question_text: who was the prime minister of india when saarc was formed

text: Historical background[edit]

text: The idea of co-operation in South Asia was discussed in at least three conferences: the Asian Relations Conference held in New Delhi on April 1947; the Baguio Conference in the Philippines on May 1950; and the Colombo Powers Conference held in Sri Lanka in April 1954.[7]

text:
In the ending years of the 1970s, the seven inner South Asian nations that included Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka agreed upon the creation of a trade bloc and to provide a platform for the people of South Asia to work together in a spirit of friendship, trust, and understanding. President Ziaur Rahman later addressed official letters to the leaders of the countries of the South Asia, presenting his vision for the future of the region and the compelling arguments for region.[8]  During his visit to India in December 1977, Rahman discussed the issue of regional cooperation with the Indian Prime Minister, Morarji Desai. In the inaugural speech to the Colombo Plan Consultative Committee which met in Kathmandu also in 1977, King Birendra of Nepal gave a call for close regional cooperation among South Asian countries in sharing river waters.[9]
After the USSR's intervention in Afghanistan, the efforts to establish the union was accelerated in 1979 and the resulting rapid deterioration of South Asian security situation.[9] Responding to Rahman and Birendra's convention, the officials of the foreign ministries of the seven countries met for the first time in Colombo in April 1981.[9] The Bangladeshi proposal was promptly endorsed by Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and the Maldives but India and Pakistan were sceptical initially.[9] The Indian concern was the proposal’s reference to the security matters in South Asia and feared that Rahman's proposal for a regional organisation might provide an opportunity for new smaller neighbours to renationalise all bilateral issues and to join with each other to form an opposition against India. Pakistan assumed that it might be an Indian strategy to organise the other South Asian countries against Pakistan and ensure a regional market for Indian products, thereby consolidating and further strengthening India’s economic dominance in the region.[9]

text: However, after a series of diplomatic consultations headed by Bangladesh between South Asian U.N. representatives at the UN headquarters in New York, from September 1979 to 1980, it was agreed that Bangladesh would prepare the draft of a working paper for discussion among the foreign secretaries of South Asian countries.[9] The foreign secretaries of the inner seven countries again delegated a Committee of the Whole in Colombo on September 1981, which identified five broad areas for regional cooperation. New areas of co-operation were added in the following years.[10]

text: In 1983, the international conference held in Dhaka by its Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the foreign ministers of the inner seven countries adopted the Declaration on South Asian Association Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and formally launched the Integrated Programme of Action (IPA) initially in five agreed areas of cooperation namely, Agriculture; Rural Development; Telecommunications; Meteorology; and Health and Population Activities.[11]

text: Officially, the union was established in Dhaka with Kathmandu being union's secretariat-general.[12]   The first SAARC summit was held in Dhaka on 7–8 December 1985 and hosted by the President of Bangladesh Hussain Ershad.[13]   The declaration signed by King of Bhutan Jigme Singye Wangchuk, President of Pakistan Zia-ul-Haq, Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi, King of Nepal Birendra Shah, President of Sri Lanka JR Jayewardene, and President of Maldives Maumoon Gayoom.[13]

text: Members and observers[edit]

text: Economic data is sourced from the International Monetary Fund, current as of April 2015, and is given in US dollars.[14]

text: Members[edit]

text:
Country

Population[15] (2016)

GDP (Nominal)

GDP (PPP)

GDP per Capita(PPP)

GDP Growth Rate(2014)

Exports(2014)

Foreign Direct Investment(2013)

Foreign Exchange Reserves(million)

Defense Budget(% of GDP)(2014)[16]

Literacy Rate(Given Age & above)

Life Expectancy

Population below Poverty Line

Primary School Enrollment [17]

Secondary School enrollment [18]

Population undernourished(%)(2015)[19]

Human
Development
Index

Democracy
Index

Global
Terrorism
Index

G20

BRICS

BIMSTEC

IORA

APTA

BBIN

SASEC

AIIB

ACU

ACD

ADB

World Bank

Nuclear Weapons

 Afghanistan
34,656,032
$21.3 bn
$63.5 bn
$1,976
3.2%
$0.3 bn
N/A
$6,442
N/A
28.1%(Age 15)
60
15.8%
N/A
54%
26.8%

0.465
(171)

2.77
(147)

9.233
(2)

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 Bangladesh
162,951,560
$285.815 bn
$751.949 bn
$4,560
7.65%
$37 bn
$2.65 bn
$32,000
$3.2 bn(1.2%)
57.7%(Age 15)
70
16%
92%
54%
12.4%

0.570
(142)

5.73
(86)

0
(124)

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 Bhutan
797,765
$2.2 bn
$6.3 bn
$8,158
6.4%
$0.7 bn
$63 mln
N/A
N/A
52.8%(age 15)
68
23.7%
91%
78%
N/A

0.605
(132)

4.93
(101)

0.305
(107)

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 India
1,324,171,354
$2,439.0 bn
$9,446.8 bn
$7,174
7.3%
$464.0 bn
$31.0 bn
$422,532.5
$45 bn(1.9%)
74.4%(age 15)
67
21.9%
94%
69%
15.2%

0.609
(130)

7.74
(35)

4.222
(39)

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✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

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 Maldives
427,756
$3.0 bn
$5.2 bn
$14,980
4.5%
$0.28 bn
N/A
$356
N/A
99%(age 15)
77
16%
N/A
N/A
5.2%

0.706
(104)

__

__

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   Nepal
28,982,771
$21.6 bn
$70.7 bn
$2,488
5.5%
$1.0 bn
$10 mln
$5,439
N/A
66%(age 15)
68
25.2%
98%
67%
7.8%

0.548
(145)

4.77
(105)

4.791
(32)

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 Pakistan
193,203,476
$250 bn
$928.0bn
$4,886
4.2%
$25.1 bn
$0.709 bn(2014)
$16,305
$7.4 bn(3.5%)
55%(age 15)
66
22.6%
72%
34%
22%

0.538
(147)

4.40
(112)

10
(1)

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 Sri Lanka
20,798,492
$80.4 bn
$233.7 bn
$11,068
7%
$11.8 bn
$0.9 bn
$8,314
$1.4 bn(2.3%)
98.1%(age 15)
75
8.9%
94%
99%
22%

0.756
(73)

6.42
(69)

4.077
(42)

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text: The member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.[20]

text: SAARC was founded by seven states in 1985. In 2005, Afghanistan began negotiating their accession to SAARC and formally applied for membership on the same year.[21][22] The issue of Afghanistan joining SAARC generated a great deal of debate in each member state, including concerns about the definition of South Asian identity because Afghanistan is a Central Asian country.[23]

text: The SAARC member states imposed a stipulation for Afghanistan to hold a general election; the non-partisan elections were held in late 2005.[23] Despite initial reluctance and internal debates, Afghanistan joined SAARC as its eighth member state in April 2007.[23][24]

text: Observers[edit]

text: States with observer status include[25] Australia,[26] China, the European Union,[27] Iran, Japan,[27] Mauritius,[28] Myanmar, South Korea and the United States.[29]

text: On 2 August 2006, the foreign ministers of the SAARC countries agreed in principle to grant observer status to three applicants;[30] the US and South Korea (both made requests in April 2006),[30] as well as the European Union (requested in July 2006).[31] On 4 March 2007, Iran requested observer status,[32] followed shortly by Mauritius.

text: Potential future members[edit]

text: Myanmar has expressed interest in upgrading its status from an observer to a full member of SAARC.[33] Russia has applied for observer status membership of SAARC.[34][35][36] Turkey applied for observer status membership of SAARC in 2012.[34][35][36] South Africa has participated in meetings.[37]

text: Secretariat[edit]

text: The SAARC Secretariat was established in Kathmandu on 16 January 1987 and was inaugurated by Late King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah of Nepal.[38]

text: Regional Centres[edit]

text: The SAARC Secretariat is supported by following Regional Centres established in the Member States to promote regional co-operation. These Centres are managed by Governing Boards comprising representatives from all the Member States, SAARC Secretary-General and the Ministry of Foreign/External Affairs of the Host Government. The Director of the Centre acts as Member Secretary to the Governing Board which reports to the Programming Committee. After 31 December 2015, there 6 regional centers were stopped by unanimous decision. These are SMRC, SFC, SDC, SCZMC, SIC, SHRDC.[39]

text:
Regional Centre
Location
Country
Website

SAARC Agricultural Centre (SAC)
Dhaka
Bangladesh
Official website

SAARC Meteorological Research Centre (SMRC)
Dhaka
Bangladesh

SAARC Forestry Centre (SFC)
Thimphu
Bhutan

SAARC Development Fund (SDF)
Thimphu
Bhutan
Official website

SAARC Documentation Centre (SDC)
New Delhi
India

SAARC Disaster Management Centre (SDMC)
Gandhinagar
India
Official website

SAARC Coastal Zone Management Centre (SCZMC)
Malé
Maldives

SAARC Information Centre (SIC)
Kathmandu
Nepal

SAARC Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Centre (STAC)
Kathmandu
Nepal
Official website

SAARC Human Resources Development Centre (SHRDC)
Islamabad
Pakistan

SAARC Energy Centre (SEC)
Islamabad
Pakistan
Official website

SAARC Cultural Centre (SCC)
Colombo
Sri Lanka
Official website

text: Apex and Recognised Bodies[edit]

text: SAARC has six Apex Bodies,[40] they are-

text:
SAARC Chamber of Commerce & Industry (SCCI),
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARCLAW),[41]
South Asian Federation of Accountants (SAFA),
South Asia Foundation (SAF),
South Asia Initiative to End Violence Against Children (SAIEVAC),
Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature (FOSWAL)

text: Amjad Hussain B Sial is the current  Secretary General of SAARC.

text: SAARC also has about 17 recognised bodies.[40]

text: Political issues[edit]

text: Lasting peace and prosperity in South Asia has been elusive because of the various ongoing conflicts in the region. Political dialogue is often conducted on the margins of SAARC meetings which have refrained from interfering in the internal matters of its member states.[42] During the 12th and 13th SAARC summits, extreme emphasis was laid upon greater cooperation between the SAARC members to fight terrorism.[43][44]

text: The 19th SAARC summit scheduled to be held in Pakistan was called off as India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Afghanistan decided to boycott it.[45][46] It was for the first time that four countries boycotted a SAARC summit, leading to its cancellation.[47][48]

text: South Asian Free Trade Area[edit]

text: SAFTA was envisaged primarily as the first step towards the transition to a South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) leading subsequently towards a Customs Union, Common Market and the Economic Union. In 1995, Sixteenth session of the Council of Ministers (New Delhi, 18–19 December 1995) agreed on the need to strive for the realisation of SAFTA and to this end an Inter-Governmental Expert Group (IGEG) was set up in 1996 to identify the necessary steps for progressing to a free trade area. The Tenth SAARC Summit (Colombo, 29–31 July 1998) decided to set up a Committee of Experts (COE) to draft a comprehensive treaty framework for creating a free trade area within the region, taking into consideration the asymmetries in development within the region and bearing in mind the need to fix realistic and achievable targets.

text: The SAFTA Agreement was signed on 6 January 2004 during Twelfth SAARC Summit held in Islamabad, Pakistan. The Agreement entered into force on 1 January 2006, and the Trade Liberalisation Programme commenced from 1 July 2006. Under this agreement, SAARC members will bring their duties down to 20 percent by 2009. Following the Agreement coming into force the SAFTA Ministerial Council (SMC) has been established comprising the Commerce Ministers of the Member States.[49] In 2012 the SAARC exports increased substantially to US$354.6 billion from US$206.7 billion in 2009. Imports too increased from US$330 billion to US$602 billion over the same period. But the intra-SAARC trade amounts to just a little over 1% of SAARC's GDP. In contrast, in ASEAN (which is actually smaller than SAARC in terms of the size of the economy) the intra-bloc trade stands at 10% of its GDP.

text: SAFTA was envisaged to gradually move towards South Asian Economic Union, but the current intra-regional trade and investment relation are not encouraging and it may be difficult to achieve this target. The SAARC intra-regional trade stands at just five per cent on the share of intra-regional trade in overall trade in South Asia. Similarly, foreign direct investment is also dismal. The intra-regional FDI flow stands at around four per cent of the total foreign investment.[50]

text: The Asian Development Bank has estimated that inter-regional trade in SAARC region possessed potential of shooting up agricultural exports by $14 billion per year from existing level of $8 billion to $22 billion.The study by Asian Development Bank states that against the potential average SAARC intra-regional trade of $22 billion per year, the actual trade in South Asia has been only around $8 billion. The uncaptured potential for intra-regional trade is therefore $14 billion per year, i.e. 68%.[51][52]

text: SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme[edit]

text: The SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme was launched in 1992.  The leaders at the Fourth Summit (Islamabad, 29–31 December 1988), realizing the importance of people-to-people contact among SAARC countries, decided that certain categories of dignitaries should be entitled to a Special Travel document. The document would exempt them from visas within the region. As directed by the Summit, the Council of Ministers regularly kept under review the list of entitled categories.

text: Currently, the list included 24 categories of entitled persons, which include dignitaries, judges of higher courts, parliamentarians, senior officials, entrepreneurs, journalists, and athletes.

text: The Visa Stickers are issued by the respective Member States to the entitled categories of that particular country. The validity of the Visa Sticker is generally for one year. The implementation is reviewed regularly by the Immigration Authorities of SAARC Member States.[53]

text: Awards[edit]

text: SAARC Award[edit]

text: The Twelfth Summit approved the SAARC Award to support individuals and organisations within the region. The main aims of the SAARC Award are:

text:
To encourage individuals and organisations based in South Asia to undertake programmes and activities that complement the efforts of SAARC
To encourage individuals and organisations in South Asia contributing to bettering the conditions of women and children
To honour outstanding contributions and achievements of individuals and organisations within the region in the fields of peace, development, poverty alleviation, environment protection and regional cooperation
To honour any other contributions and achievement not covered above of individuals and organisations in the region.

text: The SAARC Award consists of a gold medal, a letter of citation, and cash prize of US $25,000 (₹15 lakhs).  Since the institution of the SAARC Award in 2004, it has been awarded only once and the Award was posthumously conferred upon the late President Ziaur Rahman of Bangladesh.[54]

text: SAARC Literary Award[edit]

text: The SAARC Literary Award is an annual award conferred by the Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature (FOSWAL) since 2001[55][56] which is an apex SAARC body.[57] Shamshur Rahman, Mahasweta Devi, Jayanta Mahapatra,  Abhi Subedi, Mark Tully, Sitakant Mahapatra, Uday Prakash, Suman Pokhrel and Abhay K are some of the prominent recipients of this award.[58]

text: Nepali poet, lyricist and translator Suman Pokhrel is the only poet/writer to get this award twice.[59]

text: SAARC Youth Award[edit]

text:
The SAARC Youth Award is awarded to outstanding individuals from the SAARC region. The award is notable because of the recognition it gives to the Award winner in the SAARC region. The award is based on specific themes which apply to each year. The award recognises and promotes the commitment and talent of the youth who give back to the world at large through various initiatives such as Inventions, Protection of the Environment and Disaster relief. The recipients who receive this award are ones who have dedicated their lives to their individual causes to improve situations in their own countries as well as paving a path for the SAARC region to follow.
The Committee for the SAARC Youth Award selects the best candidate based on his/her merits and their decision is final.[60]

text: Previous Winners:

text:
1997: Outstanding Social Service in Community Welfare – Mohammed Sukur Salek (Bangladesh)
1998: New Inventions and Shanu — Najmul Hasnain Shah (Pakistan)
2001: Creative Photography: South Asian Diversity – Mushfiqul Alam (Bangladesh)
2002: Outstanding contribution to protect the Environment – Masil Khan (Pakistan)
2003: Invention in the Field of Traditional Medicine – Hassan Sher (Pakistan)
2004: Outstanding contribution to raising awareness of TB and/or HIV/AIDS – Ajij Prasad Poudyal (Nepal)
2006: Promotion of Tourism in South Asia – Syed Zafar Abbas Naqvi (Pakistan)
2008: Protecting the Environment in South Asia – Uswatta Liyanage Deepani Jayantha (Sri Lanka)
2009: Outstanding contribution to humanitarian works in the aftermath of Natural Disasters – Ravikant Singh (India)
2010: Outstanding contribution for the Protection of Environment and mitigation of Climate Change – Anoka Primrose Abeyrathne (Sri Lanka)

text: Anthem[edit]

text: SAARC does not have an official anthem like some other regional organisations (e.g. ASEAN).[61] A poem by poet-diplomat Abhay Kumar spurred a search for a better SAARC anthem.[62] Nepal's foreign minister has expressed the need for an SAARC anthem to connect SAARC nations.[63] Nepal at the 18th summit in Kathmandu in November 2014 planned to introduce proposal for an SAARC Anthem in the agenda of summit when heads of all member states meet here.[61]

text: Secretaries-General of SAARC[edit]

text:
#
Name
Country
Took office
Left office

1
Abul Ahsan
 Bangladesh
16 January 1985
15 October 1989

2
Kant Kishore Bhargava
 India
17 October 1989
31 December 1991

3
Ibrahim Hussein Zaki
 Maldives
1 January 1992
31 December 1993

4
Yadav Kant Silwal
   Nepal
1 January 1994
31 December 1995

5
Naeem U. Hasan
 Pakistan
1 January 1996
31 December 1998

6
Nihal Rodrigo
 Sri Lanka
1 January 1999
10 January 2002

7
Q. A. M. A. Rahim
 Bangladesh
11 January 2002
28 February 2005

8
Chenkyab Dorji
 Bhutan
1 March 2005
29 February 2008

9
Sheel Kant Sharma
 India
1 March 2008
28 February 2011

10
Fathimath Dhiyana Saeed
 Maldives
1 March 2011
11 March 2012

11
Ahmed Saleem
 Maldives
12 March 2012
28 February 2014

12
Arjun Bahadur Thapa
   Nepal
1 March 2014
28 February 2017

13
Amjad Hussain B Sial
 Pakistan
1 March 2017
Incumbent

text: SAARC summits[edit]

text:
No
Date
Country
Host
Host leader

1st
7–8 December 1985
Bangladesh
Dhaka
Ataur Rahman Khan

2nd
16–17 November 1986
India
Bengaluru
Rajiv Gandhi

3rd
2–4 November 1987
Nepal
Kathmandu
Marich Man Singh Shrestha

4th
29–31 December 1988
Pakistan
Islamabad
Benazir Bhutto

5th
21–23 November 1990
Maldives
Malé
Maumoon Abdul Gayoom

6th
21 December 1991
Sri Lanka
Colombo
Ranasinghe Premadasa

7th
10–11 April 1993
Bangladesh
Dhaka
Khaleda Zia

8th
2–4 May 1995
India
New Delhi
P V Narasimha Rao

9th
12–14 May 1997
Maldives
Malé
Maumoon Abdul Gayoom

10th
29–31 July 1998
Sri Lanka
Colombo
Chandrika Kumaratunga

11th
4–6 January 2002
Nepal
Kathmandu
Sher Bahadur Deuba

12th
2–6 January 2004
Pakistan
Islamabad
Zafarullah Khan Jamali

13th
12–13 November 2005
Bangladesh
Dhaka
Khaleda Zia

14th
3–4 April 2007
India
New Delhi
Manmohan Singh

15th
1–3 August 2008
Sri Lanka
Colombo
Mahinda Rajapaksa

16th
28–29 April 2010
Bhutan
Thimphu
Jigme Thinley

17th
10–11 November 2011[64]
Maldives
Addu
Mohammed Nasheed

18th
26–27 November 2014[65]
Nepal
Kathmandu
Sushil Koirala

19th
9–10 November 2016
Pakistan
Islamabad
Cancelled

20th
2018
Sri Lanka
Colombo
Maithripala Sirisena

text: Current leaders of SAARC[edit]

text:
Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani

 Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina

 Bhutan Acting Prime Minister Dasho Tshering Wangchuk

 IndiaPrime Minister Narendra Modi

 Maldives President Abdulla Yameen

 Nepal Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Oli

 Sri Lanka President Maithripala Sirisena

 Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan


document_title: The Quiet Man

question_text: where was the john wayne movie the quiet man filmed

root

text: The Quiet Man

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the 1920s, Sean Thornton (John Wayne), an Irish-born American from Pittsburgh, travels to Ireland to reclaim his family's farm and his birthplace in Inisfree. He meets and falls in love with the fiery Mary Kate Danaher (Maureen O'Hara), the sister of the bullying, loud-mouthed landowner Squire "Red" Will Danaher (Victor McLaglen). Danaher, who had wanted the farm himself, is angry that the Widow Tillane (herself angered by Danaher's admission that he had discussed her in the local pub) accepts Sean's bid, and retaliates by refusing consent for his sister to marry. Several town locals, including the Catholic priest, Father Lonergan (Ward Bond), conspire to trick him into believing that the wealthy Widow Tillane (Mildred Natwick) wants to marry him, but only if Mary Kate is no longer living in his house. After learning the truth on Sean and Mary Kate's wedding day, an enraged Will refuses to give his sister her dowry which is made up of a large sum of money and her family possessions passed down from her mother.

tag: p

text: Sean, unschooled in Irish customs, cares nothing about the dowry, but to Mary Kate the dowry represents her independence, identity, and pride. She feels passionately and intensely that the dowry is hers and is needed to validate her marriage to Sean. Angered and shamed by Sean's refusal to confront her brother and demand what is legally hers, she brands him a coward, and, despite living together, they are quickly estranged as husband and wife. In the morning they find that others in the village had visited Will and pressured him to return Mary Kate's furniture, but not her money.

text: Sean had been a boxer in the United States, a heavyweight challenger known as "Trooper Thorn". After accidentally killing an opponent in the ring, Sean hung up his gloves, vowing never to fight again. This is known to only one person in the village, the Church of Ireland minister, the Rev. Playfair (Arthur Shields), who once upon a time had been the lightweight champion and so understands Thornton's internal conflict over the fight.

text: In an attempt to force Sean to confront Will, Mary Kate leaves him and boards a train departing Castletown and headed to Dublin. Sean hears that she left for the station and drags her off the train. Followed by the crowding townspeople, he forces her to walk with him the five miles back to Inisfree and directly to the Danaher farm. Sean demands that Will hand over her dowry. When Will refuses, he throws Mary Kate back at Will, saying that "no dowry, no marriage" is their custom not his, shocking the two and shaming Will into finally paying the monetary part of his sister's dowry. Sean promptly throws the money into a nearby furnace which Mary Kate holds open, showing that Mary Kate never cared about the money, but only what it represented.

text: After a proud Mary Kate announces so all can hear, that she will now return home to prepare his supper, and departs, Will punches Sean, and a long, memorable fistfight ensues between the two, drawing crowds from miles around. They slug it out through the village, stop for a drink, brawl again, then, somewhat drunk, admit grudging mutual respect and the two return to Sean and Mary Kate's home for supper, where it is implied the rift is healed. Sean regains Mary Kate's love and respect. In the aftermath it is shown that Will and the Widow Tillane begin courting, and "peace is returned to Inisfree".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Wayne as Sean Thornton
Maureen O'Hara as Mary Kate Danaher
Barry Fitzgerald as Michaeleen "Óg" Flynn (Óg means "young" in Irish, which was used to denote between a father and son named the same, such as "Sr." and "Jr." are used in English)
Victor McLaglen as Squire "Red" Will Danaher
Ward Bond as Father Peter Lonergan
Mildred Natwick as the Widow Sarah Tillane
Francis Ford as Dan Tobin
Arthur Shields as Rev. Cyril Playfair
Eileen Crowe as Elizabeth Playfair
Charles FitzSimons as Hugh Forbes
James Fitzsimons (as James Lilburn) as Father Paul
Sean McClory as Owen Glynn
Emily Eby as Mave Campbell
Jack MacGowran as Ignatius Feeney
Philip Stainton as Anglican Bishop
May Craig as Fishwoman with Basket at Station
Paddy O'Donnell as Railway porter
Eric Gorman as Costello – Engine driver
Kevin Lawless as Engine fireman
Joseph O'Dea as Molouney – Train guard
Tony Canzoneri as Boxing Second (uncredited)
Frank Baker as Man in Bar (uncredited)
Ruth Clifford as Mother (uncredited)
Maureen Coyne as Dan Tobin's Daughter Ireland (uncredited)
Mimi Doyle as Dan Tobin's Daughter USA (uncredited)
Ken Curtis as Dermot Fahy (uncredited)
Douglas Evans as Ring Physician (uncredited)
Charles Ferguson as Danaher Brother (uncredited)
Robert Foy as Driver of Cart Across River (uncredited)
Sam Harris as General (uncredited)
D.R.O. Hatswell as Guppy (uncredited)
John Horan as Man at Railway Station (uncredited)
David Hughes as Police Constable (uncredited)
Billy Jones as Bugler (uncredited)
Tiny Jones as Nell (Maid) (uncredited)
Colin Kenny as Pub Extra (uncredited)
Patrick Wayne as Boy on Wagon at Horse Race (uncredited)
Michael Wayne as Teenage Boy at Races (uncredited)
Toni Wayne as Teenage Girl at Races (uncredited)
Melinda Wayne as Girl on Wagon at Horse Race (uncredited)
Mae Marsh as Father Paul's Mother (uncredited)
Jim Morrin as Roof Thatcher (uncredited)
Jim McVeigh as Man Following Cart Across River (uncredited)
Harry Tenbrook as Police Sergeant Hanan (uncredited)
Harry Tyler as Pat Cohan (Publican) (uncredited)
Al Murphy as Boxing Referee (uncredited)
Hank Worden as Boxing Trainer (uncredited)
Michael O'Brian as Musha Musha Man (uncredited)
Pat O'Malley as Man in Bar (uncredited)
Frank O'Connor as Ringside Photographer (uncredited)
Web Overlander as Hugh Bailey (Stationmaster) (uncredited)
Bob Perry as Trooper Thorn's Ringside Trainer (uncredited)
Darla Ridgeway as Girl (uncredited)
Freddy Ridgeway as Boy (uncredited)
Philip Stainton as Anglican Bishop (uncredited)
Jack Roper as Tony Gardello (Boxer) (uncredited)
Brick Sullivan as Townsman (uncredited)

tag: ul

text: Cast notes[edit]

text:
Charles Fitzsimons and James Fitzsimons were Maureen O'Hara's real life younger brothers. In this film, James was billed as James Lilburn, though he was later better known as James O'Hara. Barry Fitzgerald and Arthur Shields were also brothers in real life, and Francis Ford was John Ford's elder brother. Ken Curtis, later of Gunsmoke fame and newly married to John Ford's daughter Barbara, has a small role as Fahy, the village accordion player.
Wayne brought his four children along on location, and Ford gave them parts in the important race scene in the film:

Michael Wayne, 18, as teenage boy at races
Mary Antonia "Toni" Wayne, 16, as teenage girl at races
Patrick Wayne, 13, as teenage boy at races
Melinda Wayne, 12, as young girl at races

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was something of a departure for Wayne and Ford, who were both known mostly for Westerns and other action-oriented films. It was also a departure for Republic Pictures, which backed Ford in what was considered a risky venture at the time. It was the only time the studio, known for low budget B-movies, released a film that would receive an Oscar nomination for Best Picture.

text: Ford read the story in 1933 and soon purchased the rights to it for $10. The story's author was paid another $2,500 when Republic bought the idea, and he received a final payment of $3,750 when the film was actually made.[3] Republic Pictures agreed to finance the film with O'Hara and Wayne starring and Ford directing, but only if all three agreed to first film a Western with Republic. They did, and after completing Rio Grande, they headed for Ireland to start shooting.

text: One of the conditions that Republic placed on Ford was that the film run under two hours. However, the finished picture was two hours and nine minutes. When screening the film for Republic executives, Ford stopped the film at approximately two hours in, on the verge of the climactic fistfight. Republic executives relented and allowed the film to run its full length.[4] It was one of the few films that Republic filmed in Technicolor; most of the studio's other color films were made in a more economical process known as Trucolor.

text: The film employed many actors from the Irish theatre, including Barry Fitzgerald's brother, Arthur Shields, as well as extras from the Irish countryside, and it is one of the few Hollywood movies in which the Irish language can be heard.

text: Filming commenced on June 7, 1951. All of the outdoor scenes were shot on location in Ireland in County Mayo and County Galway. The inside scenes were filmed toward the end of July at the Republic Studios in Hollywood.

text: The story is set in the fictitious community of Inisfree. This is not the same as the Lake Isle of Innisfree, a place in Lough Gill on the Sligo–Leitrim border made famous by poet William Butler Yeats, which is a tiny island. Many scenes for the film were actually shot in and around the village of Cong, County Mayo, on the grounds of Cong's Ashford Castle. Cong is now a wealthy small town and the castle a 5-star luxury hotel. The connections with the film have led to the area becoming a tourist attraction. In 2008, a pub opened in the building used as the pub in the film (it had actually been a shop at the time when the movie was shot); the pub hosts daily re-runs of the film on DVD.[5] The Quiet Man Fan Club holds its annual general meeting in Ashford Castle. Other locations in the film include Thoor Ballylee, Co. Galway, home of poet W.B. Yeats for a period, Ballyglunin railway station near Tuam Co. Galway, which was filmed as Castletown station, and various places in Connemara Co. Galway and Co. Mayo. Among those are Lettergesh beach, where the horse race scene was filmed,[6] the Quiet Man Bridge, signposted off the N59 road between Maam Cross and Oughterard[7] and the "White O'Morn" cottage. The latter is located on R336 south of Maam, but has long ago fallen into ruin.[8]

text: The film also presents Ford's depiction of an idealized Irish society, with no social divisions based on class or religion. The Catholic priest, Father Lonergan, and the Protestant Rev. Playfair maintain a strong friendly relationship throughout the film – which represented the norm in what was then the Irish Free State. (Religious tensions occurred in the 1930s, but were the norm only in Northern Ireland.) The only allusions to Anglo-Irish animosity occur after the happy couple is married and a congratulatory toast expresses the wish that they live in "national freedom" (the term national has been censored from most editions)[6] and before the final donnybrook when Thornton demands his wife's dowry from Danaher. Danaher asks Hugh Forbes, who had been commander of the local Irish Republican Army unit during the fight to expel the British, "So the IRA is in this too, ah", to which Forbes replies, "If it were, not a scorched stone of your fine house would be standing."

text: Music[edit]

text: Ford chose his friend, Hollywood composer Victor Young, to compose the score for the film. Young sprinkled the soundtrack with many Irish airs such as the "Rakes of Mallow" and "The Wild Colonial Boy". One piece of music, chosen by Ford himself, is most prominent: the melody the "Isle of Innisfree", written not by Young, but by the Irish policeman/songwriter Richard Farrelly. The melody of the "Isle of Innisfree", which is first heard over the opening credit sequence with Ashford Castle in the background, becomes the principal musical theme of The Quiet Man. The melody is reprised at least eleven times throughout the film.

text: The upbeat melody comically hummed by Michaeleen Oge Flynn and later played on the accordion is the "Rakes of Mallow".

text: A portion of the Irish version of "The Wild Colonial Boy" is played throughout the film.

text: When Maureen O'Hara died in October 2015, her family stated she listened to music from The Quiet Man during her final hours.[9] Filmmaker George A. Romero was also said to have died listening to the score.[10]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was a financial success, grossing $3.8 million in its first year of release. This was among the top ten grosses of the year.[11] It was the seventh most popular film for British audiences in 1952.[12]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Quiet Man has a 90% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with the critical consensus stated as, "Director John Ford and star John Wayne depart the Western for the Irish countryside, and the result is a beautifully photographed, often comedic romance."[13]

text: Academy Awards[edit]

text:
Award[14][15]
Person

Best Director
John Ford

Best Cinematography
Winton C. Hoch
Archie Stout

tag: table

text:
Nominations

Best Picture
John Ford
Merian C. Cooper

Best Supporting Actor
Victor McLaglen

Best Art Direction
Frank Hotaling
John McCarthy Jr.
Charles S. Thompson

Best Sound
Daniel J. Bloomberg
(Republic Sound Department)

Best Adapted Screenplay
Frank S. Nugent

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: A kissing scene between Sean and Mary Kate is shown in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) when E.T. watches television. E.T. is interested and moved by the scene; his telepathic contact with Elliot causes the boy to re-enact it while he is at school with a girl, portrayed by a young Erika Eleniak.

text: The film inspired Donnybrook!, a 1961 Broadway musical.

text: John Williams' score for the film 1941 (1979) borrows the Rakes of Mallow motif from The Quiet Man. It is used to show the building violence between the soldiers and sailors.

text: The film is referenced in the 2015 romantic drama film Brooklyn.

text: Irish author Des MacHale has written four books about the film.[16]

text: Home media[edit]

text: It was first released on DVD December 14, 1998 by Artisan Home Entertainment. It was also released 4 years later on a Collector's edition DVD on October 22, 2002 by Artisan. The Special features on this edition include "The Making of the Quiet Man" Documentary with Leonard Maltin, and "The Joy of Ireland" Documentary with Maureen O'Hara and Andrew V. McLaglen, and "Remembering The Quiet Man Montage".

text: On January 22, 2013 Olive Films released The Quiet Man on DVD and for the first time on Blu-ray, as a 60th Anniversary Special edition. It included the documentary "The Making of the Quiet Man" with Leonard Maltin.

text: In 2010 there was a documentary called Dreaming The Quiet Man made about the journey and making of The Quiet Man. It was narrated by Gabriel Byrne, and had interviews with Peter Bogdanovich, Martin Scorsese, Charles F. Fitzsimons, and Maureen O'Hara. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray for the first time on March 24, 2015.


document_title: Oral rehydration therapy

question_text: who sanctioned oral rehydration salts (ors) recipe

question_tokens: who sanctioned oral rehydration salts ( ors ) recipe

text: Oral rehydration therapy

text: Medical uses[edit]

text: ORT is less invasive than the other strategies for fluid replacement, specifically intravenous (IV) fluid replacement. Mild to moderate dehydration in children seen in an emergency department is best treated with ORT. Persons taking ORT should eat within 6 hours and return to their full diet within 24–48 hours.[8]

text: Oral rehydration therapy may also be used as a treatment for the symptoms of dehydration and rehydration in burns in resource-limited settings.[9]

text: Efficacy[edit]

text: ORT may lower the mortality rate of diarrhea by as much as 93%.[2] Case studies in 4 developing countries also demonstrated an association between increased use of ORT and reduction in mortality.[10]

text: Treatment algorithm[edit]

text: The degree of dehydration should be assessed before initiating ORT. ORT is suitable for people who are not dehydrated and those who show signs and symptoms of mild to moderate dehydration. People who have severe dehydration should seek professional medical help immediately and receive intravenous rehydration as soon as possible to rapidly replenish fluid volume in the body.[11]

text: Contraindications[edit]

text: ORT should be discontinued and fluids replaced intravenously when vomiting is protracted despite proper administration of ORT, signs of dehydration worsen despite giving ORT, the person is unable to drink due to a decreased level of consciousness, or there is evidence of intestinal blockage or ileus. ORT might also be contraindicated in people who are in hemodynamic shock due to impaired airway protective reflexes.[12] Short-term vomiting is not a contraindication to receiving oral rehydration therapy. In persons who are vomiting, drinking oral rehydration solution at a slow and continuous pace will help the vomiting to resolve.[8]

text: Preparation[edit]

text: WHO and UNICEF jointly have developed official guidelines for the manufacture of oral rehydration solution and the oral rehydration salts used to make it (both often abbreviated as ORS). They also describe acceptable alternative preparations, depending on material availability. Commercial preparations are available as either pre-prepared fluids or packets of oral rehydration salts ready for mixing with water.[13][14]

text:
The formula for the current WHO oral rehydration solution (also known as low-osmolar ORS or reduced-osmolarity ORS) is 2.6 grams (0.092 oz) salt (NaCl), 2.9 grams (0.10 oz) trisodium citrate dihydrate (C
6H
5Na
3O
7⋅2H
2O), 1.5 grams (0.053 oz) potassium chloride (KCl), 13.5 grams (0.48 oz) anhydrous glucose (C
6H
12O
6) per litre of fluid.[15]

text: A basic oral rehydration therapy solution can also be prepared when packets of oral rehydration salts are not available. It can be made using 6 level teaspoons (25.2 grams) of sugar and 0.5 teaspoon (2.9 grams) of salt in 1 litre of water.[16][17] The molar ratio of sugar to salt should be 1:1 and the solution should not be hyperosmolar.[18] The Rehydration Project states, "Making the mixture a little diluted (with more than 1 litre of clean water) is not harmful."[19]

text: The optimal fluid for preparing oral rehydration solution is clean water. However, if this is not available the usually available water should be used. Oral rehydration solution should not be withheld simply because the available water is potentially unsafe; rehydration takes precedence.[20]

text: When oral rehydration salts packets and suitable teaspoons for measuring sugar and salt are not available, WHO has recommended that homemade gruels, soups, etc., may be considered to help maintain hydration.[21] A Lancet review in 2013 emphasized the need for more research on appropriate home made fluids to prevent dehydration.[22] Sports drinks are not optimal oral rehydration solutions, but they can be used if optimal choices are not available. They should not be withheld for lack of better options; rehydration takes precedence. But they are not replacements for oral rehydration solutions in nonemergency situations.[23]

text: Reduced-osmolarity[edit]

text: In 2003, WHO and UNICEF recommended that the osmolarity of oral rehydration solution be reduced from 311 to 245 mOsm/L .[24][25] These guidelines were also updated in 2006. This recommendation was based on multiple clinical trials showing that the reduced osmolarity solution reduces stool volume in children with diarrhea by about twenty-five percent and the need for IV therapy by about thirty percent when compared to standard oral rehydration solution. The incidence of vomiting is also reduced. The reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution has lower concentrations of glucose and sodium chloride than the original solution, but the concentrations of potassium and citrate are unchanged.[26][27][28][29][30]

text: The reduced osmolarity solution has been criticized by some for not providing enough sodium for adults with cholera.[31] Clinical trials have, however, shown reduced osmolarity solution to be effective for adults and children with cholera.[30] They seem to be safe but some caution is warranted according to the Cochrane review.[30]

text: Administration[edit]

text: ORT is based on evidence that water continues to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract even while fluid is lost through diarrhea or vomiting. The World Health Organization specify indications, preparations and procedures for ORT.[20]

text: WHO/UNICEF guidelines suggest ORT should begin at the first sign of diarrhea in order to prevent dehydration.[32][33] Babies may be given ORS with a dropper or a syringe. Infants under two may be given a teaspoon of ORS fluid every one to two minutes. Older children and adults should take frequent sips from a cup. WHO recommends giving children under two a quarter- to a half-cup of fluid following each loose bowel movement and older children a half- to a full cup. If the person vomits, the caretaker should wait 5–10 minutes and then resume giving ORS.[20](Section 4.2) ORS may be given by aid workers or health care workers in refugee camps, health clinics and hospital settings.[34] Mothers should remain with their children and be taught how to give ORS. This will help to prepare them to give ORT at home in the future. Breastfeeding should be continued throughout ORT.[20]

text: Associated therapies[edit]

text: Zinc[edit]

text: As part of oral rehydration therapy, WHO recommends supplemental zinc (10 to 20 mg daily) for ten to fourteen days, to reduce the severity and duration of the illness and make recurrent illness in the following two to three months less likely. Preparations are available as a zinc sulfate solution for adults, a modified solution for children and in tablet form.[35]

text: Feeding[edit]

text: Feeding the person after severe dehydration is corrected and appetite returns speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function, minimizes weight loss and supports continued growth in children. Small frequent meals are best tolerated (offering the child food every three to four hours). Mothers should continue to breastfeed.[20][36][37] A child with watery diarrhea typically regains his or her appetite as soon as dehydration is corrected, whereas a child with bloody diarrhea often eats poorly until the illness resolves. Such children should be encouraged to resume normal feeding as soon as possible. Once diarrhea is corrected, WHO recommends giving the child an extra meal each day for two weeks, and longer if the child is malnourished.[20]

text: Children with malnutrition[edit]

text: Dehydration may be overestimated in wasted children and underestimated in edematous children.[38] Care of these children must also include careful management of their malnutrition and treatment of other infections. Useful signs of dehydration include an eagerness to drink, lethargy, cool and moist extremities, weak or absent radial pulse (wrist), and reduced or absent urine flow. In children with severe malnutrition, it is often impossible to reliably distinguish between moderate and severe dehydration. A severely malnourished child who has signs of severe dehydration but who does not have a history of watery diarrhea should be treated for septic shock.[20]

text: The original ORS (90 mmol sodium/L) and the current standard reduced-osmolarity ORS (75 mmol sodium/L) both contain too much sodium and too little potassium for severely malnourished children with dehydration due to diarrhea. ReSoMal (Rehydration Solution for Malnutrition) is recommended for such children. It contains less sodium (45 mmol/l) and more potassium (40 mmol/l) than reduced osmolarity ORS.[39]

text: It can be obtained in packets produced by UNICEF or other manufacturers. An exception is if the severely malnourished child also has severe diarrhea (in which case ReSoMal may not provide enough sodium), in which case standard reduced-osmolarity ORS (75 mmol sodium/L) is recommended.[20] Malnourished children should be rehydrated slowly. WHO recommends 10 milliliters of ReSoMal per kilogram body weight for each of the first two hours (for example, a 9-kilogram child should be given 90 ml of ReSoMal over the course of the first hour, and another 90 ml for the second hour) and then continuing at this same rate or slower based on the child's thirst and ongoing stool losses, keeping in mind that a severely dehydrated child may be lethargic. If the child drinks poorly, a nasogastric tube should be used. The IV route should not be used for rehydration except in cases of shock and then only with care, infusing slowly to avoid flooding the circulation and overloading the heart.[20]

text: Feeding should usually resume within 2–3 hours after starting rehydration and should continue every 2–3 hours, day and night. For an initial cereal diet before a child regains his or her full appetite, WHO recommends combining 25 grams skimmed milk powder, 20 grams vegetable oil, 60 grams sugar, and 60 grams rice powder or other cereal into 1,000 milliliters water and boiling gently for five minutes. Give 130 ml per kilogram of body weight during per 24 hours. A child who cannot or will not eat this minimum amount should be given the diet by nasogastric tube divided into six equal feedings. Later on, the child should be given cereal made with a greater amount of skimmed milk product and vegetable oil and slightly less sugar. As appetite fully returns, the child should be eating 200 ml per kilogram of body weight per day. Zinc, potassium, vitamin A, and other vitamins and minerals should be added to both recommended cereal products, or to the oral rehydration solution itself. Children who are breastfed should continue breastfeeding.[20]

text: Antibiotics[edit]

text: WHO recommends that all severely malnourished children admitted to hospital should receive broad-spectrum antibiotics (for example, gentamicin and ampicillin). In addition, hospitalized children should be checked daily for other specific infections.[20]

text: If cholera is suspected give an antibiotic to which V. cholerae are susceptible. This reduces the volume loss due to diarrhea by 50% and shortens the duration of diarrhea to about 48 hours.[40]

text: Physiological basis[edit]

text: Fluid from the body enters the intestinal lumen during digestion. This fluid is isosmotic with the blood and contains a high quantity, about 142 mEq/L, of sodium. A healthy individual secretes 2000–3000 milligrams of sodium per day into the intestinal lumen. Nearly all of this is reabsorbed so that sodium levels in the body remain constant. In a diarrheal illness, sodium-rich intestinal secretions are lost before they can be reabsorbed. This can lead to life-threatening dehydration or electrolyte imbalances within hours when fluid loss is severe. The objective of therapy is the replenishment of sodium and water losses by ORT or intravenous infusion.[41]

text: Sodium absorption occurs in two stages. The first is via intestinal epithelial cells (enterocytes). Sodium passes into these cells by co-transport with glucose, via the SGLT1 protein. From the intestinal epithelial cells, sodium is pumped by active transport via the sodium-potassium pump through the basolateral cell membrane into the extracellular space.[42][43]

text: The sodium–potassium ATPase pump at the basolateral cell membrane moves three sodium ions into the extracellular space, while pulling into the enterocyte two potassium ions. This creates a "downhill" sodium gradient within the cell. SGLT proteins use energy from this downhill sodium gradient to transport glucose across the apical membrane of the cell against the glucose gradient. The co-transporters are examples of secondary active transport. The GLUT uniporters then transport glucose across the basolateral membrane. Both SGLT1 and SGLT2 are known as symporters, since both sodium and glucose are transported in the same direction across the membrane.

text: The co-transport of glucose into epithelial cells via the SGLT1 protein requires sodium. Two sodium ions and one molecule of glucose (or galactose) are transported together across the cell membrane via the SGLT1 protein. Without glucose, intestinal sodium is not absorbed. This is why oral rehydration salts include both sodium and glucose. For each cycle of the transport, hundreds of water molecules move into the epithelial cell to maintain osmotic equilibrium. The resultant absorption of sodium and water can achieve rehydration even while diarrhea continues.[41]

text: History[edit]

text: Definition[edit]

text: In the early 1980s, "oral rehydration therapy" referred only to the preparation prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF. In 1988, the definition changed to encompass recommended home-made solutions, because the official preparation was not always readily available. The definition was again amended in 1988 to include continued feeding as an appropriate associated therapy. In 1991, the definition became, "an increase in administered hydrational fluids" and in 1993, "an increase in administered fluids and continued feeding".[34]

text: Development[edit]

text: Until 1960, ORT was not known in the West. Dehydration was a major cause of death during the 1829 cholera pandemic in Russia and Western Europe. In 1831, William Brooke O'Shaughnessy noted the loss of water and salt in the stool of people with cholera and prescribed intravenous fluid therapy (IV fluids). The prescribing of hypertonic IV therapy decreased the mortality rate of cholera from 70 to 40 percent. In the West, IV therapy became the "gold standard" for the treatment of moderate and severe dehydration.[44]

text: In 1957 Indian physician Hemendra Nath Chatterjee published his results of treating people with cholera with ORT.[45] However, he had not performed a controlled trial. Robert A. Phillips attempted to create an effective ORT solution based on his discovery that, in the presence of glucose, sodium and chloride could be absorbed in patients with cholera. However, Phillips' efforts failed because the solution he used was excessively hypertonic.[46]

text: In the early 1960s, biochemist Robert K. Crane described the sodium-glucose co-transport mechanism and its role in intestinal glucose absorption.[47] This, combined with evidence that the intestinal mucosa appears undamaged in cholera, suggested that intestinal absorption of glucose and sodium might continue during the illness. This supported the notion that oral rehydration might be possible even during severe diarrhea due to cholera. In 1967-1968, Norbert Hirschhorn and Nathaniel F. Pierce, working in Dhaka, Bangladesh and Calcutta, India, respectively, showed that people with severe cholera can absorb glucose, salt and water and that this can occur in sufficient amounts to maintain hydration.[48][49] In 1968, David R. Nalin reported that in adults with cholera, given an oral glucose-electrolyte solution in volumes equal to that of the diarrhea losses, reduced the need for IV fluid therapy by eighty percent.[50]

text: In 1971, fighting during the Bangladesh Liberation War displaced millions and an epidemic of cholera ensued among the refugees. When IV fluid ran out in the refugee camps, Dilip Mahalanabis, a physician working with the Johns Hopkins International Center for Medical Research and Training in Calcutta, instructed his staff to prepare and distribute an oral rehydration solution prepared from individual ingredients to family members and caregivers. Over 3,000 people with cholera received ORT in this way. The mortality rate was 3.6 percent among those given ORT compared with 30 percent in those given IV fluid therapy.[44][46]

text: In the early 1970s, Norbert Hirschhorn used oral rehydration therapy on the White River Apache Indian Reservation with a grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.[51][52][53] He made the important observation that children would voluntarily drink as much of the solution as needed to restore hydration, and that rehydration and early re-feeding would protect their nutrition. This led to increased use of ORT for children with diarrhea, especially in developing countries.

text: In 1980 the Bangladeshi nonprofit BRAC created a door-to-door and person-to-person sales force to teach ORT for use by mothers at home. A task force of fourteen women, one cook and one male supervisor traveled from village to village. After visiting with women in several villages, they hit upon the idea of encouraging the women in the village to make their own oral rehydration fluid. They used available household equipment, starting with a "half a seer" (half a quart) of water and adding a fistful of sugar and a three-finger pinch of salt. Later on, the approach was broadcast over television and radio and a market for oral rehydration salts packets developed. Three decades later, national surveys have found that almost 90% of children with severe diarrhea in Bangladesh are given oral rehydration fluids at home or in a health facility.[54]

text: From 2006 to 2011, UNICEF estimated that worldwide about a third of children under 5 who had diarrhea received an oral rehydration solution, with estimates ranging from 30% to 41% depending on the region.[55][56]

text: ORT is one of the principal elements of the UNICEF "GOBI FFF" program (growth monitoring; ORT; breast feeding; immunization; female education; family spacing and food supplementation). The program aims to increase child survival in developing nations through proven low-cost interventions.[57]

text: Mozambique civil war refugees, 1990[edit]

text: Persons had fled from civil war in Mozambique to southern Malawi. In Nov. 1990, cholera broke out in a refugee camp in southern Malawi where approximately 74,000 persons were temporarily living. David Swerdlow of the U.S.'s CDC Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) wrote about the situation. He recommended setting up a tent just for children who would be assisted by some of the best nurses. He recommended against over-reliance on IV tubes, which often were left attached to persons for a week or more and which could lead to infections and septic shock. And he noticed that sick persons were not drinking enough rehydration solution. He assigned so-called "ORS officers" whose job was to encourage persons to please drink more solution. [58]

text: It was a minor mystery how persons were getting sick since deep-bore wells provided clean water and refugees were encouraged to wash their hands. It was then discovered that the only place for persons to wash hands were in the same buckets in which water was transported and stored. Swerdlow wrote in his report, "Use of narrow mouthed water containers would probably decrease the likelihood of contamination."[58]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2001 Gates award for global health.[59]
Norbert Hirschhorn, Dilip Mahalanabis, David Nalin, and Nathaniel Pierce, 2002 inaugural Pollin Prize for Pediatric Research.[60]
Richard A. Cash, David Nalin, Dilip Mahalanabis and Stanley Schultz, 2006 Prince Mahidol Award.[61]


document_title: New England Colonies

question_text: where did most new england colonists come from

text: New England Colonies

text: Before the Mayflower[edit]

text: France, England, and other countries made several attempts to colonize New England early in the 17th century, and those nations were often in contention for lands in the New World. French nobleman Pierre Dugua Sieur de Monts established a settlement on Saint Croix Island, Maine in June 1604 under the authority of the King of France. Nearly half the settlers perished due to the harsh winter and scurvy, and the survivors moved north out of New England to Port-Royal of Nova Scotia (see symbol "R" on map to the right) in the spring of 1605.[4]

text: King James I of England recognized the need for a permanent settlement in New England, and he granted competing royal charters to the Plymouth Company and the London Company. The Plymouth Company ships arrived at the mouth of the Kennebec River (then called the Sagadahoc River) in August 1607 where they established a settlement named Sagadahoc Colony, better known as Popham Colony (see symbol "Po" on map to right) to honor financial backer Sir John Popham. The colonists faced a harsh winter, the loss of supplies following a storehouse fire, and mixed relations with the local Indian tribes.

text: Colony leader Captain George Popham died, and Raleigh Gilbert decided to return to England to take up an inheritance left by the death of an older brother—at which point, all of the colonists decided to return to England. It was around August 1608 when they left on the ship Mary and John and on a new ship built by the colony named Virginia of Sagadahoc. The 30-ton Virginia was the first sea-going ship ever built in North America.[5]

text: Conflict over land rights continued through the early 17th century, with the French constructing Fort Pentagouet near Castine, Maine in 1613. The fort protected a trading post and a fishing station and was the first longer-term settlement in New England. It changed hands multiple times throughout the 17th century among the English, French, and Dutch colonists.[6]

text: In 1614, Dutch explorer Adriaen Block traveled along the coast of Long Island Sound and then up the Connecticut River to Hartford, Connecticut. By 1623, the Dutch West India Company regularly traded for furs there, and they eventually fortified it for protection from the Pequot Indians and named the site "House of Hope" (also identified as "Fort Hoop," "Good Hope," and "Hope").[7]

text: Establishing the New England Colonies[edit]

text: A group of Puritans known as the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower from England and the Netherlands to establish Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, the second successful English colony in North America following Jamestown, Virginia. About half of the one hundred-plus passengers on the Mayflower died that first winter, mostly because of diseases contracted on the voyage followed by a harsh winter.[8] In 1621, an American Indian named Squanto taught the colonists how to grow corn and where to catch eels and fish. His assistance was invaluable and helped them to survive the early years of the colonization. The Pilgrims lived on the same site where Squanto's Patuxet tribe had established a village before they were wiped out from diseases.[9]

text: The Plymouth settlement faced great hardships and earned few profits, but it enjoyed a positive reputation in England and may have sown the seeds for further immigration. Edward Winslow and William Bradford published an account of their experiences called Mourt's Relation (1622).[10] This book was only a small glimpse of the hardships and dangers encountered by the Pilgrims, but it encouraged other Puritans to immigrate during the Great Migration.

text: The Puritans in England first sent smaller groups in the mid-1620s to establish colonies, buildings, and food supplies, learning from the Pilgrims' harsh experiences of winter in the Plymouth Colony. In 1623, the Plymouth Council for New England (successor to the Plymouth Company) established a small fishing village at Cape Ann under the supervision of the Dorchester Company. The first group of Puritans moved to a new town at nearby Naumkeag after the Dorchester Company dropped support, and fresh financial support was found by Rev. John White. Other settlements were started in nearby areas; however, the overall Puritan population remained small through the 1620s.[11]

text: A larger group of Puritans arrived in 1630, leaving England because they desired to worship in a manner that differed from the Church of England. Their views were in accord with those of the Pilgrims who arrived on the Mayflower, except that the Pilgrims were "separatists" who felt that they needed to separate themselves from the Church of England, whereas the later Puritans were content to remain under the umbrella of the Church of England. The separate colonies were governed independently of one other until 1691, when Plymouth Colony was absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay Colony to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay.

text: Spreading out[edit]

text: Early dissenters of the Puritan laws were often banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Connecticut Colony was started after Puritan minister Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts Bay with about 100 followers in search of greater religious and political freedom. John Wheelwright left with his followers to a colony in New Hampshire and then on to Maine. The Puritans also established the American public school system for the express purpose of ensuring that future generations would be able to read the Bible for themselves, which was a central tenet of Puritan worship.[12]

text: It was the dead of winter in January 1636 when minister Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of theological differences. One source of contention was his view that government and religion should be separate; he also believed that the colonies should purchase land at fair prices from the Wampanoag and Narragansett tribes. He escaped being deported to England by the Massachusetts officials and walked from Salem, Massachusetts to Raynham, Massachusetts, a distance of 55 miles through the deep snow. The Indian tribes helped him to survive and sold him land for a new colony which he named Providence Plantations in recognition of the intervention of Divine Providence in establishing the new colony. It was unique in its day in expressly providing for religious freedom and a separation of church from state. Other dissenters established two settlements on Rhode Island (now called Aquidneck Island) and another settlement in Warwick; these four settlements eventually united to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.[13]

text: Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts in 1636 with 100 followers and founded a settlement just north of the Dutch Fort Hoop which grew into Connecticut Colony. The community was first named Newtown then renamed Hartford to honor the English town of Hertford. One of the reasons why Hooker left was that only members of the church could vote and participate in the government in Massachusetts Bay, which he believed should include any adult male owning property. The Connecticut Colony was not the first settlement in Connecticut (the Dutch were first) or even the first English settlement (Windsor was first in 1633). Thomas Hooker obtained a royal charter and established Fundamental Orders, considered to be one of the first constitutions in North America. Other colonies later merged into the royal charter for the Connecticut Colony, including New Haven and Saybrook.

text: Commerce[edit]

text: The earliest colonies in New England were usually fishing villages or farming communities on the more fertile land along the rivers. The rocky soil in the New England Colonies was not as fertile as the Middle or Southern Colonies, but the land provided rich resources, including lumber that was valued for building homes and ships. Lumber was also a resource that could be exported back to England, where there was a shortage of wood. In addition, the hunting of wildlife provided furs to be traded and food for the table.

text: In Massachusetts their economy was heavily based on small industries with people working as porters, tanners, shopkeepers and metalworkers. They had merchants which carried raw materials such as furs, timber, and the tar and pitch needed for shipbuilding. Trade went on directly between the English colonists and the European Caribbean islands.

text: The New England Colonies were located near the ocean where there was an abundance of whales, fish, and other marketable sea life. Excellent harbors and some inland waterways offered protection for ships and were also valuable for fresh water fishing. By the end of the 17th century, New England colonists had created an Atlantic trade network that connected them to the English homeland as well as the West African slave coast, the Caribbean's plantation islands, and the Iberian Peninsula. Colonists relied upon British and European imports for glass, linens, hardware, machinery, and other items for the colonial household.

text: The Southern Colonies could produce tobacco, rice, and indigo in exchange for imports, whereas New England's colonies could not offer much to England beyond fish, furs, and lumber. Inflation was a major issue in the economy. During the 18th century, shipbuilding drew upon the abundant lumber and revived the economy, often under the direction of the British Crown.[14]

text: Wartime Enslavement of Enemy Combatants in New England[edit]

text: Enslavement of enemies defeated in war was a common practice in European nations at this time. This was a policy that had been going on for decades in Ireland, particularly since the time of Elizabeth I and during the mid-17th century Cromwell wars in Britain and Ireland, where large numbers of Irish, Welsh, and Scots prisoners of war were sent as slaves to plantations in the West Indies, especially to Barbados and Jamaica.[15] The practice found its way to the American colonies during the Pequot War and King Philip's War.

text: Military leader Benjamin Church spoke out against enslaving Indians in the summer of 1675, describing the practice as "an action so hateful… that (I) opposed it to the loss of the good will and respect of some that before were (my) good friends." This said, Church was an owner of African slaves himself, like many Englishmen in the colony.[16] Ships carrying captured war combatants began to leave New England ports during King Philip's War (1675-78) and continued for the three years of the war. The policy concerning war enemies was that "no male captive above the age of fourteen years should reside in the colony."[17] It is estimated that at least a thousand New England Indian warriors were sold as slaves during King Philip's War, with over half of those coming from Plymouth.[18]

text: Education[edit]

text: In the New England Colonies, the first settlements of Pilgrims and the other Puritans who came later taught their children how to read and write in order that they might read and study the Bible for themselves. Depending upon social and financial status, education was taught by the parents home-schooling their children, public grammar schools, and private governesses, which included subjects from reading and writing to Latin and Greek and more.


document_title: I Don't Feel at Home in This World Anymore

question_text: where was i don't feel at home in this world anymore filmed

question_tokens: where was i do n 't feel at home in this world anymore filmed

text: Plot[edit]

text: Nursing assistant Ruth returns home from a bad day at work when she realizes she has been burgled. She reports to the police that the thief has medication along with her grandmother's silverware and a laptop computer. When she asks Detective William Bendix for advice, he chastises her for leaving her door unlocked. Ruth then goes door to door, asking her neighbors if they saw anything suspicious. One of them, Tony, becomes enraged that someone would target a neighbor. Frightened by his reaction, Ruth leaves; however, later, she returns to seek his help after the police refuse to follow up on a mobile app revealing the location of her laptop. Ruth and Tony go to the location, where Ruth intimidates the owner into returning her laptop. He reveals he bought it from a fence who operates a resale shop. After getting the shop's address, Ruth and Tony investigate further the next morning where Ruth finds her grandmother's silverware and a man whose shoe matches a print left in her yard. Ruth gets into a scuffle with the owner when he demands she pay for the stolen silverware. After he breaks her finger, Tony knocks him unconscious, and they flee.

text: After Ruth becomes frustrated that she was not able to confront the youth she suspects to be the burglar, Tony reveals that he caught the license plate number on the van he rode away in. Tony researches the tag number of the van online, revealing the owner of the van and possible thief as Christian Rumack. After again receiving no help from Bendix, Ruth and Tony impersonate cops at the address belonging to the van where a woman named Meredith lets them inside and answers their questions regarding Christian Rumack and the van. She reveals that the owner of the van, her husband Chris, is not the one who uses the van; it is instead her step-son, who was given the van by his father. She says Christian became disowned by his father after being jailed for drug-related offenses and befriending criminals he met there. Chris senior returns home abruptly with his bodyguard. Despite Chris offering a payoff, Ruth merely states that she has no interest in money and only wants to confront Christian about his behavior. Chris taunts her for her idealism and kicks them out.

text: Christian and his friends, Marshall and Dez, watch from the side, calling off their intended robbery of Chris and instead send Christian to confront Ruth about what she knows about them. He surprises her inside her home, and she crushes his windpipe in self-defense. As he staggers into the street, a bus strikes and kills him. Marshall and Dez kidnap Ruth, forcing her to take Christian's place in their heist. Ruth gains them entry into the mansion, where Meredith and Cesar are held at gunpoint and told to summon Chris. Dez shoots Chris in the hand after he comes downstairs. Cesar attempts to shoot Marshall, who fires back at him. As the two fight, Cesar is shot in the neck and dies. Marshall demands that Chris open their safe. Marshall opens it to find that there is no cash inside, only documents. Marshall and Dez proclaim that they are "done here".

text: Tony arrives and strikes Dez in the face with a throwing ninja star. When Dez tries to fire her gun at Tony, it backfires and explodes, blowing her hand off. Chris takes the opportunity to try to steal Marshall's gun, but Marshall accidentally shoots him through the head, killing him. Marshall points his gun at Tony next, but Ruth wrestles him to the ground. Dez stabs Tony several times in the stomach. Marshall's gun goes off as Ruth fights him, and a stray bullet strikes Dez in the head, killing her. Ruth gains the upper hand over Marshall, bludgeoning him in the head and leg with the butt of his own gun, and helps Tony flee into the forest behind the mansion. Marshall recovers and chases them. Ruth hides a severely injured Tony under some foliage and continues to run from Marshall. Ruth attacks Marshall by throwing rocks at him, and his sudden movements cause him to be bitten by a water moccasin. Ruth leaves him to die from his wounds. Panicked that she cannot find Tony on her way back, Ruth sees her grandmother's ghost point her in the correct direction. Grateful that Ruth saved her life, Meredith neglects to identify her as one of the burglars to Bendix. Ruth returns to her daily life with Tony, who survives his wounds, and she joins his church.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Melanie Lynskey as Ruth Kimke
Elijah Wood as Tony
David Yow as Marshall
Jane Levy as Dez
Devon Graye as Christian Rumack, Jr.
Christine Woods as Meredith
Robert Longstreet as Christian Rumack
Gary Anthony Williams as William Bendix
Lee Eddy as Angie
Derek Mears as Donkey
Jason Manuel Olazabal as Cesar
Maxwell Hamilton as Smoker
Matt Orduna as Dan
Michelle Moreno as Jana Huff
Jeb Berrier as Gearhead

text: Writer and director Macon Blair makes a cameo appearance as a man Ruth meets at a bar. The movie is dedicated "For Lee & Buck." (Lee Eddy who played Angie & Buck Eddy-Blair who played young Ruth)

text: Production[edit]

text: In April 2016, it was announced Melanie Lynskey and Elijah Wood had been cast in the film, with Macon Blair writing and directing the film.[3][4][5]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began in April 2016, in Portland, Oregon.[6][7]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 19, 2017.[8] It received a worldwide release on February 24, 2017, streaming exclusively on Netflix.[9]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: I Don't Feel At Home in This World Anymore received positive reviews from film critics. It currently holds an 88% "fresh" rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 51 reviews, with an average score of 7.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "I Don't Feel At Home In This World Anymore transcends its unwieldy title to offer timely, intoxicatingly dark observations on gender dynamics and social norms in modern America."[10] On Metacritic, the film has a 75 out of 100 rating, based on 15 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[11]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

Gotham Independent Film Awards
November 27, 2017
Best Actress
Melanie Lynskey
Pending
[12]


document_title: Gun law in the United States

question_text: when was the last federal gun law passed

text: Gun law in the United States

text: Major federal gun laws[edit]

text: Most federal gun laws are found in the following acts:[1][2]

text:
National Firearms Act ("NFA") (1934): Taxes the manufacture and transfer of, and mandates the registration of Title II weapons such as machine guns, short-barreled rifles and shotguns, heavy weapons, explosive ordnance, silencers, and disguised or improvised firearms.
Federal Firearms Act of 1938 ("FFA"): Requires that gun manufacturers, importers, and persons in the business of selling firearms have a Federal Firearms License (FFL). Prohibits the transfer of firearms to certain classes of persons, such as convicted felons.
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (1968): Prohibited interstate trade in handguns, increased the minimum age to 21 for buying handguns.
Gun Control Act of 1968 ("GCA"): Focuses primarily on regulating interstate commerce in firearms by generally prohibiting interstate firearms transfers except among licensed manufacturers, dealers and importers.
Firearm Owners Protection Act ("FOPA") (1986): Revised and partially repealed the Gun Control Act of 1968. Prohibited the sale to civilians of automatic firearms manufactured after the date of the law's passage. Required ATF approval of transfers of automatic firearms.
Undetectable Firearms Act (1988): Effectively criminalizes, with a few exceptions, the manufacture, importation, sale, shipment, delivery, possession, transfer, or receipt of firearms with less than 3.7 oz of metal content.
Gun-Free School Zones Act (1990): Prohibits unauthorized individuals from knowingly possessing a firearm at a place that the individual knows, or has reasonable cause to believe, is a school zone.
Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (1993): Requires background checks on most firearm purchasers, depending on seller and venue.
Federal Assault Weapons Ban (1994–2004): Banned semiautomatics that looked like assault weapons and large capacity ammunition feeding devices. The law expired in 2004.
Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act (2005): Prevent firearms manufacturers and licensed dealers from being held liable for negligence when crimes have been committed with their products.

text: Second Amendment[edit]

text: The right to keep and bear arms in the United States is protected by the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. While there have been vigorous debates on the nature of this right, there was a lack of clear federal court rulings defining the right until the two U.S. Supreme Court cases of District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) and McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010).

text: An individual right to own a gun for personal use was affirmed in the landmark District of Columbia v. Heller decision in 2008, which overturned a handgun ban in the Federal District of Columbia.[3] In the Heller decision, the court's majority opinion said that the Second Amendment protects "the right of law-abiding, responsible citizens to use arms in defense of hearth and home."

text: However, in delivering the majority opinion, Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia wrote on the Second Amendment not being an unlimited right:

text: Like most rights, the Second Amendment right is not unlimited. It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose: For example, concealed weapons prohibitions have been upheld under the Amendment or state analogues. The Court’s opinion should not be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill, or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings, or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms.[4][5]

text: The four dissenting justices argued that the majority had broken prior precedent on the Second Amendment,[6] and took the position that the amendment refers to an individual right, but in the context of militia service.[7][8][9][10]

text: In the McDonald v. City of Chicago decision in 2010, the Supreme Court ruled that, because of the incorporation of the Bill of Rights, the guarantee of an individual right to bear arms applies to state and local gun control laws and not just federal laws.[11]

text: The Supreme Court has not ruled on whether the Second Amendment protects the right to carry guns in public for self-defense.[12] Federal appeals courts have issued conflicting rulings on this point. For example, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit ruled in 2012 that it does, saying, "The Supreme Court has decided that the amendment confers a right to bear arms for self-defense, which is as important outside the home as inside."[13] But the Tenth Circuit Court ruled in 2013 that it does not, saying, "In light of our nation's extensive practice of restricting citizen's freedom to carry firearms in a concealed manner, we hold that this activity does not fall within the scope of the Second Amendment's protections."[14] More recently, the Ninth Circuit Court ruled in its 2016 decision Peruta v. San Diego County that the Second Amendment does not guarantee the right of gun owners to carry concealed weapons in public.[15]

text: Eligible persons[edit]

text: The following persons are eligible to possess and own firearms within the United States,[16] though further restrictions apply:

text:
US citizens
permanent resident aliens
non-immigrant aliens admitted into the United States for lawful hunting or sporting purposes or if the non-immigrant alien falls under one of the following exceptions:

text:
possesses a valid hunting license or permit issued by any US state
an official representative of a foreign government who is accredited to the United States Government or the Government’s mission to an international organization having its headquarters in the United States or is en route to or from another country to which that alien is accredited
an official of a foreign government or a distinguished foreign visitor who has been so designated by the Department of State
a foreign law enforcement officer of a friendly foreign government entering the United States on official law enforcement business
has received a waiver from the Attorney General as long as the waiver petition shows this would be in the interests of justice and would not jeopardize the public safety under 18 U.S. Code § 922(y)(3)(c)[17]

tag: ol

text: Each state has its own laws regarding who is allowed to own or possess firearms, and there are various state and federal permitting and background check requirements. Controversy continues over which classes of people, such as convicted felons, people with severe or violent mental illness,[18] and people on the federal no-fly list, should be excluded. Laws in these areas vary considerably, and enforcement is in flux.

text: Manufacturers[edit]

text: Under United States law, any company or gunsmith which in the course of its business manufactures guns or gun parts, or modifies guns for resale, must be licensed as a manufacturer of firearms.[19]