document_title: My Fair Lady

question_text: who was watching eliza in the opening scene

text: My Fair Lady

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: On a rainy night in Edwardian London, opera patrons are waiting under the arches of Covent Garden for cabs. Eliza Doolittle, a Cockney flower girl, runs into a young man called Freddy. She admonishes him for spilling her bunches of violets in the mud, but she cheers up after selling one to an older gentleman. She then flies into an angry outburst when a man copying down her speech is pointed out to her. The man explains that he studies phonetics and can identify anyone's origin by their accent. He laments Eliza's dreadful speech, asking why so many English people don't speak properly and explaining his theory that this is what truly separates social classes, rather than looks or money ("Why Can't the English?"). He declares that in six months he could turn Eliza into a lady by teaching her to speak properly. The older gentleman introduces himself as Colonel Pickering, a linguist who has studied Indian dialects. The phoneticist introduces himself as Henry Higgins, and, as they both have always wanted to meet each other, Higgins invites Pickering to stay at his home in London. He distractedly throws his change into Eliza's basket, and she and her friends wonder what it would be like to live a comfortable, proper life ("Wouldn't It Be Loverly?").

text: Eliza's father, Alfred P. Doolittle, and his drinking companions, Harry and Jamie, all dustmen, stop by the next morning. He is searching for money for a drink, and Eliza shares her profits with him ("With a Little Bit of Luck"). Pickering and Higgins are discussing vowels at Higgins's home when Mrs. Pearce, the housekeeper, informs Higgins that a young woman with a ghastly accent has come to see him. It is Eliza, who has come to take speech lessons so she can get a job as an assistant in a florist's shop. Pickering wagers that Higgins cannot make good on his claim and volunteers to pay for Eliza's lessons. An intensive makeover of Eliza's speech, manners and dress begins in preparation for her appearance at the Embassy Ball. Higgins sees himself as a kindhearted, patient man who cannot get along with women ("I'm an Ordinary Man"). To others he appears self-absorbed and misogynistic.

text: Alfred Doolittle is informed that his daughter has been taken in by Professor Higgins, and considers that he might be able to make a little money from the situation ("With a Little Bit of Luck" [Reprise]).

text: Doolittle arrives at Higgins's house the next morning, claiming that Higgins is compromising Eliza's virtue. Higgins is impressed by the man's natural gift for language and brazen lack of moral values. He and Doolittle agree that Eliza can continue to take lessons and live at Higgins's house if Higgins gives Doolittle five pounds for a spree. Higgins flippantly recommends Doolittle to an American millionaire who has written to Higgins seeking a lecturer on moral values. Meanwhile, Eliza endures speech tutoring, endlessly repeating phrases like "In Hertford, Hereford and Hampshire, hurricanes hardly ever happen” (initially, the only "h" she aspirates is in "hever") and "The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain" (to practice the "long a" phoneme). Frustrated, she dreams of different ways to kill Higgins, from sickness to drowning to a firing squad ("Just You Wait"). The servants lament the hard "work" Higgins does ("The Servants' Chorus"). Just as they give up, Eliza suddenly recites "The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain" in perfect upper-class style. Higgins, Eliza, and Pickering happily dance around Higgins's study ("The Rain in Spain"). Thereafter she speaks with impeccable received pronunciation. Mrs. Pearce, the housekeeper, insists that Eliza go to bed; she declares she is too excited to sleep ("I Could Have Danced All Night").

text: For her first public tryout, Higgins takes Eliza to his mother's box at Ascot Racecourse ("Ascot Gavotte"). Henry's mother reluctantly agrees to help Eliza make conversation, following Henry's advice that Eliza should stick to two subjects: the weather and everybody's health. Eliza makes a good impression at first with her polite manners but later shocks everyone when she forgets herself while watching a race and reverts to Cockney slang. She does, however, capture the heart of Freddy Eynsford-Hill, the young man she ran into in the opening scene. Freddy calls on Eliza that evening, but she refuses to see him. He declares that he will wait for her as long as necessary in the street outside Higgins's house ("On the Street Where You Live").

text: Eliza's final test requires her to pass as a lady at the Embassy Ball, and after weeks of preparation, she is ready. All the ladies and gentlemen at the ball admire her, and the Queen of Transylvania invites her to dance with her son, the prince ("Embassy Waltz"). Eliza then dances with Higgins. A rival and former student of Higgins, a Hungarian phonetician named Zoltan Karpathy, is employed by the hostess to discover Eliza's origins through her speech. Though Pickering and his mother caution him not to, Higgins allows Karpathy to dance with Eliza.

text: The event is revealed to have been a success, with Zoltan Karpathy having concluded that Eliza is "not only Hungarian, but of royal blood. She is a princess!" After the ball, Pickering flatters Higgins on his triumph, and Higgins expresses his pleasure that the experiment is now over ("You Did It"). The episode leaves Eliza feeling used and abandoned. Higgins completely ignores Eliza until he mislays his slippers. He asks her where they are, and she lashes out at him, leaving the clueless professor mystified by her ingratitude. When Eliza decides to leave Higgins, he insults her in frustration and storms off. Eliza cries as she prepares to leave ("Just You Wait" [Reprise]). She finds Freddy still waiting outside ("On the Street Where You Live" [Reprise]). He begins to tell her how much he loves her, but she cuts him off, telling him that she has heard enough words; if he really loves her, he should show it ("Show Me"). She and Freddy return to Covent Garden, where her friends do not recognize her with her newly refined bearing ("The Flower Market/Wouldn't It Be Loverly?" [Reprise]). By chance, her father is there as well, dressed in a fine suit. He explains that he received a surprise bequest of four thousand pounds a year from the American millionaire, which has raised him to middle-class respectability, and now must marry Eliza's "stepmother", the woman he has been living with for many years. Eliza sees that she no longer belongs in Covent Garden, and she and Freddy depart. Doolittle and his friends have one last spree before the wedding ("Get Me to the Church on Time").

text: Higgins awakens the next morning to find that, without Eliza, he has tea instead of coffee, and cannot find his own files. He wonders why she left after the triumph at the ball and concludes that men (especially himself) are far superior to women ("A Hymn to Him"). Pickering, becoming annoyed with Higgins, leaves to stay with his friend at the Home Office. Higgins seeks his mother's advice and finds Eliza having tea with her. Higgins's mother leaves Higgins and Eliza together. Eliza explains that Higgins has always treated her as a flower girl, but she learned to be a lady because Pickering treated her as one. Higgins claims he treated her the same way that Pickering did because both Higgins and Pickering treat all women alike. Eliza accuses him of wanting her only to fetch and carry for him, saying that she will marry Freddy because he loves her. She declares she no longer needs Higgins, saying she was foolish to think she did ("Without You"). Higgins is struck by Eliza's spirit and independence and wants her to stay with him, but she tells him that he will not see her again.

text: As Higgins walks home, he realizes he's grown attached to Eliza ("I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face"). He cannot bring himself to confess that he loves her, and insists to himself that if she marries Freddy and then comes back to him, he will not accept her. But he finds it difficult to imagine being alone again. He reviews the recording he made of the morning Eliza first came to him for lessons. He hears his own harsh words: "She's so deliciously low! So horribly dirty!" Then the phonograph turns off, and a real voice speaks in a Cockney accent: "I washed me face an' 'ands before I come, I did". It is Eliza, standing in the doorway, tentatively returning to him. The musical ends on an ambiguous moment of possible reconciliation between teacher and pupil, as Higgins slouches and asks, "Eliza, where the devil are my slippers?"

text: Characters and original Broadway cast[edit]

text: The original cast of the Broadway stage production:[2]

text:
Henry Higgins, a professor of phonetics – Rex Harrison
Eliza Doolittle, a young Cockney flowerseller – Julie Andrews
Alfred P. Doolittle, Eliza's father, a dustman – Stanley Holloway
Mrs. Higgins, Higgins's socialite mother – Cathleen Nesbitt
Colonel Hugh Pickering, Higgins's friend and fellow phoneticist – Robert Coote
Freddy Eynsford-Hill, a young socialite and Eliza's suitor – John Michael King
Mrs. Pearce, Higgins's housekeeper – Philippa Bevans
Mrs. Eynsford-Hill, Freddy's mother – Viola Roache
Zoltan Karpathy, Higgins's former student and rival – Christopher Hewett

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
Act I[2]

"Overture" – The Orchestra
"Busker Sequence" – The Orchestra
"Why Can't the English?" – Professor Higgins
"Wouldn't It Be Loverly?" – Eliza and Male Quartet
"With a Little Bit of Luck" – Alfred Doolittle, Harry, and Jamie
"I'm an Ordinary Man" – Professor Higgins
"With a Little Bit of Luck (Reprise)" – Alfred Doolittle and Ensemble
"Just You Wait" – Eliza
"The Servants' Chorus (Poor Professor Higgins)" – Mrs. Pearce and Servants
"The Rain in Spain" – Professor Higgins, Eliza, and Colonel Pickering
"I Could Have Danced All Night" – Eliza, Mrs. Pearce, and Servants
"Ascot Gavotte" – Ensemble
"On the Street Where You Live" – Freddy
"Eliza's Entrance/Embassy Waltz" – The Orchestra

Act II

"You Did It" – Colonel Pickering, Professor Higgins, Mrs. Pearce, and Servants
"Just You Wait (Reprise)" – Eliza
"On the Street Where You Live (Reprise)" – Freddy
"Show Me" – Eliza and Freddy
"The Flower Market/Wouldn't It Be Loverly? (Reprise)" – Eliza and Male Quartet
"Get Me to the Church on Time" – Alfred Doolittle and Ensemble
"A Hymn to Him" – Professor Higgins and Colonel Pickering
"Without You" – Eliza and Professor Higgins
"I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face" – Professor Higgins
"I Could Have Danced All Night (Reprise) / Finale" – The Orchestra

text: Background[edit]

text: In the mid-1930s, film producer Gabriel Pascal acquired the rights to produce film versions of several of George Bernard Shaw's plays, Pygmalion among them. However, Shaw, having had a bad experience with The Chocolate Soldier, a Viennese operetta based on his play Arms and the Man, refused permission for Pygmalion to be adapted into a musical. After Shaw died in 1950, Pascal asked lyricist Alan Jay Lerner to write the musical adaptation. Lerner agreed, and he and his partner Frederick Loewe began work. They quickly realized, however, that the play violated several key rules for constructing a musical: the main story was not a love story, there was no subplot or secondary love story, and there was no place for an ensemble.[3] Many people, including Oscar Hammerstein II, who, with Richard Rodgers, had also tried his hand at adapting Pygmalion into a musical and had given up, told Lerner that converting the play to a musical was impossible, so he and Loewe abandoned the project for two years.[4]

text: During this time, the collaborators separated and Gabriel Pascal died. Lerner had been trying to musicalize Li'l Abner when he read Pascal's obituary and found himself thinking about Pygmalion again.[5] When he and Loewe reunited, everything fell into place. All the insurmountable obstacles that stood in their way two years earlier disappeared when the team realized that the play needed few changes apart from (according to Lerner) "adding the action that took place between the acts of the play".[6] They then excitedly began writing the show. However, Chase Manhattan Bank was in charge of Pascal's estate, and the musical rights to Pygmalion were sought both by Lerner and Loewe and by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, whose executives called Lerner to discourage him from challenging the studio. Loewe said, "We will write the show without the rights, and when the time comes for them to decide who is to get them, we will be so far ahead of everyone else that they will be forced to give them to us."[7] For five months Lerner and Loewe wrote, hired technical designers, and made casting decisions. The bank, in the end, granted them the musical rights.

text: Lerner settled on the title My Fair Lady, relating both to one of Shaw's provisional titles for Pygmalion, Fair Eliza, and to the final line of every verse of the nursery rhyme "London Bridge Is Falling Down". Recalling that the Gershwins' 1925 musical Tell Me More had been titled My Fair Lady in its out-of-town tryout, and also had a musical number under that title, Lerner made a courtesy call to Ira Gershwin, alerting him to the use of the title for the Lerner and Loewe musical.

text: Noël Coward was the first to be offered the role of Henry Higgins, but turned it down, suggesting the producers cast Rex Harrison instead.[8] After much deliberation, Harrison agreed to accept the part. Mary Martin was an early choice for the role of Eliza Doolittle, but declined the role.[9] Young actress Julie Andrews was "discovered" and cast as Eliza after the show's creative team went to see her Broadway debut in The Boy Friend. Moss Hart agreed to direct after hearing only two songs. The experienced orchestrators Robert Russell Bennett and Philip J. Lang were entrusted with the arrangements and the show quickly went into rehearsal.

text: The musical's script used several scenes that Shaw had written especially for the 1938 film version of Pygmalion, including the Embassy Ball sequence and the final scene of the 1938 film rather than the ending for Shaw's original play. The montage showing Eliza's lessons was also expanded, combining both Lerner and Shaw's dialogue. The artwork on the original playbill (and sleeve of the cast recording) is by Al Hirschfeld, who drew the playwright Shaw as a heavenly puppetmaster pulling the strings on the Henry Higgins character, while Higgins in turn attempts to control Eliza Doolittle.

text: Productions[edit]

text: Original Broadway production[edit]

text: The musical had its pre-Broadway tryout at New Haven's Shubert Theatre. At the first preview Rex Harrison, who was unaccustomed to singing in front of a live orchestra, "announced that under no circumstances would he go on that night...with those thirty-two interlopers in the pit".[10] He locked himself in his dressing room and came out little more than an hour before curtain time. The whole company had been dismissed but were recalled, and opening night was a success.[11] In 1973, on an episode of her Emmy Award-winning ABC-TV variety series, Julie Andrews recalled that during the New Haven tryout, one of the songs written for the show, "Say A Prayer For Me Tonight" was dropped and then used two years later for the 1958 MGM musical Gigi. My Fair Lady then played for four weeks at the Erlanger Theatre in Philadelphia, beginning on February 15, 1956.

text: The musical premiered on Broadway March 15, 1956, at the Mark Hellinger Theatre in New York City. It transferred to the Broadhurst Theatre and then The Broadway Theatre, where it closed on September 29, 1962, after 2,717 performances, a record at the time. Moss Hart directed and Hanya Holm was choreographer. In addition to stars Rex Harrison, Julie Andrews and Stanley Holloway, the original cast included Robert Coote, Cathleen Nesbitt, John Michael King, and Reid Shelton.[12] Harrison was replaced by Edward Mulhare in November 1957 and Sally Ann Howes replaced Andrews in February 1958.[13][14] The Original Cast Recording went on to become the best-selling album in the country in 1956.[15] The original costumes were designed by Cecil Beaton and are on display at the Costume World Broadway Collection in Pompano Beach, Florida, along with many of the original patterns.

text: Original London production[edit]

text: The West End production, in which Harrison, Andrews, Coote, and Holloway reprised their roles, opened on April 30, 1958, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, where it ran for five and a half years[16] (2,281 performances). Edwardian musical comedy star Zena Dare made her last appearance in the musical as Mrs. Higgins.[17] Leonard Weir played Freddy. On May 5, 1958, Queen Elizabeth II, along with Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, attended a performance. Harrison left the London cast in March 1959, followed by Andrews in August 1959 and Holloway in October 1959.

text: 1970s revivals[edit]

text: The first revival opened at the St. James Theatre on Broadway on March 25, 1976, and ran there until December 5, 1976; it then transferred to the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, running from December 9, 1976, until it closed on February 20, 1977, after a total of 377 performances and 7 previews. The director was Jerry Adler, with choreography by Crandall Diehl, based on the original choreography by Hanya Holm. Ian Richardson starred as Higgins, with Christine Andreas as Eliza, George Rose as Alfred P. Doolittle and Robert Coote recreating his role as Pickering.[12] Both Richardson and Rose were nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical, with the award going to Rose.

text: A London revival opened at the Adelphi Theatre in October 1979, with Tony Britton as Higgins, Liz Robertson as Eliza, Dame Anna Neagle as Higgins' mother, Peter Bayliss, Richard Caldicot and Peter Land. The revival was produced by Cameron Mackintosh and directed by the author, Alan Jay Lerner. A national tour was directed by Robin Midgley.[18][19][20] Gillian Lynne choreographed.[21] Britton and Robertson were both nominated for Olivier Awards.[22]

text: 1981 and 1993 Broadway revivals[edit]

text: Another Broadway revival of the original production opened at the Uris Theatre on August 18, 1981, and closed on November 29, 1981, after 120 performances and 4 previews. Rex Harrison recreated his role as Higgins, with Jack Gwillim, Milo O'Shea, and Cathleen Nesbitt, at 93 years old reprising her role as Mrs. Higgins. The revival co-starred Nancy Ringham as Eliza. The director was Patrick Garland, with choreography by Crandall Diehl, recreating the original Hanya Holm dances.[12][23]

text: A new revival directed by Howard Davies opened at the Virginia Theatre on December 9, 1993, and closed on May 1, 1994, after 165 performances and 16 previews. The cast starred Richard Chamberlain, Melissa Errico and Paxton Whitehead. Julian Holloway, son of Stanley Holloway, recreated his father's role of Alfred P. Doolittle. Donald Saddler was the choreographer.[12][24]

text: 2001 London revival; 2003 Hollywood Bowl production[edit]

text: Cameron Mackintosh produced a new production on March 15, 2001, at the Royal National Theatre, which transferred to the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on July 21. Directed by Trevor Nunn, with choreography by Matthew Bourne, the musical starred Martine McCutcheon as Eliza and Jonathan Pryce as Higgins, with Dennis Waterman as Alfred P. Doolittle. This revival won three Olivier Awards: Outstanding Musical Production, Best Actress in a Musical (Martine McCutcheon) and Best Theatre Choreographer (Matthew Bourne), with Anthony Ward receiving a nomination for Set Design.[25] In December 2001, Joanna Riding took over the role of Eliza, and in May 2002, Alex Jennings took over as Higgins, both winning Olivier Awards for Best Actor and Best Actress in a Musical respectively in 2003.[26] In March 2003, Anthony Andrews and Laura Michelle Kelly took over the roles until the show closed on August 30, 2003.[27]

text: A UK tour of this production began September 28, 2005. The production starred Amy Nuttall and Lisa O'Hare as Eliza, Christopher Cazenove as Henry Higgins, Russ Abbot and Gareth Hale as Alfred Doolittle, and Honor Blackman[28] and Hannah Gordon as Mrs. Higgins. The tour ended August 12, 2006.[29]

text: In 2003 a production of the musical at the Hollywood Bowl starred John Lithgow as Henry Higgins, Melissa Errico as Eliza Doolittle, Roger Daltrey as Alfred P. Doolittle and Paxton Whitehead as Colonel Pickering.[30]

text: 2018 Broadway revival[edit]

text: Lincoln Center Theater and Nederlander Presentations Inc. have announced plans to mount a new Broadway revival in 2018. It is to be directed by Bartlett Sher and begin previews March 15, 2018, at the Vivian Beaumont Theater, with an opening night scheduled for April 19, 2018.[31] The cast will star Lauren Ambrose as Eliza, Harry Hadden-Paton as Professor Henry Higgins, Diana Rigg as Mrs. Higgins and Norbert Leo Butz as Alfred P. Doolittle.[32]

text: Other major productions[edit]

text: Berlin, 1961[edit]

text: A German translation of My Fair Lady opened on October 1, 1961, at the Theater des Westens in Berlin, starring Karin Hübner and Paul Hubschmid (and conducted, as was the Broadway opening, by Franz Allers). Coming at the height of Cold War tensions, just weeks after the closing of the East Berlin–West Berlin border and the erection of the Berlin Wall, this was the first staging of a Broadway musical in Berlin since World War II. As such it was seen as a symbol of West Berlin's cultural renaissance and resistance. Lost attendance from East Berlin (now no longer possible) was partly made up by a "musical air bridge" of flights bringing in patrons from West Germany, and the production was embraced by Berliners, running for two years.[33][34]

text: 2007 New York Philharmonic concert and US tour[edit]

text: In 2007 the New York Philharmonic held a full-costume concert presentation of the musical. The concert had a four-day engagement lasting from March 7–10 at Lincoln Center's Avery Fisher Hall. It starred Kelsey Grammer as Higgins, Kelli O'Hara as Eliza, Charles Kimbrough as Pickering, and Brian Dennehy as Alfred Doolittle. Marni Nixon played Mrs. Higgins; Nixon had provided the singing voice of Audrey Hepburn in the film version.[35]

text: A U.S. tour of Mackintosh's 2001 West End production ran from September 12, 2007, to June 22, 2008.[36] The production starred Christopher Cazenove as Higgins, Lisa O'Hare as Eliza, Walter Charles as Pickering, Tim Jerome as Alfred Doolittle[37] and Nixon as Mrs. Higgins, replacing Sally Ann Howes.[38]

text: 2008 Australian tour[edit]

text: An Australian tour produced by Opera Australia commenced in May 2008. The production starred Reg Livermore as Higgins, Taryn Fiebig as Eliza, Robert Grubb as Alfred Doolittle and Judi Connelli as Mrs Pearce. John Wood took the role of Alfred Doolittle in Queensland, and Richard E. Grant played the role of Henry Higgins at the Theatre Royal, Sydney.[39]

text: 2010 Paris revival[edit]

text: A new production was staged by Robert Carsen at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris for a limited 27-performance run, opening December 9, 2010, and closing January 2, 2011. It was presented in English. The costumes were designed by Anthony Powell and the choreography was by Lynne Page. The cast was as follows: Sarah Gabriel / Christine Arand (Eliza Doolittle), Alex Jennings (Henry Higgins), Margaret Tyzack (Mrs. Higgins), Nicholas Le Prevost (Colonel Pickering), Donald Maxwell (Alfred Doolittle), and Jenny Galloway (Mrs. Pearce).[40]

text: 2012 Sheffield production[edit]

text: A new production of My Fair Lady opened at Sheffield Crucible on December 13, 2012. Dominic West played Henry Higgins, and Carly Bawden played Eliza Doolittle. Sheffield Theatres' Artistic Director Daniel Evans was the director. The production ran until January 26, 2013.[41][42]

text: 2016 Australian production[edit]

text: The Gordon Frost Organisation, together with Opera Australia, presented a production at the Sydney Opera House from August 30 to November 5, 2016. It was directed by Dame Julie Andrews and featured the set and costume designs of the original 1956 production by Oliver Smith and Cecil Beaton.[43] The production sold more tickets than any other in the history of the Sydney Opera House.[44] The show is then planned to tour to Brisbane from March 12 and Melbourne from May 11. The show's opening run in Sydney was so successful that in November 2016, ticket pre-sales were released for a re-run in Sydney, with the extra shows scheduled between August 24 and September 10, 2017, at the Capitol Theatre.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: According to Geoffrey Block, "Opening night critics immediately recognized that 'My Fair Lady' fully measured up to the Rodgers and Hammerstein model of an integrated musical...Robert Coleman...wrote 'The Lerner-Loewe songs are not only delightful, they advance the action as well. They are ever so much more than interpolations, or interruptions.'"[45] The musical opened to "unanimously glowing reviews, one of which said 'Don't bother reading this review now. You'd better sit right down and send for those tickets...' Critics praised the thoughtful use of Shaw's original play, the brilliance of the lyrics, and Loewe's well-integrated score."[46]

text: A sampling of praise from critics, excerpted from a book form of the musical, published in 1956.[47]

text:
"My Fair Lady is wise, witty, and winning. In short, a miraculous musical." Walter Kerr, New York Herald Tribune.
"A felicitous blend of intellect, wit, rhythm and high spirits. A masterpiece of musical comedy ... a terrific show." Robert Coleman, New York Daily Mirror.
"Fine, handsome, melodious, witty and beautifully acted ... an exceptional show." George Jean Nathan, New York Journal American.
"Everything about My Fair Lady is distinctive and distinguished." John Chapman, New York Daily News.
"Wonderfully entertaining and extraordinarily welcomed ... meritorious in every department." Wolcott Gibbs, The New Yorker.
"One of the 'loverliest' shows imaginable ... a work of theatre magic." John Beaufort, The Christian Science Monitor.
"An irresistible hit." Variety.
"One of the best musicals of the century." Brooks Atkinson, The New York Times.

text: The reception from Shavians was more mixed, however. Eric Bentley, for instance, called it "a terrible treatment of Mr. Shaw's play, [undermining] the basic idea [of the play]", even though he acknowledged it as "a delightful show".[48]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Original Broadway production[edit]

text: Sources: BroadwayWorld[49] TheatreWorldAwards[50]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

1956
Theatre World Award
Outstanding New York City Stage Debut Performance
John Michael King
Won

1957
Tony Award
Best Musical
Won

Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical
Rex Harrison
Won

Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical
Julie Andrews
Nominated

Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical
Robert Coote
Nominated

Stanley Holloway
Nominated

Best Direction of a Musical
Moss Hart
Won

Best Choreography
Hanya Holm
Nominated

Best Scenic Design
Oliver Smith
Won

Best Costume Design
Cecil Beaton
Won

Best Conductor and Musical Director
Franz Allers
Won

text: 1976 Broadway revival[edit]

text: Sources: BroadwayWorld[51] Drama Desk[52]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

1976
Tony Award
Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical
Ian Richardson
Nominated

George Rose
Won

Drama Desk Award
Outstanding Revival of a Musical
Nominated

Outstanding Actor in a Musical
Ian Richardson
Won

Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical
George Rose
Won

Outstanding Director of a Musical
Jerry Adler
Nominated

text: 1979 London revival[edit]

text: Source: Olivier Awards[53]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

1979
Laurence Olivier Award
Best Actor in a Musical
Tony Britton
Nominated

Best Actress in a Musical
Liz Robertson
Nominated

text: 1981 Broadway revival[edit]

text: Source: BroadwayWorld[54]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

1982
Tony Award
Best Revival
Nominated

text: 1993 Broadway revival[edit]

text: Source: Drama Desk[55]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

1993
Drama Desk Award
Outstanding Revival of a Musical
Nominated

Outstanding Actress in a Musical
Melissa Errico
Nominated

Outstanding Costume Design
Patricia Zipprodt
Nominated

text: 2001 London revival[edit]

text: Source: Olivier Awards[56]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

2002
Laurence Olivier Award
Outstanding Musical Production
Won

Best Actor in a Musical
Jonathan Pryce
Nominated

Best Actress in a Musical
Martine McCutcheon
Won

Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical
Nicholas Le Prevost
Nominated

Best Theatre Choreographer
Matthew Bourne
Won

Best Set Design
Anthony Ward
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Nominated

Best Lighting Design
David Hersey
Nominated

2003
Best Actor in a Musical
Alex Jennings
Won

Best Actress in a Musical
Joanna Riding
Won

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: 1964 film[edit]

text: An Oscar-winning film version was made in 1964, directed by George Cukor and with Harrison again in the part of Higgins. The casting of Audrey Hepburn instead of Julie Andrews as Eliza was controversial, partly because theatregoers regarded Andrews as perfect for the part and partly because Hepburn's singing voice was dubbed (by Marni Nixon). Jack L. Warner, the head of Warner Bros., which produced the film, wanted "a star with a great deal of name recognition", but since Julie Andrews did not have any film experience, he thought a movie with her would not be as successful.[57] (Andrews went on to star in Mary Poppins that same year for which she won both the Academy Award and the Golden Globe for Best Actress.) Lerner in particular disliked the film version of the musical, thinking it did not live up to the standards of Moss Hart's original direction. He was also unhappy with the casting of Hepburn as Eliza Doolittle and that the film was shot in its entirety at the Warner Bros. studio rather than, as he would have preferred, in London.[58] Despite the controversy, My Fair Lady was considered a major critical and box office success, ultimately going on to win eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture of the Year, Best Actor for Rex Harrison, and Best Director for George Cukor.

text: Unrealized film in 2000s[edit]

text: A new film adaptation was announced by Columbia Pictures in 2008,[59] but as of May 5, 2014, the project had been shelved.[60] The intention was to shoot on location in Covent Garden, Drury Lane, Tottenham Court Road, Wimpole Street and the Ascot Racecourse.[61] In December 2009, it was announced that John Madden had been signed to direct it and in 2011 it was reported that Colin Firth and Carey Mulligan were possible choices for the leading roles. Emma Thompson wrote a new screenplay adaptation for the project.[62]


document_title: Lymphatic system

question_text: what are the 4 functions of the lymphatic system

root

text: Lymphatic system

text: Structure[edit]

text: The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic organs, a conducting network of lymphatic vessels, and the circulating lymph.

tag: p

text: The primary  or central lymphoid organs generate lymphocytes from immature progenitor cells.

text: The thymus and the bone marrow constitute the primary lymphoid organs involved in the production and early clonal selection of lymphocyte tissues. Bone marrow is responsible for both the creation of T cells and the production and maturation of B cells. From the bone marrow, B cells immediately join the circulatory system and travel to secondary lymphoid organs in search of pathogens. T cells, on the other hand, travel from the bone marrow to the thymus, where they develop further. Mature T cells join B cells in search of pathogens. The other 95% of T cells begin a process of apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death.

text: Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs, which include lymph nodes and the spleen, maintain mature naive lymphocytes and initiate an adaptive immune response. The peripheral lymphoid organs are the sites of lymphocyte activation by antigens. Activation leads to clonal expansion and affinity maturation. Mature lymphocytes recirculate between the blood and the peripheral lymphoid organs until they encounter their specific antigen.

text: Secondary lymphoid tissue provides the environment for the foreign or altered native molecules (antigens) to interact with the lymphocytes. It is exemplified by the lymph nodes, and the lymphoid follicles in tonsils, Peyer's patches, spleen, adenoids, skin, etc. that are associated with the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).

text: In the gastrointestinal wall the appendix has mucosa resembling that of the colon, but here it is heavily infiltrated with lymphocytes.

text: The tertiary lymphoid tissue[clarification needed] typically contains far fewer lymphocytes, and assumes an immune role only when challenged with antigens that result in inflammation. It achieves this by importing the lymphocytes from blood and lymph.[6]

text: Lymphoid tissue[edit]

text: Thymus[edit]

text: The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ and the site of maturation for T cells, the lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system. The thymus increases in size from birth in response to postnatal antigen stimulation, then to puberty and regresses thereafter.[7] The loss or lack of the thymus results in severe immunodeficiency and subsequent high susceptibility to infection.[7] In most species, the thymus consists of lobules divided by septa which are made up of epithelium and is therefore an epithelial organ. T cells mature from thymocytes, proliferate and undergo selection process in the thymic cortex before entering the medulla to interact with epithelial cells.

text: The thymus provides an inductive environment for development of T cells from hematopoietic progenitor cells.  In addition, thymic stromal cells allow for the selection of a functional and self-tolerant T cell repertoire. Therefore, one of the most important roles of the thymus is the induction of central tolerance.

text: The thymus is largest and most active during the neonatal and pre-adolescent periods. By the early teens, the thymus begins to atrophy and thymic stroma is mostly replaced by adipose tissue. Nevertheless, residual T lymphopoiesis continues throughout adult life.

text: Spleen[edit]

text: The main functions of the spleen are:

text:
to produce immune cells to fight antigens
to remove particulate matter and aged blood cells, mainly erythrocytes
to produce blood cells during fetal life

tag: ol

text: The spleen synthesizes antibodies in its white pulp and removes antibody-coated bacteria and antibody-coated blood cells by way of blood and lymph node circulation. A study published in 2009 using mice found that the spleen contains, in its reserve, half of the body's monocytes within the red pulp.[8] These monocytes, upon moving to injured tissue (such as the heart), turn into dendritic cells and macrophages while promoting tissue healing.[8][9][10] The spleen is a center of activity of the mononuclear phagocyte system and can be considered analogous to a large lymph node, as its absence causes a predisposition to certain infections.

text: Like the thymus, the spleen has only efferent lymphatic vessels. Both the short gastric arteries and the splenic artery supply it with blood.[11]

text: The germinal centers are supplied by arterioles called penicilliary radicles.[12]

text: Up to the fifth month of  prenatal development the spleen creates red blood cells. After birth the bone marrow is solely responsible for hematopoiesis. As a major lymphoid organ and a central player in the reticuloendothelial system, the spleen retains the ability to produce lymphocytes. The spleen stores red blood cells and lymphocytes. It can store enough blood cells to help in an emergency. Up to 25% of lymphocytes can be stored at any one time.[13]

text: Lymph nodes[edit]

text: A lymph node is an organized collection of lymphoid tissue, through which the lymph passes on its way back to the blood. Lymph nodes are located at intervals along the lymphatic system. Several afferent lymph vessels bring in lymph, which percolates through the substance of the lymph node, and is then drained out by an efferent lymph vessel. There are between five and six hundred lymph nodes in the human body, many of which are grouped in clusters in different regions as in the underarm and abdominal areas. Lymph node clusters are commonly found at the base of limbs (groin, armpits) and in the neck, where lymph is collected from regions of the body likely to sustain pathogen contamination from injuries.

text: The substance of a lymph node consists of lymphoid follicles in an outer portion called the cortex. The inner portion of the node is called the medulla, which is surrounded by the cortex on all sides except for a portion known as the hilum. The hilum presents as a depression on the surface of the lymph node, causing the otherwise spherical lymph node to be bean-shaped or ovoid. The efferent lymph vessel directly emerges from the lymph node at the hilum. The arteries and veins supplying the lymph node with blood enter and exit through the hilum.

text: The region of the lymph node called the paracortex immediately surrounds the medulla. Unlike the cortex, which has mostly immature T cells, or thymocytes, the paracortex has a mixture of immature and mature T cells. Lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes through specialised high endothelial venules found in the paracortex.

text: A lymph follicle is a dense collection of lymphocytes, the number, size and configuration of which change in accordance with the functional state of the lymph node. For example, the follicles expand significantly when encountering a foreign antigen. The selection of B cells, or B lymphocytes, occurs in the germinal centre of the lymph nodes.

text: Lymph nodes are particularly numerous in the mediastinum in the chest, neck, pelvis, axilla, inguinal region, and in association with the blood vessels of the intestines.[4]

text: Other lymphoid tissue[edit]

text: Lymphoid tissue associated with the lymphatic system is concerned with immune functions in defending the body against infections and the spread of tumours. It consists of connective tissue formed of reticular fibers, with various types of leukocytes, (white blood cells), mostly lymphocytes enmeshed in it, through which the lymph passes.[14] Regions of the lymphoid tissue that are densely packed with lymphocytes are known as lymphoid follicles. Lymphoid tissue can either be structurally well organized as lymph nodes or may consist of loosely organized lymphoid follicles known as the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.

text: The central nervous system also has lymphatic vessels, as discovered by the University of Virginia Researchers. The search for T-cell gateways into and out of the meninges uncovered functional meningeal lymphatic vessels lining the dural sinuses, anatomically integrated into the membrane surrounding the brain.[15]

text: Lymphatic vessels[edit]

text: The lymphatic vessels, also called lymph vessels, conduct lymph between different parts of the body. They include the tubular vessels of the lymph capillaries, and the larger collecting vessels–the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct (the left lymphatic duct). The lymph capillaries are mainly responsible for the absorption of interstitial fluid from the tissues, while lymph vessels propel the absorbed fluid forward into the larger collecting ducts, where it ultimately returns to the bloodstream via one of the subclavian veins. These vessels are also called the lymphatic channels or simply lymphatics.[16]

text:
The lymphatics are responsible for maintaining the balance of the body fluids. Its network of capillaries and collecting lymphatic vessels work to efficiently drain and transport extravasated fluid, along with proteins and antigens, back to the circulatory system. Numerous intraluminal valves in the vessels ensure a unidirectional flow of lymph without reflux.[17] Two valve systems are used to achieve this one directional flow—a primary and a secondary valve system.[18]
The capillaries are blind-ended, and the valves at the ends of capillaries use specialised junctions together with anchoring filaments to allow a unidirectional flow to the primary vessels. The collecting lymphatics, however, act to propel the lymph by the combined actions of the intraluminal valves and lymphatic muscle cells.[19]

text: Development[edit]

text: Lymphatic tissues begin to develop by the end of the fifth week of embryonic development.[20] Lymphatic vessels develop from lymph sacs that arise from developing veins, which are derived from mesoderm.

text: The first lymph sacs to appear are the paired jugular lymph sacs at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins.[20] From the jugular lymph sacs, lymphatic capillary plexuses spread to the thorax, upper limbs, neck and head.[20] Some of the plexuses enlarge and form lymphatic vessels in their respective regions. Each jugular lymph sac retains at least one connection with its jugular vein, the left one developing into the superior portion of the thoracic duct.

text: The next lymph sac to appear is the unpaired retroperitoneal lymph sac at the root of the mesentery of the intestine. It develops from the primitive vena cava and mesonephric veins. Capillary plexuses and lymphatic vessels spread from the retroperitoneal lymph sac to the abdominal viscera and diaphragm. The sac establishes connections with the cisterna chyli but loses its connections with neighbouring veins.

text: The last of the lymph sacs, the paired posterior lymph sacs, develop from the iliac veins. The posterior lymph sacs produce capillary plexuses and lymphatic vessels of the abdominal wall, pelvic region, and lower limbs. The posterior lymph sacs join the cisterna chyli and lose their connections with adjacent veins.

text: With the exception of the anterior part of the sac from which the cisterna chyli develops, all lymph sacs become invaded by mesenchymal cells and are converted into groups of lymph nodes.

text: The spleen develops from mesenchymal cells between layers of the dorsal mesentery of the stomach.[20] The thymus arises as an outgrowth of the third pharyngeal pouch.

text: Function[edit]

text: The lymphatic system has multiple interrelated functions:[21]

text:
It is responsible for the removal of  interstitial fluid from tissues
It absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats as chyle from the digestive system
It transports white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes into the bones
The lymph transports antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, to the lymph nodes where an immune response is stimulated.

tag: ul

text: Fat absorption[edit]

text: Lymph vessels called lacteals are at the beginning of the gastrointestinal tract, predominantly in the small intestine. While most other nutrients absorbed by the small intestine are passed on to the portal venous system to drain via the portal vein into the liver for processing, fats (lipids) are passed on to the lymphatic system to be transported to the blood circulation via the thoracic duct. (There are exceptions, for example medium-chain triglycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol that passively diffuse from the GI tract to the portal system.) The enriched lymph originating in the lymphatics of the small intestine is called chyle. The nutrients that are released into the circulatory system are processed by the liver, having passed through the systemic circulation.

text: Immune function[edit]

text: The lymphatic system plays a major role in the body's immune system, as the primary site for cells relating to adaptive immune system including T-cells and B-cells. Cells in the lymphatic system react to antigens presented or found by the cells directly or by other dendritic cells. When an antigen is recognized, an immunological cascade begins involving the activation and recruitment of more and more cells, the production of antibodies and cytokines and the recruitment of other immunological cells such as macrophages.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: The study of lymphatic drainage of various organs is important in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer.  The lymphatic system, because of its closeness to many tissues of the body, is responsible for carrying cancerous cells between the various parts of the body in a process called metastasis. The intervening lymph nodes can trap the cancer cells.  If they are not successful in destroying the cancer cells the nodes may become sites of secondary tumours.

text: Enlarged lymph nodes[edit]

text: Lymphadenopathy refers to one or more enlarged lymph nodes. Small groups or individually enlarged lymph nodes are generally reactive in response to infection or inflammation. This is called local lymphadenopathy. When many lymph nodes in different areas of the body are involved, this is called generalised lymphadenopathy. Generalised lymphadenopathy may be caused by infections such as infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis and HIV, connective tissue diseases such as SLE and rheumatoid arthritis, and cancers, including both cancers of tissue within lymph nodes, discussed below, and metastasis of cancerous cells from other parts of the body, that have arrived via the lymphatic system.[22]

text: Lymphedema[edit]

text: Lymphedema is the swelling caused by the accumulation of lymph, which may occur if the lymphatic system is damaged or has malformations. It usually affects limbs, though the face, neck and abdomen may also be affected. In an extreme state, called elephantiasis, the edema progresses to the extent that the skin becomes thick with an appearance similar to the skin on elephant limbs.[23]

text: Causes are unknown in most cases, but sometimes there is a previous history of severe infection, usually caused by a parasitic disease, such as lymphatic filariasis.

text: Lymphangiomatosis is a disease involving multiple cysts or lesions formed from lymphatic vessels.[relevant to this paragraph?  – discuss]

text: Lymphedema can also occur after surgical removal of lymph nodes in the armpit (causing the arm to swell due to poor lymphatic drainage) or groin (causing swelling of the leg). Treatment is by manual lymphatic drainage. There is no evidence to suggest that the effects of manual lymphatic drainage are permanent.[24]

text: Cancer[edit]

text: Cancer of the lymphatic system can be primary or secondary. Lymphoma refers to cancer that arises from lymphatic tissue. Lymphoid leukaemias and lymphomas are now considered to be tumours of the same type of cell lineage. They are called "leukaemia" when in the blood or marrow and "lymphoma" when in lymphatic tissue. They are grouped together under the name "lymphoid malignancy".[25]

text: Lymphoma is generally considered as either Hodgkin lymphoma or non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterised by a particular type of cell, called a Reed–Sternberg cell, visible under microscope. It is associated with past infection with the Epstein-Barr Virus, and generally causes a painless "rubbery" lymphadenopathy. It is staged, using Ann Arbor staging. Chemotherapy generally involves the ABVD and may also involve radiotherapy.[22] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer characterised by increased proliferation of B-cells or T-cells, generally occurs in an older age group than Hodgkin lymphoma. It is treated according to whether it is high-grade or low-grade, and carries a poorer prognosis than Hodgkin lymphoma.[22]

text: Lymphangiosarcoma is a malignant soft tissue tumour, whereas lymphangioma is a benign tumour occurring frequently in association with Turner syndrome. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a benign tumour of the smooth muscles of the lymphatics that occurs in the lungs.

text: Lymphoid leukaemia is another form of cancer where the host is devoid of different lymphatic cells.

text: Other[edit]

text:
Castleman's disease
Chylothorax
Kawasaki disease
Kikuchi disease
Lipedema
Lymphangitis
Lymphatic filariasis
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
Solitary lymphatic nodule

text: History[edit]

text: Hippocrates, in the 5th century BC, was one of the first people to mention the lymphatic system. In his work On Joints, he briefly mentioned the lymph nodes in one sentence. Rufus of Ephesus, a Roman physician, identified the axillary, inguinal and mesenteric lymph nodes as well as the thymus during the 1st to 2nd century AD.[26] The first mention of lymphatic vessels was in the 3rd century BC by Herophilos, a Greek anatomist living in Alexandria, who incorrectly concluded that the "absorptive veins of the lymphatics," by which he meant the lacteals (lymph vessels of the intestines), drained into the hepatic portal veins, and thus into the liver.[26] The findings of Ruphus and Herophilos were further propagated by the Greek physician Galen, who described the lacteals and mesenteric lymph nodes which he observed in his dissection of apes and pigs in the 2nd century AD.[26][27]

text: In the mid 16th century, Gabriele Falloppio (discoverer of the fallopian tubes), described what is now known as the lacteals as "coursing over the intestines full of yellow matter."[26] In about 1563 Bartolomeo Eustachi, a professor of anatomy, described the thoracic duct in horses as vena alba thoracis.[26] The next breakthrough came when in 1622 a physician, Gaspare Aselli, identified lymphatic vessels of the intestines in dogs and termed them venue alba et lacteal, which is now known as simply the lacteals. The lacteals were termed the fourth kind of vessels (the other three being the artery, vein and nerve, which was then believed to be a type of vessel), and disproved Galen's assertion that chyle was carried by the veins. But, he still believed that the lacteals carried the chyle to the liver (as taught by Galen).[28] He also identified the thoracic duct but failed to notice its connection with the lacteals.[26] This connection was established by Jean Pecquet in 1651, who found a white fluid mixing with blood in a dog's heart. He suspected that fluid to be chyle as its flow increased when abdominal pressure was applied. He traced this fluid to the thoracic duct, which he then followed to a chyle-filled sac he called the chyli receptaculum, which is now known as the cisternae chyli; further investigations led him to find that lacteals' contents enter the venous system via the thoracic duct.[26][28] Thus, it was proven convincingly that the lacteals did not terminate in the liver, thus disproving Galen's second idea: that the chyle flowed to the liver.[28] Johann Veslingius drew the earliest sketches of the lacteals in humans in 1647.[27]

text: The idea that blood recirculates through the body rather than being produced anew by the liver and the heart was first accepted as a result of works of William Harvey—a work he published in 1628. In 1652, Olaus Rudbeck (1630–1702), a Swede, discovered certain transparent vessels in the liver that contained clear fluid (and not white), and thus named them hepatico-aqueous vessels. He also learned that they emptied into the thoracic duct and that they had valves.[28] He announced his findings in the court of Queen Christina of Sweden, but did not publish his findings for a year,[29] and in the interim similar findings were published by Thomas Bartholin, who additionally published that such vessels are present everywhere in the body, not just in the liver. He is also the one to have named them "lymphatic vessels."[28] This had resulted in a bitter dispute between one of Bartholin's pupils, Martin Bogdan,[30] and Rudbeck, whom he accused of plagiarism.[29]

text: Galen's ideas prevailed in medicine until the 17th century. It was thought that blood was produced by the liver from chyle contaminated with ailments by the intestine and stomach, to which various spirits were added by other organs, and that this blood was consumed by all the organs of the body. This theory required that the blood be consumed and produced many times over. Even in the 17th century, his ideas were defended by some physicians.[27]

text: Alexander Monro, of the University of Edinburgh Medical School, was the first to describe the function of the lymphatic system in detail.[31]

text:
"Claude Galien". Lithograph by Pierre Roche Vigneron. (Paris: Lith de Gregoire et Deneux, ca. 1865)

Gabriele Falloppio

Portrait of Eustachius

Olaus Rudbeck in 1696.

Thomas Bartholin

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Lymph originates in the Classical Latin word lympha "water",[32] which is also the source of the English word limpid. The spelling with y and ph was influenced by folk etymology with Greek νύμϕη (nýmphē) "nymph".[33]

text: The adjective used for the lymph-transporting system is lymphatic. The adjective used for the tissues where lymphocytes are formed is lymphoid. Lymphatic comes from the Latin word lymphaticus, meaning "connected to water."


document_title: The True Law of Free Monarchies

question_text: who wrote trew law and what was it about

text: The True Law of Free Monarchies

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The Reciprocal and Mutual Duty Betwixt a Free King and His Natural Subjects (original Scots title: The Trve Lawe of free Monarchies: Or, The Reciprock and Mvtvall Dvtie Betwixt a free King, and his naturall Subiectes) is a treatise or essay of political theory and kingship by James VI of Scotland (later to be crowned James I of England too).[1] It is believed James VI wrote the tract to set forth his idea of kingship, in contrast to the contractarian views espoused by, among others, George Buchanan (in De Jure Regni apud Scotos, 1579). James VI had the work published in 1598. It is considered remarkable for setting out the doctrine of the divine right of kings in Scotland, and latterly England, for the first time. James saw the divine right of kings as an extension of the apostolic succession.


document_title: List of Presidents of the United States

question_text: who is the second president in the united states

text: List of Presidents of the United States

text: Presidents

text:
Unaffiliated (2)       Federalist (1)       Democratic-Republican (4)       Democratic (15)       Whig (4)       Republican (19)       National Union (2)

Presidency[a]

President

Prior office[b]

Party[c]

Term[d]

Vice President

1

April 30, 1789[e]–March 4, 1797

George Washington1732–1799(Lived: 67 years)[3][4][5]

Commander-in-Chiefof theContinental Army(1775–1783)

Unaffiliated[2]

(1788–89)1(1789)

John Adams[f][g]

(1792)2(1793)

2

March 4, 1797–March 4, 1801

John Adams1735–1826(Lived: 90 years)[6][7][8]

1stVice President of the United States

Federalist

(1796)3(1797)

Thomas Jefferson[h]

3

March 4, 1801–March 4, 1809

Thomas Jefferson1743–1826(Lived: 83 years)[9][10][11]

2ndVice President of the United States

Democratic-Republican

(1800)4(1801)

Aaron BurrMarch 4, 1801 – March 4, 1805

(1804)5(1805)

George ClintonMarch 4, 1805 – March 4, 1809

4

March 4, 1809–March 4, 1817

James Madison1751–1836(Lived: 85 years)[12][13][14]

5thUnited States Secretary of State(1801–1809)

Democratic-Republican

(1808)6(1809)

George ClintonMarch 4, 1809 – April 20, 1812(Died in office)

Office vacant(Balance of Clinton's term)

(1812)7(1813)

Elbridge GerryMarch 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814(Died in office)

Office vacant(Balance of Gerry's term)

5

March 4, 1817–March 4, 1825

James Monroe1758–1831(Lived: 73 years)[15][16][17]

7thUnited States Secretary of State(1811–1817)

Democratic-Republican

(1816)8(1817)

Daniel D. Tompkins

(1820)9(1821)

6

March 4, 1825–March 4, 1829

John Quincy Adams1767–1848(Lived: 80 years)[18][19][20]

8thUnited States Secretary of State(1817–1825)

Democratic-Republican

(1824)10(1825)

John C. Calhoun

7

March 4, 1829–March 4, 1837

Andrew Jackson1767–1845(Lived: 78 years)[21][22][23]

U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Tennessee(1797–1798 & 1823–1825)

Democratic

(1828)11(1829)

John C. Calhoun[i]March 4, 1829 – December 28, 1832(Resigned from office)

Office vacant(Balance of Calhoun's term)

(1832)12(1833)

Martin Van BurenMarch 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837

8

March 4, 1837–March 4, 1841

Martin Van Buren1782–1862(Lived: 79 years)[24][25][26]

8thVice President of the United States

Democratic

(1836)13(1837)

Richard M. Johnson

9

March 4, 1841–April 4, 1841(Died in office)

William Henry Harrison1773–1841(Lived: 68 years)[27][28][29]

United States Minister to Colombia(1828–1829)

Whig

(1840)14(1841)(1841)[j]

John Tyler(Succeeded to presidency)

10

April 4, 1841[k]–March 4, 1845

John Tyler1790–1862(Lived: 71 years)[30][31][32]

10thVice President of the United States

WhigApril 4, 1841 – September 13, 1841

Office vacant

UnaffiliatedSeptember 13, 1841 – March 4, 1845[l]

11

March 4, 1845–March 4, 1849

James K. Polk1795–1849(Lived: 53 years)[33][34][35]

9thGovernor of Tennessee(1839–1841)

Democratic

(1844)15(1845)

George M. Dallas

12

March 4, 1849–July 9, 1850(Died in office)

Zachary Taylor1784–1850(Lived: 65 years)[36][37][38]

Major General of the 1st Infantry RegimentUnited States Army (1846–1849)(No prior elected office)

Whig

(1848)16(1849)(1850)[j]

Millard Fillmore(Succeeded to presidency)

13

July 9, 1850[m]–March 4, 1853

Millard Fillmore1800–1874(Lived: 74 years)[39][40][41]

12thVice President of the United States

Whig

Office vacant

14

March 4, 1853–March 4, 1857

Franklin Pierce1804–1869(Lived: 64 years)[42][43][44]

Brigadier General of the 9th InfantryUnited States Army(1847–1848)

Democratic

(1852)17(1853)

William R. KingMarch 4 – April 18, 1853(Died in office)

Office vacant(Balance of King's term)

15

March 4, 1857–March 4, 1861

James Buchanan1791–1868(Lived: 77 years)[45][46][47]

United States Minister to theCourt of St James's(1853–1856)

Democratic

(1856)18(1857)

John C. Breckinridge

16

March 4, 1861–April 15, 1865(Died in office)

Abraham Lincoln1809–1865(Lived: 56 years)[48][49][50]

U.S. Representative for Illinois's 7th District(1847–1849)

Republican(National Union)[n]

(1860)19(1861)

Hannibal HamlinMarch 4, 1861 – March 4, 1865

(1864)20(1865)(1865)[j]

Andrew JohnsonMarch 4 – April 15, 1865(Succeeded to presidency)

17

April 15, 1865–March 4, 1869

Andrew Johnson1808–1875(Lived: 66 years)[51][52][53]

16thVice President of the United States

National UnionApril 15, 1865 – c. 1868

Office vacant

Democraticc. 1868 – March 4, 1869[o]

18

March 4, 1869–March 4, 1877

Ulysses S. Grant1822–1885(Lived: 63 years)[54][55][56]

Commanding General of the U.S. Army(1864–1869)(No prior elected office)

Republican

(1868)21(1869)

Schuyler ColfaxMarch 4, 1869 – March 4, 1873

(1872)22(1873)

Henry WilsonMarch 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875(Died in office)

Office vacant(Balance of Wilson's term)

19

March 4, 1877–March 4, 1881

Rutherford B. Hayes1822–1893(Lived: 70 years)[57][58][59]

29th & 32ndGovernor of Ohio(1868–1872 & 1876–1877)

Republican

(1876)23(1877)

William A. Wheeler

20

March 4, 1881–September 19, 1881(Died in office)

James A. Garfield1831–1881(Lived: 49 years)[60][61][62]

U.S. Representative for Ohio's 19th District(1863–1881)

Republican

(1880)24(1881)(1881)[j]

Chester A. Arthur(Succeeded to presidency)

21

September 19, 1881[p]–March 4, 1885

Chester A. Arthur1829–1886(Lived: 57 years)[63][64][65]

20thVice President of the United States

Republican

Office vacant

22

March 4, 1885–March 4, 1889

Grover Cleveland1837–1908(Lived: 71 years)[66][67]

28thGovernor of New York(1883–1885)

Democratic

(1884)25(1885)

Thomas A. HendricksMarch 4 – November 25, 1885(Died in office)

Office vacant(Balance of Hendricks's term)

23

March 4, 1889–March 4, 1893

Benjamin Harrison1833–1901(Lived: 67 years)[68][69][70]

U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Indiana(1881–1887)

Republican

(1888)26(1889)

Levi P. Morton

24

March 4, 1893–March 4, 1897

Grover Cleveland1837–1908(Lived: 71 years)[66][67]

22ndPresident of the United States(1885–1889)

Democratic

(1892)27(1893)

Adlai Stevenson

25

March 4, 1897–September 14, 1901(Died in office)

William McKinley1843–1901(Lived: 58 years)[71][72][73]

39thGovernor of Ohio(1892–1896)

Republican

(1896)28(1897)

Garret HobartMarch 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899(Died in office)

Office vacant(Balance of Hobart's term)

(1900)29(1901)(1901)[j]

Theodore RooseveltMarch 4 – September 14, 1901(Succeeded to presidency)

26

September 14, 1901–March 4, 1909

Theodore Roosevelt1858–1919(Lived: 60 years)[74][75][76]

25thVice President of the United States

Republican

Office vacantSeptember 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905

(1904)30(1905)

Charles W. FairbanksMarch 4, 1905 – March 4, 1909

27

March 4, 1909–March 4, 1913

William Howard Taft1857–1930(Lived: 72 years)[77][78][79]

42ndUnited States Secretary of War(1904–1908)

Republican

(1908)31(1909)

James S. ShermanMarch 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912(Died in office)

Office vacant(Balance of Sherman's term)

28

March 4, 1913–March 4, 1921

Woodrow Wilson1856–1924(Lived: 67 years)[80][81][82]

34thGovernor of New Jersey(1911–1913)

Democratic

(1912)32(1913)

Thomas R. Marshall

(1916)33(1917)

29

March 4, 1921–August 2, 1923(Died in office)

Warren G. Harding1865–1923(Lived: 57 years)[83][84][85]

U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Ohio(1915–1921)

Republican

(1920)34(1921)(1923)[j]

Calvin Coolidge(Succeeded to presidency)

30

August 2, 1923[q]–March 4, 1929

Calvin Coolidge1872–1933(Lived: 60 years)[86][87][88]

29thVice President of the United States

Republican

Office vacantAugust 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925

(1924)35(1925)

Charles G. DawesMarch 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929

31

March 4, 1929–March 4, 1933

Herbert Hoover1874–1964(Lived: 90 years)[89][90][91]

3rdUnited States Secretary of Commerce(1921–1928)(No prior elected office)

Republican

(1928)36(1929)

Charles Curtis

32

March 4, 1933–April 12, 1945(Died in office)

Franklin D. Roosevelt1882–1945(Lived: 63 years)[92][93][94]

44thGovernor of New York(1929–1932)

Democratic

(1932)37(1933)

John N. GarnerMarch 4, 1933 – January 20, 1941[r]

(1936)38(1937)

(1940)39(1941)

Henry A. WallaceJanuary 20, 1941 – January 20, 1945

(1944)40(1945)(1945)[j]

Harry S. TrumanJanuary 20 – April 12, 1945(Succeeded to presidency)

33

April 12, 1945–January 20, 1953

Harry S. Truman1884–1972(Lived: 88 years)[95][96][97]

34thVice President of the United States

Democratic

Office vacantApril 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949

(1948)41(1949)

Alben W. BarkleyJanuary 20, 1949 – January 20, 1953

34

January 20, 1953–January 20, 1961

Dwight D. Eisenhower1890–1969(Lived: 78 years)[98][99][100]

Supreme Allied Commander Europe(1949–1952)(No prior elected office)

Republican

(1952)42(1953)

Richard Nixon

(1956)43(1957)

35

January 20, 1961–November 22, 1963(Died in office)

John F. Kennedy1917–1963(Lived: 46 years)[101][102][103]

U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts(1953–1960)

Democratic

(1960)44(1961)(1963)[j]

Lyndon B. Johnson(Succeeded to presidency)

36

November 22, 1963–January 20, 1969

Lyndon B. Johnson1908–1973(Lived: 64 years)[104][105]

37thVice President of the United States

Democratic

Office vacantNovember 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965

(1964)45(1965)

Hubert HumphreyJanuary 20, 1965 – January 20, 1969

37

January 20, 1969–August 9, 1974(Resigned from office)

Richard Nixon1913–1994(Lived: 81 years)[106][107][108]

36thVice President of the United States(1953–1961)

Republican

(1968)46(1969)

Spiro AgnewJanuary 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973(Resigned from office)

(1972)47(1973)(1974)[j]

Office vacantOctober 10 – December 6, 1973

Gerald FordDecember 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974(Succeeded to presidency)

38

August 9, 1974–January 20, 1977

Gerald Ford1913–2006(Lived: 93 years)[109][110][111]

40thVice President of the United States

Republican

Office vacantAugust 9 – December 19, 1974

Nelson RockefellerDecember 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977

39

January 20, 1977–January 20, 1981

Jimmy CarterBorn 1924(93 years old)[112][113][114]

76thGovernor of Georgia(1971–1975)

Democratic

(1976)48(1977)

Walter Mondale

40

January 20, 1981–January 20, 1989

Ronald Reagan1911–2004(Lived: 93 years)[115][116][117]

33rdGovernor of California(1967–1975)

Republican

(1980)49(1981)

George H. W. Bush

(1984)50(1985)

41

January 20, 1989–January 20, 1993

George H. W. BushBorn 1924(94 years old)[118][119][120]

43rdVice President of the United States

Republican

(1988)51(1989)

Dan Quayle

42

January 20, 1993–January 20, 2001

Bill ClintonBorn 1946(71 years old)[121][122][123]

40th & 42ndGovernor of Arkansas(1979–1981 & 1983–1992)

Democratic

(1992)52(1993)

Al Gore

(1996)53(1997)

43

January 20, 2001–January 20, 2009

George W. BushBorn 1946(72 years old)[124][125]

46thGovernor of Texas(1995–2000)

Republican

(2000)54(2001)

Dick Cheney

(2004)55(2005)

44

January 20, 2009–January 20, 2017

Barack ObamaBorn 1961(57 years old)[126][127]

U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Illinois(2005–2008)

Democratic

(2008)56(2009)

Joe Biden

(2012)57(2013)

45

January 20, 2017–Incumbent

Donald TrumpBorn 1946(72 years old)[128][129]

Chairman ofThe Trump Organization(1971–2017)(No prior elected office)

Republican

(2016)58(2017)

Mike Pence

text: Subsequent public office

text: Three presidents held another U.S. federal office after serving as president.

text:
President

Presidency[a]

Subsequent service

John Quincy Adams

6

1825–1829

U.S. Representative from Massachusetts (1831–1848)

Andrew Johnson

17

1865–1869

U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1875)

William Howard Taft

27

1909–1913

10th Chief Justice of the United States (1921–1930)

text: Several presidents campaigned unsuccessfully for other U.S. state or federal elective offices after serving as president.

text:
President

Presidency[a]

Office sought unsuccessfully

John Quincy Adams

6

1825–1829

Governor of Massachusetts (1833)

Martin Van Buren

8

1837–1841

President of the United States (1844)

President of the United States (1848)

Millard Fillmore

13

1850–1853

President of the United States (1856)

Andrew Johnson

17

1865–1869

U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1870)

U.S. Representative from Tennessee (1872)

Ulysses S. Grant

18

1869–1877

President of the United States (1880)

Theodore Roosevelt

26

1901–1909

President of the United States (1912)

Herbert Hoover

31

1929–1933

President of the United States (1940)

text: Additionally, one former president, John Tyler, served in the government of the Confederate States during the American Civil War. Tyler served in the Provisional Confederate Congress from 1861 to 1862. He was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives in November 1861, but died before he could take his seat.


document_title: Ella Enchanted (soundtrack)

question_text: who sang don't go breaking my heart in ella enchanted

question_tokens: who sang do n 't go breaking my heart in ella enchanted

text: Ella Enchanted (soundtrack)

text: Promotion[edit]

text: In 2006, Disney made a new music video for the Disney Princess franchise to "It's Not Just Make Believe" by Kari Kimmel with footage from various Disney animated films, which was shown on the Disney Channel numerous times and featured on the Disney Princess Sing-Along Songs: Perfectly Princess DVD in Sing-Along form.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

Allmusic
[1]

text: Heather Phares, from Allmusic said: "Though the film is technically a Miramax offering," "the soundtrack is downright Disney, gathering songs from the studio's stable of prefab teen pop singers." She praised Kelly Clarkson "out-sings them all on "Respect", which, despite its canned-sounding accompaniment, makes the most of her voice".[1]

text: She concludes "Indeed, most of the Ella Enchanted soundtrack plays like a souped-up school musical, although that does give it sort of an awkward charm."

text: Track listing[1][edit]

text:
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Don't Go Breakin' My Heart"
Jesse McCartney, Anne Hathaway
3:10

2.
"It's Not Just Make Believe"
Kari Kimmel
3:07

3.
"True to Your Heart"
Raven-Symoné
3:44

4.
"Respect"
Kelly Clarkson
2:17

5.
"You Make Me Feel Like Dancing (Remix)"
Anne Hathaway
3:20

6.
"Walking on Sunshine"
Jump5
4:06

7.
"Magic"
Stimulator
3:53

8.
"Strange Magic"
Darren Hayes
3:52

9.
"Somebody to Love"
Anne Hathaway
3:23

10.
"Once Upon a Broken Heart"
The Beu Sisters
4:09

11.
"If You Believe"
Andrea Remanda, Bryan Adams
3:59

12.
"Let Me Entertain You"
Cast
0:39

text: Possible alternate release[2][edit]

text:
Jesse McCartney and Anne Hathaway - "Don't Go Breakin' My Heart"
Kari Kimmel - "It's Not Just Make Believe"
Kelly Clarkson - "Respect"
Jump5 - "Walking On Sunshine"
Raven Symone - "True to Your Heart"
Kaci - "I Think I Love You"
Anne Hathaway - "You Make Me Feel Like Dancing" (Remix)
Anne Hathaway - "Somebody to Love"
Andrea Remanda and Bryan Adams - "If You Believe"
Darren Hayes - "Strange Magic"
Stimulator - "Magic"
The Beu Sisters - "Once Upon a Broken Heart"
Sean Devel - Score Suite


document_title: List of current foreign ministers

question_text: who is the present foreign minister of usa

text: List of current foreign ministers

text: Sovereign states[edit]

text:
Country
List
Minister
Party
Since

 Afghanistan
List
Salahuddin Rabbani
Jamiat-e Islami
1 February 2015

 Albania
List
Ditmir Bushati
Socialist Party of Albania
15 September 2013

 Algeria
List
Abdelkader Messahel

25 May 2017

 Andorra
List
Maria Ubach Font

15 July 2017

 Angola
List
Manuel Domingos Augusto
People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola
September 28 2017

 Antigua and Barbuda
List
Charles Fernandez
Antigua Labour Party
18 June 2014

 Argentina
List
Jorge Faurie

12 June 2017

 Armenia
List
Eduard Nalbandyan
Independent
14 April 2008

 Australia
List
Julie Bishop
Liberal Party of Australia
18 September 2013

 Austria
List
Sebastian Kurz
Austrian People's Party
16 December 2013

 Azerbaijan
List
Elmar Mammadyarov
Independent
2 April 2004

 Bahamas
List
Darren Henfield
Free National Movement
15 May 2017

 Bahrain
List
Sheikh Khalid bin Ahmed Al Khalifa
N/A[1]
26 September 2005

 Bangladesh
List
Abul Hassan Mahmud Ali
Bangladesh Awami League
26 February 2014

 Barbados
List
Maxine McClean
Democratic Labour Party
24 November 2008

 Belarus
List
Vladimir Makei

20 August 2012

 Belgium
List
Didier Reynders
Reformist Movement
6 December 2011

 Belize
List
Wilfred Elrington
United Democratic Party
12 February 2008

 Benin
List
Aurélien Agbénonci

6 April 2016

 Bhutan
List
Damcho Dorji
People's Democratic Party
2 August 2015

 Bolivia
List
Fernando Huanacuni Mamani

23 January 2017

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
List
Igor Crnadak
Party of Democratic Progress
31 March 2015

 Botswana
List
Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi
Botswana Democratic Party
24 October 2014

 Brazil

Aloysio Nunes
Brazilian Social Democracy Party
7 March 2017

 Brunei

Hassanal Bolkiah (monarch) (Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade)
N/A[1]
22 October 2015

Lim Jock Seng (Second Minister of Foreign Affairs & Trade)
24 May 2005

 Bulgaria
List
Ekaterina Zakharieva
Reformist Bloc
4 May 2017

 Burkina Faso
List
Alpha Barry

12 January 2016

 Burma
List
Aung San Suu Kyi
National League for Democracy
30 March 2016

 Burundi
List
Alain Aimé Nyamitwe

18 May 2015

 Cambodia
List
Prak Sokhon
Cambodian People's Party
5 April 2016

 Cameroon
List
Lejeune Mbella Mbella
Cameroon People's Democratic Movement
2 October 2015

 Canada
List
Chrystia Freeland
Liberal Party of Canada
10 January 2017

 Cape Verde
List
Luís Felipe Tavares
Movement for Democracy
22 April 2016

 Central African Republic
List
Charles-Armel Doubane
Independent
1 April 2016

 Chad
List
Hissein Brahim Taha

7 February 2017

 Chile
List
Heraldo Muñoz
Party for Democracy
11 March 2014

 People's Republic of China
List
Wang Yi
Communist Party of China
16 March 2013

 Colombia
List
María Ángela Holguín
Colombian Liberal Party
7 August 2010

 Comoros
List
Mohamed El-Amine Souef

17 July 2017

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
List
Léonard She Okitundu
People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy
19 December 2016

 Republic of the Congo
List
Jean-Claude Gakosso
Congolese Party of Labour
10 August 2015

 Costa Rica
List
Manuel González Sanz
Citizens' Action Party
8 May 2014

 Côte d'Ivoire
List
Marcel Amon Tanoh

25 November 2016

 Croatia
List
Marija Pejčinović Burić
Croatian Democratic Union
19 June 2017

 Cuba
List
Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla
Communist Party of Cuba
2 March 2009

 Cyprus
List
Ioannis Kasoulidis
Democratic Rally
1 March 2013

 Czech Republic
List
Lubomír Zaorálek
Czech Social Democratic Party
29 January 2014

 Denmark
List
Anders Samuelsen
Liberal Alliance
28 November 2016

 Djibouti
List
Mahamoud Ali Youssouf
Independent
22 May 2005

 Dominica
List
Francine Baron
Dominica Labour Party
13 December 2014

 Dominican Republic
List
Miguel Vargas Maldonado
Dominican Revolutionary Party
16 August 2016

 East Timor
List
Aurélio Guterres
Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor
15 September 2017

 Ecuador
List
María Fernanda Espinosa
PAIS Alliance
24 March 2017

 Egypt
List
Sameh Shoukry
Independent
17 June 2014

 El Salvador
List
Hugo Martínez
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
1 June 2014

 Equatorial Guinea
List
Agapito Mba Mokuy
Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea
22 May 2012

 Eritrea
List
Osman Saleh Mohammed
People's Front for Democracy and Justice
18 April 2007

 Estonia
List
Sven Mikser
Social Democratic Party
23 November 2016

 Ethiopia
List
Workneh Gebeyehu
Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
1 November 2016

 Fiji
List
Frank Bainimarama (prime minister)
FijiFirst
9 September 2016

 Finland
List
Timo Soini
New Alternative
29 May 2015

 France
List
Jean-Yves Le Drian
Socialist Party
17 May 2017

 Gabon
List
Noël Nelson Messone

21 August 2017

 Gambia
List
Ousainou Darboe
United Democratic Party
1 February 2017

 Georgia
List
Mikheil Janelidze
Georgian Dream
30 December 2015

 Germany
List
Sigmar Gabriel
Social Democratic Party of Germany
27 January 2017

 Ghana
List
Shirley Ayorkor Botchway
New Patriotic Party
27 January 2017

 Greece
List
Nikos Kotzias
Syriza
23 September 2015

 Grenada
List
Elvin Nimrod
New National Party
1 July 2016

 Guatemala
List
Sandra Jovel

27 August 2017

 Guinea
List
Mamadi Touré

22 August 2017

 Guinea-Bissau
List
Jorge Malú

13 December 2016

 Guyana
List
Carl Greenidge

19 May 2015

 Haiti
List
Antonio Rodrigue

21 March 2017

 Honduras
List
María Dolores Agüero [2]

18 April 2016

 Holy See
List
Archbishop Paul Gallagher
N/A[1]
8 November 2014

 Hungary
List
Péter Szijjártó
Fidesz
23 September 2014

 Iceland
List
Guðlaugur Þór Þórðarson
Independence Party
11 January 2017

 India
List
Sushma Swaraj
Bharatiya Janata Party
26 May 2014

 Indonesia
List
Retno Marsudi
Independent
27 October 2014

 Iran
List
Mohammad Javad Zarif
Independent
15 August 2013

 Iraq
List
Ibrahim al-Jaafari
National Iraqi Alliance
8 September 2014

 Ireland
List
Simon Coveney
Fine Gael
14 June 2017

 Israel
List
Benjamin Netanyahu (prime minister)
Likud
14 May 2015

 Italy
List
Angelino Alfano
Popular Alternative
12 December 2016

 Jamaica
List
Kamina Johnson-Smith
Jamaica Labour Party
7 March 2016

 Japan
List
Tarō Kōno
Liberal Democratic Party
3 August 2017

 Jordan
List
Ayman Safadi
Independent
15 January 2017

 Kazakhstan
List
Kairat Abdrakhmanov
Nur Otan
28 December 2016

 Kenya
List
Amina Mohamed
Independent
19 May 2013

 Kiribati

Taneti Mamau (president)
Tobwaan Kiribati Party
15 March 2016

 North Korea
List
Ri Yong-ho
Workers' Party of Korea
17 May 2016

 South Korea
List
Kang Kyung-wha
Democratic Party of Korea
18 June 2017

 Kuwait
List
Sheikh Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah
N/A[1]
23 October 2011

 Kyrgyzstan
List
Erlan Abdyldayev

5 September 2012

 Laos
List
Saleumxay Kommasith
Lao People's Revolutionary Party
19 April 2016

 Latvia
List
Edgars Rinkēvičs
Unity
25 October 2011

 Lebanon
List
Gebran Bassil
Free Patriotic Movement
15 February 2014

 Lesotho
List
Lesego Makgothi
All Basotho Convention
23 June 2017

 Liberia
List
Marjon Kamara

6 January 2016

 Libya
List
disputed -
Mohammed al-Dairi or
Mohamed Taha Siala

29 September 2014
12 March 2016

 Liechtenstein

Aurelia Frick
Progressive Citizens' Party
25 March 2009

 Lithuania
List
Linas Antanas Linkevičius
Social Democratic Party of Lithuania
13 December 2012

 Luxembourg
List
Jean Asselborn
Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party
21 July 2004

 Macedonia
List
Nikola Dimitrov
Social Democratic Union of Macedonia
31 May 2017

 Madagascar
List
Henry Rabary Njaka

25 August 2017

 Malawi
List
Emmanuel Fabiano

17 July 2017

 Malaysia
List
Anifah Aman
United Malays National Organisation
10 April 2009

 Maldives
List
Mohamed Asim

13 July 2016

 Mali
List
Abdoulaye Diop

11 April 2014

 Malta
List
Carmelo Abela
Labour Party
9 June 2017

 Marshall Islands

John Silk

2 February 2016

 Mauritania
List
Isselkou Ould Ahmed Izid Bih

9 February 2016

 Mauritius
List
Vishnu Lutchmeenaraidoo

14 March 2016

 Mexico
List
Luis Videgaray
Institutional Revolutionary Party
4 January 2017

 Micronesia

Lorin S. Robert
N/A[1]
14 July 2007

 Moldova
List
Andrei Galbur
Independent
20 January 2016

 Monaco

Gilles Tonelli
Independent
22 February 2015

 Mongolia
List
Damdin Tsogtbaatar
Mongolian People's Party
20 October 2017

 Montenegro
List
Srđan Darmanović
Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro
28 November 2016

 Morocco
List
Nasser Bourita
Independent
5 April 2017

 Mozambique
List
Oldemiro Balói
Mozambique Liberation Front
10 March 2008

 Namibia
List
Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah
South West African People's Organisation
4 December 2012

 Nauru

Baron Waqa (president)
Independent
13 June 2013

   Nepal
List
Krishna Bahadur Mahara
Communist Party of Nepal
7 June 2017

 Netherlands
List
Halbe Zijlstra
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
26 October 2017

 New Zealand
List
Winston Peters
New Zealand First
26 October 2017

 Nicaragua
List
Denis Moncada

16 January 2017

 Niger
List
Ibrahim Yacouba
Nigerien Patriotic Movement
11 April 2016

 Nigeria
List
Geoffrey Onyeama
All Progressives Congress
11 November 2015

 Norway
List
Ine Marie Eriksen Søreide
Conservative Party
20 October 2017

 Oman
List
Qaboos bin Said al Said (sultan) (Minister of Foreign Affairs)
N/A[1]
2 January 1972

Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah (Minister Responsible for Foreign Affairs)
19 December 1997

 Pakistan
List
Khawaja Muhammad Asif
Pakistan Muslim League
4 August 2017

 Palau

Faustina K. Rehuher-Marugg
N/A[1]
13 June 2017

 Palestine [3]
List
Riyad al-Maliki
Fatah
1 September 2007

 Panama
List
Isabel Saint Malo (Vice President)
Independent
1 July 2014

 Papua New Guinea
List
Rimbink Pato
United Party
9 August 2012

 Paraguay
List
Eladio Loizaga

15 August 2013

 Peru
List
Ricardo Luna

28 July 2016

 Philippines
List
Alan Peter Cayetano
PDP–Laban
18 May 2017

 Poland
List
Witold Waszczykowski
Law and Justice
16 November 2015

 Portugal
List
Augusto Santos Silva
Socialist Party
26 November 2015

 Qatar
List
Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani
N/A[1]
27 January 2016

 Romania
List
Teodor Meleșcanu
Independent
4 January 2017

 Russia
List
Sergey Lavrov
United Russia
9 March 2004

 Rwanda
List
Louise Mushikiwabo
Independent
3 December 2009

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
List
Mark Brantley
Concerned Citizens' Movement
22 February 2015

 Saint Lucia
List
Allen Chastanet (prime minister)
United Workers Party
14 June 2016

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
List
Sir Louis Straker
Unity Labour Party
14 December 2015

 Samoa
List
Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi (prime minister)
Human Rights Protection Party
23 November 1998

 San Marino

Nicola Renzi
Future Republic
27 December 2016

 São Tomé and Príncipe
List
Urbino Botelho

18 October 2016

 Saudi Arabia
List
Adel al-Jubeir
N/A[1]
29 April 2015

 Senegal
List
Sidiki Kaba

7 September 2017

 Serbia
List
Ivica Dačić
Socialist Party of Serbia
27 April 2014

 Seychelles
List
Danny Faure (president)
People's Party
29 October 2016

 Sierra Leone
List
Samura Kamara
All People's Congress
17 December 2012

 Singapore
List
Vivian Balakrishnan
People's Action Party
1 October 2015

 Slovakia
List
Miroslav Lajčák
Direction – Social Democracy
4 April 2012

 Slovenia
List
Karl Erjavec
Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia
10 February 2012

 Solomon Islands
List
Milner Tozaka
People's Alliance Party
15 December 2014

 Somalia
List
Yusuf Garaad Omar

21 March 2017

 South Africa
List
Maite Nkoana-Mashabane
African National Congress
11 May 2009

 South Sudan
List
Deng Alor Kuol
Sudan People's Liberation Movement
28 April 2016

 Spain
List
Alfonso Dastis
Independent
4 November 2016

 Sri Lanka
List
Tilak Marapana
United National Party
15 August 2017

 Sudan
List
Ibrahim Ghandour
National Congress
6 June 2015

 Suriname
List
Yldiz Pollack-Beighle

1 February 2017

 Swaziland
List
Mgwagwa Gamedze

4 November 2013

 Sweden
List
Margot Wallström
Swedish Social Democratic Party
3 October 2014

  Switzerland
List
Didier Burkhalter

1 January 2012

 Syria
List
Walid Muallem
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region
11 February 2006

 Tajikistan
List
Sirodjidin Aslov

29 November 2013

 Tanzania
List
Augustine Mahiga
Chama Cha Mapinduzi
10 December 2015

 Thailand
List
Don Pramudwinai

20 August 2015

 Togo
List
Robert Dussey

17 September 2013

 Tonga
List
Siaosi Sovaleni
Independent
6 March 2017

 Trinidad and Tobago
List
Dennis Moses
People's National Movement
11 September 2015

 Tunisia
List
Khemaies Jhinaoui
Nidaa Tounes
6 January 2016

 Turkey
List
Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu
Justice and Development Party
24 November 2015

 Turkmenistan
List
Raşit Meredow
Democratic Party of Turkmenistan
7 July 2001

 Tuvalu

Taukelina Finikaso
N/A[1]
5 August 2013

 Uganda
List
Sam Kutesa
National Resistance Movement
13 January 2005

 Ukraine
List
Pavlo Klimkin
Independent
19 June 2014

 United Arab Emirates

Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan
N/A[1]
9 February 2006

 United Kingdom
List
Boris Johnson
Conservative Party
13 July 2016

 United States
List
Rex Tillerson
Republican Party
1 February 2017

 Uruguay
List
Rodolfo Nin Novoa
Broad Front
1 March 2015

 Uzbekistan
List
Abdulaziz Komilov

13 January 2012

 Vanuatu
List
Bruno Leingkone
National United Party
11 February 2016

 Venezuela
List
Jorge Arreaza
United Socialist Party of Venezuela
2 August 2017

 Vietnam
List
Phạm Bình Minh
Communist Party of Vietnam
3 August 2011

 Yemen
List
disputed -
Hisham Sharaf or
Abdulmalik Al-Mekhlafi

28 November 2016
1 December 2015

 Zambia
List
Harry Kalaba
Patriotic Front
13 March 2014

 Zimbabwe
List
Walter Mzembi
Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front
9 October 2017

text: Unrecognized countries, autonomous regions[edit]

text:
Country
Name
Since

 Abkhazia (List)
Daur Kove
4 October 2016

 Artsakh
Karen Mirzoyan
22 September 2012

 Brussels-Capital Region
Guy Vanhengel
7 May 2013

 Catalonia
Raül Romeva
14 January 2016

 Cook Islands (List)
Henry Puna (prime minister)
25 July 2013

 Donetsk People's Republic
Natalya Nikonorova (acting)
22 February 2016

 Faroe Islands
Poul Michelsen
15 September 2015

 Flanders
Geert Bourgeois (Minister-President)
25 July 2014

 French Polynesia
Édouard Fritch (president)
12 September 2014

 Gagauzia
Vitaliy Vlah
30 April 2015

 Greenland
Suka K. Frederiksen
24 April 2017

 Chechen Republic of Ichkeria [4]
Usman Ferzauli
2007

 Jersey
Sir Philip Bailhache
24 September 2013

 Kosovo (List)
Behgjet Pacolli
9 September 2017

 Kurdistan
Falah Mustafa Bakir
September 2006

 Lugansk People's Republic
Vladislav Deinevo (acting)
12 September 2017

 Niue (List)
Toke Talagi (prime minister)
7 June 2008

 Northern Cyprus (List)
Tahsin Ertuğruloğlu
16 April 2016

 State of Palestine (List)
Mahmoud Abbas[5] (prime minister)
27 August 2009

 Quebec
Christine St-Pierre
23 April 2014

 Scotland (List)
Fiona Hyslop
1 December 2009

 Somaliland (List)
Saad Ali Shire
October 2015

 South Ossetia (List)
Murat Dzhioyev
8 August 2016

 Taiwan (Republic of China) (List)
David Lee
20 May 2016

 Tokelau
Siopili Perez (prime minister)
6 March 2017

 Transnistria (List)
Vitaly Ignatyev [6]
14 September 2015

 Tibet [7]
Lobsang Sangay (prime minister)
28 February 2016

 Western Sahara
Mohamed Salem Ould Salek
21 January 1998

 Wallonia
Willy Borsus (Minister-President)
28 July 2017

text: Sui generis entities[edit]

text:
Entity
Name
Since

 European Union
Federica Mogherini
1 November 2014

 Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Albrecht Freiherr von Boeselager
27 January 2017