document_title: Okinawa Prefecture

question_text: when did okinawa become a part of japan

question_tokens: when did okinawa become a part of japan

text: Okinawa Prefecture

text: History[edit]

text:
History of Ryukyu

Periods[show]

Prehistoric
pre–14,000 BC

Early Shell Mound
14,000–300 BC

Middle Shell Mound
300 BC–750 AD

Late Shell Mound
750–1187

Gusuku
1187–1314

Sanzan
1314–1429

First Shō Dynasty
1429–1469

Second Shō Dynasty
1469–1879

Invasion of Ryūkyū
1609

Ryūkyū Domain
1872–1879

Annexation of Ryūkyū
1879

Meiji
1879–1912

Taishō
1912–1926

Pre-World War 2
1926–1945

Militarism

Battle of Okinawa
1945

American Occupation
1945–1972

Koza riot
1970

Okinawa Prefecture
1972–present

Kagoshima Prefecture
1953–present

Topics[show]

Ryukyu Kingdom

1429–1879

Ryukyu independence movement

1945–present

v
t
e

text: The oldest evidence of human existence on the Ryukyu islands is from the Stone Age and was discovered in Naha[5] and Yaeyama.[6] Some human bone fragments from the Paleolithic era were unearthed from a site in Naha, but the artifact was lost in transportation before it was examined to be Paleolithic or not.[5] Japanese Jōmon influences are dominant on the Okinawa Islands, although clay vessels on the Sakishima Islands have a commonality with those in Taiwan.[10]

text: The first mention of the word Ryukyu was written in the Book of Sui.[note 1] Okinawa was the Japanese word identifying the islands, first seen in the biography of Jianzhen, written in 779.[note 2] Agricultural societies begun in the 8th century slowly developed until the 12th century.[note 3][14][15] Since the islands are located at the eastern perimeter of the East China Sea relatively close to Japan, China and South-East Asia, the Ryukyu Kingdom became a prosperous trading nation. Also during this period, many Gusukus, similar to castles, were constructed. The Ryukyu Kingdom entered into the Imperial Chinese tributary system under the Ming dynasty beginning in the 15th century, which established economic relations between the two nations.

text: In 1609, the Shimazu clan, which controlled the region that is now Kagoshima Prefecture, invaded the Ryukyu Kingdom. The Ryukyu Kingdom was obliged to agree to form a suzerain-vassal relationship with the Satsuma and the Tokugawa shogunate, while maintaining its previous role within the Chinese tributary system; Ryukyuan sovereignty was maintained since complete annexation would have created a conflict with China. The Satsuma clan earned considerable profits from trade with China during a period in which foreign trade was heavily restricted by the shogunate.

text: Although Satsuma maintained strong influence over the islands, the Ryukyu Kingdom maintained a considerable degree of domestic political freedom for over two hundred years. Four years after the 1868 Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government, through military incursions, officially annexed the kingdom and renamed it Ryukyu han. At the time, the Qing Empire asserted a nominal suzerainty over the islands of the Ryukyu Kingdom, since the Ryūkyū Kingdom was also a member state of the Chinese tributary system. Ryukyu han became Okinawa Prefecture of Japan in 1879, even though all other hans had become prefectures of Japan in 1872. In 1912, Okinawans first obtained the right to vote for representatives to the National Diet (国会) which had been established in 1890.[16]

text: Near the end of World War II, in 1945, the US Army and Marine Corps invaded Okinawa with 185,000 troops. A third of the civilian population died;[17] a quarter of the civilian population died during the 1945 Battle of Okinawa alone.[18] The dead, of all nationalities, are commemorated at the Cornerstone of Peace. After the end of World War II, the Ryukyu independence movement developed, while Okinawa was under United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands administration for 27 years. During this "trusteeship rule", the United States established numerous military bases on the Ryukyu islands.

text: During the Korean War, B-29 Superfortresses flew bombing missions over Korea from Kadena Air Base on Okinawa. The military buildup on the island during the Cold War increased a division between local inhabitants and the American military. Under the 1952 Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan, the United States Forces Japan (USFJ) have maintained a large military presence.

text: Since 1960, the U.S. and Japan have maintained an agreement that allows the U.S. to secretly bring nuclear weapons into Japanese ports.[19][20][21] The Japanese tended to oppose the introduction of nuclear arms into Japanese territory[22] by the government's assertion of Japan's non-nuclear policy and a statement of the Three Non-Nuclear Principles. Most of the weapons were alleged to be stored in ammunition bunkers at Kadena Air Base.[citation needed] Between 1954 and 1972, 19 different types of nuclear weapons were deployed in Okinawa, but with fewer than around 1,000 warheads at any one time.[23]

text: 1965–1972 (Vietnam War)[edit]

text: Between 1965 and 1972, Okinawa was a key staging point for the United States in its military operations directed towards North Vietnam. Along with Guam, it presented a geographically strategic launch pad for covert bombing missions over Cambodia and Laos.[24] Anti-Vietnam War sentiment became linked politically to the movement for reversion of Okinawa to Japan. In 1965, the US military bases, earlier viewed as paternal post war protection, were increasingly seen as aggressive. The Vietnam War highlighted the differences between the United States and Okinawa, but showed a commonality between the islands and mainland Japan.[25]

text: As controversy grew regarding the alleged placement of nuclear weapons on Okinawa, fears intensified over the escalation of the Vietnam War. Okinawa was then perceived, by some inside Japan, as a potential target for China, should the communist government feel threatened by the United States.[26] American military secrecy blocked any local reporting on what was actually occurring at bases such as Kadena Air Base. As information leaked out, and images of air strikes were published, the local population began to fear the potential for retaliation.[25]

text: Political leaders such as Oda Makoto, a major figure in the Beheiren movement (Foundation of Citizens for Peace in Vietnam), believed, that the return of Okinawa to Japan would lead to the removal of U.S. forces ending Japan's involvement in Vietnam.[27] In a speech delivered in 1967 Oda was critical of Prime Minister Sato’s unilateral support of America’s War in Vietnam claiming "Realistically we are all guilty of complicity in the Vietnam War".[27] The Beheiren became a more visible anti-war movement on Okinawa as the American involvement in Vietnam intensified. The movement employed tactics ranging from demonstrations, to handing leaflets to soldiers, sailors, airmen and Marines directly, warning of the implications for a third World War.[28]

text: The US military bases on Okinawa became a focal point for anti-Vietnam War sentiment. By 1969, over 50,000 American military personnel were stationed on Okinawa,[29] accustomed to privileges and laws not shared by the indigenous population. The United States Department of Defense began referring to Okinawa as "The Keystone of the Pacific". This slogan was imprinted on local U.S. military license plates.[30]

text: In 1969, chemical weapons leaked from the US storage depot at Chibana in central Okinawa, under Operation Red Hat. Evacuations of residents took place over a wide area for two months. Even two years later, government investigators found that Okinawans and the environment near the leak were still suffering because of the depot.[31]

text: In 1972, the U.S. government handed over the islands to Japanese administration.[32]

text: In a 1981 interview with the Mainichi Shimbun, Edwin O. Reischauer, former U.S. ambassador to Japan, said that U.S. naval ships armed with nuclear weapons stopped at Japanese ports on a routine duty, and this was approved by the Japanese government.[citation needed]

text: The 1995 rape of a 12-year-old girl by U.S. servicemen triggered large protests in Okinawa. Reports by the local media of accidents and crimes committed by U.S. servicemen have reduced the local population's support for the U.S. military bases. A strong emotional response has emerged from certain incidents. As a result, the media has drawn renewed interest in the Ryukyu independence movement.

text: Documents declassified in 1997 proved that both tactical and strategic weapons have been maintained in Okinawa.[33][34] In 1999 and 2002, the Japan Times and the Okinawa Times reported speculation that not all weapons were removed from Okinawa.[35][36] On October 25, 2005, after a decade of negotiations, the governments of the US and Japan officially agreed to move Marine Corps Air Station Futenma from its location in the densely populated city of Ginowan to the more northerly and remote Camp Schwab in Nago by building a heliport with a shorter runway, partly on Camp Schwab land and partly running into the sea.[17] The move is partly an attempt to relieve tensions between the people of Okinawa and the Marine Corps.

text: Okinawa prefecture constitutes 0.6 percent of Japan's land surface,[17] yet as of 2006[update], 75 percent of all USFJ bases were located on Okinawa, and U.S. military bases occupied 18 percent of the main island.[37]

text: According to a 2007 Okinawa Times poll, 85 percent of Okinawans opposed the presence of the U.S. military,[38] because of noise pollution from military drills, the risk of aircraft accidents,[39] environmental degradation,[40] and crowding from the number of personnel there,[41] although 73.4 percent of Japanese citizens appreciated the mutual security treaty with the U.S. and the presence of the USFJ.[42] In another poll conducted by the Asahi Shimbun in May 2010, 43 percent of the Okinawan population wanted the complete closure of the U.S. bases, 42 percent wanted reduction and 11 percent wanted the maintenance of the status quo.[43] Okinawan feelings about the U.S. military are complex, and some of the resentment towards the U.S. bases is directed towards the government in Tokyo, perceived as being insensitive to Okinawan needs and using Okinawa to house bases not desired elsewhere in Japan.

text: In early 2008, U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice apologized after a series of crimes involving American troops in Japan, including the rape of a young girl of 14 by a Marine on Okinawa. The U.S. military also imposed a temporary 24-hour curfew on military personnel and their families to ease the anger of local residents.[44] Some cited statistics that the crime rate of military personnel is consistently less than that of the general Okinawan population.[45] However, some criticized the statistics as unreliable, since violence against women is under-reported.[46]

text: Between 1972 and 2009, U.S. servicemen committed 5,634 criminal offenses, including 25 murders, 385 burglaries, 25 arsons, 127 rapes, 306 assaults and 2,827 thefts.[18] Yet, per Marine Corps Installations Pacific data, U.S. service members are convicted of far fewer crimes than local Okinawans.[47]

text: In 2009, a new Japanese government came to power and froze the US forces relocation plan, but in April 2010 indicated their interest in resolving the issue by proposing a modified plan.[48]

text: A study done in 2010 found that the prolonged exposure to aircraft noise around the Kadena Air Base and other military bases cause health issues such as a disrupted sleep pattern, high blood pressure, weakening of the immune system in children, and a loss of hearing.[49]

text: In 2011, it was reported that the U.S. military—contrary to repeated denials by the Pentagon—had kept tens of thousands of barrels of Agent Orange on the island. The Japanese and American governments have angered some U.S. veterans, who believe they were poisoned by Agent Orange while serving on the island, by characterizing their statements regarding Agent Orange as "dubious", and ignoring their requests for compensation. Reports that more than a third of the barrels developed leaks have led Okinawans to ask for environmental investigations, but as of 2012[update] both Tokyo and Washington refused such action.[50] Jon Mitchell has reported concern that the U.S. used American Marines as chemical-agent guinea pigs.[51]

text: Marine Corps Air Station Futenma relocation, 2006–present[edit]

text: As of December 2014[update], one ongoing issue is the relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma. First promised to be moved off the island and then later within the island, as of November 2014[update] the future of any relocation is uncertain with the election of base-opponent Onaga as Okinawa governor.[52] Onaga won against the incumbent Nakaima who had earlier approved landfill work to move the base to Camp Schwab in Henoko. However, Onaga has promised to veto the landfill work needed for the new base to be built and insisted Futenma should be moved outside of Okinawa.[53]

text: As of 2006[update], some 8,000 U.S. Marines were removed from the island and relocated to Guam.[54] In November 2008, U.S. Pacific Command Commander Admiral Timothy Keating stated the move to Guam would probably not be completed before 2015.[55]

text: In 2009, Japan's former foreign minister Katsuya Okada stated that he wanted to review the deployment of U.S. troops in Japan to ease the burden on the people of Okinawa (Associated Press, October 7, 2009)[citation needed] 5,000 of 9,000 Marines will be deployed at Guam and the rest will be deployed at Hawaii and Australia. Japan will pay $3.1 billion cash for the moving and for developing joint training ranges on Guam and on Tinian and Pagan in the U.S.-controlled Northern Mariana Islands.[56][57][58]

text: As of 2014[update], the US still maintains Air Force, Marine, Navy, and Army military installations on the islands. These bases include Kadena Air Base, Camp Foster, Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, Camp Hansen, Camp Schwab, Torii Station, Camp Kinser, and Camp Gonsalves. The area of 14 U.S. bases are 233 square kilometres (90 sq mi), occupying 18 percent of the main island. Okinawa hosts about two-thirds of the 50,000 American forces in Japan although the islands account for less than one percent of total lands in Japan.[37]

text: Suburbs have grown towards and now surround two historic major bases, Futenma and Kadena. One third (9,852 acres (39.87 km2))[citation needed] of the land used by the U.S. military is the Marine Corps Northern Training Area (known also as Camp Gonsalves or JWTC) in the north of the island.[59]

text: On December 21, 2016, 10,000 acres of Okinawa Northern Training Area was returned to Japan.[60]

text: Helipads construction in Takae (Yanbaru forest)[edit]

text: Since the early 2000s, Okinawans have opposed the presence of American troops helipads in the Takae zone of the Yanbaru forest near Higashi and Kunigami.[61] This opposition has increased particularly in July 2016 against the construction of six new helipads.[62][63]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Major islands[edit]

text: The islands comprising the prefecture are the southern two thirds of the archipelago of the Ryūkyū Islands (琉球諸島, Ryūkyū-shotō). Okinawa's inhabited islands are typically divided into three geographical archipelagos. From northeast to southwest:

text:
Okinawa Islands (沖縄諸島, Okinawa Shotō)

Ie-jima
Kume-jima
Okinawa Island
Kerama Islands

Miyako Islands

Miyako-jima

Yaeyama Islands

Iriomote-jima
Ishigaki Island
Yonaguni

text: Cities[edit]

text: Eleven cities are located within the Okinawa Prefecture. Okinawan names are in parentheses:

text:
Naha (Naafa) (capital)
Ginowan (Jinoon)
Ishigaki (Ishigachi)
Itoman (Ichuman)
Miyakojima (Naaku, Myaaku)

Nago (Nagu)
Nanjō (Nanjoo)
Okinawa (Uchinaa) (formerly Koza)

Tomigusuku (Tumigushiku)
Urasoe (Urashii)
Uruma

text: Towns and villages[edit]

text: These are the towns and villages in each district:

text:
Kunigami District (Kunjan)

Ginoza (Jinuja)
Higashi (Agarijima)
Ie (Iijima)
Kin (Chin)
Kunigami (Kunjan)
Motobu (Mutubu)
Nakijin (Nachijin)
Onna (Unna)
Ōgimi (Ujimi)

Miyako District (Naaku, Myaaku)

Tarama

Nakagami District (Nakajan)

Chatan
Kadena (Kadina)
Kitanakagusuku
Nakagusuku (Nakagushiku)
Nishihara (Nishibaru)
Yomitan (Yuntan)

Shimajiri District

Aguni
Haebaru (Feebaru)
Iheya (Ihyaa)
Izena (Ijina)
Kitadaitō (Ufuagarijima)
Kumejima (Kumijima)
Minamidaitō

Tokashiki (Tukashichi)
Tonaki (Tunachi)
Yaese
Yonabaru (Yunabaru)
Zamami (Jamami)

Yaeyama District (Eema, Yaima)

Taketomi (Dakidun, Teedun)
Yonaguni (Yunaguni, Dunan)

text: Town mergers[edit]

text: Natural parks[edit]

text: As of March 31, 2008, 19 percent of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks, namely the Iriomote-Ishigaki National Park; Okinawa Kaigan and Okinawa Senseki Quasi-National Parks; and Irabu, Kumejima, and Tonaki Prefectural Natural Parks.[64]

text: Fauna[edit]

text: The dugong is an endangered marine mammal related to the manatee.[65] Iriomote is home to one of the world's rarest and most endangered cat species, the Iriomote cat. The region is also home to at least one endemic pit viper, Trimeresurus elegans. Coral reefs found in this region of Japan provide an environment for a diverse marine fauna. The sea turtles return yearly to the southern islands of Okinawa to lay their eggs. The summer months carry warnings to swimmers regarding venomous jellyfish and other dangerous sea creatures.

text: Flora[edit]

text: Okinawa is a major producer of sugar cane, pineapple, papaya, and other tropical fruit, and the Southeast Botanical Gardens represent tropical plant species.

text: Geology[edit]

text: The island is largely composed of coral, and rainwater filtering through that coral has given the island many caves, which played an important role in the Battle of Okinawa. Gyokusendo[66] is an extensive limestone cave in the southern part of Okinawa's main island.

text: Climate[edit]

text: The island experiences temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F) for most of the year. The climate of the islands ranges from humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) in the north, such as Okinawa Island, to tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af) in the south such as Iriomote Island. The islands of Okinawa are surrounded by some of the most abundant coral reefs found in the world.[67][68] The world's largest colony of rare blue coral is found off of Ishigaki Island.[69] Snowfall is unheard of at sea level. However, on January 24, 2016, sleet was reported in Nago on Okinawa Island for the first time on record.[70]

text: Demography[edit]

text: It has been suggested that High Life Expectancy in Okinawa be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since November 2016.

text:
Okinawa prefecture age pyramid as of October 1, 2003[71]
(per thousands of people)

text:
Age
People

0–4
 84

5–9
 85

10–14
 87

15–19
 94

20–24
 91

25–29
 97

30–34
 99

35–39
 87

40–44
 91

45–49
 96

50–54
 100

55–59
 64

60–64
 65

65–69
 66

70–74
 53

75–79
 37

80 +
 55

text:
Okinawa Prefecture age pyramid, divided by sex, as of October 1, 2003
(per thousands of people)

text:
Males
Age
Females

43
0–4
 41

44
5–9
 41

45
10–14
 42

48
15–19
 46

46
20–24
 45

49
25–29
 48

49
30–34
 50

43
35–39
 44

46
40–44
 45

49
45–49
 47

52
50–54
 48

32
55–59
 32

32
60–64
 33

32
65–69
 34

24
70–74
 29

14
75–79
 23

17
80 +
 38

text: Language and culture[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2006) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Having been a separate nation until 1879, Okinawan language and culture differ in many ways from those of mainland Japan.

text: Language[edit]

text: There remain six Ryukyuan languages which are incomprehensible to Japanese speakers, although they are considered to make up the family of Japonic languages along with Japanese. These languages are in decline as Standard Japanese is being used by the younger generation. They are generally perceived as "dialects" by mainland Japanese and some Okinawans themselves. Standard Japanese is almost always used in formal situations. In informal situations, de facto everyday language among Okinawans under age 60 is Okinawa-accented mainland Japanese ("Okinawan Japanese"), which is often misunderstood as the Okinawan language proper. The actual traditional Okinawan language is still used in traditional cultural activities, such as folk music and folk dance. There is a radio news program in the language as well.[72]

text: Religion[edit]

text: Okinawans have traditionally followed Ryukyuan religious beliefs, generally characterized by ancestor worship and the respecting of relationships between the living, the dead, and the gods and spirits of the natural world.[73]

text: Cultural influences[edit]

text: Okinawan culture bears traces of its various trading partners. One can find Chinese, Thai and Austronesian influences in the island's customs. Perhaps Okinawa's most famous cultural export is karate, probably a product of the close ties with and influence of China on Okinawan culture. Karate is thought to be a synthesis of Chinese kung fu with traditional Okinawan martial arts. Okinawans' reputation as wily resisters of being influenced by conquerors is depicted in the 1956 Hollywood film, The Teahouse of the August Moon, which takes place immediately after World War II.

text: Another traditional Okinawan product that owes its existence to Okinawa's trading history is awamori—an Okinawan distilled spirit made from indica rice imported from Thailand.

text: Other cultural characteristics[edit]

text: Other prominent examples of Okinawan culture include the sanshin—a three-stringed Okinawan instrument, closely related to the Chinese sanxian, and ancestor of the Japanese shamisen, somewhat similar to a banjo. Its body is often bound with snakeskin (from pythons, imported from elsewhere in Asia, rather than from Okinawa's venomous Trimeresurus flavoviridis, which are too small for this purpose). Okinawan culture also features the eisa dance, a traditional drumming dance. A traditional craft, the fabric named bingata, is made in workshops on the main island and elsewhere.[citation needed]

text: The Okinawan diet consist of low-fat, low-salt foods, such as whole fruits and vegetables, legumes, tofu, and seaweed. Okinawans are known for their longevity. This particular island is a so-called Blue Zone, an area where the people live longer than most others elsewhere in the world. Five times as many Okinawans live to be 100 as in the rest of Japan, and Japanese are already the longest-lived ethnic group globally.[74] As of 2002[update] there were 34.7 centenarians for every 100,000 inhabitants, which is the highest ratio worldwide.[75]:131–132 Possible explanations are diet, low-stress lifestyle, caring community, activity, and spirituality of the inhabitants of the island.[75][page needed]

text: A cultural feature of the Okinawans is the forming of moais. A moai is a community social gathering and groups that come together to provide financial and emotional support through emotional bonding, advice giving, and social funding. This provides a sense of security for the community members and as mentioned in the Blue Zone studies, may be a contributing factor to the longevity of its people.[76]

text: In recent years,[when?] Okinawan literature has been appreciated outside of the Ryukyu archipelago. Two Okinawan writers have received the Akutagawa Prize: Matayoshi Eiki in 1995 for The Pig's Retribution (豚の報い, Buta no mukui) and Medoruma Shun in 1997 for A Drop of Water (Suiteki). The prize was also won by Okinawans in 1967 by Tatsuhiro Oshiro for Cocktail Party (Kakuteru Pāti) and in 1971 by Mineo Higashi for Okinawan Boy (Okinawa no Shōnen).[77][78]

text: Karate[edit]

text: Karate originated in Okinawa. Over time, it developed into several styles and sub-styles. On Okinawa, the three main styles are considered to be Shōrin-ryū, Gōjū-ryū and Uechi-ryū. Internationally, the various styles and sub-styles include Matsubayashi-ryū, Wadō-ryū, Isshin-ryū, Shōrinkan, Shotokan, Shitō-ryū, Shōrinjiryū Kenkōkan, Shorinjiryu Koshinkai, and Shōrinji-ryū.

text: Architecture[edit]

text: Despite widespread destruction during World War II, there are many remains of a unique type of castle or fortress known as gusuku; the most significant are now inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List (Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu).[79] In addition, twenty-one Ryukyuan architectural complexes and thirty-six historic sites have been designated for protection by the national government.[80]

text: Whereas most homes in Japan are made from wood and allow free-flow of air to combat humidity, typical modern homes in Okinawa are made from concrete with barred windows to protect from flying plant debris and to withstand regular typhoons. Roofs are designed with strong winds in mind, in which each tile is cemented on and not merely layered as seen with many homes in Japan.[citation needed]

text: Many roofs also display a lion-dog statue, called a shisa, which is said to protect the home from danger. Roofs are typically red in color and are inspired by Chinese design.[citation needed]

text: Education[edit]

text: The public schools in Okinawa are overseen by the Okinawa Prefectural Board of Education. The agency directly operates several public high schools[81] including Okinawa Shogaku High School. The U.S. Department of Defense Dependents Schools (DoDDS) operates 13 schools total in Okinawa. Seven of these schools are located on Kadena Air Base.

text: Okinawa has many types of private schools. Some of them are cram schools, also known as juku. Others, such as Nova, solely teach language. People also attend small language schools.[citation needed]

text: There are 10 colleges/universities in Okinawa, including the University of the Ryukyus, the only national university in the prefecture, and the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, a new international research institute. Okinawa's American military bases also host the Asian Division of the University of Maryland University College.

text: Sports[edit]

text: F.C. Ryūkyū (Naha)

text: Ryukyu Golden Kings (Naha)

text: Ryukyu Corazon[82] (Naha)

text: In addition, various baseball teams from Japan hold training during the winter in Okinawa prefecture as it is the warmest prefecture of Japan with no snow and higher temperatures than other prefectures.

text:
Softbank Hawks
Yokohama BayStars
Chunichi Dragons
Yakult Swallows

text: There are numerous golf courses in the prefecture, and there was formerly a professional tournament called the Okinawa Open.

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Air transportation[edit]

text:
Aguni Airport
Hateruma Airport
Iejima Airport
New Ishigaki Airport
Kerama Airport
Kita Daito Airport
Kumejima Airport
Minami-Daito Airport
Miyako Airport
Naha Airport
Shimojijima Airport
Tarama Airport
Yonaguni Airport

text: Highways[edit]

text:
Okinawa Expressway
Naha Airport Expressway
Route 58
Route 329
Route 330
Route 331
Route 332
Route 390
Route 449
Route 505
Route 506
Route 507

text: Rail[edit]

text: Okinawa Monorail

text: Ports[edit]

text: The major ports of Okinawa include:

text:
Naha Port[83]
Port of Unten[84]
Port of Kinwan[85]
Nakagusukuwan Port[86]
Hirara Port[87]
Port of Ishigaki[88]

text: Economy[edit]

text: The 34 US military installations on Okinawa are financially supported by the U.S. and Japan.[89] The bases provide jobs for Okinawans, both directly and indirectly; In 2011, the U.S. military employed over 9,800 Japanese workers in Okinawa.[89] As of 2012[update] the bases accounted for 4 or 5 percent of the economy.[90] However, Koji Taira argued in 1997 that because the U.S. bases occupy around 20 percent of Okinawa's land, they impose a deadweight loss of 15 percent on the Okinawan economy.[91] The Tokyo government also pays the prefectural government around ¥10 billion per year[89] in compensation for the American presence, including, for instance, rent paid by the Japanese government to the Okinawans on whose land American bases are situated.[92] A 2005 report by the U.S. Forces Japan Okinawa Area Field Office estimated that in 2003 the combined U.S. and Japanese base-related spending contributed $1.9 billion to the local economy.[93] On January 13, 2015, In response to the citizens electing governor Takeshi Onaga, the national government announced that Okinawa's funding will be cut, due to the governor's stance on removing the US military bases from Okinawa, which the national government doesn't want happening.[94][95]

text: The Okinawa Convention and Visitors Bureau is exploring the possibility of using facilities on the military bases for large-scale Meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions events.[96]

text: Military[edit]

text: United States military installations[edit]

text:
United States Marine Corps

Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley D. Butler
Camp Foster
Marine Corps Air Station Futenma
Camp Kinser
Camp Courtney
Camp McTureous
Camp Hansen
Camp Schwab
Camp Gonsalves (Jungle Warfare Training Center)

United States Air Force

Kadena Air Base

United States Navy

Camp Lester (Camp Kuwae)[97]
Camp Shields
Naval Facility White Beach

United States Army

Torii Station
Fort Buckner
Naha Military Port

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Chōjun Miyagi founder of Gōjū-ryū, "hard/soft" style of Okinawan Karate.
Uechi Kanbun was the founder of Uechi-ryū, one of the primary karate styles of Okinawa.
Mitsuru Ushijima was the Japanese general at the Battle of Okinawa during the final stages of World War II.
Isamu Chō was an officer in the Imperial Japanese Army known for his support of ultranationalist politics and involvement in a number of attempted military and right-wing coup d'états in pre-World War II Japan.
Ōta Minoru was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, and the final commander of the Japanese naval forces defending the Oroku Peninsula during the Battle of Okinawa.
Sato Eisaku was a Japanese politician and the 61st, 62nd and 63rd Prime Minister of Japan. While he was premier in 1972, Okinawa was returned to Japan.
Yabu Kentsū was a prominent teacher of Shōrin-ryū karate in Okinawa from the 1910s until the 1930s, and was among the first people to demonstrate karate in Hawaii.
Takuji Iwasaki was a meteorologist, biologist, ethnologist historian.
Matayoshi Eiki Okinawan novel writer, winner of Akutagawa prize
Gackt Japanese pop rock singer-songwriter, actor, author
Namie Amuro Japanese R&B, hip hop and pop singer
Beni Japanese pop and R&B singer
Ben Shepherd Bassist of the band Soundgarden
Noriyuki Sugasawa basketball player
Orange Range Japanese rock band
Stereopony Japanese all-female pop rock band
Tamlyn Tomita actress and singer
Rino Nakasone Razalan professional dancer and choreographer.
Yukie Nakama singer, musician and actress
Daichi Miura Japanese pop singer, dancer and choreographer.
Yui Aragaki actress, singer, and model
Hearts Grow Japanese band
Aisa Senda, Japanese singer, actress and TV presenter in Taiwan
Robert Griffin III, American football quarterback, Heisman Trophy winner
Dave Roberts, Major League Baseball player and manager


document_title: The Last Song (film)

question_text: what song does miley cyrus sing in the last song

root

text: The Last Song (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: At seventeen, Veronica "Ronnie" Miller (Miley Cyrus) remains as rebellious as she was the day her parents divorced and her father moved to Georgia three years prior. Once a classical piano child prodigy under the tutelage of her father, Steve Miller (Greg Kinnear), Ronnie now ignores the instrument and has not spoken with her father since he left. While Juilliard School has been interested in her since she was young, Ronnie refuses to attend.

tag: p

text: Steve now has the chance to reconnect with his estranged daughter when her mother, Kim Miller (Kelly Preston) sends the rebellious teen and her younger brother, Jonah (Bobby Coleman), to spend the summer with him. Steve, a former Juilliard School professor and concert pianist, lives a quiet life in Wrightsville Beach, the small beach town in Georgia where he grew up, working on a stained glass window for the local church to replace the one the church lost in a fire. According to the locals, it was Steve who had (accidentally) set fire to the church one night.

text: After arrival, Ronnie becomes miserable, defiant, and defensive toward all those around her, including handsome, popular Will Blakelee (Liam Hemsworth) whose introduction involved crashing into her during a volleyball match, and accidentally spilling Ronnie's strawberry shake on her. She shrugs him off and meets Blaze, an outcast who lives with her boyfriend Marcus. While at a beach campfire, Marcus hits on Ronnie and Blaze mistakes this for Ronnie flirting with him. Angered by this, Blaze later frames Ronnie for shoplifting, causing her arrest. Later on, Ronnie discovers a Loggerhead Sea Turtle nest at the beach by her house and while protecting it, she meets Will again on his volunteer work for the aquarium. After a night of staying up to defend the turtle eggs from predators with Will, she discovers he is deeper than she expected, and begins to develop feelings for him.

text: The next day, Will takes Ronnie to where he works to show her the aquarium. After they leave to the beach, Ashley shows up and tells Ronnie about Will's past relationships and how taking them to see the aquarium was routine of his, making Ronnie doubtful of her feelings toward him. Will finds her at the turtle's nest and they have an argument about his past relationships. When Ronnie suggests she does not want to be another girl on the list and that they should end their relationship for good, Will embraces her and they kiss passionately, proving his feelings for her as akin to his quoting she's "not like the other girls." Marcus breaks up with Blaze because he wants Ronnie, which leads him and Will to fight at Megan's wedding party.

text: Ronnie soon hears the rumor that her father burned down the church from some locals. Distraught, she goes to Will and laments about the situation. Will, knowing that it was actually his friend Scott who while playing around set fire to the church, is overcome by guilt and goes to Steve to apologize. When Ronnie comes in hearing this, she walks out and Will follows where they have an argument and break up. Will leaves. Fall arrives and Jonah returns to New York for the school year. Ronnie stays behind to take care of their father, who revealed to Ronnie & Jonah during the summer that he is terminally ill. Leading a slow life, she tries to make up for the time with her father that she's lost. She continues work on a composition he had been writing (titled "For Ronnie"), after losing the steadiness of his hands due to his illness. He dies just as she finishes it.

text: At his funeral she stands to make a speech but declares that no words could ever be able to show how wonderful her father really was. Instead, she decides to share with them the song she helped finish. Before she sits down to play, sunlight shines through the stained glass window. Ronnie smiles and says "Hi, Daddy," remembering what she overheard her father tell Jonah earlier in the movie; that whenever light shines through the window, it's him.

text: Blaze and other townsfolk offer Ronnie sympathy and kind words after the funeral outside. Later on, while talking to the attendants, she runs into Will. He says that he liked the song she played and that he knows her dad did too and Ronnie thanks him for coming. Having decided to attend Juilliard, Ronnie is packing up to return to New York when she sees Will standing outside. She goes outside to see him and Will apologizes to her for everything that had happened and Ronnie forgives him. Will surprises Ronnie by revealing that he will be transferring to Columbia in order to be with her and they passionately kiss.

text: The end credits show Ronnie driving away in her car and smiling to herself.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Miley Cyrus as Veronica "Ronnie" L. Miller, an angry, rebellious 17-year-old forced to spend a summer with her estranged father. She later falls in love with Will.[2]
Liam Hemsworth as Will Blakelee,[3] a popular and skilled beach volleyball player, Will aspires to attend a top university and volunteers at the Georgia Aquarium. He is Ronnie's love interest.[4]
Greg Kinnear as Steve Miller,[5] Ronnie and Jonah's father and former Juilliard School professor and concert pianist who moved to Georgia after his divorce. During the summer, Steve reconnects with Ronnie through their mutual love of music. With Jonah's help, Steve also works to reconstruct the centerpiece of the local church, a stained glass window, after the original was destroyed in a fire. He later dies of cancer.[6][4]
Kelly Preston as Kim Miller, Ronnie and Jonah's mother who raised her children in New York City after her divorce.[5][4]
Bobby Coleman as Jonah Miller,[7][8] Ronnie's younger brother sent along with his elder sister to Tybee Island.[9]
Nick Lashaway as Marcus, Blaze's abusive boyfriend and the leader of a gang of thugs who hustle money from beach carnival crowds through spectacular fire juggling performances.[7]
Carly Chaikin as Blaze, a rebel[10] who befriends Ronnie when she is sent to Georgia. Blaze betrays Ronnie when she frames Ronnie for shoplifting a watch, but they eventually became friends again.[11]
Adam Barnett as Teddy, a young thug adept at hacky sack and juggling, skills he uses as part of Marcus' crew to hustle money.[12]
Nick Searcy as Tom Blakelee,[13] Will's father.
Melissa Ordway as Ashley, Will's snobby ex-girlfriend.[8]
Carrie Malabre as Cassie, Ashley's best friend who aids Ashley in antagonizing Ronnie.[14]
Rhoda Griffis as a Doctor[8]
Lance E. Nichols as Pastor Charlie Harris,[8][9] the kind, devout Pastor of the local church. He was Steve's first piano teacher, parental figure, and best friend while Steve was growing up.[9]
Hallock Beals as Scott, Will's best friend who ends up creating trouble between Will and Ronnie.[15][16]
Stephanie Leigh Schlund as Megan Blakelee,[8] Will's elder sister who is engaged to be married.[9]

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The Last Song began when Disney executive Jason Reed met with Miley Cyrus to discuss her future career plans.[17] At the time, Cyrus had been known mainly for starring as a pop star on Disney Channel's Hannah Montana, a children's television series that had expanded into a globally successful media franchise.[18] As the series neared its end, Disney hoped to create a star vehicle to help Cyrus break out of the pop persona she had developed through the franchise and to introduce Cyrus to older audiences.[17][19] During her meeting with Reed, Cyrus expressed a desire to film a movie similar to A Walk to Remember, a 2002 film based on a novel by Nicholas Sparks.[17][20] A Walk to Remember helped Mandy Moore, then a teen pop star much like Cyrus, launch an acting career.[17] Disney called Adam Shankman, director of A Walk to Remember,[20] who signed on to produce the potential Cyrus film along with his sister and Offspring Entertainment production company partner, Jennifer Gibgot. Tish Cyrus, Cyrus' mother and co-manager, became the film's executive producer.[21] Cyrus' acting representation, United Talent Agency, then contacted Sparks, also a UTA client, to ask if he had plans for a novel appropriate for a film adaptation starring Cyrus.[22][23]

text: At the time, Sparks had been wrapping up The Lucky One and beginning to ponder an original plot for his next book. The author told himself he could "either go younger than 20 or older than 50", having recently written about every age in between. Wary of venturing above 50 again after his best-seller The Notebook, Sparks had already been leaning toward writing a teenage story when he received a phone call from Gibgot on behalf of the film in August 2008.[5][22] Sparks recalled, "Jennifer asked if I had anything laying around? I said no, but funny you should say that…" Sparks returned with a premise by the end of July 2008.[5] Once the proposal had been agreed upon by Cyrus, her family, and Offspring Entertainment, Sparks, with the aid of co-screenplay writer Jeff Van Wie, completed the screenplay before starting the book.[17][24] Sparks explained that such an arrangement was necessary in order to accommodate filming in summer 2009, as Disney had scheduled,[22] but that "this is similar to the way it’s gone with movies based on my novels; it’s just out of order."[17] Sparks and Van Wie completed the first draft of the screenplay in December 2008, the first rewrite later that month, and the second and final rewrite in January 2009.[22][25] Both rewrites took approximately one or two days, and Sparks found them relatively simple.[25] The finished screenplay was approximately 100 pages long.[26] While The Last Song is not the first screenplay Sparks has written, it is his first to be optioned for film.[26] The novel was completed in June 2009, the same time shooting for the film began,[22] and was published on September 8, 2009 by Grand Central Publishing.[27][28] The plot of the film and novel remained secret throughout development.[17]

text: Julie Anne Robinson signed on to direct the film in May 2009, attracted by the emotion present in the story.[29] The Last Song is Robinson's first feature film, although she is a veteran of television and theater. Robinson previously helmed episodes of American series such as Weeds and Grey's Anatomy and earned a Golden Globe nomination and a BAFTA award for her work on the BBC series Viva Blackpool.[21]

text: In a June 2009 blog entry, Cyrus said she had "always been a fan of Nicholas Sparks" and that she had been waiting to do a production separate from the Hannah Montana franchise "for a long time", but had not found the time to do so due to her TV show, music, tours, and Hannah Montana: The Movie.[30] In order to film The Last Song, Cyrus' contract for season four of Hannah Montana included an extra long hiatus.[31]

text: Writing and title[edit]

text: Recognizing the popularity of A Walk to Remember as both a novel and film, Sparks "put all [his] thoughts into that, trying to make the story as different from A Walk to Remember as [he could], but try to capture the same feelings."[5] Sparks' experiences as a father and as a high school track and field coach also helped shape the plot, and characters Jonah Miller and Will Blakelee are respectively based on Sparks' sons Landon and Miles. Sparks felt Ronnie was the hardest character to write for because he had "never been a 17-year-old, angry teenage girl".[32] Ronnie became a composite character inspired by several young women Sparks has known, such as his nieces.[33] Cyrus herself influenced Ronnie fairly little, although her singing career did inspire the musical elements of the story.[32] Ronnie plays only the piano and Cyrus only sings a small amount in the film,[17] though she does contribute to its soundtrack.[34]

text: Disney did not give Sparks limitations on the topics featured in The Last Song, which include underage drinking, infidelity, and terminal illness[5][9][32] but Sparks says that Disney desired to work with him in part because "they’ve read my novels. My teenagers… don't do bad things. I just don’t write that. I don’t write about adultery, I don’t write profanity ... I’ll certainly have love scenes in my novels, but they’re always between consenting adults.”[5] Still, Sparks acknowledges that elements of the screenplay may have been toned down by the director or the studio after he finished. As dictated by the Writers Guild of America, Sparks receives full credit for his work although the amount of his original screenplay retained in the film is uncertain. For example, Sparks says the character of Marcus, leader of the gang of thugs, was likely altered for the film.[5]

text: The project remained nameless for several months after Sparks' initial meeting with Disney in July 2008.[5] Sparks wrote in a September 2008 online chat that "I have the idea completed, but no title. That's common for me though. Titles come last."[35] The film was referred to by the working title "Untitled Miley Cyrus Project"[36] In March 2009, Variety magazine called "The Last Song" a "tentative" title.[37]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Cyrus chose the name "Ronnie" for her character in honor of her grandfather, Ron Cyrus, who died in 2006.[32] Unknown to many the character had first been named "Kirby" by Sparks and later changed to "Hilary". New interviews with Sparks reveal he imagined Cyrus in the role "only a little" during the writing process. The completion of the screenplay, concerned Sparks that Cyrus would not be able to successfully execute the role: "The first thing I thought when I finished the screenplay was, wow, I hope she can do this, this is a tough role because I'm bringing you through a whole gamut of emotion and you're just a 16-year-old girl who's done the Disney Channel. Are you able to do this as an actress?",[26] After visiting the set and watching Cyrus film, Sparks' worries abated.[26] To play the New York teen, Cyrus worked with a dialect coach to lose her Southern accent[38] and learned to play classical piano.[39] After she completed filming, Cyrus said that in a case of life imitating art,[40] she had matured and "changed a lot" over the course of her summer in Georgia, similar to the way Ronnie does in the film. "Showing this movie, I feel like I'm really showing a part of my growth as a person as well. So I'm really excited for people to see it."[41]

text: In April 2009, Disney officials chose Rafi Gavron for the part of Will Blakelee, but switched to Australian actor Liam Hemsworth by May.[42] On May 18, 2009, the decision to cast Greg Kinnear as Steve Miller was made final.[42] Kelly Preston's part as Kim is the first role she has accepted since the death of her son, Jett Travolta.[43] After being introduced to Cal Johnson, the film's stunt coordinator, Adam Barnett landed the role of Teddy in May 2009 due to his pre-developed talent in juggling and hackey sack.[44]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: The Last Song entered post-production following the end of filming on August 18, 2009.[45] Automated dialogue replacement took place in mid-September; Beals and Chaikin stated they had gone in to record on September 11[46] and September 18[47] respectively. Chaikin said she had worked for five and a half hours.[47] The director's cut was presented to the studio on October 1, 2009.[48] The Motion Picture Association of America reviewed the film and issued it a PG rating for "thematic material, some violence, sensuality and mild language" three weeks later.[49]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Move to Georgia[edit]

text:
Nobody knows what's going to happen [...] Georgia wants them badly, and we want them badly, and by Monday, there'll be four or five other states that want them badly.

 —Bev Perdue, Governor of North Carolina[50]

tag: div

text: The Last Song had originally been set in Wrightsville Beach and Wilmington in North Carolina. Though they wished to shoot on location, filmmakers also examined three other states and identified Georgia as the next best filming site.[29] Georgia’s housing prices were higher, but the state’s filming incentive package refunded 30% of production costs such as gasoline, pencils, and salaries. North Carolina’s package refunded 15% and excluded salaries of over $1 million.[51] Still, Disney remained interested in North Carolina and offered to film there if the state would reduce the amount the company would save in Georgia, approximately $1 million, in half. North Carolina officials searched for ways to accomplish this, including applying unsuccessfully for state and Golden LEAF Foundation grants.[52] They also introduced legislation to improve the state’s refund to 25%,[51] which eventually passed on August 27, 2009.[53] Disney decided to work within existing incentive laws and agreed to film in North Carolina as long as the film rights they had bought from Sparks counted as a production cost, thereby saving the company an additional $125,000 to $225,000. Then-North Carolina Governor Bev Perdue set up a press conference on April 1, 2009 to announce N.C.’s victory. North Carolina tax collectors refused to consider the film rights, forcing Perdue to cancel the conference at the last second.[52] "I was hopeful to say that it was coming and now I don't know that I'll get to say that," Perdue said. "Nobody knows what's going to happen [...] I don't know what figures they got from Georgia, but Georgia wants them badly, and we want them badly, and by Monday [April 6, 2009], there'll be four or five other states that want them badly."[50] Johnny Griffin, director of the Wilmington Regional Film Commission, explains: "Disney makes feature films. They also make television series; they make individual movies for the Disney Channel. By losing this one project, in essence, we've lost all of those opportunities.”[52] He also notes the loss of jobs and tourism filming would have created.[52]

text: On April 9, 2009, after three months of deliberation, the decision to relocate to Georgia was made final.[52] To determine the specific town, location scouts scoured the state for an aged, isolated, oceanfront property to use as the Miller family’s home in the film. After another three months and the discovery of the "Adams Cottage" on the southern tip of Tybee Island, Tybee and neighboring locations became the sites of filming in late March,[54] with the intention of masquerading the area as Wilmington and Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina.,[55] The locale proved too unique to disguise. “We had a hard time trying to hide the fact that this was Tybee and Savannah was Savannah," said Bass Hampton, the film's location director.[55] Filmmakers convinced the screenwriters to change the setting of the film and to Tybee Island, thus allowing them to incorporate landmarks such as the Tybee Island Light Station and the Savannah Historic District.[55][56] The setting of Sparks' novel remained in North Carolina.[5] Though other movies have been filmed in Tybee Island, The Last Song is the first to be both filmed and set in Tybee Island.[54] With the city’s name plastered on everything from police cars to businesses, Georgia officials predict a lasting effect on the economy.[55] In addition, The Last Song is estimated to have brought up to 500 summer jobs[52] to Georgia, $8 million to local businesses,[57] and $17.5 million to state businesses.[52]

text: Sets[edit]

text: Nelson Coates is the production designer for The Last Song, responsible for all visual aspects of the movie. Coates, who was nominated for an Emmy Award for his work on the Stephen King television miniseries The Stand, arrived 11 weeks prior to the start of filming to do prep work.[58] While most of the filming took place on the natural Tybee Island beach or on pre-constructed private property,[59] Coates oversaw the re-painting of the pier and the construction of the carnival and church.[58]

text: Location scouts had searched the entirety of Georgia for an aged, isolated oceanfront property to use as a home for the Millers for nearly three months before scout Andy Young came across the "Adams Cottage" on the southern end of Tybee Island. "It was getting down to zero hour," said Young. "Often, it's about the house. It can be a character itself in the movie."[54] The house's owner, Sam Adams, welcomed filming as "an opportunity to sort of immortalize the house," in case it is destroyed by storms.[60] The two-story, six bedroom house was built by Adams' great-grandfather in 1918 and was made entirely out of hard pine wood with very few painted surfaces.[54][60] According to Savannah Morning News reporter Lesley Conn, it "was built in classic rambling beach style [... designed] to allow ocean breezes to sweep through wide, wraparound porches into cool, heart-pine rooms."[54]

text: The church set was built over a six-week period in a vacant lot on the corner of 13th Street and Sixth Avenue,[61] near residential homes.[54] The one-room, 2,000-square-foot (190 m2) building seats approximately 80 people and is estimated to be worth $250,000 to $350,000.[61] Special-effects coordinator Will Purcell subdued concerns about the church burning scene by stating that the building would not actually be set on fire. The intended menacing effect is "all camera angles. It is a safe environment for actors to do their work." Several techniques were used to simulate the fire, including the use of propane pipes to shoot flames through the church windows.[62] At the end of filming, Cyrus hoped to fly the church set back to her family's estate in Tennessee. Disney agreed to donate the building to the island after Tybee officials lobbied to keep it, with the condition that its connection to The Last Song not be advertised.[61] The set will be moved to a new location and brought up to code for use as a non-denominational chapel for island weddings; renovations are expected to cost approximately $600,000.[63]

text: Shooting schedule[edit]

text: Cyrus' busy schedule necessitated that filming take place over the summer. Sparks noted, "She’s got a fall music tour and then she’s back filming Hannah Montana in the spring again. So the only time she had free in her schedule was over the summer."[32] Principal photography began on June 15, 2009 and finished on August 18, 2009.[45] Filming did not take place during weekends.[59]

text: On the first day of production, Cyrus and Hemsworth filmed a kiss in the ocean.[64] Other scenes which took place in June included the carnival and volleyball tournament, both of which were filmed on the beach near the Tybee Island pier.[65] Filming at the pier wrapped up on June 23, 2009 after shooting the scene in which Kim drops off Ronnie and Jonah to live with Steve.[66] Scenes of the church fire were shot on July 10, 2009.[62][67] Filming at the Georgia Tech Savannah campus began on July 16.[68] Kinnear finished taping on July 17, 2009.[69] Wedding scenes and a key driving scene were filmed at the Wormsloe Historic Site between July 20[70] and July 23[71] for twelve hours each day.[70] Driving scenes in Isle of Hope, Georgia continued to the 28.[72] By July 30, the movie had returned to Tybee Island for more beach scenes.[73] Chaikin's character framed Cyrus' for stealing a watch on August 6.[11] On August 10, Hemsworth performed an oil change and Cyrus browsed an upscale boutique in downtown Savannah for the movie.[74][75] The funeral was filmed from August 11, 2009 to August 13, 2009 at the church set in Tybee Island.[75][76] On August 15, further church burning scenes took place.[76] The wrap party was held on the 16,[77] and the cast and crew arrived in Atlanta, Georgia the following day to spend the last days of filming at the Georgia Aquarium.[76][78] After analyzing the area on the 17th, the movie began shooting in public areas at dawn on the 18th to avoid crowds. Once the aquarium opened to the public at 10:00, filming shifted to behind-the-scenes areas.[78]

text: Loggerhead sea turtles[edit]

text: Due to the conflicting personalities of his protagonist couple, Sparks faced difficulty in finding a vehicle that would draw Will and Ronnie to spend time together. “It had to be during the summer, she [Ronnie] had to be new in town, and whatever happened had to start in June and end in August. Because you always want a conclusion,” said Sparks of his requirements.[5] He mentioned summer camp or a summer job as typical vehicles used in books, but dismissed them as unoriginal and boring. “So it’s got to be original, it’s got to be interesting, and at the same time it’s got to be universal, that you feel like it could happen to anybody.”[5] Sparks eventually chose to have Will and Ronnie bond over a loggerhead sea turtle nest, knowing that Loggerhead eggs often hatch in August.[5] The scene of the hatching nest took place during the first week of August and involved 26 live loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings. Sea turtle hatchlings have an innate sense to head toward the ocean water as soon as they are born, so scenes of the nest hatching had to be taken swiftly.[5] Said Mike Dodd of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, the biologist who supervised the scene, the hatchlings "did all they know how to do: They crawled down to the water and swam off."[79] Sparks told an interviewer he suspected filmmakers would digitally add more turtles to the scene.[5] At the time of filming, the loggerhead sea turtle was listed as a threatened species.[80] The environmentally friendly theme was an added bonus to Tybee Island, which was then promoting ecotourism.[54]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Last Song: Original Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
March 23, 2010

Recorded
2009

Genre
Pop

Length
59:25

Label
Hollywood Records

Producer
Various Artists

Singles from The Last Song: Original Soundtrack

"When I Look at You"
Released: March 26, 2010
"I Hope You Find It"
Released: March 23, 2010

tag: table

text: "When I Look at You", song by Miley Cyrus, was originally from her EP The Time of Our Lives released August 31, 2009, but was included on the soundtrack because it fit the movie well. The song is used in the background of the film's trailer.

text: At the launch of his album Cradlesong on June 30, 2009, Rob Thomas told the New York Daily News, "My buddy Adam Shankman, who just directed Miley's movie, called me on the phone the other day and was like, 'You have to write a song for this movie.'... I would definitely write a song for her [Cyrus]."[81] In the end, however, Thomas was unable to contribute music to The Last Song, citing "scheduling problems" as the reason.[82]

text: The soundtrack features a track by Casey McPherson, frontman of the band Alpha Rev which signed with Disney's Hollywood Records in August 2008. Variety magazine's Anthony D'Alessandro notes that the use of soundtracks as "launch pads" for new Disney artists is a common practice. "A Different Side of Me" by Allstar Weekend was also included on the soundtrack. They are a group newly signed to Hollywood Records after winning the N.B.T. Competition through the Disney Channel. The soundtrack was released in the U.S. on March 23, 2010.[83][84] Though not featured on soundtrack, Snow Patrol's 2006 single "Shut Your Eyes" and Feist's "I Feel It All" also appear in the film . The soundtrack had a major increase in sales in the week of the DVD release. The soundtrack peaked at #104 on the Billboard 200 albums chart.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
Standard Edition[84]

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Recording Artist(s)
Length

1.
"Tyrant"
Andrew Brown, Zachary Filkins, Ryan Tedder
OneRepublic
5:04

2.
"Bring on the Comets"
Mark Guidry, Mark Palgy, Craig Pfunder
VHS Or Beta
4:02

3.
"Setting Sun"
Finlay Beaton, Stuart Macleod, Joel Quartermain
Eskimo Joe
3:49

4.
"When I Look at You"
John Shanks, Hillary Lindsey
Miley Cyrus
4:09

5.
"Brooklyn Blurs"
Alex Wong, Devon Copley
The Paper Raincoat
4:15

6.
"Can You Tell"
Milo Bonacci, Alexandra Lawn, Wesley Miles, John Pike, Mathieu Santos, Rebecca Zeller
Ra Ra Riot
2:41

7.
"Down the Line"
José González
José González
3:10

8.
"Each Coming Night"
Sam Beam
Iron & Wine
3:25

9.
"I Hope You Find It"
Jeffrey Steele, Steven Robson
Miley Cyrus
3:55

10.
"She Will Be Loved"
Adam Levine, James Valentine
Maroon 5
4:16

11.
"New Morning"
Casey McPherson
Alpha Rev
3:44

12.
"Broke Down Hearted Wonderland"
Edwin McCain, Maia Sharp, Pete Riley, Kevin Kinney
Edwin McCain
3:02

13.
"A Different Side of Me"
Nathan Darmody, Zachary Porter, Thomas Norris
Allstar Weekend
3:08

14.
"No Matter What"
Sydnee Duran, Dave Bassett
Valora
3:22

15.
"Heart of Stone"
Sune Rose Wagner
The Raveonettes
3:55

16.
"Steve's Theme"
Aaron Zigman
Aaron Zigman
3:18

17.
"I Feel it All"
Feist
Feist
3:42

Total length:
59:25

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Charts (2010)
Peak
position

Billboard 200[85]
80

text: Singles[edit]

text:
"When I Look at You" was released as a single on February 16, 2010. It has peaked at #16 on the US Hot 100 and #24 on the Canadian Hot 100.[86]
"I Hope You Find It" is a track from the album. It received a large amount of digital downloads after the album was made available for online purchase. It debuted at #8 on Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart in the week ending April 10, 2010 and peaked at #5 a week later before it dropped out in the week ending April 24, 2010. In September 2013, the song received media attention for being covered by Cher for her 26th studio album Closer to the Truth.

text: Release[edit]

text: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures originally scheduled The Last Song for wide release on January 8, 2010, but was delayed from January 8, 2010 to March 31, 2010.[87]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Upon the release of the novel on September 8, Sparks began a book tour reaching around 13 cities and gave several interviews. During these events, he discussed writing both the novel and the screenplay.[32] Cyrus and Walt Disney Studios Chairman Dick Cook discussed the film on September 11, 2009 at the first D23 Expo.[88] The first clips from the film appeared online on September 11, 2009, interspersed within one version of the "When I Look at You" music video. The film's first trailer was integrated into Cyrus' Wonder World Tour and premiered during the tour's opening night on September 14, 2009 in Portland, Oregon. Midway through each concert, the trailer was shown on large video screens surrounding the stage.[34][89] After it finished, Cyrus played a white piano and sang "When I Look at You" while film clips continued to play on the screens behind her.[34][40] On November 16, 2009, the first three film stills were released via the film's Facebook page.[90] The following day, the film's trailer premiered online.[18] The film's premiere was held in Los Angeles on March 25, 2010.[91] Cyrus was originally planned to go to the UK premiere of the film, but due to the April 14, 2010 eruption of the volcano Eyjafjallajökull that blanketed Europe in volcanic ash and grounded all flights to and from the continent, she was unable to attend.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Last Song was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 17, 2010.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Last Song performed well for when it was released for the first time, garnering $5,125,103 on approximately 3,300 screens at 2,673 theaters for an average of $1,917 per theater.[92][93][94]

text: It has grossed $62,950,384 in North America and $26,091,272 in other territories for a worldwide total of $89,041,656.[1]

text: In its opening weekend, the film grossed $16,007,426, finishing fourth at the box office behind Clash of the Titans ($61,235,105), Why Did I Get Married Too? ($29,289,537) and How to Train Your Dragon ($29,010,044).[1]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Last Song was panned by critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, gives the film an average of 4/10 and a rating of 20% based on 116 reviews.[95] The critical consensus is summarized: "As shamelessly manipulative as any Nicholas Sparks production, The Last Song is done no favors by its miscast and over matched star, Miley Cyrus."[95] Metacritic, which assigns normalized ratings to films, The Last Song holds a "generally unfavorable" score of 33% based on 27 reviews.[96]

text: Reviewers were critical of Sparks' and Van Wie's screenplay and formulaic storyline. Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle says the screenplay's faults include several "scenes that make no emotional sense" and claims, "The plot construction is weak. Incidents don't flow one into the next."[97] When reviewing Cyrus's performance, critics acknowledged her stage presence, but were frequently critical of her acting abilities. Jay Stone of The Ottawa Citizen says Cyrus's portrayal of angry Ronnie "consist[s] of pouting and sneering [...] Cyrus doesn't have a lot of range, but she does have presence."[98] Rob Nelson of Variety writes, "Cyrus, alas, hasn't yet learned not to act [...] But she does show off her considerable chops as a pianist and remains reasonably likable throughout."[99] A. O. Scott of The New York Times believes that although "her Hannah Montana persona has a certain aggressive charm", in The Last Song she "play-act[s] rather than exploring the motives and feelings of her character."[100] Roger Ebert gave the film a mixed 2.5/4. He praised the acting and directing, but derided the plot and Sparks's writing.[101]

text: Kinnear's performance has been widely praised. A. O. Scott writes, "it’s nice to see Mr. Kinnear play an entirely sympathetic character for a change [but] his slyness and subtlety seem wasted in a project that has no interest in either."[100] Michael Phillips of The Chicago Tribune writes, "Reliably honest and affecting, [Kinnear] fights off the waves of corn in much the same way that Tibetan monk defied the tsunami in 2012."[102] Glen Whipp of the Associated Press writes, "Kinnear lends the movie a dignity it doesn't deserve".[103] Stone advises, "I'd watch out for Liam Hemsworth".[98] Stephen Witty of The Star-Ledger commends "newcomer Carly Chaikin [who] plays the "bad girl" [...] with an exciting mixture of wildness and vulnerability. Halfway in, I began wishing desperately that Chaikin was playing the lead."[104] Reception for Coleman was mixed; Jeff Vice of "Deseret News" calls him a "hammy irritant"[105] while Jon Bream of the Star Tribune writes, "The most memorable acting is by Coleman, 12 [... who] gets a lot of great lines and delivers them with aplomb".[106] Despite the negative reviews from critics, the movie was well received from fans and audiences with a 66% fresh score on Rotten Tomatoes and with an average of a 7/10.

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Teen Choice Awards[107]

2010
Choice Movie: Drama
The Last Song cast and crew
Nominated

Choice Movie Actress: Drama
Miley Cyrus
Nominated

Choice Movie Breakout Star: Male
Liam Hemsworth
Won

Choice Movie: Liplock
Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth
Nominated

Choice Movie: Chemistry
Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth
Nominated

Choice Movie: Dance Scene
Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth
Nominated

Choice Movie: Hissy Fit
Miley Cyrus
Won

Choice Music: Love Song
When I Look At You
Won

Kids' Choice Awards[107]

2011
Favorite Movie Actress
Miley Cyrus
Won

Golden Raspberry Award[107]

2010
Worst Actress
Miley Cyrus
Nominated

Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards 2010[107]

2010
Favorite Movie Actress
Miley Cyrus
Won

Cutest Couple
Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth
Nominated

Favorite Kiss
Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth
Won


document_title: RL circuit

question_text: what is the time constant of rl circuit

question_tokens: what is the time constant of rl circuit

text: RL circuit

text: Introduction[edit]

text: The fundamental passive linear circuit elements are the resistor (R), capacitor (C) and inductor (L). These circuit elements can be combined to form an electrical circuit in four distinct ways: the RC circuit, the RL circuit, the LC circuit and the RLC circuit with the abbreviations indicating which components are used. These circuits exhibit important types of behaviour that are fundamental to analogue electronics. In particular, they are able to act as passive filters. This article considers the RL circuit in both series and parallel as shown in the diagrams.

text: In practice, however, capacitors (and RC circuits) are usually preferred to inductors since they can be more easily manufactured and are generally physically smaller, particularly for higher values of components.

text: Both RC and RL circuits form a single-pole filter. Depending on whether the reactive element (C or L) is in series with the load, or parallel with the load will dictate whether the filter is low-pass or high-pass.

text: Frequently RL circuits are used for DC power supplies to RF amplifiers, where the inductor is used to pass DC bias current and block the RF getting back into the power supply.

text: Complex impedance[edit]

text: The complex impedance ZL (in ohms) of an inductor with inductance L (in henrys) is

text: The complex frequency s is a complex number,

text: where

text:
j represents the imaginary unit: j2 = −1,
σ is the exponential decay constant (in radians per second), and
ω is the angular frequency (in radians per second).

text: Eigenfunctions[edit]

text: The complex-valued eigenfunctions of any linear time-invariant (LTI) system are of the following forms:

text: From Euler's formula, the real-part of these eigenfunctions are exponentially-decaying sinusoids:

text: Sinusoidal steady state[edit]

text: Sinusoidal steady state is a special case in which the input voltage consists of a pure sinusoid (with no exponential decay). As a result,

text: and the evaluation of s becomes

text: Series circuit[edit]

text: By viewing the circuit as a voltage divider, we see that the voltage across the inductor is:

text: and the voltage across the resistor is:

text: Current[edit]

text: The current in the circuit is the same everywhere since the circuit is in series:

text: Transfer functions[edit]

text: The transfer function to the inductor voltage is

text: Similarly, the transfer function, to the resistor voltage is

text: The transfer function, to the current, is

text: Poles and zeros[edit]

text: The transfer functions have a single pole located at

text: In addition, the transfer function for the inductor has a zero located at the origin.

text: Gain and phase angle[edit]

text: The gains across the two components are found by taking the magnitudes of the above expressions:

text: and

text: and the phase angles are:

text: and

text: Phasor notation[edit]

text: These expressions together may be substituted into the usual expression for the phasor representing the output:

text: Impulse response[edit]

text: The impulse response for each voltage is the inverse Laplace transform of the corresponding transfer function. It represents the response of the circuit to an input voltage consisting of an impulse or Dirac delta function.

text: The impulse response for the inductor voltage is

text: where u(t) is the Heaviside step function and τ = L/R is the time constant.

text: Similarly, the impulse response for the resistor voltage is

text: Zero-input response[edit]

text: The zero-input response (ZIR), also called the natural response, of an RL circuit describes the behavior of the circuit after it has reached constant voltages and currents and is disconnected from any power source. It is called the zero-input response because it requires no input.

text: The ZIR of an RL circuit is:

text: Frequency domain considerations[edit]

text: These are frequency domain expressions. Analysis of them will show which frequencies the circuits (or filters) pass and reject. This analysis rests on a consideration of what happens to these gains as the frequency becomes very large and very small.

text: As ω → ∞:

text: As ω → 0:

text: This shows that, if the output is taken across the inductor, high frequencies are passed and low frequencies are attenuated (rejected). Thus, the circuit behaves as a high-pass filter. If, though, the output is taken across the resistor, high frequencies are rejected and low frequencies are passed. In this configuration, the circuit behaves as a low-pass filter. Compare this with the behaviour of the resistor output in an RC circuit, where the reverse is the case.

text: The range of frequencies that the filter passes is called its bandwidth. The point at which the filter attenuates the signal to half its unfiltered power is termed its cutoff frequency. This requires that the gain of the circuit be reduced to

text: Solving the above equation yields

text: which is the frequency that the filter will attenuate to half its original power.

text: Clearly, the phases also depend on frequency, although this effect is less interesting generally than the gain variations.

text: As ω → 0:

text: As ω → ∞:

text: So at DC (0 Hz), the resistor voltage is in phase with the signal voltage while the inductor voltage leads it by 90°. As frequency increases, the resistor voltage comes to have a 90° lag relative to the signal and the inductor voltage comes to be in-phase with the signal.

text: Time domain considerations[edit]

text: The most straightforward way to derive the time domain behaviour is to use the Laplace transforms of the expressions for VL and VR given above. This effectively transforms jω → s. Assuming a step input (i.e., Vin = 0 before t = 0 and then Vin = V afterwards):

text: Partial fractions expansions and the inverse Laplace transform yield:

text: Thus, the voltage across the inductor tends towards 0 as time passes, while the voltage across the resistor tends towards V, as shown in the figures. This is in keeping with the intuitive point that the inductor will only have a voltage across as long as the current in the circuit is changing — as the circuit reaches its steady-state, there is no further current change and ultimately no inductor voltage.

text: These equations show that a series RL circuit has a time constant, usually denoted τ = L/R being the time it takes the voltage across the component to either fall (across the inductor) or rise (across the resistor) to within 1/e of its final value. That is, τ is the time it takes VL to reach V(1/e) and VR to reach V(1 − 1/e).

text: The rate of change is a fractional 1 − 1/e per τ. Thus, in going from t = Nτ to t = (N + 1)τ, the voltage will have moved about 63% of the way from its level at t = Nτ toward its final value. So the voltage across the inductor will have dropped to about 37% after τ, and essentially to zero (0.7%) after about 5τ. Kirchhoff's voltage law implies that the voltage across the resistor will rise at the same rate. When the voltage source is then replaced with a short-circuit, the voltage across the resistor drops exponentially with t from V towards 0. The resistor will be discharged to about 37% after τ, and essentially fully discharged (0.7%) after about 5τ. Note that the current, I, in the circuit behaves as the voltage across the resistor does, via Ohm's Law.

text: The delay in the rise or fall time of the circuit is in this case caused by the back-EMF from the inductor which, as the current flowing through it tries to change, prevents the current (and hence the voltage across the resistor) from rising or falling much faster than the time-constant of the circuit. Since all wires have some self-inductance and resistance, all circuits have a time constant. As a result, when the power supply is switched on, the current does not instantaneously reach its steady-state value, V/R. The rise instead takes several time-constants to complete. If this were not the case, and the current were to reach steady-state immediately, extremely strong inductive electric fields would be generated by the sharp change in the magnetic field — this would lead to breakdown of the air in the circuit and electric arcing, probably damaging components (and users).

text: These results may also be derived by solving the differential equation describing the circuit:

text: The first equation is solved by using an integrating factor and yields the current which must be differentiated to give VL; the second equation is straightforward. The solutions are exactly the same as those obtained via Laplace transforms.

text: Short circuit equation[edit]

text: For short circuit evaluation, RL circuit is considered. The more general equation is:

text: With initial condition:

text: Which can be solved by Laplace transform:

text: Thus:

text: Then antitransform returns:

text: In case the source voltage is a Heaviside step function (DC):

text: Returns:

text: In case the source voltage is a sinusoidal function (AC):

text: Returns:

text: Parallel circuit[edit]

text: The parallel RL circuit is generally of less interest than the series circuit unless fed by a current source. This is largely because the output voltage Vout is equal to the input voltage Vin — as a result, this circuit does not act as a filter for a voltage input signal.

text: With complex impedances:

text: This shows that the inductor lags the resistor (and source) current by 90°.

text: The parallel circuit is seen on the output of many amplifier circuits, and is used to isolate the amplifier from capacitive loading effects at high frequencies. Because of the phase shift introduced by capacitance, some amplifiers become unstable at very high frequencies, and tend to oscillate. This affects sound quality and component life (especially the transistors), and is to be avoided.


document_title: United States Pacific Fleet

question_text: when did the u.s. navy move the headquarters of the pacific fleet from the west coast to hawaii

text: United States Pacific Fleet

text: Origins[edit]

text: A Pacific Fleet was created in 1907 when the Asiatic Squadron and the Pacific Squadron were combined. In 1910, the ships of the First Squadron were organized back into a separate Asiatic Fleet. The General Order 94 of 6 December 1922 organized the United States Fleet, with the Battle Fleet as the Pacific presence. Until May 1940, the Battle Fleet was stationed on the west coast of the United States (primarily at San Diego). During the summer of that year, as part of the U.S. response to Japanese expansionism, it was instructed to take an "advanced" position at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Long term basing at Pearl Harbor was so strongly opposed by the commander, Admiral James O. Richardson, that he personally protested in Washington. Political considerations were thought sufficiently important that he was relieved by Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, who was in command at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor.

text: The Pacific Fleet was formally recreated on 1 February 1941. On that day General Order 143 split the United States Fleet into separate Atlantic, Pacific, and Asiatic Fleets.

text: Composition of the Pacific Fleet in December 1941[edit]

text: On 7 December, the Fleet consisted of the Battle Force, Scouting Force, Base Force, Amphibious Force (ComPhibPac),[1] Cruiser Force (COMCRUPAC), Destroyer Force (COMDESPAC), and the Submarine Force (COMSUBPAC).[2] Also in Hawaii was the Fourteenth Naval District, commanded by Rear Admiral Claude C. Bloch.

text: The Battle Force consisted of Battleships, Battle Force, made up of three Battleship Divisions:

text:
Battleship Division 1

USS Pennsylvania
USS Arizona
USS Nevada

Battleship Division 2

USS Tennessee
USS California
USS Oklahoma

Battleship Division 3

USS Colorado
USS Maryland
USS West Virginia

text: These nine battleships were intended to counterbalance the ten battleships of the Imperial Japanese Navy. At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Pennsylvania was in dry dock undergoing maintenance, and Colorado was in the midst of a refit at Bremerton Navy Yard, Washington. Arizona was mated with Nevada and Oklahoma at that time.

text: Other components of the Battle Force included Aircraft, Battle Force, with Carrier Division One and Carrier Division Two, plus Cruiser Divisions 4, 5, and 6, as well as Destroyers, Battle Force.:[3]

text:
Carrier Division 1

USS Saratoga
USS Lexington

Carrier Division 2

USS Enterprise

Cruiser Division 4

USS Chicago
USS Portland
USS Indianapolis

Cruiser Division 5

USS Salt Lake City
USS Northampton
USS Chester

Cruiser Division 6

USS Astoria
USS Minneapolis
USS New Orleans
USS San Francisco

text: When the attack took place, all three carriers were absent - Saratoga was in San Diego collecting her air group following a major refit, Enterprise was en route back to Hawaii following a mission to deliver aircraft to Wake Island, while Lexington had just departed on a similar mission to Midway.

text: The Scouting Force included Cruiser Division Three, Cruiser Division Nine and Submarines, Scouting Force.[4]

text:
Cruiser Division 3

USS Trenton
USS Richmond
USS Concord

Cruiser Division 9

USS Honolulu
USS Boise
USS Phoenix
USS St. Louis
USS Helena

text: The Amphibious Force was formally known as Commander, Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet (ComPhibPac). On 7 December 1941 the Amphibious Force comprised the Army's 3rd Infantry Division at Fort Lewis, under Army operational control, the 2nd Marine Division, the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing, the 2nd Defense Battalion (see Marine defense battalions), and a depot.[5] One of PhibPac's subordinate commands during World War II was Transports, Amphibious Force, Pacific Fleet, or TransPhibPac. The commander of TransPhibPac was known as ComTransPhibPac.

text: In December 1941, the fleet consisted of nine battleships, three aircraft carriers, 12 heavy cruisers, eight light cruisers, 50 destroyers, 33 submarines, and 100 patrol bombers.[citation needed] This was approximately the fleet's strength at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. That day, the Japanese Combined Fleet carried out the attack on Pearl Harbor, drawing the United States into World War II in the Pacific. The Pacific Fleet's Battle Line took the brunt of the attack, with two battleships destroyed, two salvageable but requiring lengthy reconstruction, and four more lightly to moderately damaged, forcing the U.S. Navy to rely primarily on aircraft carriers and submarines for many months afterward.

text: Subsequently Pacific Fleet engagements during World War II included the Battle of Guam, the Marshalls-Gilberts raids, the Doolittle Raid, the Solomon Islands campaign, the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Battle of Midway, the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, the Battle of the Philippine Sea, the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, the Battle of Leyte Gulf, and the Battle of Okinawa. More minor battles included the Battle of Dutch Harbor. The Submarine Force began a sustained campaign of commerce raiding against Japan's merchant marine, beginning the very first day of the war, which ultimately claimed 1,314 ships totalling about 5.3 million tons (by the imperfect postwar reckoning of the Joint Army-Navy Assessment Committee, JANAC).[6] The West Loch disaster occurred at Pearl Harbor on 21 May 1944.

text: Post 1945[edit]

text: The Pacific Fleet took part in Operation Magic Carpet, the return of U.S. servicemen, after the end of the Second World War. The organization of the Pacific Fleet in January 1947 is shown in Hal M. Friedman's Arguing over the American Lake: Bureaucracy and Rivalry in the U.S. Pacific, 1945-1947.[7]

text: Since 1950 the Pacific Fleet has been involved in the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the two Taiwan Straits Crises, and a number of other operations including the Mayaguez Incident of 1975, as well as post-Vietnam related operations such as Operation New Arrivals. The RIMPAC exercise series began in 1971.

text: On 7 March 1984, the Secretaries of Transportation and Navy signed a Memorandum of Agreement which created the Maritime Defense Zones (MDZ).[8] The Pacific MDZ is an echelon three Navy command under the Commander U.S. Pacific Fleet. The Pacific MDZ has responsibility for coastal defense up to 200 nautical miles around the U.S. West Coast, Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and Hawaii during times of hostility. On 1 October 1990, Commander U.S. Naval Forces Alaska (COMUSNAVAK) was established as the Naval Component Commander to Commander, Alaskan Command (COMALCOM). Since its inception, COMUSNAVAK has grown to become responsible for coordinating all Navy activity in the Alaska and Aleutian area, for detailed planning and coordination for the Naval portion of the Joint and Combined Exercise Northern Edge, and coordinates high-visibility U.S. Navy ship visits throughout Alaska in support of public relations and recruiting initiatives.

text: The very large PACEX '89 in the North Pacific involved the USN, Canadian Navy, Japanese Maritime Self-Defence Force, and ROK Navy. At the end of Exercise PACEX '89 a 54 ship formation was assembled for photos. It included the flagship, USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19), the USS Enterprise (CVN-65) Battle Group, the USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70) Battle Group, two battleship surface action groups formed around the USS New Jersey (BB-62) and USS Missouri (BB-63), and a Japanese Maritime Self-Defence Force task force.[citation needed]

text: Other operations undertaken since include participation in the Alaskan Oil Spill Joint Task Force, including participation of Commander, Amphibious Group Three, as deputy CJTF. This was the defence response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill of March 1989. Also, the Pacific Fleet was involved in Joint Task Force Philippines during the December 1989 coup attempt there, which involved two carrier battle groups, USS Midway and USS Enterprise-with their associated air wings operating in the Philippine Sea, chopped to JTF Philippines. During the operations, the carriers maintained deck alerts and 24-hour coverage of Manila with E-2C aircraft.[9]

text: Around September 10, 1990,[10] USS Princeton (CG-59) and the USS Reuben James (FFG-57) visited Vladivostok. This marked the first United States Navy visit to the Soviet Union's Pacific port of Vladivostok since before World War II. Before the visit was completed, the crew received word that their Pacific cruise was canceled. They returned to Long Beach and joined the USS Ranger Battle Group preparing to deploy to the Persian Gulf.

text: During Operation Fiery Vigil in June 1991, the following vessels participated in the sealift phase of the evacuation: the Lincoln battle group (COMCARGRU 3 embarked): USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72), USS Long Beach (CGN-9), USS Lake Champlain (CG-57), USS Merrill (DD-976), USS Gary (FFG-51), USS Ingraham (FFG-61), USS Roanoke (AOR-7), Amphibious Ready Group Alpha (COMPHIBRON 3 embarked): USS Peleliu (LHA-5), USS Cleveland (LPD-7), USS Comstock (LSD-45), USS Bristol County (LST-1198), and a large number of other vessels: USS Midway (CV-41), USS Curts (FFG-38), USS Rodney M. Davis (FFG-60), USS Thach (FFG-43), USS Arkansas (CGN-41), USS McClusky (FFG-41), USS St. Louis (LKA-116), USS San Bernardino (LST-1189), MV 1st Lt Lummus, MV American Condor, USS Niagara Falls (AFS-3), USNS Ponchatoula (T-AO-148), USNS Passumpsic (T-AO-107), USNS Hassayampa, USS Haleakala (AE-25), USNS Spica (T-AFS-9), USS Cape Cod (AD-43). (CNA, 1994, 113) Further operations included JTF Marianas (August–September 1992) and JTF Hawaii (September–October 1992).

text: Other contingency operation after 1991 included Operation Sea Angel (Bangladesh relief) (led by Commander III Marine Expeditionary Force), Operation Eastern Exit, and involvement in the Somali Civil War - 'Restore Hope'. During 'Restore Hope,' Navy command arrangements underwent a number of changes during the operation. At the start, the principal naval forces were the Ranger battle group (with Commander, Carrier Group One embarked on USS Ranger (CV-61) as Commander, Naval Forces), the Kitty Hawk battle group, an amphibious task unit including USS Tripoli (LPH-10), USS Juneau (LPD-10), USS Rushmore (LSD-47), and MV Lummus, and three ships from MPSRON TWO (MV Anderson, MV Bonnyman, and MV Phillips). Other events led to the departure of the carriers and, as a result, Commander, Naval Forces responsibilities devolved first to Commander, Carrier Group Three, on Kitty Hawk, and thence to Commander, Amphibious Group Three. Finally Commander, Amphibious Squadron 3 became COMNAVFOR on 15 January with the departure of COMPHIGRU THREE after the completion of the MPF offload. (CNA, 1994, 168)

text: In 1995 Pacific Fleet surface ships were reshuffled.[11] Effective Oct. 1, 1995 the U.S. Pacific Fleet's surface ships were to be reorganized into six core battle groups and eight destroyer squadrons. Permanent core battle groups were to include a battle group commander, aircraft carrier, carrier air wing and at least two cruisers.

text:
Commander Cruiser-Destroyer Group 1/USS Constellation Battle Group: USS Lake Erie (CG-70) and USS Chosin
ComCruDesGru 3/USS Carl Vinson Battle Group: USS Shiloh (CG-67), USS California (CGN-36) and USS Arkansas (CGN-41)
ComCruDesGru 5/USS Kitty Hawk Battle Group: USS Cowpens (CG-63) and USS Antietam (CG-54)
Commander Carrier Group 7 (ComCarGru 7)/USS Nimitz Battle Group: USS Port Royal (CG-73) and USS Lake Champlain (CG-57)
ComCar Gru 3/USS Abraham Lincoln Battle Group: USS Princeton (CG-59) and USS Chancellorsville (CG-62)
Commander Carrier Group Five/USS Independence Battle Group: USS Bunker Hill (CG-52) and USS Mobile Bay (CG-53)

text: Commander, Naval Surface Forces Pacific probably directed ..

text:
Destroyer Squadron 1: USS Copeland (FFG-25), USS George Philip (FFG-12), USS John A. Moore (FFG-19), USS Lewis B. Puller (FFG-23), USS Mahlon S. Tisdale (FFG-27), USS Sides (FFG-14), USS Wadsworth (FFG-9) and USS Reid (FFG-30)
Destroyer Squadron 5: USS Cushing (DD-985), USS John S. McCain (DDG-56), USS Ingersoll (DD-990), USS Crommelin (FFG-37), USS Reuben James (FFG-57)
Destroyer Squadron 7: USS Elliot (DD-967), USS Curtis Wilbur (DDG-54), USS Merrill (DD-976), USS John Paul Jones (DDG-53) and USS Harry W. Hill (DD-986)
Destroyer Squadron 9: USS Paul F. Foster (DD-964), USS David R. Ray (DD-971), USS Callaghan (DDG-994), USS Chandler (DDG-996), USS Ford (FFG-54) and USS Ingraham (FFG-61)
Destroyer Squadron 15: USS Fife (DD-991), USS Hewitt (DD-966), USS O'Brien (DD-975), USS Curts (FFG-38), USS McClusky (FFG-41), USS Rodney M. Davis (FFG-60) and USS Thach (FFG-43)
Destroyer Squadron 21: USS Kinkaid (DD-965), USS Stethem (DDG-63), USS Benfold (DDG-65), USS Valley Forge (CG-50), USS Jarrett (FFG-33) and USS Rentz (FFG-46)
Destroyer Squadron 23: USS Oldendorf (DD-972), USS John Young (DD-973), USS Fitzgerald (DDG-62), USS Vincennes (CG-49), USS Gary (FFG-51) and USS Vandegrift (FFG-48)
Destroyer Squadron 31: USS Fletcher (DD-992), USS Leftwich (DD-984), USS Halsey (DDG-97) and USS Paul Hamilton (DDG-60)

text: In 1996 two carrier battle groups were sent to the Taiwan area during the Third Taiwan Straits Crisis. Later ships of the Pacific Fleet, notably the Ticonderoga-class cruiser USS Mobile Bay (CG-53) provided support to the entry of INTERFET in East Timor in 1999.

text: Between 25–27 March 2006, Carrier Strike Group Nine participated in a series of anti-submarine warfare exercises (ASW) in Hawaiian waters while en route to the U.S. Seventh Fleet's area of responsibility. In addition to the strike group, the exercise also included the nuclear-powered attack submarines Seawolf, Cheyenne, Greeneville, Tucson, and Pasadena, as well as land-based P-3 Orion aircraft from Commander Patrol and Reconnaissance Wing 2 and associated patrol squadrons VP-4, VP-9, and VP-47.[12][13]

text: As of 2011, the Pacific Fleet has authority of:

text:
numbered Third and Seventh Fleets
Naval Air Force, Pacific
Commander, Naval Surface Forces Pacific;[14]
Naval Submarine Force, Pacific

text: Naval shore commands PACFLT has authority of are:

text:
Commander Naval Forces Korea
Commander Naval Forces Japan
Commander Naval Forces Marianas

text: See List of units of the United States Navy

text: Commanders[edit]