document_title: List of countries and dependencies by population

question_text: which country is highest population in the world

text: Method[edit]

text: Figures used in this chart are based on the most up to date estimate or projections[1] by the national census authority where available, and are usually rounded off. Where updated national data are not available, figures are based on the projections for 2017 by the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.[2]

text: Because the compiled figures are not collected at the same time in every country, or at the same level of accuracy, the resulting numerical comparisons may create misleading conclusions. Furthermore, the addition of figures from all countries may not equal the world total. A handful of nations have not conducted a census in over 30 years, providing high error margin estimates only.

text:
Areas that form integral parts of sovereign states, such as the countries of the United Kingdom, are counted as part of the sovereign states concerned. Not included are other entities, such as the European Union,[Note 1]
that are not sovereign states, and independent territories that do not have permanent populations, such as various countries' claims to Antarctica.

text: Sovereign states and dependencies by population[edit]

text: Note: All dependent territories or constituent countries that are parts of sovereign states are shown in italics and not assigned a numbered rank.

text:
Rank
Country(or dependent territory)
Population
Date
% of worldpopulation
Source

1

 China[Note 2]

1,393,770,000
August 29, 2018
18.2%

Official population clock

2

 India[Note 3]

1,336,270,000
August 29, 2018
17.5%

Official population clock

3

 United States[Note 4]

327,737,000
August 29, 2018
4.29%

Official population clock

4

 Indonesia

265,015,300

July 1, 2018

3.47%

Official annual projection

5

 Brazil

209,511,000
August 29, 2018
2.74%

Official population clock

6

 Pakistan

201,817,000
August 29, 2018
2.64%

Official population clock

7

 Nigeria

197,332,228

August 29, 2018

2.58%

Official population clock

8

 Bangladesh

165,098,000
August 29, 2018
2.16%

Official population clock

9

 Russia[Note 5]

146,877,088

January 1, 2018

1.92%

Official estimate

10

 Japan

126,490,000

August 1, 2018

1.65%

Monthly provisional estimate

11

 Mexico

124,737,789

July 1, 2018

1.63%

Official annual projection

12

 Ethiopia

107,534,882

July 1, 2018

1.41%

UN Projection

13

 Philippines

106,385,000
August 29, 2018
1.39%

Official population clock

14

 Egypt

97,469,800
August 29, 2018
1.27%

Official population clock

15

 Vietnam

94,660,000

July 1, 2018

1.24%

Official annual estimate

16

 DR Congo

84,004,989

July 1, 2018

1.1%

UN Projection

17

 Germany

82,740,900

September 30, 2017

1.08%

Official annual data

18

 Iran

81,743,300
August 29, 2018
1.07%

Official population clock

19

 Turkey

80,810,525

December 31, 2017

1.06%

Official estimate

20

 Thailand

69,183,173

July 1, 2018

0.9%

UN Projection

21

 France[Note 6]

67,297,000

August 1, 2018

0.88%

Monthly official estimate

22

 United Kingdom[Note 7]

66,040,229

June 30, 2017

0.86%

Official annual estimate

23

 Italy

60,436,469

March 31, 2018

0.79%

Monthly official estimate

24

 South Africa

57,725,600

July 1, 2018

0.75%

Annual official estimate

25

 Tanzania[Note 8]

54,199,163

July 1, 2018

0.71%

Official annual projection

26

 Myanmar

53,862,731

July 1, 2018

0.7%

Official annual projection

27

 South Korea

51,635,256

July 1, 2018

0.68%

Annual official estimate

28

 Kenya

50,950,879

July 1, 2018

0.67%

UN projection

29

 Colombia

49,921,600
August 29, 2018
0.653%

Official population clock

30

 Spain

46,659,302

January 1, 2018

0.61%

Official estimate

31

 Argentina

44,494,502

July 1, 2018

0.58%

Official annual projection

32

 Algeria

42,545,964

July 1, 2018

0.56%

Official annual projection

33

 Ukraine[Note 9]

42,263,873

July 1, 2018

0.55%

Monthly official estimate

34

 Sudan

40,783,930

August 29, 2018

0.53%

Official population clock

35

 Iraq

39,339,753

July 1, 2018

0.51%

UN projection

36

 Uganda

38,823,100

July 1, 2018

0.51%

Official annual projection

37

 Poland

38,433,600

December 31, 2017

0.5%

Official estimate

38

 Canada

37,208,700
August 29, 2018
0.487%

Official population clock

39

 Morocco[Note 10]

34,769,700
August 29, 2018
0.455%

Official population clock

40

 Saudi Arabia

33,413,660

January 1, 2018

0.44%

Official estimate

41

 Uzbekistan

32,653,900

January 1, 2018

0.43%

Annual official estimate

42

 Malaysia

32,649,500
August 29, 2018
0.427%

Official population clock

43

 Venezuela

31,828,110

July 1, 2018

0.42%

Official annual projection

44

 Afghanistan

31,575,018

July 1, 2018

0.41%

Annual official estimate

45

 Peru

31,237,385

October 22, 2017

0.41%

Official census result

46

 Ghana

29,614,337

January 1, 2018

0.39%

Official projection

47

 Angola

29,250,009

January 1, 2018

0.38%

Official projection

48

 Nepal

29,218,867

July 1, 2018

0.38%

Official annual projection

49

 Yemen

28,915,284

July 1, 2018

0.38%

UN projection

50

 Mozambique

28,861,863

August 1, 2017

0.38%

Official census result

51

 Madagascar

26,262,810

July 1, 2018

0.34%

UN projection

52

 North Korea

25,610,672

July 1, 2018

0.33%

UN projection

53

 Australia

25,044,200
August 29, 2018
0.328%

Official population clock

54

 Ivory Coast

24,571,044

July 1, 2017

0.32%

Official estimate

55

 Cameroon

23,794,164

January 1, 2018

0.31%

Annual official projection

56

 Taiwan[Note 11]

23,576,705

July 1, 2018

0.31%

Monthly official estimate

57

 Niger

21,466,863

July 1, 2018

0.28%

Annual official projection

58

 Sri Lanka

21,444,000

July 1, 2017

0.28%

Official estimate

59

 Burkina Faso

20,244,080

July 1, 2018

0.26%

Annual official projection

60

 Romania

19,524,000

January 1, 2018

0.26%

Annual official estimate

61

 Mali

19,107,706

July 1, 2018

0.25%

UN projection

62

 Syria

18,284,407

July 1, 2018

0.24%

UN projection

63

 Kazakhstan

18,272,400

July 1, 2018

0.24%

Official estimate

64

 Malawi

17,931,637

July 1, 2018

0.23%

Annual official projection

65

 Chile

17,574,003

April 19, 2017

0.23%

Final or definitive 2017 census result

66

 Guatemala

17,302,084

July 1, 2018

0.23%

Annual official projection

67

 Netherlands

17,250,000
August 29, 2018
0.226%

Official population clock

68

 Ecuador

17,063,200
August 29, 2018
0.223%

Official population clock

69

 Zambia

16,887,720

July 1, 2018

0.22%

Official annual projection

70

 Cambodia

16,069,921

July 1, 2018

0.21%

Official annual projection

71

 Senegal

15,726,037

July 1, 2018

0.21%

Official annual projection

72

 Chad

15,353,184

July 1, 2018

0.2%

UN projection

73

 Somalia[Note 12]

15,181,925

July 1, 2018

0.2%

UN projection

74

 Zimbabwe

14,848,905

July 1, 2018

0.19%

Official annual projection

75

 South Sudan

12,323,419

July 1, 2018

0.16%

Official annual projection

76

 Rwanda

12,001,136

July 1, 2018

0.16%

Official projection annual

77

 Guinea

11,883,516

July 1, 2018

0.16%

Official projection

78

 Tunisia

11,446,300

July 1, 2017

0.15%

Official estimate

79

 Belgium

11,416,733

July 1, 2018

0.15%

Monthly official estimate

80

 Benin

11,362,269

July 1, 2018

0.15%

Official projection

81

 Bolivia

11,307,314

July 1, 2018

0.15%

Official projection annual

82

 Cuba

11,221,060

December 31, 2017

0.15%

Annual official estimate

83

 Haiti

11,112,945

July 1, 2018

0.15%

UN projection

84

 Greece

10,768,193

January 1, 2017

0.14%

Official estimate

85

 Burundi

10,681,186

July 1, 2018

0.14%

Official annual projection

86

 Czech Republic

10,613,350

March 31, 2018

0.14%

Official quarterly estimate

87

 Portugal

10,291,027

December 31, 2017

0.13%

Annual official estimate

88

 Dominican Republic

10,266,149

July 1, 2018

0.13%

Official projection

89

 Jordan

10,227,600
August 29, 2018
0.134%

Official population clock

90

 Sweden

10,171,524

June 30, 2018

0.13%

Official monthly estimate

91

 Azerbaijan

9,898,085

January 1, 2018

0.13%

Official estimate

92

 Hungary

9,771,000

January 1, 2018

0.13%

Annual official estimate

93

 United Arab Emirates

9,541,615

July 1, 2018

0.12%

UN projection

94

 Belarus

9,478,200

July 1, 2018

0.12%

Official quarterly estimate

95

 Honduras

9,012,229

July 1, 2018

0.12%

Official annual projection

96

 Tajikistan

8,931,000

January 1, 2018

0.12%

Official estimate

97

 Israel

8,905,700
August 29, 2018
0.116%

Official population clock

98

 Austria

8,838,171

July 1, 2018

0.12%

Quarterly provisional figure

99

 Papua New Guinea

8,558,800

July 1, 2018

0.11%

Annual official estimate

100

 Switzerland

8,492,956

March 31, 2018

0.11%

Official provisional figure

101

 Sierra Leone

7,719,729

July 1, 2018

0.101%

UN projection

–

 Hong Kong (China)

7,448,900

July 1, 2018

0.097%

Official estimate

102

 Togo

7,352,000

July 1, 2018

0.096%

Official annual projection

103

 Paraguay

7,052,983

January 1, 2018

0.092%

Official estimate

104

 Bulgaria

7,050,034

December 31, 2017

0.092%

Official estimate

105

 Serbia[Note 13]

7,001,444

January 1, 2018

0.092%

Annual official estimate

106

 Laos

6,961,210

July 1, 2018

0.091%

UN projection

107

 El Salvador

6,643,359

July 1, 2018

0.087%

Official annual projection

108

 Libya

6,470,956

July 1, 2018

0.085%

UN projection

109

 Nicaragua

6,284,757

July 1, 2018

0.082%

UN projection

110

 Kyrgyzstan

6,309,300

June 1, 2018

0.083%

Official annual estimate

111

 Lebanon

6,093,509

July 1, 2018

0.08%

UN projection

112

 Turkmenistan

5,851,466

July 1, 2018

0.077%

UN projection

113

 Denmark

5,789,957

July 1, 2018

0.076%

Official quarterly estimate

114

 Singapore

5,612,253

June 30, 2017

0.073%

Official annual estimate

115

 Finland

5,517,887

July 31, 2018

0.072%

Official monthly estimate

116

 Slovakia

5,443,120

January 1, 2018

0.071%

Official estimate

117

 Republic of the Congo

5,399,895

July 1, 2018

0.071%

UN projection

118

 Norway

5,312,343

July 1, 2018

0.069%

Official quarterly estimate

119

 Eritrea

5,187,948

July 1, 2018

0.068%

UN projection

120

 Oman

5,008,777

August 29, 2018

0.066%

Official population clock

121

 Costa Rica

5,003,393

June 30, 2018

0.065%

Official annual projection

122

 New Zealand

4,899,900
August 29, 2018
0.0641%

Official population clock

123

 Ireland

4,857,000

April 1, 2018

0.064%

Official annual estimate

124

 Palestine

4,780,978

December 1, 2017

0.063%

Official census result

125

 Central African Republic

4,737,423

July 1, 2018

0.062%

UN projection

126

 Liberia

4,382,387

July 1, 2018

0.057%

Official projection[Note 14]

127

 Kuwait

4,226,920

January 1, 2018

0.055%

Official annual estimate

128

 Croatia

4,192,301

August 29, 2018

0.055%

Official population clock

129

 Panama

4,158,783

July 1, 2018

0.054%

Annual official projection

130

 Mauritania

3,984,233

July 1, 2018

0.052%

Annual official projection

131

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

3,784,524

August 29, 2018

0.049%

Official population clock

132

 Georgia[Note 15]

3,729,600

January 1, 2018

0.049%

Annual official estimate

133

 Moldova[Note 16]

3,550,900

January 1, 2017

0.046%

Official estimate

134

 Uruguay

3,505,985

June 30, 2018

0.046%

Official annual projection

–

 Puerto Rico (U.S.)

3,337,177

July 1, 2017

0.044%

Official estimate

135

 Mongolia

3,223,210

August 29, 2018

0.042%

Official population clock

136

 Armenia

2,969,800

June 30, 2018

0.039%

Official quarterly estimate

137

 Albania

2,870,324

January 1, 2018

0.038%

Annual official estimate

138

 Lithuania

2,800,738

July 1, 2018

0.037%

Monthly official estimate

139

 Jamaica

2,728,864

December 31, 2017

0.036%

Official estimate

140

 Qatar

2,450,285

July 1, 2018

0.032%

Monthly official estimate

141

 Namibia

2,413,643

July 1, 2018

0.032%

Official projection

142

 Botswana

2,302,878

July 1, 2018

0.03%

Official annual projection

143

 Lesotho

2,263,010

July 1, 2018

0.03%

UN projection

144

 The Gambia

2,163,765

July 1, 2018

0.028%

UN projection

145

 Macedonia

2,075,301

December 31, 2017

0.027%

Official estimate

146

 Gabon

2,067,561

July 1, 2018

0.027%

UN projection

147

 Slovenia

2,066,880

January 1, 2018

0.027%

Official estimate

148

 Latvia

1,925,700

July 1, 2018

0.025%

Monthly official estimate

–

 Kosovo[Note 17]

1,798,506

December 31, 2017

0.024%

Official annual estimate

149

 Guinea-Bissau

1,584,763

July 1, 2018

0.021%

Official annual projection

150

 Bahrain

1,496,300

July 1, 2018

0.02%

Official annual projection

151

 Trinidad and Tobago

1,356,633

July 1, 2017

0.018%

Official estimate

152

 Estonia

1,319,133

January 1, 2018

0.017%

Official estimate

153

 Mauritius

1,264,887

July 1, 2017

0.017%

Official estimate

154

 East Timor

1,261,407

July 1, 2018

0.016%

Official projection

155

 Equatorial Guinea

1,222,442

July 4, 2015

0.016%

Preliminary 2015 census result

156

 Swaziland

1,159,250

July 1, 2018

0.015%

Official projection

157

 Djibouti

1,049,001

July 1, 2018

0.014%

Official annual projection

158

 Fiji

884,887

September 17, 2017

0.012%

Official census result

159

 Cyprus

854,800

December 31, 2016

0.011%

Official estimate

160

 Comoros

850,688

July 1, 2018

0.011%

Official estimate

161

 Guyana

782,225

July 1, 2018

0.0102%

UN projection

162

 Bhutan

727,145

May 30, 2017

0.01%

Official census result

163

 Solomon Islands

667,044

July 1, 2018

0.0087%

Official annual projection

–

 Macau (China)

658,900

June 30, 2018

0.0086%

Official quarterly estimate

164

 Montenegro

622,359

January 1, 2018

0.0081%

Official estimate

165

 Luxembourg

602,005

January 1, 2018

0.0079%

Official estimate

166

 Suriname

568,301

July 1, 2018

0.0074%

UN projection

–

 Western Sahara[Note 18]

567,421

July 1, 2018

0.0074%

UN projection

167

 Cape Verde

544,081

July 1, 2018

0.0071%

Official annual projection

168

 Malta

475,701

December 31, 2017

0.0062%

Official estimate

–

 Transnistria[Note 19]

470,600

July 1, 2016

0.0062%

Official estimate

169

 Brunei

422,678

July 1, 2016

0.0055%

Official estimate

170

 Belize

395,882

April 1, 2018

0.0052%

Official estimate

171

 Bahamas

381,320

July 1, 2018

0.005%

Official annual projection

172

 Maldives

378,114

December 31, 2017

0.0049%

Official annual estimate

173

 Iceland

353,070

June 30, 2018

0.0046%

Official quarterly estimate

–

 Northern Cyprus[Note 20]

335,455

July 1, 2016

0.0044%

Official annual estimate

174

 Vanuatu

304,500

July 1, 2018

0.004%

Annual official estimate

175

 Barbados

286,388

July 1, 2018

0.0037%

UN projection

–

 New Caledonia (France)

278,500

January 1, 2017

0.0036%

Annual official estimate

–

 French Polynesia (France)

275,918

August 17, 2017

0.0036%

2017 census results

–

 Abkhazia[Note 21]

240,705

February 28, 2011

0.0031%

2011 census result

176

 Samoa

199,052

July 1, 2018

0.0026%

Official projection

177

 São Tomé and Príncipe

197,700

July 1, 2017

0.0026%

Official estimate

–

 Guam (U.S.)

172,400

July 1, 2018

0.0023%

Annual official estimate

178

 Saint Lucia

178,844

July 1, 2017

0.0023%

UN projection

–

 Curaçao (Netherlands)

160,337

January 1, 2017

0.0021%

Annual official estimate

–

 Artsakh[Note 22]

145,053

December 1, 2015

0.0019%

2015 census result

179

 Kiribati

120,100

July 1, 2018

0.0016%

Annual official estimate

–

 Aruba (Netherlands)

111,350

March 31, 2018

0.0015%

Official quarterly estimate

180

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

109,557

July 1, 2015

0.0014%

Official estimate

181

 Federated States of Micronesia

105,300

July 1, 2018

0.0014%

Annual official estimate

–

 United States Virgin Islands (U.S.)

104,914

July 1, 2018

0.0014%

UN projection

–

 Jersey (UK)

104,200

December 31, 2016

0.0014%

Annual official estimate

182

 Grenada

103,328

May 12, 2011

0.0014%

2011 census result

183

 Tonga

100,651

November 30, 2016

0.0013%

2016 census result

184

 Seychelles

94,205

December 31, 2016

0.0012%

Official estimate

185

 Antigua and Barbuda

86,295

May 27, 2011

0.0011%

Preliminary 2011 census result

–

 Isle of Man (UK)

83,314

April 24, 2016

0.0011%

2016 census result

186

 Andorra

78,264

December 31, 2016

0.001%

Annual official estimate

187

 Dominica

71,293

May 14, 2011

0.00093%

Preliminary 2011 census result

–

 Bermuda (UK)

63,779

May 21, 2016

0.00083%

2016 Census Preliminary Report

–

 Guernsey (UK)

62,723

March 31, 2016

0.00082%

Official estimate

–

 Cayman Islands (UK)

60,413

December 31, 2015

0.00079%

Official estimate

–

 American Samoa (U.S.)

56,700

July 1, 2018

0.00074%

Annual official estimate

–

 Northern Mariana Islands (U.S.)

56,200

July 1, 2018

0.00073%

Annual official estimate

–

 Greenland (Denmark)

56,025

July 1, 2018

0.00073%

Official estimate

188

 Marshall Islands

55,500

July 1, 2018

0.00073%

Annual official estimate

–

 South Ossetia[Note 23]

53,532

October 15, 2015

0.0007%

Preliminary 2015 census result

–

 Faroe Islands (Denmark)

51,043

July 1, 2018

0.00067%

Monthly official estimate

189

 Saint Kitts and Nevis

46,204

May 15, 2011

0.0006%

2011 census result

–

 Sint Maarten (Netherlands)

39,410

January 1, 2016

0.00052%

Official estimate

190

 Monaco

38,300

December 31, 2017

0.0005%

Annual official estimate

191

 Liechtenstein

38,111

December 31, 2017

0.0005%

Semi annual official estimate

–

 Turks and Caicos Islands (UK)

37,910

July 1, 2016

0.0005%

Official estimate

–

 Saint-Martin (France)

36,457

January 1, 2015

0.00048%

Annual official estimate

–

 Gibraltar (UK)

33,573

December 31, 2015

0.00044%

Official estimate

192

 San Marino

33,344

May 31, 2018

0.00044%

Monthly official estimate

–

 British Virgin Islands (UK)

28,514

July 1, 2013

0.00037%

Official estimate

–

 Cook Islands (NZ)

18,100

December 1, 2016

0.00024%

2016 Census Preliminary Report

193

 Palau

17,900

July 1, 2018

0.00023%

Annual official estimate

–

 Anguilla (UK)

13,452

May 11, 2011

0.00018%

Preliminary 2011 census result

–

 Wallis and Futuna (France)

11,700

July 1, 2018

0.00015%

Annual official estimate

194

 Tuvalu

10,640

November 4, 2012

0.00014%

2012 census result

195

 Nauru

10,084

October 30, 2011

0.00013%

2011 census result

–

 Saint Barthélemy (France)

9,417

January 1, 2015

0.00012%

Annual official estimate

–

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France)

6,286

January 1, 2015

0.000082%

Annual official estimate

–

 Saint Helena, Ascensionand Tristan da Cunha (UK)

5,633

February 7, 2016

0.000074%

2016 census result

–

 Montserrat (UK)

4,922

May 12, 2011

0.000064%

2011 census result

–

 Falkland Islands (UK)

2,563

April 15, 2012

0.000034%

2012 census result

–

 Christmas Island (Australia)

1,843

August 9, 2016

0.000024%

2016 census result

–

 Norfolk Island (Australia)

1,748

August 9, 2016

0.000023%

2016 census result

–

 Niue (NZ)

1,611

September 10, 2011

0.000021%

2011 census result

–

 Tokelau (NZ)

1,499

October 18, 2016

0.000020%

2016 census result

196

 Vatican City

800

January 1, 2014

0.000010%

Official estimate

–

 Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia)

544

August 9, 2016

0.0000071%

2016 census result

–

 Pitcairn Islands (UK)

50

January 1, 2018

0.00000065%

Official estimate


document_title: Celebrate (Three Dog Night song)

question_text: who sang celebrate celebrate dance to the music

root

text: Celebrate (Three Dog Night song)

text:
"Celebrate"

Single by Three Dog Night

from the album Suitable for Framing

B-side
"Feeling Alright"

Released
January 1970

Recorded
1969

Genre
Rock

Length
3:14

Label
Dunhill Records 4229

Songwriter(s)
Gary Bonner, Alan Gordon

Producer(s)
Gabriel Mekler

Three Dog Night singles chronology

"Eli's Coming"
(1969)
"Celebrate"
(1970)
"Mama Told Me (Not to Come)"
(1970)

"Eli's Coming"
(1969)
"Celebrate"
(1970)
"Mama Told Me (Not to Come)"
(1970)

tag: table

text: "Celebrate" is a song written by Gary Bonner and Alan Gordon and performed by Three Dog Night. It was featured on their 1969 album, Suitable for Framing, [1] and was produced by Gabriel Mekler.[2] In the US, "Celebrate" peaked at #15 on the Billboard chart in 1970.[3] Outside the US, "Celebrate" reached #8 in Canada[4]

tag: p

text: Other versions[edit]

text: A version by Uriah Heep was released on their 1994 album, The Lansdowne Tapes.

tag: ul


document_title: Ellis Island

question_text: when did immigrants stop going through ellis island

question_tokens: when did immigrants stop going through ellis island

text: Ellis Island

text: Geography and access[edit]

text: Ellis Island is in Upper New York Bay, east of Liberty State Park and north of Liberty Island, in Jersey City, New Jersey, with a small section that is part of New York City.[10][11] Largely created through land reclamation, the island has a land area of 27.5 acres (11.1 ha), most of which is part of New Jersey. The 2.74-acre (1.11 ha) natural island and contiguous areas comprise the 3.3 acres (1.3 ha) that are part of New York.[11][12]

text: The island has been owned and administered by the federal government of the United States since 1808 and operated by the National Park Service since 1965.[13]

text: Since the September 11 attacks in 2001, the island is guarded by patrols of the United States Park Police Marine Patrol Unit. Public access is by ferry from either Communipaw Terminal in Liberty State Park or from the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan. The ferry operator, Hornblower Cruises and Events, also provides service to the nearby Statue of Liberty.[14] A bridge built for transporting materials and personnel during restoration projects connects Ellis Island with Liberty State Park but is not open to the public. The city of New York and the private ferry operator at the time opposed proposals to use it or replace it with a pedestrian bridge.[15]

text: Much of the island, including the entire south side, has been closed to the public since 1954. The renovated area on the north side was again closed to the public after Hurricane Sandy in October 2012.[16] The island was re-opened to the public and the museum partially re-opened on October 28, 2013, after major renovations.[17][18][19]

text: Early history[edit]

text: Originally much of the west shore of Upper New York Bay consisted of large tidal flats which hosted vast oyster banks, a major source of food for the Lenape population who lived in the area prior to the arrival of Dutch settlers. There were several islands which were not completely submerged at high tide. Three of them (later to be known as Liberty Island, Black Tom Island and Ellis Island) were given the name Oyster Islands by the settlers of New Netherland, the first European colony in the region. The oyster beds remained a major source of food for nearly three centuries.[20][21][22] Landfilling to build the railyards of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and the Central Railroad of New Jersey eventually obliterated the oyster beds, engulfed one island, and brought the shoreline much closer to the others.[23] During the colonial period, Little Oyster Island was known as Dyre's, then Bucking Island. In the 1760s, after some pirates were hanged from one of the island's scrubby trees, it became known as Gibbet Island.[24] It was acquired by Samuel Ellis, a colonial New Yorker and merchant possibly from Wales, around the time of the American Revolution.[25] In 1785, he unsuccessfully attempted to sell the island:[26]

text: TO BE SOLDBy Samuel Ellis, no. 1, Greenwich Street, at the north river near the Bear Market, That pleasant situated Island called Oyster Island, lying in New York Bay, near Powle's Hook, together with all its improvements which are considerable;...

text: The State of New York leased the island in 1794 and started to fortify it in 1795. Ownership was in question and legislation was passed for acquisition by condemnation in 1807 and then ceded to the United States in 1808.[27] Shortly thereafter the War Department established a circular stone 14-gun battery, a mortar battery (possibly of six mortars), magazine, and barracks.[28][29][30] This was part of what was later called the second system of U.S. fortifications. From 1808 until 1814 it was a federal arsenal. The fort was initially called Crown Fort, but by the end of the War of 1812 the battery was named Fort Gibson, after Colonel James Gibson of the 4th Regiment of Riflemen, killed in the Siege of Fort Erie during the war.[31][32] Parts of the wall foundations of the fort were uncovered while excavating for the Immigrant Wall of Honor, and they are preserved with an interpretive plaque. The island remained a military post for nearly 80 years[33] before it was selected to be a federal immigration station.

text: Immigrant inspection station[edit]

text: In the 35 years before Ellis Island opened, more than eight million immigrants arriving in New York City had been processed by officials at Castle Garden Immigration Depot in Lower Manhattan, just across the bay.[33] The federal government assumed control of immigration on April 18, 1890, and Congress appropriated $75,000 to construct America's first federal immigration station on Ellis Island. Artesian wells were dug, and fill material was hauled in from incoming ships' ballast and from construction of New York City's subway tunnels, which doubled the size of Ellis Island to over six acres. While the building was under construction, the Barge Office nearby at the Battery was used for immigrant processing.

text: The first station was a three-story-tall structure with outbuildings, built of Georgia Pine, containing the amenities thought to be necessary. It opened with fanfare on January 1, 1892.[24] Three large ships landed on the first day, and 700 immigrants passed over the docks. Almost 450,000 immigrants were processed at the station during its first year. On June 15, 1897, a fire of unknown origin, possibly caused by faulty wiring, turned the wooden structures on Ellis Island into ashes. No loss of life was reported, but most of the immigration records dating back to 1855 were destroyed. About 1.5 million immigrants had been processed at the first building during its five years of use. Plans were immediately made to build a new, fireproof immigration station. During the construction period, passenger arrivals were again processed at the Barge Office.[24] Edward Lippincott Tilton and William A. Boring won the 1897 competition to design the first phase, including the Main Building (1897–1900), Kitchen and Laundry Building (1900–01), Main Powerhouse (1900–01), and the Main Hospital Building (1900–01).[34]

text: The present main structure was designed in French Renaissance Revival style and built of red brick with limestone trim. After it opened on December 17, 1900, the facilities proved barely able to handle the flood of immigrants that arrived in the years before World War I. In 1913, writer Louis Adamic came to America from Slovenia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and described the night he and many other immigrants slept on bunk beds in a huge hall. Lacking a warm blanket, the young man "shivered, sleepless, all night, listening to snores" and dreams "in perhaps a dozen different languages". The facility was so large that the dining room could seat 1,000 people. It is reported the island's first immigrant to be processed through was a teenager named Annie Moore from County Cork in Ireland.[35]

text: After its opening, Ellis Island was again expanded, and additional structures were built. By the time it closed on November 12, 1954, 12 million immigrants had been processed by the U.S. Bureau of Immigration.[33] It is estimated that 10.5 million immigrants departed for points across the United States from the Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal, just across a narrow strait.[36][37] Others would have used one of the other terminals along the North River (Hudson River) at that time.[38] At first, the majority of immigrants arriving through the station were Northern and Western Europeans (Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, The Netherlands, Great Britain, and the Scandinavian countries). Eventually, these groups of peoples slowed in the rates that they were coming in, and immigrants came in from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Jews. Many reasons these immigrants came to the United States included escaping political and economic oppression, as well as persecution, destitution, and violence. Other groups of peoples being processed through the station were Poles, Hungarians, Czechs, Serbs, Slovaks, Greeks, Syrians, Turks, and Armenians.[8]

text: Primary inspection[edit]

text: Between 1905 and 1914, an average of one million immigrants per year arrived in the United States. Immigration officials reviewed about 5,000 immigrants per day during peak times at Ellis Island.[39] Two-thirds of those individuals emigrated from eastern, southern and central Europe.[40] The peak year for immigration at Ellis Island was 1907, with 1,004,756 immigrants processed. The all-time daily high occurred on April 17, 1907, when 11,747 immigrants arrived.[24] After the Immigration Act of 1924 was passed, which greatly restricted immigration and allowed processing at overseas embassies, the only immigrants to pass through the station were those who had problems with their immigration paperwork, displaced persons, and war refugees.[41] Today, over 100 million Americans — about one-third to 40% of the population of the United States — can trace their ancestry to immigrants who arrived in America at Ellis Island before dispersing to points all over the country.[42]

text: Generally, those immigrants who were approved spent from two to five hours at Ellis Island. Arrivals were asked 29 questions including name, occupation, and the amount of money carried. It was important to the American government the new arrivals could support themselves and have money to get started. The average the government wanted the immigrants to have was between 18 and 25 dollars ($600 in 2015 adjusted for inflation). Those with visible health problems or diseases were sent home or held in the island's hospital facilities for long periods of time. More than 3,000 would-be immigrants died on Ellis Island while being held in the hospital facilities. Some unskilled workers were rejected because they were considered "likely to become a public charge." About 2% were denied admission to the U.S. and sent back to their countries of origin for reasons such as having a chronic contagious disease, criminal background, or insanity.[43] Ellis Island was sometimes known as "The Island of Tears" or "Heartbreak Island"[44] because of those 2% who were not admitted after the long transatlantic voyage. The Kissing Post is a wooden column outside the Registry Room, where new arrivals were greeted by their relatives and friends, typically with tears, hugs, and kisses.[45][46]

text: During World War I, the German sabotage of the Black Tom Wharf ammunition depot damaged buildings on Ellis Island. The repairs included the Main Hall's current barrel-vaulted ceiling.

text: Medical inspections[edit]

text: To support the activities of the United States Bureau of Immigration, the United States Public Health Service operated an extensive medical service at the immigrant station, called U.S. Marine Hospital Number 43, more widely known as the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital. It was the nation's largest marine hospital. Uniformed military surgeons staffed the medical division, which was active in the hospital wards, the Barge Office at the Battery and the Main Building. They are best known for the role they played during the line inspection, in which they employed unusual techniques such as the use of the buttonhook to examine immigrants for signs of eye diseases (particularly, trachoma) and the use of a chalk mark code. Symbols were chalked on the clothing of potentially sick immigrants following the six-second medical examination. The doctors would look at the immigrants as they climbed the stairs from the baggage area to the Great Hall. Immigrants' behavior would be studied for difficulties in getting up the staircase. Some immigrants supposedly entered the country by surreptitiously wiping the chalk marks off, or by turning their clothes inside out.[47]

text: The symbols used were:

text:
B – Back
C – Conjunctivitis
TC – Trachoma
E – Eyes
F – Face
FT – Feet
G – Goiter
H – Heart
K – Hernia
L – Lameness
N – Neck
P – Physical and Lungs
PG – Pregnancy
S – Senility
SC – Scalp (Favus)
X – Suspected Mental defect
ⓧ – Definite signs of Mental defect

text: U.S. Immigrant Inspectors used some other symbols or marks as they interrogated immigrants in the Registry Room to determine whether to admit or detain them, including:

text:
SI – Special Inquiry
IV – Immigrant Visa
LPC – Likely or Liable to become a Public Charge
Med. Cert. – Medical certificate issued

text: Eugenic influence[edit]

text: Many of the people immigrating to America hailed from Europe, with Eastern Europe and Southern European immigrants being the primary groups. During this time period, eugenic ideals gained broad popularity and made heavy impact on immigration to the United States by way of exclusion of disabled and "morally defective" people.[citation needed]

text: Eugenicists of the late 19th and early 20th century believed reproductive selection should be carried out by the state as a collective decision.[48] For many eugenicists, this was considered a patriotic duty as they held an interest in creating a greater national race. Henry Fairfield Osborn's opening words to the New York Evening Journal in 1911 were, "As a biologist as well as a patriot...," on the subject on advocating for tighter inspections of immigrants of the United States.[49]

text: Eugenic selection occurred on two distinguishable levels:

text:
State/Local levels which handles institutionalization and sterilization of those considered defective as well as the education of the public, marriage laws, and social pressures such as fitter family and better baby contests.[citation needed]
Immigration control, the screening of immigrants for defects, was notably supported by Harry Laughlin, superintendent of the Eugenics Record Office from 1910 to 1939, who stated that this was where the "federal government must cooperate."[50]

text: At the time, it was a broadly popular idea that immigration policies had ought to be based off eugenics principles in order to help create a "superior race" in America. To do this, defective persons needed to be screened by immigration officials and denied entry on the basis of their disability.[51]

text: Types of defects screened for included:

text:
Physical: people who had hereditary or acquired physical disability. These included sickness and disease, deformity, lack of limbs, being abnormally tall or short, feminization, and so forth.[citation needed][49]
Mental: people who showed signs or history of mental illness and intellectual disability. These included "feeblemindedness", "imbecility", depression, and other illnesses that stemmed from the brain such as epilepsy and cerebral palsy.[citation needed]
Moral: people who had moral defects at the time were, but not limited to: homosexuals and those of illicit sexuality, criminals, impoverished, and other groups associated with "degeneracy" that deviated from the considered norm or American society at the time.[citation needed]

text: The people with moral or mental disability were of higher concern to officials and under the law, mandatorily excluded from immigrating to the United States. Persons with physical disability were under higher inspection and could be turned way on the basis of their disability. Much of this came in part of the eugenicist belief that defects were hereditary, especially those of the moral and mental nature those these were often outwardly signified by physical deformity as well.[48]

text: In 1898, a Chicago surgeon named Eugene S. Talbot (Eugene Solomon) wrote "crime is hereditary, a tendency which is, in most cases, associated with bodily defects."[52] Likewise, George Lydston, a medicine and criminal anthropology professor, argued further in 1906 that people with "defective physique" were not just criminally associated but that defectiveness was a primary factor "in the causation of crime."[53]

text: Between 1891 and 1930, Ellis Island reviewed over 25 million attempted immigrations. Of this 25 million, 700,000 were given certificates of disability or disease and of these 79,000 were barred from entry. Approximately 4.4% of immigrants between 1909 and 1930 were classified as disabled or diseased per with 11% being deported when this number spiked to 8.0% in the years of 1918-1919. One percent of immigrants were deported yearly due to medical causes.[54]

text: Detention and deportation station[edit]

text: With the passing of the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, the number of immigrants being allowed into the United States declined greatly. The passing of the bill ended the era of mass immigration.[8] After 1924, Ellis Island became primarily a detention and deportation processing station.[24][55]

text: During and immediately following World War II, Ellis Island was used to hold German merchant mariners and "enemy aliens"—Axis nationals detained for fear of spying, sabotage, and other fifth column activity. In December 1941, Ellis Island held 279 Japanese, 248 Germans, and 81 Italians removed from the East Coast.[56] Unlike other wartime immigration detention stations, Ellis Island was designated as a permanent holding facility and was used to hold foreign nationals throughout the war.[57] A total of 7,000 Germans, Italians and Japanese would be ultimately detained at Ellis Island.[24]  It was also a processing center for returning sick or wounded U.S. soldiers, and a Coast Guard training base. Ellis Island still managed to process tens of thousands of immigrants per year during this time, but many fewer than the hundreds of thousands per year who arrived before the war. After the war, immigration rapidly returned to earlier levels.

text: The Internal Security Act of 1950 barred members of communist or fascist organizations from immigrating to the United States. Ellis Island saw detention peak at 1,500, but by 1952, after changes to immigration laws and policies, only 30 detainees remained.[24]

text: One of the last detainees was the Indonesian Aceh separatist Hasan di Tiro who, while a student in New York in 1953, declared himself the "foreign minister" of the rebellious Darul Islam movement.[58] Due to this action, he was immediately stripped of his Indonesian citizenship, causing him to be imprisoned for a few months on Ellis Island as "an illegal alien."[58]

text: Staff[edit]

text: The station's commissioners were:[59][60]

text:
1890–1893 Colonel John B. Weber (Republican)[61]
1893–1897 Dr. Joseph H. Senner (Democrat)
1898–1902 Thomas Fitchie (Republican)
1902–1905 William Williams (Republican)
1905–1909 Robert Watchorn (Republican)
1909–1913 William Williams (Republican), 2nd term
1914–1919 Dr. Frederic C. Howe (Democrat)
1920–1921 Frederick A. Wallis (Democrat)
1921–1923 Robert E. Tod (Republican)
1923–1926 Henry C. Curran (Republican)
1926–1931 Benjamin M. Day (Republican)
1931–1934 Edward Corsi (Republican)
1934–1940 Rudolph Reimer (Democrat)
1940–1942 Byron H. Uhl (actual title: district director)
1942–1949 W. Frank Watkins (district director)
1949–1954 Edward J. Shaughnessy (district director)

tag: ol

text: Other notable officials at Ellis Island included James R. O'Beirne (assistant commissioner, 1890–93), Edward F. McSweeney (assistant commissioner, 1893-1902), Joseph E. Murray (assistant commissioner, 1902–09), Byron Uhl (assistant commissioner, 1909-1940), Dr. George W. Stoner (chief surgeon), Augustus Frederick Sherman (chief clerk), Dr. Victor Heiser (surgeon) (surgeon), Dr. Thomas W. Salmon (surgeon), Dr. Howard Knox (surgeon), Antonio Frabasilis (interpreter), Peter Mikolainis (interpreter), Maud Mosher (matron), Fiorello H. La Guardia (interpreter), Samuel Hays, (special immigrant inspector)Roman Dobler (immigrant inspector), Philip Cowen (immigrant inspector), Philip Forman (immigrant inspector, 1930s; chief of detention, deportation and parole, 1940s, 1950s) and De Jalma West (immigrant inspector).

text: Prominent amongst the missionaries and immigrant aid workers were Rev. Michael J. Henry and Rev. Anthony J. Grogan (Irish Catholic), Rev. Gaspare Moretto (Italian Catholic), Alma E. Mathews (Methodist), Rev. Georg Doring (German Lutheran), Rev. Joseph L'Etauche (Polish Catholic), Rev. Reuben Breed (Episcopal), Michael Lodsin (Baptist), Brigadier Thomas Johnson (Salvation Army), Ludmila K. Foxlee (YWCA), Athena Marmaroff (Woman's Christian Temperance Union), Alexander Harkavy (HIAS), and Cecilia Greenstone and Cecilia Razovsky (National Council of Jewish Women).

text: Records[edit]

text: A myth persists that government officials on Ellis Island compelled immigrants to take new names against their wishes.[62][63] In fact, no historical records bear this out. Immigration inspectors used the passenger lists they received from the steamship companies to process each foreigner. These were the sole immigration records for entering the country and were prepared not by the U.S. Bureau of Immigration but by steamship companies such as the Cunard Line, the White Star Line, the North German Lloyd Line, the Hamburg-Amerika Line, the Italian Steam Navigation Company, the Red Star Line, the Holland America Line, and the Austro-American Line.[64][65] The Americanization of many immigrant families' surnames was for the most part adopted by the family after the immigration process, or by the second or third generation of the family after some assimilation into American culture. However, many last names were altered slightly because of the disparity between English and other languages in the pronunciation of certain letters of the alphabet.[66]

text: Notable immigrants[edit]

text: The first immigrant to pass through Ellis Island was Annie Moore, a 17-year-old girl from Cork, Ireland, who arrived on the ship Nevada on January 1, 1892.[67] She and her two brothers were coming to America to meet their parents, who had moved to New York two years prior. She received a greeting from officials and a $10 gold coin.[68] It was the largest sum of money she had ever owned.

text: The last person to pass through Ellis Island was Norwegian merchant seaman Arne Peterssen in 1954.

text: Immigration museum[edit]

text:
The wooden structure built in 1892 to house the immigration station burned down after five years. The station's new Main Building, which now houses the Immigration Museum, was opened in 1900.[69]
Architects Edward Lippincott Tilton and William Alciphron Boring received a gold medal at the 1900 Paris Exposition for the building's design and constructed the building at a cost of $1.5 million.[70]  The architecture competition was the second under the Tarsney Act, which had permitted private architects rather than government architects in the Treasury Department's Office of the Supervising Architect to design federal buildings.[71]

text: After the immigration station closed in November 1954, the buildings fell into disrepair and were abandoned. Attempts at redeveloping the site were unsuccessful until its landmark status was established. On October 15, 1965, Ellis Island was proclaimed a part of Statue of Liberty National Monument. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.

text: Boston-based architectural firm Finegold Alexander + Associates Inc, together with the New York architectural firm Beyer Blinder Belle, designed the restoration and adaptive use of the Beaux-Arts Main Building, one of the most symbolically important structures in American history. A construction budget of $150 million was required for this significant restoration. This money was raised by a campaign organized by the political fundraiser Wyatt A. Stewart.[72]  The building reopened on September 10, 1990.[73] Exhibits include Hearing Room, Peak Immigration Years, the Peopling of America, Restoring a Landmark, Silent Voices, Treasures from Home, and Ellis Island Chronicles.  There are also three theaters used for film and live performances.[74]

text: On May 20, 2015, the Ellis Island Immigration Museum was officially renamed the Ellis Island National Museum of Immigration, coinciding with the opening of the new Peopling of America galleries. The expansion tells the entire story of American immigration, including before and after the Ellis Island era. The Peopling of America Center was designed by ESI Design and fabricated by Hadley Exhibits, Inc. The architectural design was done by Highland Associates, with construction executed by Phelps Construction Group.[75]

text: The Wall of Honor outside of the main building contains a partial list of immigrants processed on the island.[76] Inclusion on the list is made possible by a donation to support the facility. In 2008 the museum's library was officially named the Bob Hope Memorial Library in honor of one the station's most famous immigrants.

text: The Ellis Island Medal of Honor is awarded annually at ceremonies on the island.

text: South side of the island[edit]

text: The south side of the island, home to the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital, is closed to the general public and the object of restoration efforts spearheaded by Save Ellis Island.

text: Many of the facilities at Ellis Island were abandoned and remain unrenovated.[77] The entire south side, called by some the "sad side" of the island, is off limits to the general public. The Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital operated here from early 1902 to 1930.[78][79] The foundation Save Ellis Island is spearheading preservation efforts. The New Ferry Building, built in the Art Deco style to replace an earlier one, was renovated in 2008, but remains only partially accessible to the general public.[80]

text: As part of the National Park Service's Centennial Initiative, the south side of the island was to be the target of a project to restore the 28 buildings that have not yet been rehabilitated.[81]

text: State sovereignty dispute[edit]

text: The circumstances which led to an exclave of New York being located within New Jersey began in the colonial era, after the British takeover of New Netherland in 1664. An unusual clause in the colonial land grant outlined the territory that the proprietors of New Jersey would receive as being "westward of Long Island, and Manhitas Island and bounded on the east part by the main sea, and part by Hudson's river",[82] rather than at the river's midpoint, as was common in other colonial charters.[83]

text: Attempts were made as early as 1804 to resolve the status of the state line.[84] The City of New York claimed the right to regulate trade on all the waters. This was contested in Gibbons v. Ogden,[85] which decided that the regulation of interstate commerce fell under the authority of the federal government, thus influencing competition in the newly developing steam ferry service in New York Harbor.

text: In 1830, New Jersey planned to bring suit to clarify the border, but the case was never heard.[86] The matter was resolved with a compact between the states, ratified by U.S. Congress in 1834, which set the boundary line between them as the middle of the Hudson River and New York Harbor.[87] This was later confirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court in other cases which also expounded on the compact.[23][88][89]

text: The federal government, which had bought the island in 1808, began expanding the island by land fill, to accommodate the immigration station opened in 1892. Land filling continued in stages until 1934.[90]

text: Nine-tenths of the current area is artificial island that did not exist at the time of the interstate compact. New Jersey contended that the new extensions were part of New Jersey, since they were outside New York's border and were in fact within New Jersey's border. In 1956, after the 1954 closing of the U.S. immigration station, the then Mayor of Jersey City, Bernard J. Berry, commandeered a U.S. Coast Guard cutter and led a contingent of New Jersey officials on an expedition to claim the island.[91] In 1997, the state filed suit to establish its jurisdiction, leading New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani to remark dramatically that his father, an Italian who immigrated through Ellis Island, never intended to go to New Jersey.[92] The border was redrawn using information based on studies using geographic information science.[93]

text: The dispute eventually reached the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled in New Jersey v. New York 523 U.S. 767 (1998), that New Jersey had jurisdiction over all portions of the island created after the original compact was approved (effectively, more than 80% of the island's present land). This caused several immediate instances of confusion: some buildings, for instance, fell into the territory of both states. New Jersey and New York soon agreed to share jurisdiction of the island. It remains wholly a federal property, however, and these legal decisions do not result in either state taking any fiscal or physical responsibility for the maintenance, preservation, or improvement of any of the historic properties.[86][94][95]

text: The ruling had no effect on the status of Liberty Island, 4.17 acres (1.69 ha) of which was created by land reclamation.[96][97]

text: For New York State tax purposes, it is assessed as Manhattan Block 1, Lot 201. Since 1998, the 22.8 acre portion of the island in New Jersey has been assessed in Jersey City as Block 21603, Lot 1.[98][99]

text: Renovations and plans[edit]

text: Frank Lloyd Wright designed a key plan for the island that included housing, hotels, and large domes along the edges. The co-curator of the traveling exhibit, "Never Built New York" in which it is included told AM New York, "It's pretty remarkable but at the same time it's a little bit horrifying that they could have gotten rid of Ellis Island."[100]

text: In 1982 the National Parks Department embarked on an 8-year renovation. During that time, David Simonton was part of The Ellis Island Project: Documentation/Interpretation and captured stunning, black and white photos giving insight into immigrant's lives. Photographer Stephen Wilkes's series Ellis Island: Ghosts of Freedom (2006) captured the abandoned south side of Ellis Island.[101]

text: Emergency services[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Emergency services on Ellis Island are provided by the following emergency divisions of the National Park Service:

text:
Police services and security are provided for the island by the United States Park Police.
Fire suppression/protection is provided by the National Park Service's Statue of Liberty/Ellis Island Division of Safety and Emergency Management Statue of Liberty Fire Brigade which consists of a crew of federal NPS firefighters who are trained and certified as Structural Firefighter I, Structural Firefighter II or Wildland Firefighters. The crew also provides fire suppression response to nearby Liberty Island. Since the nearest other National Park Service Engine Company is located in Fort Hancock in Sandy Hook, New Jersey, the Statue of Liberty Fire Brigade maintains a mutual aid agreement with the Jersey City Fire Department and the New York City Fire Department for mutual aid assistance on Ellis Island should it be required. The Statue of Liberty/ Ellis Island Division of Safety & Emergency Management staffs the fire brigade. The fire brigade is led by a Fire Captain (crew leader), two Lieutenants and has six collateral duty firefighters.
Emergency Medical Services are provided by National Park Services Statue of Liberty/Ellis Island Division of Safety and Emergency Management, which consists of a team of full-time NPS Emergency Medical Technicians and Certified First Responders. Patient transportation is coordinated with Jersey City Medical Center ambulances, but emergency response and patient care falls solely upon the National Park Service Emergency Medical Technicians.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Ellis Island has been a source of inspiration or used as a subject in popular culture. Its imagery or representation has been employed in literature (including novels, short stories and poetry), in song, musical composition, dance, theatre, including vaudeville, burlesque, musical comedy, revue, legitimate theatre, motion pictures (silent and sound), newsreels, and in radio and television.

text: Early films, including those from the silent era, which feature the station include Traffic in Souls (1913), How The Jews Care for Their Poor (educational film, 1914) The Yellow Passport (1916), My Boy (1921), Frank Capra's The Strong Man (1926), We Americans (1928), The Mating Call (1928),  This is Heaven (1929), Paddy O'Day (1935), Ellis Island (1936), Gateway (1938), Exile Express (1939), I, Jane Doe (1948), and Gambling House (1951). In The Godfather Part II, Vito Corleone immigrates via Ellis Island as a boy. The opening scene of The Brother From Another Planet is set there. The island is visited by the characters in the 2005 romantic comedy, Hitch, and is the setting for the climactic battle in X-Men.

text: Over the decades, Ellis Island was also widely referenced or remarked on in books, such as Mrs 'Arris Goes to New York (1960) by Paul Gallico, and in popular films such as Cafe Metropole (1937) and With a Song in My Heart (1952).

text: Some films have focused on the immigrant experience, such as the 1984 TV miniseries Ellis Island. The IMAX 3D movie Across the Sea of Time incorporates both modern footage and historical photographs of Ellis Island. The 2006 Italian movie The Golden Door, directed by Emanuele Crialese, takes place largely on Ellis Island. Forgotten Ellis Island, a film and book, focuses on the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital.[102] The Immigrant is a 2013 American drama film directed by James Gray, starring Marion Cotillard, Joaquin Phoenix, and Jeremy Renner.[103] Ellis, a short, premiered in November 2015.

text: Ellis Island as a port of entry is described in detail in Mottel the Cantor's Son by Sholom Aleichem.

text: Ellis Island: The Dream of America is a work for actors and orchestra with projected images by Peter Boyer, composed in 2001-02. The song "The New Ground - Isle of Hope, Isle of Tears", on the 2010 album Songs from the Heart by the group Celtic Woman, is about Annie Moore and Ellis Island.

text: The USPS issued a 32¢ stamp on February 3, 1998 as part of the Celebrate the Century stamp sheet series.


question_text: who plays the hobbits in lord of the rings

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the Second Age of Middle-earth, the lords of Elves, Dwarves, and Men are given Rings of Power. Unbeknownst to them, the Dark Lord Sauron forges the One Ring in Mount Doom to conquer them all, abandoning a great part of his power to it in order to dominate, through it, at a distance, the other Rings and conquer Middle-earth. A final coalition of men and elves battle Sauron’s forces in Mordor, where Prince Isildur of Gondor cuts the One Ring off of Sauron's finger, thereby destroying his physical form. Unfortunately, Isildur decides to take care of the Ring himself, but the evil influence of the Ring corrupts Isildur, preventing him from destroying it in Mount Doom. Isildur is later killed by Orcs, and the Ring is lost for 2,500 years, found and owned by Gollum for five centuries. The Ring is then found by a Hobbit named Bilbo Baggins.

text: Sixty years later, Bilbo celebrates his 111th birthday in the Shire, reuniting with his old friend, Gandalf the Grey. Bilbo reveals that he intends on leaving the Shire for one last adventure, and leaves his inheritance to his nephew, Frodo, including the Ring. Although Bilbo has begun to become corrupted by the Ring and tries to take it for himself, Gandalf intervenes. Telling Frodo to keep the Ring hidden, he investigates it, and discovers its true identity, returning to warn Frodo. Learning that Gollum was tortured by Orcs, and told them that Bilbo took the Ring, Gandalf instructs Frodo to leave the Shire, accompanied by his gardener Samwise Gamgee. Gandalf rides to Isengard, meeting fellow wizard Saruman the White, but learns that he has joined forces with Sauron, who has unleashed the Ringwraiths to find Frodo. After a brief battle, Saruman imprisons Gandalf. Frodo and Sam are joined by fellow Hobbits, Merry and Pippin, and they evade the Ringwraiths, arriving in Bree, where they are meant to meet Gandalf, but are instead aided by a ranger named Strider, a friend of Gandalf's, who escorts them to Rivendell.

text: The Hobbits are ambushed by the Ringwraiths, one stabbing Frodo with a cursed Morgul blade. Arwen, an elf and Strider’s lover, comes to Frodo’s aid, and successfully takes him to Rivendell, where he is healed, meeting Gandalf, who escaped Saruman on the back of a giant Eagle. Arwen’s father, Lord Elrond, holds a council, deciding that the Ring must be destroyed in Mount Doom. While the members argue, Frodo volunteers to take the Ring, accompanied by Gandalf, Sam, Merry, Pippin, elf Legolas, dwarf Gimli, Boromir of Gondor, and Strider, who is revealed to be Aragorn, Isildur’s heir and rightful King of Gondor. Bilbo gives Frodo his sword, Sting. The Fellowship of the Ring sets off, but Saruman’s magic forces them to travel through the Mines of Moria, much to Gandalf's chagrin.

text: The Fellowship find out that the dwarves within Moria have been slain, and they are attacked by Orcs and a cave troll. They defeat them, but are confronted by an ancient demon called a Balrog. Gandalf casts the Balrog into a vast chasm, but its fiery whip drags Gandalf down into the darkness with it. The rest of the Fellowship, now in command by Aragorn, reach Lothlórien, home to elves Galadriel and Celeborn. Galadriel privately informs Frodo that only he can complete the quest, and one of his friends will try to take the Ring. Meanwhile, Saruman creates an army of Uruk-hai to track down and kill the Fellowship.

text: The Fellowship leave Lothlórien by river to Parth Galen. Frodo wanders off, and is confronted by Boromir, who tries to take the Ring in desperation. Afraid of the Ring corrupting his friends, Frodo decides to travel to Mordor alone. The other members fight off the Uruk-hai, but Merry and Pippin are taken captive, and Boromir is mortally wounded by the Uruk chieftain. After slaying the chieftain, Aragorn watches Boromir die peacefully. Sam follows Frodo, accompanying him to keep his promise to Gandalf to protect Frodo, while Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli go to rescue Merry and Pippin.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Before filming began on 11 October 1999, the principal actors trained for six weeks in sword fighting (with Bob Anderson), riding and boating. Jackson hoped such activities would allow the cast to bond so chemistry would be evident on screen as well as getting them used to life in Wellington.[8] They were also trained to pronounce Tolkien's verses properly.[9] After the shoot, the nine cast members playing the Fellowship got a tattoo of the English word "nine" written in Tengwar, with the exception of John Rhys-Davies, whose stunt double got the tattoo instead.[10] The film is noted for having an ensemble cast,[11] and some of the cast and their respective characters include:

text:
Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins: a young hobbit who inherits the One Ring from his uncle Bilbo. Wood was the first actor to be cast on 7 July 1999.[12] Wood was a fan of the book, and he sent in an audition dressed as Frodo, reading lines from the novel.[13] Wood was selected from 150 actors who auditioned,[14] including Jake Gyllenhaal.[15]
Ian McKellen as Gandalf the Grey: an Istari wizard and mentor to Frodo. Sean Connery was approached for the role, but did not understand the plot,[13] while Patrick Stewart turned it down as he disliked the script.[16] Before being cast, McKellen had to sort his schedule with 20th Century Fox as there was a two-month overlap with X-Men.[14] He enjoyed playing Gandalf the Grey more than his transformed state in the next two films,[10] and based his accent on Tolkien. Unlike his on-screen character, McKellen did not spend much time with the actors playing the Hobbits; instead he worked with their scale doubles.[8]
Sean Astin as Samwise "Sam" Gamgee: a hobbit gardener and Frodo's best friend. Astin, who had recently become a father, bonded with the 18-year-old Wood in a protective manner, which mirrored Sam's relationship with Frodo.[8]
Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn II Elessar: a Dúnedain ranger, the descendant of Isildur, and heir to Gondor's throne. Daniel Day-Lewis was offered the part at the beginning of pre-production, but turned it down.[17] Nicolas Cage also received an offer, declining because of "family obligations",[18] while Vin Diesel, a fan of the book, auditioned for Aragorn. Stuart Townsend was cast in the role, before being replaced during filming when Jackson realized he was too young.[13] Russell Crowe was considered as a replacement, but he turned it down after taking what he thought to be a similar role in Gladiator.[13] Day-Lewis was offered the role for a second time, but declined again.[17] Executive Producer Mark Ordesky saw Mortensen in a play. Mortensen's son, a fan of the book, convinced him to take the role.[8] Mortensen read the book on the plane, received a crash course lesson in fencing from Bob Anderson and began filming the scenes on Weathertop.[19] Mortensen became a hit with the crew by patching up his costume[20] and carrying his "hero" sword around with him off-camera.[8]
Billy Boyd as Peregrin "Pippin" Took: a hobbit who travels with the Fellowship on their journey to Mordor.
Dominic Monaghan as Meriadoc "Merry" Brandybuck: a distant cousin of Frodo. Monaghan was cast as Merry after auditioning for Frodo.[13]
John Rhys-Davies as Gimli: a dwarf warrior who accompanies the Fellowship to Mordor after they set out from Rivendell and a descendant of Durin's Folk. Billy Connolly, who was considered for the part of Gimli, later portrayed Dáin II Ironfoot in Peter Jackson's The Hobbit film trilogy.[13] Rhys-Davies wore heavy prosthetics to play Gimli, which limited his vision, and eventually developed eczema around his eyes.[8]
Orlando Bloom as Legolas Greenleaf: a prince of the elves' Woodland Realm and a skilled archer. Bloom initially auditioned for Faramir, who appears in the second film, a role which went to David Wenham.[13]
Sean Bean as Boromir: a prince of the Stewards of Gondor who journeys with the Fellowship towards Mordor. Bruce Willis, a fan of the book, expressed interest in the role, while Liam Neeson was sent the script, but passed.[13]
Ian Holm as Bilbo Baggins: Frodo's uncle who gives him the Ring after he decides to retire to Rivendell. Holm previously played Frodo in a 1981 radio adaption of The Lord of the Rings, and was cast as Bilbo after Jackson remembered his performance.[13] Sylvester McCoy, who would later play Radagast the Brown in The Hobbit, was contacted about playing the role, and was kept in place as a potential Bilbo for six months before Jackson went with Holm.[21]
Liv Tyler as Arwen Undomiel: an elven princess of Rivendell and Aragorn's lover. The filmmakers approached Tyler after seeing her performance in Plunkett & Macleane, and New Line Cinema leaped at the opportunity of having one Hollywood star in the film. Actress Helena Bonham Carter had expressed interest in the role.[13] Peter Jackson wanted to cast Uma Thurman as Arwen, but Thurman pulled out due to pregnancy, Tyler came to shoot on short occasions, unlike the rest of the actors. She was one of the last actors to be cast, on 25 August 1999.[22]
Cate Blanchett as Galadriel: the elven co-ruler of Lothlórien alongside her husband Celeborn.
Christopher Lee as Saruman the White: the fallen head of the Istari Order who succumbs to Sauron's will through his use of the palantír. Lee was a major fan of the book, and read it once a year. He had also met J. R. R. Tolkien.[19] He originally auditioned for Gandalf, but was judged too old.[13]
Hugo Weaving as Elrond: the elven Lord of Rivendell who leads the Council of Elrond, which ultimately decides to destroy the Ring. David Bowie expressed interest in the role, but Jackson stated, "To have a famous, beloved character and a famous star colliding is slightly uncomfortable."[14]
Sala Baker as Sauron: the Dark Lord of Mordor and the Ring's true master who manifests as an Eye after the destruction of his physical form. Originally hired as one of the several stunt performers for the film trilogy, Baker ended up landing the role. In addition, he went on to play several Orcs as well.
Andy Serkis as Gollum voice and motion capture: a wretched hobbit-like creature whose mind was poisoned over centuries by the Ring.
David Weatherley as Barliman Butterbur, proprietor in Bree
Lawrence Makoare as Lurtz: the commander of Saruman's Orc forces;
Marton Csokas as Celeborn: the elven co-ruler of Lothlórien alongside his wife Galadriel;
Craig Parker as Haldir: the leader of the Galadhrim warriors guarding the border of Lothlórien;
Mark Ferguson as Ereinion Gil-galad, the last Elven-King of Noldor;
Peter McKenzie as Elendil the Tall: the last High King of Arnor and Gondor;
Harry Sinclair as Isildur: Elendil's son and Aragorn's ancestor who originally defeated Sauron.
Peter Jackson as Albert Dreary: a man of Bree.

text: Comparison with the source material[edit]

text: Jackson, Walsh and Boyens made numerous changes to the story, for purposes of pacing and character development. Jackson said his main desire was to make a film focused primarily on Frodo and the Ring, the "backbone" of the story.[23] The prologue condenses Tolkien's backstory, in which The Last Alliance's seven-year siege of the Barad-dûr is a single battle, where Sauron is shown to explode, though Tolkien only said his spirit flees.[24]

text: Events at the beginning of the film are condensed or omitted altogether. In the book the time between Gandalf leaving the Ring to Frodo and returning to reveal its inscription, which is 17 years, is compressed for timing reasons.[25] Frodo also spends a few months preparing to move to Buckland, on the eastern border of the Shire. This move is omitted, and associated events, including the involvement of Merry and Pippin, are changed and combined with him setting out for Bree. Characters such as Tom Bombadil and the incidents in the Old Forest and the Barrow Downs are left out to simplify the plot and increase the threat of the Ringwraiths. Such sequences are left out to make time to introduce Saruman, who in the book doesn't appear until Gandalf's account at the Council of Elrond. While some characters are left out, some are referenced such as Tom, Bert, and William to show how The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings series intertwine. Saruman's role is enhanced: he is to blame for the blizzard on Caradhras, a role taken from Sauron and/or Caradhras itself in the book. Gandalf's capture by Saruman is also expanded with a fight sequence.

text: The role of Barliman Butterbur at the Prancing Pony is largely removed for time and dramatic flow. In the film Pippin is seen to identify Frodo explicitly with the phrase "why there's Baggins over there" whereas in the book Pippin is only telling the tale of Bilbo's disappearance when Strider tells Frodo to create a distraction, which he does by singing a song.

text: The events at Weathertop were also altered. The location of the fight against the Ringwraiths was changed to the ruins on top of the hill rather than a campsite at its base. When Frodo was stabbed in the book, the party spent two weeks travelling to Rivendell, but in the film this is shortened to less than a week, with Frodo's condition worsening at a commensurately greater rate. Arwen was given a greater role in the film, accompanying Frodo all the way to Rivendell, while in the book Frodo faced the Ringwraiths alone at the Ford of Bruinen. The character of Glorfindel was omitted entirely and his scenes were also given to Arwen. She was tacitly credited with the river rising against the Ringwraiths, which was the work of her father Elrond with aid from Gandalf in the book.

text: A significant new addition is Aragorn's self-doubt, which causes him to hesitate to claim the kingship of Gondor. This element is not present in the book, where Aragorn intends to claim the throne at an appropriate time. In the book Narsil is reforged immediately when he joins the Fellowship, but this event is held over until Return of the King in film to symbolically coincide with his acceptance of his title. These elements were added because Peter Jackson believed that each character should be forced to grow or change over the course of the story.

text: Elrond's character gained an adversarial edge; he expresses doubts in the strength of Men to resist Sauron's evil after Isildur's failure to destroy the ring as depicted in the prologue. Jackson also shortens the Council of Elrond by spreading its exposition into earlier parts of the film. Elrond's counsellor, Erestor—who suggested the Ring be given to Tom Bombadil—was completely absent from this scene. Gimli's father, Glóin, was also deemed unnecessary. In addition, the movie makes it seem by chance that the Fellowship is made of nine companions, whereas in the book Elrond suggests there be nine in the fellowship in response to the nine Nazgûl.

text: The tone of the Moria sequence was altered. In the book, following the defeat on the Caradhras road, Gandalf advocates the Moria road against the resistance of the rest of the Fellowship (save Gimli), suggesting "there is a hope that Moria is still free...there is even a chance that Dwarves are there," though no one seems to think this likely. Frodo proposes they take a company vote, but the discovery of Wargs on their trail forces them to accept Gandalf's proposal. They only realize the Dwarves are all dead once they reach Balin's tomb. The filmmakers chose instead for Gandalf to resist the Moria plan as a foreshadowing device. Gandalf says to Gimli he would prefer not to enter Moria, and Saruman is shown to be aware of Gandalf's hesitance, revealing an illustration of the Balrog in one of his books. The corpses of the dwarves are instantly shown as the Fellowship enter Moria.[26] One detail that many critics commented upon is the fact that, in the novel, Pippin tosses a mere pebble into the well in Moria ("They then hear what sounds like a hammer tapping in the distance"), whereas in the film, he knocks an entire skeleton in ("Next, the skeleton ... falls down the well, also dragging down a chain and bucket. The noise is incredible."[27])[28][29][30][31]

text: In terms of dramatic structure, the book simply ends; there is no climax, because Tolkien wrote the "trilogy" as a single story published in three volumes. Jackson's version incorporates the first chapter of '"The Two Towers" and makes its events, told in real time instead of flashback, simultaneous with the Breaking of the Fellowship. This finale is played as a climactic battle, into which he introduces the Uruk-hai referred to as Lurtz in the script. In the book, Boromir is unable to tell Aragorn which hobbits were kidnapped by the orcs before he dies. From there, Aragorn deduces Frodo's intentions when he notices that a boat is missing and Sam's pack is gone. In the film, Aragorn and Frodo have a scene together in which Frodo's intentions are explicitly stated.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Peter Jackson began working with Christian Rivers to storyboard the series in August 1997, as well as getting Richard Taylor and Weta Workshop to begin creating his interpretation of Middle-earth.[32] Jackson told them to make Middle-earth as plausible and believable as possible, to think of Middle-earth in a historical manner.[33]

text: In November,[33] Alan Lee and John Howe became the film trilogy's primary conceptual designers, having had previous experience as illustrators for the book and various other tie-ins. Lee worked for the Art Department creating places such as Rivendell, Isengard, Moria and Lothlórien, giving Art Nouveau and geometry influences to the Elves and Dwarves respectively.[33][34] Though Howe contributed with Bag End and the Argonath,[33][34] he focused working on armour having studied it all his life.[35] Weta and the Art Department continued to design, with Grant Major turning the Art Department's designs into architecture, and Dan Hennah scouting locations.[33] On 1 April 1999, Ngila Dickson joined the crew as costume designer. She and 40 seamstresses would create 19,000 costumes, 40 per version for the actor and their doubles, ageing and wearing them out for impression of age.[20]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: Filming took place in various locations across New Zealand. A list of filming locations, sorted by appearance order in the film:[36][37]

text:
Fictional
location
Specific location
in New Zealand
General area
in New Zealand

Mordor (Prologue)
Whakapapa skifield
Tongariro National Park

Hobbiton
Matamata
Waikato

Gardens of Isengard
Harcourt Park
Upper Hutt

The Shire woods
Otaki Gorge Road
Kapiti Coast District

Bucklebury Ferry
Keeling Farm, Manakau
Horowhenua

Forest near Bree
Takaka Hill
Nelson

Trollshaws
Waitarere Forest
Horowhenua

Flight to the Ford
Tarras
Central Otago

Ford of Bruinen
Arrow River, Skippers Canyon
Queenstown and Arrowtown

Rivendell
Kaitoke Regional Park
Upper Hutt

Eregion
Mount Olympus
Nelson

Dead Marshes
Kepler Mire
Southland

Dimrill Dale
Lake Alta
The Remarkables

Dimrill Dale
Mount Owen
Nelson

Lothlórien
Paradise
Glenorchy

River Anduin
Upper Waiau River
Fiordland National Park

River Anduin
Rangitikei River
Rangitikei District

River Anduin
Poets' Corner
Upper Hutt

Parth Galen
Paradise
Glenorchy

Amon Hen
Mavora Lakes, Paradise and Closeburn
Southern Lakes

text: Special effects[edit]

text: The Fellowship of the Ring makes extensive use of digital, practical and make-up special effects throughout. One noticeable illusion that appears in almost every scene involves setting a proper scale so that the characters are all the correct height. Elijah Wood, who plays Frodo, is 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) tall in real life, but the character of Frodo Baggins is barely four feet in height. Many different tricks were used to depict the hobbits (and Gimli the Dwarf) as being of diminutive stature. (In a happy coincidence, John-Rhys Davies – who played Gimli – is as tall compared to the Hobbit actors as his character needed to be compared to theirs, so he did not need to be filmed separately as a third variation of height, and is quite taller than Orlando Bloom, who played Legolas.) Large- and small-scale doubles were used in certain scenes, while entire duplicates of certain sets (including Bag End in Hobbiton) were built at two different scales, so that the characters would appear to be the appropriate size. At one point in the film, Frodo runs along a corridor in Bag End, followed by Gandalf. Elijah Wood and Ian McKellen were filmed in separate versions of the same corridor, built at two different scales, and a fast camera pan conceals the edit between the two. Forced perspective was also employed, so that it would look as though the short Hobbits were interacting with taller Men and Elves. Even the simple use of kneeling down, to the filmmakers' surprise, turned out to be an effective method in creating the illusion.

text: For the battle between the Last Alliance and Sauron's forces that begins the film, an elaborate CGI animation system, called MASSIVE, was developed by Stephen Regelous; it allowed thousands of individual animated "characters" in the program to act independently. This helped give the illusion of realism to the battle sequences. The "Making of" Lord of the Rings DVD reports some interesting initial problems: in the first execution of a battle between groups of characters, the wrong groups attacked each other. In another early demo, some of the warriors at the edge of the field could be seen running away. They were initially moving in the wrong direction, and had been programmed to keep running until they encountered an enemy.

text: The digital creatures were important due to Jackson's requirement of biological plausibility. Their surface was scanned from large maquettes before numerous digital details of their skeletons and muscles were added. In the case of the Balrog, Gray Horsfield created a system that copied recorded imagery of fire.

text: Score[edit]

text: The musical score for The Lord of the Rings films was composed by Howard Shore. It was performed by the 100-strong New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Voices, The London Oratory School Schola, and the Maori Samoan Choir, and featured several vocal soloists. Shore wrote almost four hours of finalized music for the film (of which just over three hours are used as underscore), featuring a number of non-orchestral instruments, and a large number (49-62) of leitmotives.

text: Two original songs, "Aníron" and the end title theme "May It Be", were composed and sung by Enya, who allowed her label, Reprise Records, to release the soundtrack to this and its two sequels. In addition to these songs, Shore composed "In Dreams", which was sung by Edward Ross of the London Oratory School Schola.

text: Release[edit]

text: A special behind-the-scenes trailer was released in 2000. Two teasers were shown before Spy Kids and Pearl Harbor (film). The final trailer was with the television premiere of Angel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, and on the DVD and VHS of Rush Hour 2.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Fellowship of the Ring was released on VHS and DVD in August 2002.

text: Theatrical and extended release[edit]

text: In November 2002, an extended edition was released on VHS and DVD, with 30 minutes of new material, added special effects and music, plus 20 minutes of fan-club credits, totalling to 228 minutes.[38][39] The DVD set included four commentaries and over three hours of supplementary material.

text: In August 2006, a limited edition of The Fellowship of the Ring was released on DVD. The set included both the film's theatrical and extended editions on a double-sided disc along with all-new bonus material.

text: Blu-ray edition[edit]

text: The theatrical Blu-ray version of The Lord of the Rings was released in the United States in April 2010. There were two separate sets: one with digital copies and one without.[40] The individual Blu-ray disc of The Fellowship of the Ring was released in September 2010 with the same special features as the complete trilogy release, except there was no digital copy.[41]

text: The extended Blu-ray editions were released in the US in June 2011.[42] This version has a runtime of 238 minutes[39][43] (the extended editions include the names of all fan club members at the time of their release; the additional 9 minutes in the Blu-ray version are because of expanded member rolls, not any additional story material).

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Fellowship of the Ring was released on 19 December 2001 in 3,359 cinemas where it grossed $47.2 million on its opening weekend. The world premiere was held at the Odeon Leicester Square in London. It went on to make $314.7 million in North America and $555.9 million in the rest of the world for a worldwide total of $870.7 million.[44] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 54 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[45]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Fellowship of the Ring was acclaimed by film critics and was one of 2001's best reviewed films.[46] The film holds a 91% approval rating on aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes based on 225 reviews and an average score of 8.2/10. The site's main consensus reads "Full of eye-popping special effects, and featuring a pitch-perfect cast, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring brings J.R.R. Tolkien's classic to vivid life".[47] The film holds a score of 92 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 34 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[48]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars and stating that while it is not "a true visualization of Tolkien's Middle-earth", it is "a work for, and of, our times. It will be embraced, I suspect, by many Tolkien fans and take on aspects of a cult. It is a candidate for many Oscars. It is an awesome production in its daring and breadth, and there are small touches that are just right".[49] USA Today also gave the film three out of four stars and wrote, "this movie version of a beloved book should please devotees as well as the uninitiated".[50] In his review for The New York Times, Elvis Mitchell wrote, "The playful spookiness of Mr. Jackson's direction provides a lively, light touch, a gesture that doesn't normally come to mind when Tolkien's name is mentioned".[51] Entertainment Weekly magazine gave the film an "A" rating and Lisa Schwarzbaum wrote, "The cast take to their roles with becoming modesty, certainly, but Jackson also makes it easy for them: His Fellowship flows, never lingering for the sake of admiring its own beauty ... Every detail of which engrossed me. I may have never turned a page of Tolkien, but I know enchantment when I see it".[52]

text: In her review for The Washington Post, Rita Kempley praised the cast, in particular, "Mortensen, as Strider, is a revelation, not to mention downright gorgeous. And McKellen, carrying the burden of thousands of years' worth of the fight against evil, is positively Merlinesque".[53] Time magazine's Richard Corliss praised Jackson's work: "His movie achieves what the best fairy tales do: the creation of an alternate world, plausible and persuasive, where the young — and not only the young — can lose themselves. And perhaps, in identifying with the little Hobbit that could, find their better selves".[54] In his review for The Village Voice, J. Hoberman wrote, "Peter Jackson's adaptation is certainly successful on its own terms".[55] Rolling Stone magazine's Peter Travers wrote, "It's emotion that makes Fellowship stick hard in the memory... Jackson deserves to revel in his success. He's made a three-hour film that leaves you wanting more".[56] However, in his review for The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw wrote, "there is a strange paucity of plot complication, an absence of anything unfolding, all the more disconcerting because of the clotted and indigestible mythic back story that we have to wade through before anything happens at all".[57]

text: In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[58]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: In 2002, the film won four Academy Awards from thirteen nominations.[59] The winning categories were for Best Cinematography, Best Visual Effects, Best Makeup, and Best Original Score. It was also nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Ian McKellen), Best Art Direction, Best Director, Best Film Editing, Best Original Song (Enya, Nicky Ryan and Roma Ryan for "May It Be"), Best Picture, Best Sound (Christopher Boyes, Michael Semanick, Gethin Creagh and Hammond Peek), Best Costume Design and Best Adapted Screenplay.

text: As of January 2014[update], it is the 31st highest-grossing film worldwide, with US$871,530,324 in worldwide theatrical box office receipts.[3]

text: The film won the 2002 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. It also won Empire readers' Best Film award, as well as five BAFTAs, including Best Film, the David Lean Award for Best Direction, the Audience Award (voted for by the public), Best Special Effects, and Best Make-up. The film was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Fight between Gandalf and Saruman.

text: In June 2008, AFI revealed its "10 Top 10"—the ten best films in ten "classic" American film genres—after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. The Fellowship of the Ring was acknowledged as the second best film in the fantasy genre.[60][61] The film was also listed as the 50th best film in the 2007 list AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition).


document_title: The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010 film)

question_text: who plays the main character in the sorcerer's apprentice

question_tokens: who plays the main character in the sorcerer 's apprentice

text: The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 740 AD, in England, the mighty magician Merlin has three apprentices; Balthazar Blake, Veronica Gorloisen & Maxim Horvath. Horvath betrays his master by joining forces with the evil sorceress Morgana le Fay. Morgana mortally wounds Merlin before Veronica is able to rip Morgana's soul from her body and absorbs it into her own. As Morgana attempts to kill Veronica by possessing her from within, Balthazar stops her by imprisoning Morgana and Veronica in the "Grimhold", a magic prison in the shape of a nesting doll. Before dying, Merlin gives Balthazar a dragon figurine that will identify the Prime Merlinean, Merlin's descendant and the only one able to defeat Morgana. While he searches for his descendant throughout history, Balthazar imprisons Morganians, sorcerers who try to release Morgana, including Horvath, into successive layers on the Grimhold.

text: In 2000, in New York City, 10-year-old Dave Stutler, encounters Balthazar in his Manhattan antique store, after straying from his school field trip. When Balthazar gives Dave Merlin's dragon figurine, the statue comes to life and wraps itself around the boy's finger to form a ring. When Balthazar goes to retrieve a book meant to teach magic, Dave accidentally opens the Grimhold, releasing the imprisoned Horvath. While battling for possession of the Grimhold, Balthazar and Horvath are imprisoned in an ancient Chinese urn with a ten-year lock curse. Dave is then ridiculed by his classmates when he claims he saw magic, only to find the shop empty. He is faced with severe bullying, and is misdiagnosed with hallucination caused by a "glucose imbalance". David nevertheless keeps the ring.

text: Ten years later in 2010, Dave, now 20 years old, is a physics student at New York University, and meets his childhood crush Becky. He immediately becomes smitten with her, and repairs the transmitting mast of the radio station she works at after it is struck by lightning. The ten-year imprisonment curse of the urn ends, releasing Horvath and Balthazar. Horvath pursues Dave and the Grimhold. Balthazar rescues Dave, riding an animated steel eagle adapted from a Chrysler Building gargoyle. Dave initially refuses to help Balthazar, having been under psychiatric care since their first meeting, until the elder agrees to leave after finding the Grimhold. They track the Grimhold to Chinatown, where Horvath has released the next Morganian, Sun Lok. Dave defeats Sun Lok, and Balthazar retrieves the Grimhold. Dave changes his mind, deciding that he likes magic after all, and agrees to become Balthazar's apprentice. He also becomes romantically involved with Becky against Balthazar's wishes and advice, impressing her by playing the OneRepublic song "Secrets" with the Tesla coils he has been experimenting with. Horvath enlists a youthful Morganian, celebrity magician Drake Stone to get back the Grimhold. They attempt to kill Dave, but Balthazar saves him. Cued by Horvath, Dave demands to know the truth about Balthazar's quest. Balthazar reveals that Morgana is trapped in the Grimhold with Veronica. Morgana, if freed, would cast a spell called "The Rising", which would revive sorcerers from the dead and enslave mankind. As Prime Merlinian, Dave will become powerful enough to cast spells without his ring (a focus, which for any other magician is the only way to channel their magic), and is the only one who can stop her. Despite Balthazar's disdain of his relationship with Becky, Dave convinces to allow him to meet her for a date. Dave tries to use magic to clean his lab, but loses control of his animated cleaning mops and forces him to cancel his date with Becky. He is saved because of Balthazar's intervention and, disillusioned, decides to give up on magic, until Becky unknowingly changes his mind.

text: He returns to his underground subway lab, just as Drake and Horvath try to kill Balthazar and steal the Grimhold. Horvath, having no more use for Drake, casts a parasite spell and steals Drake's magic and his ring. Horvath releases the witch Abigail Williams, uses her to kidnap Becky, then steals her magic and pendant focus. He threatens to kill Becky, forcing Dave to surrender the Grimhold and his ring. Balthazar goes after Horvath in Battery Park, sure that Dave, without his ring, will be killed. Horvath releases Morgana, who begins the Rising Spell while Horvath animates the Charging Bull sculpture and commands it to attack Balthazar. Dave arrives and stuns Horvath with a Tesla coil tied to Balthazar's car while Balthazar's eagle flies away with the bull. Becky interrupts the Rising Spell, stunning Morgana. Balthazar takes Morgana, body and soul, from Veronica into himself, but Morgana escapes and tries to incinerate them. Dave attempts to stop her without his ring and succeeds, proving that he is the Prime Merlinean. Morgana shoots plasma bolts at the three and overwhelming Balthazar and Veronica's shield spells, kills Balthazar when he bodily intercepts a bolt meant for Veronica. Dave makes another, larger Tesla coil out of the square's lamp posts and power lines to overwhelm her and then fires a plasma barrage which finally destroys her. He revives Balthazar by restarting his heart with plasma shocks. Balthazar and Veronica reunite. Dave and Becky kiss, and fly to France for breakfast on Balthazar's eagle.

text: In a post-credits scene, Horvath takes his hat at Balthazar's shop.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nicolas Cage as Balthazar Blake,[3] a one-thousand-plus-year old sorcerer of the "777th degree". Based on Yen Sid in Fantasia.[4]
Jay Baruchel as David "Dave" Stutler, a highly intelligent college student who becomes Blake's reluctant apprentice.[4]

Jake Cherry as Young Dave

Alfred Molina as Maxim Horvath, an evil sorcerer and Balthazar's nemesis. Once friends with his fellow apprentices, he became embittered when Veronica chose Balthazar over himself, eventually turning against them and Merlin.
Teresa Palmer as Rebecca "Becky" Barnes, Dave's love interest.[4]

Peyton List as Young Becky

Toby Kebbell as Drake Stone, a Morganian who supports himself as a celebrity illusionist and joins forces with Horvath when called.[5]
Omar Benson Miller as Bennet Zurrow, Dave's roommate.
Monica Bellucci as Veronica Gorloisen, a sorceress and Balthazar's love interest.[6]
Nicole Ehinger as Abigail Williams
Alice Krige as Morgana le Fay
Robert Capron as Oliver, Dave's childhood friend.

text: Production[edit]

text: The basic idea for the movie was mostly Nicolas Cage's, who wanted to explore a mystic world and play a character with magical powers, and following a suggestion by his producer friend Todd Garner, decided to make a feature-length movie based upon the Fantasia segment of the same name.[7][8] On February 12, 2007, this film was announced by Disney.[9] References to the original animation include the scene where Dave animates mops to clean his laboratory, and having Mickey Mouse's hat in the post-credits scene.[8]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The Sorcerer's Apprentice is set in New York City, and most scenes were shot on location, in places such as Washington Square Park and Chinatown's Eldrige Street. Dave's laboratory was filmed in either an abandoned subway station located under the New York City Hall or a studio recreation of it.[8] In the early morning hours of May 4, 2009, a Ferrari F430 being driven during filming of a chase sequence, lost control and careened into the window of a Sbarro restaurant in Times Square, injuring two pedestrians, one of whom was struck by a falling lamppost. Filming resumed the following night, when yet another accident occurred. The two accidents were blamed on rain making the roads slick.[10] To make the magic more believable, it was decided to an emphasis of practical, on-set effects, such as making real fire, with fluids or flash powder being used for colored flames. To provide a lighting reference for the plasma bolts, the actors wore gloves with LED displays to make them glow before adding the computer-generated shot. For floating objects, they were either thrown with wires or held by stuntmen wearing green chroma key suits.[8]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Sorcerer's Apprentice received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 41% based on 167 reviews with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "It has a likable cast and loads of CGI spectacle, but for all but the least demanding viewers, The Sorcerer's Apprentice will be less than spellbinding."[11] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 46 out of 100 based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[12] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[13]

text: Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter has said that "The Sorcerer's Apprentice is a tired relic of summer-movie cliches, clearly beaten to death by far too many credited writers."[14] Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four and wrote "This is a much better film than The Last Airbender, which is faint praise, but it's becoming clear that every weekend brings another heavily marketed action 'comedy' that pounds tens of millions out of consumers before evaporating".[15]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Sorcerer's Apprentice made an opening gross of $3,873,997 on its first day (Wednesday July 14, 2010). It finished at #3 on its first weekend with $17,619,622 behind Inception and Despicable Me in the U.S. and Canada and gained another $8,928,216 on its first weekend internationally (in 13 countries) for a worldwide opening of $26,547,841. On October 28, 2010, The Sorcerer's Apprentice closed at the box-office in the United States and Canada with $63,150,991. As of December 12, 2010, it has earned $152,132,612 in other countries totaling $215,283,603 worldwide. Besides the U.S. and Canada, other countries where it grossed more than $10 million were Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States ($13,630,194), France and the Maghreb region ($12,930,320) and Japan ($10,632,660).[2] Its largest international weekend was August 13–15, during which it grossed $14,091,169 in 42 countries. It occupies the fourth place on the all-time chart of Sword and Sorcery films in the U.S. and Canada, and the third place on the same chart worldwide.[16] In July 2010, Parade Magazine listed the film #1 on its list of "Biggest Box Office Flops of 2010 (So Far).[17]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Sorcerer's Apprentice was released on Blu-ray and DVD on November 30, 2010. It has sold 1,288,735 DVD units (equivalent to $21,609,680) since its release in DVD. Adding in its box-office revenue, the film's earnings sum up to $236,893,283.

text: Awards and accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Result
Award
Category
Recipients

2010
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Summer Movie

2011
Won
ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards
Top Box Office Films
Trevor Rabin

text: Music[edit]

text: The score for this film was composed by Trevor Rabin. It was released on July 6, 2010.[18][19]

text:
The Sorcerer's Apprentice

Film score by Trevor Rabin

Released
July 6, 2010

Genre
Film score

Length
43:04

Label
Walt Disney

text: All tracks written by Trevor Rabin.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Sorcerer's Apprentice"
3:14

2.
"Story of the Prime Merlinian"
4:02

3.
"Note Chase"
0:39

4.
"Dave Revives Balthazar"
2:41

5.
"Classroom"
1:25

6.
"The Urn"
1:39

7.
"The Grimhold"
1:39

8.
"Morgana Fight"
2:59

9.
"The Ring"
1:43

10.
"Walk in the Rain"
0:43

11.
"Merlin Circle"
2:01

12.
"Dave Has Doubts"
0:53

13.
"Becky and Dave on Rooftop"
1:24

14.
"Car Chase"
3:54

15.
"Seeing Veronica"
0:55

16.
"Story of Veronica"
1:44

17.
"Horvath Made Off With the Grimhold"
1:13

18.
"Kiss from Becky"
0:33

19.
"Bull Fight"
2:10

20.
"Balthazar Saves Veronica"
1:13

21.
"Sorcerer’s Apprentice Suite"
2:28

22.
"Fantasia Original Demo"
4:50

Total length:
43:24

text: The song "Secrets" by OneRepublic is used in the film but does not appear on the album.[20]