset, and repeating roughly 24 hours and 50 minutes later, and ending in the morning before sunrise) and arranging the series of photos on a calendar would create a composite image like the example calendar (May 8 – June 6, 2005) shown on the left. May 20 is blank because a picture would be taken before midnight on May 19 and the next after midnight on May 21.

text: Similarly, on a calendar listing moonrise or moonset times, some days will appear to be skipped. When moonrise precedes midnight one night, the next moonrise will follow midnight on the next night (so too with moonset). The "skipped day" is just a feature of the Moon's eastward movement in relation to the Sun, which at most latitudes, causes the Moon to rise later each day. The Moon follows a predictable orbit every month.

text: Calculating phase[edit]

text: Each of the 4 lunar phases lasts approximately 7 days (~7.4 days), but varies slightly due to lunar apogee and perigee.

text: The number of days counted from the time of the New Moon is the Moon's "age". Each complete cycle of phases is called a "lunation".[5]

text: The approximate age of the moon, and hence the approximate phase, can be calculated for any date by calculating the number of days since a known new moon (such as January 1, 1900 or August 11, 1999) and reducing this modulo 29.530588853 (the length of a synodic month). The difference between two dates can be calculated by subtracting the Julian Day Number of one from that of the other, or there are simpler formulae giving (for instance) the number of days since December 31, 1899. However, this calculation assumes a perfectly circular orbit and makes no allowance for the time of day at which the new moon happened, therefore may be incorrect by several hours (it also becomes less accurate the larger the difference between the required date and the reference date); it is accurate enough to use in a novelty clock application showing moon phase, but specialist usage taking account of lunar apogee and perigee requires a more elaborate calculation.

text: Effect of parallax[edit]

text: The Earth subtends an angle of about two degrees, when seen from the Moon. This means that an observer on Earth who sees the Moon when it is close to the eastern horizon sees it from an angle that is about two degrees different from the line of sight of an observer who sees the Moon on the western horizon. The Moon moves about 12 degrees around its orbit per day, so, if these observers were stationary, they would see the phases of the Moon at times that differ by about one-sixth of a day, or four hours. But in reality the observers are on the surface of the rotating Earth, so someone who sees the Moon on the eastern horizon at one moment sees it on the western horizon about 12 hours later. This adds an oscillation to the apparent progression of the lunar phases. They appear to occur more slowly when the Moon is high in the sky than when it is below the horizon. The Moon appears to move jerkily, and the phases do the same. The amplitude of this oscillation is never more than about four hours, which is a small fraction of a month. It does not have any obvious effect on the appearance of the Moon. However, it does affect accurate calculations of the times of lunar phases.

text: Misconceptions[edit]

text: It might be expected that once every month, when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun during a new moon, its shadow would fall on Earth causing a solar eclipse, but this does not happen every month. Nor is it true that during every full moon, the Earth's shadow falls on the Moon, causing a lunar eclipse. Solar and lunar eclipses are not observed every month because the plane of the Moon's orbit around the Earth is tilted by about 5° with respect to the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun (the plane of the ecliptic). Thus, when new and full moons occur, the Moon usually lies to the north or south of a direct line through the Earth and Sun. Although an eclipse can only occur when the Moon is either new (solar) or full (lunar), it must also be positioned very near the intersection of Earth's orbital plane about the Sun and the Moon's orbital plane about the Earth (that is, at one of its nodes). This happens about twice per year, and so there are between four and seven eclipses in a calendar year. Most of these eclipses are partial; total eclipses of the Moon or Sun are less frequent.