document_title: The Killing (season 4)

question_text: who's the killer in the killing season 4

question_tokens: who 's the killer in the killing season 4

text: The Killing (season 4)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The season features detectives Sarah Linden and Stephen Holder handling the fallout of their actions from the previous season while investigating the murder of a family whose only survivor is a member of an all-boys military academy.[2][3]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Mireille Enos as Sarah Linden
Joel Kinnaman as Stephen Holder
Gregg Henry as Carl Reddick
Tyler Ross as Kyle Stansbury, a member of the all-boys military academy and survivor of a family massacre
Sterling Beaumon as Lincoln Knopf
Levi Meaden as AJ Fielding
Liam James as Jack Linden, Sarah's son
Amy Seimetz as Danette Leeds
Billy Campbell as Darren Richmond

text: Special guest star[edit]

text: Joan Allen as Colonel Margaret Rayne, headmaster of the all-boys military academy

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Jewel Staite as Caroline Swift, Holder's girlfriend and a District Attorney
Frances Fisher as Gena Geddes, Sarah's mother
Annie Corley as Regi Darnell, Sarah's social worker and mother figure
Marin Ireland as Liz Holder, Stephen's sister
Patti Smith as Female Doctor

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
Prod.
code

39
1
"Blood in the Water"
Nicole Kassell
Veena Sud
August 1, 2014 (2014-08-01)
BDH401

Sarah Linden and Stephen Holder deal with the aftermath of her killing James Skinner, the serial killer who was also their boss and her lover. Holder plans a cover-up – he lies to Carl Reddick about their whereabouts at the time; she tells Adrian Seward that Joe Mills killed his mother. While Reddick must officially close the serial killer case, Holder and Linden investigate the murders of the Stansbury family and a survivor, Kyle, the son suspected of the murders whose apparent attempt to also kill himself failed. Holder and Linden question Colonel Margaret Rayne, the superintendent of Kyle's military academy, who believes Kyle is incapable of violence. Holder's girlfriend, District Attorney Caroline Swift, discloses that she is pregnant.

40
2
"Unraveling"
Lodge Kerrigan
Dan Nowak
August 1, 2014 (2014-08-01)
BDH402

Linden becomes further unnerved when she learns that Kyle was shot in the same position as was Skinner when she shot Skinner. At the academy, Kyle is bullied by Lincoln Knopf and others. When the detectives question Kyle about his sister, Phoebe, he says she was an exhibitionist, and he had told his parents. Phoebe had punished Kyle for this by cutting his piano wires. Linden, knowing about family dysfunction, believes Kyle; Holder holds him accountable for the murders. Holder and Linden learn about fingerprints in the Stansbury house belonging to Katrina Nelson, who had assaulted the father. They seek to question Kyle about her but are stopped by Col. Rayne, who threatens Linden with a formal complaint. Later, Katrina tells Kyle that his family "got what they deserved". When Reddick questions Linden about Skinner, she admits they had an affair but suggests he ask Skinner about anything more. She then stakes out the Skinner house, watching his daughter, Bethany, who still unknowingly has a ring from one of the victims.

41
3
"The Good Soldier"
Ed Bianchi
Nicole Yorkin & Dawn Prestwich
August 1, 2014 (2014-08-01)
BDH403

Linden's slipping sanity forces her to suggest to Holder that they turn themselves in. He mentions Caroline's pregnancy as something he will never lose and suggests Linden move on. When Knopf tells Rayne about Katrina's visit to Kyle, Rayne tries to get Linden involved. Linden then questions Katrina, who gives more insight on the Stansburys and admits to staying in the family beach house the night of the murders. Linden then takes Kyle back to the family home to jog his memory of what happened. He admits to hating his father enough to kill him but doesn't confess to anything. The detectives discover that Kyle's mother, Linda, had been fired from her teaching job for having an affair with Knopf. Holder becomes unnerved when Reddick learns he asked Skinner's wife about the lake house. Reddick even calls him and Linden in when Bethany receives a text from her father. Holder knows Linden still has Skinner's phone. He nearly confesses to the group at his Narcotics Anonymous meeting, where Reddick has an informant. Linden goes to the lake and dumps the phone, as Skinner's wife watches nearby.

42
4
"Dream Baby Dream"
Gregory Middleton
Sean Whitesell
August 1, 2014 (2014-08-01)
BDH404

The detectives question Knopf, who admits to having a gun at his parents' house. ?However, Holder gets so rude with the mother that she threatens to file a report. Linden asks Holder if he is abusing drugs. At the academy, Kyle must bear a form of initiation from Knopf and his superior, AJ Fielding. At home, Linden finds that her social worker and mother figure, Regi Darnell, has already cooked dinner, although Linden had made previous plans with her son, Jack. Feeling out of control, Linden argues with Regi. Holder later apologizes to Linden. They question Kyle about an injury his mother once received. He replies he broke her wrist when she wanted to become sexual with him. Rayne breaks up the questioning, and the detectives spot a car matching one that had frequented the Stansbury home and was up the road from it on the night of the murders; the car belongs to Rayne. Kyle keeps finding a map of his home with Xs drawn on it and gun. A note is attached, telling him to "Finish what [he] started." Reddick gathers all the clues that lead him to the lake. Holder calls Linden to also get her there. Red bags containing bodies, and Skinner's car, are being pulled from the lake.

43
5
"Truth Asunder"
Coky Giedroyc
Dan Nowak
August 1, 2014 (2014-08-01)
BDH405

As Skinner's body is being looked over, Linden, believing Reddick only has circumstantial evidence, coaches Holder to stay strong and on the same page as her. Holder then sees Kallie Leeds' body in the morgue. Reddick offers his theory to Linden, to which she says he hasn't arrested her yet. He mentions that he dredged the lake because Holder confessed at the NA meeting. At the academy, Knopf tells Kyle to search Fielding's room. There, he finds a map similar to those being left for him. Rayne gives her alibi for the night of the murders, and Linden talks with her about the deaths of a man and his son that led to Rayne's military discharge. Linden visits her mother to ask if she will take care of Jack should something happen to her. They reminisce about Linden's childhood before she was placed in foster care and achieve a form of reconciliation. Linden then sends Jack on an airplane to live with his father. Reddick offers Holder a deal, by saying Linden was spotted at the lake, which led to the dredging. At the academy, Kyle notices similarities for Family Day preparations with the night of the murders. He mentions this to Knopf, who, in turn, tells Fielding at Rayne's house. The three plot to learn all that Kyle remembers. The cadets try to bully Kyle, but he flees to get help from Rayne. Seeing that she could be a part of it, he flees again, while being shot at by the cadets.

44
6
"Eden"
Jonathan Demme
Veena Sud
August 1, 2014 (2014-08-01)
BDH406

Holder tells Caroline that he must make a choice – "between me or her." She knows he means Linden and says only their unborn daughter matters now. Linden gets called and finds Kyle, who's been shot by the cadet search party. He identifies Fielding, Knopf, and Rayne as the murderers. Meanwhile, Knopf suggests killing Rayne, but she mentions cleaning up after them when they stole her car the night of the murders. As the detectives arrive, Knopf and Fielding are shot. Rayne confesses to murdering the Stansbury family, insisting that Kyle be left alone leading Linden to infer that Kyle is in fact Rayne's son who she gave away 17 years previously. Linden wants to use Rayne's confession and arrest her for all the murders, but Holder wants Kyle for the Stansburys'. Frantic, Linden points her gun at Holder, thinking he has worked against her, even with Reddick's investigation. She takes Kyle to his family home, where he becomes aware of committing the murders. Fielding and Knopf were there that night, but left, and Kyle killed his family. At the station, Linden confesses to Reddick having killed Skinner and absolves Holder. Mayor Darren Richmond arrives to squelch the confession. Skinner's death was ruled a suicide, and no killer cop shall tarnish another cop's or Richmond's image.

Five years later: Holder and Caroline are divorced, with joint custody of their daughter, Kalia. Linden has been traveling, now that Jack is in college. She apologizes to Holder for not believing in him, as he was her one true friend. She calls Seattle a "city of the dead", intent on leaving it. He hugs her to try to get her to stay with him, but she drives away. However, she later returns to him.

text: Development and production[edit]

text: AMC, the network which broadcast the first three seasons, canceled the series after its second season, and revived it for a third,[4][5] ultimately cancelling it again after the third season in September 2013.[6] However, in November 2013, Netflix, partnering with Fox Television Studios (the production company for The Killing), announced it had picked up the series for a fourth and final season consisting of six episodes.[7] Series developer and executive producer Veena Sud returned as showrunner, with Dawn Prestwich and Nicole Yorkin returning as writers and executive producers.[8] Because they are airing on Netflix, episodes in the fourth season have a longer running time of approximately 55–59 minutes compared to 43 minutes when the series aired on AMC with commercials, and characters are able to use stronger profanity.[9]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Cast members Mireille Enos and Joel Kinnaman return as detectives Sarah Linden and Stephen Holder, respectively.[8] New series regulars for the fourth season include Joan Allen as Margaret Rayne, the head of an all-boys military academy.[10] In February 2014, Sterling Beaumon, Levi Meaden, and Tyler Ross were cast as Lincoln Knopf, AJ Fielding, and Cameron Stanton (later changed to Kyle Stansbury), respectively; playing teens connected to the military academy.[11] Gregg Henry, who had a recurring role in the third season as Detective Carl Reddick, was promoted to series regular for the fourth season.[12] The season also introduces Sarah Linden's mother, played by Frances Fisher, who abandoned her daughter when Sarah was young.[2][13]

text: Promotional video[edit]

text: In July 2014, an official 90-second trailer was released showing detectives Linden and Holder attempting to cover up Linden's killing Skinner at the end of the previous season as well as glimpses of a new case at the military academy.[14]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The fourth season scored 53 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[15] The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 44% critics rating with an average rating of 6.5/10 based on 18 reviews. The website consensus reads: "While its characters still intrigue and its atmosphere remains absorbingly dark, The Killing succumbs to silliness in its fourth season, straying into distractingly overwrought territory".[16]

text: Home media releases[edit]

text: The fourth season of The Killing was released on DVD on August 4, 2015, exclusively through Amazon's CreateSpace manufacture-on-demand program.[17]


document_title: Major League Baseball transactions

question_text: when does an mlb player become a free agent

root

text: Major League Baseball transactions

text: 25-man, 40-man, and postseason rosters[edit]

text: Each Major League Baseball team maintains both a 25-man roster and a 40-man roster of players.  Players on the 25-man roster are eligible to play in official major league games throughout the season.  The 40-man roster includes the players on the 25-man roster plus as many as 15 players who are either on the team's seven- or 10-day disabled list, who are on paternity leave for up to three days, or who are in the franchise's farm teams in Minor League Baseball.  From September 1 through the end of the regular season, any player on the 40-man roster (also referred to as the "expanded roster") is eligible to play in an official regular season game. Many young players make their Major League debuts in this way, as "September call-ups."

tag: p

text: To be eligible for a team's postseason roster, a player must be on any of the following: (a) the 40-man roster, (b) the 60-day disabled list, or (c) the bereavement list as of August 31 at midnight ET.[1] The only exception is that a player who is on the disabled list at the end of the regular season may be replaced on the postseason roster by any other player who was in the organization on August 31, with the approval of the Commissioner.[2] All players on the team's roster during the season will be eligible to receive a World Series ring after the team wins the World Series.

text: Trades[edit]

text: Teams may trade only players currently under contract. From the end of the previous World Series through July, trades between two or more major league teams may freely occur at any time. In August, trades may only be made after all players in the trade clear waivers or are not on 40-man rosters. Players acquired after August 31 are ineligible for the postseason roster unless they replace an injured player. Unlike in the NFL, NHL, MLS, and the NBA, teams may not trade draft choices (with the exception of competitive balance draft selections, which can be traded as explained below), but may purchase the rights to Rule 5 Draft Picks.[3]

text: Beginning with the 2012 season, MLB allows one specific class of draft picks to be traded. As part of a newly signed collective bargaining agreement between MLB and its players' union, each team is allocated a "bonus pool"—a set amount of money it can use to sign its draft picks for that year. Teams that go over their threshold can be penalized by losing one or more future draft picks. Those forfeited draft picks will eventually end up in the possession of small-revenue teams, which can then trade them if they wish. The first picks awarded under this scheme were for the 2013 draft.[4]

text: The August 31 rule was waived in 1945 for servicemen returning from World War II. Over the years, there have been several notable cases where a player acquired after the August 31 deadline made a significant contribution to a playoff-contending team but was ineligible for the postseason; for example, Pedro Ramos with the 1964 New York Yankees and Sparky Lyle with the 1980 Philadelphia Phillies.

text: If a player has been on an active major league roster for ten full seasons and on one team for the last five, he may not be traded to another team without his consent (known as the 10 & 5 rule). Additionally, some players negotiate to have no-trade clauses in their contracts that have the same effect.

text: In some trades, one of the components is a "player to be named later" which usually turns out to be a minor league player. The unnamed player is included as part of a trade when the teams cannot immediately agree on a specific player or when the player is not yet eligible to be traded. In these cases, the player in question must be named within six months. Cash or some other consideration may be exchanged in lieu of the player to be named later. For example, during the 1994 Major League Baseball strike, the Minnesota Twins traded Dave Winfield to the Cleveland Indians at the trade deadline. Among the conditions of the trade were that if the Indians played no more games in 1994, "Indians general manager John Hart must write a check for $100 made out to the Minnesota Twins and take Twins general manager Andy MacPhail out to dinner."[5]

text: Waivers[edit]

text: Any player under contract may be placed on waivers ("waived") at any time.  After MLB's July 31st at 4 pm trade deadline and through to the end of the season, a team must place a player on waivers if that player is to be traded.

text: If a player is waived, any team may claim him.  If more than one team claims the player from waivers, the team with the weakest record in the player's league gets preference.  If no team in the player's league claims him, the claiming team with the weakest record in the other league gets preference.  In the first month of the season, preference is determined using the previous year's standings.

text: If a team claims a player off waivers and has a viable claim as described above, his current team (the "waiving team") may choose one of the following options:

text:
arrange a trade with the claiming team for that player within two business days of the claim; or
rescind the request and keep the player on its major league roster, effectively canceling the waiver; or
do nothing and allow the claiming team to assume the player's existing contract, pay the waiving team a waiver fee, and place the player on its active major league roster.

tag: ul

text: If a player is claimed and the waiving team exercises its rescission option, the waiving team may not use the option again for that player in that season—a subsequent waiver would be irrevocable with a claiming team getting the player essentially for nothing.[6] If no team claims a player off waivers after three business days, the player has cleared waivers and may be assigned to a minor league team, traded (to any team), or released outright.

text: The waiver "wire" is a secret within the personnel of the Major League Baseball clubs; no official announcement of a waiver is made until a transaction actually occurs, although information sometimes leaks out.[6][7] Players are often waived during the post-July "waiver-required" trading period for teams to gauge trade interest in a particular player.[6]  Usually, when the player is claimed, the waiving team will rescind the waiver to avoid losing the player unless a trade can be worked out with the claiming team.

text: The National League (NL) was the first of the two major leagues to adopt the trade deadline rule in 1917. Originally it was enforced after June 15, but was later changed as the result of a new collective bargaining agreement.[8] For many years, players could not be traded from one league to another without being waived by all of the teams in the trading team's league. Then an inter-league trading period was established, centered on the winter baseball meetings in December. Later, there were two "inter-league" trading periods each year, one from after the World Series until mid-December and the second from a week before spring training began until March 15.  So intent were leagues on keeping their stars from being moved from one league to the other, that then–National League President Warren Giles threatened to keep NL clubs from trading major stars to the American League after the deal that sent Frank Robinson from Cincinnati to Baltimore.[9]

text: Assignment to a minor league team[edit]

text: Options[edit]

text: Options are directed by MLB Rule 11 (C).[10] A player has a finite number of option years in which he may be moved between the major and minor leagues an unlimited number of times. If a player is on the 40-man roster but not on the active major league roster, he is said to be on optional assignment—his organization may freely move him between the major league club and the minor league club. The rules for this are as follows. (In all cases, an assignment of a player on a major-league disabled list to the minors while on a rehabilitation assignment does not count as time spent in the minors.) A common misconception, based on the phrase, "out of options," is that a player may only be moved between the major and minor leagues a restricted number of times.

text:
Once a player has been placed on a team's 40-man roster, a team has 3 option years on that player.
A player is considered to have used one of those three option years when he spends at least 20 days in the minors in any of those 3 seasons.
A team may have a fourth option year on a player with less than five full seasons of professional experience, provided that both conditions below are met.
A player has not spent at least 90 days on an active professional roster in a season. Minor leagues that play below Class A Advanced have seasons that are shorter than 90 days, and as such, any player who spends a full season in a rookie or Class A (short-season) league will receive a fourth option year.
A player has not spent at least 60 days on an active professional roster AND then at least 30 days on a disabled list in a season. Only after 60 days have been spent on an active professional roster does time spent on the disabled list count towards the 90-day threshold. As with the prior example, this cannot occur with players who spend a full season in a rookie or Class A (short season) league.

text: Once all of the options have been used up on a player, a player is considered "out of options" and a player must be placed on and clear waivers prior to being sent down to the minor leagues (there is also the "veterans' consent" rule).

text: The option system was designed to prevent players from being buried in the minor leagues forever, by forcing teams to make a decision within a limited number of years on whether or not they can use a player in the Major Leagues. [11]  Once placed on the protected 40-man roster the player knows his team will have to bring him up to the majors, or expose him to  being claimed on waivers so that another team can bring him to the majors, all within three years.  Options do not "reset" if a player is traded - he still has only the original three option years that began when he was first placed on a team's 40-man roster.

text: Designated for assignment[edit]

text: A player who is designated for assignment (DFA) is immediately removed from the 40-man roster.  This gives the team time to decide what to do with the player while freeing up a roster spot for another transaction, if needed. Once a player is designated for assignment, the team has seven days (had been 10 days under the 2012-16 Collective Bargaining Agreement)[12] to do one of the following: the player can be traded, the player can be released, or the player can be put on waivers and, provided he clears, outrighted to the minors. A player who is outrighted to the minors is removed from the 40-man roster but is still paid according to the terms of his guaranteed contract. A player can only be outrighted once in his career without his consent.

text: Veterans' consent[edit]

text: If a player has 5 years of major-league service, he may not be assigned to a minor-league team without his consent. This exclusion applies regardless of whether he has not yet been outrighted once, has remaining options, or has cleared waivers. If the player withholds consent, the team must either release him or keep him on the major league roster. In either case, the player must continue to be paid under the terms of his contract. If he is released and signs with a new team, his previous team must pay the difference in salary between the two contracts if the previous contract called for a greater salary.

text: Disabled list[edit]

text: If a major league player cannot play because of a medical condition, he may be placed on the 10-day disabled list (DL) (15 days prior to the 2017 season[13]). This removes the player from the 25-man roster, freeing up a space, but the player is ineligible to play for at least 10 consecutive days. Players on the 10-day disabled list are still a part of the 40-man roster. An injured player may also be placed on the 60-day disabled list to remove the player from the 40-man roster as well, with the condition of being ineligible to play for at least 60 consecutive days.

text: Players placed on the 10-day disabled list may be moved to the 60-day list at any time, but not vice versa. Players may be placed on either disabled list retroactively for a maximum of 5 inactive days and may remain on either list for as long as required to recover. During this 5-day period, a player's status is said to be day-to-day, indicating that the team is in the process of deciding whether the player must be placed on either DL or is healthy enough to return to active service. Injured players may not be traded without permission of the Commissioner nor may they be optioned to the minors, though they may be assigned to a minor league club for rehabilitation for a limited amount of time (30 days for pitchers, 20 for non-pitchers).

text: In 2011, a 7-day disabled list was added specifically for players who have suffered a concussion.  This was instituted to allow players who may recover from their concussions quickly to be removed from the active roster and replaced for a shorter period of time than the standard DL term.  A player who is still suffering from concussion symptoms at the 7-day mark is automatically transferred to the 10-day DL.  Both the brain injury and the player's recovery need to be verified by team and league doctors; the list is not intended for non-concussion injuries.[14]

text: Personal leave[edit]

text: Bereavement list[edit]

text: The bereavement list may be used when a player finds it necessary to leave the team to attend to a serious illness or death in his (or his spouse's) immediate family. A player placed on the bereavement list must miss a minimum of three games and a maximum of seven games. The team can use another player from its 40-man roster to replace a player on the bereavement list.

text: Paternity leave list[edit]

text: The paternity leave list may be used when a player chooses to leave the team to attend the birth of his child. A player placed on the paternity leave list must miss the next team game, but no more than three games. The team can use another player from its 40-man roster to replace a player on the paternity leave list. This list was adopted beginning with the 2011 season.[15]

text: Rule 5 draft[edit]

text: If a player not on a 40-man roster has spent four years with a minor-league contract, originally signed when 19 or older or five years when signed before the age of 19, he is eligible to be chosen by any team in the rule 5 draft during the offseason.  No team is required to choose a player in the draft, but some do.  If chosen, the player must be kept on the selecting team's 25-man major league roster for the entire season after the draft—he may not be optioned or designated to the minors.  The selecting team may, at any time, waive the rule 5 draftee, such as when they no longer wish to keep him on their major league roster.  If a rule 5 draftee clears waivers, he must be offered back to the original team, effectively canceling the rule 5 draft choice.  Once a rule 5 draftee spends an entire season on his new team's 25-man roster, his status reverts to normal and he may be optioned or designated for assignment.  To prevent the abuse of the rule 5 draft, the rule also states that the draftee must be active for at least 90 days.  This keeps teams from drafting players, then "hiding" them on the disabled list for the majority of the season.  For example, if a rule 5 draftee was only active for 67 days in his first season with his new club, he must be active for an additional 23 days in his second season to satisfy the rule 5 requirements.

text: Any player chosen in the rule 5 draft may be traded to any team while under the rule 5 restrictions, but the restrictions transfer to the new team.  If the new team does not want to keep the player on their 25-man roster for the season, he must be offered back to the team he was on when he was chosen in the draft.

text: The intent of the rule 5 draft is to prevent teams from holding major league-potential players in the minor leagues when other teams would be willing to have them play in the majors.  However, this draft has also become an opportunity for a team to take a top prospect from another team who might not be ready for the major leagues.  For example, Cy Young award winner Johan Santana was chosen by the Florida Marlins four years before winning the award, when the Houston Astros declined to put him on their 40-man roster.  The Marlins chose Santana in the 1999 rule 5 draft, and traded him to the Minnesota Twins who kept him on their roster for the 2000 season, in which he toiled to a 6.49 earned run average at only 21 years of age.  Two years later, he legitimized himself as a Major League pitcher, with an ERA under 3.00, and two years after that, he was recognized as one of the best pitchers in the league.  Had he not been chosen in the rule 5 draft, he likely would not have made his major-league debut until the 2001 or the 2002 season with the Astros.

text: Roberto Clemente is the only Rule 5 draft pick to be inducted into Cooperstown, having been selected by the Pittsburgh Pirates from the then Brooklyn Dodgers in 1955.

text: Free agency and salary arbitration[edit]

text: A free agent is a player whose contract with a team has expired and who is thus eligible to sign with another team.

text: If a player is drafted and is offered a contract by his drafting team (or any team to which he is traded) each year, he may not become a free agent until:

text:
His contract has expired with at least six years of service time on a major league 25-man roster or disabled list, OR
His contract has expired with less than six years of service time, but the player first signed with a Major League Baseball team as a 10-year free agent from the Japanese major leagues (NPB), OR
His contract has expired with less than six years of service time, but is not tendered a contract or salary arbitration offer (if eligible) by the tender deadline (usually at the end of November). Such players become non-tender free agents.

tag: ol

text: Two examples of players falling under (2) above are Hideki Okajima and Hiroki Kuroda.

text: A player with fewer than six years of service time is eligible for salary arbitration if he:

text:
is without a contract for the next season, AND
has been tendered a contract offer by his current team by the tender deadline, AND
cannot agree with his current team on a new contract, AND
meets one of the conditions below:
has been on a major league roster or disabled list for at least three years, OR
has at least two years of major league service but less than three, AND is among the top 22 percent for cumulative playing time in the majors in this class of players (and ties), AND was on an active major-league roster for at least 86 days in the previous season.

text: Players with more than six years of service time and who are eligible for free agency can also be offered arbitration when their contracts are up, if they have been tendered a contract offer by their current team by the tender deadline, and have not agreed on a contract.[16][17]

text:
The 4.2 example of arbitration eligibility above is called the "Super Two" exception, in which a player will have an extra year of arbitration eligibility.[18][19] Notable recent "Super Two" players include Nolan Arenado, Chris Archer, Anthony Rendon, and Avisail Garcia.[20]
Following the salary arbitration process, the player and the team both submit a salary offer for a new contract. The arbitrator chooses one number or the other, based on which offer is closest to the salaries of players with similar ability and service time.

text: For purposes of salary arbitration and free agency, a player acquires a year of service time if the player remains on the major league roster for at least 172 days of the 182-day season.

text: Players eligible for neither free agency nor salary arbitration are very seldom offered contracts for much more than the league minimum salary, as the player has no recourse to try to obtain a better salary elsewhere. For this reason, in the first three major league years of their careers (except for the "Super Two" exception above), it is standard practice for players to accept comparatively low salaries even when their performance is stellar. Occasionally, a team may wish to sign a player in his second or third year to a long-term contract, and the resulting negotiations can involve salaries significantly higher than minimum. A recent example is the contract Ryan Braun signed barely a year into his major league career, which would have taken him through 2015.[21] However, in April 2011, he and the Milwaukee Brewers extended that contract through 2020.[22]

text: A team does not have to offer a contract to a player not eligible for free agency if his contract has expired, regardless of service time. If the player is not tendered a contract offer by the tender deadline (usually in the second week of December), the player becomes a non-tender free agent.


document_title: Stand by Me (film)

question_text: who did kiefer sutherland play in stand by me

text: Stand by Me (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Author Gordie Lachance reads in the newspaper that his childhood friend Chris Chambers has been stabbed to death. Gordie narrates a flashback (later revealed to be Gordie writing) to a childhood incident when he and three buddies undertook a journey to find the body of a missing boy near the town of Castle Rock, Oregon, over Labor Day weekend in 1959.

text: Young Gordie is a quiet, bookish boy who likes to tell stories. His parents, grieving the recent death of Gordie's older brother Denny, neglect their younger son. Gordie's friends are Chris, who comes from a family of drunks and criminals; Teddy Duchamp, a joker who was burned and physically scarred by his mentally ill father; and Vern Tessio, who is overweight and timid.

text: Vern overhears his older brother Billy and his friend Charlie Hogan discussing Ray Brower, a young boy who is missing and presumed dead. Gordie, Chris, Teddy, and Vern decide to find Ray's body, hoping to become local heroes. Chris steals his father's M1911 pistol, and the boys set out, stopping at the town's junkyard to drink from its water pump. The boys hang out in the junkyard for a while, while Gordie leaves to buy food for the journey. When Gordie returns, he sees his friends jumping the fence to escape Milo Pressman, the junkman, and his dog Chopper. Gordie escapes as well. Pressman, infuriated, threatens to call the boys' parents and calls Teddy's father a "loony"; an enraged Teddy attempts to attack Pressman, but the boys restrain him and they leave.

text: At nighttime, Gordie tells the other boys a story of Davie "Lard-Ass" Hogan, an overweight boy who is constantly teased and bullied. Hogan enters a pie-eating contest, but his goal was not to win, but to exact revenge. Prior to the contest, Hogan consumed a full bottle of castor oil and a raw egg. After eating several pies and briefly dominating the contest, Hogan vomits, inducing the vomiting of the contestants and crowd members, humiliating and embarrassing his tormentors.

text: After a series of misadventures and self-revelations, the boys locate the body. However, local hoodlum "Ace" Merrill and his gang, including Chris' older brother "Eyeball" Chambers, arrive to claim the body and the credit for finding it. When Chris refuses to allow this, Ace draws a switchblade with intent to kill him, but Gordie intervenes with the pistol Chris had stolen. Ace and his gang leave and Ace vows revenge.

text: The boys agree to report the body via an anonymous phone call to the authorities and hike back to Castle Rock and bid each other farewell until they see each other in a few days, in the local junior high school.

text: The present-day Gordie writes that while he and Chris remained friends, they drifted apart from Teddy and Vern shortly after that day. Gordie notes how everyone's life turned out: Vern married immediately after high school, has four children, and drives a forklift at a local lumberyard. Teddy tried enlisting in the Army but was turned down because of bad eyesight and an ear injury; he later served time in prison and now does odd jobs around town. Chris went to college and became a lawyer; when attempting to break up a fight in a fast-food restaurant, he was stabbed to death.

text: After finishing the story, adult Gordie, a successful, published writer, walks outside and drives away with his son and his son's friend to take them swimming.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Wil Wheaton as Gordon "Gordie" Lachance (aged 12)
Richard Dreyfuss as Gordie Lachance (adult; credited as "The Writer")
River Phoenix as Christopher "Chris" Chambers
Corey Feldman as Theodore "Teddy" Duchamp
Jerry O'Connell as Vernon "Vern" Tessio
Kiefer Sutherland as John "Ace" Merrill, gang leader
Casey Siemaszko as Billy Tessio, gang member
John Cusack as Denny Lachance
Marshall Bell as Mr. Lachance
Frances Lee McCain as Mrs. Lachance
Gary Riley as Charlie Hogan, gang member
Bradley Gregg as Richard "Eyeball" Chambers, gang member
Jason Oliver as Vince Desjardins, gang member
Bruce Kirby as Mr. Quidacioluo, store owner
William Bronder as Milo Pressman, junkyard owner
Scott Beach as Mayor Grundy
Andy Lindberg as Davie "Lard-Ass" Hogan

text: Production[edit]

text: Bruce A. Evans sent a copy of Stephen King's novella The Body to Karen Gideon, the wife of his friend and writing partner Raynold Gideon on August 29, 1983 as a gift for her birthday.[3] Both Gideon and Evans quickly became fans of the novella and shortly thereafter contacted King's agent, Kirby McCauley, seeking to negotiate film rights; McCauley replied that King's terms were $100,000 and 10% of the gross profits. Although the money was not an issue, the share of gross profits was considered excessive, especially considering that no stars could be featured to help sell the movie. In response, Evans and Gideon pursued an established director, Adrian Lyne, to help sell the project.[3]

text: After reading the novella, Lyne teamed up with Evans and Gideon, but all the studios the trio approached turned the project down except for Martin Shafer at Embassy Pictures. Embassy spent four months negotiating the rights with McCauley, settling on $50,000 and a smaller share of the profits, and Evans and Gideon spent eight weeks writing the screenplay. Evans and Gideon asked to also produce the film, but Shafer suggested they team up with Andy Scheinman, a more experienced producer.[3] Embassy was unwilling to meet Lyne's salary for directing the film until Evans and Gideon agreed to give up half of their share of profits to meet Lyne's asking price.[3]

text: Reiner later recalled that Lyne was going to direct the film, but had promised himself a vacation following the production of 9½ Weeks,[4][5] and would not be available to start production until the spring of 1986.[3] Reiner, better known at the time as the actor who had played 'Meathead' Stivic in All in the Family, was sent the script by Scheinman,[3] and his initial reaction was the script had promise but "no focus".[6] After Lyne withdrew from the project, Reiner signed on to direct in September 1984.[3] Reiner realized the story should focus on Gordie, as "his father always paid more attention to his older brother" and he identified with that, as he struggled with the shadow of fame cast by his comedian father, Carl Reiner.[6] The writers incorporated Reiner's suggestions, producing a new script by December 1984 for Embassy's review and approval.[3]

text: Days before shooting started in the summer of 1985, Embassy was sold to Columbia Pictures, who made plans to cancel the production.[3] Norman Lear, one of the co-owners of Embassy, gave $7.5 million of his own money to complete the film, citing his faith in Reiner and the script.[6] However, since Embassy also would have distributed the film, once the film was completed it had no distributor. The producers showed a print to Michael Ovitz, head of the powerful Creative Artists Agency, and Ovitz promised to help them find a distributor.[3] Paramount, Universal Pictures, and Warner Bros. all passed on the film; Columbia Pictures production head Guy McElwaine screened the film at his house because he was feeling ill, and the positive reaction of his daughters convinced him to distribute the film.[3][6]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In a 2011 interview with NPR, Wil Wheaton attributed the film's success to the director's casting choices:

text: Rob Reiner found four young boys who basically were the characters we played. I was awkward and nerdy and shy and uncomfortable in my own skin and really, really sensitive, and River was cool and really smart and passionate and even at that age kind of like a father figure to some of us, Jerry was one of the funniest people I had ever seen in my life, either before or since, and Corey was unbelievably angry and in an incredible amount of pain and had an absolutely terrible relationship with his parents.[7]

text: Feldman recalled how his home life translated into his onscreen character: "[Most kids aren't] thinking they're going to get hit by their parents because they're not doing well enough in school, which will prevent them from getting a work permit, which will prevent them from being an actor."[6] O'Connell agreed that he was cast based on how his personality fit the role, saying "Rob really wanted us to understand our characters. He interviewed our characters. [...] I tried to stay like Vern and say the stupid things Vern would. I think I was Vern that summer."[8] Reiner and the producers interviewed more than 70 boys for the four main roles,[3] out of more than 300 who auditioned;[8] Phoenix originally read for the part of Gordie Lachance.[8]

text: Rather than start shooting right away, Reiner put the four main actors together for two weeks to play games from Viola Spolin's Improvisation for the Theater (which Reiner called "the bible" of theater games)[8] and build camaraderie, which led to a real friendship between them and several one-shot takes, where the young actors hit their cues perfectly.[6] Wheaton would recall "When you saw the four of us being comrades, that was real life, not acting."[8]

text: Before settling on Richard Dreyfuss as the narrator (and the role of the adult Gordie), Reiner considered David Dukes, Ted Bessell, and Michael McKean.[6]

text: Locations[edit]

text: Parts of the film were shot in Brownsville, Oregon, which stood in for the fictional town of Castle Rock. The town was selected for its small town, 1950s ambience.[9][10] The town fondly remembers the making of the movie in June and July 1985, in which approximately 100 local residents were employed as extras, and since 2007 has held an annual Stand By Me Day each July which has drawn international attendees.[9]

text: The blueberry pie eating contest was also filmed in Brownsville; residents were employed as extras and a local bakery supplied the pies and extra filling, which was mixed with large-curd cottage cheese to simulate the vomit.[11] The quantity of simulated vomit varied per person, from as much as 5 US gallons (19 l) during the triggering event to little as 1⁄16 US gallon (0.24 l).[11]

text: Scenes that include the "mailbox baseball" game and the junkyard scenes were filmed in Veneta, Oregon. The junkyard is still in operation. The campout/standing guard scene was filmed in Eugene, Oregon, just a few miles from Veneta. The general store is in Franklin, Oregon, just north of Veneta. Scenes along the railroad tracks were shot near Cottage Grove, Oregon, along the Oregon, Pacific and Eastern Railway. The line was abandoned in 1994; the roadbed was repurposed as the Row River National Recreation Trail.

text: The scene where the boys outrace a steam train engine across an 80-foot tall trestle was filmed on the McCloud River Railroad, above Lake Britton Reservoir, near McArthur-Burney Falls Memorial State Park in California.[12] The scene took a full week of shooting, making use of four small adult female stunt doubles with closely cropped hair, made up to look like the film's protagonists.[12] Plywood planks were laid across the trestles to provide a safer surface on which the stunt doubles could run.[12] The locomotive used for the scene, M.C.R.R. 25, is still in daily operation for excursion service on the Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad.[12] Telephoto compression was used to make the train appear much closer than it actually was, and the actors did not feel a sense of danger until Reiner threatened them. "You see those guys? They don’t want to push that dolly down the track any more. And the reason they’re getting tired is because of you. I told them if they weren't worried that the train was going to kill them, then they should worry that I was going to. And that's when they ran."[4]

text: Title[edit]

text: In March 1986, Columbia Pictures, concerned that the original title, The Body, was misleading, renamed the film Stand by Me. According to screenwriter Raynold Gideon, "...it sounded like either a sex film, a bodybuilding film or another Stephen King horror film. Rob came up with Stand by Me, and it ended up being the least unpopular option."[13]

text: Music[edit]

text: Jack Nitzsche composed the film's musical score. On August 8, 1986, a soundtrack album was released containing many of the 1950s and early 1960s oldies songs featured in the film:

text:
"Everyday" (Buddy Holly) – 2:07
"Let the Good Times Roll" (Shirley and Lee) – 2:22
"Come Go with Me" (The Del-Vikings) – 2:40
"Whispering Bells" (The Del-Vikings) – 2:25
"Get a Job" (The Silhouettes) – 2:44
"Lollipop" (The Chordettes) – 2:09
"Yakety Yak" (The Coasters) – 1:52
"Great Balls of Fire" (Jerry Lee Lewis) – 1:52
"Mr. Lee" (The Bobbettes) – 2:14
"Stand by Me" (Ben E. King) – 2:55

text: The movie's success sparked a renewed interest in Ben E. King's song. Initially a #4 pop hit in 1961,[14] "Stand By Me" re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 in October 1986, eventually peaking at #9 in December of that year.[15]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was a box office success in North America. It opened in a limited release on August 8, 1986, in 16 theaters and grossed $242,795, averaging $15,174 per theater. The film then had its wide opening in 745 theaters on August 22 and grossed $3,812,093, averaging $5,116 per theater and ranking #2. The film's widest release was 848 theaters, and it ended up earning $52,287,414 overall, well above its $8 million budget.[16]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Reviewing for The New York Times, Walter Goodman thought the direction was rather self-conscious, "looking constantly at his audience"; Goodman called it a "trite narrative" and that "Reiner's direction hammers in every obvious element in an obvious script."[17] Dave Kehr wrote "there's nothing natural in the way Reiner has overloaded his film with manufactured drama" in his review for the Chicago Tribune.[18] In contrast, Sheila Benson called it "[a treasure] absolutely not to be missed" in her review for the Los Angeles Times.[19] Paul Attanasio, reviewing for The Washington Post, called the acting ensemble "wonderful", and particularly praised the performances by Wheaton and Phoenix.[20]

text: Stephen King was very impressed with the finished result.[21] On the special features of the 25th anniversary Blu-ray set, King indicated that he considered the film to be the first successful translation to film of any of his works. According to a later interview with Gene Siskel, Reiner recalled that after a private early screening of the film, King excused himself for fifteen minutes to compose himself; he later returned to remark, "'That's the best film ever made out of anything I've written, which isn't saying much. But you've really captured my story. It is autobiographical.'"[22]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 91% based on 53 reviews, with a rating average of 8/10.[23] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating to reviews, the film has score of 75 based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorably reviews."[24]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Nominations[edit]

text:
Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay (Raynold Gideon and Bruce A. Evans)
Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film (Rob Reiner)
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama
Golden Globe Award for Best Director (Rob Reiner)
Independent Spirit Award for Best Film (Andrew Scheinman, Raynold Gideon, and Bruce A. Evans)
Independent Spirit Award for Best Director (Rob Reiner)
Independent Spirit Award for Best Screenplay (Raynold Gideon and Bruce A. Evans)
National Board of Review Awards 1986 Top Ten Films
WGA Award for Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium (Raynold Gideon and Bruce A. Evans)

text: Wins[edit]

text: 8th Youth in Film Awards The Jackie Coogan Award for Outstanding Contribution to Youth Through Motion Picture (Wil Wheaton, River Phoenix, Corey Feldman, and Jerry O'Connell)

text: Legacy[edit]

text: In 2016, several writers commemorated the 30-year anniversary of the film's release. Rolling Stone's Charles Bramesco called Stand By Me "timeless," "a staple of youthful nostalgia for its deft straddling of the line between childhood and adulthood," and "the rare movie that necessarily gets better with time."[25] Others described the film as a "coming-of-age classic"[26][27] and as a film that stood at "the apex of the ’80s kids’ movie boom".[28]

text: Events and tourism[edit]

text: Brownsville has held an annual "Stand By Me Day" since 2007, which has attracted international participants[9] and includes a pie eating contest.[11] On July 24, 2010, a 25th Anniversary Celebration of the filming of Stand by Me was held in Brownsville, Oregon. The event included a cast and crew Q&A session, an amateur blueberry pie eating contest, and an outdoor showing of the film.[29]

text: Stand By Me Day was officially fixed to July 23 by the Brownsville Chamber of Commerce in 2013.[30] To encourage tourism, the city has embedded a penny in the street at Main and Park, where Vern found one, and an advertising mural painted for the movie production has survived.[31]

text: Production company[edit]

text: In 1987, following the success of Stand by Me, Reiner co-founded a film and television production company and named it Castle Rock Entertainment, after the fictional setting of the story.[21]

text: Movies[edit]

text:
The Oscar-nominated urban drama Boyz n the Hood has several direct references to Stand by Me, including a trip by four young boys to see a dead body, and the closing fade-out of one of the main characters.  Director John Singleton has stated that he included the references just because he was a fan of the movie, but they also serve to highlight the differences in experience between the movies' settings, and their characters' experiences.[32]
Jonathan Bernstein states the pop culture discussions between characters in films by Quentin Tarantino originate in the similar semi-serious banter between the boys of Stand by Me.[33]
Reviewers have seen an influence from Stand by Me in the 2011 movie Attack the Block, directed by Joe Cornish.[34]
The movie Mud (2012) has a character (Neckbone) who has been called a "perfect fusion of River Phoenix and Jerry O'Connell in 'Stand by Me.'"[35][36] The writer and director, Jeff Nichols, said of the film "Yeah, you know, I basically remade Stand by Me" when defending the work-in-progress to studio executives.[37]
The Kings of Summer, a 2013 coming-of-age film by Jordan Vogt-Roberts, has been reviewed as being inspired by Stand by Me.[35][38][39]

text: Music[edit]

text: Dan Mangan's song "Rows of Houses" (2011) is based on this movie and takes the perspective of Gordie Lachance.[40]

text: Television[edit]

text:
Seinfeld, the first television show produced by Reiner's Castle Rock production company, featured banter between Jerry Seinfeld and George Costanza that was reminiscent of the dialogue between the protagonists of Stand by Me.[33]
The plotline of "The Blunder Years", a 2001 episode from the thirteenth season of The Simpsons, revolves around a repressed childhood trauma in which Homer Simpson, along with his friends Lenny and Carl, discover a body blocking an inlet for the Springfield Quarry.[35][41]
Actors auditioning for roles on the Netflix show Stranger Things were asked to read lines from Stand by Me and one episode was titled "The Body" in homage to the source novella.[35][42]
The first part of the Family Guy episode Three Kings (Family Guy) follows the storyline of this film [43]


document_title: List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Hindi

question_text: who won the sahitya academy award 2017 in hindi language

text: Recipients[edit]

text:
Year
Author
Work
Type of Work

1955
Makhanlal Chaturvedi
Him Tarangini
Poetry

1956
Vasudeva Saran Agrawal
Padmavat Sanjivani Vyakhya
Commentary

1957
Acharya Narendra Devi
Bauddha Dharma Darshan
Philosophy

1958
Rahul Sankrityayan
Madhya Asia Ka Itihas
History

1959
Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'
Sanskriti Ke Char Adhyayay
A survey of Indian culture

1960
Sumitranandan Pant
Kala aur Burha Chand
Poetry

1961
Bhagwati Charan Verma
Bhoole Bisre Chitra
Novel

1962
No Award

1963
Amrit Rai
Premchand: Kalam Ka Sipahi
Biography

1964
S.H. Vatsyayan 'Agyeya'
Aangan Ke Par Dvar
Poetry

1965
Nagendra
Rasa Siddhanta
Treatise on poetics

1966
Jainendra Kumar
Muktibodh
Novelette

1967
Amritlal Nagar
Amrit Aur Vish
Novel

1968
Harivansh Rai Bachchan
Do Chattanen
Poetry

1969
Shrilal Shukla
Raag Darbari
Novel

1970
Ram Vilas Sharma
Nirala Ki Sahitya Sadhana
Biography

1971
Namwar Singh
Kavita Ke Naye Pratiman
Literary criticism

1972
Bhawani Prasad Mishra
Buni Huyi Rassi
Poetry

1973
Hazari Prasad Dwivedi
Alok Parva
Essays

1974
Shivmangal Singh 'Suman'
Mitti Ki Baraat
Poetry

1975
Bhisham Sahni
Tamas
Novel

1976
Yashpal
Meri Teri Uski Baat
Novel

1977
Shamsher Bahadur Singh
Chuka Bhi Hun Nahin Main
Poetry

1978
Bharat Bhushan Agarwal
Utna Vah Suraj Hai
Poetry

1979
Sudama Pandey
Kal Sunana Mujhe
Poetry

1980
Krishna Sobti
Zindaginama - Zinda Rukh
Novel

1981
Trilochan
Tap Ke Taye Hue Din
Novel

1982
Harishankar Parsai
Viklang Shraddha Ka Daur
Satire

1983
Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena
Khutiyon Par Tange Log
Poetry

1984
Raghuvir Sahay
Log Bhool Gaye Hain
Poetry

1985
Nirmal Verma
Kavve Aur Kala Pani
Short stories

1986
Kedarnath Agarwal
Apurva
Poetry

1987
Shrikant Verma
Magadh
Poetry

1988
Naresh Mehta
Aranya
Poetry

1989
Kedarnath Singh
Akaal Mein Saras
Poetry

1990
Shiv Prasad Singh
Neela Chand
Novel

1991
Girija Kumar Mathur
Main Vaqt Ke Hun Samne
Poetry

1992
Giriraj Kishore
Dhai Ghar
Novel

1993
Vishnu Prabhakar
Ardhanarishwar
Novel

1994
Ashok Vajpeyi
Kahin Nahin Wahin
Poetry

1995
Kunwar Narayan
Koi Doosra Nahin
Poetry

1996
Surendra Verma
Mujhe Chand Chahiye
Novel

1997
Leeladhar Jagoori
Anubhav Ke Aakash Mein Chand
Poetry

1998
Arun Kamal
Naye Ilake Mein
Poetry

1999
Vinod Kumar Shukla
Deewar Main Ek Khirkee Rahathi Thi
Novel

2000
Manglesh Dabral
Hum Jo Dekhte Hain
Poetry

2001
Alka Saraogi
Via Bypass

2002
Rajesh Joshi
Do Panktiyon Ke Beech
Poetry

2003
Kamleshwar
Kitne Pakistan
Novel

2004
Viren Dangwal
Dushchakra Mein Srista
Poetry

2005
Manohar Shyam Joshi
Kyap
Novel

2006
Gyanendrapati
Sanshyatma
Poetry

2007
Amar Kant
Inhin Hathiyaron Se
Novel

2008
Govind Mishra[2]
Kohre Mein Kaid Rang
Novel

2009
Kailash Vajpeyi [3]
Hawa mein Hastakshar
Poetry

2010
Uday Prakash [4]
Mohan Das[5]
Short stories

2011
Kashinath Singh[6]
Rehan Par Ragghu

2012
Chandrakant Devtale[7]
Patthar fenk Raha Hoon
Poetry

2013
Mridula Garg[8]
Miljul Man
Novel

2014
Ramesh Chandra Shah[9]
Vinayak
Novel

2015
Ramdarash Mishra
Aag Ki Hansi
Poetry

2016
Nasira Sharma
Parijat
Novel

2017
Ramesh Kuntal
"Vishw Mithak Sarit Sagar"

tag: table