document_title: Term limits in the United States

question_text: which house of congress has no term limits

text: Term limits in the United States

text: Historical background[edit]

text: The Constitution[edit]

text: Term limits date back to the American Revolution, and prior to that to the democracies and republics of antiquity. The council of 500 in ancient Athens rotated its entire membership annually, as did the ephorate in ancient Sparta. The ancient Roman Republic featured a system of elected magistrates—tribunes of the plebs, aediles, quaestors, praetors, and consuls —who served a single term of one year, with re-election to the same magistracy forbidden for ten years (see cursus honorum).[1] According to historian Garrett Fagan, office holding in the Roman Republic was based on "limited tenure of office" which ensured that "authority circulated frequently", helping to prevent corruption.[1] An additional benefit of the cursus honorum or Run of Offices was to bring the "most experienced" politicians to the upper echelons of power-holding in the ancient republic.[1] Many of the founders of the United States were educated in the classics, and quite familiar with rotation in office during antiquity. The debates of that day reveal a desire to study and profit from the object lessons offered by ancient democracy.

text: Prior to independence, several colonies had already experimented with term limits. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut of 1639, for example, prohibited the colonial governor from serving consecutive terms, setting terms at one year's length, and holding "that no person be chosen Governor above once in two years."[2] Shortly after independence, the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 set maximum service in the Pennsylvania General Assembly at "four years in seven".[3] Benjamin Franklin's influence is seen not only in that he chaired the constitutional convention which drafted the Pennsylvania constitution, but also because it included, virtually unchanged, Franklin's earlier proposals on executive rotation. Pennsylvania's plural executive was composed of twelve citizens elected for the term of three years, followed by a mandatory vacation of four years.[4]

text: The Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1781, established term limits for the delegates to the Continental Congress, mandating in Article V that "no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years."[5]

text: On October 2, 1789, the Continental Congress appointed a committee of thirteen to examine forms of government for the impending union of the states. Among the proposals was that from the State of Virginia, written by Thomas Jefferson, urging a limitation of tenure, "to prevent every danger which might arise to American freedom by continuing too long in office the members of the Continental Congress".[6] The committee made recommendations, which as regards congressional term limits were incorporated unchanged into the Articles of Confederation (1781–89). The fifth Article stated that "no person shall be capable of being a delegate [to the continental congress] for more than three years in any term of six years".[7]

text: Term limits in the Constitution[edit]

text: In contrast to the Articles of Confederation, the federal constitution convention at Philadelphia omitted mandatory term limits from the second national frame of government, i.e. the U.S. Constitution of 1789 to the present. However, George Washington set the informal precedent for a two-term limit for the Presidency—a tradition that prevailed until Franklin Roosevelt's presidency, after which the 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1951 formally establishing in law the two-term limit.

text: However, when the states ratified the Constitution (1787–88), several leading statesmen regarded the lack of mandatory limits to tenure as a dangerous defect, especially, they thought, as regards the presidency and the Senate. Richard Henry Lee viewed the absence of legal limits to tenure, together with certain other features of the Constitution, as "most highly and dangerously oligarchic".[8] Both Jefferson[9] and George Mason[10] advised limits on reelection to the Senate and to the Presidency, because said Mason, "nothing is so essential to the preservation of a Republican government as a periodic rotation". The historian Mercy Otis Warren, warned that "there is no provision for a rotation, nor anything to prevent the perpetuity of office in the same hands for life; which by a little well-timed bribery, will probably be done".[11]

text: 19th century[edit]

text: The fact that "perpetuity in office" was not approached until the 20th century is due in part to the influence of rotation in office as a popular 19th-century concept. "Ideas are, in truth, forces", and rotation in office enjoyed such normative support, especially at the local level, that it altered political reality.[12] For a detailed study of the 19th-century concepts of rotation, consult Political Science Quarterly, vol. 94, "House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation", by Robert Struble, Jr. See also his Treatise on Twelve Lights,[13] chapter six, "Rotation in History". Consult also, James Young's The Washington Community, 1800–1828.

text: According to Young, the tendency to look with mistrust upon political power was so ingrained into American culture that even the officeholders themselves perceived their occupations in a disparaging light.[14] James Fenimore Cooper described the common view that "contact with the affairs of state is one of the most corrupting of the influences to which men are exposed".[15] An article in the Richmond Enquirer (1822) noted that the "long cherished" principle of rotation in office had been impressed on the republican mind "by a kind of intuitive impulse, unassailable to argument or authority".[16]

text: Beginning about the 1830s, Jacksonian democracy introduced a less idealistic twist to the practice of limiting terms. Rotation in office came to mean taking turns in the distribution of political prizes.[17] Rotation of nominations to the U.S. House of Representatives—the prizes—became a key element of payoffs to the party faithful. The leading lights in the local party machinery came to regard a nomination for the House as "salary" for political services rendered. A new code of political ethics evolved, based on the proposition that "turnabout is fair play".[18] In short, rotation of nominations was intertwined with the spoils system.

text: In district nominating conventions local leaders could negotiate and enforce agreements to pass the nominations around among themselves. Abraham Lincoln was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846 under such a bargain, and he returned home to Springfield after a single congressional term because, he wrote, "to enter myself as a competitor of another, or to authorize anyone so to enter me, is what my word and honor forbid".[19]

text: During the Civil War, the Confederate States Constitution limited its president to a single six-year term.

text: Era of incumbency[edit]

text: The practice of nomination rotation for the House of Representatives began to decline after the Civil War. It took a generation or so before the direct primary system, civil service reforms, and the ethic of professionalism worked to eliminate rotation in office as a common political practice. By the turn of the 20th century the era of incumbency was coming into full swing.

text: A total of 8 presidents served two full terms and declined a third and three presidents served one full term and refused a second. After World War II, however, an officeholder class had developed to the point that congressional tenure rivaled that of the U.S. Supreme Court, where tenure is for life.

text: Term limits movement[edit]

text: "Homesteading," or securing a lifelong career in Congress, was made possible by reelection rates that approached 100% by the end of the 20th century. The concept of homesteading brought about a popular movement known as the "term-limits movement". The elections of 1990–94 saw the adoption of term limits for state legislatures in almost every state where citizens had the power of the initiative. In addition, 23 states limited service in their delegation to Congress. As they pertain to Congress, these laws are no longer enforceable, however, as in 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned congressional term limits in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, ruling that state governments cannot limit the terms of members of the national government.[20]

text: Where rotation in the legislative branch has withstood court challenges, term limits continue to garner popular support. As of 2002, the advocacy group "U.S. Term Limits" found that in the 17 states where state legislators served in rotation, public support for term limits ranged from 60 to 78 percent.[21]

text: Federal term limits[edit]

text:
Office
Term limits

President
Limited to being elected to a total of 2 four-year terms. A President by succession who completes more than two years of a former President's unfinished term may be elected in his or her own right only once, and 2 more four-year terms are permitted if they complete two years or less. Becoming a President by succession may happen to someone an unlimited number of times, for example, if he or she is Vice President and the President dies, resigns or is removed from office via impeachment conviction.[22][23]

Vice President
Unlimited four-year terms

House of Representatives
Unlimited two-year terms

Senate
Unlimited six-year terms

Supreme Court
No term limits, appointed to serve "during good behavior"[24] (but can be impeached and removed from office for "high Crimes and Misdemeanors"); in practice a Justice serves until death or stepping down (by retirement or resignation)

text: As of 2013, term limits at the federal level are restricted to the executive branch and some agencies. Judicial appointments at the federal level are made for life, and are not subject to election or to term limits. The U.S. Congress remains (since the Thornton decision of 1995) without electoral limits. During one of Trump's speeches from October 2016, he is quoted as having planned to impose term limits on Congress within his first hundred days in office.[25]

text: President[edit]

text: The first U.S. president, George Washington, started the tradition of informal presidential term limits by refusing to run for a third term (originally he claimed he did not want to run in the first place, much less for a second term). The short-lived Confederate States of America adopted a six-year term for their president and vice-president and barred the president from seeking re-election. That innovation was endorsed by many American politicians after the American Civil War, most notably by Rutherford B. Hayes in his inaugural address.

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt (president, 1933–1945) was the first and only U.S. president to break Washington's tradition successfully. He died in office a few months after starting his fourth term. This gave rise to a successful move in Congress to formalize the traditional two-term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution. As ratified in 1951, the Twenty-Second Amendment provides that "no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice".

text: Congress[edit]

text: Reformers during the early 1990s used the initiative and referendum to put congressional term limits on the ballot in 24 states. Voters in eight of these states approved the congressional term limits by an average electoral margin of two to one.[26] It was an open question whether states had the constitutional authority to enact these limits. In May 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5–4 in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779 (1995), that states cannot impose term limits upon their federal Representatives or Senators.

text: In the 1994 elections, part of the Republican platform included legislation for term limits in Congress. After winning the majority, a Republican congressman brought a constitutional amendment to the House floor that proposed limiting members of the Senate to two six-year terms and members of the House to six two-year terms.[27] However, this rate of rotation was so slow (the life-tenured Supreme Court averages in the vicinity of twelve years) that the congressional version of term-limits garnered little support among the populist backers of term limits, including U.S. Term Limits, the largest private organization pushing for congressional term limits.[28][citation needed] The bill got only a bare majority (227–204), falling short of the two-thirds majority (290) needed for constitutional amendments.[29] Three other term limit amendment bills failed to get more than 200 votes.[30]

text: Defeated in Congress and overridden by the Supreme Court, the federal term limit uprising was brought to a halt. The term limits intended simultaneously to reform state legislatures (as distinguished from the federal congressional delegations) remain in force, however, in fifteen states.[31][32]

text: In 2007 Larry J. Sabato revived the debate over term limits by arguing in A More Perfect Constitution that the success and popularity of term limits at the state level suggests that they should be adopted at the federal level as well. He specifically put forth the idea of congressional term limits and suggested a national constitutional convention be used to accomplish the amendment, since the Congress would be unlikely to propose and adopt any amendment that limits its own power.

text: Some state legislators have also expressed their opinions on term limits. It is confirmed that in the following five states—and there may be others—state lawmakers approved resolutions asking Congress to propose a federal constitutional amendment to limit the number of terms which members of Congress may serve:

text: This section has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
South Dakota Legislature (designated as POM-42 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 1989, South Dakota House Joint Resolution No. 1001 (see Congressional Record of April 4, 1989, at pages 5395 and 5396, with verbatim text provided);
Hawaii Senate (designated as Memorial 400 in the U.S. House of Representatives) approved in 1990, Hawaii Senate Resolution No. 41—unicameral only (see Congressional Record of September 28, 1998, at page 22655) it took 8 years for this resolution to find its way into the Congressional Record and to be correctly referred to the Committee on the Judiciary—and even then, its text was not provided in the Congressional Record); back in 1990, Hawaii's S.R. No. 41 was indeed received by the U.S. House of Representatives, and was designated as Memorial 416, (Congressional Record of June 6, 1990, at pages 13262 and 13263) but the resolution was erroneously referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce—and its text is NOT provided in the Congressional Record;
Utah Legislature (designated as POM-644 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 1990, Utah Senate Joint Resolution No. 24 (see Congressional Record of September 27, 1994, at page 26033, with verbatim text provided) it took four years for this resolution to find its way into the U.S. Senate's portion of the Congressional Record;
Idaho Legislature (designated as Memorial 401 in the U.S. House of Representatives) approved in 1992, Idaho Senate Joint Memorial No. 116 (see Congressional Record of April 29, 1992, at page 9804—text NOT provided in the Congressional Record); and
Florida Legislature (designated as POM-122 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 2012, Florida House Memorial No. 83 (see Congressional Record of July 25, 2012, at page S5378, with verbatim text provided). Taking matters a bit further, on February 10, 2016, Florida lawmakers approved House Memorial No. 417 calling upon Congress, pursuant to Article V of the Federal Constitution, to assemble a Convention to prepare a constitutional amendment that would establish term limits upon members of Congress.

tag: ol

text: Supreme Court[edit]

text: Legal scholars have discussed whether or not to impose term limits on the Supreme Court of the United States. Currently, Supreme Court Justices are appointed for life "during good behavior". A sentiment has developed, among certain scholars, that the Supreme Court may not be accountable in a way that is most in line with the spirit of checks and balances.[33] Equally, scholars have argued that life tenure has taken on a new meaning in a modern context.[34] Changes in medical care have markedly raised life expectancy and therefore has allowed Justices to serve for longer than ever before.[33][34] Steven G. Calebresi and James Lindgren, professors of law at Northwestern University, argued that, because vacancies in the court are occurring with less frequency and justices served on average, between 1971 and 2006, for 26.1 years, the "efficacy of the democratic check that the appointment process provides on the Court's membership" is reduced.[33] There have been several similar proposals to implement term limits for the nation's highest court, including Professor of Law at Duke University, Paul Carrington's 2005 "The Supreme Court Renewal Act of 2005".[35]

text: Many of the proposals center around a term limit for Justices that would be 18 years (Larry Sabato, Professor of Political Science at University of Virginia, suggested between 15 and 18 years).[33][34][35][36] The proposed staggered term limits of 18 years would, according to Calebresi, Lindgren (2006), and Carrington (2005), allow for a new appointment to the Court every two years, which in effect would allow every president at least two appointments.[34][35] Professor Carrington has argued that such a measure would not require a constitutional amendment as the "Constitution doesn’t even mention life tenure; it merely requires that justices serve during ‘good behaviour’ ".[34] The idea was not without support among Judges, as John Roberts supported term limits before he was appointed to the Supreme Court as Chief Justice. Calebresi, Lingren, and Carrington have also proposed that when justices have served out their proposed 18-year term they should be able to sit on other Federal Courts until retirement, death, or removal.[33][34]

text: Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind Poll measured American voters’ attitudes towards various proposed Supreme Court reforms, including implementing term limits. The 2010 poll found that a majority of Americans were largely unaware of a proposal to impose a term limit of 18 years, as 82% reported they had heard little or nothing at all.[37] Notwithstanding a lack of awareness, 52% of Americans approved of limiting terms to 18 years, while 35% disapproved.[37] When asked how old is too old for a Supreme Court judge to serve if he or she seems healthy, 48% said "no limit as long as he or she is healthy", while 31% agreed that anyone over the age of 70 is too old.[37]

text: Some state lawmakers have officially expressed to Congress a desire for a federal constitutional amendment to limit terms of Supreme Court justices as well as of judges of federal courts below the Supreme Court level. While there might be others, below are three known examples:

text:
In 1957, the Alabama Legislature adopted Senate Joint Resolution No. 47 on the subject (appearing in the U.S. Senate's portion of the Congressional Record on July 3, 1957, at page 10863, with full text provided);
In 1978, the Tennessee General Assembly adopted House Joint Resolution No. 21 on the subject (designated as POM-612 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of April 25, 1978, at page 11437); and
In 1998, the Louisiana House of Representatives adopted House Resolution No. 120 on the subject (designated as POM-511 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of July 17, 1998, at page 16076).

text: State term limits[edit]

text: Term limits for state officials have existed since colonial times. The Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties of 1682, and the colonial frame of government of the same year, both authored by William Penn, provided for triennial rotation of the provincial council—the upper house of the colonial legislature.[38] The Delaware Constitution of 1776 limited the governor to a single three-year term; currently, the governor of Delaware can serve two four-year terms.

text: At present, 36 states have term limits of various types for their governors. To circumvent the term limit in Alabama incumbent governor George Wallace pushed through the nomination of his wife Lurleen, in the 1966 Democratic primary, which was, in those days, the real contest in Alabama. It was generally understood that Mrs. Wallace would only be a titular governor while her husband continued to hold the real power. She won the election, but only served 16 months before dying in 1968.

text: As indicated above, in fifteen state legislatures the members serve in rotation, i.e., under term limits enacted during the reforms of the early 1990s. In another six states, however, state legislatures have either overturned their own limits or state supreme courts have ruled such limits unconstitutional. In 2002 the Idaho Legislature became the first legislature of its kind to repeal its own term limits, enacted by a public vote in 1994, ostensibly because it applied to local officials along with the legislature.

text: Gubernatorial term limits[edit]

text:
No limit
  No limit, two-year terms
  One; re-eligible after 4 years

  Two; re-eligible after 4 years
  Two; eligible 8 out of 12 years
  Two; eligible 8 out of 16 years
  Two, absolute

text: Governors of 36 states and four territories are subject to various term limits, while the governors of 14 states, Puerto Rico, and the Mayor of Washington, D.C., may serve an unlimited number of times. Each state's gubernatorial term limits are prescribed by its state constitution, with the exception of Wyoming, whose limits are found in its statutes. Territorial term limits are prescribed by its constitution in the Northern Mariana Islands, the Organic Acts in Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and by statute in American Samoa.

text: Unique in its restriction, Virginia prohibits its governors from succeeding themselves, although former governors are re-eligible after four years out of office.[39] Many other states formerly had this prohibition, but all had eliminated it by 2000.

text: The governors of the following states and territories are limited to two consecutive terms, but are re-eligible after four years out of office: Alabama,[40] Alaska,[41] Arizona,[42] Colorado,[43] Florida,[44] Georgia,[45] Hawaii,[46] Kansas,[47] Kentucky,[48] Louisiana,[49] Maine,[50] Maryland,[51] Nebraska,[52] New Jersey,[53] New Mexico,[54] North Carolina,[55] Ohio,[56] Pennsylvania,[57] Rhode Island,[58] South Carolina,[59] South Dakota,[60] Tennessee,[61] West Virginia,[62] American Samoa,[63] Guam,[64] and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[65] Equivalently, the Governors of Indiana[66] and Oregon[67] are limited to serving 8 out of any 12 years. Conversely, the Governors of Montana[68] and Wyoming[69] are restricted to two terms, limited to serving 8 out of any 16 years. Finally, the governors of the following states and territory are absolutely limited (for life) to two terms: Arkansas,[70] California,[71] Delaware,[72] Michigan,[73] Mississippi,[74] Missouri,[75] Nevada,[76] the Northern Mariana Islands,[77] and Oklahoma.[78] The current Governor of California (Jerry Brown) is, however, serving a fourth (non-consecutive) term because his first two terms were before limits were passed in California, and the limits did not apply to individuals' prior terms.

text: The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont may serve unlimited two-year terms. The governors in the following states, district, and territory may serve unlimited four-year terms: Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, North Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The Governor of Utah was formerly limited to serving three terms, but all term limit laws have since been repealed by the legislature.

text: State legislatures with term limits[edit]

text: The following 15 legislatures have term limits:

text:
Arizona Legislature: four consecutive two-year terms for both houses (eight years). No limit on total number of terms.
Arkansas General Assembly: sixteen years total in either the House or the Senate. (Prior to the 2014 election, the previous limits of three two-year terms for House members (six years) and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years) applied).
California State Legislature: twelve years total in either Assembly or Senate. (For legislators first elected on or before June 5, 2012, the previous limits (enacted in 1990) of either three two-year terms for Assembly members (six years) and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years) apply).
Colorado General Assembly: four consecutive two-year terms in the House (eight years) and two consecutive four-year terms in the Senate (eight years).
Florida Legislature: may serve no more than eight consecutive years in either house. No limit on total number of terms.
Louisiana State Legislature: three consecutive four-year terms for both houses (twelve years). Members may run for the opposite body without having to sit out an election.
Maine Legislature: four two-year terms for both houses (eight years). No limit on total number of terms
Michigan Legislature: three two-year terms for House members (six years) and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years).
Missouri General Assembly: four consecutive two-year terms for House members (eight years) and two four-year consecutive terms for Senate members (eight years). Members may be elected again to the other house, but not serve more than 16 years.
Montana State Legislature: four two-year terms for House members (eight years) in any sixteen-year period and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years) in any sixteen-year period.
Nebraska Legislature: unicameral legislature; members limited to two consecutive four-year terms (eight years), after which they must wait four years before running again.[79]
Nevada Legislature: six two-year terms for Assembly members (twelve years) and three four-year terms for Senate members (twelve years).
Ohio General Assembly: four consecutive two-year terms for House members (eight years) and two consecutive four-year terms for Senate members (eight years).
Oklahoma Legislature: six two-year terms for House members (twelve years) and three four-year terms for Senate members (twelve years). Once term-limited in one house, a legislator cannot be elected to the other.
South Dakota Legislature: four consecutive two-year terms for both houses (eight years).

text: Overturned or repealed state legislative term limits[edit]

text: The following six legislatures have had their term limits nullified:

text:
Idaho Legislature: the Legislature repealed its own term limits in 2002.
Massachusetts General Court: the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court overturned term limits in 1997.
Oregon Legislative Assembly: the Oregon Supreme Court ruled term limits unconstitutional in 2002. See term limits in Oregon.
Utah State Legislature: the Legislature repealed its own term limits in 2003.
Washington State Legislature: the Washington Supreme Court voided term limits in 1998.
Wyoming Legislature: the Wyoming Supreme Court ruled term limits unconstitutional in 2004. See term limits in Wyoming.

text: Municipal term limits[edit]

text: Some local governments have term limits. In Philadelphia, the mayor cannot be elected three consecutive times, but there is no limit on how long any individual can serve as mayor. Frank Rizzo was elected mayor in 1971 and 1975; he attempted to repeal the term limit, but failed and could not run in 1979. He ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for mayor in 1983 but he lost to Wilson Goode. In 1986, he switched to the Republican Party, and ran as a Republican in the mayoral elections of 1987 and 1991.

text: Limits vary from city to city even within the same state. For example, Houston, Texas, has a limit of 2 four-year terms (prior to November 3, 2015, 3 two-year terms dating back to 1991), while San Antonio, Texas, has a limit of 4 two-year terms. Both Houston and San Antonio's term limits are absolute; elected officeholders are ineligible to run for the same position where seeking higher office is common.

text: A two-term limit was imposed on New York City Council members and citywide elected officials (except for district attorneys) in New York City after a 1993 referendum (see the Charter of the City of New York, § 1138). On November 3, 2008, however, when Michael Bloomberg was in his second term of mayor, the City Council approved the extension of the two-term limit to a three-term limit; one year later, he was elected to a third term. The two-term limit was reinstated after a referendum in 2010.[80][81]

text: In Los Angeles the mayor serves two four-year terms since 1993, while the City Council serve three four-year terms.

text: In Cincinnati, Ohio, the term limit for mayor is two successive four-year terms. Council members are limited to two successive four-year terms. There is no limit to total terms that may be served, just a limit on successive terms.

text: In New Orleans, City Council members are limited to two four-year terms. However, a council member representing one of the five council districts may run for one of the two at-large seats on the council once they reach the two-term limit, and vice versa. There is no limit on the number of terms a council member may serve in a lifetime. Since 1954, the mayor of New Orleans has been limited to two consecutive four-year elected terms, but he or she may be elected again after sitting out one four-year term. When the new city plan of government was adopted, the mayor at the time, DeLesseps Story Morrison, was exempt from term limits due to a grandfather clause.

text: Under the original Metropolitan Charter adopted in 1962, the mayor of Nashville was limited to three consecutive four-year terms, which was subsequently reduced to two consecutive four-year terms in 1991. Councilors were likewise limited to two consecutive four-year terms, but subsequent court rulings have determined the offices of district councilor and at-large councilor to be separate offices even though all councilors serve together in one unicameral body, which has meant that at large councilors have continued in office as district members, and (more frequently) district councilors have been elected to subsequent terms as at large councilors.


document_title: The Professor (Gilligan's Island)

question_text: what was the professor's name on gilligan's island

question_tokens: what was the professor 's name on gilligan 's island

root

text: The Professor (Gilligan's Island)

text: This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Professor Roy Hinkley

Gilligan's Island character

First appearance
"Marooned"
Gilligan's Island (pilot, 1963)

Last appearance
"Gilligan's Army"
Gilligan's Planet (1982)

Created by
Sherwood Schwartz

Portrayed by
1963 – John Gabriel
1964-1983 – Russell Johnson

Information

Nickname(s)
The Professor

Gender
male

Occupation
High School Science Teacher
Scoutmaster
College professor

text: Roy Hinkley, referred to as the Professor, is one of the seven castaways from the television series Gilligan's Island (1964–67); he was played by Russell Johnson. The character was originally played by John Gabriel in the pilot episode, but the network thought he looked too young to have all the degrees attributed to the Professor.

tag: p

text: Character summary[edit]

text: The Professor's backstory identifies him as Roy Hinkley (though his actual name is rarely mentioned during the series), a high-school science teacher who was born in Cleveland, Ohio.[1] His principal expertise was as a botanist, whose purpose in joining the ill-fated voyage that stranded the castaways was to write a book to be titled Fun With Ferns. His main function on the show was to devise many ways for the castaways to live more comfortably on the island. Many of his inventions (including a method for recharging the batteries in the ubiquitous radio) used coconuts and bamboo, both of which were in plentiful supply. Aside from his proficiency in science, he was also adept and well-versed in law, literature, social sciences, and the arts. Besides a list of degrees from various schools (including USC, UCLA, SMU, and TCU) he provides in one episode, little was ever learned about his past and nothing was ever learned about his family. In several episodes, brief remarks are made on his past: in the pilot he is described as a research scientist and "well-known scoutmaster"; in another when a big game hunter comes to the island and asks the Professor what sports he took, the answer is "chess"; after kissing Ginger for a prolonged period (during filming of a silent movie), he claims to be a "scuba diver"; in another, when the castaways try to recreate who killed "Randolph Blake", the Professor threatens to "...cancel his subscription to the Science Quarterly". Also, in the episode "Will the Real Mr. Howell Please Stand Up?", the Professor states that he does "...hold a Masters Degree in Psychology".

text: The Professor was portrayed as the most neutral and level-headed character. He usually displayed more patience with Gilligan than the other castaways, and was often called upon to settle disputes. As a result, he often served as the leader of the castaways whom the others respected because of his great store of knowledge, although the castaways rarely mentioned this. For unexplained reasons—possibly for research purposes in writing his book (although titled Fun with Ferns, ferns may not have been its sole topic)—the Professor brought a large number of books on diverse subjects such as chemistry and anthropology of the South Sea Islanders on a three-hour pleasure-cruise in Hawaii. On many occasions, he conveniently pulls out a book which has exactly the facts needed to fix or explain a particular problem they are having. In several episodes, electric power for phonographs or washing machines is generated by employing someone (usually Gilligan) to manually pedal, or turn, a pulley, which the Professor has engineered.

text: The Professor was also depicted as completely asexual. Russell Johnson has confirmed that it was the producers' intention for his character due to concern from the censors. Unusual for its day, the show actually includes a line where the Professor directly states to Ginger his lack of interest in either sex or romance.

text: A running joke about the Professor was his ability to build nearly anything from coconuts and bamboo, yet he was somehow unable to repair the damaged Minnow, construct a seaworthy raft or find other means to leave the island. This was parodied in the sitcom Roseanne.

text: The show's producer, Sherwood Schwartz, answered this paradox in an interview, when he said that the Professor's behavior was logical and quite typical; people often ignore the obvious solution because of their own biases and preferences. "That’s true of mankind", said Schwartz in an interview[2] with WABC radio's Mark Simone. "They can do except what they cannot do." However, the professor did try many times to repair the Minnow using available island-resources, but they ultimately proved inadequate.

text: Likewise, in an interview with Larry King, Bob Denver explained that the Professor simply "had no talent for boat-building". This is the more logical answer, since the island was stated to be 1000 miles from civilization, and an inexpert repair would be risky on such a long journey. Furthermore, in an early episode, "Goodbye Island", he attempts to do so with a native tree syrup, which proves a disastrous failure that results in the Minnow being completely destroyed. (Also, earlier in the series, Gilligan and Skipper built a raft to sail for help; however, the island was revealed to be near a shark-filled area that made such a journey too dangerous for anything other than an actual boat or rubber raft.)

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In the sitcom Roseanne, when one of the characters playing the Professor stated after they crashed, "This hole on the boat defies all of my advanced knowledge. To fix it would be impossible...now if you'll excuse me, I'm going to go create explosive fillings out of sand." In the parody movie Back to the Beach, a character played by Bob Denver and obviously based on Gilligan mentions knowing "a guy who could build a nuclear reactor out of coconuts but couldn't fix a two-foot hole in a boat." Also, in "Weird Al" Yankovic's song "Isle Thing" (a parody of Tone Lōc's "Wild Thing"), he sings: "She said 'That guy's a genius'/I shook my head and laughed/'If he's so fly/then tell me why/he couldn't build a lousy raft?'"

text: The end of the movie A Very Brady Sequel claims that the professor was actually the first husband of Carol Brady from The Brady Bunch (both A Brady Bunch and Gilligan's Island were creations of Sherwood Schwartz).


document_title: Madam Secretary (TV series)

question_text: who plays henry mccord's dad on madam secretary

question_tokens: who plays henry mccord 's dad on madam secretary

text: Madam Secretary (TV series)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Madam Secretary explores Secretary Elizabeth McCord's life as the determined United States Secretary of State. McCord drives international diplomacy, battles office politics, and circumvents protocol if needed as she negotiates worldwide issues. The show also focuses on the personal lives of the characters. McCord is also a college professor and a former CIA analyst who left the agency for ethical and personal reasons. The President values her apolitical leanings, deep knowledge of the Middle East, flair for languages, and ability to not just think outside the box, but to not even know there is a box.[4][5]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Téa Leoni as Elizabeth "Bess" Adams McCord, the United States Secretary of State. She spent twenty years as a CIA analyst before becoming a professor of political science at the University of Virginia. She was selected by her old boss, Conrad Dalton, who is now the President of the United States, to replace Secretary of State Vincent Marsh, who died in a plane crash.
Tim Daly as Henry McCord, Elizabeth's husband of 25 years. A former Marine captain aviator during Operation Desert Storm and theology professor, he provides a unique blend of skills that serve well as an operative of the National Security Agency in combating religious extremism. At the end of season 3, Henry is named the head of the CIA Special Activities Division.
Bebe Neuwirth as Nadine Tolliver (seasons 1–4), Elizabeth's chief of staff who had a six-year affair with the deceased Secretary of State, Vincent Marsh, beginning when he was a senator. Originally extremely resentful of the new Secretary of State, Nadine and Elizabeth have since cultivated a strong working relationship. In season 1, Nadine slowly began to date again, romancing the Administrator of NASA, Glenn, and later falls into a relationship with the recurring political consultant Mike Barnow. In season 4, Nadine leaves the State Department to spend more time with her family.
Željko Ivanek as Russell Jackson, White House Chief of Staff.[6] His primary objective of keeping the President politically secure at home and abroad sets him up for occasional confrontations with Secretary McCord's unorthodox diplomatic maneuvering.
Erich Bergen as Blake Moran, Elizabeth's personal assistant, and the only member of her staff that she hired rather than inherited. After Nadine leaves in season 4 he becomes Elizabeth's acting chief of staff.
Patina Miller as Daisy Grant, Elizabeth's press coordinator. Daisy dates Matt during season 1 but goes on to date other men following their breakup. In season 3 she dates "Kevin" from Budget and Planning, who turns out to be an undercover operative for the CIA investigating the State Department. He is killed in a weapons-trafficking conspiracy, and Daisy subsequently finds herself pregnant with his child.
Geoffrey Arend as Matt Mahoney, Elizabeth's speechwriter. Matt and Daisy dated during season 1, but ended things.
Wallis Currie-Wood as Stephanie "Stevie" McCord, Elizabeth and Henry's older daughter. Stevie attended Lovell University until dropping out. After moving back in with her parents and working for some time, she eventually returned to her education at Georgetown University and applied to Harvard Law school. Stevie serves as an intern to Russell Jackson and was, for a time, engaged to Jareth Glover.
Kathrine Herzer as Alison McCord, Elizabeth and Henry's younger daughter. Alison planned to attend Rafferty College to pursue her dreams of fashion and design, but later changed her mind.
Evan Roe as Jason McCord, Elizabeth and Henry's teenage son, a self-proclaimed anarchist. Jason is very critical of political systems in general, however in season 1 he was expelled from his school for punching a student who insulted Elizabeth.
Keith Carradine as Conrad Dalton (season 2–present; recurring season 1), the President of the United States. Before going into politics, Conrad was the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency during Elizabeth's time at the CIA. In "Unity Node", he reveals that he served in the United States Marine Corps as a second lieutenant during the Vietnam War. In the third season, Dalton secures reelection as an independent after failing to secure his party's nomination, partly due to a controversial change in policy championed by Elizabeth McCord. He offers Elizabeth the role of Vice President during his campaign, but eventually names someone else in order to further his campaign. Elizabeth remains Secretary of State.
Sebastian Arcelus as Jay Whitman, Elizabeth's current chief of staff and previous senior policy advisor (season 3–present; recurring season 1–2). In season 3, it is revealed that Jay's busy schedule working for the Secretary has strained his marriage. He is currently separated from his wife Abby, who maintains custody of their daughter Chloe. Jay is promoted to chief of staff in season 4.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Sara Ramirez as Kat Sandoval, Elizabeth's Policy Advisor and Former Chief of Staff to the UN Ambassador (season 4)
Johanna Day as Ellen Hill, a retired admiral and the National Security Advisor. She was the first female Chairwoman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff prior to being appointed National Security Advisor.
Tony Plana as Ed Parker, an admiral and member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Francis Jue as Ming Chen, China's Foreign Minister and Elizabeth's Chinese counterpart.
Mandy Gonzalez as Lucy Knox, President Dalton's aide.
Mike Pniewski as Gordon Becker, the United States Secretary of Defense.
Kevin Rahm as Michael "Mike B." Barnow, a political official who is said to drift between the United States Cabinet departments. It is mentioned that he is a Rhodes Scholar, who turned his brilliant legal career into a promising political career that was cut short by a scandalous divorce six years prior to his first appearance before settling into his current job. He is often seen assisting Secretary McCord.
Jason Ralph as Harrison Dalton (season 1–2), son of President Dalton and long-time friend of Stevie McCord. In season 1, it is revealed Harrison has a drug addiction and is color blind. In season 4 it is revealed that he is back in rehab.
Cotter Smith as Darren Hahn (season 1–2), President Dalton's first known National Security Advisor.
Patrick Breen as Andrew Munsey (season 1), the Director of the CIA and a protégé of President Dalton.
Nilaja Sun as Juliet Humphrey (season 1; guest season 3), a former CIA analyst, friend and colleague of Elizabeth and Isabelle.
Usman Ally as Zahed Javani (season 1), Iran's Foreign Minister and Elizabeth's Iranian counterpart.
Dion Graham as Fred Cole (season 1), the Bureau of Diplomatic Security Head Agent who served as Elizabeth's principal bodyguard.
Josh Hamilton as Arthur Gilroy (season 1), Stevie's 39-year-old microloan employer and ex-boyfriend.
Anna Deavere Smith as Mary Campbell (season 1), the United States Attorney General.
Marin Hinkle as Isabelle Barnes (season 1), a CIA analyst and Elizabeth's close friend, who assists the McCords with the investigation of the death of Secretary of State Vincent Marsh.
Yorgo Constantine as Anton Gorev (season 1–2), Russia's Foreign Minister and a friend of both Secretary and Dr. McCord.
Clifton Davis as Ephraim Ware (season 2–present), Director of National Intelligence.
Julian Acosta as Craig Sterling (season 2), a former US Department of Defense official, he becomes National Security Advisor in season 2 much to Elizabeth and Russell's dismay, and rival of Elizabeth's.
Alex Fernandez as Mark Delgado (season 2), the Vice President of the United States.
Angela Gots as Maria Ostrova (season 2), the President of Russia and widow of late Russian President Pavel Ostrov.
Leslie Hendrix as Louise Cronenberg (season 2), the United States Attorney General.
Jill Hennessy as Jane Fellows (season 2), Henry's DIA superior, and a member of Murphy Station; the first Ishbal Jahed task force.
Kobi Libii as Oliver Shaw (season 2; guest season 3), the Cybersecurity Coordinator. Shaw looked into the attack against Air Force One and is the love interest of Daisy Grant in the second season.
Chris Petrovski as Dmitri Petrov (seasons 2 & 4; guest season 3), a 24-year-old Russian Army captain who studied at the National War College. He was recruited by Professor Henry McCord (on behalf of the DIA) to become an American spy in exchange for getting his sick sister medical care in Stockholm, Sweden. Dmitri is captured by the Russians and eventually exchanged to the Americans for another traitor to the state. Following his capture Dmitri feels abandoned by Henry and is very angry and bitter toward him. He is placed into a witness protection program under the name Alexander (Alex) Mehranov. In season 4, he gets recruited by the CIA as an analyst.
Masha King as Talia Petrov, Dmitri's sister who was placed into witness protection with her brother and is now his roommate.
Carlos Gómez as Jose Campos (season 2–3), an Ishbal Jahed task force member.
J. C. MacKenzie as Sam Evans (season 3), the governor of Pennsylvania and the presidential nominee for Dalton's party. Evans is particularly vindictive during the campaign and, following Dalton's victory through a vote in the House of Representatives, threatens to have the vote overturned due to little-known law he claims Elizabeth broke. However, he is manipulated into accepting the terms of the vote after Russel Jackson threatens to expose him for having a gene that makes him likely to develop early-onset Alzheimer's.
René Auberjonois as Walter Novack (season 2–present), a State Department analyst with the Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation.
Christopher O'Shea as Jareth Glover, Stevie's fiance from England. He gave up a fellowship at Oxford to return to America to be with Stevie after she had trouble adjusting to life in England. His family is a member of the upper class and even nobility in England. Stevie and Jareth broke up in season 4.
Justine Lupe as Ronnie Baker (season 3), a United States Army captain assigned to United States Cyber Command who assists Elizabeth on several occasions.
Eric Stoltz as Will Adams, Secretary Elizabeth McCord's younger brother and a member of Doctors Without Borders.
Jordan Lage as Kohl, a United States Army general.
Sam Breslin Wright as Dylan Larson, an ex–Army Ranger who has been working for the CIA for seven years as of the start of season 4.
Christine Garver as Molly Reid, a career CIA agent, starting her career as a field agent in Chechnya. She is pregnant and due in a couple months from the start of season 4.

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Yuval David as Matvey Sokolov (season 4), a Russian special agent.
Louis Gossett, Jr. as Laurent Vasseur (season 1, episode 6), a Catholic priest and an old friend of Henry's.
William Allen Young as Steven Cushing (season 1, episode 12), the U.S. Deputy Secretary of State.
Tom Skerritt as Patrick McCord (season 1, episode 13), Henry's father.
Bob Schieffer as himself (season 1, episode 17). Schieffer is the former moderator of Face the Nation.
Morgan Freeman as Frawley, the Chief Justice of the United States (season 2, episode 1; season 3, episode 1; season 4, episode 1).
Madeleine Albright as herself (season 2, episode 2). Albright was the first female U.S. Secretary of State.
Kate Burton as Maureen McCord-Ryan (season 2, episode 13), Henry's sister.
Jane Pauley as herself (season 2, episode 18; season 3, episode 1).
Shivam Chopra as Sanjay (season 1, episode 7).
Stephanie J. Block as Abby, Jay's wife. Block is the real-life wife of Sebastian Arcelus. Mirroring real life, Block had previously given birth to their daughter while Arcelus was filming season 1, episode 17, where Jay's wife also gives birth to a daughter.
Joel de la Fuente as Datu Andrada (season 3, episode 15), the President of the Philippines.
Christine Ebersole as Lydia Dalton, the First Lady.

text: Dalton Cabinet and principal advisors[edit]

text:
The Dalton Cabinet

Office
Name
Term

President
Conrad Dalton (Keith Carradine)
2013–

Vice President
Mark Delgado (Alex Fernandez)
2013–2017

Teresa Hurst (Jan Maxwell/Jayne Atkinson)
2017–

Secretary of State
Vincent Marsh (Brian Stokes Mitchell)
2013–2014

Elizabeth McCord (Téa Leoni)
2014–

Secretary of Treasury
Max Quinn (Michael Cumpsty)
2013–2014

Secretary of Defense
Gordon Becker (Mike Pniewski)
2013–

Attorney General
Mary Campbell (Anna Deavere Smith)
2013–2015

Louise Cronenberg (Leslie Hendrix)
2015–2016

Unknown (Shown in "French Revolution")
2016–2017

Nolan (John Bolton)
2017–

Chief of Staff
Russell Jackson (Željko Ivanek)
2013–

National Security Advisor
Darren Kahn (Cotter Smith)
2013–2015

Craig Sterling (Julian Acosta)
2015–2015

ADM (Ret.) Ellen Hill (Johanna Day)
2016–

Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff
ADM Ellen Hill, USN (Johanna Day)
2013–2015

GEN Kelsey Reeves, US Army (Ralph Byers)
2015–

Director of National Intelligence
Ephraim Ware (Clifton Davis)
2013–

Director of the
Central Intelligence Agency
Andrew Munsey (Patrick Breen)
2013–2015

Sean Williams (Larry Pine)
2015–2015

Dennis Ellerman (John Doman)
2015–2016

Hugh Haymond (Michael Gaston)
2016–

Director of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Neil Hendricks (Wayne Duvall)
2013–2016

Keith Doherty (Michael Boatman)
2016–

text: Other officials[edit]

text:
Office
Name
Term

Chief Justice of the United States
Frawley (Morgan Freeman)
2013–

Deputy Secretary of State
Steven Cushing (William Allen Young)
2013–

Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs
Susan Thompson (Tonya Pinkins)
2014–

United States Ambassador to Yemen
Paul Wellington (Tim Guinee)
2013–

United States Ambassador to Myanmar
Arlen Maxwell (David Rasche)
2013–2014

United States Ambassador to Algeria
Roy Curtis (Dakin Matthews)
2013–2016

Deputy Director of the FBI
Marguerite Sanchez (Rosyln Ruff)
2013–

Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Glenn (John Pankow)
2013–

Chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board
Humphrey Nelson (Alfredo Narciso)
2013–

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
22
September 21, 2014 (2014-09-21)
May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)

2
23
October 4, 2015 (2015-10-04)
May 8, 2016 (2016-05-08)

3
23
October 2, 2016 (2016-10-02)
May 21, 2017 (2017-05-21)

4
TBA
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
TBA

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: In Canada, the series airs on Global at the same time as the original broadcast.[7] In Finland, it premiered 1 January, 2016 on MTV3.[8] The series has been popular in Finland: 11% of Finnish people watched the first episode.[9] In Australia, it premiered on October 2, 2014 on Network Ten.[10] On October 23, 2014, it was announced that it will air on Sky Living in the United Kingdom, along with new formats to air TV3 in Ireland, and other international channels.[11] The series launched in the United Kingdom on 23 April 2015.[12] It is broadcast on Sony Channel Asia.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Timeslot (ET)
Original airing
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

Season premiere
Season finale
TV season

1
22
Sunday 8:00 pm
September 21, 2014
May 3, 2015
2014–2015
No. 10
14.17[13]

2
23
October 4, 2015
May 8, 2016
2015–2016
No. 14
12.39[14]

3
23
Sunday 9:00 pm
October 2, 2016
May 21, 2017
2016–2017
No. 18
10.92[15]

4
TBA
Sunday 10:00 pm
October 8, 2017

2017–2018

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Madam Secretary has been met with generally positive reviews from TV critics. On Metacritic, the show has a score of 66 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[16] On Rotten Tomatoes, the show holds a rating of 66%, based on 50 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's consensus reads, "Bolstered by Tea Leoni's strong central performance, Madam Secretary is a solid but unspectacular political drama."[17]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Three women have served as Secretary of State to date: Madeleine Albright from 1997 to 2001 under Bill Clinton, Condoleezza Rice from 2005 to 2009 under George W. Bush, and Hillary Clinton from 2009 to 2013 under Barack Obama. Shortly after the series' debut, Fox News asked if the show therefore served as a campaign ad supporting Hillary Clinton, but quoted the Los Angeles Times saying the lead character was "no Hillary knockoff" and a New York publicist calling the casting of a woman "simple business and smart on CBS' behalf". Conservative activist organization Culture and Media Institute, however, said the connection was clear, citing the women's blond hair and pantsuits.[18]

text: When the trailer of the fifteenth episode of Season 3 (Break in Diplomacy) was released showing McCord punching fictional Philippine president Datu Andrada to the face as a response to the latter making sexual advancements to the protagonist, it became controversial in the Philippines due to what was seen as Andrada having parallelism with real-life President Rodrigo Duterte who was known for making inappropriate and sexist remarks. [19] The Philippine Embassy in Washington even published a statement protesting the negative depiction on its Facebook page.[20]

text: The first episode of the fourth season News Cycle led to a hard protest from East Timor's Minister of State and Nobel Peace Prize laureate José Ramos-Horta. "It's a slander against a country that only shows ignorance and racism," he explained. The TV show used the border dispute between Australia and East Timor in the Timor Sea (The dispute is transferred in the TV show to the South China Sea, although neither Australia nor East Timor is bordering to it) as background story. East Timor is shown as a country controlled by a Mexican drug cartel and used for drug transfer. US Secretary of State McCord is asking China to take measures to prevent the leader of the drug cartel from making a narco-state out of East Timor.[21]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominee(s)
Result

2014
TV Guide Award
Favorite New Show
Madam Secretary
Nominated

2015
American Cinema Editors Awards 2015[22]
Best Edited One-Hour Series for Commercial Television
Elena Maganini and Michael D. Ornstein
Nominated

41st People's Choice Awards[23]
Favorite Actress in a New TV Series
Téa Leoni
Nominated

Favorite New TV Drama
Madam Secretary
Nominated

Publicists Guild of America
The Maxwell Weinberg Publicists Showmanship Television Award
CBS Television Studio/Madam Secretary
Nominated

2015
Humanitas Prize
60 Minute Network or Syndicated Television
Madam Secretary
Nominated

2016
CBS MVP Awards[24]
Best Motivational Speech
Téa Leoni
Nominated

2016
Humanitas Prize
60 Minute Network of Syndicated Television
Madam Secretary
Nominated


document_title: History of the Loss of Vietnam

question_text: who wrote the history of loss of vietnam

text: History of the Loss of Vietnam

text:
History of the Loss of Vietnam

Author
Phan Bội Châu

Original title
越南亡國史
Việt Nam vong quốc sử

Country
Vietnam

Language
Classical Chinese

Publication date

1905

text: History of the Loss of Vietnam (Chinese: 越南亡國史; pinyin: Yuènán Wángguó Shǐ, Vietnamese: Việt Nam vong quốc sử) was a Chinese-language book written by Phan Bội Châu, the leading Vietnamese anti-colonial revolutionary of the early 20th century, in 1905 while he was in Japan.[1][2]

text: It was published by Liang Chi Chao, a leading Chinese nationalist revolutionary scholar then in Japan, who assisted Chau during his time attempting to drum up support for Vietnamese independence in China. The book was intended for distribution mainly in China and abroad, but also for smuggling into Vietnam to rally people to the cause of Vietnamese independence.[3] The book helped popularize the word "Vietnam." At the time, the country was generally called "Annam."

text: The book negatively assessed the response of the Nguyen dynasty in the 19th century to the colonial challenges facing Vietnam and the failure to modernise, with the Nguyễn instead turning to ultra-orthodox conservative Confucianism. The book presents strident and emotive memorials to the key figures of the Cần Vương (Protect the King) movement of the late 1880s and early 1890s, led by mandarins such as Tôn Thất Thuyết and Phan Dinh Phung, who led guerrillas against the French. The Cần Vương attempted to overthrow the French rule and establish the boy emperor Hàm Nghi as ruler of an independent Vietnam. History analyzed French social and economic policies in Vietnam, which it regards as oppression. In the book, Chau argues for the establishment of a nationwide pro-independence front with seven factions or interested groups with a specific motivation to fight the French colonial authorities.[3]

text: The book was written in a style that differed from the prevailing writing technique and structure of the scholar gentry of the time. Chau eschewed this traditional style to write in a direct, ordinary prose style, especially in his analytical and argumentative sections.[4]

text: The book was distributed in China at least five times, and the first two printings were incorporated into Liang's periodical magazine Hsin-min ts'ung-pao. The book was accompanied by a foreword by Liang, which was used to draw similarities between the situation facing Vietnam and China with respect to foreign domination. The book created a reaction in China, sparking follow-up essays by Chinese writers who were taken aback by the Chau's description of the life that faced Vietnamese people under French rule. It generated gloomy pieces by Chinese writers who predicted that their nation would suffer a similar fate if they failed to modernise. One such Chinese response later became a teaching text at the Tonkin Free School in Hanoi, a school run by Chau's contemporaries to promote the independence movement. However, Chau did not receive much of a reaction in terms of aid towards his independence efforts, since the book mainly had the effect of worrying Chinese about their own future. History had a much better reception among readers in Vietnam. Chau left Japan for the first time in August 1905, carrying fifty copies of the book that were distributed throughout Vietnam, of which further copies were made inside the country.[4]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ David G Marr Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920-1945 1984 Page 255 "Works by Phan Boi Chau of particular historiographical significance are Viet-Nam Vong Quoc Su (History of the Loss of Vietnam], written in 1905, and Viet-Nam Quoc Su Khao [A Study of Vietnam's National History], written in 1909. SPT-2, pp."
Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. 2011 Page 901 "He penned Viet Nam Vong Quoc Su (History of the Loss of Vietnam), a complaint about the weak Nguyen dynasty leadership and an urgent call for a nationwide resistance."
^ Jump up to: a b Marr, p. 114.
^ Jump up to: a b Marr, p. 115.


document_title: Asian carp

question_text: what causes asian carp to jump out of the water

text: Asian carp

text: In Chinese culture[edit]

text: A long tradition of Asian carp exists in Chinese culture and literature. A popular lyric circulating as early as 2000 years ago in the late Han period includes an anecdote which relates how a man far away from home sent back to his wife a pair of carp (Chinese: 鯉魚; pinyin: Liyu), in which, when the wife opened the fish to cook, she found a silk strip that carried a love note of just two lines: “Eat well to keep fit” (first line) and “Missing you and forget me not” (second line).

text: At the Yellow River at Henan (Chinese: 河南; pinyin: Hénán; Wade–Giles: Ho-nan) is a waterfall called the Dragon Gate. It is said that if certain carp called yulong can climb the cataract, they will transform into dragons. Every year in the third month of spring, they swim up from the sea and gather in vast numbers in the pool at the foot of the falls. It used to be said that only 71 could make the climb in any year. When the first succeeded, then the rains would begin to fall. This Dragon Gate was said to have been created after the flood by the god-emperor Yu, who split a mountain blocking the path of the Yellow River. It was so famous that throughout China was a common saying, "a student facing his examinations is like a carp attempting to leap the Dragon Gate."

text: Henan is not the only place where this happens. Many other waterfalls in China also have the name Dragon Gate and much the same is said about them. Other famous Dragon Gates are on the Wei River where it passes through the Lung Sheu Mountains and at Tsin in Shanxi Province. The fish's jumping feature is set in such a proverbial idiom as "Liyu (Carp) jumps over the Dragon Gate (Chinese: 鯉躍龍門)," an idiom that conveys a vivid image symbolizing a sudden uplifting in one's social status, as when one ascends into the upper society or has found favor with the royal or a noble family, perhaps through marriage, but in particular through success in the imperial examination. It is therefore an idiom often used to encourage students or children to achieve success through hard work and perseverance. This symbolic image, as well as the image of carp itself, has been one of the most popular themes in Chinese paintings, especially those of popular styles. The fish is usually colored in gold or pink, shimmering with an unmistakably auspicious tone. Yuquan (玉泉 in Chinese), one of the well-known scenic spots in Hangzhou, has a large fish pond alive with hundreds of carp of various colors. A three-character inscription, Yu-Le-Guo (鱼乐国), meaning "fish’s paradise", is set above one end of the pond in the calligraphy of a famous gentry-scholar of the late Ming Dynasty named Dong Qichang (Chinese: 董其昌). Many tourists feed the fish with bread crumbs.

text: Among the various kinds of carp, the silver carp is least expensive in China. The grass carp is still a main delicacy in Hangzhou cuisine. Restaurants along the West Lake of the city keep the fish in cages submerged in the lake water right in front of the restaurant; on an order from a customer, they dash a live fish on the pavement to kill it before cooking. The fish is normally served with a vinegar-based sweet-and-sour sauce (Chinese: 西湖醋魚).

text: Jumping ability[edit]

text: Silver carp have become notorious for being easily frightened by boats and personal watercraft, which cause them to leap high into the air. The fish can jump up to 2.5–3.0 m (8–10 ft) into the air, and numerous boaters have been severely injured by collisions with the fish.[3] According to the EPA, "reported injuries include cuts from fins, black eyes, broken bones, back injuries, and concussions.".[4] Silver carp can grow to 45 kg (100 lb) in mass.[5] This behavior has sometimes also been attributed to the very similar bighead carp, but this is uncommon. Bighead carp do not normally jump when frightened.[1] Catching jumping carp in nets has become part of the Redneck Fishing Tournament, in Bath, Illinois.[6] Other parties, such as the Peoria Carp Hunters, have taken advantage of the jumping ability as a mechanism of hunting the carp, in some cases to purge the invasive species.[7]

text: As food[edit]

text: Asian carp have been a popular food fish in Asia for thousands of years. Some recipes are specifically for carp such as Tángcù Lǐyú (zh) (sweet-and-sour carp) and Koikoku (ja) (thick miso soup with carp). However, many people in North America associate Asian carp with common carp, a bottom-feeding, highly bony species which was introduced from Eurasia in the 1800s and is not widely regarded as food.[8]

text: The pearly white flesh—complicated by a series of bones—is said to taste like cod or described as tasting like a cross between scallops and crabmeat. They are low in mercury because they do not eat other fish. To make the fish more appealing to American consumers, the fish have been renamed silverfin or Kentucky tuna.[9] Volunteer efforts to increase the popularity further include making and selling carp-based dishes and using the entrails to make fertilizer.[10]

text: Some have thought to collect the carp eggs for caviar, since one bighead carp was found with over 2 million eggs. Two million eggs from one fish could fill two jars of caviar, which would be quite valuable. This is only true, however, in the case of a fish from which people would eat eggs. As of now, no market for carp eggs exists in America,[11] though there is a movement that is trying to increase the popularity of carp eggs in Europe.[12]

text: In April 2015, a company called BareItAll Petfoods, based in Chicago, created the first commercially available pet food featuring Asian carp as a means to reduce the populations in the waterways of the Midwest.

text: As an invasive species[edit]

text: Asian carp are an invasive species. Some species of Asian carp cause harm when they are introduced to new environments. The black carp feeds on native mussels and snails, some of which can be already endangered. Grass carp can alter the food webs of a new environment by altering the communities of plants, invertebrates, and fish. Silver carp feed on the plankton necessary for larval fish and native mussels.[13]

text: North America[edit]

text: Because of their prominence, and because they were imported to the United States much later than other carp native to Asia, the term "Asian carp" is often used with the intended meaning of only grass, black, silver, and bighead carp. In the US, Asian carp are considered to be invasive species. Of the Asian carp introduced to the United States, only two (crucian and black carp) are not known to be firmly established. Crucian carp is probably extirpated.[14] Since 2003, however, several adult, fertile black carp have been captured from the Atchafalaya and other rivers connected to the Mississippi River.[15] Dr. Leo Nico, in the book Black carp: Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment of an Introduced Fish, reports that black carp are probably established in the United States. In South Florida, the local water management district actually stocks the canals with sterilized grass carp to control the hydrilla plant, which tends to block the locks and drainage valves used to control water flow from the Everglades.

text: The common carp was brought to the U.S. in 1831, and has been widespread for a long time. In the late 19th century, it was distributed widely throughout the United States by the United States Fish Commission as a foodfish.[16] However, common carp are not now normally prized as a foodfish in the United States. They are often known to uproot vegetation and muddy water through their habit of rooting in the mud for food. They are thought often to have detrimental effects on native species.[16] However, in Europe, common carp are prized as a sportfish, and angling for common carp is enjoying increased popularity in the United States.

text: In the 1970s, fish farmers in mostly Southern states began importing Asian carp from China to help clean their commercial ponds.[17][18] The rise in the populations of bighead and silver carp has been dramatic where they are established in the Mississippi River basin.[19] Although many sources cite the record floods of the 1990s as the means by which Asian carp escaped aquaculture ponds into the Mississippi River,[20] this is apocryphal. At least one known escape of bighead carp from aquaculture ponds occurred in 1995, but bighead and silver carp were established in the Mississippi River basin prior to 1990.[21][22] Grass carp have been reproducing in the Mississippi River since the 1970s.[23]

text: Bighead, silver, and grass carp are known to be well-established in the Mississippi River basin (including tributaries), where they at times reach extremely high numbers, especially in the case of the bighead and silver carp. Bighead, silver, and grass carp have been captured in that watershed from Louisiana to South Dakota, Minnesota, and Ohio. Grass carp are also established in at least one other watershed, in Texas, and may be established elsewhere.

text: The Asian carp have recently been found in Lake Calumet in Illinois. Grass carp have been captured in every Great Lake except Lake Superior, but so far, no evidence indicates a reproducing population, although a juvenile grass carp was caught in a river leading to Lake Scugog. No silver carp or black carp have yet been found in any Great Lake. Common carp are abundant throughout the Great Lakes. Current records of where Asian carp have been captured may be found at the United States Geological Survey's Nonindigenous Aquatic Species website.[24]

text: These fish are thought to be highly detrimental to the environment in parts of the United States.[25] Because of these concerns, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service convened stakeholders to develop a national plan for the management and control of invasive Asian carp (referring to bighead, silver, black, and grass carp).[26] The plan was accepted by the National Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force in the fall of 2007.

text: In July, 2007, the U.S. Department of the Interior declared all silver carp and largescale silver carp to be injurious species under the Lacey Act.[4] In July 2012, Congress included the "Stop Invasive Species Act" as an amendment to a transportation bill it approved. The act requires the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to speed up implementation of strategies to protect the Great Lakes from Asian carp.[27]

text: Bighead and silver carp feed by filtering plankton from the water. The extremely high abundance of bighead and silver carp has caused great concern because of the potential for competition with native species for food and living space. Because of their filter-feeding habits, they are difficult to capture by normal angling methods.

text: In Canada, the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans has evaluated the risk of Asian carp invading Canadian waters, particularly the Great Lakes, either by introduction from the Mississippi or through the market in live carp.[28] A few bighead and grass carp have been captured in Canada's portions of the Great Lakes, but no Asian carp (other than common carp, an originally Eurasian species) is known to be established in Canada at this time. Concerns exist that the silver carp may spread into Cypress Hills in Alberta and Saskatchewan through Battle Creek (Milk River), the Frenchman River, and other rivers flowing south out of the hills into the Milk River. In Mexico, grass carp have been established for many years in at least two river systems, where they are considered invasive, but no other Asian carp are known to have been introduced.

text: The United States Environmental Protection Agency is also concerned about the possibility of Asian carp migrating to the Great Lakes.[29] In 2002, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers completed an electric fish barrier in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, the only navigable aquatic link between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River drainage basins. The initial fish barrier was used as a demonstration project to study the design's effectiveness. Following positive results, construction began on a second, permanent barrier in 2004.[30] In addition to the canal, the corps has identified 18 sites in five additional states, from Minnesota to New York, that could allow for movement of Mississippi basin carp into the Great Lakes.[31]

text: U.S. Representative Dave Camp from Michigan's 4th district and Senator Debbie Stabenow of Michigan introduced the Close All Routes and Prevent Asian Carp Today (CARPACT), which directs the Army Corps of Engineers to take action to prevent Asian carp from entering the Great Lakes, which is estimated to cost more than $30 million in 2010. The act will make sure the locks and sluice gates at the O’Brien Lock and Dam and the Chicago Controlling Works are closed and remain closed until a better strategy is developed. The act will also enhance existing barriers and monitoring systems by giving authority to the Army Corps of Engineers to obtain real estate necessary for the construction and maintenance of the barrier. The corps also has the authority to eliminate and prevent the spread of the carp using fish toxicants, commercial fishing and netting, and harvesting.[32] A new report issued in 2012 by the Great Lakes Commission concludes that physical separation of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watersheds is the best long-term solution to prevent Asian carp and other invasive species from migrating between the waterbodies.[33]

text: In November, 2009, carp genetic material was detected beyond the two electric barriers, leaving only a single lock/dam on the Calumet River between the detected presence and Lake Michigan. "This is absolutely an emergency", Joel Brammeier, acting president of the Alliance for the Great Lakes, was quoted as saying, referring to the ecological threat, and also mentioning the threat to recreational boaters. "Mr. Brammeier and some others called for the immediate closing of the lock ... though others doubted it was feasible to stop shipping traffic [there]." "All options are on the table", said Jacqueline Y. Ashmon, a spokeswoman for the Corps of Engineers. "We don’t have any specifics."[34]

text: In the first week of December, 2009, the Army Corps made plans to shut down one of the electric barriers for maintenance, and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources responded by dumping 2,200 gallons of the toxin rotenone into the canal. Rotenone, the report said, is deadly for fish, but not harmful to humans, animals, or most other aquatic life. While "scores" of fish were killed, only one carp was found, near Lockport Lock and Dam and nearly six miles below the electronic barriers.[35] The fish kill cost $3 million and produced 90 tons of dead fish, reported one commentator, who also noted a parallel with an intentional fish kill in Chicago, in Lincoln Park's South Pond, by the IDNR in November, 2008.[36]

text: Other efforts to reduce the number of Asian carp have included encouraging the public to eat more carp and fisheries shipping the fish to other markets, such as Israel, and have included the participation of then Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.[37]

text: On June 22, 2010, a 19-pound Asian carp was found near the shore of Lake Michigan, in Lake Calumet, about six miles downstream from Lake Michigan, by a commercial fisherman hired by the state of Illinois to do routine fish sampling in the area.[38] The fish confirms DNA evidence that Asian carp have indeed breached the electric fish barrier on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal.

text: Stopping these invasive carp from spreading into Lake Erie is another concern to many involved, as Lake Erie provides the ideal habitat for the carp to survive. This could lead to the fish choking out the other native fish that exist there. Ohio has a multimillion-dollar sport fishing and boating industry. Allowing these fish to choke out native species would cause a huge hit to this industry. This is especially true since catching these carp with traditional fishing methods is so difficult, which makes it harder for the industry to shift the sport fishing from one fish to another.[39]

text: On August 24, 2010, a carp reportedly knocked a kayaker out of competition in a Missouri River race at Lexington in western Missouri.[40]

text: On September 8, 2010, the Council on Environmental Quality announced the appointment of John Goss as the Asian Carp Director. Goss' role is primarily to serve as the principal advisor to the CEQ's chair, Nancy Sutley on Asian carp issues, and oversee federal, state, and local coordination on Asian carp control efforts. Goss was previously executive director of the Indiana Wildlife Federation (a state affiliate of the National Wildlife Federation), director of the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, and vice-chairman of the Great Lakes Commission.[41]

text: The Stop Asian Carp Act of 2011 was introduced to require the Secretary of the Army to study the feasibility of the hydrological separation, such as electric barriers, of the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins.[42] The act provided 30 days for the Secretary of the Army to begin a study on the best means of implementing a hydrological separation of the Great Lakes to prevent the introduction of Asian carp. The study requirements included researching techniques that prevented the spread of carp from flooding, wastewater and storm water infrastructure, waterway safety operations, and barge and recreational traffic.

text: In 2012, the U.S. Senate and House introduced new bills aimed at combating the spread of Asian carp into the Great Lakes by expediting some items of the Stop Asian Carp Act of 2011.[43] The legislation provides direction to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to complete their study within 18 months on how to separate the Great Lakes from the Mississippi watersheds. The USGS collaborated with the University of Minnesota to prepare an extensive report on the use of environmental deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) to detect a species in a waterway. This report was put together after extensive field research resulting from positive findings of the eDNA of Asian carp in Minnesota waterways in 2011. Rivers being researched are the Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers. However, new research was unable to redetect the presence of Asian carp, although several have been caught in Minnesota over the past two years.[44] Possibilities of why Asian carp were not detected include a change in the method of sampling or a disappearance of the carp from Minnesota waterways.

text: The Upper Mississippi CARP Act was presented to Congress as recently as 2013. Presented by Congressmen Ellison of Minnesota, the Upper Mississippi CARP Act would empower the Secretary of the Army to enact strategies previously determined to prevent further spread of Asian carp and begin eliminating the species. Included in this legislation is the requirement for the Army Corp of Engineers to shut down the Upper St. Anthony Falls lock if Asian carp are detected in the portion of the Mississippi River near the Twin Cities. U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar (DFL) told the Pierce County Herald, “Asian carp not only pose a serious threat to Minnesota’s environment, and they also threaten the recreation and fishing industries that play a key role in the state’s economy. We must do everything we can to stop the further spread of this invasive species into our lakes and rivers, and this legislation will help the state take action to protect Minnesota’s waterways”.[45]

text: In May 2013, a test for silver carp eDNA in the waters of Sturgeon Bay in Lake Michigan near Green Bay, Wisconsin was positive. The carp are active in May. The result was published in October and scientists will retest in May, 2014.[46]

text: In July 2015, two grass carp were found within days of each other in contained ponds near Toronto's Lake Ontario waterfront. This could mean a variety of things, but has yet to prove that widespread reproduction is taking place in Lake Ontario,[47] although both fish were male and fertile. The United States and Canadian authorities have been working together to determine where the fish originated and how to stop a potential invasion into the Great Lakes,[48] however in early September three more grass carp were found near the Toronto Islands.[49]

text: As of 2016, efforts were being made to reintroduce alligator gar between Tennessee and Illinois as part of an effort to control Asian carp.[50]

text: 2009-2010 litigation[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2014)

text: On December 21, 2009, Michigan Attorney General Mike Cox filed a lawsuit with the U.S. Supreme Court seeking the immediate closure of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal to keep the Asian carp out of Lake Michigan. Neighboring Great Lakes states and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which constructed the canal, are co-defendants in the lawsuit.[51]

text: In response to the Michigan lawsuit, on January 5, 2010, Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan filed a counter-suit with the Supreme Court, requesting it to reject Michigan's claims. The Illinois Chamber of Commerce and American Waterways Operators both sided with Illinois in the lawsuit, filing affidavits (amicus briefs) and arguing that closing the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal would upset the movement of millions of tons of vital shipments of iron ore, coal, grain, and other cargo, totaling more than $1.5 billion a year, and contribute to the loss of hundreds, perhaps thousands of jobs. In response, Michigan noted the value of the sport fishing and recreation industry, already heavily affected in other states with large carp populations, would drop by more than $3.0 billion and result in the loss of at least 4,000 jobs. President Obama and his administration supported Illinois's efforts to keep the canal open; with the support of USGS and USFWS, reports have consistently denied the Asian carp poses a threat.[52]

text: On January 19, 2010, the Supreme Court rejected the Michigan injunction request, but took no action on Michigan's separate request to reopen older cases regarding Chicago water withdrawal from Lake Michigan.[53] The litigation proceeds in lower courts.[54]

text: On January 1, 2010, the Ontario government also filed a lawsuit (alongside the American states) in an American court to stop the dumping of Asian carp into the Great Lakes, a potentially damaging act to the fishing industry (of Canada).[55]


document_title: Salary of Government Officials in India

question_text: who is highest paid government employee in india

text: Salary of Government Officials in India

text:
Salaries of Government Ministers, Government Officers, Constitutional Functionaries, Armed Forces Officers, Judges, Members of Parliament in India[hide]

Position in Indian Order of Precedence
Post
Salary per month
Remarks

1
President
₹500,000 (US$7,700) (per month)[1][2]
+ Other allowances fixed to President of India.

2
Vice-President
₹400,000 (US$6,100) (per month)[3]
+ Other allowances fixed to Vice President of India

3
Prime Minister
₹165,000 (US$2,500) monthly (includes salary received as a Member of Parliament in Lok Sabha)
+ Other allowances for the Prime Minister of India.

4
Governors of States
₹350,000 (US$5,400)[4]
+ Other allowances fixed for Governors of States.

6
Chief Justice
₹280,000 (US$4,300)
+ Other allowances fixed for Chief Justice of India.

9
Judges of Supreme Court of India
₹250,000 (US$3,800)
+ Other allowances fixed for SC Judges.

9A
Chief Election Commissioner of India
₹250,000 (US$3,800) monthly[5][6]
+ Other allowances.

9A
Comptroller and Auditor General of India
₹250,000 (US$3,800) monthly[6][7]
+ Other allowances.

9A
Chairman of Union Public Service Commission
₹250,000 (US$3,800) monthly[8][9]
+ Other allowances.

11
Cabinet Secretary of India
₹250,000 (US$3,800) monthly[10][11]
+ Other allowances. Senior-most civil servant in Government of India.

11
Lieutenants Governor of Union Territories
₹110,000 (US$1,700)[4]
+ Other allowances fixed by the Union Government.

12
Chiefs of Staff (Army, Air, Naval) in the rank of General and equivalent ranks in Indian Armed Forces
₹250,000 (US$3,800) monthly[10][11]
+ Other allowances. Senior-most Armed Forces personnel in Government of India.

14
Chief Justice of High Courts
₹250,000 (US$3,800)
+ Other allowances fixed for Judges.

16
Judges of High Courts
₹225,000 (US$3,400)
+ Other allowances fixed for Judges.

21
Member of Parliament of India
₹50,000 (US$770)[12]
+ Constituency allowances ₹45,000 (US$690) + Parliament office allowance ₹45,000 (US$690) + Parliament session allowance (₹2,000 (US$31) per day).

23
Secretaries to Government of India, Special Secretaries to Government of India, Vice Chief of Army Staff/Commanders in the rank of Lieutenant General and equivalent ranks in Indian Armed Forces
₹225,000 (US$3,400)[10][11]
+ Other allowances.

23
Chief Secretaries of State Governments, Additional Chief/Special Chief Secretaries to State Governments
₹225,000 (US$3,400)[10][11]
+ Other allowances. Senior-most civil servant in State Governments.

25
Additional Secretaries to Government of India
₹182,200 (US$2,800) (Minimum Pay) to ₹224,100 (US$3,400) (Maximum Pay)[10][11]
+ Other allowances.

25
Principal Secretaries to State Governments
₹182,200 (US$2,800) (Minimum Pay) to ₹224,100 (US$3,400) (Maximum Pay)[10][11]
+ Other allowances.

26
Joint Secretaries to Government of India, Major General and equivalent ranks in Indian Armed Forces
₹144,200 (US$2,200) (Minimum Pay) to ₹218,200 (US$3,300) (Maximum Pay)[10][11]
+ Other allowances.

26
Secretaries to State Governments
₹144,200 (US$2,200) (Minimum Pay) to ₹218,200 (US$3,300) (Maximum Pay)[10][11]
+ Other allowances.

text: The Basic salary of Chief Ministers of Indian states, varies as per state governments income's.


document_title: List of UEFA club competition winners

question_text: who has won the most champions league cups

text: List of UEFA club competition winners

text: Winners[edit]

text: By club[edit]

text: Real Madrid hold the record for the most overall titles, with 22 followed by Milan's 17 titles.[6][7] Spanish teams hold the record for the most wins in each of the three main UEFA club competitions: Real Madrid, with thirteen European Cup/UEFA Champions League titles; Sevilla, with five UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League titles; and Barcelona, with four Cup Winners' Cup titles. Milan share the most Super Cup wins (five) with Barcelona, and the most Intercontinental Cup wins (three) with Real Madrid. German clubs Hamburg, Schalke 04 and Stuttgart, and Spanish club Villarreal are the record holders by titles won in the UEFA Intertoto Cup (twice each).

text: Juventus, Ajax, Bayern Munich, Chelsea and Manchester United are the only teams to have won all of UEFA's three main club competitions (European Cup/UEFA Champions League, Cup Winners' Cup, UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League). However, Juventus is the only team to have won every UEFA club competition, which additionally includes the Super Cup, the Intertoto Cup, and the Intercontinental Cup.[8]

text: The following table lists all the clubs that have won at least one UEFA club competition, and is updated as of 26 May 2018 (in chronological order).

text:
List of UEFA club competition winners

Club
Country
UCL
UEL
CWC
UIC
USC
IC
Total

Real Madrid
 Spain
13
2
0
0
4
3
22

Milan
 Italy
7
0
2
0
5
3
17

Barcelona
 Spain
5
0
4
0
5
0
14

Liverpool
 England
5
3
0
0
3
0
11

Juventus
 Italy
2
3
1
1
2
2
11

Bayern Munich
 Germany
5
1
1
0
1
2
10

Ajax
 Netherlands
4
1
1
0
2
2
10

Internazionale
 Italy
3
3
0
0
0
2
8

Manchester United
 England
3
1
1
0
1
1
7

Porto
 Portugal
2
2
0
0
1
2
7

Atlético Madrid
 Spain
0
3
1
0
2
1
7

Sevilla
 Spain
0
5
0
0
1
0
6

Chelsea
 England
1
1
2
0
1
0
5

Anderlecht
 Belgium
0
1
2
0
2
0
5

Valencia
 Spain
0
1
1
1
2
0
5

Feyenoord
 Netherlands
1
2
0
0
0
1
4

Hamburger SV
 Germany
1
0
1
2
0
0
4

Parma
 Italy
0
2
1
0
1
0
4

Nottingham Forest
 England
2
0
0
0
1
0
3

Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
1
0
1
0
0
1
3

Aston Villa
 England
1
0
0
1
1
0
3

Tottenham Hotspur
 England
0
2
1
0
0
0
3

Schalke 04
 Germany
0
1
0
2
0
0
3

Dynamo Kyiv
 Ukraine
0
0
2
0
1
0
3

Benfica
 Portugal
2
0
0
0
0
0
2

PSV Eindhoven
 Netherlands
1
1
0
0
0
0
2

Marseille
 France
1
0
0
1
0
0
2

Steaua București
 Romania
1
0
0
0
1
0
2

Red Star Belgrade
 Serbia
1
0
0
0
0
1
2

Borussia Mönchengladbach
 Germany
0
2
0
0
0
0
2

IFK Göteborg
 Sweden
0
2
0
0
0
0
2

Galatasaray
 Turkey
0
1
0
0
1
0
2

Zenit St. Petersburg
 Russia
0
1
0
0
1
0
2

Paris Saint-Germain
 France
0
0
1
1
0
0
2

Werder Bremen
 Germany
0
0
1
1
0
0
2

West Ham United
 England
0
0
1
1
0
0
2

Aberdeen
 Scotland
0
0
1
0
1
0
2

KV Mechelen
 Belgium
0
0
1
0
1
0
2

Lazio
 Italy
0
0
1
0
1
0
2

VfB Stuttgart
 Germany
0
0
0
2
0
0
2

Villarreal
 Spain
0
0
0
2
0
0
2

Celtic
 Scotland
1
0
0
0
0
0
1

Bayer Leverkusen
 Germany
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

CSKA Moscow
 Russia
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

Eintracht Frankfurt
 Germany
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

Ipswich Town
 England
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

Napoli
 Italy
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

Shakhtar Donetsk
 Ukraine
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

Arsenal
 England
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

Dinamo Tbilisi
 Georgia
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

Everton
 England
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

Fiorentina
 Italy
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

Magdeburg
 Germany
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

Manchester City
 England
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

Rangers
 Scotland
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

Real Zaragoza
 Spain
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

Sampdoria
 Italy
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

Slovan Bratislava
 Slovakia
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

Sporting CP
 Portugal
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

Auxerre
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Bastia
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Bologna
 Italy
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Bordeaux
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Braga
 Portugal
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Celta Vigo
 Spain
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Fulham
 England
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Guingamp
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Karlsruhe
 Germany
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Lens
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Lille
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Lyon
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Málaga
 Spain
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Montpellier
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Newcastle United
 England
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Perugia
 Italy
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Strasbourg
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Silkeborg
 Denmark
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Troyes
 France
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

Udinese
 Italy
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

text: By country[edit]

text: Spanish clubs are the most successful in UEFA competitions, with a total of 59 titles, and hold a record number of wins in the European Cup/UEFA Champions League (17), UEFA Super Cup (14), and UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa league (11).[7] Italian clubs have the most victories in the Intercontinental Cup (7). In third place, English clubs have secured 40 titles, including a record eight wins in the Cup Winners' Cup. French clubs, ranked sixth in UEFA competition titles, have won the Intertoto Cup the most times (12). Italian clubs are the only in European football history to have won the three main UEFA competitions in the same season (1989–90).[3]

text: The following table lists all the countries whose clubs have won at least one UEFA competition, and is updated as of 26 May 2018 (in chronological order).

text:
Key

UCL
European Cup or UEFA Champions League

UEL
UEFA Cup or UEFA Europa League

CWC
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (defunct)

UIC
UEFA Intertoto Cup (defunct)

USC
UEFA Super Cup

IC
Intercontinental Cup (defunct)

text:
List of UEFA club competition winners by country[a]

Nationality
UCL
UEL
CWC
UIC
USC
IC
Total

 Spain
18
11
7
5
14
4
59

 Italy
12
9
7
4
9
7
48

 England
12
8
8
4
7
1
40

 Germany*
7
6
5
8
1
3
30

 Netherlands
6
4
1
0
2
3
16

 France
1
0
1
12
0
0
14

 Portugal
4
2
1
1
1
2
11

 Belgium
0
1
3
0
3
0
7

 Scotland
1
0
2
0
1
0
4

 Ukraine
0
1
2
0
1
0
4

 Russia
0
2
0
0
1
0
3

 Romania
1
0
0
0
1
0
2

 Serbia
1
0
0
0
0
1
2

 Sweden
0
2
0
0
0
0
2

 Turkey
0
1
0
0
1
0
2

 Georgia
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

 Slovakia
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

 Denmark
0
0
0
1
0
0
1

text: * = Germany's record includes West Germany and East Germany.