document_title: World Series ring

question_text: how much did the cubs world series ring cost

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text: World Series ring

text: History[edit]

text: Prior to the 1922 World Series, players on the World Series-winning team were given keepsakes, such as a pin or pocketwatch fob.[3] The first World Series ring was given to the members of the New York Giants following their victory in the 1922 World Series over the New York Yankees.[2] When the Yankees won the 1923 World Series, players were given a commemorative pocketwatch. The Yankees first gave rings to their players following the 1927 World Series.[4] Rings became an annual tradition in the 1930s,[5] as every World Series-winning team has given rings to its players since 1932.[6] In past years, players often requested other items in place of rings, including cufflinks and tie clips. Frankie Crosetti and Tommy Henrich requested shotguns from the Yankees following World Series championships.[7] Grover Cleveland Alexander reportedly pawned his 1926 World Series ring.[6]

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text: Members of the 1973 World Series champion Oakland Athletics were upset when team owner Charlie O. Finley, following salary disputes with his players, presented his team with rings that were identical to the ones received after winning the 1972 World Series, except without the one-carat diamond. Reggie Jackson referred to them as "trash rings".[7][8][9] The first ring to contain more than one diamond was the 1977 World Series ring commissioned by the Yankees, which had over a dozen diamonds.[8] Over time, ring designs have become larger and more elaborate, with Yogi Berra saying in 2009, "They're so much bigger now, they're like weapons. You can't even wear them."[7] Whereas older rings were 10 carat and between 20 and 25 pennyweight, modern rings are typically 14 carat and 50 pennyweight.[7][disputed – discuss] The rings commissioned by the Florida Marlins after the 2003 World Series are believed to be among the most expensive World Series rings ever made; made of 14-carat white gold, the 3.5-ounce (99 g) ring featured 229 diamonds, including one teal diamond, and 13 rubies. The rings cost $20,000 apiece due to the quantity of the purchase, though they retailed at $40,000 each.[8][10][11] After breaking their long championship drought in 2016, the Chicago Cubs commissioned rings said to be worth up to $70,000, consisting of 214 diamonds at 5.5 karats, 3 karats of rubies, and 2.5 karats of sapphires.[12][13]

text: Teams have also increasingly added distinctive touches to make their rings unique from previous versions. For their 2007 World Series rings, the Boston Red Sox commissioned a special version for players who were on both the 2004 and 2007 championship teams, and for 2013, they included the Boston Strong logo on the side.[14][15] The St. Louis Cardinals had the Rally Squirrel engraved into their 2011 World Series championship rings.[16] For their 2014 World Series rings, the San Francisco Giants included three diamonds on the top bezel and five on the bottom, representing their three titles in five years, and eight championships overall.[17] The 2016 World Series rings for the Chicago Cubs each contain 108 diamonds around the bezel, one for each year that the team went without a championship, and also include an image of a goat on the inner band.[18][13] Companies that have been commissioned to create World Series rings include Jostens, Tiffany & Co., Dieges & Clust, and the L.G. Balfour Company.[19][20][21]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Players typically receive their rings in pregame ceremonies early in the next season.[16][19][22][23] Since the rings are commissioned by the team, many non-players affiliated with the team, including front office executives, coaches, scouts, broadcasters,[24] locker room staff, and groundskeepers also receive rings at the team's discretion.[25][3][7][26] After the 2004 World Series, the Red Sox ordered over 500 rings;[27] the Cardinals commissioned 400 rings in 2006;[1] and the Kansas City Royals distributed about 700 rings after their 2015 title.[28] Players who were only briefly on the team's roster during a championship season and those no longer affiliated with the winning team also often receive rings.[29][30][31] Arthur Rhodes, Bengie Molina, and Lonnie Smith played in the World Series against a team they played for earlier in the season, guaranteeing them World Series rings regardless of the series outcome.[32] As both the physical size and number of rings given out has increased, teams have started producing both "A" and "B" versions, and sometimes "C" versions, that are similar in appearance but smaller in size and use cheaper materials.[33] The most expensive "A" rings are typically reserved for full-time players, coaches, and executives, while bit players and other team employees receive the cheaper "B" and "C" rings.[34][28]

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I've seen it called "tacky" and it is, but here's the thing about these rings: They're not supposed to be understated. They're always over the top. When they're worn, they're done so obnoxiously. There's nothing humble or particularly beautiful about them. In fact, they're always kind of ugly, no matter the team. They're full of jewels and they're shiny, but it's always too much.

David Brown, Yahoo! Sports[16]

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text: Rings as trophies[edit]

text: In modern years, the importance of World Series rings to players has increased.[35] Alex Rodriguez said his 2009 World Series ring "means the world" to him, and that he would wear it daily.[36] Sergio Romo of the 2010 World Series champion San Francisco Giants said of his ring: "In all reality, this is why we play right here."[3] Jon Jay said his 2011 World Series ring "...represents last year and all the hard work. Ever since I was a kid I dreamed of something like this."[37] Former player and current Giants broadcaster Duane Kuiper said, "It's not a hug. It's not a handshake. It's not a pat on the back. It's a ring. It's the one thing every professional athlete wants: something they can hold onto, something they can show off."[26] Players' names and uniform numbers are often individually inscribed in their ring.[7] Many players prefer to display their rings as trophies as opposed to wearing them.[7]

text: Memorabilia[edit]

text: World Series rings are considered valuable sports memorabilia. In 2007, Casey Stengel's 1951 World Series ring sold for $180,000.[38] When Lenny Dykstra went through bankruptcy in 2009, his 1986 World Series ring sold for $56,762.50 through Heritage Auctions, three times as much as was expected.[39] Others have sold their rings on eBay. Doug Baker of the 1984 World Series champion Detroit Tigers had a new ring made after his original was stolen, and when he recovered the original ring, he sold it for $12,322.[40] Cucho Rodriguez, a scout for the Red Sox, sold his 2004 World Series ring for over $53,000[41][42] and in 2011, Scott Williamson auctioned off his 2004 ring for $89,000.[29] However, the ring that once belonged to disgraced pitcher Brandon Puffer, when offered for sale on the August 15, 2013, episode of Pawn Stars could not be sold. The shop declined to make an offer, claiming Puffer's off-field problems destroyed the resale value of the ring.[29]

text: The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum contains an exhibit on World Series rings.[43] The New York Yankees Museum, located in Yankee Stadium, has an exhibit with replicas of all Yankees' World Series rings, including the pocket watch given after the 1923 World Series.[44] Yogi Berra won the most World Series rings with 15, combining his time as a player and as a coach.[6] He often asked for a pendant to be made for his wife instead; he later had the other rings recast to display in the Yogi Berra Museum and Learning Center.[7]


document_title: Cellular waste product

question_text: where is carbon dioxide produced in the cell

text: Cellular waste product

text: Aerobic respiration[edit]

text: When in the presence of oxygen, cells use aerobic respiration to obtain energy from glucose molecules.[1][2]

text: Simplified Theoretical Reaction: C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2 (g) → 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l) + ~ 30ATP

text: Cells undergoing aerobic respiration produce 6 molecules of carbon dioxide, 6 molecules of water, and up to 30 molecules of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is directly used to produce energy, from each molecule of glucose in the presence of surplus oxygen.

text: In aerobic respiration, oxygen serves as the recipient of electrons from the electron transport chain. Aerobic respiration is thus very efficient because oxygen is a strong oxidant. Aerobic respiration proceeds in a series of steps, which also increases efficiency - since glucose is broken down gradually and ATP is produced as needed, less energy is wasted as heat. This strategy results in the waste products H2O and CO2 being formed in different amounts at different phases of respiration. CO2 is formed in Pyruvate decarboxylation, H2O is formed in oxidative phosphorylation, and both are formed in the citric acid cycle.[3] The simple nature of the final products also indicates the efficiency of this method of respiration. All of the energy stored in the carbon-carbon bonds of glucose is released, leaving CO2 and H2O. Although there is energy stored in the bonds of these molecules, this energy is not easily accessible by the cell. All usable energy is efficiently extracted.

text: Anaerobic respiration[edit]

text: Anaerobic respiration is done by aerobic organisms when there is not sufficient oxygen in a cell to undergo aerobic respiration as well as by cells called anaerobes that selectively perform anaerobic respiration even in the presence of oxygen. In anaerobic respiration, weak oxidants like sulfate and nitrate serve as oxidants in the place of oxygen.[4]

text: Generally, in anaerobic respiration sugars are broken down into carbon dioxide and other waste products that are dictated by the oxidant the cell uses. Whereas in aerobic respiration the oxidant is always oxygen, in anaerobic respiration it varies. Each oxidant produces a different waste product, such as nitrite, succinate, sulfide, methane, and acetate. Anaerobic respiration is correspondingly less efficient than aerobic respiration. In the absence of oxygen, not all of the carbon-carbon bonds in glucose can be broken to release energy. A great deal of extractable energy is left in the waste products. Anaerobic respiration generally occurs in prokaryotes in environments that do not contain oxygen.

text: Fermentation[edit]

text: Fermentation is another process by which cells can extract energy from glucose. It is not a form of cellular respiration, but it does generate ATP, break down glucose, and produce waste products. Fermentation, like aerobic respiration, begins by breaking glucose into two pyruvate molecules. From here, it proceeds using endogenous organic electron receptors, whereas cellular respiration uses exogenous receptors, such as oxygen in aerobic respiration and nitrate in anaerobic respiration. These varied organic receptors each generate different waste products. Common products are lactic acid, lactose, hydrogen, and ethanol. Carbon dioxide is also commonly produced.[5] Fermentation occurs primarily in anaerobic conditions, although some organisms such as yeast use fermentation even when oxygen is plentiful.

text: Lactic Acid Fermentation[edit]

text:
Simplified Theoretical Reaction: C6H12O6

→

{\displaystyle \to }

 2C3H6O3 + 2 ATP (120 kJ)[6] Lactic Acid Fermentation is commonly known as the process by which mammalian muscle cells produce energy in anaerobic environments, as in instances of great physical exertion, and is the simplest type of fermentation. It starts along the same pathway as aerobic respiration, but once glucose is converted to pyruvate proceeds down one of two pathways and produces only two molecules of ATP from each molecule of glucose. In the homolactic pathway, it produces lactic acid as waste. In the heterolactic pathway, it produces lactic acid as well as ethanol and carbon dioxide.[7] Lactic acid fermentation is relatively inefficient. The waste products lactic acid and ethanol have not been fully oxidized and still contain energy, but it requires the addition of oxygen to extract this energy.[8]

text: Generally, lactic acid fermentation occurs only when aerobic cells are lacking oxygen . However, some aerobic mammalian cells will preferentially use lactic acid fermentation over aerobic respiration. This phenomenon is called the Warburg effect and is found primarily in cancer cells.[9] Muscles cells under great exertion will also use lactic acid fermentation to supplement aerobic respiration. Lactic acid fermentation is somewhat faster, although less efficient, than aerobic respiration, so in activities like sprinting it can help quickly provide needed energy to muscles.[10]

text: Secretion and effects of waste products[edit]

text: Cellular respiration takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria within cells. Depending on the pathways followed, the products are dealt with in different ways.

text: CO2 is excreted from the cell via diffusion into the blood stream, where it is transported in three ways:

text:
Up to 7% is dissolved in its molecular form in blood plasma.
About 70-80% is converted into hydrocarbonate irons,
The remainder binds with hemoglobin in red blood cells, is carried to the lungs, and exhaled.[11]

tag: ul

text: H2O also diffuses out of the cell into the blood stream, from where it is excreted in the form of perspiration, water vapor in breath, or urine from the kidneys. Water, along with some dissolved solutes, are removed from blood circulation in the nephrons of the kidney and eventually excreted as urine.[12]

text: The products of fermentation can be processed different ways, depending on the cellular conditions.

text: Lactic acid tends to accumulate in the muscles, which causes pain of the muscle and joint as well as fatigue.[13] It also creates a gradient which induces water to flow out of cells and increases blood pressure.[14] Research suggests that lactic acid may also play a role in lowering levels of potassium in the blood.[15] It can also be converted back to pyruvate or converted back to glucose in the liver and fully metabolized by aerobic respiration.[16]