document_title: List of Disney's Cinderella characters

question_text: what is the name of cinderella's stepmother

question_tokens: what is the name of cinderella 's stepmother

text: List of Disney's Cinderella characters

text: Cinderella[edit]

text:
Princess Cinderella

First appearance
Cinderella (1950)

Created by
Marc Davis
Eric Larson
Les Clark

Voiced by
Ilene Woods (in Cinderella)
Jennifer Hale (in sequels)

Portrayed by
Lily James (2015 film)

Brandy Norwood (1997 film)

text: Cinderella is a young woman with medium-length blonde hair, blue eyes and fair complexion. There are many different stories about her from different states and countries.

text: After her father dies, she is forced into servitude in her own home and is constantly tormented by her evil stepmother, Lady Tremaine, and two stepsisters, Anastasia and Drizella. Despite this, she maintains hope through her dreams and remains a kind, gentle and sweet person. She has faith that someday her dreams of happiness will come true and her kindness will be repaid. Cinderella is shown to have a down-to-earth attitude, but she is also a daydreamer. For example, in "Sing Sweet Nightingale", she becomes distracted with the bubbles, allowing Lucifer the cat to smudge the floor she was cleaning. Also, after hearing that the Grand Duke is traveling the kingdom with the missing slipper, she dreamily dances back to the attic humming the song she heard at the ball. She is also shown to have a sarcastic side and a sharp wit.

text: With the help of her animal friends, she fixes up an old dress of her mother's so she can attend a royal ball. However, when her evil stepsisters brutally tear the dress apart, she is heartbroken and fears that her dreams will never come true.

text: However, her Fairy Godmother appears, restoring Cinderella's hope by transforming her torn homemade gown into her now-iconic powder blue ball gown with a glittering puffed over-skirt, a delicate laced white petticoat and puffy sleeves. She wears her hair in a French twist supported by a powder blue headband and her accessories include powder blue opera gloves, a black choker, and glass slippers. As a servant, she wears her hair down in a ponytail, sometimes supported by a white scarf and wears a brown dress with a powder blue blouse, a white apron, and black flats.

text: She was voiced by Ilene Woods in the original film and later Jennifer Hale in the sequels.

text: In the 2015 live-action film, Ella was the character's original name, Cinderella was instead a spiteful nickname given by the stepsisters to Ella after she slept near the fireplace and subsequently covered by cinder (ash). In the film, Eloise Webb portrayed the 10-year old Ella in the prologue, with Lily James portrayed the older Ella.

text: Jaq and Gus[edit]

text:
Jaq (Jacques)

First appearance
Cinderella (1950)

Created by
Ward Kimball
John Lounsbery

Voiced by
Jimmy MacDonald (in Cinderella)
Rob Paulsen (in sequels)

Aliases
Jaq-Jaq

text:
Gustovo (Octavius)

First appearance
Cinderella (1950)

Created by
Ward Kimball
John Lounsbery

Voiced by
Jimmy MacDonald (in Cinderella)
Corey Burton (in sequels)

text: Jaq (real name Jacques) and Gus (real name Octavius) are two mice who serve as Cinderella's sidekicks. Gus has a penchant for cheese. In the first film, Cinderella rescues the mice from traps and the cat Lucifer and dresses and feeds them. They perform many favors in return. Jaq seems to be one of the leaders of the mice, planning strategies to avoid the cat, sneak food, and help Cinderella with her ball gown. The other mice gladly follow his lead. Jaq is thin, with scruffy hair, and speaks a fast kind of pidgin English. Gus appears in the first scene of the film, trapped shivering in a cage where Jaq finds him and brings Cinderella to rescue him. Cinderella names him "Octavius," and calls him "Gus" for short. This is an example of an inside joke among the writers and (some) viewers of the movie. Gus is actually short for Augustus. In ancient Rome, Octavius was renamed Augustus when he became Caesar. Hence Octavius - Augustus - Gus. Jaq explains the situation to Gus, that Cinderella wants to help him, and Gus catches on and joins the mouse troop. Gus has a large belly that pokes out of his yellow shirt and seems to be a bit slow on the pickup, but brave in a pinch, and speaks even more broken English than Jaq, who calls him "Gus-Gus".

text: Jaq and Gus are two of four mice that the Fairy Godmother transforms into horses so that Cinderella can attend the ball, but at the stroke of midnight, they are transformed back into mice. Later, Jaq and Gus are responsible for stealing the key to Cinderella's room from the wicked stepmother, Lady Tremaine, and freeing Cinderella to try on the glass slipper, which of course fits. While trying to steal the key, Jaq is stuck in Lady Tremaine's pocket and gets knocked around as she pats the key. Gus gets trapped in a tea cup and Lady Tremaine offers some tea to the Duke, with Gus inside. She begins to pour tea into the cup and it drops towards Gus's large belly. Gus sucks in his belly to survive, trembling and sweating, but in a moment the Duke says he wants none, the tea lifts, and Gus is safe (though he gets his butt burnt by the tea later when they get the key). They are last seen in the film in tiny palace uniforms, eating and waving at the wedding of Cinderella and Prince Charming.

text: In Cinderella II: Dreams Come True, Gus and Jaq were also present, living in the castle along with all the other mice. It was Gus' idea to make the new book of stories to replace the old one. In Cinderella's Story, Jaq and Gus helped Cinderella to prepare for the ball and gave her support when she doubted her abilities. In Jaq's Story, Jaq, feeling useless, wishes that he were a human; Fairy Godmother grants this wish and Jaq tries to help Cinderella and the others prepare for the fair until he realizes he liked being a mouse better and returns to normal. In Anastasia's Story, they attempt to help their old nemesis Lucifer win the affections of a snobby female cat named Pom Pom (the mice's, and probably Bruno's, new nemesis) in the castle in the hopes the cats will then leave the mice alone.

text: In Cinderella III: A Twist in Time, Gus and Jaq make their opening appearance helping the fairy godmother prepare for the prince and Cinderella's anniversary party. After Lady Tremaine reversed time and made the slipper fit Anastasia's foot, they helped Cinderella search for the prince, (wreaking havoc in the palace kitchen in the process). They discover Lady Tremaine's use of dark magic by witnessing her cast a spell on the prince to forget Cinderella (and think that he danced with Anastasia). In a plan to steal the wand back, they succeed in taking the wand from Lady Tremaine, but she has Cinderella arrested with a banishment sentence before she can lift the spell on the prince. Gus and Jaq manage to convince the prince that Cinderella is the right girl through a catchy showtune, "At the Ball". They later help Cinderella put on her wedding gown, but the three are magically sent away by Lady Tremaine, who assigns Lucifer the cat to drive them in a pumpkin carriage over a cliff. After they narrowly escape their deaths, Cinderella, Jaq, and Gus return to the palace where the mice attack the entrance guards to let Cinderella through to the wedding. The mice are last seen in Cinderella III during the closing credits in a picture with a very decorated king, one with them stuffed with cheese, Gus in a rather sophisticated uniform, and the final picture in a photo booth style series with Cinderella, the prince, and the two mice.

text: Jaq and Gus also appeared in the Grandma Duck comics in Walt Disney's Comics and Stories where they live with Grandma Duck and her grandnephew Gus Goose. At some time before then, they crossed paths with Donald Duck and Daisy Duck. They appeared in one Mickey Mouse comic strip adventure titled Mousepotamia where they appear to be the same size as Mickey rather than standard mouse size.

text: Jaq appears in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep for the PSP, and was one of the first new confirmed characters, while Gus is absent. He finds Ventus, shrunk down to 3 in (10 cm) by the Fairy Godmother, placed in a mousetrap, and helps free him, marking the beginning of their friendship. Ventus later helps him gather the necessary materials for Cinderella's dress, and despite a fight between Ventus and Lucifer, they succeed. Later on, while Cinderella is locked in her room by Lady Tremaine, Jaq attempts to get the key to her room up the stairs and is protected by Aqua when the Unversed ambush him. Jaq succeeds and the slipper fits Cinderella perfectly. In the original film they were both voiced by Jimmy MacDonald; in the sequels, Jaq is voiced by Rob Paulsen and Gus is voiced by Corey Burton.

text: In the 2015 remake, Jaq is changed to a doe (female mouse) named Jacqueline; Gus remains male but is referred to as Gus-Gus.

text: Lady Tremaine[edit]

text:
Lady Tremaine

First appearance
Cinderella (1950)

Created by
Frank Thomas

Voiced by
Eleanor Audley (original)
Susanne Blakeslee (sequels)

Portrayed by
Cate Blanchett (2015 film)
Christine Baranski (Into the Woods)

Aliases
The Wicked Stepmother, Madame Tremaine, Cinderella's stepmother

text: Lady Tremaine (also known as the Wicked Stepmother or Cinderella's stepmother) is the primary antagonist of the franchise. She is based on the original character from the Cinderella fairy tale created by Charles Perrault. Animators Ollie Johnston and Frank Thomas, in their book The Disney Villain, describe animating Audley's voice as "a difficult assignment but a thrilling one, working to that voice track with so much innuendo mixed in with the fierce power." In contrast to the broad treatment given to some of the other characters, Lady Tremaine was animated in malevolent and subtle realism.[1]

text: A cruel, cold, and calculating tyrant, Lady Tremaine wants nothing more than her daughters to succeed. Unlike most Disney villains, who sport fiery personalities and desire power and the spotlight, she possesses a more cunning, subtle personality with a shrewd intelligence and ability for manipulation, particularly towards her daughters. She rarely yells, speaking in a calm, collected voice, even when angered and her insults and cruel behavior in regards to Cinderella is more passive aggressive. She wishes her daughters to succeed so that she may reap the benefits when it best suits her.

text: She is introduced in the prologue of the film. Cinderella's father, a widower anxious for his daughter to have a mother figure, married Lady Tremaine, who is described as "a woman of good family". She was a widow herself, with two daughters from her first marriage. After an unspecified amount of time living happily together as a family, Cinderella's father tragically died and Lady Tremaine revealed her true colors. She lets the chateau fall into disrepair while pampering her own selfishly spoiled daughters and forcing Cinderella to become a maid in her own home. Lady Tremaine allows Cinderella to attend the Royal Ball, on the condition that Cinderella finishes all her chores and finds a suitable dress. When Cinderella actually finishes her work and appears ready for the Ball in a suitable dress, Lady Tremaine mildly mentions the beads and sash that Jaq and Gus found after Anastasia and Drizella threw them out. Enraged, her daughters cruelly tear apart Cinderella's dress, leaving her unable to attend the ball. When Cinderella, with the help of a Fairy Godmother, nevertheless attends the ball, her stepfamily does not recognize her, but Lady Tremaine notes a familiarity about her appearance as she dances with Prince Charming.

text: News promptly arrives by way of a Royal Proclamation that the Prince will marry the girl whose foot fits the glass slipper accidentally left behind by Cinderella at the ball. Lady Tremaine overhears Cinderella dreamily humming the song "So This is Love" as she heads to the attic, and realizes that she was the mysterious girl at the ball. Hoping to pass off one of her daughters as the mysterious girl, Lady Tremaine follows Cinderella up to the attic and locks her in her room, putting the key in her pocket. However, two of Cinderella's mice friends, Gus and Jaq, steal the key from the stepmother's pocket (after Lady Tremaine almost boils Gus in a tea cup) and succeed in returning the key to Cinderella, who rushes downstairs to the Grand Duke just as he and the footman are about to leave. Lady Tremaine attempts to convince the Duke that Cinderella is merely a lowly scullery maid who did not even attend the ball. But the Duke, who is required by the King's Royal Proclamation not to skip a single maiden in the kingdom on his quest for the mysterious girl the Prince danced with, solemnly rebuffs Lady Tremaine. The Duke also finds Cinderella strikingly familiar to him. He proceeds to try the glass slipper on Cinderella. In a last-ditch effort to foil Cinderella's dreams, Lady Tremaine trips the footman bearing the glass slipper, causing it to smash. She deviously grins with wicked satisfaction as the Duke wails in despair and fear of the King's reaction when he finds out that the slipper was broken. But Cinderella still manages to come out on top by revealing that she has the other slipper, and that it fits her foot, proving that she is the girl who danced with Prince Charming, much to her stepmother's appalled horror.

text: She made her second appearance in the direct-to-video sequel Cinderella II: Dreams Come True, this time voiced by Susanne Blakeslee. In this film, she only appeared in the An Uncommon Romance segment, where Anastasia has to go against her mother for the first time. A likable, slightly plump humble baker falls in love with Anastasia, as does she with him. Lady Tremaine and Drizella do everything they can to thwart this romance, but Cinderella encourages Anastasia to follow her own heart (which she does).

text: Her latest animated appearance was in the second direct-to-video Cinderella sequel, Cinderella III: A Twist in Time, again voiced by Blakeslee, wherein she resumes her role as the pivotal antagonist. This time, she acquires the Fairy Godmother's magic wand after Anastasia finds it. Lady Tremaine, strangely still bent on ruining Cinderella's life (in what she believes to be revenge) then uses the wand to reverse time to undo Cinderella's "happily ever after"; she manipulates the glass slipper to fit Anastasia so that Cinderella never gets to try on the slipper herself, then she brainwashes the Prince into forgetting Cinderella and marrying Anastasia. When Cinderella tries to set things right, Lady Tremaine thwarts her efforts, aided by the magic wand. Ultimately, Anastasia is her mother's undoing; feeling guilty about marrying someone she does not love and who does not love her, she rejects the Prince at the altar. Furious, Lady Tremaine tries to turn Cinderella and Anastasia into toads, but the Prince defends the two from the spell and reflects it back with his sword, turning Lady Tremaine and Drizella into toads instead. Anastasia then gives the magic wand to Cinderella so that she can undo all the wrongs that had been committed. During the end credits, Lady Tremaine and Drizella have been restored, but are wearing scullery clothes identical to those Cinderella used to wear, implying that they will be working in the palace as servants as their punishment.

text: Aside from the films, Lady Tremaine has also made various appearances on the Disney Channel series House of Mouse; she frequently shares a table with another famous wicked stepmother, the Evil Queen Grimhilde, Snow White's evil stepmother, from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Again, in these appearances, she is voiced by Susan Blakeslee. She also makes an appearance in the Who Framed Roger Rabbit Special Edition DVD in one of the menus.

text: She appears in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep, along with Anastasia and Drizella. In the game, she is much crueler and is even hinted to be a sadist. She plays out the same role as in the film, only this time, the extreme darkness in her heart creates two Unversed, fuelled by her hatred of Cinderella. Aqua makes note of this as she passes Lady Tremaine, and later goes to the Tremaines' chateau to assassinate her and her daughters before their darkness kills anyone, but the Fairy Godmother stops her, advising her that Light and Darkness must co-exist. After the slipper fits Cinderella, Lady Tremaine gives into her fury once again and her negativity transforms Cinderella's pumpkin coach into a giant Unversed, the Cursed Coach, who is then sent to murder the now-freed Cinderella. When Aqua jumps in and rescues Cinderella, the Cursed Coach accidentally drops a fire bomb in front of Lady Tremaine and her daughters, which explodes and leaves their fate unknown.

text: She is voiced by Eleanor Audley in the original film, and by Susan Blakeslee in subsequent appearances.

text: In the 2015 live-action version, Lady Tremaine was portrayed by Cate Blanchett. A woman of grace and refinement, she married Ella's father for the sake of her daughters; shortly after her first husband, Sir Francis Tremaine, died. At first, Lady Tremaine did not seem to bear any particular animosity towards Ella, but her jealousy and spite was incited after overhearing a private conversation in which it was confirmed that her second husband loved his biological daughter more than he did her, and that he still cherished the memory of his first wife. After he died while on a business trip, Lady Tremaine was hurt and jealous that his dying words had only been of Ella and her mother. She takes her jealousy out on Ella, firing all of the servants and forcing Ella to take up most of their duties. She even joins in her daughters' childish taunting of Ella, and mocks her as "Cinderella". When she and her daughters are getting ready to go to the ball, Ella comes downstairs at the last minute, wearing a gown of her mother's. Lady Tremaine rips one of the sleeves and encourages her daughters to help her tear the dress apart. At the ball, she is as mystified as all the other guests when a mysterious girl in a blue gown enraptures Kit, but realizes that it's really Ella based on her attitude after the ball.

text: The next morning, she discovers a glass slipper hidden in the attic. Knowing that the other slipper will fit Ella, she demands that Ella make her the head of the royal household and to ensure that Drisella and Anastasia find proper husbands. Ella rejects this out of hand, telling her that she isn't about to let Kit fall into her stepmother's clutches after she failed to protect her father. An enraged Lady Tremaine locks Ella in the attic. She then blackmails the Grand Duke into ensuring that she will become a countess, in return for keeping the secret so that Kit can be married to a princess from another kingdom, as his father had originally intended. When the Captain finds Ella hidden in the attic, Lady Tremaine initially tells the Captain that as her mother, she will not allow Ella to try it on. Ella curtly tells her that she is not, nor will she ever will be, her mother. Ella leaves with Kit, but forgives her stepmother for every cruelty she had bestowed upon her. The Tremaines, along with the Grand Duke, are forever banished from the kingdom for treason.

text: In Disney Descendants: Isle of the Lost (novel), Lady Tremaine obtains a grandson, Anthony, by one of her children and several granddaughters (referred to as the step-granddaughters) and teaches "Evil 101" on the Isle of the Lost. Lady Tremaine has a voice cameo in the sequel Descendants 2, as she yells at her granddaughter Dizzy.

text: Anastasia Tremaine[edit]

text:
Anastasia Tremaine

First appearance
Cinderella (1950)

Created by
Ollie Johnston

Voiced by
Lucille Bliss (original film)
Tress MacNeille (sequels, current)
Lesli Margherita (singing voice in sequels)

Portrayed by
Holliday Grainger (2015 film)
Emma Rigby (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland)
Yael Yurman (Once Upon a Time)

Family
Lady Tremaine (mother)
Drizella Tremaine (sister)
Cinderella (step-sister)
Prince Charming (step-brother-in-law)
The Baker (husband)

Children
Anthony Tremaine (son; in Descendants only)

text: Anastasia Tremaine is the redheaded younger daughter of Lady Tremaine.[2] Though following the original story's depiction of the ugly and cruel stepsister in the first film, Anastasia becomes a more sympathetic character in later Disney sequels, depicted as struggling to find genuine love and follow her conscience despite her mother and sister's negative influence and scheming. Pat Williams, James Denney, and Jim Denney report that actress "Lucille Bliss was the voice of Cinderella's stepsister, Anastasia, an experience that remains one of her fondest memories." The actress explains, "I was just a teenager when I got the part...I read that Walt had personally selected me for the part of Anastasia."[3]

text: In Cinderella, Anastasia is demanding and whiny, but not as bad as Drizella. Anastasia also has enormous feet. During their music lesson, Anastasia plays the flute as Drizella sings but in the sequels she has a beautiful singing voice. Anastasia quarrels with her sister often, though they are united in their jealousy of and contempt for Cinderella. Anastasia's most common dress attire is a pink dress with fuchsia bodice with a lighter pink skirt and fuchsia slippers which she wears with white collar and petticoat. and a sunny coloured hair bow and wears pink bloomers underneath. Her hair is tied to sausage curls longer than Drizella's, flowing on her shoulders. Her ball dress is lavender and has a purple bustle, a violet bodice, choker and slippers and wears a green feather on her head instead of her gold headpiece and her curls are shorter than before. However, unlike Drizella, Anastasia's hair style changes throughout the film. In the very beginning, her hair is much shorter and the ringlets are tied back behind her head. When she sleeps and is preparing for the ball, Anastasia's hair is put into a bun. During the first film, she was seen as physically ugly, however in the sequels, she blossomed into a more beautiful young woman as her inner goodness developed.

text: In Cinderella II, Anastasia is portrayed as a more sympathetic character, following the latter-day tradition of setting a stepsister on a redemptive path. She falls in love with a working-class baker and wants to get close to him, but her mother refuses to allow her to because of her own prejudices towards the baker's social standing. Cinderella reassures Anastasia that the baker is a good man, regardless of what Lady Tremaine thinks, and encourages Anastasia to follow her heart. With the help of Cinderella, Anastasia gets a make-over and becomes more beautiful, although her new looks never approach the same level as Cinderella. With help from Cinderella and her animal friends, Anastasia and the baker are reunited and reconciled, they attend Cinderella's ball, where Anastasia thanks her for her help.

text: In Cinderella III: A Twist in Time, Anastasia is shown not only to have compassion for Cinderella, but to also have a conscience. She unintentionally gains access to Cinderella's fairy godmother's wand, which sets in motion her mother's nefarious plot to destroy Cinderella's "happily ever after" and gain access to an opulent lifestyle at the palace. As she is manipulated into marrying the Prince as a means to fulfill her mother and sister's selfish desires, Anastasia begins to feel remorse and guilt. At the altar, realizing the Prince doesn't truly love her and having understood what true love really means after she talked with the King, Anastasia refuses to marry him and steps aside for Cinderella. After a tense standoff with Lady Tremaine and Drizella, where the two evil ladies were turned in toads after the spell went against them, Anastasia acquires the wand, sets everything right and makes peace with Cinderella, who subsequently invites her to stay in the castle to be her Lady-in-waiting which she happily accepts. This repentant act excludes her from the punishment that is seen to befall her mother and sister as she felt that Anastasia only did what she did before because she was also emotionally abused and manipulated by her mother and she truly still had a kind heart in the end; at the close of the film, they have been reduced to working as servants at the palace. During the credits, a picture shows Anastasia sitting in the palace garden while gazing happily at the baker with whom she fell in love in the second film.

text: Over the films she gradually becomes less 'ugly' and more snub-nosed, chubby-faced, 'sweet', although never approaching Cinderella's beauty, becoming 'plain' instead of downright 'ugly'. This is partly because she smiles more and partly due to the animators' efforts.

text: Variety asserts that "stepsister Anastasia is appreciably more sympathetic" in Cinderella III.[4] At Walt Disney World during the Cinderella's Gala Feast attraction, Julie and Mike Neal declare that "everyone will love Anastasia and Drizella, Cinderella's evil stepsisters, who wander the room with Lady Tremaine..."[5]

text: She appears in Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep in her homeworld, Castle of Dreams, with her family, playing out the same role as in the original film, except for the strong darkness in her heart nearly causing her to sadistically murder Cinderella before the Cursed Coach drops a bomb on her and her blood family, leaving their fate unknown.

text: Anastasia also appears in Once Upon a Time and it's spin-off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland. The first iteration of the character is portrayed by Emma Rigby and becomes the Red Queen of Wonderland. However, she is not related to Cinderella in this version and instead has another stepsister with a story that parallels Cinderella's. She acts as one of the two main antagonists of the Once Upon a Time in Wonderland.[6] The second iteration is portrayed by Yael Yurman and has the same family as the original film. At some point prior to her first appearance, Anastasia was killed and Lady Tremaine vowed to bring her back, keeping one breath inside of her body until she is able to do so.

text: She is voiced by Lucille Bliss in the original film, Tress MacNeille in the sequels and by Gina Tuttle in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep.

text: A 2015 live-action version of Cinderella featured Anastasia in the same role as the classic story. She was portrayed by Holliday Grainger.

text: Drizella Tremaine[edit]

text:
Drizella Tremaine

First appearance
Cinderella (1950)

Created by
Ollie Johnston

Family
Lady Tremaine (mother)
Anastasia Tremaine (sister)
Cinderella (step-sister)
Prince Charming (step-brother-in-law)

Children
Dizzy Tremaine (daughter; in Descendants 2 only)

text: Drizella Tremaine is the brown-haired older daughter of Lady Tremaine.[7] Her name is commonly misspelled as "Drusilla". Her name is spelled "Drisella" in the 2015 Disney Cinderella film. Drizella appears in various novels and other publications.[8][9][10][11]

text: Drizella's common dress is a sunny yellow dress with a pale yellow bodice and slippers and has center-parted hair ending in short sausage curls on the back, and a bright blue bow in her hair. For the palace ball, she wears a pale green gown with aqua bustle, pale green sleeves, and a jade green bodice, choker, and slippers and a second jade green bustle under the aqua one and wears a turquoise feather instead of a bow in her hair. In her second movie, her ribbon changes to pale blue. After her downfall she is reduced to wearing a maid servant's frock. In live appearances, and in many book illustrations, Drizella wears a dress similar to that shown for the palace ball in the first film and wears green slippers and green bloomers underneath. Like her sister, Drizella has enormous feet.

text: She is portrayed as haughty, abusive, and sadistically cruel. She sets so many bad examples of spitefulness towards Cinderella for her younger sister to follow, that between them Anastasia's the better of the two. Highly unorganized, and, in the Kingdom Hearts series, murderous, she is contemptuously envious of Cinderella's success and beauty and often gets her into trouble. Unlike her younger sister Anastasia, who changes her spiteful ways and develops into a kind and good-natured woman, Drizella remains mean-spirited and cruel, and never overcomes her hatred of Cinderella. She is also depicted as having slovenly eating habits in the third movie, where she samples the food and the wedding cake being prepared for her sister's wedding by shoving handfuls of it into her face and eating them noisily. In the sequels, though not in the original film, Drizella is essentially a younger version of her mother.

text: Drizella and her mother constantly plot to ruin Cinderella and have no qualms about hurting her feelings. Lady Tremaine is well aware of her older daughter's harsh and cold-hearted – and even violent – mannerisms, and can trigger Drizella's anger with a mere handful of casually delivered words. In a particularly distressing scene in the original film, as Lady Tremaine and her daughters prepare to leave for the Prince's ball, Cinderella appears wearing her beautiful homemade gown. Lady Tremaine notes that Cinderella is wearing beads that belonged to Drizella, who rejected them on the claims she was sick of the sight of them. After Lady Tremaine casually points out to Drizella that the beads add a charming touch to the dress, Drizella flies into a rage and yanks the beads from Cinderella's neck, and along with Anastasia, lunges upon her stepsister and tears her gown to rags, leaving Cinderella devastated.

text: Later on throughout the series, Drizella turns on Anastasia and torments her, being able to physically intimidate her. Although she seems to be awed by her during the story An Uncommon Romance, after Anastasia openly rebelled against their overbearing mother and told her she was in love with a baker of low-birth and that she was happier with him than she would ever be with the wealthy suitor Lady Tremaine had hoped she would encounter at another palace ball. Angered, Lady Tremaine stormed off, leaving Drizella stunned, though she sided with her mother and returned home with her.

text: Unlike Anastasia, who eventually liberates herself from her mother's domination, Drizella obeys her mother's every order and schemes with her to undermine her hated stepsister, Cinderella, though they are foiled by Anastasia and as punishment, they are removed of their wealth and status and are reduced to working as scullery maids in Cinderella's palace.

text: Like her mother and sister, she appears in Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep, playing the same role as in the original film. However, unlike in the films, she is very sadistic and is willing to murder Cinderella to prevent her from ever getting her happiness, and nearly succeeds with the Cursed Coach. However, Aqua manages to save her, and Drizella is hit by a firebomb alongside her mother and sister, leaving her final fate ambiguous.

text: She was voiced by Rhoda Williams in the original film and by Russi Taylor in the sequels.

text: In the 2015 live-action version of Cinderella, the "z" in Drizella was replaced by an "s" to reflect the British stereotype. Drisella was portrayed by Sophie McShera.

text: Prince Charming[edit]

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text:
Prince Charming

First appearance
Cinderella (1950)

Created by
Milt Kahl

Voiced by
William Phipps (Cinderella)
Mike Douglas (singing in Cinderella)
Christopher Daniel Barnes (sequels)
Matt Nolan (Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep)

Portrayed by
Richard Madden (2015 film)

text: Prince Charming is Cinderella's love interest. He is a dark-haired, tall, and handsome young man. In the first film, he has no given name. It should be noted that Cinderella's prince is never actually identified in the film as "Prince Charming", nor is there any clear reason why he has come to be known by that title in the Disney vernacular. The only media where he is referred to as "Prince Charming" as of today is Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep and the attraction Prince Charming Regal Carrousel.

text: Determined to see grandchildren, the King organizes a ball for Prince Charming in an effort to cause his son to fall in love and marry, with every eligible maiden in the kingdom ordered to attend. At the ball, Prince Charming rejects every girl, until he sees Cinderella, with whom he is immediately smitten in love. The two dance throughout the castle grounds until the clock starts to chime midnight and Cinderella flees away from the castle, accidentally dropping one of her glass slippers. Prince Charming picks up the glass slipper and the next day a royal proclamation is issued, stating the Grand Duke will visit every house in the kingdom to find the girl who fits the glass slipper, so that she can be married to Prince Charming. After the slipper perfectly fits onto Cinderella's foot, Prince Charming marries her.

text: Prince Charming has little involvement in the sequel, Cinderella II: Dreams Come True. In the third film, Cinderella III: A Twist in Time, while Prince Charming and Cinderella are celebrating the first anniversary of their wedding, Lady Tremaine gets possession of the Fairy Godmother's wand and reverses time, going back to the moment of the Duke's arrival at her manor with the glass slipper. Lady Tremaine then uses the wand to fit the slipper onto Anastasia's foot and make her marry Prince Charming. When he sees Anastasia, he is about to dismiss but Lady Tremaine uses the wand to make him forget about Cinderella completely and to marry Anastasia. Cinderella is later caught trying to get the wand from her stepmother, but she manages to touch Prince Charming's hand, and the connection they both feel confuses him. Prince Charming is then addressed by Gus and Jaq who confront him with their side of the story, using the other mended glass slipper as evidence. Prince Charming, although he still cannot remember her, believes the mice's tale and sets out to retrieve Cinderella before she sails off under Lady Tremaine's orders. The two lovers are reunited and get prepared for the wedding, but Lady Tremaine makes Anastasia to look exactly like Cinderella to take the real Cinderella's place during the wedding. When Anastasia hesitates during the wedding and says "I don't", Lady Tremaine aims the wand at both Cinderella and Anastasia. However, Prince Charming manages to step between them and blocks the magic with his sword, causing it to bounce back and transform Lady Tremaine and Drizella into toads. Prince Charming and Cinderella stay in this new timeline and get married again.

text: He appears in Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep along with his homeworld, playing out the same role as in the film. Just after Cinderella flees the ball, he briefly mistakes Aqua for Cinderella. In a scene which was originally intended for the film but deleted, Prince Charming and Cinderella are reunited after the slipper fits Cinderella's foot perfectly, and he embraces her lovingly. In the original film, his speaking is provided the William Phipps while his singing is provided by Mike Douglas. He is later voiced by Christopher Daniel Barnes (who originally voiced Prince Eric from The Little Mermaid) in the sequels.

text: The animated movies never made mention of his real name. An official advertisement from Disney France said "The Prince's name is Henry".[12]

text: In the 2015 live-action film, the prince was named Kit (a diminutive form of either Christopher or Christian) and portrayed by Richard Madden. In the film, Prince Kit and Cinderella first met in the woods without knowing each other's true identity, and took a liking of each other. The desire to see Cinderella again was what caused Prince Kit to open the ball to commoners. Prince Kit also became king in the last one-third of the film after his father died from illness.

text: Lucifer[edit]

text:
Lucifer

First appearance
Cinderella (1950)

Created by
Ward Kimball
John Lounsbery
Wolfgang Reitherman
Norman Ferguson

Voiced by
June Foray (Cinderella)
Frank Welker (sequels–current)

text: Lucifer is the Tremaines' pet cat and the third antagonist of the franchise. Tonally, his existence can be justified to provide a sinister and scheming opposing counterpart to Cinderella's loyal and good-natured pet dog Bruno as well as the birds and mice who are supportive and loving friends and allies of Cinderella. He has black fur and is depicted as a sly, wicked, and manipulative mouse consumer. In a particularly conniving scene in the beginning of the original film, Lucifer tries to rid the château's pet dog Bruno outside of the kitchen Lucifer is consuming his breakfast bowl of milk in, by scratching him painfully and slyly while Cinderella's back is momentarily turned away. Bruno then growls loudly and threateningly out of infuriation and pain, and Lucifer lets out a benign and exaggerated fake shriek of pain, as if Bruno scratched him. Cinderella hears Lucifer's whining fake screech and blames Bruno, bitterly scolding him to go outside and to stop misbehaving, reasoning "we have to at least try, to get along together". Back inside the kitchen, Lucifer wears a mischievous grin of wicked satisfaction, lazily licking his milk bowl, while Cinderella reprimands him with scorn and annoyance "and that includes you too, your majesty!". He becomes very focused on catching the mice when provoked, but his attempts to catch them always end in a comical failure. First, in the first movie, that also the main antagonist, Jaq bravely makes a distraction to lure Lucifer away from the other mice's path to getting their breakfast. While returning with the mice, Gus struggles with carrying his load and easily grabs Lucifer's attention. Fortunately, and unexpectedly, Cinderella enters the room and accidentally takes Gus away on her breakfast serving platters for Lady Tremaine and her daughters. Tremaine's youngest daughter, Anastasia, is the dubious recipient of Gus, for the teacup he was hiding under was the one Cinderella served her. Lucifer knowingly puts his ear against all three of their closed doors to decipher Gus' location, and races over in delight to Anastasia's once he hears her scream of horror upon discovering the poor, frightened little mouse in her tea. Anastasia continues to scream wildly upon hastily accusing Cinderella of the perceived sabotage, and in severe distress and anguish, immediately notifies her mother, inciting an enormous frenzy, whereupon Cinderella is summoned to her stepmother's bedroom for a private talk. Lucifer slips into the room as well for a brief grooming by his malevolent owner, before she reprimands her stepdaughter with frigid ferocity. At the conclusion of this degrading and abusive private talk, after sadistically rattling off an inordinately long list of chores that Lady Tremaine is forcing Cinderella to complete, in a moment of amusing comical tongue-in-cheek, the wicked stepmother muses "and one more thing: see that Lucifer gets his bath" at which the ears of the evil feline shoot straight up in horror, and he snarls at his owners quarrelsome request with repugnant disdain, which suggests that he dislikes baths or prefers to remain filthy.

text: Lucifer's next appearance in the film is when he encounters Jaq and Gus as they attempt to retrieve a sash and necklace of beads from a laundry pile, as part of making Cinderella's dress for the ball. At the start of the scene, Jaq and Gus assume they are alone and approach the sash, initially unaware that a slumbering Lucifer is lying on top of an ottoman directly above them. Once they realize that they are in fact not alone, they attempt to sneak past their foe while carrying the sash. Unfortunately, Lucifer's impeccable hearing ability picks up suspicious movement nearby and awakes, confused and a bit cranky. Jaq and Gus' cover is eventually blown, yet they still manage to slip the sash into their mouse hole, partly thanks to Lucifer's clumsiness. With the sash successfully obtained, Jaq and Gus shift their focus towards the bead necklace. Overcome with excitement, Gus blurts out the duo's desire to take the beads along with the sash. Determined not to fail this time around, Lucifer spots the necklace and immediately sits on it, awaiting the mice's next move. Now faced with an inevitable detour, Jaq formulates a plan, much to Gus' delight and Lucifer's suspicion. Jaq then fully exposes himself and starts casually walking in Lucifer's direction. Pleased with what he thinks is a surrender, Lucifer readies his paws and prepares for his pounce, unknowingly letting Jaq sneak directly behind him. His focus is then interrupted when he turns and is shocked to hear Jaq, now amidst the laundry pile at the other side of the room, humming to himself and biting off buttons of an overcoat. Jaq does so in the hopes of luring Lucifer away from the beads, thus giving Gus time to grab them and escape. Lucifer eventually catches on to this, and initially has trouble deciding on whether he should pursue Jaq or protect the necklace from Gus, standing by at the mouse hole. Lucifer ultimately figures out a way to accomplish both tasks and uses his tail to keep the necklace close to him as he moves towards Jaq. By the time Lucifer reaches Jaq, the witty little mouse launches a button that does no more than leave an imprint on the annoyed feline's nose. Shifting his attention completely on Jaq, Lucifer pounces on the pest and chases him into the heap of laundry, mainly into a light-blue nightgown. Finally sensing an opening, Gus makes his way to the necklace and struggles to get a grip on it. After a few more seconds of chasing, Lucifer temporarily emerges from the gown and examines it, attempting to get a better idea of where Jaq might be. Ironically, Jaq has hid himself in Lucifer's thick fur atop his head, using this pause to check on Gus. The portly mouse seems to be successfully making his way back to the mouse hole, but then suddenly slips on a bead, loses his footing, and slams into the far side wall, breaking the necklace into its several beads. Lucifer's attention briefly turns to the sudden disturbance, only to have Jaq intervene by keeping his eyes closed. Lucifer then tries to grab the intruder on his head, learns that the intruder was Jaq, and ultimately chases him back into the nightgown again. During this struggle, Gus begins picking up the beads, one by one, and placing them into his hat. The struggle in the laundry pile reaches its end, this time by Jaq making an escape out of one the nightgown's sleeves, with Lucifer close behind. Being evidently far too large for such a small exit, the cat only manages to poke his head out of the sleeve, as Jaq rushes to Gus' aid. Enraged by the trap he has been put in, Lucifer uses all the limited mobility he has and slithers across the floor towards the mice. Jaq tries speeding up the process of picking up the beads by stringing them to Gus' tail, hoping to gather them all before time runs out. Gus barely manages to grab the last bead before Lucifer reaches him and attempts to bite on him. The two mice narrowly escape back through the mouse hole, leaving Lucifer temporarily trapped in the nightgown, dazed and confused after slamming his face against the now closed hole as part of an unsuccessful last pounce.

text: At the film's climax, he attempts to catch Jaq and Gus while they try to free Cinderella from her locked room, but Cinderella's dog, Bruno (a friend of the mice and enemy to Lucifer) intervenes and scares Lucifer so much, he falls out of the tower's window but survives due to cats always landing on their feet.

text: Lucifer appears in the two sequels. In Cinderella II: Dreams Come True, the second film, he only appears in the third and final segment, An Uncommon Romance, where he falls in love with the snobby palace cat, Pom Pom, to the point that he makes a deal with the mice never to chase them again if they help him reconcile with Pom Pom. The plan works, but Pom Pom goads Lucifer into helping her catch and eat the mice. His treachery backfires, and Pom Pom dumps him.

text: In Cinderella III: A Twist in Time, the third film, after Lady Tremaine reverses time with the Fairy Godmother's wand, Lucifer resumes his role as adversary to both Cinderella and the mice. In his most notable scene, Lady Tremaine turns him into a human coachman to take Cinderella and the mice as far away from the palace as he can, but during the chase, Lucifer falls off the coach into a small pond, where he turns back into a cat and is left stranded in the woods.

text: Lucifer appears in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep, as a boss character in Ven's scenario, in which he attempts to stop Jaq and Ventus from gathering the necessary materials for Cinderella's dress. Despite having been shrunk to the size of a mouse, Ventus valiantly engages Lucifer in a brutal battle which Ventus wins. Frightened, Lucifer runs off.

text: He is voiced by June Foray in the original film and by Frank Welker in its sequels.

text: The Fairy Godmother[edit]

text:
Fairy Godmother

First appearance
Cinderella (1950)

Created by
Milt Kahl

Voiced by
Verna Felton (Cinderella)
Russi Taylor (sequels)

Portrayed by
Helena Bonham Carter (2015 film)
Melanie Paxson (Descendants)

Children
Jane (daughter; in Descendants and Descendants 2 only)

text: The Fairy Godmother first appears in the film after Cinderella's stepsisters tear her gown to shreds before Prince Charming's ball. She appears in the garden, and greatly transforms her appearance for the ball. She transforms the mice into horses, Bruno the dog into a footman, Major the horse into a coachman, a pumpkin into a white coach, and transforms her torn dress into a beautiful silvery-blue dress with comfortable glass slippers. Cinderella departs for the ball after the Fairy Godmother warns her that the spell will expire at the stroke of midnight. With her work done, she vanishes into thin air.

text: Cinderella II: Dreams Come True begins with the Fairy Godmother reading the story of Cinderella to the animals until Gus and Jaq arrive. The three of them set off to make a new book to narrate what happens after the "Happily Ever After" by stringing the three segments of the film together into one narrative. During one of the segments, the Fairy Godmother turns Jaq into a human six times taller than his height so that he can help Cinderella in the palace. In Cinderella III: A Twist in Time, the Fairy Godmother's powerful magic wand is stolen by Anastasia, who accidentally turns her into a stone statue, and her wand is misused by the venomously evil Lady Termaine. The Fairy Godmother is turned back to her normal form at the end of the film. She offers to return Cinderella and Prince Charming to their former lives, but allows the two lovers be live happily ever after...again.

text: The Fairy Godmother also appears in the Kingdom Hearts series. After the destruction of her world, Castle of Dreams, by Maleficent, she manages to safely escape. She lives in Traverse Town with Merlin, and every time Sora gives her summon gem, she restores that being's spirit, allowing Sora to summon them in battle. She eventually gives Donald Duck the Lord Fortune staff. She also appears in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep in her own world, reprising the same role as in the film and also shrinking Ventus and Aqua to the size of mice in order to avoid Lady Tremaine spotting them.

text: The Fairy Godmother is one of the many guests in Disney's House of Mouse. She also is the host in the Magic, Music and Mayhem live show. She was voiced by Verna Felton in the first film and its sequels voiced by Russi Taylor.

text: In Italian dub the fairy is called Smemorina, for the scene in first film where she didn't find her magic wand.

text: She is portrayed by Helena Bonham Carter in the 2015 remake live-action version of the original Disney movie, and also serves as the narrator of the story. As well as casting the spells to create Cinderella's coach, gown, and slippers, she also casts a quick spell to prevent Cinderella's step-family from recognizing her at the ball.

text: Other minor characters[edit]

text:
The King: Prince Charming's father who desperately wants his son to marry and have children because he wants to see his grandchildren before he dies as shown in the first film. In the second film, he appears a few times in the first and second segments. In the third film, he reveals to Anastasia that his queen died in a house fire (who's seen only as a painting) was not a good dancer and gives the stepsister his most precious possession: the seashell that he and the queen touched together for the first time. He was voiced by Luis Van Rooten in the first film and by Andre Stojka in the sequels. Derek Jacobi played the character in the 2015 live-action film, where he becomes ill and dies in the movie.
The Grand Duke: The King's right-hand man who organized the ball for Prince Charming to meet and marry a woman. He later visited the Tremaine manor to find the glass slipper's owner. He appears a few times in the second film, more than the King. In the third film, the Grand Duke is responsible for organizing the wedding between Prince Charming and Anastasia. The Grand Duke also appears in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep, playing out the same role as in the film with some differences. He was voiced by Luis Van Rooten (who also voiced the King in the original film) in the first film and by Rob Paulsen in the sequels. Stellan Skarsgård plays him in the 2015 live-action film, in which he played a supporting role to the Prince and Cinderella. Unlike the original film, he played a more antagonistic role by consorting with Cinderella's evil stepmother Lady Tremaine and was banished along with her for committing treason.
Bruno: A Bloodhound who is Cinderella's pet dog, a friend of the mice, and enemy to Lucifer. He is transformed into a footman by the Fairy Godmother so that Cinderella can attend the ball in the first film. Bruno plays an important role in foiling Lucifer at the climax of the first film that allows Jaq to save Gus and foil Lady Tremaine. He appears again in the second film, having moved to the palace with Cinderella and her mice friends. He was voiced by Jimmy MacDonald and Earl Keen in the first film and by Frank Welker in the second film.
Major: A horse that lives with Cinderella (in the first film) and friend of the mice. He is transformed into a coachman by the Fairy Godmother so that Cinderella can attend the ball in the first film. He was possibly voiced by John Woodbury.

text: Introduced in Cinderella II: Dreams Come True[edit]

text:
Prudence: A sharp and snobbish woman who is in charge of the palace banquets and parties. She wears a dark-grey dress, and keeps her dark brown hair in a tight bun. Cinderella helps change Prudence's view on things through her improvements to the ball; she comes to trust Cinderlla's judgement as the King loves the changes. Her name is a pun about her behavior. She was voiced by Holland Taylor in both sequels.
Beatrice and Daphne: Two kind, understanding, and helpful female palace servants help Cinderella caringly with her royal-ball preparation duties, in the first segment that appears in the second film, Cinderella II: Dreams Come True. They try to comfort Cinderella, amidst the stuck-up, arrogant whims of the insufferably overbearing, burdensome, and bland Prudence, the female head servant. Beatrice is a tall, thin women with chocolate-brown eyes, who wears a blue dress, and keeps her light blonde hair in a tight bun. Daphne is shorter and stubbier with bright blue eyes, clad in a rose-pink dress, and also keeps her dark brown hair in a bun. Russi Taylor voices both characters.
Mary: A female mouse who appears in the second film, she is a close friend to Jaq and Gus and has feelings for Jaq.
Pom-Pom: A white female cat. She becomes the new nemesis of the mice within the palace after they moved into it. Appears only in the second film. In the third segment, Lucifer falls in love with her, but she shows no interest in him. With help from Jaq and the other mice, Lucifer manages to win Pom-Pom's love. After that, She notices the mice and teams up with Lucifer to eat them, the mice panic and run around the room trying to escape from the cats, Pom-Pom catches one and is about to eat him when she gets soaked by water from a jug. Blaming this on Lucifer, she drops the bouquet of fish on Lucifer (who had given it to her) and walks off, not wanting anything to do with him. She was voiced by Frank Welker in the second film.
The Baker: Appearing only in the second film, Anastasia meets him by chance in his bakery shop and they both soon swept off each other's feet. However, Lady Tremaine and Drizella disapprove of Anastasia's mutual romantic feeling for the baker. With Lady Tremaine saying the Baker and his shop are unworthy and forbids Anastasia from speaking to him. After a failed attempt to get Anastasia and the Baker to see each other again by Cinderella, the mice (including Jaq and Gus), and the birds, Cinderella decides to help Anastasia in seeing the Baker again. Once Anastasia is ready to Cinderella's ball with him. She notices him with another lady and runs away crying. The baker finds her, but Lady Tremaine and Drizella find them together again. Lady Tremaine again tries to take Anastasia away again but she stands up to her and says she will go with the baker to the ball. After this, her mother and elder sister leave. Later that night, Anastasia attends the ball and dances with the baker. He would later make a cameo appearance during the end credits of the third film, as he is shown in a painting with Anastasia.


document_title: Kogi State

question_text: names of local government area in kogi state

root

text: Kogi State

text: Geography[edit]

text: Adjacent States[edit]

text:
Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria) – to the north
Nasarawa State – to the north east
Benue State – to the east
Enugu State – to the south east
Anambra State – to the south
Edo State – to the south west
Ondo State – to the west
Ekiti State – to the west
Kwara State – to the west
Niger State – to the north

tag: ul

text: Kogi state is the only state in Nigeria which shares a boundary with ten other states.

tag: p

text: History and people[edit]

text: The state was created in 1991 from parts of Kwara State and Benue State.  The state as presently constituted, comprises the people of the Kabba Province of Northern Nigeria. One of the first Qadi in the Kogi State was Faruk Imam.[5]

text: There are three main ethnic groups and languages in Kogi: Igala, Ebira, and Okun (a Yoruba Group) with other such as Bassa-Nge, a people of Nupe extraction in Lokoja and Bassa Local Government Area, Bassa-Komo of Bassa Local Government Area, Gwari, Kakanda, Oworo people(A Yoruba Group), Ogori, Magongo, Idoma and the Eggan community under Lokoja Local Government.

text: The name Nigeria, was coined in Lokoja by Flora Shaw, the future wife of Baron Lugard, a British colonial administrator, while gazing out at the river Niger .

text: Kogi State consists of twenty-one (21) local government areas,

text:
Adavi
Ajaokuta
Ankpa
Bassa
Dekina
Ibaji
Idah
Igalamela-Odolu
Ijumu
Kabba/Bunu
Koton Karfe
Lokoja
Mopa-Muro
Ofu
Ogori/Magongo
Okehi
Okene
Olamaboro
Omala
Yagba East
Yagba West

text: Tourism[edit]

text: Tourist attractions in Kogi State include the colonial relics (such as Lord Lugard House), the confluence of Rivers Niger and Benue, Ogidi (An African town with formations of Igneous Rock mountains and a traditional art & craft industry) and natural land features.

text: Being a 2-hour drive from Abuja some tourists come for day trips.

text: Transport and communications[edit]

text: Kogi State connects the Federal Capital Territory with 22 Southern States. Being in close proximity to the federal capital territory, Abuja International Airport serves as the national and international gateway for air travelers from and to the state. Good telecommunications services are available in the state.

text: Agriculture and resources[edit]

text: Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. There are many Farm produce from the state notably coffee, cocoa, palm oil, cashews, groundnuts, maize, cassava, yam, rice and melon.

text: Mineral resources include coal, limestone, iron, petroleum and tin.  The state is home to the largest iron and steel industry in Nigeria known as Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited and one of the largest cement factories in Africa, the Obajana Cement Factory.

text: Education[edit]

text: Kogi state is home to the Federal University (Lokoja), Kogi State University Anyigba, Federal Polytechnic Idah, Kogi State Polytechnic (Lokoja), Federal College of Education (Okene), College of Education (Ankpa), College of Agriculture Kabba, Kogi state college of education, technical (Kabba) and the Private Salem University, Lokoja. There are a college of nursing and midwifery in Obangede, School of health tech in Idah and ECWA School of Nursing in Egbe.

text: Sports[edit]

text: Kogi State has produced sprinters such as Sunday Bada and other sportsmen, who have contributed to the growth of sports worldwide. Kogi United and Babanawa F.C. are football teams based in the state. Other sports, such as swimming, handball, and table tennis are actively promoted in the state. The Kogi state Sports Council had a track record of Directors and great personnel team Who at one time or the other had worked with the vision of putting the State fully on the world map. Among them are personalities like Mr. Francis Umoru, Mr. Mohammed Emeje, Mr. Benjamin O. Ameje, Mr. A. Ogido, Mr. Joel J. Abu and others.

text: Among other sportsmen produce by the state is Shola Ameobi, an Ayetoro Gbede born Ijumu, English footballer, currently playing for Bolton Wanderers as a striker, late Sunday Bada 400 Metres Olympic Champion from Ogidi in Ijumu Local Govt. of the state.

text: Notable People[edit]

text:
Darey- Darey Art Alade
Joseph Benjamin
Halima Abubakar
Praiz


document_title: Battle of Fort Sumter

question_text: who surrendered at the battle of fort sumter

text: Battle of Fort Sumter

text: Background

text: Secession

text: On December 20, 1860, shortly after Abraham Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860, South Carolina adopted an ordinance declaring its secession from the United States of America and, by February 1861, six more Southern states had adopted similar ordinances of secession. On February 7, the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America and established their temporary capital at Montgomery, Alabama. A February peace conference met in Washington, D.C., but failed to resolve the crisis. The remaining eight states declined pleas to join the Confederacy.[5][6]

text: The seceding states seized numerous Federal properties within their boundaries, including buildings, arsenals, and fortifications. President James Buchanan protested but took no military action in response. Buchanan was concerned that an overt action could cause the remaining slave states to leave the Union, and while he acknowledged there was no constitutional authority for a state to secede, he could find no constitutional authority for him to act to prevent it.[7][8]

text: The Forts of Charleston

text: Several forts had been constructed in Charleston's harbor, including Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie, which were not among the sites seized initially. Fort Moultrie on Sullivan Island was the oldest—it was the site of fortifications since 1776—and was the headquarters of the U.S. Army garrison. However, it had been designed as a gun platform for defending the harbor, and its defenses against land-based attacks were feeble; during the crisis, the Charleston newspapers commented that sand dunes had piled up against the walls in such a way that the wall could easily be scaled. When the garrison began clearing away the dunes, the papers objected.[9][10][11]

text: Major Robert Anderson of the 1st U.S. Artillery regiment had been appointed to command the Charleston garrison that fall because of rising tensions. A native of Kentucky, he was a protégé of Winfield Scott, the general in chief of the Army, and was thought more capable of handling a crisis than the garrison's previous commander, Col. John L. Gardner, who was nearing retirement. Anderson had served an earlier tour of duty at Fort Moultrie and his father had been a defender of the fort (then called Fort Sullivan) during the American Revolutionary War. Throughout the fall, South Carolina authorities considered both secession and the expropriation of federal property in the harbor to be inevitable. As tensions mounted, the environment around the fort increasingly resembled a siege, to the point that the South Carolina authorities placed picket ships to observe the movements of the troops and threatened to attack when forty rifles were transferred to one of the harbor forts from the U.S. arsenal in the city.[1][12][13][11]

text: In contrast to Moultrie, Fort Sumter dominated the entrance to Charleston Harbor and, though unfinished, was designed to be one of the strongest fortresses in the world. In the fall of 1860 work on the fort was nearly completed, but the fortress was thus far garrisoned by a single soldier, who functioned as a lighthouse keeper, and a small party of civilian construction workers. Under the cover of darkness on December 26, six days after South Carolina declared its secession, Anderson abandoned the indefensible Fort Moultrie, ordering its guns spiked and its gun carriages burned, and surreptitiously relocated his command by small boats to Sumter.[14][15]

text: President Buchanan and the Star of the West

text: South Carolina authorities considered Anderson's move to be a breach of faith. Governor Francis W. Pickens believed that President Buchanan had made implicit promises to him to keep Sumter unoccupied and suffered political embarrassment as a result of his trust in those promises. Buchanan, a former U.S. Secretary of State and diplomat, had used carefully crafted ambiguous language to Pickens, promising that he would not "immediately" occupy it.[16] From Major Anderson's standpoint, he was merely moving his existing garrison troops from one of the locations under his command to another. He had received instructions from the War Department on December 11, written by Major General Don Carlos Buell, Assistant Adjutant General of the Army, approved by Secretary of War John B. Floyd:[16][17]

text: ... you are to hold possession of the forts in this harbor, and if attacked you are to defend yourself to the last extremity. The smallness of your force will not permit you, perhaps, to occupy more than one of the three forts, but an attack on or attempt to take possession of any one of them will be regarded as an act of hostility, and you may then put your command into either of them which you may deem most proper to increase its power of resistance. You are also authorized to take similar steps whenever you have tangible evidence of a design to proceed to a hostile act.[18]

text: Governor Pickens therefore ordered that all remaining Federal positions except Fort Sumter were to be seized. State troops quickly occupied Fort Moultrie (capturing 56 guns), Fort Johnson on James Island, and the battery on Morris Island. On December 27, an assault force of 150 men seized the Union-occupied Castle Pinckney fortification, in the harbor close to downtown Charleston, capturing 24 guns and mortars without bloodshed. On December 30, the Federal arsenal in Charleston was captured, resulting in the acquisition of more than 22,000 weapons by the militia. The Confederates promptly made repairs at Fort Moultrie and dozens of new batteries and defense positions were constructed throughout the Charleston harbor area, including an unusual floating battery, and armed with weapons captured from the arsenal.[N 1]

text: President Buchanan was surprised and dismayed at Anderson's move to Sumter, unaware of the authorization Anderson had received. Nevertheless, he refused Pickens's demand to evacuate Charleston harbor. Since the garrison's supplies were limited, Buchanan authorized a relief expedition of supplies, small arms, and 200 soldiers. The original intent was to send the Navy sloop-of-war USS Brooklyn, but it was discovered that Confederates had sunk some derelict ships to block the shipping channel into Charleston and there was concern that Brooklyn had too deep a draft to negotiate the obstacles. Instead, it seemed prudent to send an unarmed civilian merchant ship, Star of the West, which might be perceived as less provocative to the Confederates. As Star of the West approached the harbor entrance on January 9, 1861, it was fired upon by a battery on Morris Island, which was staffed by cadets from The Citadel, among them William Stewart Simkins, who were the only trained artillerymen in the service of South Carolina at the time. Batteries from Fort Moultrie joined in and Star of the West was forced to withdraw. Major Anderson prepared his guns at Sumter when he heard the Confederate fire, but the secrecy of the operation had kept him unaware that a relief expedition was in progress and he chose not to start a general engagement.[22][23][24][1]

text: In a letter delivered January 31, 1861, Governor Pickens demanded of President Buchanan that he surrender Fort Sumter because, "I regard that possession is not consistent with the dignity or safety of the State of South Carolina."[25]

text: Preparations for war

text: Conditions at the fort were difficult during the winter of 1860–61. Rations were short and fuel for heat was limited. The garrison scrambled to complete the defenses as best they could. Fort Sumter was designed to mount 135 guns, operated by 650 officers and men, but construction had met with numerous delays for decades and budget cuts had left it only about 90 percent finished in early 1861. Anderson's garrison consisted of just 85 men, primarily made up of two small artillery companies: Company E, 1st U.S. Artillery, commanded by Capt. Abner Doubleday, and Company H, commanded by Capt. Truman Seymour. There were six other officers present: Surgeon Samuel W. Crawford, First Lt. Theodore Talbot of Company H, First Lt. Jefferson C. Davis of the 1st U.S. Artillery, and Second Lt. Norman J. Hall of Company H. Capt. John G. Foster and First Lt. George W. Snyder of the Corps of Engineers were responsible for construction of the Charleston forts, but they reported to their headquarters in Washington, not directly to Anderson. The remaining personnel were 68 noncommissioned officers and privates, eight musicians, and 43 noncombatant workmen.[1]

text: By April the Union troops had positioned 60 guns, but they had insufficient men to operate them all. The fort consisted of three levels of enclosed gun positions, or casemates. The second level of casemates was unoccupied. The majority of the guns were on the first level of casemates, on the upper level (the parapet or barbette positions), and on the center parade field. Unfortunately for the defenders, the original mission of the fort—harbor defense—meant that it was designed so that the guns were primarily aimed at the Atlantic, with little capability of protecting from artillery fire from the surrounding land or from infantry conducting an amphibious assault.[26][27][28]

text: In March, Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard took command of South Carolina forces in Charleston; on March 1, President Jefferson Davis had appointed him the first general officer in the armed forces of the new Confederacy,[29] specifically to take command of the siege. Beauregard made repeated demands that the Union force either surrender or withdraw and took steps to ensure that no supplies from the city were available to the defenders, whose food was running low. He also increased drills amongst the South Carolina militia, training them to operate the guns they manned. Ironically, Major Anderson had been Beauregard's artillery instructor at West Point; the two had been especially close, and Beauregard had become Anderson's assistant after graduation. Both sides spent March drilling and improving their fortifications to the best of their abilities.[30]

text: Beauregard, a trained military engineer, built-up overwhelming strength to challenge Fort Sumter. Fort Moultrie had three 8-inch Columbiads, two 8-inch howitzers, five 32-pound smoothbores, and four 24-pounders. Outside of Moultrie were five 10-inch mortars, two 32-pounders, two 24-pounders, and a 9-inch Dahlgren smoothbore. The floating battery next to Fort Moultrie had two 42-pounders and two 32-pounders on a raft protected by iron shielding. Fort Johnson on James Island had one 24-pounder and four 10-inch mortars. At Cummings Point on Morris Island, the Confederates had emplaced seven 10-inch mortars, two 42-pounders, an English Blakely rifled cannon, and three 8-inch Columbiads, the latter in the so-called Iron Battery, protected by a wooden shield faced with iron bars. About 6,000 men were available to man the artillery and to assault the fort, if necessary, including the local militia, young boys and older men.[31]

text: Decisions for war

text: On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as president. He was almost immediately confronted with the surprise information that Major Anderson was reporting that only six weeks of rations remained at Fort Sumter. A crisis similar to the one at Fort Sumter had emerged at Pensacola, Florida, where Confederates threatened another U.S. fortification—Fort Pickens. Lincoln and his new cabinet struggled with the decisions of whether to reinforce the forts, and how. They were also concerned about whether to take actions that might start open hostilities and which side would be perceived as the aggressor as a result. Similar discussions and concerns were occurring in the Confederacy.[32][33]

text: After the formation of the Confederate States of America in early February, there was some debate among the secessionists whether the capture of the fort was rightly a matter for South Carolina or for the newly declared national government in Montgomery, Alabama. South Carolina governor Pickens was among the states' rights advocates who thought that all property in Charleston harbor had reverted to South Carolina upon that state's secession as an independent commonwealth. This debate ran alongside another discussion about how aggressively the installations—including Forts Sumter and Pickens—should be obtained. President Davis, like his counterpart in Washington, preferred that his side not be seen as the aggressor. Both sides believed that the first side to use force would lose precious political support in the border states, whose allegiance was undetermined; before Lincoln's inauguration on March 4, five states had voted against secession, including Virginia, and Lincoln openly offered to evacuate Fort Sumter if it would guarantee Virginia's loyalty.[N 2]

text: The South sent delegations to Washington, D.C., and offered to pay for the Federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States. Lincoln rejected any negotiations with the Confederate agents because he did not consider the Confederacy a legitimate nation and making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government. However, Secretary of State William H. Seward, who wished to give up Sumter for political reasons—as a gesture of good will—engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed.[35]

text: On April 4, as the supply situation on Sumter became critical, President Lincoln ordered a relief expedition, to be commanded by former naval captain (and future Assistant Secretary of the Navy) Gustavus V. Fox, who had proposed a plan for nighttime landings of smaller vessels than the Star of the West. Fox's orders were to land at Sumter with supplies only, and if he was opposed by the Confederates, to respond with the U.S. Navy vessels following and to then land both supplies and men. This time, Maj. Anderson was informed of the impending expedition, although the arrival date was not revealed to him. On April 6, Lincoln notified Governor Pickens that "an attempt will be made to supply Fort Sumter with provisions only, and that if such attempt be not resisted, no effort to throw in men, arms, or ammunition will be made without further notice, [except] in case of an attack on the fort."[36][37][38][39][1]

text: Lincoln's notification had been made to the governor of South Carolina, not the new Confederate government, which Lincoln did not recognize. Pickens consulted with Beauregard, the local Confederate commander. Soon President Davis ordered Beauregard to repeat the demand for Sumter's surrender, and if it did not, to reduce the fort before the relief expedition arrived. The Confederate cabinet, meeting in Montgomery, endorsed Davis's order on April 9. Only Secretary of State Robert Toombs opposed this decision: he reportedly told Jefferson Davis the attack "will lose us every friend at the North. You will only strike a hornet's nest. ... Legions now quiet will swarm out and sting us to death. It is unnecessary. It puts us in the wrong. It is fatal."[40]

text: Beauregard dispatched aides—Col. James Chesnut, Col. James A. Chisholm, and Capt. Stephen D. Lee—to Fort Sumter on April 11 to issue the ultimatum. Anderson refused, although he reportedly commented, "I shall await the first shot, and if you do not batter us to pieces, we shall be starved out in a few days." The aides returned to Charleston and reported this comment to Beauregard. At 1 a.m. on April 12, the aides brought Anderson a message from Beauregard: "If you will state the time which you will evacuate Fort Sumter, and agree in the meantime that you will not use your guns against us unless ours shall be employed against Fort Sumter, we will abstain from opening fire upon you." After consulting with his senior officers, Maj. Anderson replied that he would evacuate Sumter by noon, April 15, unless he received new orders from his government or additional supplies. Col. Chesnut considered this reply to be too conditional and wrote a reply, which he handed to Anderson at 3:20 a.m.: "Sir: by authority of Brigadier General Beauregard, commanding the Provisional Forces of the Confederate States, we have the honor to notify you that he will open fire of his batteries on Fort Sumter in one hour from this time." Anderson escorted the officers back to their boat, shook hands with each one, and said "If we never meet in this world again, God grant that we may meet in the next."[41][42][43][44]

text: Bombardment

text: At 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861, Lt. Henry S. Farley, acting upon the command of Capt. George S. James,[45][46] fired a single 10-inch mortar round from Fort Johnson. (James had offered the first shot to Roger Pryor, a noted Virginia secessionist, who declined, saying, "I could not fire the first gun of the war.") The shell exploded over Fort Sumter as a signal to open the general bombardment from 43 guns and mortars at Fort Moultrie, Fort Johnson, the floating battery, and Cummings Point. Under orders from Beauregard, the guns fired in a counterclockwise sequence around the harbor, with 2 minutes between each shot; Beauregard wanted to conserve ammunition, which he calculated would last for only 48 hours. Edmund Ruffin, another noted Virginia secessionist, had traveled to Charleston to be present for the beginning of the war, and fired one of the first shots at Sumter after the signal round, a 64-pound shell from the Iron Battery at Cummings Point. The shelling of Fort Sumter from the batteries ringing the harbor awakened Charleston's residents (including diarist Mary Chesnut), who rushed out into the predawn darkness to watch the shells arc over the water and burst inside the fort.[47][N 3]

text: Major Anderson held his fire, awaiting daylight. His troops reported for a call at 6 a.m. and then had breakfast. At 7 a.m., Capt. Abner Doubleday fired a shot at the Ironclad Battery at Cummings Point. He missed. Given the available manpower, Anderson could not take advantage of all of his 60 guns. He deliberately avoided using guns that were situated in the fort where casualties were most likely. The fort's best cannons were mounted on the uppermost of its three tiers—the barbette tier—where his troops were most exposed to incoming fire from overhead. The fort had been designed to withstand a naval assault, and naval warships of the time did not mount guns capable of elevating to shoot over the walls of the fort. However, the land-based cannons manned by the Confederates were capable of high-arcing ballistic trajectories and could therefore fire at parts of the fort that would have been out of naval guns' reach. Fort Sumter's garrison could only safely fire the 21 working guns on the lowest level, which themselves, because of the limited elevation allowed by their embrasures, were largely incapable of delivering fire with trajectories high enough to seriously threaten Fort Moultrie. Moreover, although the Federals had moved as many of their supplies to Fort Sumter as they could manage, the fort was quite low on ammunition, and was nearly out at the end of the 34-hour bombardment. A more immediate problem was the scarcity of cloth gunpowder cartridges or bags; only 700 were available at the beginning of the battle and workmen sewed frantically to create more, in some cases using socks from Anderson's personal wardrobe. Because of the shortages, Anderson reduced his firing to only six guns: two aimed at Cummings Point, two at Fort Moultrie, and two at the Sullivan's Island batteries.[49][50]

text: Ships from Fox's relief expedition began to arrive on April 12. Although Fox himself arrived at 3 a.m. on his steamer Baltic, most of the rest of his fleet was delayed until 6 p.m., and one of the two warships, USS Powhatan, never did arrive. Unbeknownst to Fox, it had been ordered to the relief of Fort Pickens in Florida. As landing craft were sent toward the fort with supplies, the artillery fire deterred them and they pulled back. Fox decided to wait until after dark and for the arrival of his warships. The next day, heavy seas made it difficult to load the small boats with men and supplies and Fox was left with the hope that Anderson and his men could hold out until dark on April 13.[51]

text: Although Sumter was a masonry fort, there were wooden buildings inside for barracks and officer quarters. The Confederates targeted these with Heated shot (cannonballs heated red hot in a furnace), starting fires that could prove more dangerous to the men than explosive artillery shells. At 7 p.m. on April 12, a rain shower extinguished the flames and at the same time the Union gunners stopped firing for the night. They slept fitfully, concerned about a potential infantry assault against the fort. During the darkness, the Confederates reduced their fire to four shots each hour. The following morning, the full bombardment resumed and the Confederates continued firing hot shot against the wooden buildings. By noon most of the wooden buildings in the fort and the main gate were on fire. The flames moved toward the main ammunition magazine, where 300 barrels of gunpowder were stored. The Union soldiers frantically tried to move the barrels to safety, but two-thirds were left when Anderson judged it was too dangerous and ordered the magazine doors closed. He ordered the remaining barrels thrown into the sea, but the tide kept floating them back together into groups, some of which were ignited by incoming artillery rounds. He also ordered his crews to redouble their efforts at firing, but the Confederates did the same, firing the hot shots almost exclusively. Many of the Confederate soldiers admired the courage and determination of the Yankees. When the fort had to pause its firing, the Confederates often cheered and applauded after the firing resumed and they shouted epithets at some of the nearby Union ships for failing to come to the fort's aid.[52][53]

text: Surrender

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Major Anderson's telegram announcing the surrender

tag: table

text: The fort's central flagpole was knocked down at 1 p.m. on April 13, raising doubts among the Confederates about whether the fort was ready to surrender. Col. Louis Wigfall, a former U.S. senator, had been observing the battle and decided that this indicated the fort had had enough punishment. He commandeered a small boat and proceeded from Morris Island, waving a white handkerchief from his sword, dodging incoming rounds from Sullivan's Island. Meeting with Major Anderson, he said, "You have defended your flag nobly, Sir. You have done all that it is possible to do, and General Beauregard wants to stop this fight. On what terms, Major Anderson, will you evacuate this fort?" Anderson was encouraged that Wigfall had said "evacuate," not "surrender." He was low on ammunition, fires were burning out of control, and his men were hungry and exhausted. Satisfied that they had defended their post with honor, enduring over 3,000 Confederate rounds without losing a man, Anderson agreed to a truce at 2:00 p.m.[54][55]

text: Fort Sumter raised Wigfall's white handkerchief on its flagpole as Wigfall departed in his small boat back to Morris Island, where he was hailed as a hero. The handkerchief was spotted in Charleston and a delegation of officers representing Beauregard—Stephen D. Lee, Porcher Miles, a former mayor of Charleston, and Roger Pryor—sailed to Sumter, unaware of Wigfall's visit. Anderson was outraged when these officers disavowed Wigfall's authority, telling him that the former senator had not spoken with Beauregard for two days, and he threatened to resume firing. Meanwhile, General Beauregard himself had finally seen the handkerchief and sent a second set of officers, offering essentially the same terms that Wigfall had presented, so the agreement was reinstated.[54][56][57]

text: The Union garrison formally surrendered the fort to Confederate personnel at 2:30 p.m., April 13. No one from either side was killed during the bombardment. During the 100-gun salute to the U.S. flag—Anderson's one condition for withdrawal—a pile of cartridges blew up from a spark, mortally wounding privates Daniel Hough and Edward Galloway, and seriously wounding the other four members of the gun crew; these were the first military fatalities of the war. The salute was stopped at fifty shots. Hough was buried in the Fort Sumter parade ground within two hours after the explosion. Galloway and Private George Fielding were sent to the hospital in Charleston, where Galloway died a few days later; Fielding was released after six weeks.[58][59] The other wounded men and the remaining Union troops were placed aboard a Confederate steamer, the Isabel, where they spent the night and were transported the next morning to Fox's relief ship Baltic, resting outside the harbor bar.[60]

text: Anderson carried the Fort Sumter Flag with him North, where it became a widely known symbol of the battle, and rallying point for supporters of the Union.[61] This inspired Frederic Edwin Church to paint Our Banner in the Sky, described as a "symbolic landscape embodying the stars and stripes." A chromolithograph was then created and sold to benefit the families of Union soldiers.[62]

text: Aftermath

text: The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the first military action of the American Civil War. Following the surrender, Northerners rallied behind Lincoln's call for all states to send troops to recapture the forts and preserve the Union. With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for 90 days.[63] Some Northern states filled their quotas quickly. There were so many volunteers in Ohio that within 16 days they could have met the full call for 75,000 men by themselves.[64] Other governors from border states were undiplomatic in their responses. For example, Gov. Claiborne Jackson wrote, "Not one man will the state of Missouri furnish to carry on any such unholy crusade", and Gov. Beriah Magoffin wrote, "Kentucky will furnish no troops for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister Southern states."[65] The governors of other states still in the Union were equally unsupportive. The call for 75,000 troops triggered four additional slave states to declare their secession from the Union and join the Confederacy.[66] The ensuing war lasted four years, effectively ending in April 1865 with the surrender of General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia at Appomatox Courthouse.[67]

text: Charleston Harbor was completely in Confederate hands for almost the entire four-year duration of the war, leaving a hole in the Union naval blockade. Union forces conducted major operations in 1862 and 1863 to capture Charleston, first overland on James Island (the Battle of Secessionville, June 1862), then by naval assault against Fort Sumter (the First Battle of Charleston Harbor, April 1863), then by seizing the Confederate artillery positions on Morris Island (beginning with the Second Battle of Fort Wagner, July 1863, and followed by a siege until September). After pounding Sumter to rubble with artillery fire, a final amphibious operation attempted to occupy it (the Second Battle of Fort Sumter, September 1863), but was repulsed and no further attempts were made. The Confederates evacuated Fort Sumter and Charleston in February 1865 as Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman outflanked the city in the Carolinas Campaign. On April 14, 1865, four years to the day after lowering the Fort Sumter Flag in surrender, Robert Anderson (by then a major general, although ill and in retired status) returned to the ruined fort to raise the flag he had lowered in 1861.[68]

text: Two of the cannons used at Fort Sumter were later presented to Louisiana State University by General William Tecumseh Sherman, who was president of the university before the war began.[69]

text: Tributes

text: The U.S. Post Office Department released the Fort Sumter Centennial issue as the first in the series of five stamps marking the Civil War Centennial on April 12, 1961, at the Charleston post office.[70]

text: The stamp was designed by Charles R. Chickering. It illustrates a seacoast gun from Fort Sumter aimed by an officer in a typical uniform of the time. The background features palmetto leaves akin to bursting shells. The state tree of South Carolina, the palmettos suggest the geopolitical area opening Civil War hostilities.[71]

text: This stamp was produced by an engraving and printed by the rotary process in panes of fifty stamps each. The Postal Department authorized an initial printing of 120 million stamps.[71]

text: Footnotes


document_title: The Daily Independent (Lagos newspaper)

question_text: who is the publisher of the daily independent

text: The Daily Independent (Lagos newspaper)

text:
Independent Newspaper

Type
Daily newspaper

Publisher
Independent Newspapers Limited

Editor
Ted Iwere

Founded
October 2001

Headquarters
Lagos

Website
independentnig.com

text: The Independent is a newspaper published in Nigeria. It is based in Lagos. Independent Newspapers Limited was incorporated on 17 July 2001 and started operations in October 2001. The company publishes the flagship Independent newspaper, and the Saturday Independent and Sunday Independent.[1]

text: The Independent is a successor to the Diet newspaper established in 1997 by James Ibori, a close friend of the military ruler General Sani Abacha. By 1999 most of the Diet staff had left since they had not been paid for some months. Ibori, who had been elected governor of Delta State in April 1999, relaunched the paper in a more colorful and attractive format, but without success. In 2001 the Daily Independent, largely owned by the same publisher, took the place of Diet.[2]

text: In June 2006 Rotimi Durojaiye, an Independent reporter, was arrested and charged with sedition after writing a report questioning the cost and airworthiness of Olusegun Obasanjo's new presidential jet. The charges were dropped later.[3]

text: In October 2009 the Nigerian Union of Journalists forced a closure of the newspaper. Reasons given were that the paper's management had refused to pay four months’ salary arrears and had sacked 21 workers for no just reason. Owner James Ibori intervened, promising to pay the arrears and re-hire the workers, and the strike was called off.[4][5] The former managing editor, Ted Iwere, left the paper because of these problems. In January 2010 James Akpadem, the new managing editor, said that Ibori was actively involved in efforts to restructure the paper, which was struggling with debt and unpaid salaries.[6]

text: In March 2010 the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) asked that Ibori attend the Abuja headquarters of the Commission on 17 April 2010 "for interview". The Daily Independent published an editorial that indignantly defended Ibori.[7] Ibori was arrested in May 2010 in Dubai, in the United Arab Emirates. He lost an appeal against a ruling that he should be extradited to Britain.[8] By April 2011 the EFCC had Inori on its "most wanted" list, saying "The suspect is wanted in connection with a N9.2 billion case of Criminal Conspiracy,Theft and Misappriopriation of Public funds belonging to Delta State of Nigeria".[9] On 16 April 2011 Ibori appeared in a British court to charged with a various money laundering and fraud offences.[8]


document_title: List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska

question_text: what is the largest borough in alaska by population

text: List of boroughs[edit]

text:
Borough
FIPS County Code
[3]
Borough seat
[1]
Class
[4][5][6][7]
Established
[1]
Origin
Etymology
Density
Population
[1]
Area
[1]
Map

Aleutians East Borough
013
Sand Point
Second
1987
-
Its location in the east Aleutian Islands, which are themselves of uncertain linguistic origin; possibly derived from Chukchi word aliat ("island")
0.45
7003314100000000000♠3,141
7003698800000000000♠6,988 sq mi
(7004180990000000000♠18,099 km2)

Anchorage
020
(Consolidated
city-borough)
Unified Home Rule
1964/1975
Anchorage Borough formed in 1964, merged with city in 1975 to form unified city-borough
Derived from the presence of a safe place to anchor and unload supplies for construction of the Alaska Railroad circa 1913, thereby creating a community.
171.18
7005291826000000000♠291,826
7003169700000000000♠1,697 sq mi
(7003439500000000000♠4,395 km2)

Bristol Bay Borough
060
Naknek
Second
1962
-
Named in 1778 by Capt. James Cook for George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol.
1.98
7002997000000000000♠997
7002505000000000000♠505 sq mi
(7003130800000000000♠1,308 km2)

Denali Borough
068
Healy
Home Rule
1990
-
From Denali, the tallest North American mountain, which means "great one" in the Dena'ina language
0.14
7003182600000000000♠1,826
7004127500000000000♠12,750 sq mi
(7004330220000000000♠33,022 km2)

Fairbanks North Star Borough
090
Fairbanks
Second
1964
-
Named for its borough seat of Fairbanks, named in turn for Charles Fairbanks (1852 - 1918), U.S. Senator from Indiana and vice president under Theodore Roosevelt, and for Polaris, the North Star
13.30
7004975810000000000♠97,581
7003736600000000000♠7,366 sq mi
(7004190780000000000♠19,078 km2)

Haines Borough
100
(Consolidated
city-borough)
Home Rule
1968
(Consolidated 2002)
-
After Haines, which was itself named for Mrs F.E. Haines, the key fundraiser for the construction of a Presbyterian mission in the town.
1.08
7003250800000000000♠2,508
7003234400000000000♠2,344 sq mi
(7003607100000000000♠6,071 km2)

Juneau
110
(Consolidated
city-borough)
Unified Home Rule
1970
The City of Juneau merged with the City of Douglas and the surrounding borough to form the municipality
Joseph "Joe" Juneau, prospector and co-founder of the city.
11.58
7004312750000000000♠31,275
7003271600000000000♠2,716 sq mi
(7003703400000000000♠7,034 km2)

Kenai Peninsula Borough
122
Soldotna
Second
1964
-
The Kenai Peninsula, whose name may be derived from Kenayskaya, the Russian name for Cook Inlet.
3.45
7004554000000000000♠55,400
7004160130000000000♠16,013 sq mi
(7004414730000000000♠41,473 km2)

Ketchikan Gateway Borough
130
Ketchikan
Second
1963
-
The borough seat of Ketchikan and the borough's gateway location on the Alaska-Canada border.
2.77
7004134770000000000♠13,477
7003484000000000000♠4,840 sq mi
(7004125360000000000♠12,536 km2)

Kodiak Island Borough
150
Kodiak
Second
1963
-
Named after Kodiak Island, which may itself be named for the Koniag people
2.08
7004135920000000000♠13,592
7003656000000000000♠6,560 sq mi
(7004169900000000000♠16,990 km2)

Lake and Peninsula Borough
164
King Salmon
Home Rule
1989
-
The borough's many large lakes, and the Alaska Peninsula
0.07
7003163100000000000♠1,631
7004237820000000000♠23,782 sq mi
(7004615950000000000♠61,595 km2)

Matanuska-Susitna Borough
170
Palmer
Second
1964
-
Named for the valley that the Matanuska and Susitna Rivers form.
3.62
7004889950000000000♠88,995
7004246820000000000♠24,682 sq mi
(7004639260000000000♠63,926 km2)

North Slope Borough
185
Barrow
Home Rule
1972
-
The Alaska North Slope along the Brooks Range.
0.11
7003943000000000000♠9,430
7004888170000000000♠88,817 sq mi
(7005230035000000000♠230,035 km2)

Northwest Arctic Borough
188
Kotzebue
Home Rule
1986
In 1986, residents of Kotzebue and 10 other area villages voted to form the Northwest Arctic Borough (with boundaries coincident with those of NANA), to be economically based on taxing the Red Dog mine, then under development.
Its geographic location and position above the Arctic Circle.
0.21
7003752300000000000♠7,523
7004358980000000000♠35,898 sq mi
(7004929750000000000♠92,975 km2)

Petersburg Borough
195
Petersburg
Home Rule
2013
Incorporated after voters approved borough formation in December 2012.
Named for Norwegian immigrant Peter Buschmann, founder of the former city of Petersburg.
1.16
7003327300000000000♠3,273
7003382900000000000♠3,829 sq mi
(7003991700000000000♠9,917 km2)

Sitka
220
(Consolidated
city-borough)
Unified Home Rule
1971
-
Derived from Tlingit word Shee At'iká, meaning "People on the outside of Shee (Baranof Island)."
3.09
7003888100000000000♠8,881
7003287400000000000♠2,874 sq mi
(7003744400000000000♠7,444 km2)

Skagway
230
(Consolidated
city-borough)
First
2007
-
Derived from Tlingit word Shgagwèi, meaning "a windy place with white caps on the water."
2.14
7002968000000000000♠968
7002452000000000000♠452 sq mi
(7003117100000000000♠1,171 km2)

Unorganized Borough
-
-
-
1961
The Borough Act of 1961 created The Unorganized Borough including all of Alaska not within a Unified, Home rule, First class or Second class borough.
A legal entity in Alaska, covering those parts of Alaska not within an incorporated borough; it is administered by the state of Alaska.[8]
0.24
7004781490000000000♠78,149
7005323440000000000♠323,440 sq mi
(7005837706000000000♠837,706 km2)

Wrangell
275
(Consolidated
city-borough)
Unified Home Rule
2008
formerly part of Wrangell-Petersburg Census Area
Ferdinand von Wrangel, Russian administrator of Alaska, 1840-49.
0.93
7003236900000000000♠2,369
7003257000000000000♠2,570 sq mi
(7003665600000000000♠6,656 km2)

Yakutat
282
(Consolidated
city-borough)
Home Rule
1992
-
Yakutat Bay and the Yakutat Alaska Native people
0.09
7002662000000000000♠662
7003765000000000000♠7,650 sq mi
(7004198130000000000♠19,813 km2)

text: Census areas in the Unorganized Borough[edit]

text: The Unorganized Borough is the portion of the U.S. state of Alaska not contained in any of its 19 organized boroughs. It encompasses over half of Alaska's area, 970,500 km² (374,712 mi²), an area larger than any other U.S. state. As of the 2000 census 13% of Alaskans (81,803 people) reside in it.

text: Currently unique among the United States, Alaska is not entirely subdivided into organized county equivalents. (South Dakota and Texas are among states that in the past have had unorganized counties.) For the 1980 census, the United States Census Bureau divided the unorganized borough into 12 census areas to facilitate census taking in the vast unorganized area. As new boroughs incorporate, these areas have been altered or eliminated to accommodate,[9] such that there are currently 10 census areas:

text:
Census area
FIPS County Code
[3]
Largest town
(as of 2000)
Etymology
Density
Population
[1]
Area
[1]
Map

Aleutians West Census Area
016
Unalaska
Location in the western Aleutian Islands.
1.27
7003556100000000000♠5,561
7003439700000000000♠4,397 sq mi
(7004113880000000000♠11,388 km2)

Bethel Census Area
050
Bethel
City of Bethel, the largest settlement in the census area, which is itself named for the Biblical term Bethel ("house of God").
0.42
7004170130000000000♠17,013
7004406330000000000♠40,633 sq mi
(7005105239000000000♠105,239 km2)

Dillingham Census Area
070
Dillingham
The city of Dillingham, the largest settlement in the area, which was itself named after United States Senator Paul Dillingham (1843-1923), who had toured Alaska extensively with his Senate subcommittee in 1903.
0.26
7003484700000000000♠4,847
7004186750000000000♠18,675 sq mi
(7004483680000000000♠48,368 km2)

Hoonah–Angoon Census Area
105
Hoonah
The cities of Hoonah and Angoon
0.29
7003215000000000000♠2,150
7003744400000000000♠7,444 sq mi
(7004192800000000000♠19,280 km2)

Kusilvak Census Area
158
Hooper Bay
Kusilvak Mountains
(Known as Wade Hampton prior to 2015)
0.44
7003745900000000000♠7,459
7004171940000000000♠17,194 sq mi
(7004445320000000000♠44,532 km2)

Nome Census Area
180
Nome
City of Nome, the largest settlement in the census area.
0.41
7003949200000000000♠9,492
7004230010000000000♠23,001 sq mi
(7004595720000000000♠59,572 km2)

Prince of Wales-Hyder Census Area
198
Craig
Prince of Wales Island and the town of Hyder
(Known as Prince of Wales-Outer Ketchikan prior to the expansion of Ketchikan Gateway Borough in 2008)
1.42
7003555900000000000♠5,559
7003376000000000000♠3,760 sq mi
(7003973800000000000♠9,738 km2)

Southeast Fairbanks Census Area
240
Deltana
Its location, southeast of Fairbanks
0.28
7003702900000000000♠7,029
7004248140000000000♠24,814 sq mi
(7004642680000000000♠64,268 km2)

Valdez-Cordova Census Area
261
Valdez
Cities of Valdez and Cordova
0.28
7003963600000000000♠9,636
7004343190000000000♠34,319 sq mi
(7004888860000000000♠88,886 km2)

Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area
290
Fort Yukon
Yukon River ("great river" in Gwich’in), which flows through the census area; and the city of Koyukuk
0.04
7003558800000000000♠5,588
7005145900000000000♠145,900 sq mi
(7005377879000000000♠377,879 km2)

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ A: Because census areas in the Unorganized Borough have their own FIPS codes, this code listed and linked is for the entire state of Alaska.