document_title: Stanley Cup Finals

question_text: which nhl team has won the most consecutive stanley cups

text: Stanley Cup Finals

text: History[edit]

text: The Stanley Cup was first awarded to the Montreal Hockey Club in 1893 when the team won the 1893 AHAC season. The team then had to defend its champion-title both through league championships and challenge games organised by the Stanley Cup trustees. Until 1912, these challenges could take place before or during a league season. After 1912, the trustees ordered that challenges only take place after all league games were completed.[2]

text: The last challenge, in 1914, was the inauguration of the first "World Series" of ice hockey,[3] a series between the Stanley Cup and league champion Toronto Hockey Club of the National Hockey Association (NHA) and the Victoria Aristocrats, champions of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA). The series was pre-arranged between the two leagues prior to the season after post-season exhibitions held in their previous seasons. The inaugural series was to be held in the city of the NHA champion, and alternate annually following the series.

text: After the series got under way, there was some concern that the series would not produce an "official" Stanley Cup champion. The Victoria club had not formally applied to the Stanley Cup trustees to challenge for the Cup.[4] A letter arrived from the Stanley Cup trustees on March 17, that the trustees would not let the Stanley Cup travel west, because they did not consider Victoria a proper challenger, as they had not verified themselves with the trustees.[5] However, on March 18, trustee William Foran stated that it was a misunderstanding. PCHA president Lester Patrick, PCHA President, had not filed a challenge, because he had expected Emmett Quinn of the NHA to make all of the arrangements in his role as hockey commissioner, whereas the trustees thought they were being purposely ignored. The Victoria challenge was accepted.[6] Any tension was disffused as Toronto successfully defended the Cup by sweeping a best-of-five series in three games.[7] This began the end of the influence of the Stanley Cup trustees on the challengers and series for the Cup. In March 1914, trustee William Foran wrote to NHA president Emmett Quinn that the trustees are "perfectly satisfied to allow the representatives of the three pro leagues (NHA, PCHA and Maritime) to make all arrangements each season as to the series of matches to be played for the Cup."[8]

text: Victoria vs. Toronto

text:
Date
Winning Team
Score
Losing Team
Rules
Notes

March 14, 1914
Toronto HC
5–2
Victoria Aristocrats
NHA

March 17, 1914
Toronto HC
6–5
Victoria Aristocrats
PCHA
15:00, OT

March 19, 1914
Toronto HC
2–1
Victoria Aristocrats
NHA

Toronto Hockey Club wins best-of-five series 3 games to 0

text: All games played at Arena Gardens in Toronto.

text: Part of their 1913 agreement to set up drafting and player rights ownership, the NHA and PCHA leagues agreed to have their respective champions face each other for the Cup.[9] At the same time, the NHA concluded a similar agreement with the Maritime Hockey League but the MHL champions abandoned their 1914 challenge and did not challenge again. From 1914 onwards, the Stanley Cup championship finals alternated between the East and the West each year, with alternating games played according to NHA and PCHA rules.[10] The Cup trustees agreed to this new arrangement, because after the Allan Cup became the highest prize for amateur hockey teams in Canada, the trustees had become dependent on the top two professional leagues to bolster the prominence of the trophy.[11] After the Portland Rosebuds, an American-based team, joined the PCHA in 1914, the trustees issued a statement that the Cup was no longer for the best team in Canada, but now for the best team in the world.[10] Two years later, the Rosebuds became the first American team to play in the Stanley Cup championship finals.[7] In 1917, the Seattle Metropolitans became the first American team to win the Cup.[12] After that season, the NHA dissolved, and the National Hockey League (NHL) took its place.[10]

text: In 1919, the Spanish influenza epidemic forced the Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans to cancel their series tied at 2–2–1, marking the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded.[13]

text: The format for the Stanley Cup championship changed in 1922, with the creation of the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL). Now three leagues competed for the Cup and this necessitated a semi-final series between two league champions, with the third having a bye directly to the finals.[14] In 1924, the PCHA and the WCHL merged to form the Western Hockey League (WHL) and the championship reverted to a single series.[15] After winning in the 1924–25 season, the Victoria Cougars became the last team outside the NHL to win the Stanley Cup.[16]

text: The WHL folded in 1926, and most of the players moved to the NHL. This left the NHL as the only league left competing for the Cup. Other leagues and clubs have issued challenges, but from that year forward, no non-NHL team has played for it, leading it to become the de facto championship trophy of the NHL.[15] In 1947, the NHL reached an agreement with trustees P. D. Ross and Cooper Smeaton to grant control of the cup to the NHL, allowing the league itself to reject challenges from other leagues that may have wished to play for the Cup.[17][18] A 2006 Ontario Superior Court case found that the trustees had gone against Lord Stanley's conditions in the 1947 agreement.[19] The NHL has agreed to allow other teams to play for the Cup should the league not be operating, as was the case in the 2004–05 NHL lockout.[18]

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: The first television broadcast was in 1953. English-language coverage was aired by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), with the play-by-play called by Danny Gallivan and colour commentary by Keith Dancy, hosted by Wes McKnight. The Hockey Night in Canada team of Gallivan and Dancy would cover the next eight Finals. Gallivan would call his last championship series in 1978. Hockey Night in Canada on CBC remains the exclusive English-language broadcaster across Canada despite 1972 when a lengthy NABET strike forced coverage to be instead aired on CTV, from 1985 to 1988 when the series was split between CBC and either CTV or Global TV, and since 2015 when it became a Rogers Media-produced broadcast under a sub-license agreement.

text: French-language broadcasts in Canada also began in 1953, with play-by-play commentator René Lecavalier and colour commentator Jean-Maurice Bailly on CBC's Télévision de Radio-Canada (SRC) division. SRC would continue to be the exclusive French-language broadcaster until 2003 when Réseau des sports (RDS) took over. Since 2015, under a sub-license agreement with Rogers, TVA has been the exclusive home of French-language broadcasts in Canada.

text: The first broadcast in the United States was in 1962, covered by local Chicago station WGN, while network broadcasts started in 1966 on NBC. However, national coverage on American television, like the rest of the NHL season, remained in a state of flux for decades. From 1966 to 1975, NBC and CBS held the rights at various times, but they each only covered selected games of the series. It was then carried on syndication from 1976 to 1979 through the 1970s NHL Network. In 1980, the Hughes broadcast network simulcast CBC's feed before the series was moved to cable. During its time on cable from 1980 to 1993, rights to the series was held at various times by USA, SportsChannel America and ESPN, but there was no exclusive coverage of games and thus local broadcasters could also still televise them regionally as well. In 1995, Fox signed on to be the exclusive national broadcast network of selected games of the final round, splitting it with ESPN. This splitting of exclusive national coverage on cable/broadcast networks remains, first being passed to ABC and ESPN in 2000, and then NBC and Versus (now NBCSN) in 2006.

text: American local/national coverage policy for Stanley Cup Finals[edit]

text:
1968–1975: Local coverage permitted for non-network games. National network telecasts exclusive.
1976–1980: National coverage on syndicated network exclusive.
1981–1994: Local coverage permitted for all games. National coverage (cable) not exclusive.
1995–present: National coverage (network and cable) exclusive.

text: Series format[edit]

text: The championship series began with the interleague 'World Series' played in one city. The series alternated between a rink of the NHA and later the NHL and a rink of the PCHA and later the WCHL/WHL. It was not until the demise of the WHL, that the final series alternated games between the two finalists' home ice.

text: The series allowed ties until 1928. As the two and later three leagues differed, the series would alternate using each league's rules. The PCHA continued to use seven-man team play, and games would alternate with six and seven-man games.

text: After the NHL became the last remaining league to compete for the Cup, the trophy was then awarded to the winner of the NHL's championship playoff round. This first took place in 1927 between the Boston Bruins and the Ottawa Senators, which was planned to be a best-of-three series, although the series allowed ties. The series ended after four games, when the Senators defeated the Bruins in the fourth game.

text: The NHL has changed its playoff format several times since 1927, and thus the final round has not always pitted conference or division playoff champions against each other. In the playoff format used from 1929 to 1938, the two teams with identical division ranking would face each other (i.e. the first place teams played each other, the second place teams play each other, and likewise for the third place teams). The winner of the first place series would automatically advance to the final round. The winner of the second and third place series would then play each other, with the winner of that series earning the other berth to the championship round.

text: During the Original Six era, the top four teams made the playoffs, with the first and third place teams battling in one semifinal series, while the second and fourth place teams battled in the other. And from 1975 to 1981, all the playoff teams were seeded regardless of division or conference. Since 1982, the NHL's final round has pitted the league's two conference playoff champions.

text:
Years
Format
Notes

1914–1922
best-of-five

1923–1924
best-of-three

1925–1926
best-of-five

1927
best-of-three
Ties allowed, series ended in four games.

1928
best-of-five

1929–1930
best-of-three

1931–1938
best-of-five

1939–present
best-of-seven
2004–05 season canceled due to lockout.

text: Champions[edit]

text:
Most recent Finals (last five)

Year
Winning team
Coach
Losing team
Coach
Result
Series-winning goal

2014
Los Angeles Kings (WC)
Darryl Sutter
New York Rangers (EC)
Alain Vigneault
4–1
Alec Martinez (14:43, 2OT)

2015
Chicago Blackhawks (WC)
Joel Quenneville
Tampa Bay Lightning (EC)
Jon Cooper
4–2
Duncan Keith (17:13, second)

2016
Pittsburgh Penguins (EC)
Mike Sullivan
San Jose Sharks (WC)
Peter DeBoer
4–2
Kris Letang (7:46, second)

2017
Pittsburgh Penguins (EC)
Mike Sullivan
Nashville Predators (WC)
Peter Laviolette
4–2
Patric Hornqvist (18:25, third)

2018
Washington Capitals (EC)
Barry Trotz
Vegas Golden Knights (WC)
Gerard Gallant
4–1
Lars Eller (12:23, third)

text:
Most Final appearances (top five)
(Bold indicates Cup wins)

Appearances
Team
Wins
Losses
Win %
Years of appearance

34[3]
Montreal Canadiens (NHA/NHL)
24
9
.727
1916, 1917, 1919 [3], 1924, 1925, 1930, 1931, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1986, 1989, 1993

24
Detroit Red Wings
11
13
.458
1934, 1936, 1937, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1945, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2008, 2009

21
Toronto Maple Leafs[1]
13
8
.619
1918, 1922, 1932, 1933, 1935, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1942, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1967

19
Boston Bruins
6
13
.316
1927, 1929, 1930, 1939, 1941, 1943, 1946, 1953, 1957, 1958, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1988, 1990, 2011, 2013

13
Chicago Blackhawks[2]
6
7
.462
1931, 1934, 1938, 1944, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1971, 1973, 1992, 2010, 2013, 2015

text:
^ 1. The NHL includes the Toronto Hockey Club (Toronto Arenas) 1918 win and the 1922 Toronto St. Patricks win in the Toronto Maple Leafs total.
^ 2. The Chicago Blackhawks were known as the Chicago Black Hawks prior to the 1986–87 season.
^ 3. The Montreal Canadiens totals include the 1919 Final that ended with a no-decision because of the Spanish flu epidemic.

text: Records[edit]

text: Team[edit]

text:
Most wins: Montreal Canadiens (24)
Most losses: Detroit Red Wings (13), Boston Bruins (13)
Fewest losses: Colorado Avalanche (0)
Most consecutive wins: Montreal Canadiens (5 in 1956–1960)
Most consecutive losses: Toronto Maple Leafs (3 in 1938–1940), St. Louis Blues (3 in 1968–1970)
Most consecutive appearances: Montreal Canadiens (10 in 1951–1960)[20]
Most consecutive appearances without a loss: Montreal Canadiens (9 from 1968 to 1986)
Most consecutive appearances without a win: Toronto Maple Leafs (6 from 1933 to 1940), Detroit Red Wings (6 from 1956 to 1995), Philadelphia Flyers (6 from 1976 to 2010)
Most seasons between wins: New York Rangers (54 between 1940 and 1994)
Most seasons between appearances: Toronto Maple Leafs (50 between 1967 and the present)

text: Stanley Cup Final consecutive appearances[edit]

text:
Team
Appearance streak
Consecutive appearances
Wins during streak

Montreal Canadiens
10 seasons
1950–51 through to 1959–60
1952–53, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1959–60

Montreal Canadiens
05 seasons
1964–65 through to 1968–69
1964–65, 1965–66, 1967–68, 1968–69

New York Islanders
05 seasons
1979–80 through to 1983–84
1979–80, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1982–83

Montreal Canadiens
04 seasons
1975–76 through to 1978–79
1975–76, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1978–79

Detroit Red Wings
03 seasons
1940–41 through to 1942–43
1942–43

Toronto Maple Leafs
03 seasons
1946–47 through to 1948–49
1946–47, 1947–48, 1948–49

Detroit Red Wings
03 seasons
1947–48 through to 1949–50
1949–50

Detroit Red Wings
03 seasons
1953–54 through to 1955–56
1953–54, 1954–55

Toronto Maple Leafs
03 seasons
1961–62 through to 1963–64
1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64

St. Louis Blues
03 seasons
1967–68 through to 1969–70
none

Philadelphia Flyers
03 seasons
1973–74 through to 1975–76
1973–74, 1974–75

Edmonton Oilers
03 seasons
1982–83 through to 1984–85
1983–84, 1984–85

text: Individual[edit]

text:
Most years in Final (12) - Maurice Richard, Red Kelly, Jean Beliveau, Henri Richard[21]
Most games played in Final (65) - Red Kelly, Henri Richard[21]
Most consecutive games in Final (53) - Bernie Geoffrion[21]
Most career points in Final (62) - Jean Beliveau[21]
Most career goals in Final (34) - Maurice Richard[21]
Most career assists in Final (35) - Wayne Gretzky[21]
Most career game-winning goals in Final (9) - Jean Beliveau[21]
Most career shutouts in Final (8) - Clint Benedict[21]

text:
Most points, one series (13) - Wayne Gretzky (1988)[22]
Most goals, one series (14) - Bernie Morris (1917) [nb 2]
Most assists, one series (10) - Wayne Gretzky (1988)[22]
Most shutouts, one series (3) - Clint Benedict (1926), Frank McCool (1945), Martin Brodeur (2003)[22]


document_title: REO Speedwagon

question_text: what does r e o speedwagon stand for

question_tokens: what does r e o speedwagon stand for

root

text: REO Speedwagon

text: History[edit]

text: Formation[edit]

text: In the fall of 1966, Neal Doughty entered the electrical engineering program at the University of Illinois in Champaign, Illinois, coming in as a junior. On his first night, he met another student, Alan Gratzer. They held an impromptu jam session in the basement of their Illinois Street Residence Hall dormitory,[2][3] and soon started a rock band. Gratzer had been a drummer since high school, and was playing in a local group on the weekends, while Doughty had learned some Beatles songs on his parents' piano.

tag: p

text: Doughty started to follow around Gratzer's band, eventually sitting in on a song or two. The keyboard player was the leader, but several other band members were unhappy with the situation. On the last day of the university's spring semester, guitarist Joe Matt called the band's leader and told him that he, drummer Gratzer, and bassist Mike Blair had decided to leave the band and start a new one with Doughty.

text: They made a list of songs to learn over the summer break, and Doughty landed a summer job to buy his first keyboard. On his Farfisa organ, he learned "Light My Fire" by The Doors. The members returned to school in the fall of 1967, and had their first rehearsal before classes even started. They named the band REO Speedwagon, from the REO Speed Wagon, a flatbed truck Doughty had studied in transportation history, and the initials are those of its founder Ransom E. Olds. Rather than pronouncing REO as a single word as the motor company did, they chose to spell out the name with the individual letters each pronounced ("R-E-O"). An ad in the school newspaper produced their first job, a fraternity party that turned into a food fight. They continued to perform cover songs in campus bars, fraternity parties, and university events. The first lineup consisted of Doughty on keyboards, Gratzer on drums and vocals, Joe Matt on guitar and vocals, Mike Blair on bass and vocals.

text: In early 1968, Terry Luttrell became lead singer, and Bob Crownover joined as the guitar player, replacing Matt. When Mike Blair left the band in the summer of 1968, Gregg Philbin replaced Blair, Marty Shepard played trumpet and Joe McCabe played sax until McCabe moved to Southern Illinois University. Crownover played guitar for the group until the summer of 1969 when Bill Fiorio replaced him. Fiorio then departed in late 1969, eventually assuming the name Duke Tumatoe, and went on to form the All Star Frogs. Steve Scorfina (who would go on to found progressive rock/album-oriented rock band Pavlov's Dog) came aboard for over a year, composing with the band and performing live, before being replaced by Gary Richrath in late 1970.

text: Richrath was a Peoria, Illinois-based guitarist and prolific songwriter who brought fresh original material to the band. With Richrath on board, the regional popularity of the band grew tremendously. The Midwestern United States was the original REO Speedwagon fan stronghold and is pivotal in this period of the band's history.

text: The band signed to Epic Records in 1971. Paul Leka, an East Coast record producer, brought the band to his recording studio in Bridgeport, Connecticut where it recorded original material for its first album. The lineup on the first album consisted of Richrath, Gratzer, Doughty, Philbin, and Luttrell.

text: Debut album[edit]

text: With their equipment being hauled to dates in a friend's station wagon, REO played bars and clubs all over the Midwest. The band's debut album, R.E.O. Speedwagon, was released on Epic Records in 1971. The most popular track on this record was "157 Riverside Avenue". The title refers to the Westport, Connecticut address, where the band stayed while recording in Leka's studio in Bridgeport and remains an in-concert favorite.

text: Although the rest of the band's line-up remained stable, REO Speedwagon switched lead vocalists three times for their first three albums. Luttrell left the band in early 1972, eventually becoming the vocalist for Starcastle. He was replaced by Kevin Cronin. Cronin recorded one album with the band, 1972's R.E.O./T.W.O. but left the band during the recording sessions for 1973's Ridin' the Storm Out because of internal conflicts.[4] Ridin' the Storm Out was completed with Michael Bryan Murphy on lead vocal, and featured Neal Doughty's memorable "wailing storm siren" entrance on the title track. Murphy stayed on for two more albums, Lost in a Dream and This Time We Mean It, before Cronin returned to the fold in January 1976 and recorded R.E.O., which was released that same year.

text: Cronin's return came after Greg X. Volz turned down the position for lead vocalist after becoming a born-again Christian.

text: In 1977 REO convinced Epic Records that their strength was in their live performances. Epic agreed to let them produce their first live album, Live: You Get What You Play For, which was eventually certified platinum. That same year, the band moved to Los Angeles, California.

text: In 1977 bassist Gregg Philbin left the band. Depending upon which band member is expressing an opinion, it was either because Philbin was disenchanted with the new corporate-structure REO where Cronin and Richrath got bigger slices of the pie instead of the equal credit they once shared as a "garage band", or he was asked to leave over his lifestyle issues affecting the music quality.[5] Philbin was replaced with another Champaign, Illinois musician, Centennial High School alumnus, Bruce Hall,[3] to record You Can Tune a Piano but You Can't Tuna Fish. The album was released in 1978 and received FM radio airplay. The album was REO's first to make the Top 40, peaking at #29. The album went on to sell over 2 million copies in the US, ultimately achieving double platinum status.

text: In 1979 the band took a turn back to hard rock with the release of Nine Lives.

text: Mainstream success[edit]

text: The stage was now set for the height of the band's popularity. On November 21, 1980, REO Speedwagon released Hi Infidelity, which represented a change in sound, going from hard rock to more pop-oriented material.[6] Hi Infidelity spawned four hit singles written by Richrath and Cronin, including the chart-topping "Keep On Loving You" (Cronin), plus "Take It on the Run" (#5) (Richrath), "In Your Letter" (#20) (Richrath), and "Don't Let Him Go" (#24) (Cronin), and remained on the charts for 65 weeks, 32 of which were spent in the top ten, including 15 weeks atop the Billboard 200. Hi Infidelity sold over 10 million copies and set the bar for rock bands across the country.

text: The band's follow-up album, Good Trouble, was released in 1982. Although it was not as successful as its predecessor, the album performed moderately well commercially, featuring the hit singles "Keep the Fire Burnin'" (U.S. #7), "Sweet Time" (U.S. #26) and the Album Rock chart hit "The Key."

text: The band came storming back two years later with Wheels Are Turnin', an album that included the #1 hit single "Can't Fight This Feeling" plus three more hits: "I Do' Wanna Know" (U.S. #29), "One Lonely Night" (U.S. #19), and "Live Every Moment" (U.S. #34).

text: REO Speedwagon tour around the US in 1985, including a sold-out concert in Madison, Wisconsin in May.[7] On July 13, on the way to a show in Milwaukee, the band made a stop in Philadelphia to play at the US leg of Live Aid, which broke a record for a number of viewers. They performed "Can't Fight This Feeling" and "Roll With the Changes," which featured members of the Beach Boys, the band members' families, and Paul Shaffer on stage for backing vocals.

text: 1987's Life as We Know It saw a decline in sales, but still managed to provide the band with the top-20 hits "That Ain't Love" (U.S. #16) and "In My Dreams" (U.S. #19).[8] The Hits (1988) is a compilation album from REO Speedwagon. It contains new tracks "Here With Me" and "I Don't Want to Lose You." "Here with Me" cracked the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the top ten on the Adult Contemporary chart. They were the last songs recorded with Gary Richrath and Alan Gratzer

text: Declining popularity[edit]

text: By the late 1980s, the band's popularity was starting to decline.[6] Alan Gratzer left in September 1988 after he decided to retire from music to open a restaurant. In early 1989, Gary Richrath quit after tensions between him and Kevin Cronin boiled over.[9] Cronin had been playing in The Strolling Dudes, a jazz ensemble that included jazz trumpet player Rick Braun (who had co-written the abovementioned "Here With Me" with Cronin), Miles Joseph on lead guitar and Graham Lear on drums. Lear had already been invited to join REO in September 1988 as Gratzer's successor and Joseph was brought in as a temporary stand-in for Richrath. Back up singers Carla Day and Melanie Jackson were also added. This lineup did only one show, on January 7, 1989 in Viña del Mar, Chile, where it won the award for best group at the city's annual International Song Festival. After that, Miles Joseph and the back up singers were dropped in favor of former Ted Nugent guitarist Dave Amato (who was brought aboard in May 1989) and keyboardist/songwriter/producer Jesse Harms.

text: The 1990 release The Earth, a Small Man, His Dog and a Chicken, with Bryan Hitt (formerly of Wang Chung) on drums, was a commercial disappointment. The album produced only one, and - to date - the band's last Billboard Hot 100 single, "Love Is a Rock," which peaked at #65. Harms, disenchanted by the album's failure, left the group in early 1991.

text: Shortly after his departure, Richrath assembled former members of the Midwestern band Vancouver to form a namesake band, Richrath. After touring for several years, the Richrath band released Only the Strong Survive in 1992 on the GNP Crescendo label. Richrath (the band) continued to perform for several years before disbanding in the late 1990s. In September 1998, Gary Richrath briefly joined REO onstage at the County Fair in Los Angeles to play on band's encore song, "157 Riverside Avenue". He then joined REO once again in Los Angeles in May 2000 for the same encore but no serious plans for a reunion ever materialized.

text: Without Richrath's involvement, REO Speedwagon lost their recording contract with Epic, and ended up releasing Building the Bridge (1996) on the Priority/Rhythm Safari label. When that label went bankrupt, the album was released on Castle Records, which also experienced financial troubles. REO Speedwagon ultimately self-financed this effort, which failed to chart. The title track did make R&R's AC Top 30 chart.

text: Revival of the hits[edit]

text: The commercial failure of the band's newer material with its revised lineup demanded a change in marketing strategy. As a consequence, Epic began re-releasing recordings from older albums with updated artwork and design.

text: From 1995 to the present, the label released over a dozen compilation albums featuring greatest hits, including 1999's The Ballads. In 2000, REO teamed up with Styx for an appearance at Riverport Amphitheater in St. Louis, which was released as a live concert video Arch Allies: Live at Riverport. The REO portion of the show was released again under three separate titles: Live - Plus (2001), Live Plus 3 (2001) and Extended Versions (2001) (which was certified gold by the RIAA on April 26, 2006). REO once again teamed with Styx in 2003 for the Classic Rock's Main Event tour which also included another band from their common rock era, Journey.

text: The band released a self-financed album entitled Find Your Own Way Home in April 2007. Though it did not chart as an album, it produced two singles which appeared on Billboard's Adult Contemporary radio chart.

text: REO Speedwagon continues to tour regularly, performing mostly their classic hits.[10] They are popular on the fair and casino circuits, but still team with other acts to play large venues. They teamed up with Styx to record a new single entitled "Can't Stop Rockin'", released in March 2009, as well as for a full tour that included special guest .38 Special.[11]

text: In November 2009, REO Speedwagon released a Christmas album, Not So Silent Night...Christmas with REO Speedwagon.[12]

text: In Summer 2010, the band — then touring with Pat Benatar — announced that it would release a 30th anniversary deluxe edition reissue of Hi Infidelity.[13]

text: On December 2, 2009, REO Speedwagon released an online video game, Find Your Own Way Home, produced by digital design agency Curious Sense. The game was the first "downloadable casual game" produced with a rock band and was cited by numerous publications including the New York Times as an innovative marketing product for a music act.[14]

text: REO Speedwagon headlined on the M&I Classic Rock Stage at the Milwaukee Summerfest on June 30, 2011. On March 11, 2012, Kevin Cronin appeared on the Canadian reality TV series Star Académie. He sang a sampling of REO's hits with the show's singing finalists.

text: On November 22, 2013, they announced a benefit concert with Styx titled "Rock to the Rescue" to raise money for the affected families of the tornadoes in central Illinois. The concert was held on December 4, 2013 in Bloomington, Illinois. Richard Marx joined REO on stage for a joint performance of two of his hit songs. Gary Richrath reunited with REO one final time for a performance of "Ridin' the Storm Out" to end REO's set at the sold-out concert. Richrath stayed on stage to help with the encore of "With a Little Help From My Friends" along with REO, Styx, Richard Marx, and others. Richrath was originally from the town of East Peoria which was damaged during the storm. Families impacted by the storm and first responders sat near the stage for this special REO concert.

text: In early 2014, it was announced that REO Speedwagon and Chicago would be teaming up for 15 dates throughout 2014.[15]

text: Gary Richrath died on September 13, 2015 due to complications from surgery.[16]

text: In 2016, the band went on tour with Def Leppard and Tesla.[17]

text: The band performed with Pitbull the song Messin' Around live on the ABC TV show Greatest Hits in 2016, that version of the song was also released as a single on iTunes.[18]

text: The band toured the UK arena circuit with Status Quo in December 2016.[19]

text: In the summer of 2017, the band will tour the US with Styx and Don Felder known as "United We Rock" debuting June 20 at the Sunlight Supply Ampitheater.[20]

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Members[edit]

text: Current members

text:
Neal Doughty – keyboards (1967–present)
Kevin Cronin – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards (1972–1973, 1976–present)
Bruce Hall – bass, backing and lead vocals (1977–present)
Dave Amato – lead guitar, backing vocals (1989–present)
Bryan Hitt – drums, percussion (1989–present)

tag: ul

text: Former members

text:
Alan Gratzer – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1967–1988)
Joe Matt – lead guitar, lead vocals (1967–1968)
Mike Blair – bass, backing vocals (1967–1968)
Terry Luttrell – lead vocals (1968–1972)
Bob Crownover – lead guitar (1968–1969)
Gregg Philbin – bass, backing vocals (1968–1977)
Joe McCabe – saxophone (1968)
Marty Shepard – trumpet (1968)
Bill Fiorio – lead guitar (1969)
Steve Scorfina – lead guitar (1969–1970)
Gary Richrath – lead guitar, occasional vocals (1970–1989; died 2015)
Mike Murphy – lead vocals (1973–1976)
Graham Lear – drums (1988–1989)
Miles Joseph – lead guitar (1989; died 2012)
Carla Day – backing vocals (1989)
Melanie Jackson – backing vocals (1989)
Jesse Harms – keyboards (1989–1991)

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Discography[edit]

text: Studio albums

text:
R.E.O. Speedwagon (1971)
R.E.O./T.W.O. (1972)
Ridin' the Storm Out (1973)
Lost in a Dream (1974)
This Time We Mean It (1975)
R.E.O. (1976)
You Can Tune a Piano, but You Can't Tuna Fish (1978)
Nine Lives (1979)
Hi Infidelity (1980)
Good Trouble (1982)
Wheels Are Turnin' (1984)
Life as We Know It (1987)
The Earth, a Small Man, His Dog and a Chicken (1990)
Building the Bridge (1996)
Find Your Own Way Home (2007)[6]
Not So Silent Night ... Christmas with REO Speedwagon (2009)


document_title: Pivot joint

question_text: where can pivot joints be found in the body

text: Pivot joint

text: Movements[edit]

text: Pivot joints allow for rotation, which can be external (for example when rotating an arm outward), or internal (as in rotating an arm inward). When rotating the forearm, these movements are typically called pronation and supination. In the standard anatomical position, the forearms are supinated, which means that the palms are facing forward, and the thumbs are pointing away from the body. In contrast, a forearm in pronation would have the palm facing backward and the thumb would be closer to the body, pointing medially.

text: Examples[edit]

text: Examples of a pivot joint include:

text:
Proximal radioulnar joint
Distal radioulnar joint
Median atlanto-axial joint

text: In contrast, spherical joints (or ball and socket joints) such as the hip joint permit rotation and all other directional movement, while pivot joints only permit rotation.


document_title: Madam Secretary (TV series)

question_text: who plays the new vice president on madam secretary

text: Madam Secretary (TV series)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Madam Secretary explores Secretary Elizabeth McCord's life as the determined United States Secretary of State. McCord drives international diplomacy, battles office politics, and circumvents protocol if needed as she negotiates worldwide issues. The show also focuses on the personal lives of the characters.[4][5]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Téa Leoni as Elizabeth "Bess" Adams McCord, the United States Secretary of State. She spent twenty years as a CIA analyst before becoming a professor of political science at the University of Virginia. She was selected by her old boss, Conrad Dalton, who is now the President of the United States, to replace Secretary of State Vincent Marsh, who died in a plane crash.
Tim Daly as Henry McCord, Elizabeth's husband of 25 years. A former Marine captain aviator during Operation Desert Storm and theology professor, he provides a unique blend of skills that serve well as an operative of the National Security Agency in combating religious extremism. At the end of season 3, Henry is named the head of the CIA Special Activities Division.
Bebe Neuwirth as Nadine Tolliver (seasons 1–4), Elizabeth's chief of staff who had a six-year affair with the deceased Secretary of State, Vincent Marsh, beginning when he was a senator. Originally extremely resentful of the new Secretary of State, Nadine and Elizabeth have since cultivated a strong working relationship. In season 1, Nadine slowly began to date again, romancing the Administrator of NASA, Glenn, and later falls into a relationship with the recurring political consultant Mike Barnow. In season 4, Nadine leaves the State Department to spend more time with her family.
Željko Ivanek as Russell Jackson, White House Chief of Staff.[6] His primary objective of keeping the President politically secure at home and abroad sets him up for occasional confrontations with Secretary McCord's unorthodox diplomatic maneuvering.
Erich Bergen as Blake Moran, Elizabeth's personal assistant, and the only member of her staff that she hired rather than inherited. After Nadine leaves in season 4 he becomes Elizabeth's acting chief of staff.
Patina Miller as Daisy Grant, Elizabeth's press coordinator. Daisy dates Matt during season 1 but goes on to date other men following their breakup. In season 3 she dates "Kevin" from Budget and Planning, who turns out to be an undercover operative for the CIA investigating the State Department. He is killed in a weapons-trafficking conspiracy, and Daisy subsequently finds herself pregnant with his child.
Geoffrey Arend as Matt Mahoney, Elizabeth's speechwriter. Matt and Daisy dated during season 1, but ended things.
Wallis Currie-Wood as Stephanie "Stevie" McCord, Elizabeth and Henry's older daughter. Stevie attended Lovell University until dropping out. After moving back in with her parents and working for some time, she eventually returned to her education at Georgetown University and applied to Harvard Law school. Stevie serves as an intern to Russell Jackson and was, for a time, engaged to Jareth Glover.
Kathrine Herzer as Alison McCord, Elizabeth and Henry's younger daughter. Alison planned to attend Rafferty College to pursue her dreams of fashion and design, but later changed her mind.
Evan Roe as Jason McCord, Elizabeth and Henry's teenage son, a self-proclaimed anarchist. Jason is very critical of political systems in general, however in season 1 he was expelled from his school for punching a student who insulted Elizabeth.
Keith Carradine as Conrad Dalton (season 2–present; recurring season 1), the President of the United States. Before going into politics, Conrad was the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency during Elizabeth's time at the CIA. In "Unity Node", he reveals that he served in the United States Marine Corps as a second lieutenant during the Vietnam War. In the third season, Dalton secures reelection as an independent after failing to secure his party's nomination, partly due to a controversial change in policy championed by Elizabeth McCord. He offers Elizabeth the role of Vice President during his campaign, but eventually names someone else in order to further his campaign. Elizabeth remains Secretary of State.
Sebastian Arcelus as Jay Whitman, Elizabeth's current chief of staff and previous senior policy advisor (season 3–present; recurring season 1–2). In season 3, it is revealed that Jay's busy schedule working for the Secretary has strained his marriage. He is currently separated from his wife Abby, who maintains custody of their daughter Chloe. Jay is promoted to chief of staff in season 4.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Sara Ramirez as Kat Sandoval, Elizabeth's Policy Advisor and Former Chief of Staff to the UN Ambassador (season 4)
Johanna Day as Ellen Hill, a retired admiral and the National Security Advisor. She was the first female Chairwoman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff prior to being appointed National Security Advisor.
Tony Plana as Ed Parker, an admiral and member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Francis Jue as Ming Chen, China's Foreign Minister and Elizabeth's Chinese counterpart.
Mandy Gonzalez as Lucy Knox, President Dalton's aide.
Mike Pniewski as Gordon Becker, the United States Secretary of Defense.
Kevin Rahm as Michael "Mike B." Barnow, a political official who is said to drift between the United States Cabinet departments. It is mentioned that he is a Rhodes Scholar, who turned his brilliant legal career into a promising political career that was cut short by a scandalous divorce six years prior to his first appearance before settling into his current job. He is often seen assisting Secretary McCord.
Jason Ralph as Harrison Dalton (season 1–2), son of President Dalton and long-time friend of Stevie McCord. In season 1, it is revealed Harrison has a drug addiction and is color blind. In season 4 it is revealed that he is back in rehab.
Cotter Smith as Darren Hahn (season 1–2), President Dalton's first known National Security Advisor.
Patrick Breen as Andrew Munsey (season 1), the Director of the CIA and a protégé of President Dalton.
Nilaja Sun as Juliet Humphrey (season 1; guest season 3), a former CIA analyst, friend and colleague of Elizabeth and Isabelle.
Usman Ally as Zahed Javani (season 1), Iran's Foreign Minister and Elizabeth's Iranian counterpart.
Dion Graham as Fred Cole (season 1), the Bureau of Diplomatic Security Head Agent who served as Elizabeth's principal bodyguard.
Josh Hamilton as Arthur Gilroy (season 1), Stevie's 39-year-old microloan employer and ex-boyfriend.
Anna Deavere Smith as Mary Campbell (season 1), the United States Attorney General.
Marin Hinkle as Isabelle Barnes (season 1), a CIA analyst and Elizabeth's close friend, who assists the McCords with the investigation of the death of Secretary of State Vincent Marsh.
Yorgo Constantine as Anton Gorev (season 1–2), Russia's Foreign Minister and a friend of both Secretary and Dr. McCord.
Clifton Davis as Ephraim Ware (season 2–present), Director of National Intelligence.
Julian Acosta as Craig Sterling (season 2), a former US Department of Defense official, he becomes National Security Advisor in season 2 much to Elizabeth and Russell's dismay, and rival of Elizabeth's.
Alex Fernandez as Mark Delgado (season 2), the Vice President of the United States.
Angela Gots as Maria Ostrova (season 2), the President of Russia and widow of late Russian President Pavel Ostrov.
Leslie Hendrix as Louise Cronenberg (season 2), the United States Attorney General.
Jill Hennessy as Jane Fellows (season 2), Henry's DIA superior, and a member of Murphy Station; the first Ishbal Jahed task force.
Kobi Libii as Oliver Shaw (season 2; guest season 3), the Cybersecurity Coordinator. Shaw looked into the attack against Air Force One and is the love interest of Daisy Grant in the second season.
Chris Petrovski as Dmitri Petrov (seasons 2 & 4; guest season 3), a 24-year-old Russian Army captain who studied at the National War College. He was recruited by Professor Henry McCord (on behalf of the DIA) to become an American spy in exchange for getting his sick sister medical care in Stockholm, Sweden. Dmitri is captured by the Russians and eventually exchanged to the Americans for another traitor to the state. Following his capture Dmitri feels abandoned by Henry and is very angry and bitter toward him. He is placed into a witness protection program under the name Alexander (Alex) Mehranov. In season 4, he gets recruited by the CIA as an analyst.
Masha King as Talia Petrov, Dmitri's sister who was placed into witness protection with her brother and is now his roommate.
Carlos Gómez as Jose Campos (season 2–3), an Ishbal Jahed task force member.
J. C. MacKenzie as Sam Evans (season 3), the governor of Pennsylvania and the presidential nominee for Dalton's party. Evans is particularly vindictive during the campaign and, following Dalton's victory through a vote in the House of Representatives, threatens to have the vote overturned due to little-known law he claims Elizabeth broke. However, he is manipulated into accepting the terms of the vote after Russel Jackson threatens to expose him for having a gene that makes him likely to develop early-onset Alzheimer's.
René Auberjonois as Walter Novack (season 2–present), a State Department analyst with the Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation.
Christopher O'Shea as Jareth Glover, Stevie's fiance from England. He gave up a fellowship at Oxford to return to America to be with Stevie after she had trouble adjusting to life in England. His family is a member of the upper class and even nobility in England. Stevie and Jareth broke up in season 4.
Justine Lupe as Ronnie Baker (season 3), a United States Army captain assigned to United States Cyber Command who assists Elizabeth on several occasions.
Eric Stoltz as Will Adams, Secretary Elizabeth McCord's younger brother and a member of Doctors Without Borders.
Jordan Lage as Kohl, a United States Army general.
Sam Breslin Wright as Dylan Larson, an ex–Army Ranger who has been working for the CIA for seven years as of the start of season 4.
Christine Garver as Molly Reid, a career CIA agent, starting her career as a field agent in Chechnya. She is pregnant and due in a couple months from the start of season 4.

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Yuval David as Matvey Sokolov (season 4), a Russian special agent.
Louis Gossett, Jr. as Laurent Vasseur (season 1, episode 6), a Catholic priest and an old friend of Henry's.
William Allen Young as Steven Cushing (season 1, episode 12), the U.S. Deputy Secretary of State.
Tom Skerritt as Patrick McCord (season 1, episode 13), Henry's father.
Bob Schieffer as himself (season 1, episode 17). Schieffer is the former moderator of Face the Nation.
Morgan Freeman as Frawley, the Chief Justice of the United States (season 2, episode 1; season 3, episode 1; season 4, episode 1).
Madeleine Albright as herself (season 2, episode 2). Albright was the first female U.S. Secretary of State.
Kate Burton as Maureen McCord-Ryan (season 2, episode 13), Henry's sister.
Jane Pauley as herself (season 2, episode 18; season 3, episode 1).
Shivam Chopra as Sanjay (season 1, episode 7).
Stephanie J. Block as Abby, Jay's wife. Block is the real-life wife of Sebastian Arcelus. Mirroring real life, Block had previously given birth to their daughter while Arcelus was filming season 1, episode 17, where Jay's wife also gives birth to a daughter.
Joel de la Fuente as Datu Andrada (season 3, episode 15), the President of the Philippines.
Christine Ebersole as Lydia Dalton, the First Lady.

text: Dalton Cabinet and principal advisors[edit]

text:
The Dalton Cabinet

Office
Name
Term

President
Conrad Dalton (Keith Carradine)
2013–

Vice President
Mark Delgado (Alex Fernandez)
2013–2017

Teresa Hurst (Jan Maxwell/Jayne Atkinson)
2017–

Secretary of State
Vincent Marsh (Brian Stokes Mitchell)
2013–2014

Elizabeth McCord (Téa Leoni)
2014–

Secretary of Treasury
Max Quinn (Michael Cumpsty)
2013–2014

Secretary of Defense
Gordon Becker (Mike Pniewski)
2013–

Attorney General
Mary Campbell (Anna Deavere Smith)
2013–2015

Louise Cronenberg (Leslie Hendrix)
2015–2016

Unknown (Shown in "French Revolution")
2016–2017

Nolan (John Bolton)
2017–

Chief of Staff
Russell Jackson (Željko Ivanek)
2013–

National Security Advisor
Darren Kahn (Cotter Smith)
2013–2015

Craig Sterling (Julian Acosta)
2015–2015

ADM (Ret.) Ellen Hill (Johanna Day)
2016–

Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff
ADM Ellen Hill, USN (Johanna Day)
2013–2015

GEN Kelsey Reeves, US Army (Ralph Byers)
2015–

Director of National Intelligence
Ephraim Ware (Clifton Davis)
2013–

Director of the
Central Intelligence Agency
Andrew Munsey (Patrick Breen)
2013–2015

Sean Williams (Larry Pine)
2015–2015

Dennis Ellerman (John Doman)
2015–2016

Hugh Haymond (Michael Gaston)
2016–

Director of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Neil Hendricks (Wayne Duvall)
2013–2016

Keith Doherty (Michael Boatman)
2016–

tag: table

text: Other officials[edit]

text:
Office
Name
Term

Chief Justice of the United States
Frawley (Morgan Freeman)
2013–

Deputy Secretary of State
Steven Cushing (William Allen Young)
2013–

Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs
Susan Thompson (Tonya Pinkins)
2014–

United States Ambassador to Yemen
Paul Wellington (Tim Guinee)
2013–

United States Ambassador to Myanmar
Arlen Maxwell (David Rasche)
2013–2014

United States Ambassador to Algeria
Roy Curtis (Dakin Matthews)
2013–2016

Deputy Director of the FBI
Marguerite Sanchez (Rosyln Ruff)
2013–

Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Glenn (John Pankow)
2013–

Chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board
Humphrey Nelson (Alfredo Narciso)
2013–

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
22
September 21, 2014 (2014-09-21)
May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)

2
23
October 4, 2015 (2015-10-04)
May 8, 2016 (2016-05-08)

3
23
October 2, 2016 (2016-10-02)
May 21, 2017 (2017-05-21)

4
TBA
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
May 20, 2018 (2018-05-20)[7]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: In Canada, the series airs on Global at the same time as the original broadcast.[8] In Finland, it premiered 1 January, 2016 on MTV3.[9] The series has been popular in Finland: 11% of Finnish people watched the first episode.[10] In Australia, it premiered on October 2, 2014 on Network Ten.[11] On October 23, 2014, it was announced that it will air on Sky Living in the United Kingdom, along with new formats to air TV3 in Ireland, and other international channels.[12] The series launched in the United Kingdom on 23 April 2015.[13] It is broadcast on Sony Channel Asia.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Timeslot (ET)
Original airing
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

Season premiere
Season finale
TV season

1
22
Sunday 8:00 pm
September 21, 2014
May 3, 2015
2014–2015
No. 10
14.17[14]

2
23
October 4, 2015
May 8, 2016
2015–2016
No. 14
12.39[15]

3
23
Sunday 9:00 pm
October 2, 2016
May 21, 2017
2016–2017
No. 18
10.92[16]

4
TBA
Sunday 10:00 pm
October 8, 2017
May 20, 2018[7]
2017–2018

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Madam Secretary has been met with generally positive reviews from TV critics. On Metacritic, the show has a score of 66 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[17] On Rotten Tomatoes, the show holds a rating of 66%, based on 50 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's consensus reads, "Bolstered by Tea Leoni's strong central performance, Madam Secretary is a solid but unspectacular political drama."[18]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Three women have served as Secretary of State to date: Madeleine Albright from 1997 to 2001 under Bill Clinton, Condoleezza Rice from 2005 to 2009 under George W. Bush, and Hillary Clinton from 2009 to 2013 under Barack Obama. Shortly after the series' debut, Fox News asked if the show therefore served as a campaign ad supporting Hillary Clinton, but quoted the Los Angeles Times saying the lead character was "no Hillary knockoff" and a New York publicist calling the casting of a woman "simple business and smart on CBS' behalf". Conservative activist organization Culture and Media Institute, however, said the connection was clear, citing the women's blond hair and pantsuits.[19]

text: When the trailer of the fifteenth episode of Season 3 (Break in Diplomacy) was released showing McCord punching fictional Philippine president Datu Andrada to the face as a response to the latter making sexual advancements to the protagonist, it became controversial in the Philippines due to what was seen as Andrada having parallelism with real-life President Rodrigo Duterte who was known for making inappropriate and sexist remarks. [20] The Philippine Embassy in Washington even published a statement protesting the negative depiction on its Facebook page.[21]

text: The first episode of the fourth season News Cycle led to a hard protest from East Timor's Minister of State and Nobel Peace Prize laureate José Ramos-Horta. "It's a slander against a country that only shows ignorance and racism," he explained. The TV show used the border dispute between Australia and East Timor in the Timor Sea (The dispute is transferred in the TV show to the South China Sea, although neither Australia nor East Timor is bordering to it) as background story. East Timor is shown as a country controlled by a Mexican drug cartel and used for drug transfer. US Secretary of State McCord is asking China to take measures to prevent the leader of the drug cartel from making a narco-state out of East Timor.[22]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominee(s)
Result

2014
TV Guide Award
Favorite New Show
Madam Secretary
Nominated

2015
American Cinema Editors Awards 2015[23]
Best Edited One-Hour Series for Commercial Television
Elena Maganini and Michael D. Ornstein
Nominated

41st People's Choice Awards[24]
Favorite Actress in a New TV Series
Téa Leoni
Nominated

Favorite New TV Drama
Madam Secretary
Nominated

Publicists Guild of America
The Maxwell Weinberg Publicists Showmanship Television Award
CBS Television Studio/Madam Secretary
Nominated

2015
Humanitas Prize
60 Minute Network or Syndicated Television
Madam Secretary
Nominated

2016
CBS MVP Awards[25]
Best Motivational Speech
Téa Leoni
Nominated

2016
Humanitas Prize
60 Minute Network of Syndicated Television
Madam Secretary
Nominated


document_title: The Breakfast Club

question_text: what are the names of the characters in the breakfast club

text: The Breakfast Club

text: Plot[edit]

text: On Saturday, March 24, 1984, five students report at 7:00 a.m. for all-day detention at Shermer High School in Shermer, Illinois. While not complete strangers, each of them comes from a different clique, and they seem to have nothing in common: the beautiful and pampered Claire Standish, the state champion wrestler Andrew Clark, the geekish intellect Brian Johnson, the introverted outcast Allison Reynolds, and the rebellious delinquent John Bender.

text: They gather in the high school library, where assistant principal Richard Vernon instructs them not to speak, move from their seats, or sleep until they are released at 3:00 p.m. He assigns them a thousand-word essay, in which each must describe "who you think you are." He then leaves, returning only occasionally to check on them. Bender, who has a particularly antagonistic relationship with Vernon, ignores the rules and frequently riles up the other students, teasing Brian and Andrew and harassing Claire. Allison is initially quiet, except for an occasional random outburst. Over the course of the day, Vernon gives Bender several weekends' worth of additional detention and even locks him in a storage closet, but he escapes and returns to the library.

text: The students pass the hours by talking, arguing, and, at one point, smoking marijuana that Bender retrieves from his locker. Gradually, they open up to each other and reveal their deepest personal secrets: Allison is a compulsive liar; Andrew cannot easily think for himself; Bender comes from an abusive household; Brian was planning suicide with a flare gun due to the inability to cope with a bad grade; and Claire is a virgin who feels constant pressure from her friends to be a certain way. They also discover that they all have strained relationships with their parents, which are a key cause for their personal issues as well: Allison's parents ignore her due to their own problems; Andrew's father constantly criticizes his efforts at wrestling and pushes him as hard as possible; Bender's father verbally and physically abuses him; Brian's overbearing parents put immense pressure on him to earn high grades; and Claire's parents use her to get back at each other during frequent arguments. The students realize that, even with their differences, they face similar pressures and complications in their lives.

text: Despite their differences in social status, the group begins to form friendships as the day progresses. Claire gives Allison a makeover, to reveal just how pretty she really is, which sparks romantic interest in Andrew. Claire decides to break her "pristine" virgin appearance by kissing Bender in the closet and giving him a hickey. Although they suspect that the relationships will end with the end of their detention, their mutual experiences will change the way they look at their peers afterwards.

text: As the detention nears its end, the group requests that Brian complete the essay for everyone and John returns to the storage closet to fool Vernon into thinking he has not left. Brian writes the essay and leaves it in the library for Vernon to read after they leave. As the students part ways outside the school, Allison and Andrew kiss, as do Claire and Bender. Allison rips Andrew's state champion patch from his letterman jacket to keep, and Claire gives Bender one of her diamond earrings, which he attaches to his earlobe. Vernon reads the essay (read by Brian in voice-over), in which Brian states that Vernon has already judged who they are, using simple definitions and stereotypes. One by one, the five students' voices add, "But what we found out is that each one of us is a brain, and an athlete, and a basket case, a princess, and a criminal." Brian signs the letter as "The Breakfast Club." Bender raises his fist in triumph as he walks across the school football field toward home.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Judd Nelson as John Bender
Molly Ringwald as Claire Standish
Emilio Estevez as Andy Clark
Anthony Michael Hall as Brian Johnson
Ally Sheedy as Allison Reynolds
Paul Gleason as Assistant Principal Vernon
John Kapelos as Carl Reed
Ron Dean as Mr. Clark

text: Production[edit]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Molly Ringwald and Anthony Michael Hall both starred in Hughes' 1984 film Sixteen Candles. Towards the end of filming, Hughes asked them both to be in The Breakfast Club. Hall became the first to be cast, agreeing to the role of Brian Johnson. Ringwald was originally approached to play the character of Allison Reynolds, but she was "really upset" because she wanted to play Claire Standish. She eventually convinced the director and the studio to give her the part.[5] The role of Allison ultimately went to Ally Sheedy.

text: Emilio Estevez originally auditioned for the role of John Bender. However, when Hughes was unable to find someone to play Andrew Clarke, Estevez was recast. Nicolas Cage was considered for the role of John Bender, which was the last role to be cast, though the role was narrowed down to John Cusack and Judd Nelson. Hughes eventually cast Cusack, but decided to replace him with Nelson before shooting began, because Cusack did not look threatening enough for the role. At one point, Hughes was disappointed at Nelson because he stayed in character by harassing Ringwald off-camera, and the other actors had to convince Hughes not to fire him.[5][6]

text: Rick Moranis was originally cast as the janitor but left due to creative differences and was replaced by John Kapelos.[7]

text: Filming[edit]

text: In 1999, Hughes said that his request to direct the film met with resistance and skepticism because he lacked filmmaking experience.[8] Hughes ultimately convinced the film's investors that due to the modest $1 million budget and its single location shoot, he could greatly minimize their risk. Hughes originally thought that The Breakfast Club would be his directorial debut. Hughes opted for an insular, largely one room set and wrote it about high school students, who would be played by younger actors.[9]

text: Principal photography began on March 28, 1984, and ended in May. Filming took place at Maine North High School in Des Plaines, Illinois, shuttered in 1981. The same setting was used for interior scenes of Hughes' 1986 film Ferris Bueller's Day Off, which featured exterior shots from nearby Glenbrook North High School. The library at Maine North High School, considered too small for the film, prompted the crew to build the set in the school's gymnasium.[10] The actors rehearsed with each other for three weeks and then shot the film in sequence.[11] On the Ferris Bueller's Day Off DVD commentary (featured on the 2004 DVD version), Hughes revealed that he shot the two films concurrently to save time and money, and some outtakes of both films feature elements of the film crews working on the other film. The first print was 150 minutes in length.[12]

text: During a cast reunion in honor of the film's 25th anniversary, Ally Sheedy revealed that a Director's Cut existed but Hughes' widow did not disclose any details concerning its whereabouts.[6]

text: In 2015 the first draft of the film's script was discovered in a Maine South High School cabinet as district employees were moving offices to a new building.[13]

text: Poster[edit]

text: The film's poster, featuring the five characters huddled together, was photographed by Annie Leibovitz toward the end of shooting. The shot of five actors gazing at the camera influenced the way teen films were marketed from that point on.[14] The poster refers to the five "types" of the story using slightly different terms than those used in the film, and in a different sequence, stating "They were five total strangers with nothing in common, meeting for the first time. A brain, a beauty, a jock, a rebel and a recluse." The poster itself was so influential, it was parodied in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 a year later.

text: Themes[edit]

text: The main theme of the film is the constant struggle of the American teenager to be understood, by adults and by themselves. It explores the pressure put on teenagers to fit into their own realms of high school social constructs, as well as the lofty expectations of their parents, teachers, and other authority figures. On the surface, the students have little in common with each other. However, as the day rolls on, they eventually bond over a common disdain for the aforementioned issues of peer pressure and parental expectations.[15][16] Stereotyping is another theme. Once the obvious stereotypes are broken down, the characters "empathize with each other's struggles, dismiss some of the inaccuracies of their first impressions, and discover that they are more similar than different."[17]

text: The main adult character, Mr. Vernon, is not portrayed in a positive light. He consistently talks down to the students and flaunts his authority throughout the film. Bender is the only one who stands up to Vernon.[15]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7, 1985. Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas on February 15, 1985 in the United States. On February 18, 1985 it was released in the Soviet Union, making it one of the rare west films to be shown. [18]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In 2003, the film was released on DVD as part of the "High School Reunion Collection".[19] In 2008, a "Flashback Edition" DVD was released with several special features, including an audio commentary with Anthony Michael Hall and Judd Nelson.[20] A 25th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray was released in 2010,[21] and the same disc was re-released with a DVD and digital copy in 2012 as part of Universal's 100th Anniversary series.[22][23] On March 10, 2015, the 30th Anniversary Edition was released. This release was digitally remastered and restored from the original 35mm film negatives for better picture quality on DVD, Digital HD and Blu-ray.[24]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received high critical acclaim. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an 89% approval rating based on 56 reviews with a critical consensus that states "The Breakfast Club is a warm, insightful, and very funny look into the inner lives of teenagers".[25] Review aggregator Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 62% based on 11 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be "generally favorable reviews".[26]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In February 1985, the film debuted at #3 at the box office (behind blockbuster film Beverly Hills Cop and Witness starring Harrison Ford).[27] Grossing $45,875,171 domestically and $51,525,171 worldwide, the film is a box office success, given its alleged $1 million budget.[28]

text: Award[edit]

text: Anthony Michael Hall, Judd Nelson, Molly Ringwald, Paul Gleason and Ally Sheedy won a Silver Bucket of Excellence Award at the 2005 MTV Movie Awards in 2005.

text:
Award
Nominee
Result

Silver Bucket of Excellence Award
Anthony Michael Hall
Judd Nelson
Paul Gleason
Molly Ringwald
Ally Sheedy
Won

text: American Film Institute lists[edit]

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Don't You (Forget About Me)" – Nominated[29]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers - Nominated[30]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) — Nominated[31]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

Principal Richard Vernon: "Don't mess with the bull, young man. You'll get the horns!" – Nominated

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The Breakfast Club is known as the "quintessential 1980s film" and is considered as one of the best films of the decade.[32] In 2008, Empire magazine ranked it #369 on their The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list.[33] It then rose 331 places to rank at #38 on their 2014 list.[34] Similarly, The New York Times placed the film on its Best 1000 Movies Ever list[35] and Entertainment Weekly ranked the film number 1 on its list of the 50 Best High School Movies.[36] In the 2001 parody film Not Another Teen Movie, Gleason reprised his role as Assistant Principal Vernon in a short scene that parodies The Breakfast Club.[37]

text: In 2005, the film received the Silver Bucket of Excellence Award in honor of its 20th anniversary at the MTV Movie Awards. For the event, MTV attempted to reunite the original cast. Sheedy, Ringwald, and Hall appeared together on stage, with Kapelos in the audience; Gleason gave the award to his former castmates. Estevez could not attend because of other commitments, and Nelson appeared earlier in the show but left before the on-stage reunion, prompting Hall to joke that the two were "in Africa with Dave Chappelle". Yellowcard performed Simple Minds' anthem for the film, "Don't You (Forget About Me)", at the awards. At the 82nd Academy Awards (March 7, 2010), Sheedy, Hall, Ringwald, and Nelson all appeared in a tribute to John Hughes — who had died a few months prior — along with other actors who had worked with him, including Jon Cryer from Pretty in Pink, Matthew Broderick from Ferris Bueller's Day Off, and Macaulay Culkin from Home Alone.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Breakfast Club (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
February 19, 1985

Recorded
1984

Genre
Rock, new wave

Length
38:02

Label
A&M Records

Producer
various artists

Singles from The Breakfast Club (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

"Don't You"
Released: February 20, 1985 (US), April 8, 1985 (UK)

Audio sample

Simple Minds—Don't You (Forget About Me)

file
help

text: The Breakfast Club soundtrack album was released on February 19, 1985 by A&M Records. The album peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard 200 album chart. The song "Don't You (Forget About Me)" performed by Scottish rock band Simple Minds was released on February 20, 1985 in the United States and on April 8, 1985 in the United Kingdom as a single and reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"Don't You (Forget About Me)" – Simple Minds
"Waiting" – E.G. Daily
"Fire in the Twilight" – Wang Chung
"I'm the Dude" (instrumental) – Keith Forsey
"Heart Too Hot to Hold" – Jesse Johnson and Stephanie Spruill
"Dream Montage" (instrumental) – Gary Chang
"We Are Not Alone" – Karla DeVito
"Reggae" (instrumental) – Keith Forsey
"Didn't I Tell You?" – Joyce Kennedy
"Love Theme" (instrumental) – Keith Forsey

tag: ol

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: In a June 25, 1985 review for The Village Voice, music critic Robert Christgau gave the album a "D-" and said that it has "utterly negligible" songs, and he commended Simple Minds for trying to distance themselves from their song, "Don't You (Forget About Me)," best known for being played during the film's opening and closing credits.[38] In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the soundtrack three out of five stars and wrote that, apart from Simple Minds' "undisputed masterpiece," the album is largely "disposable" and marred by "'80s artifacts" and "forgettable instrumentals".[39]


document_title: Midsomer Murders

question_text: who composed the theme tune to midsomer murders

text: Midsomer Murders

text: Summary[edit]

text: Midsomer Murders is a detective drama[1] set in modern-day England. The stories revolve around the efforts of Detective Chief Inspector Tom Barnaby (and later his successor, John Barnaby) to solve numerous murders that take place in the picturesque but deadly villages of the fictional county of Midsomer. The Barnabys have worked with several different sergeants throughout the run of the show: Detective Sergeant (DS) Gavin Troy (Daniel Casey), DS Dan Scott (John Hopkins), DS Ben Jones (Jason Hughes), DS Charlie Nelson (Gwilym Lee) and DS Jamie Winter (Nick Hendrix).

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming of Midsomer Murders began in Autumn 1996, with the first episode, "The Killings at Badger's Drift", broadcast in the United Kingdom on 23 March 1997. This inaugural episode was the highest-rated single drama programme of 1997, watched by 13.5 million viewers.[2] Throughout its run, the feature-length drama has attracted many well-known accomplished actors from the stage and screen in guest-starring roles.

text: Anthony Horowitz and the original producers, Betty Willingale and Brian True-May, created the series. Horowitz adapted the majority of the early episodes from the original works by Caroline Graham. Current writers include Paul Logue, Chris Murray, Lisa Holdsworth, Rachel Cuperman and Sally Griffiths. Actor John Nettles retired at the end of 2010, after the 13th series of eight episodes; his last episode was "Fit for Murder". Neil Dudgeon replaced him in the 14th series, playing Tom Barnaby's cousin, DCI John Barnaby,[3] who is first seen in the episode "The Sword of Guillaume".

text: It was announced on 7 April 2017 that the show will return to ITV for a 20th series, consisting of six episodes, with Annette Badland as new pathologist Dr Fleur Perkins.[4]

text: Setting[edit]

text: Midsomer is an English fictional county. The county town is Causton, a middle-sized town where Detective Chief Inspector Barnaby lives with his wife, and where the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) is located. Much of the popularity of the series arises from the incongruity of sudden violence in a picturesque and peaceful rural setting. Individual episodes focus on institutions, rituals, and customs popularly seen as characteristic of rural English counties. Various clues in several episodes hint that Midsomer might actually cover the areas of Berkshire and part of northern Hampshire.

text: Many of the villages and small towns of the county have the word "Midsomer" in their name; this is inspired in part by the real county of Somerset, and specifically the town of Midsomer Norton, and became a naming convention within the show. When Mrs Barnaby proposed they move out of Causton and suggested various villages, her husband countered with recollections of particularly grisly murders that occurred in each community. Likewise, in "The Fisher King" (season 7, episode 3) DS Dan Scott asked if the body count was "always this high around here, sir?"; Barnaby replied, "It has been remarked upon."

text: Humour is a main feature of the series. There is often dark comedy, such as a woman being murdered with a wheel of cheese,[5] and many scenes are examples of "dramedy" (comic drama or dramatic comedy); according to RadioTimes when describing the episode Death and the Divas (series 15, episode 4): "Midsomer Murders never takes itself too seriously but here it’s got its tongue so far into its cheek, it hurts."[6]

text: Nostalgia has also been a feature of the show, especially in its Nettles era. Most episodes have been set in hermetic rural villages of a kind that were already changing rapidly by the time the series began, Nettles opined in a 2003 interview.[7] The old-fashioned settings are true to the Graham novels: "Although the books are set in the present," wrote one reviewer, Graham's country villages "seem to come from another time".[8] "The spirit is obviously of the '50s", Nettles remarked, and the less crowded, less complicated village/world was clearly part of the books' appeal.[8]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: Causton is represented by a number of Towns including Thame and Wallingford, in Oxfordshire.[9][10] Causton police station is represented by the former RAF Staff College, Bracknell.[10]  Causton Town Hall is represented by Thame Town Hall. Most episodes have been filmed in villages around Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire counties.[10]

text: The Six Bells, a pub in Warborough, Oxfordshire,[11] repeatedly features as the Black Swan in the Midsomer village of Badger's Drift.[12]

text: Filming took place on Sunday 11 August 2013 at White Waltham Airfield, southwest of Maidenhead, for episode 4 of Series 16, "The Flying Club".[13]

text: In the Killings of Copenhagen episode, number five in the sixteenth series—the 100th episode[14] in all—several scenes are filmed at location in central Copenhagen, like Rådhuspladsen ("the City Hall Square"), Nyhavn ("New Port") with its canal and old colourful houses, a Danish countryside church, and at the circular square inside the Copenhagen Police Headquarters building.[15] The murder in Copenhagen is one of two within the entire series (until episode 114, at least) that take place outside the fictive County of Midsomer, the other being in Brighton where Inspector John Barnaby (Neil Dudgeon) is introduced.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Characters and the seasons where they appeared

Character
Actor

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

DCI Tom Barnaby
John Nettles
Main

DCI John Barnaby
Neil Dudgeon

Recurring
Main

DS Gavin Troy
Daniel Casey
Main

Guest

DS Daniel Scott
John Hopkins

Main

DS Benjamin Jones
Jason Hughes

Main

Guest

DS Charlie Nelson
Gwilym Lee

Main

DS Jamie Winter
Nick Hendrix

Main

DC Gail Stephens
Kirsty Dillon

Recurring
Main

Dr George Bullard
Barry Jackson
Main

Main
Recurring
Main

Dr Dan Peterson
Toby Jones

Recurring
Main

Dr Kate Wilding
Tamzin Malleson

Recurring
Main

Dr Kam Karimore
Manjinder Virk

Main

Dr. Fleur Perkins
Annette Badland

Main

Joyce Barnaby
Jane Wymark
Main

Sarah Barnaby
Fiona Dolman

Main

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeriesEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedPilot23 March 1997 (1997-03-23)1422 March 1998 (1998-03-22)6 May 1998 (1998-05-06)2420 January 1999 (1999-01-20)5 February 2000 (2000-02-05)3412 September 1999 (1999-09-12)29 January 2000 (2000-01-29)4510 September 2000 (2000-09-10)16 September 2001 (2001-09-16)5523 September 2001 (2001-09-23)22 September 2002 (2002-09-22)653 January 2003 (2003-01-03)31 January 2003 (2003-01-31)772 November 2003 (2003-11-02)25 December 2004 (2004-12-25)8810 October 2004 (2004-10-10)2 October 2005 (2005-10-02)989 October 2005 (2005-10-09)17 September 2006 (2006-09-17)10812 November 2006 (2006-11-12)11 May 2008 (2008-05-11)1171 January 2008 (2008-01-01)5 May 2009 (2009-05-05)12722 July 2009 (2009-07-22)14 April 2010 (2010-04-14)13810 February 2010 (2010-02-10)2 February 2011 (2011-02-02)14823 March 2011 (2011-03-23)11 January 2012 (2012-01-11)1561 February 2012 (2012-02-01)30 January 2013 (2013-01-30)16524 December 2013 (2013-12-24)12 February 2014 (2014-02-12)17428 January 2015 (2015-01-28)18 February 2015 (2015-02-18)1866 January 2016 (2016-01-06)17 February 2016 (2016-02-17)19618 December 2016 (2016-12-18)20 May 2018 (2018-05-20)2062018 (2018)TBA

text: The pilot episode of Midsomer Murders was shown on 23 March 1997. As of 20 May 2018, 116 episodes have been broadcast in the UK, comprising 19 series.

text: List of fictional villages in Midsomer[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Angels Rise
Aspern Tallow
Badger's Drift
Binwell
Bishopwood
Bleakridge
Bow Clayton
Broughton
Burwood Mantle
Calham Cross
Causton (County town)
Cooper Hill
Devington
Dunstan
Elverton-cum-Latterley
Ferne Basset
Finchmere
Fletcher's Cross
Ford Florey
Goodman's Land
Great Auburn
Great Pelfe
Great Worthy
Haddington
Little Auburn
Little Crosby
Little Malton
Little Upton
Little Worthy
Lower Crosby
Lower Pampling
Lower Warden
Luxton Deeping
Malham Bridge
Malham Cross
March Magna
Marsh Wood
Martyr Warren
Midsomer Abbas
Midsomer Barrow
Midsomer Barton
Midsomer Chettham
Midsomer Cicely
Midsomer Deverell
Midsomer Florey
Midsomer Herne
Midsomer Holm
Midsomer Langley
Midsomer Magna
Midsomer Malham
Midsomer Mallow
Midsomer Market
Midsomer-in-the-Marsh
Midsomer Mere
Midsomer Morchard
Midsomer Morton
Midsomer Mow
Midsomer Newton
Midsomer Oaks
Midsomer Parva
Midsomer Pastures
Midsomer Priors
Midsomer Shallows
Midsomer Sonning
Midsomer St. Claire
Midsomer St. Michael
Midsomer Stanton
Midsomer Vertue
Midsomer Vinae
Midsomer Wellow
Midsomer Worthy
Midsomer Wyvern
Milton's Cross
Monks Barton
Morton Fendle
Morton Shallows
Newton Magna
Pandlefoot Bailey
Shotover & Forest hill
Upper Warden
Whitcombe Mallet

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In March 2011, the series' producer, Brian True-May, was suspended by All3Media after telling the TV listings magazine Radio Times that the programme did not have any non-white characters because the series was a "bastion of Englishness." When challenged about the term "Englishness" and whether that would exclude ethnic minorities, True-May responded: "Well, it should do, and maybe I'm not politically correct." He later went on to say that he wanted to make a programme "that appeals to a certain audience, which seems to succeed." True-May's comments were investigated by the production company.[16] He was reinstated, having apologised "if his remarks gave unintended offence to any viewers," but he has since stepped down as producer.[17][18]

text: The following series (series 15) saw Asian characters appear on the show in the episodes "The Dark Rider" and "Written in the Stars"[19] (an Asian character had previously appeared in "Orchis Fatalis"). Series 15 also introduced more black characters, although previously they had been seen in background scenes, but had not had many speaking roles except for the Crown Prosecutor in the episode "Last Year's Model" (Series 9, episode 8), who was a black woman, and in the episode "Dance With The Dead", in which two black men were among the dancers at a 1940s-themed party. In episode 3 of series 11 ("Left for Dead"), the character Charlotte/Charlie (played by Indra Ové as the adult version and Jade Gould as the younger version) appeared to be of mixed race.[citation needed]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: As of  2016[update], Midsomer Murders has been sold to more than 200 countries around the world.[2] In 2004, it was among the three most-sold British TV shows worldwide, whether as TV Programming or DVD.[20]

text: In Australia first-run episodes and repeats are screened on national free-to-air network ABC with repeats also shown on sister station ABC2. The series was originally aired on the Nine Network. Repeat screenings are also aired on the subscription channels UKTV and 13th Street. A measure of the success of the series in Australia is that repeats of the series still rate highly and often feature in the nation's top twenty shows in national surveys.[21][22]

text: In Canada the series is broadcast on TVOntario and Book Television in Ontario, and on Knowledge in British Columbia, which in 2014 was showing Series 16.

text: In Ireland, the series is shown by Be3.

text: In New Zealand the series was broadcast on TVNZ until it's been broadcast for a number of years on the free-to-air channel Prime.

text: In the United States, the series was first aired by A&E, which broadcast "The Killings at Badger's Drift" on 28 June 1998 and followed with the next four episodes over the 1998–99 season.[8] The show remained on A&E for many years until it was syndicated by American Public Television for broadcast on public television stations. As of  December 2017[update], episodes through series 19 are available for streaming through Netflix.

text: Soundtracks[edit]

text: Composed by Jim Parker, the iconic main theme is a moderate-tempo waltz, performed (primarily though not exclusively) on an unusual electronic musical instrument, the theremin, which has a sound not unlike a low whistle or a human voice. The theremin part was played by Celia Sheen (1940–2011). From the 14th series onwards the soundtrack was altered so that during the closing titles a standardised version of the theme is played on a solo violin in place of the theremin. Occasionally a version with a longer introduction opens the show, using a flute rather than a theremin as the lead instrument.

text: Three soundtrack CDs have been released so far, containing musical cues from various series. The first two sold out quickly and are now out of print, making them extremely hard to find. The most recent soundtrack is currently being given away to subscribers of the Midsomer Murders DVD/Magazine package in the UK and the Netherlands.

text: Midsomer Murders[edit]

text:
Midsomer MurdersSoundtrack album by Jim ParkerReleased
1998Genre
SoundtrackLength
65:15Label
Oceandeep Soundtracks Ltd

text: The first soundtrack release contains music from the first two series.

text: All music composed and conducted by Jim Parker

text: No.TitleLength1."Midsomer Murders"2:512."Agnus Dei"2:053."The Village"2:054."An Irish Boy"3:145."Cambridge"1:586."Funeral Dance"3:557."Driving Home"1:498."Haunted Rooms"2:329."Discovery of a Dead Body"3:5510."The Commune"2:4511."The Alcoholic Fox-trot"1:4112."Sarah's Lament"1:5913."The Madonna's Statue"2:4714."Milking Time"2:1015."Scratching The Paintwork"2:4416."Ancient Rome"2:4717."Looking For Clues"2:0818."Death on Stage"2:3519."Rosa"2:4120."The Village Band"1:5721."Cully's Tune"1:5722."Bunny Cakes"2:1723."Magic Pipes"1:4324."Hunt And Kill"3:3725."Meeting in the Dark"2:2226."The Fairground"2:03Total length:65:15

text: The Best of Midsomer Murders[edit]

text:
The Best of Midsomer MurdersSoundtrack album by Jim ParkerReleased
16 September 2002Genre
SoundtrackLength
63:05Label
Universal Classics

text: The second soundtrack release contains music from the first five series of Midsomer Murders, featuring both recycled cues from the previous release as well as some new material.

text: All music was conducted by Jim Parker, except for track 17 conducted by Don Lusher.

text: All tracks written by Jim Parker.

text: No.TitleLength1."Midsomer Murders"2:512."Agnus Dei"2:053."The Village"2:054."Isobel"2:085."Cambridge"1:586."Libera Me"2:087."Driving Home"1:498."Discovery of a Dead Body"3:559."Hunting"1:5110."The Commune"2:4511."The Alcoholic Fox – trot"1:4112."Sarah's Lament"1:5913."The Madonna's Statue"2:4714."Milking Time"2:1015."Rosa"2:4116."Ancient Rome"2:4717."The Postman"2:3818."Looking For Clues"2:0819."A Roving"2:0120."The Village Band"1:5721."An Irish Boy"3:1422."Cully's Tune"1:5723."Haunted Rooms"2:3224."Bunny Cakes"2:1725."Magic Pipes"1:4326."Meeting in the Dark"2:2227."The Fairground"2:03Total length:63:05

text: The Music of Midsomer Murders[edit]

text:
The Music of Midsomer MurdersSoundtrack album by Jim ParkerReleased
2006Genre
SoundtrackLength
43:39Label
Bentley Productions Ltd

text: This third release was given away to anyone subscribing to the series' DVD/magazine package, and once again contains a few new cues, while largely recycling old material.

text: All music was conducted by Jim Parker except for track 14, conducted by Don Lusher.

text: All tracks written by Jim Parker.

text: No.TitleLength1."Midsomer Murders"2:512."Ponies"2:503."Isobel"2:084."Seduction, 1953"2:225."Hunting"1:516."Discovery of a Dead Body"3:557."Driving Home"1:498."The Alcoholic Foxtrot"1:419."An Irish Boy"3:1410."Cambridge"1:5811."Rosa"2:4112."Milking Time"2:1013."Cully's Tune"1:5514."The Postman"1:3115."A Roving"2:0116."Magic Pipes"1:4417."The Village Band"1:5418."Haunted Rooms"2:3219."The Fairground"2:03Total length:43:39

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: All 114 episodes that have aired so far have been released in the UK (Region 2) including three Christmas specials. The first 18 series and "Part 1" of series 19 of Midsomer Murders have been released in Australia[23] and New Zealand (Region 4). Note that episodes 1 to 100 were originally released as 25 "sets", which are now discontinued, and have been rereleased as "series" 1 to 16 in redesigned packages.

text: In January 2006, Midsomer Murders started a DVD and Magazine Collection, available at newsagents in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the UK.[citation needed]

text: Acorn Media UK has released 24 DVD sets of Midsomer Murders in North America as well as several collections, which are:

text:
The Early Cases 10 disc collection of 18 episodes includes the pilot episode and those of series one, two, three, and four (except the last episode), as well as a bonus disc featuring a behind-the-scenes documentary.
Acorn's "Barnaby's Casebook" 10 disc collection has 17 episodes, including the last episode of series four, followed by those of seasons five, six, and seven.
Acorn's "Village Case Files" 8 disc collection includes the 16 episodes of seasons eight, and nine; and a 4 minute bonus clip from season one.
Acorn's "Mayhem & Mystery" 15 disc collection includes the 17 episodes of seasons ten and eleven.
Acorn's "Tom Barnaby's Last Cases" 15 disc collection includes the 17 episodes of seasons twelve and thirteen.

text: Books[edit]

text:
Graham, Caroline (1987). The Killings at Badger's Drift. ISBN 978-0-917561-41-2.
Graham, Caroline (1989). Death of a Hollow Man. ISBN 978-0-7126-2911-9.
Graham, Caroline (1993). Death in Disguise. ISBN 978-0-7472-0608-8.
Graham, Caroline (1994). Written in Blood. ISBN 978-0-7472-4664-0.
Graham, Caroline (1996). Faithful unto Death. ISBN 978-0-7472-1665-0.
Graham, Caroline (1999). A Place of Safety. ISBN 978-0312244194.
Graham, Caroline (2004). A Ghost in the Machine. ISBN 978-0755307722.
Evans, Jeff (2003). Midsomer Murders: The Making of An English Crime Classic. Batsford. ISBN 9780713487688.


document_title: Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)

question_text: how many legislative assemblies are there in india

text: State legislature[edit]

text: In states where there are two houses there is a Legislative Council and a Legislative Assembly. In such a case, the Legislative Council is the Upper House, while Legislative Assembly is the Lower House of the State Legislature.

text: The Governor shall not be a member of the Legislature or Parliament, shall not hold any office of profit, and shall be entitled to emoluments and allowances. (Article 158 of Indian constitution).

text: The Legislative Assembly consists of not more than 500 members and not fewer than 60. The biggest state, Uttar Pradesh, has 403 members in its Assembly. States which have small populations and are small in size have a provision for having an even lesser number of members in the Legislative Assembly. Puducherry has 30 members. Mizoram and Goa have only 40 members each. Sikkim has 32. All members of the Legislative Assembly are elected on the basis of adult franchise, and one member is elected from one constituency. Just as the President has the power to nominate two Anglo Indians to the Lok Sabha, similarly, the Governor has the power to nominate one member[1] from the Anglo Indian community as he/she deems fit, if he/she is of the opinion that they are not adequately represented in the Assembly.

text: Qualification[edit]

text: The qualifications to become a member of the state Legislature are largely similar to the qualifications to be a member of Parliament. i) The person should be a citizen of India ii) not less than 25 years of age[2] to be a member of the Legislative Assembly and not less than 30 years as per Article 173 of Indian Constitution to be a member of the Legislative Council.

text: No person can become a member of the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council of any state, unless the individual is a voter from any constituency of the state. Those who cannot become members of Parliament also cannot become members of the state legislature.

text: The member is elected by the people of that particular constituency and represents those people in the legislative assembly and debates on issues related to his or her constituency. The MLA's position is like an MP, but the difference is only that MLA is in the state level and the MP is in the national level.

text: Term[edit]

text: The term of the Legislative Assembly is five years. However, it may be dissolved earlier than that by the Governor on the request of the Chief Minister. The term of the Legislative Assembly may be extended during an emergency, but not more than six months at a time. The Legislative Council is the Upper House in the State. Just like the Rajya Sabha it is a permanent House. The members of the state's upper house are selected based on the strength of each party in the lower house and by state gubernatorial nomination. The term of is six years, and a third of the members of the House retire after every two years. The upper house of a state assembly, unlike the Upper house of the Parliament, can be abolished by the lower house, if it passes a specific law bill, which states to dissolve the upper house, and gets it attested in both houses of parliament and then signed by the president into law. Only Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh have their upper houses in existence with 6 year term, J&K also has 6 year term lower house. All other states have abolished the upper house by the above-mentioned method, as the upper house causes unnecessary problems and issues.

text: Powers[edit]

text: The most important function of the legislature is law making. The State Legislature has the power to make laws on all items on which Parliament cannot legislate. Some of these items are police, prisons, irrigation, agriculture, local governments, public health, pilgrimages, and burial grounds. Some topics on which both Parliament and states can make laws are education, marriage and divorce, forests, and the protection of wild animals and birds.

text: As regards money bills, the position is the same. Bills can originate only in the Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Council can either pass the bill within 14 days of the date of the receipt of the Bill or suggest changes in it within 14 days. These changes may or may not be accepted by the Assembly.

text: The state legislature, besides making laws, has one electoral power, in electing the President of India. Elected members of the Legislative Assembly along with the elected members of Parliament are involved in this process.

text: Some parts of the Constitution can be amended by Parliament with the approval of half of state legislatures. Thus the state legislatures take part in the process of amendment of the Constitution.

text: MLA party memberships as of 15 May 2018[edit]

text:
State name
Total
BJP
INC
Leftists
Socialist
NDA
Others
Ind.
Vacant

Andhra Pradesh
175
4

TDP 125, YSRCP 46

Arunachal Pradesh
60
48
1

PPA 9

2

Assam
126
61
25

AGP 14, BPF 12
AIUDF 13
1

Bihar
243
53
27
CPI-ML 3
RJD 81
JDU 70, LJP 2, RLSP 2
HAM 1
4

Chhattisgarh
90
49
39

BSP 1
1

Goa
40
14
16

MGP 3, GFP 3,NCP 1

3

Gujarat
182
99
76

BTP 2, NCP 1
2

Haryana
90
47
17

INLD 19
SAD 1
BSP 1
5

Himachal Pradesh
68
44
21
CPM 1

2

Jammu & Kashmir
87
25
12
CPM 1

JKPC 2
PDP 28, NC 15, PDF 1
3

Jharkhand
81
43
7
CPI-ML 1, MCC 1
JMM 19, JBSP 1
AJSU 4
JVM(P) 2, BSP 1, JP 1, NSM 1

Karnataka
224
104
79

JDS 36

BSP1, KPJP 1
1
2

Kerala
140
1
22
CPM 57, CPI 19, CMP(KSC) 1, RSP(L) 1, C(S) 1, NSC 1, KCB 1
JDS 3

IUML 18, KCM 6, KCJ 1, NCP 2,
5
1

Madhya Pradesh
230
165
58

BSP 4
3

Maharashtra
288
122
42
PWPI 3, CPM 1

SS 63, RSP 1
NCP 41, BVA 3, AIMIM 2, MNS 1, BBM 1
7
1

Manipur
60
31
19

NPF 4, NPP 4, LJP 1

1

Meghalaya
60
2
21

NPP 20, UDP 6, PDP 4,  HSPDP 2
NCP 1, KHNAM 1
3

Mizoram
40

34

MNF 5
MPC 1

Nagaland
60
12

NDPP 18, NPP 2, JDU 1
NPF 26
1

Odisha
147
10
16
CPM 1
BJD 117, SKD 1

2

Punjab
117
3
78

SAD 14
AAP 20, LIP 2

Rajasthan
200
162
25

NPP 1
BSP 2, NUZP 2
7
1

Sikkim
32

SDF 22
SKM 10

Tamil Nadu
234

8

AIADMK 117, DMK 89, IUML 1
1
18*

Telangana
119
5
13
CPM 1

TRS 90, AIMIM 7, TDP 3

Tripura
60
36

CPM 16

IPFT 8

Uttar Pradesh
403
311
7

SP 48
ADS 9, SBSP 4
BSP 19
5

Uttarakhand
70
57
11

2

West Bengal
294
3
38
CPM 26, RSP 3, AIFB 2, CPI 1

AITC 217, GJM 3
1

Delhi
70
4

AAP 66

Puducherry
30

15

AINRC 8
AIADMK 4 , DMK 2
1

Total
4120
1515
727
142
325
320
1003
63
23

text: Presiding officers[edit]

text: Similar to the Presiding officers of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council also have Presiding Officers. The Legislative Assembly has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker and the Legislative Council has a Chairman and a Deputy Chairman. They are elected from among the members of the House.