document_title: NSYNC

question_text: when was the last time nsync performed together

text: NSYNC

text: History[edit]

text: 1995–98: Group formation and debut album[edit]

text: Chris Kirkpatrick, who had missed the cut for the Backstreet Boys, met with Lou Pearlman in 1995 to talk about forming a second group.[10] Pearlman said that he would finance the group if Kirkpatrick would find other young male singers. This prompted Kirkpatrick to call Joey Fatone, a friend he had met while working at Universal Studios. Then, Fatone and Kirkpatrick approached Lou Pearlman for more suggestions. Pearlman looked through some tapes they had, and one of Justin Timberlake from The Mickey Mouse Club caught his eye. Timberlake soon joined the group and recommended his friend JC Chasez, who also was a cast member on [Walt] Disney Channel's Mickey Mouse Club.[11] Soon, they decided to even out their sound by recruiting Jason Galasso as their bass singer.

text: NSYNC received its name after Justin Timberlake's mother commented on how "in sync" the group's singing voices were.[12] The group's name is also a play on the last letter of each of the initial members' names: JustiN, ChriS, JoeY, JasoN, and JC.[13]

text: After several weeks of rehearsals, the group set up a showcase and began planning to officially sign with Pearlman's Trans Continental Label. However, at the last minute, Galasso dropped out. He was not fond of the group's musical direction, claiming that being a teen idol was never a goal of his.[14] In need of a bass, the group auditioned several people without success. Timberlake soon called his vocal coach, who suggested a 16-year-old from Mississippi named Lance Bass. Bass flew to Orlando to audition and was immediately accepted into the group. He was nicknamed "Lansten" so they could keep the name 'NSYNC.[15]

text: From there, Pearlman set the five boys up in a house in Orlando, Florida, where they rehearsed constantly, learning dance routines and vocal parts, and working on promotion for their first public performance at Pleasure Island on October 22, 1995. Pearlman hired Johnny Wright, manager of the Backstreet Boys, to manage the group. NSYNC sent him a two-song demo-tape including "I'll Be Back for More" and "We Can Work It Out", which impressed him. The group performed for him and a group of BMG executives. Although the record company had some concerns with the band's name and Bass's dancing abilities, they agreed to sign the group to BMG Ariola Munich with Wright as their manager.[16]

text: After being signed to BMG Ariola Munich, the group was sent to Sweden to begin working on their debut album with the help of producers such as Denniz Pop, Max Martin and Andreas Carlsson. The album's official lead single, "I Want You Back", was released in Germany on October 7, 1996, and entered the top 10 in Germany on November 18, 1996.[17] With a record deal finally secured, the boys began touring first in German-speaking countries and later in other European territories. Their self-titled debut album was initially released by BMG Ariola Munich on May 26, 1997, in Germany, and peaked at number one in the second week after its release.[18] The group soon became an overnight success throughout much of Europe.[19] The album also charted successfully in both Switzerland and Austria eventually selling 820,000 units in GSA (Germany, Switzerland, Austria) region and Eastern Europe.[20][21] The group released its second and the third singles, "Tearin' Up My Heart" and "Here We Go", both of which managed to reach the top-10 in numerous countries in Europe.[22][23] NSYNC captured the attention of Vincent DeGiorgio, an A&R rep for RCA Records. After seeing the group perform in Budapest, he eventually signed them to RCA in 1998. The American label had the group record some new tracks to adjust their album for the US market.

text: 1998–99: Breaking the American market and legal battle[edit]

text: The group released its debut American single, "I Want You Back" on January 20, 1998. It reached No. 13 on the Billboard Hot 100.[24] An album called NSYNC followed on March 24, 1998. Album sales were sluggish, debuting at No. 82 on the Billboard 200, but were helped when the Disney Channel aired a concert special on July 18, 1998.[25] The concert was first offered to the Backstreet Boys, but they had to back out due to member Brian Littrell needing heart surgery, later doing their own special in 1999.[26] Three weeks before the concert, the album sat at No. 85 on the albums chart; three weeks after the concert, the album reached number nine. The group's profile continued the rise with subsequent single release "Tearin' Up My Heart", which became a hit on pop radio and one of the "100 Greatest Songs of the 90's" according to VH1. Regular touring, including an opening spot on Janet Jackson's The Velvet Rope Tour, and television spots on shows like Sabrina, the Teenage Witch also bolstered sales for the album, which was eventually certified diamond for shipments in excess of 10 million units.[27]

text: On November 10, 1998, the group released a holiday album, Home for Christmas. The album peaked at No. 7 and sold 2 million copies.[27] With this, NSYNC achieved the rare feat of having two albums in the Billboard Top 10 at the same time. The group scored its first top 10 on the Hot 100 with their third single, "God Must Have Spent A Little More Time on You", which peaked at No. 8 in February 1999. Country group Alabama later re-recorded the song and released it as a single that featured vocals from NSYNC. The fourth and final single from the album, "I Drive Myself Crazy", was a modest chart hit, but a mainstay on Total Request Live.[citation needed] In September 1999, the group collaborated with Gloria Estefan on a song for the soundtrack for her movie Music of the Heart. The track "Music of My Heart" reached No. 2 on Billboard's Top-100 single chart and served as a stopgap between album releases.

text: In 1999, NSYNC entered a publicized legal battle with Lou Pearlman, due to what the group believed were illicit business practices on his part.[28] NSYNC sued Pearlman and his record company, Trans Continental, for defrauding the group of more than fifty percent of their earnings, rather than his promise of only receiving one-sixth of the profits, similar to his promise of one-sixth of the profits with the Backstreet Boys.[28] The group threatened to leave and sign with Jive Records, which prompted Pearlman and RCA to countersue NSYNC for US$150 million and the use of the name.[29] Pearlman's request for a preliminary injunction against the band was denied.[28] After reaching a settlement out of court,[30] NSYNC signed with Jive.[31]

text: 1999–2001: Groundbreaking success and No Strings Attached[edit]

text: With their legal woes behind them, NSYNC refocused and worked on tracks for its second album. In January 2000, the group released "Bye Bye Bye", an upbeat dance track, which shot into the top 5 of the Hot 100 and spent 5 weeks atop the Hot 100 Airplay chart. The song is often considered the group's signature song.

text: The accompanying album, No Strings Attached, was released on March 21, 2000. It sold a record 2.42 million in its first week of release.[3][4] By the end of 2000, it had sold over 9.9 million copies.[32] No Strings Attached was both the best-selling album of the decade and top-selling album of 2000.[33] As of August 2012, No Strings Attached was the eighth best selling album of the SoundScan era which received a Diamond Certification from RIAA for sales of over 11,099,000.[34] The album was all-time bestselling pre-ordered album on Amazon.com.[35]

text: The second single, "It's Gonna Be Me", became the group's first No. 1 single in the U.S. and peaked at No. 1 on The Billboard Hot 100 from July 29 to August 11, 2000.[36] The third and final single, "This I Promise You" reached the Top-5 on Billboard's Top-100 single chart. They performed the Spanish version of this song, "Yo Te Voy Amar" at the Latin Grammys in 2001. The group also embarked on a World No Strings Attached Tour that year. The adventures of preparing for the tour were featured on an MTV special "Making the Tour", which was later released on DVD. The tour was then featured on a HBO special, which aired the same week the group's song "It's Gonna Be Me" hit No. 1 on the charts. The group then went on the second leg of the tour in the fall and performed one last show in 2001 for the "Rock in Rio" concert. The group also released Live From Madison Square Garden, a home video release of its HBO Special.

text: 2001–02: Celebrity and hiatus[edit]

text: The group's third album, Celebrity, released on July 24, 2001, produced three singles: "Pop" (#19 U.S.), "Gone" (#11 U.S.) and "Girlfriend" (#5 U.S.). The album featured much more creative involvement from the group, especially Chasez and Timberlake, who wrote and produced several of the tracks. The album sold 1,879,955 copies in its first week,[37] making it the second-fastest-selling album in SoundScan history at the time, only behind the group's previous album No Strings Attached.[38] To promote the Celebrity album, the group embarked on a four-month stadium tour entitled the PopOdyssey Tour. The tour earned over $90 million, becoming one of the biggest tours of 2001.[39] In 2002, the band promoted their album further by embarking on the Celebrity Tour, which earned nearly $30 million.[40] Following the tour, the group went on a hiatus.[41] While it was initially meant to be temporary, the group never recorded music or toured together again.

text: 2003–present: Occasional appearances[edit]

text: The group still attended award shows and events together, and regrouped at the 2003 Grammy Awards to sing a televised Bee Gees medley in tribute to that band.[42] They were slated to begin work on a new album in the fall of 2003[43][44], but it never materialized. They performed "The Star Spangled Banner" at the 2004 NSYNC Challenge for Children.[45] According to Bass' 2007 memoir Out of Sync, written after Bass won the Human Rights Campaign Award for his work in the gay community after his coming out, a meeting was held in the summer of 2004 to discuss the band's future where Timberlake announced his decision to leave the band.[46] In 2005, the members regrouped again for the last NSYNC Challenge for the Children, but did not perform.[47] In the fall of 2005, NSYNC released a greatest hits album. It included one song, "I'll Never Stop", that had previously not been released in the US. In 2007, Bass confirmed the group's breakup.[48] In January 2010, the band released another album, The Collection, consisting of singles released only in the UK. On August 25, 2013, the members of NSYNC regrouped for a one-off performance at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards. They performed a medley of "Girlfriend" and "Bye Bye Bye" during Timberlake's 15-minute set leading up to his acceptance of the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award. Their introduction included non-vocal elements of "Gone" in the background.[49] After the performance, Bass said that the group does not have any plans at the moment for a reunion tour or new music.[50]

text: On July 29, 2014, a compilation of *NSYNC's hits and unreleased songs titled The Essential *NSYNC, was released. Bass said of the album on his radio show, Dirty Pop: "There's a lot of these songs I don't think I've ever heard, I remember recording them but I've never heard them before, so I'm interested in just hearing them." Chasez tweeted about the album's release, stating: "I had the strangest dream last night that some old friends and I had a top 10 record on iTunes. Crazy right..." Kirkpatrick said of the album; "It's great to release some of the songs that had never made a record before! I'm glad our long time fans get some new music!" Fatone also said; "Pretty interesting this album comes out, which I really had no idea, and it's in the top of Amazon and iTunes... we owe it to our fans. Thank you."[51] Fatone and Kirkpatrick starred in Dead 7, a western zombie film written by Backstreet Boys' Nick Carter. The film premiered on April 1, 2016 on the Syfy channel. On June 29, 2016, it was announced that NSYNC will receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2017.[52]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The members licensed their likenesses on a great variety of merchandise, including board games, microphones, lip balm, marionettes, books, key chains, bedding, clothing, video games,[53][54] and various other articles. The group was immortalized in wax in Madame Tussauds New York wax museum in 2002; all five members of NSYNC were present the day of the unveiling. The group also had a deal alongside McDonald's, which included commercials featuring the group and Britney Spears, along with a CD and a video that featured behind-the-scenes footage from the making of NSYNC's music video. The vocal group also had a deal with Chili's Grill & Bar in which the members appeared in commercials for the restaurant, while Chili's helped sponsor the group's tour.[55] A video game was also released based on the band by Infogrames for the Game Boy Color titled *NSYNC: Get To The Show in 2001.[56]

text: Members[edit]

text:
Lance Bass – vocals (bass)
JC Chasez – vocals (lead tenor)
Joey Fatone – vocals (baritone)
Chris Kirkpatrick – vocals (countertenor)
Justin Timberlake – vocals (lead tenor)

text: Discography[edit]

text:
'N Sync (1997)
Home for Christmas (1998)
No Strings Attached (2000)
Celebrity (2001)

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Longshot (2000)
On the Line (2001)
Dead 7 (2016)

text: Tours[edit]

text:
For the Girl Tour (1997)
NSYNC in Concert (1998–2000)
No Strings Attached Tour (2000)
PopOdyssey Tour (2001)
Celebrity Tour (2002)

text: As supporting act

text: The Velvet Rope Tour (supporting Janet Jackson) (1998)

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The group has multiple RIAA awards. These include two Diamond Awards, four platinum home video releases, and multiple platinum awards for the group's records.[27]

text: Grammy Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result

2000
"Music of My Heart"
Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals
Nominated

"God Must Have Spent a Little More Time on You"
Best Country Collaboration with Vocals
Nominated

2001
"Bye Bye Bye"
Record of the Year
Nominated

Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
Nominated

No Strings Attached
Best Pop Vocal Album
Nominated

2002
"Gone"
Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
Nominated

Celebrity
Best Pop Vocal Album
Nominated

2003
"Girlfriend"
Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
Nominated


document_title: The Circle (2017 film)

question_text: who played emma watson's mother in the circle

question_tokens: who played emma watson 's mother in the circle

root

text: The Circle (2017 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: This section's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: When her car breaks down, Mae Holland contacts an old acquaintance, Mercer, who is liked by her parents: Vinnie has multiple sclerosis and needs the help of his wife, Bonnie.

tag: p

text: Mae's friend Annie Allerton works at The Circle, a tech company where Mae gets a job in Customer Experience. At a company meeting, Eamon Bailey introduces SeeChange, which uses small cameras placed anywhere to provide real-time video. At work, Mae rises in The Circle, embracing social networking. At a company presentation, Tom Stenton introduces a political candidate who has agreed to open her daily workings to the public through Circle.

text: Mae again sees a man from the party, Ty Lafitte. He takes her to an area where he says that all information on everyone is to be kept. Mae becomes embarrassed, as Ty is the creator of True You, a popular Circle product, and she had not recognised him. He tells her that True You has become something he did not intend. Mae is shown a picture of a light fitting, made by Mercer, in the shape of (or from) deer antlers. She photographs it and shares it on her Circle profile. The image attracts significant negative attention to Mercer, with people accusing him of killing real animals. Distressed by Mercer’s reaction to this, Mae goes kayaking at night and the rough waters cause her kayak to capsize, requiring rescue by the Coast Guard. The next day, Eamon says that SeeChange cameras recorded her at the kayak premises and in the water, which is how the Coast Guard was able to save her. At the next meeting, Eamon introduces Mae to the crowd and they discuss her experience of the rescue. The kayaking experience moves her to become the first circler to go "completely transparent”, which involves wearing a small camera and exposing her life to the world 24/7. Mae's transparency damages her relationships, as she accidentally sees her parents having sex and they become distant from her soon after.

text: At a board meeting, Eamon announces support from all 50 states for voting through Circle accounts. Mae takes it a step further and suggests requiring every individual to have a Circle account, which they can then use to vote. Eamon and Tom approve, but the suggestion upsets Annie. At the next company-wide meeting, Mae says that The Circle believes it can find anyone on the planet in under 20 minutes and introduces a program to find wanted felons in the same time frame. The program identifies an escaped prisoner within 10 minutes, which causes the Circlers in the audience to erupt in applause. Mae uses this successful test to suggest transparency can be a force for good.

text: Mae says that the program can find anyone, not just wanted felons, and someone suggests Mercer. Mae is initially hesitant to use the program to locate Mercer, but Tom persuades Mae to continue, asking if they can break their record of 10 minutes. Mercer is quickly located in an isolated cabin where he works on his antler projects. Startled by this, he escapes[clarification needed] to his truck and proceeds to lead those tracking him on a car chase. Not long into the escape attempt, Mercer loses control of his truck and drives off a bridge to his death, which horrifies Mae. She is seen in bed, three days later, still mourning the loss of Mercer. She calls Annie, who has also left The Circle, to her apparent benefit. Mae, however, finds that connection with others helps her cope with Mercer's death. Mae returns to the Circle, despite her parents' pleas. Mae calls Ty to ask for a favor, and Ty tells her something that he has discovered. At the next company-wide meeting, Mae explains how connection has helped her recover. She speaks with Eamon, and invites Tom onstage, then invites both Eamon and Tom to go fully transparent. She explains that Ty has found all their accounts, even the accounts that their wives were unaware of, and exposes them to the world, as no one should be exempt. Eamon and Tom, clearly upset, try to save face before Tom leaves the stage.

text: Mae reiterates her point of transparency being good, with the support of the audience. Mae goes kayaking again, untroubled by the drones that surround her.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Emma Watson as Mae Holland[3]
Tom Hanks as Eamon Bailey
John Boyega as Ty Lafitte/Kalden[4]
Karen Gillan as Annie Allerton[5]
Ellar Coltrane as Mercer
Patton Oswalt as Tom Stenton[6]
Bill Paxton as Vinnie Holland, Mae's father[7]
Glenne Headly as Bonnie Holland, Mae's mother
Poorna Jagannathan as Dr. Jessica Villalobos
Nate Corddry as Dan
Jimmy Wong as Mitch
Ellen Wong as Renata
Judy Reyes as Congresswoman Santos
Andrea Brooks as Sky
Beck as himself

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Casting and financing[edit]

text: On December 15, 2014, Deadline reported that Tom Hanks would star in a film adaptation of Dave Eggers' 2013 novel The Circle, with James Ponsoldt writing and directing.[8] In January 2015, THR confirmed that Anthony Bregman would produce the film through his banner, Likely Story, along with Ponsoldt, Hanks, and Gary Goetzman.[8][9] On May 11, 2015, it was announced that Image Nation Abu Dhabi would fully finance the film, together with Walter Parkes and Laurie MacDonald, while IM Global would handle international sales.[10] IM GLOBAL later sold the rights to various distributors.[11] On May 23, 2015, Deadline revealed that producers had offered Emma Watson the female lead role in the film. In June 2015, director Ponsoldt confirmed that Watson was not officially on board, but that she is one possibility to star in the film. On June 24, 2015, Variety confirmed that Watson was officially set to play the lead role of Mae Holland in the film.[3][12] On August 19, 2015, John Boyega was added to the cast, and on September 1, 2015, Karen Gillan was cast to play Annie, a warm and intelligent member of The Circle.[5] On September 11, 2015, Patton Oswalt joined the cast to play Tom Stenton, one of three founders of the Circle,[6] and on September 16, 2015, Bill Paxton joined the film as Watson's character's father.[7][13] On September 29, 2015, Ellar Coltrane joined the film, playing the character Mercer.[14]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began on September 11, 2015, in Los Angeles, California.[12][15][16] On September 17, filming was taking place in Pasadena.[17] Reshoots were done in January 2017.[18]

text: Release[edit]

text: In February 2016, EuropaCorp acquired U.S and Canadian distribution rights to the film,[19] while STX Entertainment co-distributes.[20] The Circle premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 26, 2017[21] and was released on April 28, 2017.[22]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Circle grossed $20.5 million in the United States and Canada and $20.1 million in other territories, for a total of $40.6 million, against a production budget of $18 million.[2]

text: In North America, The Circle was released alongside How to Be a Latin Lover, Baahubali 2: The Conclusion and Sleight, and was projected to gross $10–12 million from 3,163 theaters during its opening weekend.[23] However, the film underperformed, debuting at number five with $9 million, behind The Fate of the Furious, How to Be a Latin Lover, Baahubali 2: The Conclusion and The Boss Baby.[24]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 16% based on 118 reviews, with an average rating of 4.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Circle assembles an impressive cast, but this digitally driven thriller spins aimlessly in its half-hearted exploration of timely themes."[25] On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 43 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[26] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "D+" on an A+ to F scale.[27]

text: Glenn Kenny of The New York Times criticized the film for its repetitiveness and lack of originality: "The novel is at its most trenchantly funny when depicting the exhausting nature of virtual social life, and it’s in this area, too, that the movie gets its very few knowing laughs. But it’s plain, not much more than 15 minutes in, that without the story’s paranoid aspects you’re left with a conceptual framework that’s been lapped three times over by the likes of, say, the Joshua Cohen novel Book of Numbers or the HBO comedy series Silicon Valley".[28] Dan Callahan of The Wrap wrote: "The main problem with The Circle is that the evil of the tech company is made so obvious right from the start."[29]

text: Eric Kohn of IndieWire awarded the film a C. He was especially critical of the film's tonal inconsistencies: "Recent years have seen a proliferation of deep-dive narratives on the information age, from the psychological thriller territory of Mr. Robot to the parodic extremes of Silicon Valley. Ponsoldt’s project is stuck in between those two extremes. On the one hand, it’s an Orwellian drama about surveillance society; at the same time, it’s a sincere workplace drama about young adulthood that shoehorns in some techno-babble for the sake of deepening its potential."[30]

text: Gregory Wakeman of Cinema Blend panned the film, arguing that "the movie's grand philosophical debate is so simplistic and comes from two opposing and extreme sides of the spectrum that it's basically rendered mute." He also wrote: "Smug, condescending, and completely without incident, The Circle is the reason why people hate Hollywood." Wakeman gave the film one-and-a-half stars out of five.[31] Likewise, Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film one star out of four. He wrote: "The Circle feels dull, dated and ripped from yesterday's headlines. It flatlines while you're watching it."[32]

text: In a positive review, John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "The film's final message isn't as difficult to grapple with as the world we're actually living in, but that doesn't make it easy." He also described the film as "a mainstream-friendly critique of social media."[33] Owen Gleiberman of Variety was positive as well, directing much of his praise towards the film's contemporary relevance: "You could call The Circle a dystopian thriller, yet it’s not the usual boilerplate sci-fi about grimly abstract oppressors lording it over everyone else. The movie is smarter and creepier than that; it’s a cautionary tale for the age of social-media witch hunts and compulsive oversharing. The fascist digital future the movie imagines is darkly intriguing to contemplate, because one’s main thought about it is how much of that future is already here."[34] Mick LaSalle of The San Francisco Chronicle also praised the film's timeliness: "What makes The Circle so valuable is not only that it’s showing us a ghastly possible path that the world may take, but that it articulates the mentality that could create and sustain it."[35]


document_title: Merit good

question_text: who has first introduced the concept of merit goods and when

text: Merit good

text: The concept of a merit good introduced in economics by Richard Musgrave (1957, 1959) is a commodity which is judged that an individual or society should have on the basis of some concept of need, rather than ability and willingness to pay. The term is, perhaps, less often used today than it was in the 1960s to 1980s but the concept still lies behind many economic actions by governments which are not performed specifically for financial reasons or by supporting incomes (e.g. via tax rebates). Examples include the provision of food stamps to support nutrition, the delivery of health services to improve quality of life and reduce morbidity, subsidized housing and arguably education.

text: In many cases, merit goods provide services which should apply universally to everyone in a particular situation, a view that is close to the concept of primary goods found in work by philosopher John Rawls or discussions about social inclusion. On the supply side, it is sometimes suggested that there will be more support in society for implicit redistribution via the provision of certain kinds of goods and services, rather than explicit redistribution through income.[1] Alternatively, it is sometimes suggested that society in general may be in a better position to determine what individuals need (such arguments are often criticised for being paternalistic, often by those who would like to reduce to a minimum economic activity by government).

text: Sometimes, merit and demerit goods are simply seen as an extension of the idea of externalities. A merit good may be described as a good that has positive externalities associated with it. Thus, an inoculation against a contagious disease may be seen as a merit good. This is because others who may not now catch the disease from the inoculated person also benefit.

text: However, merit and demerit goods can be defined in a different way which makes it different from externalities. The essence of merit and demerit goods is to do with an information failure to the consumer. This arises because consumers do not perceive quite how good or bad the good is for them: either they do not have the right information or lack relevant information. With this definition, a merit good is defined as good that is better for a person than the person who may consume the good realises.[2]

text: Other possible rationales for treating some commodities as merit (or demerit) goods include public-goods aspects of a commodity, imposing community standards (prostitution, drugs, etc.), immaturity or incapacity, and addiction. A common element of all of these is recommending for or against some goods on a basis other than consumer choice.[3] However, there is no reason why governments should not consult their populations on such issues as they increasingly do in a number of economic contexts (e.g., development planning by the World Bank or resource allocation in health systems using information on health-benefits).

text: In the case of education, it can be argued that those lacking education are incapable of making an informed choice about so many benefits of education, which would warrant compulsion (Musgrave, 1959, 14). In this case, the implementation of consumer sovereignty is the motivation, rather than rejection of consumer sovereignty.[3]

text: Public Choice Theory suggests that good government policies are an under-supplied merit good in a democracy.

text: A merit good can be defined as a good which would be under-consumed (and under-produced) in the free market economy. This is due to two main reasons:

text:
When consumed, a merit good creates positive externalities (an externality being a third party/spill-over effect which arises from the consumption or production of the good/service). This means that there is a divergence between private benefit and public benefit when a merit good is consumed (i.e. the public benefit is greater than the private benefit). However, as consumers only take into account private benefits when consuming merit goods, it means that they are under-consumed (and so under-produced).
Individuals are myopic, they are short-term utility maximisers and so do not take into account the long term benefits of consuming a merit good and so they are under-consumed.[citation needed]

tag: ol


document_title: iPhone 7

question_text: when did the red iphone 7 come out

question_tokens: when did the red iphone 7 come out

text: iPhone 7

text: History[edit]

text: Prior to its official announcement, multiple aspects of the iPhone 7 were heavily rumored. Apple's plans to remove the 3.5 mm headphone jack received significant media attention.[15][16][17][18] Other rumors included a flush camera, stereo speakers,[19] a 256 gigabyte storage option, and a larger 3,100 mAh battery.[20]

text: On August 29, 2016, invitations to a press event at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco, California on September 7, 2016 were sent out to members of the media, prompting immediate speculation of the iPhone 7's upcoming announcement.[21][22] The iPhone 7 was officially announced at that event, with pre-orders beginning September 9, and general availability on September 16.[23][24][25]

text: iPhone 7 launched in 30 new countries later in September, with further international rollouts throughout October and November 2016.[26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Indonesia was the last country to release the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, with availability starting on March 31, 2017, following Apple's research and development investment in the country.[33]

text: On March 21, 2017, Apple announced an iPhone 7 with a red color finish (and white front), as part of its partnership with Product Red to highlight its AIDS fundraising campaign. It launched on March 24, 2017. But later it was discontinued. [34][35]

text: In September 2017, Apple announced the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus as direct successors to the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus,[36] alongside the iPhone X.[37]

text: As of February 4, 2018, the NYPD has been rolling out about 600 phones per day to its officers, who get to choose between an iPhone 7 and an iPhone 7 Plus, switching from the failed Windows Phone. Currently, officers in Manhattan are taking part in the transition, but once that is complete, the rollout moves to Brooklyn and then Queens.[38]

text: Specifications[edit]

text: Hardware[edit]

text: The iPhone 7's exterior is similar in shape and volume to iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S. Alongside the existing silver, gold, and rose gold colors, the device is offered in new matte black, "jet black",[23] and red colors.[34][35] The "jet black" color is a dark shade, high-gloss black finish. It is created through a multi-step process, beginning with an anodization phase to make the surface of the casing a porous aluminum oxide, and then using a machine to sweep the casing through a powdered compound, absorbed by aluminum oxide. The process is concluded with an "ultrafine particle bath" for additional finishing; the entire process takes less than an hour.[39]

text: iPhone 7 is rated IP67 water and dust resistant,[40] although tests have resulted in malfunctions, specifically distorted speakers, after water exposure.[41] The warranty does not cover any water damage to the phone.[42]

text: iPhone 7's home button uses a capacitive mechanism for input rather than a physical push-button, as on previous models, meaning direct skin contact (or a capacitive glove) is required to operate the device.[43][44] Physical feedback is provided via a Taptic Engine vibrator, and the button is also pressure-sensitive.[45] iPhone 7 retains the "3D Touch" display system introduced on the iPhone 6S, providing pressure-sensitive touchscreen input.[23]

text: The iPhone 7 does not feature a 3.5 mm headphone jack; it was replaced by a second speaker grille that serves as a vent for the internal barometer.[46] A Lightning-to-3.5-mm-connector adapter, as well as in-ear headphones that use the Lightning connector, are bundled with the device,[23] and the adapter is also sold separately as an accessory.[47] The adapter is also compatible with other iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch devices running iOS 10.[48]

text: iPhone 7 uses the Apple A10 Fusion 64-bit system-on-chip, which consists of two low-power cores and two high-power cores (only two cores are used at any point in time[49]). The A10 chip also features a hexa-core graphics chip capable of "console-level gaming".[50] As with prior models, iPhone 7 is available in two sizes: one with a 4.7-inch screen, and a "Plus" variant with a 5.5-inch screen.[51] The displays have identical sizes and resolutions to iPhone 6S, but with a wider color gamut[23] and increased brightness.[52] The screen-to-body ratio is about ~66% and ~68% for the 7 and 7 Plus, respectively.[53][54]

text: Both device variants also contain a new iteration of Apple's motion coprocessor, the M10.[55] Unlike previous iPhone models, internal storage options for iPhone 7 begin at 32 GB instead of 16 GB, and max out at 256 GB.[56] iPhone 7 Plus offers 3 GB of RAM, more than any other previous iPhone;[49] the 4.7-inch iPhone 7 has 2 GB.[57]

text: The iPhone 7 includes a 12-megapixel rear-facing camera with a quad-LED "True Tone" flash; its aperture was widened to f/1.8, and the standard-size phone model adds optical image stabilization –  a feature that was previously exclusive to Plus models.[58] The iPhone 7 Plus includes a second 12-megapixel telephoto lens, which can be used to achieve 2× optical zoom, and up to 10× digital zoom. The front-facing camera was upgraded to a 7-megapixel sensor with automatic image stabilization.[23][59]

text: Software[edit]

text: iPhone 7 ships with iOS 10 pre-installed.[60] The iPhone 7 Plus received an exclusive portrait camera mode in the iOS 10.1 software update.[61] This camera mode is capable of producing a bokeh effect using depth of field analysis of the second camera of dual-lens in the back of iPhone 7 Plus.[62][63]

text: Accessories[edit]

text: Each iPhone 7 comes with a Lightning-to-3.5-mm adapter.[23] Apple sells the adapter independently as well.[47] Apple also unveiled several Bluetooth wireless headphones ostensibly intended for use with iPhone 7, including AirPods, wireless in-ear headphones, and three new Beats headphone products. All four products utilize an in-house wireless chip known as Apple W1, which is designed to provide low-power Bluetooth operation and integration with iOS and macOS products (though they are still compatible with other Bluetooth-supported devices).[64][65]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reception to the iPhone 7 was mixed. Gordon Kelly of Forbes noted that rival smartphones, such as the Samsung Galaxy S7, had increased battery life and added water resistance over its predecessor while retaining the headphone jack, and that the iPhone 7's camera photo quality was improved but still lagging behind some phones already on the market, including the Galaxy S7 and Nexus 6P. Kelly praised how Apple was able to extract improved brightness and accurate color reproduction from its LCD display panel, while noting that it was old technology which was also well behind rivals who had already moved to sharper 1080p or even 2K screens. The iPhone 7's exterior, which reuses the aging design of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S, was criticized, especially the size of the device and thick top/bottom bezels, with Kelly writing that "the iPhone 7 Plus is simply far too big for a smartphone with a 5.5-inch display".[66]

text: Nilay Patel of The Verge described the devices as being "full of aggressive breaks from convention" despite their design continuity with previous models (going as far as dubbing them "a prototype of next year's rumored drastic iPhone redesign disguised as an iPhone 6"), citing the headphone jack removal (which he felt was an attempt to encourage the use of wireless headphones), heterogeneous CPU, and home button redesign. The display quality was considered an improvement over previous models, albeit "not as insane" as the quad HD displays on competing phones. The Taptic Engine was considered the "first really valuable new UI concept I've seen on phones in years" (as opposed to the "gimmick" of 3D Touch), Patel felt that the cameras of the devices were a "step" above the 6S in terms of performance, and praised the dual-lens camera on the 7 Plus for enhancing the phone's camera functionality. However, he panned the lack of editing features that made use of them. In regards to the enhanced Bluetooth audio support provided by devices containing the W1 chip, he argued that Apple "took away an established open standard in favor of new technologies, but instead of making the experience of using those new technologies better across the board, it made every third-party wireless audio product a second-class citizen of the Apple ecosystem." Giving the iPhone 7 a 9 out of 10, he concluded that the devices were "legitimately among the most interesting, opinionated, powerful phones Apple has ever shipped, and the most confident expressions of the company's vision in a long time. iOS 10 is excellent, the cameras are better, and the performance is phenomenal. And the batteries last longer."[67]

text: John McCann of TechRadar wrote that for the first time, the phablet-sized iPhone 7 Plus was "markedly better" than the smaller model. He highlighted improved battery life and praised the camera, calling the Plus' dual cameras "excellent" for point-and-shoot, and "much improved" for low-light performance. McCann wrote that the lack of a headphone jack was "initially frustrating", but noted that it was a "positive step forward for the mobile industry", despite the "short-term effects ... making the most noise for now".[68]

text: Removal of the headphone jack[edit]

text: Criticism of the iPhone 7 centered around the removal of the headphone jack, including the inability to use wired headphones with the included adapter and charge the device simultaneously.[a][70]

text: In a particularly scathing article, Nilay Patel of The Verge wrote that removing the headphone jack - "ditching a deeply established standard" - would be "user-hostile and stupid". He goes on to list reasons why removing the port is negative, concluding with "No one is asking for this" and "Vote with your dollars".[71]

text: Gordon Kelly of Forbes noted that wireless audio technology was immature at the moment, with Bluetooth audio quality being inferior while Lightning audio reliability was still in question. The removal of the headphone jack meant "you’re being pushed into an era where you will have to pay more for decent headphones due to their need for an integrated DAC and/or Lightning licensing", and pointed out that "the only company to profit from this situation is Apple, who will now be charging licensing fees to millions of headphone companies".[66]

text: In particular, Apple's vice president Phillip Schiller, who announced the change, was mocked extensively online for stating that removing the headphone jack took 'courage'.[72][73] An online petition created by the consumer group SumOfUs, that accuses Apple of planned obsolescence and causing substantial electronic waste by removing the headphone jack,[74] reached over 300,000 signatures.[75]

text: Issues[edit]

text: Hissing noise[edit]

text: Some users have reported a strange hissing noise during heavy usage of the phone. CNET reports it as "faint buzzes and hums coming from the backside".[76] The Daily Telegraph speculates that the iPhone 7's new A10 Fusion processor is the source of the noise, linking to tweets that compare the phone's hissing sound to "hearing the fans spin up loudly whenever your Mac’s CPU gets used to its actual potential."[77] The issue has been referred to as Hissgate.[78][79]

text: Performance differences[edit]

text: The Guardian reported in October 2016 that storage tests from Unbox Therapy and GSMArena showed that the 32 GB iPhone 7 is "significantly" slower than the 128 and 256 GB versions, measuring data write speeds of 341 MB/s on a 128 GB iPhone 7 model versus 42 MB/s on a 32 GB model.[80] October 2016 network tests by Cellular Insights showed that models A1660 and A1661 with Qualcomm modems had "a significant performance edge" over models A1778 and A1784 with Intel modems. Inspection of the modems also found that the Qualcomm version's ability to use Ultra HD Voice had been turned off, likely to "level the playing field between the Qualcomm, and Intel variants". The report concluded with the statement that "We are not sure what was the main reason behind Apple's decision to source two different modem suppliers for the newest iPhone".[81][82] Bloomberg reported in November 2016 that tests by researchers from Twin Prime and Cellular Insights had shown the two modems to perform similarly on some U.S. cellular networks despite one of the modems being technically capable of faster connectivity. Apple spokeswoman Trudy Muller told the publication that "Every iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus meets or exceeds all of Apple’s wireless performance standards, quality metrics, and reliability testing ... In all of our rigorous lab tests based on wireless industry standards, in thousands of hours of real-world field testing, and in extensive carrier partner testing, the data shows there is no discernible difference in the wireless performance of any of the models". Bloomberg quoted analysts and technology advisers who stated that "[Apple] don’t want one version to get the reputation that it is better" and that "This may not impact the fanboys, but it may make other consumers think twice about buying an Apple phone, especially if they think they might be purchasing a sub-standard product".[83]

text: Explosions and smoke emissions[edit]

text: In a similar manner with the now-discontinued Samsung Galaxy Note 7, there have been reports of the iPhone 7 exploding or emitting smoke. In September 2016, one device reportedly exploded while in transit,[84][85] while another one had a "malfunction that caused the battery to blow up internally".[86] Another report about an iPhone 7 emitting smoke and "melting" was published in October 2016.[87]

text: Perception of slogan in Cantonese-speaking regions[edit]

text: The iPhone 7's "This is 7" slogan has been misunderstood when translated to certain other languages. The slogan in China translates to "7, is here.", while it becomes "Exactly is 7." in Taiwan, and "This, is exactly iPhone 7." in Hong Kong. In the Cantonese language, the slogan becomes "This is penis", due to "seven" pronounced tsat, a slang for "penis".[88][89]

text: Replacing the home button[edit]

text: In the iPhone 7, Apple added a software lock that prevents individuals from attempting to replace the home button on their own. Users are now required to go to an Apple Store to have repairs done, with "recalibration" of the button being necessary. This is a step further than Apple went with iPhone 5S, 6 and 6S, where only Touch ID functionality would get disabled but the "return-to-home" functionality still worked.[90][91]

text: Failure to connect to cellular service[edit]

text: Some iPhone 7 devices with the model numbers A1660, A1780 and A1779 suffer from a problem where they show a "No service" message even when cellular reception is available. Apple will repair those devices for free within two years of the first retail sale of the unit.[92]

text: Sales[edit]

text: Apple has deliberately withheld pre-order sales numbers, citing that these are "no longer a representative metric for our investors and customers".[93] Without releasing specific numbers, T-Mobile US stated that the iPhone 7 had broken the carrier's all-time record for first-day pre-order sales. The following weekend, T-Mobile US stated that iPhone 7 was its biggest iPhone launch ever, being "up nearly 4x compared to the next most popular iPhone".[94]

text: On September 14, 2016, two days before the iPhone 7 went on sale, Apple announced that due to high demand, they had sold out of all "jet black" iPhone 7's, and all colors of the iPhone 7 Plus.[95] This caused issues for customers in the iPhone Upgrade Program, who were unable to reserve new phones.[96] After customer complaints and a class action lawsuit,[97] Apple made changes to ensure members of the program could get new phones as soon as possible.[98]

text: In May 2017, analytics research company Strategy Analytics announced that iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus were the best-selling smartphones worldwide during the first quarter of 2017, selling 21.5 million and 17.4 million units, respectively.[99][100]

text: US carrier trade-in deals[edit]

text: For the initial U.S. sales of the iPhone 7, all four major wireless carriers announced trade-in deals. Under the deals, the monthly installment plan cost of the iPhone 7 is negated by a monthly credit on consumers' bill, but consumers who cancel their service with the carrier or pay off the phone prior to the installment contract completion will not receive credits for the remaining months.[101] Jacob Kastrenakes of The Verge noted that the deals effectively constituted a return to two-year phone contracts, in which the deals "essentially lock you into that carrier for two years".[102]

text: In the wake of these deals, Verizon announced they had seen an increase in sales over the release of the previous year's iPhone 6S, AT&T said that sales had exceeded its expectations, and T-Mobile and Sprint announced "huge increases in sales", with T-Mobile seeing a demand roughly four times higher for the 7 than the 6.[103]

text: Reports about trimmed production[edit]

text: In December 2016, DigiTimes reported that Apple had reduced production of the iPhone 7 because of decreasing demand for the product after the initial surge of interest waned. A reason cited was consumers and suppliers turning their attention to next year's iPhone model.[104][105]

text: A new report from Nikkei at the end of December included details on sales and production of the iPhone 7. The report, "based on data from suppliers", stated that Apple would trim production of the iPhone 7 by 10% in the first quarter of 2017, following "sluggish" sales. Nikkei reported that Apple previously trimmed production of the iPhone 7 by 20% due to accumulated inventory of the previous model, but that the new models had "sold more sluggishly than expected". Additionally, the report notes that the "iPhone 7 Plus, which features two cameras on its back face, remains popular", but "a shortage of camera sensors has curbed Apple's ability to meet demand for the phones".[106]

text: Timeline of iPhone models[edit]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Following the launch of the iPhone 7, Belkin announced an Apple-certified hub accessory that contains two Lightning ports, one intended as a Lightning pass-through for charging and the other for connecting Lightning headphones or the included Lightning-to-headphone jack adapter.[69]


document_title: Visa requirements for South African citizens

question_text: visa requirements for south african citizens visiting india

text: Visa requirements map[edit]

text: Visa requirements[edit]

text:
Country
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)
Reciprocity

 Afghanistan
Visa required[2]

√

 Albania
Visa required[3]

√

 Algeria
Visa required[4]

√

 Andorra
Visa required[5]
Andorra has no visa regime, but is only accessible through France and Spain. Multiple Entry Schengen Visa required.
√

 Angola
Visa required[6]

√

 Antigua and Barbuda
Visa not required[7]
1 month
√

 Argentina
Visa not required[8]
90 days
√

 Armenia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[9]
120 days
X

 Australia and territories
Visa required[10]
May apply online (Online Visitor e600 visa).[11] Transit visa is not required.[12]
X

 Austria
Visa required[13]

X

 Azerbaijan
eVisa[14]
30 days[15]
X

 Bahamas
Visa not required[16]
4 weeks (extendable up to 8 months)
√

 Bahrain
eVisa[17]

X

 Bangladesh
Visa required[18]

√

 Barbados
Visa not required[19]
6 months
√

 Belarus
Visa required[20]

√

 Belgium
Visa required[21]

X

 Belize
Visa not required[22]

√

 Benin
Visa not required[23]
90 Days
√

 Bhutan
Visa required[24]

√

 Bolivia
Visa on arrival[25]
90 days
√

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Visa required[26]

√

 Botswana
Visa not required[27]
90 days
√

 Brazil
Visa not required[28]
90 days
√

 Brunei
Visa required[29]

√

 Bulgaria
Visa required[30]

√

 Burkina Faso
Visa required[31]

√

 Burundi
Visa required[32]

√

 Cambodia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[33]
30 days
X

 Cameroon
Visa required[34]
Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
√

 Canada
Visa required[35]
Holders of the Right of Abode to the UK with a Certificate of Entitlement as proof of authenticity do not require Visa.
X

 Cape Verde
Visa on arrival[36]

√

 Central African Republic
Visa required[37]

√

 Chad
Visa required[38]

√

 Chile
Visa not required[39]
90 days
√

 China
Visa required[40]
24-Hour Transit Visa obtainable at the airport.
√

 Colombia
Visa required[41]
Transit visa is not required.
√

 Comoros
Visa on arrival[42]

X

 Republic of the Congo
Visa required[43]

√

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Visa required[44]

√

 Costa Rica
Visa not required[45]
90 days
√

 Côte d'Ivoire
eVisa[46]
3 months. eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport.
X

 Croatia
Visa required[47]
Valid multiple entry schengen visa is valid for Croatia[48]
√

 Cuba
Tourist card required[49]

√

 Cyprus
Visa required[50]

X

 Czech Republic
Visa required[51]

X

 Denmark
Visa required[52]

X

 Djibouti
Visa on arrival[53]

X

 Dominica
Visa not required[54]
6 months
X

 Dominican Republic
Visa not required[55]
30 day tourist card must be purchased on arrival.
X

 Ecuador
Visa not required[56]
90 days
√

 Egypt
Visa required[57]

√

 El Salvador
Visa not required[58]
90 days
X

 Equatorial Guinea
Visa required[59]

√

 Eritrea
Visa required[60]
Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
√

 Estonia
Visa required[61]

√

 Ethiopia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[62]

X

 Fiji
Visa not required[63]
4 months
√

 Finland
Visa required[64]

X

 France
Visa required[65]

X

 Gabon
Visa not required[66]
30 days.
√

 Gambia
Visa required[67]
In addition to a visa, an entry clearance must be obtained from the Gambian Immigration prior to travel.[68]
√

 Georgia
Visa not required[69]
1 year
X

 Germany
Visa required[70]

X

 Ghana
Visa on arrival[71]
30 days
X

 Greece
Visa required[72]

X

 Grenada
Visa not required[73]
3 months
X

 Guatemala
Visa not required[74]
90 days
X

 Guinea
Visa required[75]

√

 Guinea-Bissau
eVisa / Visa on arrival[76]
90 days
X

 Guyana
Visa not required[77]
3 months
√

 Haiti
Visa not required[78]
3 months
X

 Honduras
Visa not required[79]
90 days
X

 Hungary
Visa required[80]

X

 Iceland
Visa required[81]

X

 India
e-Visa[82]
60 days; e-Visa holders must arrive via 24 designated airports or 3 designated seaports.[83]
X

 Indonesia
Visa not required[84]
30 days. Select ports of entry.
X

 Iran
Visa on arrival[85]
30 days[86]
X

 Iraq
Visa required[87]

√

 Ireland
Visa not required[88]
3 months. Entry into the UK from Ireland is not permitted if the South African passport holder does not have a valid UK Visa. There are some requirements to fulfill for entry such as evidence of sufficient funds, proof of accommodation and character requirements. Border crossing by land from Ireland to Northern Ireland (UK) are heavily guarded and visa checks are carried out routinely. UK direct-airside transit visa is required for travel to Ireland by transiting the UK.
√

 Israel
Visa not required[89]
90 days. Some travelers are permitted to stay longer but in excess of 90 days usually requires mandatory military service for certain ages.
√

 Italy
Visa required[90]

X

 Jamaica
Visa not required[91]
180 Days
X

 Japan
Visa required[92]

X

 Jordan
Visa on arrival[93]
30 days
√

 Kazakhstan
Visa required[94]

√

 Kenya
Visa not required[95]
90 days[96]
X

 Kiribati
Visa required[97]

√

 North Korea
Visa required[98]

√

 South Korea
Visa not required[99]
30 days
√

 Kuwait
Visa required[100]

√

 Kyrgyzstan
eVisa / Visa on arrival[101]
1 month. Available at Manas International Airport.
X

 Laos
Visa on arrival[102]
30 days
X

 Latvia
Visa required[103]

X

 Lebanon
Visa required[104]
In addition to a visa, an approval should be obtained from the Immigration department of the General Directorate of General Security (La Surete Generale).
√

 Lesotho
Visa not required[105]
90 days
√

 Liberia
Visa required[106]
Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
√

 Libya
Visa required[107]
Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
√

 Liechtenstein
Visa required[108]

X

 Lithuania
Visa required[109]

√

 Luxembourg
Visa required[110]

X

 Macedonia
Visa required[111]

√

 Madagascar
Visa on arrival[112]
30 days free of charge
√

 Malawi
Visa not required[113]
90 days
√

 Malaysia
Visa not required[114]
90 days
√

 Maldives
Visa on arrival[115]
90 days
√

 Mali
Visa required[116]

√

 Malta
Visa required[117]

X

 Marshall Islands
Visa on arrival[118]
90 days
X

 Mauritania
Visa on arrival[119]
Available at Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport.
X

 Mauritius
Visa not required[120][121]
90 days
√

 Mexico
Visa required[122]
Visa free access for holders of a valid US Visa. Holders of valid B1/B2 (B) or Permanent Resident Visa/ Green Card are permitted to remain for 180 days. Passport holders with less than six months validity may face difficulty when attempting to enter as a Business Visitor/ Tourist as they are usually permitted six months stay which might exceed the passport's validity.
√

 Micronesia
Visa not required[123]
30 days
X

 Moldova
Visa required[124]

√

 Monaco
Visa required[125]

X

 Mongolia
Visa required[126]

√

 Montenegro
Visa required[127]

√

 Morocco
Visa required[128]

√

 Mozambique
Visa not required[129]
3 months
√

 Myanmar
eVisa[130]
28 days[131]
X

 Namibia
Visa not required[132]
3 months
√

 Nauru
Visa required[133]

√

   Nepal
Visa on arrival[134]
90 days
X

 Netherlands
Visa required[135]

X

 New Zealand
Visa required[136]
Visa not required if the holder of Australian Permanent Residence travelling on a South African Passport, Australian Resident Visa will be granted upon arrival subject to satisfying the entry requirements. Australian Permanent Residents must have a valid Visa/ Travel Facility attached to the status for entry. Imperative note: Holders of the Right of Abode to the UK with a Certificate of Entitlement as proof of authenticity do not require a Visa.
√

 Nicaragua
Visa not required[137]
90 days
X

 Niger
Visa required[138]

√

 Nigeria
Visa required[139]
Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
√

 Norway
Visa required[140]

X

 Oman
eVisa / Visa on arrival[141]

X

 Pakistan
Visa required[142]
Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days. Conditions apply.[143]
√

 Palau
Visa on arrival[144]
30 days
X

 Panama
Visa not required[145]
180 days
√

 Papua New Guinea
Visa required[146]

√

 Paraguay
Visa not required[147]
90 days
√

 Peru
Visa not required[148]
180 days
√

 Philippines
Visa not required[149]
30 days
X

 Poland
Visa required[150]

X

 Portugal
Visa required[151]

X

 Qatar
Visa on arrival !Free visa on arrival[152]
30 days, available at Hamad International Airport. eVisa is also available.
X

 Romania
Visa required[153]

√

 Russia
Visa not required[154]
90 days within any 180 day period
√

 Rwanda
Visa on arrival[155]
30 days
X

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
Visa not required[156]
3 months
X

 Saint Lucia
Visa not required[157]
6 weeks
X

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Visa not required[158]
1 month
√

 Samoa
Visa on arrival !Entry Permit on arrival[159]
60 days
X

 San Marino
Visa required[160]

X

 São Tomé and Príncipe
Visa required[161]
Visa is obtained online.[162]
√

 Saudi Arabia
Visa required[163]

√

 Senegal
Visa not required[164]

X

 Serbia
Visa required[165]
Visa free for a maximum stay of 90 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states and the United States.
√

 Seychelles
Visa on arrival !Visitor's Permit on arrival[166]
3 months
√

 Sierra Leone
Visa required[167]
Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
√

 Singapore
Visa not required[168]
30 days
√

 Slovakia
Visa required[169]

√

 Slovenia
Visa required[170]

√

 Solomon Islands
Visa required[171]

√

 Somalia
Visa required[172]
Visa may be obtained on arrival, provided an invitation letter by the sponsor had been submitted to the authorities before arrival.
√

 South Sudan
Visa required[173]

√

 Spain
Visa required[174]

X

 Sri Lanka
eVisa / Visa on arrival[175]
30 days
X

 Sudan
Visa required[176]

√

 Suriname
Visa required[177]

√

 Swaziland
Visa not required[178]
30 days
√

 Sweden
Visa required[179]

X

  Switzerland
Visa required[180]

X

 Syria
Visa required[181]

√

 Tajikistan
Visa on arrival[182]
45 days at Dushanbe International Airport. Visa also available online. E-visa holders can enter through all border points.[183]
X

 Tanzania
Visa not required[184]
90 days
√

 Thailand
Visa not required[185]
30 days (maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air)
√

 Timor-Leste
Visa on arrival[186]
30 days
X

 Togo
Visa on arrival[187]
7 days
X

 Tonga
Visa required[188]

√

 Trinidad and Tobago
Visa not required[189]
90 days
√

 Tunisia
Visa not required[190]
3 months
X

 Turkey
eVisa / Visa on arrival[191]
3 months
√

 Turkmenistan
Visa required[192]
Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
√

 Tuvalu
Visa on arrival[193]
1 month
X

 Uganda
eVisa / Visa on arrival[194]
May apply online.[195]
X

 Ukraine
Visa required[196]

√

 United Arab Emirates
Visa required[197]
May apply Online [198] Emirates Airline (Dubai) and Etihad Airways (Abu Dhabi) routinely provide this service. Entry is only valid on condition that travel is made with the airline where the online visa is applied for and ticket is issued.
√

 United Kingdom and Crown dependencies
Visa required[199]
Right of Abode holders with a Certificate of Entitlement may enter the United Kingdom and remain indefinitely.
X

 United States
Visa required[200]

X

 Uruguay
Visa not required[201]
90 days
√

 Uzbekistan
Visa required[202]
Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
√

 Vanuatu
Visa not required[203]
30 days
X

  Vatican City
Visa required[204]
Schengen Visa Required. Entry can be made from Italy exclusively.
√

 Venezuela
Visa not required[205]
90 days
√

 Vietnam
Visa required[206]
Pre-arranged visa obtained online through travel agencies available at Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Phu Quoc,[207] or Da Nang airports.
√

 Yemen
Visa required[208]

√

 Zambia
Visa not required[209]
90 days
√

 Zimbabwe
Visa not required[210]
3 months
√

text: Dependent, Disputed, or Restricted territories[edit]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

 Abkhazia
Visa required[211]

 Kosovo
Visa not required[212]
90 days

 Northern Cyprus
Visa not required[213]
3 months

 Nagorno-Karabakh
Visa required[214]
Travellers with Nagorno-Karabakh visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Nagorno-Karabakh (stamps) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan.[215]

 Palestine
Visa not required[216]
Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed.[217]

 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory.

 Somaliland
Visa on arrival
30 days for 30 US dollars, payable on arrival.[218][219]

 South Ossetia
Visa not required[220]
Multiple entry visa to Russia and three day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[221][222]

 Taiwan
Visa required[223][224]

 Transnistria
Visa not required[225]
Registration required after 24h.[226][227]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

China

 Hong Kong
Visa not required[228]
30 days

 Macau
Visa not required[229]
30 days

Denmark

 Faroe Islands
Visa required[230]

 Greenland
Visa required[231]

France

 French Guiana
Visa required[232]

 French Polynesia
Visa required[233]

 French West Indies
Visa required
Includes overseas departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique and overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin.

 Mayotte
Visa required[234]

 New Caledonia
Visa required[235]

 Réunion
Visa not required[236]
3 months

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Visa required[237]

 Wallis and Futuna
Visa required[238]

Netherlands

 Aruba
Visa required[239]

 Caribbean Netherlands
Visa required[240]
Includes Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba.

 Curaçao
Visa required[241]

 Sint Maarten
Visa required[242]

New Zealand

 Cook Islands
Visa not required[243]
31 days

 Niue
Visa not required[244]
30 days

 Tokelau
Visa required[245]

United Kingdom

 Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Visa required[246]

 Anguilla
Visa required[247]

 Bermuda
Visa required[248]

 British Indian Ocean Territory
Special permit required
Special permit required.[249]

 British Virgin Islands
Visa not required[250]
30 days, extensions possible

 Cayman Islands
Visa not required[251]
6 months

 Falkland Islands
Visa not required[252]

 Gibraltar
Visa required[253]

 Montserrat
Visa not required[254]
6 months

 Pitcairn Islands
Visa not required
14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore.[255][256][257]

 Ascension Island
Entry Permit required
Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance (3 months for 20/30 pounds sterling, single/double entry).[258]

 Saint Helena
Visitor's Pass required
Visitor's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4/10/21/60/90 days for 12/14/16/20/25 pound sterling.[259]

 Tristan da Cunha
Permission required
Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands.[260]

 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Permit required
Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[261][262]

 Turks and Caicos Islands
Visa required[263]
90 days

United States

 American Samoa
Visa required[264]

 Guam
Visa required[265]

 Northern Mariana Islands
Visa required[266]

 Puerto Rico
Visa required[267]

 U.S. Virgin Islands
Visa required[268]

Antarctica and adjacent islands

Special permits required for  Bouvet Island,  British Antarctic Territory,  French Southern and Antarctic Lands,  Argentine Antarctica,  Australian Antarctic Territory,  Chilean Antarctic Territory,  Heard Island and McDonald Islands,  Peter I Island,  Queen Maud Land,  Ross Dependency.[269][270][271][272][273][274][275][276][277][278][279][280]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

 Belarus
Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park
Visa not required
3 days;[281] must first obtain an electronic pass[282]

 China
Hainan
Visa on arrival[283]
15 days. Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport.
Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group (5 or more people)[284]

 China
Tibet Autonomous Region
TTP required
Tibet Travel Permit required (10 US Dollars).[285][286][287]

 Crimea
Visa required
Visa issued by Russia is required.[288]

 Ecuador
 Galápagos
Pre-registration required
Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[289]

 Eritrea outside Asmara
Travel permit required
To travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa).[290]

 Greece
 Mount Athos
Special permit required
Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.[291][292]

 India PAP/RAP
PAP/RAP required
Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh.
Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year.[293][294][295][296][297][298]

 Iran
Kish Island
Visa not required
Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa.[299]

 Iraqi Kurdistan
Visa on arrival
Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports.[300]

 Fiji
Lau Province
Special permission required
Special permission required.[301]

 France
Clipperton Island
Special permit required
Special permit required.[302]

 Kazakhstan
Special permission required
Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast, and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty.[303]

 North Korea outside Pyongyang
Special permit required
People are not allowed to leave the capital city, tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide (no independent moving)

 Malaysia Sabah and Sarawak
Visa not required
These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies.[304]

 Maldives outside Malé
Permission required
With the exception of the capital Malé, tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives.[305]

 Norway
Jan Mayen
Permit required
Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours[306] and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours.[307]

 Novorossiya
Restricted area
Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine.[308][309]

 Russia
Special authorization required
Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization.[310]

 Sudan outside Khartoum
Travel permit required
All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit.

 Sudan
Darfur
Travel permit required
Separate travel permit is required.[311]

 Tajikistan
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
OIVR permit required
OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez.[312][313][314]

 UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus
Access Permit required[315]
Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.

 Korean Demilitarized Zone
Restricted zone.

 UNDOF Zone and Ghajar
Restricted zone.

 United States Minor Outlying Islands
Special permits required
Special permits required for Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island.[316][317][318][319][320][321][322]

 Venezuela
Margarita Island
Visa not required
All visitors are fingerprinted.[323]

 Vietnam
Phú Quốc
Visa not required
30 days[324]

 Yemen outside Sana’a or Aden
Special permission required
Special permission needed for travel outside Sana’a or Aden.[325]

text: Vaccination[edit]

text: Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination. Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area.[326]

text: Passport validity[edit]

text: Many countries require passport validity of no less than 6 months and one or two blank pages.[327]


document_title: Pray for the Wicked Tour

question_text: who is opening for panic at the disco tour

text: Pray for the Wicked Tour

text: Background and development[edit]

text: On March 21, 2018, the band released the latest music video for "Say Amen (Saturday Night)" and a new single "(Fuck A) Silver Lining". With the release came the announcement of a summer tour. A R I Z O N A and Hayley Kiyoko were announced as the opening acts.[2]

text: Set list[edit]

text: The following setlist was obtained from the concert held on July 17, 2018, at the United Center in Chicago, Illinois. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour.[3]

text:
"(Fuck A) Silver Lining"
"Don't Threaten Me with a Good Time"
"Ready to Go (Get Me Out of My Mind)"
"Hey Look Ma, I Made It"
"LA Devotee"
"Hallelujah"
"The Ballad of Mona Lisa"
"Nine in the Afternoon"
"Golden Days"
"Casual Affair"
"Vegas Lights"
"Dancing's Not a Crime"
"This Is Gospel"
"Death of a Bachelor"
"I Can't Make You Love Me" / "Dying in LA"
"Girls / Girls / Boys"
"Nicotine"
"Girls Just Want to Have Fun" (Cyndi Lauper cover)
"High Hopes"
"Miss Jackson"
"King of the Clouds"
"Crazy=Genius"
"Bohemian Rhapsody" (Queen cover)
"Emperor's New Clothes"

text:
"Say Amen (Saturday Night)"
"I Write Sins Not Tragedies"
"Victorious"

text: Tour dates[edit]

text:
Date

City

Country

Venue

Opening act(s)

North America[4]

July 11, 2018

Minneapolis

United States

Target Center

A R I Z O N A[5]Hayley Kiyoko[6]

July 13, 2018

Indianapolis

Bankers Life Fieldhouse

July 14, 2018

Detroit

Little Caesars Arena

July 15, 2018

Columbus

Nationwide Arena

July 17, 2018

Chicago

United Center

July 18, 2018

Pittsburgh

PPG Paints Arena

July 20, 2018

Uniondale

Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum

July 21, 2018

Baltimore

Royal Farms Arena

July 22, 2018

Toronto

Canada

Scotiabank Arena

N/A[a]

July 24, 2018

New York City

United States

Madison Square Garden

A R I Z O N AHayley Kiyoko

July 25, 2018

Boston

TD Garden

July 27, 2018

Philadelphia

Wells Fargo Center

July 28, 2018

Raleigh

PNC Arena

July 29, 2018

Duluth

Infinite Energy Arena

July 31, 2018

Sunrise

BB&T Center

August 1, 2018

Tampa

Amalie Arena

August 3, 2018

Houston

Toyota Center

August 4, 2018

Dallas

American Airlines Center

August 5, 2018

Tulsa

BOK Center

August 7, 2018

Denver

Pepsi Center

August 8, 2018

Salt Lake City

Vivint Smart Home Arena

August 10, 2018

Seattle

KeyArena

August 11, 2018

Vancouver

Canada

Rogers Arena

August 12, 2018

Portland

United States

Moda Center

August 14, 2018

San Jose

SAP Center

August 15, 2018

Los Angeles

Staples Center

August 17, 2018

Glendale

Gila River Arena

August 18, 2018

Las Vegas

T-Mobile Arena

Europe[7]

August 25, 2018[A]

Reading

England

Little John's Farm

N/A

August 26, 2018[B]

Bramham

Bramham Park

Oceania[8]

October 6, 2018

Sydney

Australia

Qudos Bank Arena

N/A

October 9, 2018

Adelaide

AEC Theatre

October 11, 2018

Brisbane

Riverstage

October 13, 2018

Melbourne

Hisense Arena

October 16, 2018

Auckland

New Zealand

Spark Arena

Asia[9]

October 20, 2018

Manila

Philippines

Mall of Asia Arena

N/A

October 22, 2018

Tokyo

Japan

Zepp Tokyo

October 23, 2018

Shinkiba Studio Coast

October 25, 2018

Osaka

Zepp Osaka Bayside

North America[10][11]

November 17, 2018[C]

Mexico City

Mexico

Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez

N/A

January 10, 2019

Buffalo

United States

KeyBank Center

Two Feet[12]

January 12, 2019

Laval

Canada

Place Bell

January 13, 2019

Manchester

United States

SNHU Arena

January 15, 2019

Albany

Times Union Center

January 16, 2019

Brooklyn

Barclays Center

January 18, 2019

Newark

Prudential Center

January 19, 2019

Providence

Dunkin' Donuts Center

January 20, 2019

Washington, D.C.

Capital One Arena

January 22, 2019

Charlotte

Spectrum Center

January 23, 2019

Charlottesville

John Paul Jones Arena

January 25, 2019

Nashville

Bridgestone Arena

January 26, 2019

Cincinnati

U.S. Bank Arena

January 27, 2019

Milwaukee

Fiserv Forum

January 29, 2019

Grand Rapids

Van Andel Arena

January 30, 2019

Cleveland

Quicken Loans Arena

February 1, 2019

Omaha

CenturyLink Center Omaha

February 2, 2019

Kansas City

Sprint Center

February 4, 2019

Rosemont

Allstate Arena

February 5, 2019

St. Louis

Enterprise Center

February 6, 2019

Memphis

FedExForum

February 8, 2019

Austin

Frank Erwin Center

February 9, 2019

New Orleans

Smoothie King Center

February 12, 2019

Albuquerque

Tingley Coliseum

February 14, 2019

Anaheim

Honda Center

February 15, 2019

Inglewood

The Forum

February 16, 2019

San Diego

Valley View Casino Center

February 19, 2019

Oakland

Oracle Arena

February 20, 2019

Sacramento

Golden 1 Center

Europe

March 14, 2019

Offenbach

Germany

Stadthalle Offenbach

TBA

March 15, 2019

Berlin

Columbiahalle

March 16, 2019

Düsseldorf

Mitsubishi Electric Halle

March 18, 2019

Amsterdam

Netherlands

AFAS Live

March 19, 2019

Paris

France

Zénith Paris

March 21, 2019

Antwerp

Belgium

Lotto Arena

March 24, 2019

Glasgow

Scotland

SSE Hydro

March 25, 2019

Cardiff

Wales

Motorpoint Arena Cardiff

March 26, 2019

Birmingham

England

Arena Birmingham

March 28, 2019

London

The O2 Arena

March 30, 2019

Manchester

Manchester Arena


document_title: The Road Goes On Forever

question_text: who sang the road goes on forever first

question_tokens: who sang the road goes on forever first

text: The Road Goes On Forever

text: The Road Goes On Forever may refer to:

text:
The Road Goes On Forever (The Allman Brothers Band album), 1975
"The Road Goes On Forever", a 1989 song by Robert Earl Keen
The Road Goes On Forever (The Highwaymen album), 1995


document_title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)

question_text: when does the govenor die in the walking dead

text: The Governor (The Walking Dead)

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: Comic book series[edit]

text: Aside from simply "The Governor," the character's name appeared to be Philip Blake; however, with the release of the novel The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor, it was revealed that his actual name was Brian Blake, and Philip was revealed to be his deceased brother.[2]

text: When the dead began to rise, Brian and Philip gathered a small group, which included Brian's niece Penny, and the group were constantly on the run when unsecured locations were breached; the planned community called the Wiltshire Estates, where Rick's group coincidentally stayed, was one of these. Eventually, Brian's group came upon Woodbury, Georgia, a ravaged town being led by a group of National Guardsmen under Major Gene Gavin, who used fear to assert his authority. After becoming the last of his group, Brian rallied the townspeople against Gavin and the Guardsmen and afterward declared himself "Governor" of the four blocks making up the settlement. Initially appearing to be a fair and strong leader, he became increasingly more ruthless and power-hungry. He kept the zombified Penny tied up in his apartment, feeding her severed body parts of those who displeased him.[3]

text: Following Woodbury's capture and the murder of stranded refugees from Atlanta, The Governor is met by Rick Grimes, when Grimes' band of survivors explores the town.[volume & issue needed] After initially acting hospitable, The Governor turns on the group.[volume & issue needed] Attempting to find the location of Rick's prison refuge in order to collect supplies for Woodbury, The Governor proceeds to cut off Rick's hand, torture Glenn, and rape and torture Michonne.[4] To learn the location of the prison, the Governor allows the survivors to escape the premises with the help of one of his guards, Caesar Martinez.[volume & issue needed] However, Michonne stays behind and finds her way to The Governor's apartment, where she brutally tortures him, severing his right arm, fingernails, penis, and left eye.[volume & issue needed] When Michonne rejoins the group and they ask her if The Governor is still alive, Michonne is uncertain.[5]

text: The Governor survives with the help of Bob Stookey, a citizen who had medical experience, and is eventually able to find the prison.[volume & issue needed] The Governor uses Rick's murder of Martinez to rally Woodbury's townspeople against the prison's inhabitants.[6] Things do not go according to plan, however, as Rick's group puts up a tenacious defense that forces Woodbury's humiliating retreat.[volume & issue needed] After a failed attempt to gain his way into the prison, by using Tyreese as a hostage and subsequently decapitating Tyreese with Michonne's katana, The Governor crushes the fences with a tank.[volume & issue needed] A bloody massacre ensues, leading to a high death toll and ultimately making the prison less secure and less habitable.[volume & issue needed]

text: Tensions steadily rise within The Governor's group, as their remaining ammunition is limited, and a handful of Woodbury residents' moral consciences come into play, especially regarding the killing of defenseless or young members of the prison group.[volume & issue needed] Both factors lead to the remnants of The Governor's army turning on him, and to Lilly's killing him, throwing his corpse to the zombies, and making a last-ditch attempt to fortify the prison.[7]

text: Television series[edit]

text: Before the outbreak, Philip and Brian Blake were raised by an abusive father. As an adult, Philip worked an office job with a boss he didn't get along with, was married, and had a daughter named Penny. Eighteen months before the outbreak, Philip lost his wife in a car accident. During the early days of the outbreak, Philip and Penny survived and found a community in Woodbury. Penny was bitten, however, and turned into a zombie. Unable to accept her death, Philip locked her up in a private room in his office. When the community was leaderless, they picked Philip to lead and began calling him "The Governor", a nickname which stuck. Determined not to lose the community, he executed any outsider groups he saw as a threat. He allowed some smaller groups to move into Woodbury if he deemed them to be an asset and not a threat to his leadership, but still took precautions and had them monitored by his lieutenants until he deemed them trustworthy. At some point during the first and second season The Governor encounters a dying Merle Dixon, whom The Governor enlisted, along with Caesar Martinez and Milton Mamet, as his lieutenant and advisers. He also tasks Milton, a scientist, with researching a means to reverse the virus in the hopes of saving Penny. The Governor was also known to have had affairs with many of the Woodbury women.

text: Personality[edit]

text: The Governor is charming and charismatic, but also murderous, violent, sociopathic, power-hungry, completely sadistic, and horrifically ruthless. He sees himself the community's only hope for survival, and is thus willing to imprison, abuse and/or kill anyone he sees as a threat to his authority; for him, torture and mass murder are a means to an end. One example of this is when he and his men massacre a group of National Guardsmen, take their supplies. Later, he is proven to be completely cruel, heartless, and aggressive, willingly decapitating Hershel Grimes with not even a single shred of remorse or mercy, even when Rick offers to make peace between the two factions, and ordering his men to kill Rick and his survivor group after mercilessly killing a little girl when she was bitten by a walker and dying.

text: Appearances in the television series[edit]

text: Season 3[edit]

text: The Governor first appears in "Walk with Me", season 3, episode 3, having forcibly taken Andrea and Michonne from the woods after Merle discovers them near a downed military helicopter. Woodbury, under The Governor's rule, is a functioning community that even bears some resemblance to the world before the virus struck. The townspeople are unaware that the Governor and his men massacred a platoon of National Guardsmen to get their supplies. In the episode "Killer Within", The Governor befriends Andrea, and he reveals some of his past to her, including his real name. In the episode "Say the Word", it is shown that The Governor has a zombified daughter named Penny, whom he keeps hidden, feeds body parts to, and grooms affectionately while playing the lullaby "Bye, Baby Bunting". The Governor allows Michonne to leave town, but she is unable to convince Andrea to leave with her. The Governor leads Andrea to a gathering for the townsfolk: a sparring match between Merle and Martinez surrounded by chained, toothless walkers. The spectacle shocks Andrea, who describes it as "barbaric", but the Governor insists it is "fun", and it teaches the residents to not be afraid. In the episode "Hounded", the Governor and Andrea begin a sexual relationship.

text: He sends Merle to find and kill Michonne, and although Merle fails to kill her, he returns with two captives, Glenn Rhee and Maggie Greene. In the episode "When the Dead Come Knocking", the Governor interrogates Maggie and eventually sexually assaults her, and leaves Glenn to be brutalized by Merle. When he threatens to shoot Glenn, Maggie gives The Governor the information about the prison and their group. In the mid-season finale "Made to Suffer", during Rick Grimes' foray into Woodbury to rescue Glenn and Maggie, Michonne kills Penny. Enraged, the Governor attacks Michonne, and in self-defense she stabs him in the hand and the right eye with a glass shard. The Governor calls a town meeting, where he claims the town has been attacked by terrorists brought by Merle, and he brings forth Merle's brother Daryl Dixon in chains. The Governor orders them to fight to the death, and the town calls for their blood as a way to force the two brothers to fight each other.

text: In the mid-season premiere "The Suicide King", the fight between Merle and Daryl is broken up when the prison group attacks, allowing the brothers to escape. The Governor withdraws to his apartment, and the town is in a state of unrest after the attack. Andrea confronts him about her friends' presence in town, and then goes out to calm and inspire the townspeople. In the episode "Home", The Governor asks Milton Mamet where his loyalties lie, and asks him to keep tabs on Andrea. The Governor and his men then attack the prison; Rick Grimes' group runs for cover, and gunfire erupts on both sides. When a herd of walkers charge through town, the Governor gleefully sprays machine gun fire in the air and then drives off as the survivors struggle with the walkers.

text: In the episode "I Ain't a Judas", the Governor proceeds to rally Woodbury against the prison survivors, labeling them terrorists and raiders. Andrea wants to leave to negotiate peace with the prison group, but the Governor discourages her, implying that she will not be welcomed back if she leaves. When Milton tells the Governor that Andrea asked him to help her sneak out, the Governor tells him to go with her. The Governor welcomes Tyreese, Sasha, Allen, and Ben to Woodbury, after Rick kicked them out of the prison. Andrea returns to Woodbury and warily resumes her place at the Governor's side. In the episode "Arrow on the Doorpost", encouraged by Andrea, the Governor meets with Rick in a secluded grain silo to offer him peace in exchange for turning over Michonne, giving him two days to think about it. The Governor returns to Woodbury and secretly orders Martinez to set an ambush at the barn, to kill all of Rick's group and bring Michonne to Woodbury so The Governor can torture her. In the episode "Prey", Andrea flees for the prison, and the Governor hunts her down personally, bringing her back to Woodbury and strapping her in the dentist's chair that he meant to use on Michonne. In the episode "This Sorrowful Life", Merle kidnaps Michonne at Rick's suggestion to turn her over to the Governor, but lets her go and instead lures walkers to the Governor's meeting place to ambush the Woodbury army. Then, the Governor maims, shoots, and kills Merle, leaving his body to reanimate as a walker, which Daryl later kills, out of pure anger, remorse, and pain.

text: In the season finale "Welcome to the Tombs", the Governor brutally beats Milton up after learning that he burned the walkers that the Governor had been corralling; he then orders him to kill Andrea. Milton tries in vain to kill the Governor, but the Governor stabs him and locks him in with Andrea, so that Milton will reanimate and kill Andrea. The Governor then leads his army into the prison to kill Rick's entire group, but Tyreese and Sasha wants nothing to do with it, and stay behind at Woodbury. Rick and the others have set a trap at the prison, expecting the Woodbury army's arrival. Ambushed and outgunned by Maggie and Glenn, the Governor's army flees the prison in terror. The Governor stops the fast-fleeing convoy, and, in response to their protests against returning to the prison, he opens fire and slaughters them all, sparing only Martinez and Shumpert, his two primary henchmen. Only Karen escapes his rampage (by playing dead under a corpse). The Governor, Martinez, and Shumpert are last seen driving off as Rick and Tyreese bring everyone from Woodbury to the prison, and leave Woodbury to be overrun.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: "Live Bait" reveals that, just after massacring his own people, the Governor sets up camp with Martinez and Shumpert. Martinez and Shumpert abandon him after he does nothing to protect himself from a walker, believing him to have lost his nerve. The next day the Governor drives back to Woodbury, which is overrun with walkers, and burns down the entire town. After several months alone, intentionally trying to let the walkers kill him, he finally collapses on the street. He looks up to see a young girl, about the same age as Penny, in the window of a nearby apartment building; he pulls himself back to his feet and investigates. He finds the Chambler family residing inside, consisting of sisters Lilly and Tara, their father David, and Lilly's daughter Meghan. Lilly and Tara initially hold the Governor at gunpoint, but they later confiscate his pistol and allow him to stay in an apartment across the hallway. After hearing about how the Governor has survived the last few months, they ask him his name. He tells them that it is "Brian Heriot", a name he saw painted on the side of a barn while staggering aimlessly through the countryside. He runs some errands for the family, and risks his life to get David two oxygen tanks from a walker-infested nursing home. When David dies and reanimates, the Governor saves the rest of the family by bashing in David's head with one of the oxygen tanks. After he buries David, he burns his photo of his wife and Penny. That night, he goes to the Chamblers to say goodbye, but Lilly insists that he stay. He and Lilly become lovers, and he saves Meghan when she falls into a pit of walkers, killing them with his bare hands. Moments later, he encounters Martinez and his group.

text: In the episode "Dead Weight", Martinez takes in the Governor, accepting his new facade as "Brian", and the girls and lets them join their camp. Among the camp are brothers Pete and Mitch Dolgen, who have a working tank. When it becomes clear that Martinez may not be able to keep them safe, the Governor kills him by throwing him into a pit of walkers. Pete takes command, but the Governor later kills him as well after he displays an inability to kill a group of other survivors to take their belongings. The Governor plans to rally the camp and use the tank in a second attack on the prison.

text: In the mid-season finale "Too Far Gone", the Governor encounters Michonne and Hershel Greene, and takes them hostage, intending to use them as leverage over Rick. The Governor then rallies the camp to take over the prison. Upon arriving at the prison with his army and tank, the Governor tells Rick that he is going to give their group a chance to leave without anyone getting killed. Rick says that they can co-exist peacefully, but the Governor calls him a liar and beheads Hershel. During the ensuing gunfight, Lilly arrives in time to see him murder Hershel. She is carrying Meghan, who has been bitten by a walker. He dispassionately shoots Meghan to prevent her from becoming a walker before ordering his people to kill everyone in the prison. The Governor uses the tank to roll over the fences and goes into the fight himself, only to be tackled by Rick. The two of them fight, and the Governor eventually pins Rick and brutally beats him before beginning to choke him to death. At that moment, Michonne stabs the Governor and leaves him to die. Lilly then shoots him in the head, killing him.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: In the mid-season premiere "What Happened and What's Going On", the Governor appears, along with Beth Greene, Bob Stookey, Martin, and Lizzie and Mika Samuels, during Tyreese's hallucinations after Tyreese is bitten by a walker. While Beth, Bob, and the girls comfort Tyreese, the Governor taunts him about his past actions and inability to do what is "necessary". The Governor, especially, criticizes Tyreese's choices, particularly in forgiving Carol for murdering Karen. The Governor reminds Tyreese that he promised to do what it took to earn his keep, but he failed to adapt. However, Tyreese stands up and confronts him. However The Governor "pushes" Tyreese to the ground while still pressing his point. Tyreese ultimately dies in peace, and the vision of the Governor fades away.

text: Casting and development[edit]

text: On television, the character is portrayed by British actor David Morrissey. Glen Mazzara, when asked about the character's direction for season 3 of the show, described The Governor as a narcissist, who sees himself as the future savior of civilization and is willing to resort to the most extreme of measures to achieve his ultimate goal.[8]

text: Despite making few appearances, The Governor's daughter, Penny, plays a key role in his mentality and actions. He secretly cares for the undead Penny in his apartment, as revealed in the episode "Say the Word", brushing her hair and singing to her, and tells Michonne that she does not need to suffer, implying that he believes Penny is still alive and is "under the grip of a terrible, terrible illness".[9]

text: The Governor's eye patch in the television series was placed on the opposite side from that of his comic book counterpart.

text: Reception[edit]

text: In 2009, the Governor was ranked as IGN's 86th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time[1] and was ranked #28 on TV Guide's list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. David Morrissey has been well received for his performance as the Governor, and was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the 39th Saturn Awards.