document_title: Munich Agreement

question_text: the sudeten question which led to the calling of the munich conference of 1938 centered on

question_tokens: the sudeten question which led to the calling of the munich conference of 1938 centered on

text: Munich Agreement

text: Background[edit]

text: Demands for autonomy[edit]

text: Czechoslovakia was created in 1918 following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I. The Treaty of Versailles recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia with a population that included three million German-speaking people, 24 percent of the total population of the country. The Germans lived mostly in an area called Sudetenland bordering on Germany and the newly created country of Austria. The Sudeten Germans were not consulted about whether they wished to be citizens of Czechoslovakia. Although the constitution guaranteed equality for all citizens, there was a tendency among political leaders to transform the country "into an instrument of Czech and Slovak nationalism".[5] Although some progress was made to integrate the Germans and other minorities, they continued to be under-represented in the government and the army. Moreover, the Great Depression beginning in 1929 impacted the highly industrialized and export-oriented Sudeten Germans more than it did the Czech and Slovak populations. By 1936, 60 percent of the unemployed people in Czechoslovakia were Germans.[6]

text: In 1933 Sudeten German leader Konrad Henlein founded the Sudeten German Party (SdP) which was "militant, populist, and openly hostile" to the Czechoslovakian government and soon captured two-thirds of the vote in districts with a heavy German population. Historians differ as to whether the SdP was from its beginning a Nazi front organization or instead evolved into becoming one.[7][8] By 1935, the SdP was the second largest political party in Czechoslovakia as German votes concentrated on this party while Czech and Slovak votes were spread among several parties.[7] Shortly after the Anschluss of Austria to Germany, Henlein met with Hitler in Berlin on 28 March 1938, where he was instructed to raise demands unacceptable to the Czechoslovak government led by president Edvard Beneš. On 24 April, the SdP issued a series of demands upon the government of Czechoslovakia, that were known as the Carlsbad Program. [9] Among the demands, Henlein demanded autonomy for Germans living in Czechoslovakia.[7] The Czechoslovak government responded by saying that it was willing to provide more minority rights to the German minority but it refused to grant them autonomy.[7]

text: With tension high between Germans and the Czechoslovakian government, on 15 September 1938 President Beneš offered secretly to give 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi) of Czechoslovakian territory to Germany in exchange for a German agreement to admit 1.5 to 2.0 million Sudeten Germans which Czechoslovakia would expel. Hitler did not reply.[10]

text: Sudeten crisis[edit]

text: As the previous appeasement of Hitler had shown, the governments of both France and Britain were intent on avoiding war. The French government did not wish to face Germany alone and took its lead from Britain's Conservative government of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. Chamberlain considered the Sudeten German grievances justified and believed Hitler's intentions were limited. Both Britain and France, therefore, advised Czechoslovakia to concede to Germany's demands. Beneš resisted and on 19 May initiated a partial mobilization in response to possible German invasion.[11]

text: On 20 May, Hitler presented his generals with a draft plan of attack on Czechoslovakia codenamed Operation Green,[12] insisting that he would not "smash Czechoslovakia" militarily without "provocation," "a particularly favourable opportunity" or "adequate political justification."[13] On 28 May, Hitler called a meeting of his service chiefs where he ordered an acceleration of U-boat construction and brought forward the construction of his first two battleships, Bismarck and Tirpitz, to spring 1940, and demanded that the increase in the firepower of the battlecruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau be accelerated .[14] While recognizing that this would still be insufficient for a full-scale naval war with Britain, Hitler hoped it would be a sufficient deterrent.[15] Ten days later, Hitler signed a secret directive for war against Czechoslovakia, to begin not later than 1 October.[11]

text: On 22 May, Juliusz Łukasiewicz, the Polish ambassador to France, told the French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet that if France moved against Germany in defense of Czechoslovakia: "We shall not move." Łukasiewicz also told Bonnet that Poland would oppose any attempt by Soviet forces to defend Czechoslovakia from Germany. Daladier told Jakob Surits, the Soviet ambassador to France: "Not only can we not count on Polish support but we have no faith that Poland will not strike us in the back."[16]

text: Hitler's adjutant, Fritz Wiedemann, recalled after the war that he was "very shocked" by Hitler's new plans to attack Britain and France 3–4 years after "deal[ing] with the situation" in Czechoslovakia.[17] General Ludwig Beck, chief of the German general staff, noted that Hitler's change of heart in favour of quick action was due to Czechoslovak defences still being improvised, which would no longer be the case 2–3 years later, and British rearmament not coming into effect until 1941/42.[15] General Alfred Jodl noted in his diary that the partial Czechoslovak mobilisation of 21 May had led Hitler to issue a new order for Operation Green on 30 May, and that this was accompanied by a covering letter from Keitel stating that the plan must be implemented by 1 October at the very latest.[18]

text: In the meantime, the British government demanded that Beneš request a mediator. Not wishing to sever his government's ties with Western Europe, Beneš reluctantly accepted. The British appointed Lord Runciman, the former Liberal cabinet minister, who arrived in Prague on 3 August with instructions to persuade Beneš to agree to a plan acceptable to the Sudeten Germans.[19] On 20 July, French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet, told the Czechoslovak Ambassador in Paris that while France would declare her support in public to help the Czechoslovak negotiations, it was not prepared to go to war over the Sudetenland question.[19] During August the German press was full of stories alleging Czechoslovak atrocities against Sudeten Germans, with the intention of forcing the Western Powers into putting pressure on the Czechoslovaks to make concessions.[20] Hitler hoped the Czechoslovaks would refuse and that the Western Powers would then feel morally justified in leaving the Czechoslovaks to their fate.[21] In August, Germany sent 750,000 soldiers along the border of Czechoslovakia officially as part of army maneuvers.[7][21] On 4 or 5 September,[19] Beneš submitted the Fourth Plan, granting nearly all the demands of the Munich Agreement. The Sudeten Germans were under instruction from Hitler to avoid a compromise,[21] and after the SdP held demonstrations that provoked police action in Ostrava on 7 September in which two of their parliamentary deputies were arrested,[19] the Sudeten Germans used this incident and false allegations of other atrocities as an excuse to break off further negotiations.[19][22]

text: On 12 September, Hitler made a speech at a Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg on the Sudeten crisis in which he condemned the actions of the government of Czechoslovakia.[7] Hitler denounced Czechoslovakia as being a fraudulent state that was in violation of international law's emphasis of national self-determination, claiming it was a Czech hegemony where neither the Germans, the Slovaks, the Hungarians, the Ukrainians, nor the Poles of the country actually wanted to be in a union with the Czechs.[23] Hitler accused Czechoslovakia's President Edvard Beneš of seeking to gradually exterminate the Sudeten Germans, claiming that since Czechoslovakia's creation over 600,000 Germans were intentionally forced out of their homes under the threat of starvation if they did not leave.[24] He claimed that Beneš' government was persecuting Germans along with Hungarians, Poles, and Slovaks, and accused Beneš of threatening these nationalities with being branded traitors if they were not loyal to the country.[23] He claimed that he, as the head of state of Germany, would support the right of the self-determination of fellow Germans in the Sudetenland.[23] He condemned Beneš for his government's recent execution of several German protesters.[23] He accused Beneš of being belligerent and threatening behaviour towards Germany which, if war broke out, would result in Beneš forcing Sudeten Germans to fight against their will against Germans from Germany.[23] Hitler accused the government of Czechoslovakia of being a client regime of France, claiming that the French Minister of Aviation Pierre Cot had said "We need this state as a base from which to drop bombs with greater ease to destroy Germany's economy and its industry".[24]

text: On 13 September, after internal violence and disruption in Czechoslovakia ensued, Chamberlain asked Hitler for a personal meeting to find a solution to avert a war.[25] Chamberlain arrived by plane in Germany on 15 September and then arrived at Hitler's residence in Berchtesgaden for the meeting.[26] The Sudeten German leader Henlein flew to Germany on the same day.[25] On that day, Hitler and Chamberlain held discussions in which Hitler insisted that the Sudeten Germans must be allowed to exercise the right of national self-determination and be able to join Sudetenland with Germany; Hitler also expressed concern to Chamberlain about what he perceived as British "threats".[26] Chamberlain responded that he had not issued "threats" and in frustration asked Hitler "Why did I come over here to waste my time?".[26] Hitler responded that if Chamberlain was willing to accept the self-determination of the Sudeten Germans, he would be willing to discuss the matter.[26] Chamberlain and Hitler held discussions for three hours, after which the meeting adjourned and Chamberlain flew back to the UK and met with his cabinet to discuss the issue.[26]

text: After the meeting, French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier flew to London on 16 September to meet British officials to discuss a course of action.[27] The situation in Czechoslovakia became more tense that day with the Czechoslovak government issuing an arrest warrant for the Sudeten German leader Henlein, who had arrived in Germany a day earlier to take part in the negotiations.[28] The French proposals ranged from waging war against Germany to supporting the Sudetenland being ceded to Germany.[28] The discussions ended with a firm British-French plan in place.[28] Britain and France demanded that Czechoslovakia cede to Germany all those territories where the German population represented over fifty percent of the Sudetenland's total population.[28] In exchange for this concession, Britain and France would guarantee the independence of Czechoslovakia.[28] The proposed solution was rejected by both Czechoslovakia and opponents of it in Britain and France.[28]

text: On 17 September 1938 Hitler ordered the establishment of Sudetendeutsches Freikorps, a paramilitary organization that took over the structure of Ordnersgruppe, an organization of ethnic-Germans in Czechoslovakia that had been dissolved by the Czechoslovak authorities the previous day due to its implication in a large number of terrorist activities. The organization was sheltered, trained and equipped by German authorities and conducted cross border terrorist operations into Czechoslovak territory. Relying on the Convention for the Definition of Aggression, Czechoslovak president Edvard Beneš[29] and the government-in-exile[30] later regarded 17 September 1938 as the beginning of the undeclared German-Czechoslovak war. This understanding has been assumed also by the contemporary Czech Constitutional court.[31]

text: On 18 September, Italy's Duce Benito Mussolini made a speech in Trieste, Italy, where he declared "If there are two camps, for and against Prague, let it be known that Italy has chosen its side", with the clear implication being that Mussolini supported Germany in the crisis.[26]

text: On 20 September, German opponents to the Nazi regime within the military met to discuss the final plans of a plot they had developed to overthrow the Nazi regime. The meeting was led by General Hans Oster, the deputy head of the Abwehr (Germany's counter-espionage agency). Other members included Captain Friedrich Wilhelm Heinz, and other military officers leading the planned coup d'etat met at the meeting.[32]

text: On 22 September, Chamberlain, about to board his plane to go to Germany for further talks, told the press who met him there that "My objective is peace in Europe, I trust this trip is the way to that peace."[28] Chamberlain arrived in Cologne, where he received a lavish grand welcome with a German band playing "God Save the King" and Germans giving Chamberlain flowers and gifts.[28] Chamberlain had calculated that fully accepting German annexation of all of the Sudetenland with no reductions would force Hitler to accept the agreement.[28] Upon being told of this, Hitler responded "Does this mean that the Allies have agreed with Prague's approval to the transfer of the Sudetenland to Germany?", Chamberlain responded "Precisely", to which Hitler responded by shaking his head, saying that the Allied offer was insufficient. He told Chamberlain that he wanted Czechoslovakia to be completely dissolved and its territories redistributed to Germany, Poland, and Hungary, and told Chamberlain to take it or leave it.[28] Chamberlain was shaken by this statement.[28] Hitler went on to tell Chamberlain that since their last visit on the 15th, Czechoslovakia's actions, which Hitler claimed included killings of Germans, had made the situation unbearable for Germany.[28]

text: Later in the meeting, a prearranged deception was undertaken in order to influence and put pressure on Chamberlain: one of Hitler's aides entered the room to inform Hitler of more Germans being killed in Czechoslovakia, to which Hitler screamed in response "I will avenge every one of them. The Czechs must be destroyed."[28] The meeting ended with Hitler refusing to make any concessions to the Allies' demands.[28] Later that evening, Hitler grew worried that he had gone too far in pressuring Chamberlain, and telephoned Chamberlain's hotel suite, saying that he would accept annexing only the Sudetenland, with no designs on other territories, provided that Czechoslovakia begin the evacuation of ethnic Czechs from the German majority territories by 26 September at 8:00am. After being pressed by Chamberlain, Hitler agreed to have the ultimatum set for 1 October (the same date that Operation Green was set to begin).[33] Hitler then said to Chamberlain that this was one concession that he was willing to make to the Prime Minister as a "gift" out of respect for the fact that Chamberlain had been willing to back down somewhat on his earlier position.[33] Hitler went on to say that upon annexing the Sudetenland, Germany would hold no further territorial claims upon Czechoslovakia and would enter into a collective agreement to guarantee the borders of Germany and Czechoslovakia.[33]

text: Meanwhile, a new Czechoslovak cabinet, under General Jan Syrový, was installed and on 23 September a decree of general mobilization was issued which was accepted by the public with a strong enthusiasm - within 24 hours, one million men joined the army to defend the country. The Czechoslovak army, modern, experienced and possessing an excellent system of frontier fortifications, was prepared to fight. The Soviet Union announced its willingness to come to Czechoslovakia's assistance, provided that the Soviet Army would be able to cross Polish and Romanian territory. Both countries refused to allow the Soviet army to use their territories[34]

text: In the early hours of 24 September, Hitler issued the Godesberg Memorandum, which demanded that Czechoslovakia cede the Sudetenland to Germany no later than 28 September, with plebiscites to be held in unspecified areas under the supervision of German and Czechoslovak forces. The memorandum also stated that if Czechoslovakia did not agree to the German demands by 2 pm on 28 September, Germany would take the Sudetenland by force. On the same day, Chamberlain returned to Britain and announced that Hitler demanded the annexation of the Sudetenland without delay.[33] The announcement enraged those in Britain and France who wanted to confront Hitler once and for all, even if it meant war, and its supporters gained strength.[33] The Czechoslovak Ambassador to the United Kingdom, Jan Masaryk, was elated upon hearing of the support for Czechoslovakia from British and French opponents of Hitler's plans, saying "The nation of Saint Wenceslas will never be a nation of slaves."[33]

text: On 25 September, Czechoslovakia agreed to the conditions previously agreed upon by Britain, France, and Germany. The next day, however, Hitler added new demands, insisting that the claims of ethnic Germans in Poland and Hungary also be satisfied.

text: On 26 September, Chamberlain sent Sir Horace Wilson to carry a personal letter to Hitler declaring that the Allies wanted a peaceful resolution to the Sudeten crisis.[33] Later that evening, Hitler made his response in a speech at the Sportpalast in Berlin; he gave Czechoslovakia a deadline of 28 September at 2:00pm to cede the Sudetenland to Germany or face war.[33]

text: On 28 September at 10:00am, four hours before the deadline and with no agreement to Hitler's demand by Czechoslovakia, the British ambassador to Italy, Lord Perth, called Italy's Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano to request an urgent meeting.[33] Perth informed Ciano that Chamberlain had instructed him to request that Mussolini enter the negotiations and urge Hitler to delay the ultimatum.[33] At 11:00am, Ciano met Mussolini and informed him of Chamberlain's proposition; Mussolini agreed with it and responded by telephoning Italy's ambassador to Germany and told him "Go to the Fuhrer at once, and tell him that whatever happens, I will be at his side, but that I request a twenty-four hour delay before hostilities begin. In the meantime, I will study what can be done to solve the problem."[35] Hitler received Mussolini's message while in discussions with the French ambassador. Hitler told the ambassador "My good friend, Benito Mussolini, has asked me to delay for twenty-four hours the marching orders of the German army, and I agreed. Of course, this was no concession, as the invasion date was set for 1 October 1938. "[36] Upon speaking with Chamberlain, Lord Perth gave Chamberlain's thanks to Mussolini as well as Chamberlain's request that Mussolini attend a four-power conference of Britain, France, Germany, and Italy in Munich on 29 September to settle the Sudeten problem prior to the deadline of 2:00pm. Mussolini agreed.[36] Hitler's only request was to make sure that Mussolini be involved in the negotiations at the conference.[36] When United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt learned the conference had been scheduled, he telegraphed Chamberlain, "Good man".[37]

text: Resolution[edit]

text: A deal was reached on 29 September, and at about 1:30 am on 30 September 1938,[38] Adolf Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Benito Mussolini and Édouard Daladier signed the Munich Agreement. The agreement was officially introduced by Mussolini although in fact the Italian plan was nearly identical to the Godesberg proposal: the German army was to complete the occupation of the Sudetenland by 10 October, and an international commission would decide the future of other disputed areas.

text: Czechoslovakia was informed by Britain and France that it could either resist Nazi Germany alone or submit to the prescribed annexations. The Czechoslovak government, realizing the hopelessness of fighting the Nazis alone, reluctantly capitulated (30 September) and agreed to abide by the agreement. The settlement gave Germany the Sudetenland starting 10 October, and de facto control over the rest of Czechoslovakia as long as Hitler promised to go no further. On 30 September after some rest, Chamberlain went to Hitler and asked him to sign a peace treaty between the United Kingdom and Germany. After Hitler's interpreter translated it for him, he happily agreed.

text: On 30 September, upon his return to Britain, Chamberlain delivered his controversial "peace for our time" speech to crowds in London.[39]

text: Reactions[edit]

text: Though the British and French were pleased, as were the Nazi military and German diplomatic leadership, a British diplomat in Berlin claimed he had been informed by reliable sources that soon after the meeting with Chamberlain Hitler had furiously said: "Gentlemen, this has been my first international conference and I can assure you that it will be my last". The British diplomat claimed his sources relayed that Hitler viewed Chamberlain as "an impertinent busybody who spoke the ridiculous jargon of an outmoded democracy."[40] In his postwar memoirs, Winston Churchill, a staunch opponent of appeasement, lumped Poland, and Hungary, both of which subsequently annexed parts of Czechoslovakia containing Polish and Hungarian nationals, with Germany as "vultures upon the carcass of Czechoslovakia."[41]

text: The agreement was generally applauded. Prime Minister Édouard Daladier of France, did not believe, as one scholar put it, that a European War was justified "to maintain three million Germans under Czech sovereignty." Gallup Polls in Britain, France, and the United States indicated that the majority of people supported the agreement. President Beneš of Czechoslovakia was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize in 1939. Even Winston Churchill was reported at the time as commenting that he would have done the same as Chamberlain.[42]

text: The New York Times headline on the Munich agreement read "Hitler gets less than his Sudeten demands" and reported that a "joyful crowd" hailed Daladier on his return to France and that Chamberlain was "wildly cheered" on his return to Britain.[43]

text: Australian Prime Minister Joseph Lyons said "We owe heartfelt thanks to all responsible for the outcome, and appreciate very much the efforts of President Roosevelt and Signor Mussolini to bring about the Munich conference of the Powers at which a united desire for peace has been shown."[44]

text: Joseph Stalin was upset by the results of the Munich conference. The Soviets, who had a mutual military assistance treaty with Czechoslovakia, felt betrayed by France, who also had a mutual military assistance treaty with Czechoslovakia. The British and French, however, mostly used the Soviets as a threat to dangle over the Germans. Stalin concluded that the West had actively colluded with Hitler to hand over a Central European country to the Nazis, causing concern that they might do the same to the Soviet Union in the future, allowing the partition of the USSR between the western powers and the fascist Axis. This belief led the Soviet Union to reorient its foreign policy towards a rapprochement with Germany, which eventually led to the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1939.[45]

text: The Czechoslovaks were greatly dismayed with the Munich settlement. With Sudetenland gone to Germany, Czecho-Slovakia (as the state was now renamed) lost its defensible border with Germany and its fortifications. Without them its independence became more nominal than real. In fact, Edvard Beneš, the President of Czechoslovakia, had the military print the march orders for his army and put the press on standby for a declaration of war. Czechoslovakia also lost 70% of its iron/steel industry, 70% of its electrical power and 3.5 million citizens to Germany as a result of the settlement.[46]

text: The Sudeten Germans celebrated what they saw as their liberation. The imminent war, it seemed, had been avoided.

text: Before the Munich Agreement Hitler's determination to invade Czechoslovakia on 1 October 1938 had provoked a major crisis in the German command structure. The Chief of the General Staff, General Ludwig Beck, protested in a lengthy series of memos that it would start a world war that Germany would lose, and urged Hitler to put off the projected war. Hitler called Beck's arguments against war "kindische Kräfteberechnungen" ("childish force calculations"). On 4 August 1938, a secret Army meeting was held. Beck read his lengthy report to the assembled officers. They all agreed something had to be done to prevent certain disaster. Beck hoped they would all resign together but no one resigned except Beck. However his replacement, General Franz Halder, sympathised with Beck and they both conspired with several top generals, Admiral Wilhelm Canaris (Chief of German Intelligence), and Graf von Helldorf (Berlin's Police Chief) to arrest Hitler the moment he gave the invasion order. However, the plan would only work if Britain issued a strong warning and a letter to the effect that they would fight to preserve Czechoslovakia. This would help to convince the German people that certain defeat awaited Germany. Agents were therefore sent to England to tell Chamberlain that an attack on Czechoslovakia was planned, and of their intention to overthrow Hitler if this occurred. However, the proposal was rejected by the British Cabinet and no such letter was issued. Accordingly, the proposed removal of Hitler did not go ahead.[47] On this basis it has been argued that the Munich Agreement kept Hitler in power, although whether it would have been any more successful than the 1944 plot is doubtful.

text: Opinions about the agreement[edit]

text: The British population had expected imminent war and the "statesman-like gesture" of Chamberlain was at first greeted with acclaim. Chamberlain was greeted as a hero by the royal family and invited on the balcony at Buckingham Palace before he had presented the agreement to Parliament. The generally positive reaction quickly soured despite royal patronage. But there was opposition from the start; Clement Attlee and the Labour Party opposed the agreement, in alliance with two Conservative MPs, Duff Cooper and Vyvyan Adams, who had been seen up to then as a die hard and reactionary element in the Conservative Party.

text: As the threat of Germany and a European war became more evident, opinions changed. Chamberlain was excoriated for his role as one of the "Men of Munich", in books such as the 1940 Guilty Men. A rare wartime defence of the Munich Agreement came in 1944 from Viscount Maugham, who had been Lord Chancellor at the time. Maugham viewed the decision to establish a Czechoslovak state including substantial German and Hungarian minorities as a "dangerous experiment" in the light of previous disputes and ascribed the Munich Agreement largely to France's need to extricate itself from its treaty obligations in the light of its unpreparedness for war.[48] After the war, Churchill's memoir of the period, The Gathering Storm (1948), confirmed the view that Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler at Munich had been wrong, and recorded Churchill's pre-war warnings of Hitler's plan of aggression and the folly of Britain's persisting with disarmament after Germany had achieved air parity with Britain. Although Churchill recognized that Chamberlain acted from noble motives, he argued that Hitler should have been resisted over Czechoslovakia and that efforts should have been made to involve the Soviet Union on their side.

text: Daladier believed Hitler's ultimate goals were a threat. He told the British in a late April 1938 meeting that Hitler's real aim was to eventually secure "a domination of the Continent in comparison with which the ambitions of Napoleon were feeble." He went on to say: "Today it is the turn of Czechoslovakia. Tomorrow it will be the turn of Poland and Romania. When Germany has obtained the oil and wheat it needs, she will turn on the West. Certainly we must multiply our efforts to avoid war. But that will not be obtained unless Great Britain and France stick together, intervening in Prague for new concessions but declaring at the same time that they will safeguard the independence of Czechoslovakia. If, on the contrary, the Western Powers capitulate again they will only precipitate the war they wish to avoid."[49] Perhaps discouraged by the arguments of the military and civilian members of the French government regarding their unprepared military and weak financial situation, as well as traumatised by France's bloodbath in the First World War that he was personally a witness to, Daladier ultimately let Chamberlain have his way. On his return to Paris, Daladier, who was expecting a hostile crowd, was acclaimed.

text: American historian William Shirer, in his The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (1960), took the view that although Hitler was not bluffing about his intention to invade, Czechoslovakia would have been able to offer significant resistance. Shirer believed that Britain and France had sufficient air defences to avoid serious bombing of London and Paris and would have been able to pursue a rapid and successful war against Germany.[50] He quotes Churchill as saying the Munich agreement meant that "Britain and France were in a much worse position compared to Hitler's Germany".[46] After Adolf Hitler personally inspected the Czech fortifications, he privately said to Joseph Goebbels, "we would have shed a lot of blood" and that it was fortunate that there had been no fighting.[51]

text: The "ghost of Munich"[edit]

text: In the United States and the United Kingdom, the words "Munich" and "appeasement" are synonymous with demanding forthright, often military, action to resolve an international crisis and characterizing a political opponent who advocates negotiation as "weak." In 1950, President Truman invoked "Munich" to justify his military action in the Korean War. "The world learned from Munich that security cannot be bought by appeasement," he said.[52] Nearly every subsequent crisis has been accompanied by cries of "Munich" from politicians and the media. In 1960, conservative Senator Barry Goldwater used "Munich" to describe a domestic political issue, saying that an attempt by the Republican Party to appeal to liberals was "The Munich of the Republican Party.[53] In 1962, General Curtis LeMay told President John F. Kennedy that his refusal to bomb Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis was "almost as bad as the appeasement at Munich."[54] In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson, in justifying increased U.S. military action in Vietnam said, "We learned from Hitler and Munich that success only feeds the appetite for aggression."[55]

text: Citing Munich has continued to be commonplace into the 21st century, especially for opposition politicians and conservatives. During negotiations for the Iran nuclear agreement by Secretary of State John Kerry a Texas Republican congressman characterized the negotiation as "worse than Munich." Kerry himself invoked Munich in a speech in France advocating military action in Syria by saying, "This is our Munich moment."[56]

text: "Munich and appeasement," in the words of scholars Frederik Logevall and Kenneth Osgood, "have become among the dirtiest words in American politics, synonymous with naivete and weakness, and signifying a craven willingness to barter away the nation's vital interests for empty promises." They commented that the success of U.S. foreign policy often depends upon a president withstanding "the inevitable charges of appeasement that accompany any decision to negotiate with hostile powers." Those presidents who challenged the "tyranny of Munich" have often achieved policy breakthroughs and those who had cited Munich as a principle of U.S. foreign policy had often led the nation into its "most enduring tragedies."[57]

text: Consequences of the Munich agreement[edit]

text: On 5 October, Beneš resigned as President of Czechoslovakia, realising that the fall of Czechoslovakia was inevitable. Following the outbreak of World War II, he formed a Czechoslovak government-in-exile in London. On 6 December 1938, the French-German non-aggression pact was signed in Paris by the French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet and the German Foreign Minister Ribbentrop.[58]

text: Pertaining to the territories of Czechoslovakia after the Munich Agreement[edit]

text: The first Vienna Award to Hungary[edit]

text: In early November 1938, under the First Vienna Award, which was a result of the Munich agreement, Czechoslovakia (and later Slovakia)—after it had failed to reach a compromise with Hungary and Poland—was forced by Germany and Italy to cede southern Slovakia (one third of Slovak territory) to Hungary, while Poland independently gained small territorial cessions shortly after (Zaolzie).

text: As a result, Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia lost about 38% of their combined area to Germany, with some 2.8 million German and 513,000-750,000[59][60] Czech inhabitants. Hungary, in turn, received 11,882 km2 (4,588 sq mi) in southern Slovakia and southern Ruthenia; according to a 1941 census, about 86.5% of the population in this territory was Hungarian. Slovakia lost 10,390 km2 (4,010 sq mi) and 854,218 inhabitants for Hungary (according to a Czechoslovak 1930 census about 59% were Hungarians and 31.9% were Slovaks and Czechs[61]). Meanwhile, Poland annexed the town of Český Těšín with the surrounding area (some 906 km2 (350 sq mi), with 250,000 inhabitants; Poles made up about 36% of the population - a drop from 69% in 1910[62])[63] and two minor border areas in northern Slovakia, more precisely in the regions Spiš and Orava. (226 km2 (87 sq mi), 4,280 inhabitants, only 0.3% Poles).

text: Soon after Munich, 115,000 Czechs and 30,000 Germans fled to the remaining rump of Czechoslovakia.[according to whom?] According to the Institute for Refugee Assistance, the actual count of refugees on 1 March 1939 stood at almost 150,000.[64]

text: On 4 December 1938, there were elections in Reichsgau Sudetenland, in which 97.32% of the adult population voted for NSDAP. About a half million Sudeten Germans joined the Nazi Party which was 17.34% of the German population in Sudetenland (the average NSDAP participation in Nazi Germany was 7.85%). This means the Sudetenland was the most "pro-Nazi" region in the Third Reich.[65]

text: Because of their knowledge of the Czech language, many Sudeten Germans were employed in the administration of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia as well as in Nazi organizations (Gestapo, etc.). The most notable was Karl Hermann Frank: the SS and Police general and Secretary of State in the Protectorate.

text: German invasion of the remainder of Czechoslovakia[edit]

text: In 1937, the Wehrmacht had formulated a plan called "Operation Green" (Fall Grün) for the invasion of Czechoslovakia[66] which was implemented as "Operation Southeast" on 15 March 1939.

text: On 14 March Slovakia seceded from Czechoslovakia and became a separate pro-Nazi state. On the following day, Carpathian Ruthenia proclaimed independence as well, but after three days was completely occupied by Hungary. Czechoslovak president Emil Hácha traveled to Berlin and was left waiting, while orders to invade were already given. During the meeting with Adolf Hitler, Hácha was threatened with the bombing of Prague if he refused to order Czech troops to lay down their arms. This induced a heart attack, from which he was revived by an injection from Hitler's doctor. He then agreed to sign the communique accepting the German occupation of the remainder of Bohemia and Moravia "which in its unctuous mendacity was remarkable even for the Nazis".[67] Churchill's prediction was fulfilled as German armies entered Prague and proceeded to occupy the rest of the country, which was transformed into a protectorate of the Reich.

text: By seizing Bohemia and Moravia the Third Reich gained all the skilled labour force and heavy industry placed there as well as all the weapons of the Czechoslovak army. At the time of Hitler's later attack on France, roughly 25% of all German weapons came from the protectorate Böhmen und Mähren. The Third Reich also gained the whole Czechoslovak gold treasure, including gold stored in the Bank of England. Of a total 227 tons of gold found after the war in salt mines, only 18.4 tons were returned to Czechoslovakia in 1982, although most of this gold came from Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia was also forced to "sell" to the Wehrmacht war material for 648 million of pre-war Czechoslovak crowns. This debt was never repaid.

text: Germans even took the precaution of sending their troops over borders as early as the afternoon of 14 March, causing an incident between 13th (Silesian) Czechoslovak Battalion and the 8th Infantry Division of the Nazi army in Místek. After a while the Germans decided to pull out as the escalation could endanger "peaceful" takeover.

text: Chamberlain[68] claimed the Prague annexation was a "completely different category", moving beyond the legitimate Versailles grievances.

text: Meanwhile, concerns arose in Great Britain that Poland (now substantially encircled by German possessions) would become the next target of Nazi expansionism, which was made apparent by the dispute over the Polish Corridor and the Free City of Danzig. This resulted in the signing of an Anglo-Polish military alliance, and the consequent refusal of the Polish government to accept German negotiation proposals over the Polish Corridor and the status of Danzig.

text: Prime Minister Chamberlain felt betrayed by the Nazi seizure of Czechoslovakia, realizing his policy of appeasement towards Hitler had failed, and began to take a much harder line against the Nazis. Amongst other things he immediately began to mobilize the British Empire's armed forces to a war footing. France did the same. Italy saw itself threatened by the British and French fleets and started its own invasion of Albania in April 1939. Although no immediate action followed, Hitler's invasion of Poland on 1 September officially began World War II.

text: Significant industrial potential and military equipment of the former Czechoslovakia had been efficiently absorbed into the Third Reich.

text: Strengthening of Wehrmacht's armament[edit]

text: Since most of the border defenses were located in the territory ceded as a consequence of the Munich Agreement, the remaining part of Czechoslovakia was entirely open to further invasion, despite having relatively large stockpiles of modern weaponry. In a speech delivered in Reichstag, Hitler expressed the importance of the occupation for strengthening of German military, noting that by occupying Czechoslovakia, Germany gained 2,175 field guns and cannons, 469 tanks, 500 anti-aircraft artillery pieces, 43,000 machine guns, 1,090,000 military rifles, 114,000 pistols, about a billion rounds of small-arms ammunition and three million rounds of anti-aircraft ammunition. This amount of weaponry would be sufficient to arm about half of the then Wehrmacht.[69] Czechoslovak weaponry later played major part in the German conquest of Poland and France, the latter country having urged Czechoslovakia to surrender to Germany in 1938.

text: The birth of German resistance within the military[edit]

text: In Germany the Sudeten crisis led to the so-called Oster Conspiracy. General Hans Oster, deputy head of the Abwehr, and prominent figures within the German military who opposed the regime for its behaviour that was threatening to bring Germany into a war that they believed it was not ready to fight, discussed overthrowing Hitler and the Nazi regime through a planned storming of the Reich Chancellery by forces loyal to the plot.

text: Pertaining to international politics[edit]

text: Italian colonial demands from France[edit]

text: In October 1938 in the aftermath of the Munich Agreement, Italy demanded concessions from France to yield to Italy: a free port at Djibouti, control of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti railroad, Italian participation in the management of Suez Canal Company, some form of French-Italian condominium over Tunisia, and the preservation of Italian culture in French-held Corsica with no French assimilation of the people.[70] Italy opposed the French monopoly over the Suez Canal because under the French-dominated Suez Canal Company all Italian merchant traffic to its colony of Italian East Africa was forced to pay tolls upon entering the canal.[70][71] Mussolini hoped that in light of Italy's role in settling the Munich Agreement that prevented the outbreak of war, that Britain would react by putting pressure on France to yield to Italy's demands to preserve the peace.[70] France refused to accept Italy's demands as it was widely suspected that Italy's true intentions were territorial acquisition of Nice, Corsica, Tunisia, and Djibouti and not the milder official demands put forth.[70] Relations between Italy and France deteriorated with France's refusal to accept Italy's demands.[70] France responded to Italy's demands with threatening naval maneuvers as a warning to Italy.[70] As tensions between Italy and France grew, Hitler made a major speech on 30 January 1939 in which he promised German military support in the case of an unprovoked war against Italy.[72]

text: Quotations from key participants[edit]

text:
'The Funeral of British Honour'
To the Editor of the Manchester Guardian
Sir,
The flowers piled before 10, Downing Street are very fitting for the funeral of British honour and, it may be, of the British Empire. For sheer degradation the frenzies of last Friday beat even the night of Mafeking.
I appreciate the Prime Minister's love of peace. I know the horrors of war – a great deal better than he can. But when he returns from saving our skins from a blackmailer at the price of other people’s flesh, and waves, laughing with glee, a piece of paper with Herr Hitler’s name on it, if it were not ghastly, it would be grotesque. No doubt he has never read Mein Kampf in German. But to forget, so utterly, the Reichstag fire, and the occupation of the Rhineland, and 30 June 1934, and the fall of Austria! We have lost the courage to see things as they are. And yet Herr Hitler has kindly put down for us in black and white that programme he is so faithfully carrying out. (For he keeps his threats, though not his promises.) Alliance with Italy and England; the annihilation of France; the conquest for the German plough of the Ukraine; a Reich of 250,000,000. And then?
I may be wrong. No one can tell. There are no sure prophecies in politics, as even Bismarck owned. But just because all roads lead none knows whither, all the more reason to keep the straight path of honour. This is the really unpardonable thing in the conduct of Mr. Chamberlain. Even if what he did were the right thing to do, this was not the way to do it. Any really great man who had felt forced to sacrifice a small nation that trusted in him would at least have returned full of anguish and of shame. But Mr. Chamberlain, though he had good intentions, has no finer sense of honour. He lent himself with complacency to the shrieking adulation of a London that had lost all dignity, without one thought for the agony of Prague. Leaders should have some touch of finer mettle. Mr. Chamberlain, canting of "peace with honour," has debased the moral currency of England. And not for the first time; and not, I fear, for the last.
Meanwhile, the past is past, however shameful. What now? If we have any respect we shall remedy at once that outrageous omission by which all Sudetens in Czech prisons are to be liberated, while no word is said of the Czechs dragged across the frontier into German captivity or arrested in Germany. Secondly, we shall compensate Czechoslovakia for the property we have forced her to leave to the invader – the machinery in Czech-owned factories, the fortifications, and their artillery, – which belonged to the Czech State as a whole, not to the Sudetens, as indefeasibly as the very streets of Prague. Thirdly, unless we propose to barricade ourselves behind pieces of paper kindly autographed by Herr Hitler, we shall look a little better to our defences, even if it means conscription in the near future.

[From a letter by F. L. Lucas of King's College, Cambridge, British anti-appeasement campaigner, to the Manchester Guardian, 4 October 1938]

text: Germany stated that the incorporation of Austria into the Reich resulted in borders with Czechoslovakia that were a great danger to German security, and that this allowed Germany to be encircled by the Western Powers.[73]

text: Neville Chamberlain, announced the deal at Heston Aerodrome as follows:

text: ... the settlement of the Czechoslovak problem, which has now been achieved is, in my view, only the prelude to a larger settlement in which all Europe may find peace. This morning I had another talk with the German Chancellor, Herr Hitler, and here is the paper which bears his name upon it as well as mine. Some of you, perhaps, have already heard what it contains but I would just like to read it to you: ' ... We regard the agreement signed last night and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement as symbolic of the desire of our two peoples never to go to war with one another again.'[74]

text: Later that day he stood outside 10 Downing Street and again read from the document and concluded:

text: My good friends, for the second time in our history a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honour. I believe it is peace for our time." (Chamberlain's reference to Disraeli's return from the Congress of Berlin in 1878)[74][75]

text: Chamberlain in a letter to his sister Hilda, on 2 October 1938, wrote:

text: I asked Hitler about one in the morning while we were waiting for the draftsmen whether he would care to see me for another talk….I had a very friendly and pleasant talk, on Spain, (where he too said he had never had any territorial ambitions) economic relations with S.E. Europe, and disarmament. I did not mention colonies, nor did he. At the end I pulled out the declaration which I had prepared beforehand and asked if he would sign it. As the interpreter translated the words into German, Hitler said Yes, I will certainly sign it. When shall we do it? I said "now", and we went at once to the writing table and put our signatures to the two copies which I had brought with me."[citation needed]

text: Winston Churchill, denouncing the Agreement in the House of Commons [5 October 1938[76]], declared:

text: We have suffered a total and unmitigated defeat ... you will find that in a period of time which may be measured by years, but may be measured by months, Czechoslovakia will be engulfed in the Nazi régime. We are in the presence of a disaster of the first magnitude ... we have sustained a defeat without a war, the consequences of which will travel far with us along our road ... we have passed an awful milestone in our history, when the whole equilibrium of Europe has been deranged, and that the terrible words have for the time being been pronounced against the Western democracies: "Thou art weighed in the balance and found wanting". And do not suppose that this is the end. This is only the beginning of the reckoning. This is only the first sip, the first foretaste of a bitter cup which will be proffered to us year by year unless by a supreme recovery of moral health and martial vigour, we arise again and take our stand for freedom as in the olden time.

text: Prior to the conference on 13 August 1938 Churchill wrote in a letter to Lloyd George:[77]

text: England has been offered a choice between war and shame. She has chosen shame, and will get war.

text: Legal nullification[edit]

text: During the Second World War, British Prime Minister Churchill, who opposed the agreement when it was signed, became determined that the terms of the agreement would not be upheld after the war and that the Sudeten territories should be returned to postwar Czechoslovakia. On 5 August 1942, Foreign Minister Anthony Eden sent the following note to Jan Masaryk:

text: In the light of recent exchanges of view between our Governments, I think it may be useful for me to make the following statement about the attitude of His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom as regards Czecho-Slovakia.

text: In my letter of the 18th July, 1941, I informed your Excellency that the King had decided to accredit an Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Dr. Beneš as President of the Czecho-Slovak Republic. I explained that this decision implied that His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom regarded the juridical position of the President and Government of the Czecho-Slovak Republic as identical with that of the other Allied heads of States and Governments established in this country. The status of His Majesty's representative has recently been raised to that of an Ambassador.

text: The Prime Minister had already stated in a message broadcast to the Czecho-Slovak people on the 30th September, 1940, the attitude of His Majesty's Government in regard to the arrangements reached at Munich in 1938. Mr. Churchill then said that the Munich Agreement had been destroyed by the Germans. This statement was formally communicated to Dr. Beneš on the 11th November, 1940.

text: The foregoing statement and formal act of recognition have guided the policy of His Majesty's Government in regard to Czecho-Slovakia, but in order to avoid any possible misunderstanding, I desire to declare on behalf of His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom that as Germany has deliberately destroyed the arrangements concerning Czecho-Slovakia reached in 1938, in which His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom participated, His Majesty's Government regard themselves as free from any engagements in this respect. At the final settlement of the Czecho-Slovak frontiers to be reached at the end of the war they will not be influenced by any changes effected in and since 1938.

text: To which Masaryk replied as follows:

text: I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your note of the 5th August, 1942, and I avail myself of this opportunity to convey to your Excellency, on behalf of the Czecho-Slovak Government and of myself, as well as in the name of the whole Czecho-Slovak people who are at present suffering so terribly under the Nazi yoke, the expression of our warmest thanks.

text: Your Excellency's note emphasises the fact that the formal act of recognition has guided the policy of His Majesty's Government in regard to Czecho-Slovakia, but, in order to avoid any possible misunderstanding, His Majesty's Government now desire to declare that, as Germany has deliberately destroyed the arrangements concerning Czecho-Slovakia reached in 1938, in which His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom participated, His Majesty's Government regard themselves as free from any engagements in this respect. At the final settlement of the Czecho-Slovak frontiers to be reached at the end of the war, they will not be influenced by any changes effected in and since 1938.

text: My Government accept your Excellency's note as a practical solution of the questions and difficulties of vital importance for Czecho-Slovakia which emerged between our two countries as the consequence of the Munich Agreement, maintaining, of course, our political and juridical position with regard to the Munich Agreement and the events which followed it as expressed in the note of the Czecho-Slovak Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the 16th December, 1941. We consider your important note of the 5th August, 1942, as a highly significant act of justice towards Czecho-Slovakia, and we assure you of our real satisfaction and of our profound gratitude to your great country and nation. Between our two countries the Munich Agreement can now be considered as dead.[78]

text: Following Allied victory and the surrender of the Third Reich in 1945, the Sudetenland was returned to Czechoslovakia, while the German speaking majority was expelled.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The West German politics of staying neutral in the Arab–Israeli conflict following the Munich massacre and the subsequent hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 615 in 1972, rather than taking the decided pro-Israel position of earlier governments, led to Israeli comparisons with the Munich Agreement and the Appeasement.[79]


document_title: NBA Rookie of the Year Award

question_text: who was the nba rookie of the year last year

root

text: NBA Rookie of the Year Award

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Key

^
Denotes player who is still active in the NBA

*
Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Denotes unanimous winners

DP #
Draft pick number

DY
Draft year

T
Territorial pick

tag: table

text:
Rookie of the Year

Season
Player
Position
Nationality
Team
DP #
DY

1952–53
Meineke, DonDon Meineke
Forward/Center
 United States
Fort Wayne Pistons
12 !12
1952

1953–54
Felix, RayRay Felix
Center
 United States
Baltimore Bullets
01 !1
1953

1954–55
Pettit, BobBob Pettit*
Forward/Center
 United States
Milwaukee Hawks
02 !2
1954

1955–56
Stokes, MauriceMaurice Stokes*
Forward/Center
 United States
Rochester Royals
02 !2
1955

1956–57
Heinsohn, TomTom Heinsohn*
Forward
 United States
Boston Celtics
99 !T
1956

1957–58
Sauldsberry, WoodyWoody Sauldsberry
Forward/Center
 United States
Philadelphia Warriors
60 !60
1957

1958–59
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
Forward
 United States
Minneapolis Lakers
01 !1
1958

1959–60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*[a]
Center
 United States
Philadelphia Warriors
99 !T
1959

1960–61
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
Guard
 United States
Cincinnati Royals
01 !1/T
1960

1961–62
Bellamy, WaltWalt Bellamy*
Center
 United States
Chicago Packers
01 !1
1961

1962–63
Dischinger, TerryTerry Dischinger
Forward/Guard
 United States
Chicago Zephyrs
08 !8
1962

1963–64
Lucas, JerryJerry Lucas*[b]
Forward/Center
 United States
Cincinnati Royals
99 !T
1962[b]

1964–65
Reed, WillisWillis Reed*
Center/Forward
 United States
New York Knicks
08 !8
1964

1965–66
Barry, RickRick Barry*
Forward
 United States
San Francisco Warriors
02 !2
1965

1966–67
Bing, DaveDave Bing*
Guard
 United States
Detroit Pistons
02 !2
1966

1967–68
Monroe, EarlEarl Monroe*
Guard
 United States
Baltimore Bullets
02 !2
1967

1968–69
Unseld, WesWes Unseld*[a]
Center/Forward
 United States
Baltimore Bullets
02 !2
1968

1969–70
Alcindor, LewLew Alcindor*
Center
 United States
Milwaukee Bucks
01 !1
1969

1970–71[c]
Cowens, DaveDave Cowens*
Center/Forward
 United States
Boston Celtics
04 !4
1970

1970–71[c]
Petrie, GeoffGeoff Petrie
Guard
 United States
Portland Trail Blazers
08 !8
1970

1971–72
Wicks, SidneySidney Wicks
Forward/Center
 United States
Portland Trail Blazers
02 !2
1971

1972–73
McAdoo, BobBob McAdoo*
Center/Forward
 United States
Buffalo Braves
02 !2
1972

1973–74
DiGregorio, ErnieErnie DiGregorio
Guard
 United States
Buffalo Braves
03 !3
1973

1974–75
Wilkes, JamaalJamaal Wilkes*
Forward/Guard
 United States
Golden State Warriors
11 !11
1974

1975–76
Adams, AlvanAlvan Adams
Center/Forward
 United States
Phoenix Suns
04 !4
1975

1976–77
Dantley, AdrianAdrian Dantley*
Forward/Guard
 United States
Buffalo Braves
06 !6
1976

1977–78
Davis, WalterWalter Davis
Guard/Forward
 United States
Phoenix Suns
05 !5
1977

1978–79
Ford, PhilPhil Ford
Guard
 United States
Kansas City Kings
02 !2
1978

1979–80
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*[d]
Forward
 United States
Boston Celtics
06 !6
1978[d]

1980–81
Griffith, DarrellDarrell Griffith
Guard
 United States
Utah Jazz
02 !2
1980

1981–82
Williams, BuckBuck Williams
Forward/Center
 United States
New Jersey Nets
03 !3
1981

1982–83
Cummings, TerryTerry Cummings
Forward
 United States
San Diego Clippers
02 !2
1982

1983–84
Sampson, RalphRalph Sampson*
Center/Forward
 United States
Houston Rockets
01 !1
1983

1984–85
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
Guard
 United States
Chicago Bulls
03 !3
1984

1985–86
Ewing, PatrickPatrick Ewing*
Center
 United States[e]
New York Knicks
01 !1
1985

1986–87
Person, ChuckChuck Person
Forward
 United States
Indiana Pacers
04 !4
1986

1987–88
Jackson, MarkMark Jackson
Guard
 United States
New York Knicks
18 !18
1987

1988–89
Richmond, MitchMitch Richmond*
Guard
 United States
Golden State Warriors
05 !5
1988

1989–90
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*[f]
Center
 United States
San Antonio Spurs
01 !1
1987[f]

1990–91
Coleman, DerrickDerrick Coleman
Forward
 United States
New Jersey Nets
01 !1
1990

1991–92
Johnson, LarryLarry Johnson
Forward
 United States
Charlotte Hornets
01 !1
1991

1992–93
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
Center
 United States
Orlando Magic
01 !1
1992

1993–94
Webber, ChrisChris Webber
Forward/Center
 United States
Golden State Warriors
01 !1
1993

1994–95[c]
Hill, GrantGrant Hill*
Forward/Guard
 United States
Detroit Pistons
03 !3
1994

1994–95[c]
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd*
Guard
 United States
Dallas Mavericks
02 !2
1994

1995–96
Stoudamire, DamonDamon Stoudamire
Guard
 United States
Toronto Raptors
07 !7
1995

1996–97
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
Guard
 United States
Philadelphia 76ers
01 !1
1996

1997–98
Duncan, TimTim Duncan
Forward/Center
 United States[g]
San Antonio Spurs
01 !1
1997

1998–99
Carter, VinceVince Carter^
Guard/Forward
 United States
Toronto Raptors
05 !5
1998

1999–00[c]
Brand, EltonElton Brand
Forward
 United States
Chicago Bulls
01 !1
1999

1999–00[c]
Francis, SteveSteve Francis
Guard
 United States
Houston Rockets
02 !2
1999

2000–01
Miller, MikeMike Miller
Forward/Guard
 United States
Orlando Magic
05 !5
2000

2001–02
Gasol, PauPau Gasol^
Forward/Center
 Spain
Memphis Grizzlies
03 !3
2001

2002–03
Stoudemire, Amar'eAmar'e Stoudemire
Forward/Center
 United States
Phoenix Suns
09 !9
2002

2003–04
James, LeBronLeBron James^
Forward
 United States
Cleveland Cavaliers
01 !1
2003

2004–05
Okafor, EmekaEmeka Okafor^
Center/Forward
 United States
Charlotte Bobcats
02 !2
2004

2005–06
Paul, ChrisChris Paul^
Guard
 United States
New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets
04 !4
2005

2006–07
Roy, BrandonBrandon Roy
Guard
 United States
Portland Trail Blazers
06 !6
2006

2007–08
Durant, KevinKevin Durant^
Forward
 United States
Seattle SuperSonics
02 !2
2007

2008–09
Rose, DerrickDerrick Rose^
Guard
 United States
Chicago Bulls
01 !1
2008

2009–10
Evans, TyrekeTyreke Evans^
Guard/Forward
 United States
Sacramento Kings
04 !4
2009

2010–11
Griffin, BlakeBlake Griffin^[h]
Forward
 United States
Los Angeles Clippers
01 !1
2009[h]

2011–12
Irving, KyrieKyrie Irving^
Guard
 United States
Cleveland Cavaliers
01 !1
2011

2012–13
Lillard, DamianDamian Lillard^
Guard
 United States
Portland Trail Blazers
06 !6
2012

2013–14
Carter-Williams, MichaelMichael Carter-Williams^
Guard
 United States
Philadelphia 76ers
11 !11
2013

2014–15
Wiggins, AndrewAndrew Wiggins^
Forward/Guard
 Canada
Minnesota Timberwolves
01 !1
2014

2015–16
Towns, Karl-AnthonyKarl-Anthony Towns^
Center
 United States[i]
Minnesota Timberwolves
01 !1
2015

2016–17
Brogdon, MalcolmMalcolm Brogdon^
Guard
 United States
Milwaukee Bucks
36 !36
2016

text: Unofficial winners[edit]

text: Prior to the 1952–53 season, the Rookie of the Year was selected by newspaper writers;[17] however, the NBA does not officially recognize those players as winners. The league did publish the pre-1953 winners in their 1994–95 edition of the Official NBA Guide and the 1994 Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia, but those winners have not been listed in subsequent publications.[17][18][19]

tag: p

text:
Season
Player
Position
Nationality
Team
DP #
DY

1947–48
Hoffman, PaulPaul Hoffman
Guard/Forward
 United States
Baltimore Bullets
70
1947

1948–49
Shannon, HowieHowie Shannon
Guard/Forward
 United States
Providence Steamrollers
01 !1
1949

1949–50
Groza, AlexAlex Groza
Center
 United States
Indianapolis Olympians
02 !2
1949

1950–51
Arizin, PaulPaul Arizin*
Forward/Guard
 United States
Philadelphia Warriors
99 !T
1950

1951–52[c]
Tosheff, BillBill Tosheff
Guard
 United States
Indianapolis Olympians
32 !32
1951

1951–52[c]
Hutchins, MelMel Hutchins
Forward/Center
 United States
Milwaukee Hawks
02 !2
1951


document_title: Bones (season 5)

question_text: episode of bones where angela and hodgins get married

text: Bones (season 5)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Emily Deschanel as Dr. Temperance "Bones" Brennan, a forensic anthropologist
David Boreanaz as FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth, who is the official FBI liaison with the Jeffersonian
Michaela Conlin as Angela Montenegro, a forensic artist
Tamara Taylor as Dr. Camille Saroyan, a forensic pathologist and the head of the forensic division
T. J. Thyne as Dr. Jack Hodgins, an entomologist
John Francis Daley as Dr. Lance Sweets, an FBI psychologist who studies the relationship between Dr. Brennan and Agent Booth

tag: ul

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Patricia Belcher as Caroline Julian, a prosecutor
Diedrich Bader as FBI Assistant Director Andrew Hacker
Tiffany Hines as Michelle Welton, Cam's adopted daughter
Ryan O'Neal as Max Keenan, Brennan's father
Ty Panitz as Parker Booth, Booth's son
Zooey Deschanel as Margaret Whitesell, Brennan's relative
Brendan Fehr as Jared Booth, Booth's brother
Stephen Fry as Dr. Gordon Wyatt, Booth's former psychiatrist
Billy Gibbons as Angela's father
Elon Gold as Dr. Paul Lidner, Cam's boyfriend
Cyndi Lauper as Avalon Harmonia, a psychic
Deirdre Lovejoy as Heather Taffet
Eric Millegan as Dr. Zack Addy
Dilshad Vadsaria as Padme Dalaj, Jared's wife
Ralph Waite as Hank Booth, Seeley's grandfather

text:
Eugene Byrd as Dr. Clark Edison
Carla Gallo as Daisy Wick
Michael Grant Terry as Wendell Bray
Pej Vahdat as Arastoo Vaziri
Ryan Cartwright as Vincent Nigel-Murray
Joel David Moore as Colin Fisher

text: Storyline[edit]

text: Key plotlines in the fifth season include the 100th episode (directed by David Boreanaz), which flashes back to Booth and Brennan's first assignment that showcases their original relationship, which leads Booth to confess his true feelings to Brennan. The 100th episode also features the return of Eric Millegan as Zack Addy. Angela and Hodgins rekindle their love after spending some quality time together in a jail cell, and decide to get married. Heather Taffet aka the Gravedigger is put on trial for her crimes, and the team's strong case against her leads to a conviction where she is finally put away, but warns Brennan "that it's not over". In the season finale, many of the characters begin to embark on trips that will take them out of the country for one year, intending to return and pick things up where they left off one year from that day. Temperance, along with Daisy Wick, go to the Maluku Islands to study a full set of interspecies hominid remains that could be a crucial link in the evolutionary chain. Booth returns to the Army as a Sergeant Major to train soldiers in apprehending insurgents. Meanwhile, newlywed Angela and Hodgins decide to travel.

text: The season was originally supposed to include a black-and-white noir-inspired episode, but the idea was dropped after another Fox series, Fringe, did a similar episode.[2] The episode "The Gamer in the Grease" features promotion of the film Avatar. The cross promotion was suggested by Avatar producer Jon Landau and the episode features recurring actor Joel David Moore, who also appears in Avatar as one of the secondary protagonists.[3]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

85
1
"Harbingers in the Fountain"
Ian Toynton
Hart Hanson
September 17, 2009 (2009-09-17)
5AKY01
10.36[4]

Booth returns to the FBI after being certified by Dr. Sweets and wonders if his feelings for Brennan are real or if they are just the effects from his brain surgery. Angela's psychic Avalon (Cyndi Lauper) leads Booth and Brennan to a crime regarding bodies being buried under a fountain in Washington, one of which is Avalon's younger sister.

86
2
"The Bond in the Boot"
Alex Chapple
Michael Peterson
September 24, 2009 (2009-09-24)
5AKY02
9.12[5]

Booth and Brennan investigate a highly classified case regarding the death of a man and a CIA analyst, which revolves around the unknown contents of a briefcase. Funding is cut back at the Jeffersonian, leaving Wendell's (Michael Grant Terry) scholarship at risk, but anonymous donations are made, saving his internship. Booth deals with effects of his coma, causing him to relearn how to fix the broken pipes for his sink, instead of paying for a plumber.

87
3
"The Plain in the Prodigy"
Allan Kroeker
Karine Rosenthal
October 1, 2009 (2009-10-01)
5AKY03
9.43[6]

The team investigates the remains of a teenage Amish boy who disappeared two months prior to Rumspringa, where he would explore the outside world. They later discover the boy was a piano prodigy and kept it as a secret from his family. Cam deals with parenting issues as she believes her stepdaughter Michelle might be having sex, leading Booth to help out.

88
4
"The Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood"
Gordon C. Lonsdale
Janet Lin
October 8, 2009 (2009-10-08)
5AKY04
10.29[7]

The team investigates the remains that were found in a barbecue pit during a suburban neighborhood block party, leading to several secrets about the residents in the neighborhood being exposed. Iranian intern Arastoo confesses to everyone that he has been faking his accent and explains why he did so. Booth's son Parker seems concerned that his dad does not have a girlfriend.

89
5
"A Night at the Bones Museum"
Jeannot Szwarc
Carla Kettner & Josh Berman
October 15, 2009 (2009-10-15)
5AKY05
9.59[8]

A mysteriously charred body that is found on an electrical fence turns out to be a mummified Egyptian royal that was loaned to the Jeffersonian from the Egyptian government. The team investigates as the curator that was prepping the mummy is found murdered. Booth's supervisor, the assistant director of the FBI, Andrew Hacker (Diedrich Bader), shows interest in Brennan and they later go on a date. Sweets convinces Brennan to give Daisy (Carla Gallo) another chance, having her return to the Jeffersonian as an intern.

90
6
"The Tough Man in the Tender Chicken"
Dwight Little
Dean Lopata
November 5, 2009 (2009-11-05)
5AKY06
8.66[9]

When the remains of a local chicken farmer are found mutilated by a nearby river, Booth and Brennan investigate the various suspects, including several animal rights activists who are protesting outside the chicken factory. Angela, feeling bothered by the practices of the chicken farm, asks for donations to save a piglet in which Brennan declines as her belief of saving one will not change anything, causing her to question why they are friends. After Wendell makes a donation to Angela, they kiss and a relationship starts to develop as Angela has now been celibate for five and half months.

91
7
"The Dwarf in the Dirt"
Chad Lowe
Karyn Usher
November 12, 2009 (2009-11-12)
5AKY07
10.22[10]

The team investigate the remains of a person with dwarfism who is found in a sinkhole. The victim was known as "The Iron Leprechaun", who competed in a wrestling league. Booth, still dealing with effects from his brain tumor, has problems with his aim and must be re-certified for FBI marksmanship. He then seeks advice from Dr. Gordon Wyatt (Stephen Fry), who is now a chef, in hopes of overcoming the problem.

92
8
"The Foot in the Foreclosure"
Jeff Woolnough
Pat Charles
November 19, 2009 (2009-11-19)
5AKY08
9.88[11]

When the charred remains of a person are found by a real estate agent during a tour of the house, Booth and Brennan must investigate the mysterious way the person turned to ashes. Booth deals with taking care of his grandfather Hank (Ralph Waite) as he prepares to move in, and Hank gives relationship advice to both Booth and Brennan.

93
9
"The Gamer in the Grease"
Kate Woods
Dean Lopata
December 3, 2009 (2009-12-03)
5AKY09
9.92[12]

The team investigate the death of a pro gamer whose body is found in a grease truck. The victim, Steve Rifton, was the only person to get a perfect score on a popular arcade game, Punky Pong. Intern Colin Fisher (Joel David Moore) invites Hodgins and Sweets to the premiere of the science fiction film Avatar, where each must take turns standing in line.

94
10
"The Goop on the Girl"
Tim Southam
Carla Kettner
December 10, 2009 (2009-12-10)
5AKY10
10.90[13]

A man dressed as Santa Claus wearing an explosive vest is blown up via a radio frequency after robbing a bank, leaving Booth and Brennan to investigate the identity of the bomber and who set off the explosives. Brennan plans on spending Christmas in El Salvador, but her father (Ryan O'Neal) convinces her to stay and spend it with him and her second cousin on her mother's side, Margaret (Zooey Deschanel). After solving the case, the Jeffersonian team attend the funeral of the man that was killed after they discover he was forced into the robbery, comforting the mother who was his only family. The team later celebrate a Christmas dinner at Brennan's.

95
11
"The X in the File"
Allison Liddi-Brown
Janet Lin
January 14, 2010 (2010-01-14)
5AKY11
10.67[14]

Booth and Brennan travel to Roswell, New Mexico, after remains resembling an alien are found in the desert. Hodgins deals with his jealousy after Angela and Wendell confess they are in a relationship.

96
12
"The Proof in the Pudding"
Emile Levisetti
Bob Harris
January 21, 2010 (2010-01-21)
5AKY12
11.93[15]

The Jeffersonian lab is put on lock down by mysterious government agents led by Mr. White (Richard T. Jones) when they demand Brennan and her team identify of cause of death for a highly classified set of remains. The team eventually come to believe the set of remains they are working on are actually that of assassinated President John F. Kennedy. Cam finds a positive pregnancy test in the woman's bathroom and after all the women deny it is theirs, she believes it might be Michelle's (Cam's adopted daughter). After, Angela confesses to Cam that it was actually hers, but did not want anyone else to know. In the interim, Cam had it tested again, and reveals to Angela that it was a false positive, meaning she is not pregnant.

97
13
"The Dentist in the Ditch"
Dwight Little
Pat Charles & Josh Berman
January 28, 2010 (2010-01-28)
5AKY13
12.37[16]

A human skeleton is found in a ditch on an old Civil War battleground and is covered in clay, making it difficult for the team to determine the cause of death. Booth's brother Jared (Brendan Fehr) returns from his travels with a new girlfriend, whom he intends to marry. Feeling suspicious, Booth performs a background check on her, which angers his brother. They later reconcile, where Jared tells him they do not keep secrets from each other and asks him to be his best man.

98
14
"The Devil in the Details"
Ian Toynton
Michael Peterson
February 4, 2010 (2010-02-04)
5AKY14
12.37[17]

Booth and Brennan investigate the remains of a demon-like body found in a church that has horns and a tail. The case leads them to Havenhurst Sanitarium, where the victim was committed, as he had schizophrenia. The case causes intern Arastoo Vaziri to talk about his beliefs of good and evil and he reveals a secret he has been keeping for many years.

99
15
"The Bones on the Blue Line"
Chad Lowe
Carla Kettner
April 1, 2010 (2010-04-01)
5AKY15
8.44[18]

While Dr. Sweets is on a subway train, a stranger tells him he has just been cured of leukemia, then the train is thrown off its tracks as a water main breaks, causing havoc inside the train leading to death of the man who had just been cured of cancer. The accident exposes a skeleton that was caused by the flooding, leading Booth and Brennan to investigate. With the release of Brennan's fourth book, a reporter (Seiko Matsuda) interviews her for a Japanese magazine and follows her and the team around. Sweets deals with the near-death experience feeling it was a message to live his life fully, leading him to propose to his girlfriend Daisy.

100
16
"The Parts in the Sum of the Whole"
David Boreanaz
Hart Hanson
April 8, 2010 (2010-04-08)
5AKY16
9.99[19]

Booth and Brennan set the record straight regarding when they first met as Dr. Sweets has completed his book detailing the relationship between the two which he believes they are in love. Sweets is worried that this information could invalidate his book so he has them tell the story of when they first met, which happened six years earlier. The story includes how Angela came to work for Brennan at the Jeffersonian; the first time Brennan, Hodgins and her grad student Zack (Eric Millegan) worked on fresh remains; and that Booth and Brennan shared a kiss during their first case and Brennan decided not to spend the night with him as they were both drunk.

101
17
"The Death of the Queen Bee"
Allan Kroeker
Mark Lisson
April 15, 2010 (2010-04-15)
5AKY17
9.92[20]

An investigation leads Brennan back to her old high school, where a classmate of Brennan's is found murdered, similar to another girl in her class 15 years prior. Booth and Brennan go undercover as a married couple during the high school reunion to try to discover the killer, which includes several of her previous classmates. Brennan is helped by her only friend from high school, the janitor, Ray Buxley (Robert Englund), to help find the killer. Back at the lab, Wendell accidentally finds out from Hodgins that Angela believed she was pregnant and did not tell him. Wendell then tells her would have taken his share of the responsibility and consequences. Later, Angela ends their relationship as she felt his answer to the pregnancy was that it was his obligation. After the case, the team get together at the bar sharing their high school experience. Brennan expresses she was glad she attended the reunion and that she realizes how lucky she is to have the friendship she has today.

102
18
"The Predator in the Pool"
Dwight Little
Karyn Usher
April 22, 2010 (2010-04-22)
5AKY18
9.01[21]

A case leads Booth and Brennan to an aquarium where the remains were found inside a shark. The case is brought to them by Dr. Catherine Bryar (Rena Sofer) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, who seems to show an interest in Booth. Both Booth and Brennan try to move on into romantic relationships as Brennan goes on another date with Andrew Hacker, and Booth asks out Catherine after the case is solved.

103
19
"The Rocker in the Rinse Cycle"
Jeff Woolnough
Karine Rosenthal
April 29, 2010 (2010-04-29)
5AKY19
9.28[22]

When the body of thrill-seeker is found in a hotel laundry machine, Booth and Brennan investigate the place he was last seen–a rock and roll fantasy camp, hosted by the prolific rocker Simon Graham (Michael Des Barres). Cam looks for a gynecologist for her stepdaughter Michelle. Cam later goes out on a date with Dr. Lidner (Elon Gold) after he asks her out.

104
20
"The Witch in the Wardrobe"
François Velle
Kathy Reichs
May 6, 2010 (2010-05-06)
5AKY20
9.05[23]

The remains of two witches, one of which is from the Salem witch trials from the 1600s and the other a modern day Wiccan, are discovered in the remains of a burnt out cabin. Booth and Brennan investigate the world of Wicca, including discovering the Wiccan group of which the victim was a part. Hodgins and Angela wind up in jail after some reckless driving and have to work the case from the jail cell. After spending quality time together, they realize they are still in love. Hodgins subsequently proposes to Angela and they are married by the judge who hears their case.

105
21
"The Boy with the Answer"
Dwight Little
Stephen Nathan
May 13, 2010 (2010-05-13)
5AKY21
9.20[24]

The Jeffersonian team and prosecutor Caroline Julian (Patricia Belcher) work to convict Heather Taffet aka the Gravedigger (Deirdre Lovejoy) who is defending herself at her trial. Brennan, Booth, and Hodgins are forced to drop their own charges against Taffet once they discover the missing remains of a young boy who was killed by the Gravedigger, so they could work and testify against Taffet. Believing Taffet will not be convicted, Brennan's father tries to kill her with a sniper rifle, but Booth is able to stop him and Max is jailed until the trial is over. After several attempts at finding evidence that Taffet successfully argues against, Hodgins discover a dust mite from the boy's mouth that contains the DNA of Taffet, left there when he bit her. This evidence proves successful and the jury convicts Taffet of kidnapping and murder, but Taffet warns Brennan "that it's not over". The team later celebrate over drinks at the Founding Fathers bar.

106
22
"The Beginning in the End"
Ian Toynton
Hart Hanson & Stephen Nathan
May 20, 2010 (2010-05-20)
5AKY22
9.21[25]

The team investigate the remains of a hoarder whose body fell through the floor to another apartment when it collapsed due to major termite damage. They must sift through all his belongings to try to determine the cause of death. Hodgins is asked a favor from Angela's father (Billy Gibbons) to try to steal back a car he lost at a card game, although it just turns out to be a test to see if he would do it. Daisy is accepted to go to the Maluku Islands to study a full set of interspecies hominid remains that could be a crucial link in the evolutionary chain. She and Sweets discuss if he should go with her, as she will be gone for a year, but Sweets stays and they say their goodbyes at the airport. Brennan is also accepted to take part in the project, but is unsure if she wants to leave. Booth is contacted by the Army to return as a Sergeant Major to train soldiers in apprehending insurgents, but also is unsure if he wants to go. Later, the Jeffersonian team makes decisions that will have them apart for a year: Angela and Hodgins travel to Paris; Brennan and Daisy go to the Maluku Islands; and Booth goes to Afghanistan to train soldiers.

text: DVD and Blu-ray release[edit]

text: The fifth season of Bones was released on DVD and Blu-ray (subtitled "Beyond the Grave Edition") in region 1 on October 5, 2010,[26] in region 2 on October 18, 2010[27] and in region 4 on October 27, 2010.[28] The set includes all 22 episodes of season five on a 6-disc DVD set and 4-disc Blu-ray set presented in anamorphic widescreen. Special features include two audio commentaries—"The Proof in the Pudding" by actors Tamara Taylor, John Francis Daley and Michaela Conlin and "The Beginning in the End" by executive producers Hart Hanson, Stephen Nathan and Ian Toynton. Featurettes include "The 100th Episode with Director David Boreanaz", "The Bodies of Bones" and "The Nunchuck Way". Also included are extended versions of "The Tough Man in the Tender Chicken" and "The X in the File", as well as deleted scenes and a gag reel.[26]


document_title: Mutt & Stuff

question_text: who played meow meow kitty on mutt and stuff

text: Mutt & Stuff

text: Plot[edit]

text: Calvin Millan and his giant talking dog, Stuff, are in charge of a school for dogs. They are best friends.[5]

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Calvin (portrayed by Calvin Millan) - The dog school's teenage teacher.
Stuff (performed by Meegan Godfrey, face-performed and voiced by Drew Massey) - Calvin's giant stuffed dog and best friend. In the double-length special "H.R. Pufnstuf Comes to Mutt & Stuff," it is revealed that his uncle is the title character of the Kroffts' earlier series H.R. Pufnstuf.[6] He is very similar in appearance to Pufnstuf as well.
Zoe and Davenport (performed by Donna Kimball and Drew Massey) - Two cats who comment on the action from a tree outside the dog school where they often exchanging jokes, similar to the characters of Statler and Waldorf from The Muppet Show. They have a tendency to fall out of their tree while laughing at their own jokes while stating that they are OK. They also wear glasses.
Zippy (performed by Jumpy) - Calvin's pet dog.
Cesar (portrayed by Cesar Millan) - Calvin's father.
Melvin (performed by Victor Yerrid) - A red, talking fire hydrant that's outside the dog school. Tells Jokes.
Grandma (performed by Kuma) - The dog in charge of the puppies while Calvin and Stuff are with the adult dogs.
Bow Wow (voiced by Victor Yerrid) - The automated A.I. of the Bow Wow Chow Snack Machine that appears in later episodes.
Marty and Sid (performed by Drew Massey and Victor Yerrid) - Two creepy talking trees that were a gift from Stuff's uncle H.R. Pufnstuf that live on the playground. They are named after the show's creators, Sid & Marty Krofft
Noodles (performed by Donna Kimball) - A mouse who lives in the wall next to the puppy tunnel; he loves to play jokes by pulling a rope and having confetti fall all over.
Junior Shades - A small dog who wears sunglasses. He appears in the episode "Dogs on a Plane" as co-captain with Zippy. He appears again in "Sherdog Bones" as a student at Mutt and Stuff.

text: Guest characters[edit]

text:
Marco (portrayed by Ashton Arbab) - Calvin's cousin.
H.R. Pufnstuf (face performed by Donna Kimball, performed by Mary Karcz, voiced by Randy Credico) - Stuff's uncle who's from Living Island in the Krofft Series H.R. Pufnstuf
Freddy the Flute (performed by Donna Kimball) - H.R. Pufnstuf's magic talking flute.
Cling and Clang (performed by Arturo Gil and Joseph S. Griffo) - H.R. Pufnstuf's Rescue Racer Crew. Like the original series, they never speak.
Olive - A skunk that appears in the episode "Bring In Da Noise, "Bring In Da Skunk. All the dogs are scared of and they won't get along. After Noodles disguised Olive, The dogs got along with (Olive) also known as Shirley. While Calvin and the dogs were dancing Olive's dress fell off. All the dogs were scared. Calvin got confused, The dogs did a nose-to-nose with Calvin. Then the dogs were not scared of Olive anymore. And they found out that they could keep her.
Wally Whiskers - A comedian that appears in the episode, "Sit Stay, Stand Up".
Meow Meow Kitty- A villainous cat who takes over Mutt and Stuff, played Jon Heder in season 2.

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Clover (portrayed by Mila Brener) - Cuddles' owner.
Owen - Sunny's owner.
Luke (portrayed by Oskar Jacobs) - Dude's owner.
Dr. Christina (portrayed by Kristina Krofft) - The dogs' veterinarian.
Popcorn Vendor (portrayed by Omar von Muller) that appears at the end of the episodes.
Annie the animal rescuer who guest stars and later becomes a recurring character in season two (portrayed by Rachel Eggleston) An animal rescuer who befriends Stuff and the dogs

text: Episodes[edit]

text: One season has been ordered as of 2015.[7]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired (U.S. dates)

First aired
Last aired

1
40[8]
July 10, 2015 (2015-07-10)
January 30, 2017 (2017-01-30)

2
33[9]
August 19, 2016 (2016-08-19)
TBA

text: Season 1 (2015–17)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
U.S. air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

0
"Pilot[10]"
Hugh Martin
Bradley Zweig
March 6, 2015 (2015-03-06)
100[10]
N/A

1
"Hip Hop Dogs[11]"
Hugh Martin
Dan Danko, Brian Elling & Corey Powell
July 10, 2015 (2015-07-10)
101[10]
1.31[12]

2
"A Pawsome Circus Show[11]"
Christian Jacobs
Dan Danko
July 17, 2015 (2015-07-17)
105[10]
1.47[13]

3
"Zippy's Birthday Bash[11]"
Jason DeVilliers
Brian Elling
July 24, 2015 (2015-07-24)
104[10]
1.24[14]

Calvin puts together a surprise birthday party for his best friend, Zippy; Cesar gives Calvin some great advice that helps him find the perfect gift for his friend.

4
"The Fast & The Furriest[11]"
Christian Jacobs
Brian Elling
July 31, 2015 (2015-07-31)
111[10]
1.59[15]

Vroom Vroom! It's Race Day at Mutt & Stuff, and Calvin has invited race dog extraordinaire Mario Bonedretti to join in on the racing fun. The dogs learn a thing or two about playing by the rules when it's revealed that Mario may not be the rule-abiding champion he's made out to be.

5
"Doggy Movin'[11]"
Jason DeVilliers
Corey Powell
August 7, 2015 (2015-08-07)
103[10]
1.58[16]

Calvin and the other dogs work to get Pixie moving when she won't come out of her carrier.

6
"Lady Woof Woof[11]"
Jason DeVilliers
Corey Powell
August 14, 2015 (2015-08-14)
110[10]
1.33[17]

A famous rockstar dog visits Mutt & Stuff

7
"A Goldfish Opportunity[11]"
Christian Jacobs
Brian Elling
August 21, 2015 (2015-08-21)
106[10]
1.08[18]

Stuff gets a goldfish and learns how to take care of it

8
"Class Picture Day[11]"
Hugh Martin
Dan Danko
August 28, 2015 (2015-08-28)
102[10]
1.11[19]

Today is the class Picture Day for Mutt and Stuff. Everyone will get to dress up for their picture. When Rocket and Princess Pickles are fighting over a pirate hat because they both want to be pirates for Picture Day, Calvin and Ceasar tell the two dogs to take turns.

9
"Doggy Dino[11]"
Hugh Martin
Corey Powell
October 2, 2015 (2015-10-02)
114[10]
1.05[20]

10
"Get Along Little Piggy[11]"
Christian Jacobs
Dan Danko
October 13, 2015 (2015-10-13)
112[10]
1.18[21]

The class welcomes a new student, a pig named Norman to Mutt & Stuff.

11
"Skate Doggin'[11]"
Hugh Martin
Corey Powell & Brian D. Clark
October 15, 2015 (2015-10-15)
117[10]
1.01[22]

Today is the day everyone gets to go to the skate park. However Rocket has never ridden a skateboard before and is a little nervous about skateboarding for the first time. Calvin helps Rocket overcomes his nervousness and gets him on a skateboard.

12
"Ninja Dog[11]"
Jason DeVilliers
Brian D. Clark
October 16, 2015 (2015-10-16)
119[10]
1.20[23]

13
"Cloudy with a Chance of Accidents[11]"
Jason DeVilliers
Dan Danko
November 10, 2015 (2015-11-10)
108[10]
0.87[24]

14
"Achey Breaky Bark[11]"
Jason DeVilliers
Corey Powell
November 12, 2015 (2015-11-12)
109[10]
1.02[25]

15
"Veterinary Loves Company[11]"
Hugh Martin
Brian D. Clark
November 13, 2015 (2015-11-13)
113[10]
0.89[26]

When Mutt & Stuff began, Owen came up to Calvin and tells him that his dog Sonny is a little nervous about his visit to the vet. Stuff appears to be nervous when Calvin told him that he is going to the vet too with Sonny. So to avoid going to the vet, Stuff does many needless stuff. Calvin and Ceasar manage to calm down the dogs by saying that dogs will react on how they're acting and that going to the vet isn't scary at all.

16
"I Bark of Genie[11]"
Hugh Martin
Dan Danko
November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
107[10]
0.86[27]

17
"A Very Mutty Christmas[11]"
Jason DeVilliers
Brian D. Clark
December 11, 2015 (2015-12-11)
124[10]
0.92[28]

Today is Christmas Eve at Mutt & Stuff. Calvin explains to Stuff that Little Cricket ( or Cricket as he was called) has never seen snow before. The class read a story about Phil the Snow Dog who can magically makes snow for dogs who has Christmas spirit. When Stuff wishes for Cricket to see snow, it was magically snowing outside! The class all went to play in the snow and they found out that it was Phil the Snow Dog who makes snow at Mutt & Stuff because Stuff used his wish to wish for Cricket to see snow for the first time.

18
"Mutt & Stuff Express[11]"
Hugh Martin
Dan Danko
January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)
119[10]
1.13[29]

19
"Cleo Kibble[11]"
Hugh Martin
Evan Sinclair
January 7, 2016 (2016-01-07)
120[10]
1.06[30]

When Calvin broke the Bow Wow chow snack machine trying to speed it up when he forgot snack time for the Mutt and Stuff picnic. He summons Cleo Kibble to help him fix the snack machine.

20
"Princess & the Cone[11]"
Jason DeVilliers
Corey Powell
January 8, 2016 (2016-01-08)
123[10]
0.90[31]

Today is Royal Day at Mutt & Stuff and everyone is excited especially Princess Pickles. But Dr. Christina said that Princess Pickles has a rash and has to wear the cone for a whole week. The class tried playtime, snacktime, and dance class, but the cone seems to be in the way. Finally, they have arts & crafts and turn Princess Pickles' cone into a collar for a queen. They Royal Day begins and there's Sir Zippy, Stuff the dragon, King Rocket and finally Queen Pickles. They learn that you can make something that's in the way part of the fun.

21
"Take Me to your Pack Leader[11]"
Jason DeVilliers
Evan Sinclair
January 15, 2016 (2016-01-15)
116[10]
0.90[32]

At Mutt & Stuff, the class gets a special visit from an alien dog named Wagnoid from the planet Sniff. Wagnoid came to find out why Mutt & Stuff is the greatest dog school in the galaxy. When Stuff accidentally broke Wagnoid's ship, Calvin and the class volunteered to help fix Wagnoid's ship so he can fly home to planet Sniff.

22
"Game of Bones[11]"
Hugh Martin
Dan Danko
January 22, 2016 (2016-01-22)
118[10]
1.18[33]

Today is the day of the Doggy Olympics and Grumbles is afraid that he might not do well in the Doggy Games. Calvin's younger cousin Marco volunteered to watch the other dogs and Stuff while Calvin helps Grumbles get over his fear of competing in the Doggy Olympics.

23
"Dogs on a Plane[11]"
Hugh Martin
Brian D. Clark
January 29, 2016 (2016-01-29)
121[10]
1.07[34]

The dogs take a plane ride to Hawaii

24
"H.R. Pufnstuf Visits Mutt & Stuff[11]"
Hugh Martin
Amara Nolan
February 15, 2016 (2016-02-15)
125[10]
N/A

The class is getting ready for the arrival of Stuff's uncle H.R. Pufnstuf. When Pufnstuf arrives, Calvin shows him Mutt and Stuff. Stuff thinks that he's not important to his uncle. In the end, Calvin made Stuff the mayor of Mutt and Stuff to show Stuff that he's important too.

25
"Welcome Noodles![11]"
Hugh Martin
Evan Sinclair
February 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)
127[10]
N/A

Calvin and the dogs tried to include their new class pet, a mouse named Noodles in all of their activities.

26
"Lights! Camera! Bark![11]"
Christian Jacobs
Evan Sinclair
February 25, 2016 (2016-02-25)
128[10]
N/A

Guest starring Oscar Nunez

27
"Sherdog Bones[11]"
Jason DeVilliers
Julia Prescott
March 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)
122[10]
N/A

When things starts to go missing, Calvin and the dogs become detectives to solve the mystery and get their stuffs back.

28
"Goat in 60 Seconds![11]"
Hugh Martin
Evan Sinclair
March 10, 2016 (2016-03-10)
132[10]
N/A

When Stuff loses Jenny Jasper's prize-winning goat, Bubba. The class tried to find Bubba for the cutest goat competition.

29
"Pool Party[11]"
Hugh Martin
Brian D. Clark
June 10, 2016 (2016-06-10)
140[10]
N/A

30
"Super Doggy Adoption[11]"
Hugh Martin
Julia Prescott
July 22, 2016 (2016-07-22)
126[10]
1.42[35]

31
"Puppy Pirates![11]"
Shannon Flynn
Brian D. Clark
July 29, 2016 (2016-07-29)
133[10]
N/A

32
"Amusement Bark[11]"
Christian Jacobs
Corey Powell
August 5, 2016 (2016-08-05)
129[10]
N/A

33
"World Pup[11]"
Hugh Martin
Evan Sinclair
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)
131[10]
N/A

34
"Gabi's Groom-A-Thon[11]"
Christian Jacobs
Brian D. Clark
August 30, 2016 (2016-08-30)
130[10]
N/A

35
"Dogs in Space[11]"
Hugh Martin
Evan Sinclair
September 1, 2016 (2016-09-01)
139[10]
N/A

36
"Ruffin' It Camping[11]"
Jason DeVilliers
Dan Danko
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
135[10]
N/A

The dogs go camping at Mutt & Stuff

37
"Ba-a-a-ack To School![11]"
Christian Jacobs
Corey Powell
September 22, 2016 (2016-09-22)
138[10]
N/A

38
"Sick As A Dog[11]"
Jason DeVilliers
Dan Danko
October 4, 2016 (2016-10-04)
136[10]
N/A

Calvin has come down with a cold! So, Stuff and Marco needed a way to help make Calvin feel better and operate Mutt & Stuff for him.

39
"Dinner With Cesar[11]"
Christian Jacobs
Evan Sinclair
October 6, 2016 (2016-10-06)
137[10]
0.84[36]

40
"Fire Dogs[11]"
Shannon Flynn
Dan Danko
January 30, 2017 (2017-01-30)
134[10]
0.75[37]

text: Season 2 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
U.S. air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

41
"Basketball Dogs vs. the Harlem Globetrotters"
Hugh Martin
Dan Danko
August 19, 2016 (2016-08-19)
206[10]
1.07[38]

42
"The Happy Hallowoof Party"
Jason DeVilliers
Brian D. Clark
October 21, 2016 (2016-10-21)
220[10]
1.08[39]

43
"Bring In Da Noise, Bring In Da Skunk"
Hugh Martin
Corey Powell
January 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)
202[10]
0.78[40]

44
"Doggy Adventure Day"
Christian Jacobs
Brian D. Clark
February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)
204[10]
0.75[41]

45
"Sit, Stay, Stand Up!"
Hugh Martin
Dan Danko
February 2, 2017 (2017-02-02)
205[10]
0.82[42]

46
"Roller Dogs"
Christian Jacobs
Corey Powell
March 13, 2017 (2017-03-13)
203[10]
1.24[43]

47
"Grandma's Day Off"
Christian Jacobs
Evan Sinclair
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)
211[10]
1.00[44]

48
"Annie To The Rescue"
Hugh Martin
Evan Sinclair
March 15, 2017 (2017-03-15)
209[10]
1.03[45]

49
"Doggy Dining Disaster!"
Hugh Martin
Corey Powell
March 16, 2017 (2017-03-16)
213[10]
1.01[46]

50
"Doggy Mermaid Island"
Hugh Martin
Brian D. Clark
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)
210[10]
1.04[47]

51
"Cowboy"
Hugh Martin
Evan Sinclair
May 1, 2017 (2017-05-01)
201[10]
0.75[48]

52
"H.R. Pufnstuf's Happy Tree Jamboree"
Jason DeVilliers
Brian D. Clark
May 2, 2017 (2017-05-02)
207[10]
0.71[49]

53
"Putt & Stuff"
Jason DeVilliers
Dan Danko
May 3, 2017 (2017-05-03)
208[10]
0.77[50]

54
"Woof Out!"
Christian Jacobs
Dan Danko
May 4, 2017 (2017-05-04)
212[10]
0.82[51]

55
"The Wag 4 Rock Concert"
Hugh Martin
Evan Sinclair
June 19, 2017 (2017-06-19)
214[10]
1.18[52]

56
"A Chew Toy Fairy-Tail"
Jason DeVilliers
Brian D. Clark
June 20, 2017 (2017-06-20)
215[10]
1.20[53]

57
"Hocus Puppy Pocus"
Jason DeVilliers
Corey Powell
June 21, 2017 (2017-06-21)
216[10]
1.17[54]

58
"Dog Star Challenge"
Hugh Martin
Evan Sinclair
June 22, 2017 (2017-06-22)
217[10]
1.20[55]

59
"Doggy Gymnastics!"
Christian Jacobs
Dan Danko & Evan Sinclair
July 14, 2017 (2017-07-14)
231[10]
N/A

60
"Construction Dogs!"
Hugh Martin
Evan Sinclair & Margaret Hoffman
July 17, 2017 (2017-07-17)
218[10]
N/A

61
"Hop Dog"
Christian Jacobs
Dan Danko
July 18, 2017 (2017-07-18)
219[10]
N/A

62
"The Woof Zone!"
Hugh Martin
Evan Sinclair
July 19, 2017 (2017-07-19)
221[10]
N/A

63
"Superhero Dogs!"
Hugh Martin
Dan Danko
July 20, 2017 (2017-07-20)
222[10]
N/A

64
"Surprise Birthday Balloon Bash!"
Jason DeVilliers
Corey Powell
August 7, 2017 (2017-08-07)
224[10]
N/A

65
"Twin Day!"
Shannon Flynn
Sindy Boveda-Spackman
August 8, 2017 (2017-08-08)
225[10]
N/A

66
"Get Up And Bark!"
Christian Jacobs
Corey Powell
August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09)
226[10]
N/A

67
"CannonDOG Run!"
Christian Jacobs
Dan Danko
August 10, 2017 (2017-08-10)
227[10]
N/A

68
"Pixie I Shrunk the Class"
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBD

text: Awards[edit]

text: 2016: Mutt & Stuff was nominated for two Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Pre-School Children's Series and Outstanding Directing in a Children’s or Preschool Children’s Series[56]