document_title: List of A League of Their Own episodes

question_text: when does the next season of a league of their own start

text: List of A League of Their Own episodes

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A League of Their Own is a British television comedy panel game created by Paul Brassey and hosted by actor and comedian James Corden.[1][2] It premiered on Sky 1 on 11 March 2010. A regular episode of A League of Their Own sees two teams of three – Blue and Red – competing in a quiz about notable sports along with physical challenges; since the show's debut the captains of each team have been retired England cricketer Andrew "Freddie" Flintoff (Blue) and former Liverpool captain and England midfielder Jamie Redknapp (Red). For the first four series both teams had a regular panellist alongside the captain, journalist and presenter Georgie Thompson (Blue) and comedian John Bishop (Red). As of series 5 only the Blue team has a regular panellist with comedian Jack Whitehall joining Flintoff. Special episodes have also been produced where there is no quiz instead they feature compilations of clips either from recordings that have been broadcast in a series (labelled "The Best Bits from..."), material that was not broadcast (labelled "The Unseen Bits from...") or even from a particular challenge from an individual episode (labelled "The Best of...").

text: The first series consisted of twelve episodes. The second series consisted of thirteen episodes including a Christmas special. The third series had twelve episodes and saw the first occasion of a regular team captain being unable to attend an individual recording and being replaced by a guest, it also saw the introduction of splitting both "The Best Bits" and "The Unseen Bits" over two episodes therefore having four episodes of compilation clips; this technique was used on and off for future series. The fourth series consisted of ten episodes including an End of Year special. For the fifth series there were eleven episodes. The sixth series had ten episodes. The seventh series had twelve episodes including a compilation episode entitled "Rally Special" focussing solely on the rally car challenge from the series opener. The eighth series consisted of thirteen episodes. The ninth series had twelve episodes. The tenth series had ten episodes. As of 21 December 2017, 100 regular episodes and 33 compilations have been broadcast across twelve series, 133 episodes have been aired in total. There has also been a US Road Trip spin off. There have been 4 regular episodes and 3 compilations for a total of 7 US Road Trip episodes.

text:
Contents
Series: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13
Scores · Notes · References · External links

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Key[edit]

text:
– Episodes with this background, and when the number on the left in the scores column is greater than the one on the right, were won by the Blue team (Flintoff with Thompson up to series four and Flintoff with Whitehall from series 5 onwards)
   – Episodes with this background, and when the number on the right in the scores column is greater than the one on the left, were won by the Red team (Redknapp with Bishop up to series four and Redknapp individually from series 5 onwards)
   – Episodes with this background, and when the numbers on the left and right are equal, ended in a draw
When a guest is listed in bold with a dagger symbol (†) it means they were team captain for that team in the episode as the regular captain was unable to make the recording
No. = The episode's order in the overall show

text: Series 1[edit]

text:
No.

Episode

First broadcast

Freddie and Georgie's guest

Jamie and John's guests

Scores

1

01x01

11 March 2010

Neil Morrissey

David Haye

9–5

2

01x02

18 March 2010

Alastair Campbell

Ruth Jones

12–9

3

01x03

25 March 2010

Neil Morrissey

Abbey Clancy

7–8

4

01x04

1 April 2010

Dara Ó Briain

Steve Harmison

13–7

5

01x05

8 April 2010

Jack Whitehall

Amir Khan

9–8

6

01x06

15 April 2010

Jimmy Carr

Karen Pickering

8–5

7

01x07

22 April 2010

Dara Ó Briain

Claudia Winkleman

7–8

8

01x08

29 April 2010

Bob Mortimer

Tom Daley

4–7

9

01x09

6 May 2010

Ardal O'Hanlon

Gabby Logan

6–8

10

01x10

13 May 2010

Stephen Mangan

Matthew Le Tissier

9–11

11

01x11

20 May 2010

Compilation episode – "The Best of Series 1"

N/A

12

01x12

27 May 2010

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 1"

N/A

text: Series 2[edit]

text:
No.

Episode

First broadcast

Freddie and Georgie's guest

Jamie and John's guests

Scores

13

02x01

7 October 2010

Jimmy Carr

Lily Allen

11–9

14

02x02

14 October 2010

Chris Evans

Tim Henman

9–9

15

02x03

21 October 2010

Rob Brydon

Jessica Ennis

4–3

16

02x04

21 October 2010

Jack Whitehall

Michael Owen

9–9

17

02x05

28 October 2010

Clare Balding

Tinchy Stryder

9–5

18

02x06

28 October 2010

Dermot O'Leary

Phillips Idowu

10–11

19

02x07

4 November 2010

Amanda Holden

Kevin Pietersen

1–4

20

02x08

4 November 2010

Patrick Kielty

Joe Calzaghe

4–10

21

02x09

11 November 2010

Eamonn Holmes

David James

9–8

22

02x10

11 November 2010

Jimmy Carr

Theo Paphitis

10–9

23

02x11

12 November 2010

Compilation episode – "The Best of Series 2"

N/A

24

02x12

19 December 2010

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 2"

N/A

25

02x13

23 December 2010[fn 1]

Ruth Jones

Ricky Hatton

6–9

text: Series 3[edit]

text:
No.

Episode

First broadcast

Freddie and Georgie's guest

Jamie and John's guests

Scores

26

03x01

4 March 2011

Jimmy Carr

Phil Taylor

4–4

27

03x02

11 March 2011

Dara Ó Briain

Gaël Clichy

5–6

28

03x03

25 March 2011

Lee Mack

Rio Ferdinand

7–8

29

03x04

1 April 2011

Clare Balding

Boris Becker

6–3

30

03x05

8 April 2011

Jimmy Carr

Mike Tindall

3–9

31

03x06

15 April 2011

Robbie Fowler

Christine Bleakley

7–9

32

03x07

22 April 2011

Jack Whitehall

Amy Williams

5–6

33

03x08

29 April 2011

Kevin Bridges

Dermot O'Leary †Alastair Cook

7–5

34

03x09

6 May 2011

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 3 (Part 1)"

N/A

35

03x10

13 May 2011

Compilation episode – "The Best of Series 3 (Part 1)"

N/A

36

03x11

20 May 2011

Compilation episode – "The Best of Series 3 (Part 2)"

N/A

37

03x12

27 May 2011

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 3 (Part 2)"

N/A

text: Series 4[edit]

text:
No.

Episode

First broadcast

Freddie and Georgie's guest

Jamie and John's guests

Scores

38

04x01

7 October 2011

Jason Manford

Andy Murray

8–6

39

04x02

14 October 2011

Lee Mack †Frank Lampard

Gabby Logan

5–7

40

04x03

21 October 2011

Jack Whitehall

Rory McIlroy

6–7

41

04x04

28 October 2011

Phill Jupitus

Peter Crouch

8–6

42

04x05

4 November 2011

Jimmy Carr

James Anderson

6–7

43

04x06

11 November 2011

David Walliams

Gary Neville

9–9

44

04x07

18 November 2011

Jimmy Carr

Mark Webber

9–6

45

04x08

16 December 2011[fn 2]

Stacey Solomon

Gabby Logan

7–5

46

04x09

6 January 2012

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 4"

N/A

47

04x10

13 January 2012

Compilation episode – "The Best of Series 4"

N/A

text: Series 5[edit]

text:
No.

Episode

First broadcast

Freddie and Jack's guest

Jamie's guests

Scores

48

05x01

20 April 2012

Georgie Thompson

Steven GerrardJohn Bishop

8–8

49

05x02

27 April 2012

Louise Hazel

Jimmy CarrPeter Crouch †John Bishop

7–7

50

05x03

4 May 2012

Jessica Ennis

Gabby LoganMicky Flanagan

8–6

51

05x04

11 May 2012

Zoë Ball

Jermain DefoeJohn Bishop

4–4

52

05x05

18 May 2012

Mo Farah

Clare BaldingDavid Walliams

5–8

53

05x06

25 May 2012

Ronnie O'Sullivan

Christine BleakleyJimmy Carr

12–10

54

05x07

1 June 2012

Gabby Logan

Graeme SounessKevin Bridges

4–4[fn 3]

55

05x08

8 June 2012

Claudia Winkleman

Joe HartJohn Bishop

14–12

56

05x09

15 June 2012

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 5 (Part 1)"

N/A

57

05x10

22 June 2012

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 5 (Part 2)"

N/A

58

05x11

29 June 2012

Compilation episode – "The Best of Series 5"

N/A

text: Series 6[edit]

text:
No.

Episode

First broadcast

Freddie and Jack's guest

Jamie's guests

Scores

59

06x01

26 October 2012

Claudia Winkleman

Mo FarahJohn Bishop

6–3

60

06x02

2 November 2012

Rebecca Adlington

Sir Chris HoyDavid Walliams

6–10

61

06x03

9 November 2012

Charlotte Jackson

Harry RedknappJohnny Vegas

6–4

62

06x04

16 November 2012

Jimmy Carr

Jessica EnnisMicky Flanagan

8–8

63

06x05

23 November 2012

Frank Lampard

Shane WarneGabby Logan †Jason Manford

6–8

64

06x06

30 November 2012

Laura Trott

Zara PhillipsMicky Flanagan

9–19

65

06x07

7 December 2012

Sarah Millican

Victoria PendletonJohn Bishop

4–7

66

06x08

14 December 2012

Vincent Kompany

Billie PiperLee Mack

9–4

67

06x09

21 December 2012

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 6 (Part 1)"

N/A

68

06x10

28 December 2012

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 6 (Part 2)"

N/A

text: Series 7[edit]

text:
No.

Episode

First broadcast

Freddie and Jack's guest

Jamie's guests

Scores

69

07x01

23 August 2013

Amy Williams

Edgar DavidsJimmy Carr

6–11

70

07x02

30 August 2013

Sara Cox

Harry StylesLouis TomlinsonNiall Horan

13–14

71

07x03

6 September 2013

Sarah Storey

Sam AllardyceDavid Walliams

9–7

72

07x04

13 September 2013

Paula Radcliffe

Chris AshtonRichard Ayoade

10–9

73

07x05

20 September 2013

Gabby Logan

Joleon LescottJon Richardson

9–11

74

07x06

27 September 2013

Matt SmithKriss Akabusi

Perri Shakes-DraytonJonathan Ross

13–8

75

07x07

4 October 2013

Richard Ayoade

Nicola AdamsDavid Walliams

6–11

76

07x08

11 October 2013

Alan Shearer

Frankie SandfordJason Manford

13–12

77

07x09

18 October 2013

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 7 (Part 1)"

N/A

78

07x10

25 October 2013

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 7 (Part 2)"

N/A

79

07x11

1 November 2013

Compilation episode – "The Best of the Rally Car Special"

N/A

80

07x12

8 November 2013

Compilation episode – "The Best of Series 7"

N/A

text: Series 8[edit]

text:
No.

Episode

First broadcast

Freddie and Jack's guest

Jamie's guests

Scores

81

08x01

29 August 2014

Frank Lampard

Judy MurrayKevin Bridges

6–7

82

08x02

5 September 2014

Laura Whitmore

Andros TownsendMicky Flanagan

2–9

83

08x03

12 September 2014

Joe Hart

Kevin PietersenJosh Widdicombe

9–11

84

08x04

19 September 2014

Una Foden

Kevin KeeganRussell Howard

12–11

85

08x05

26 September 2014

Jamie Carragher

Kirsty GallacherJimmy Carr

15–14

86

08x06

3 October 2014

Lennox Lewis

Christine OhuruoguSean Lock

7–7

87

08x07

10 October 2014

Pixie Lott

Robbie FowlerDavid Walliams

13–14

88

08x08

17 October 2014

Jenny Jones

Gianfranco ZolaJohnny Vegas

8–9

89

08x09

17 October 2014

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 8 (Part 1)"

N/A

90

08x10

24 October 2014

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 8 (Part 2)"

N/A

91

08x11

31 October 2014

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 8 (Part 3)"

N/A

92

08x12

31 October 2014

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 8 (Part 4)"

N/A

93

08x13

24 December 2014[fn 1]

Compilation episode – "The Best of Series 1–8"[3]

N/A

text: Series 9[edit]

text:
No.

Episode

First broadcast

Freddie and Jack's guest

Jamie's guests

Scores

94

09x01

15 May 2015

Olivia Wayne

Ian PoulterJosh Widdicombe

7–6

95

09x02

22 May 2015

Jennifer Saunders

Wojciech SzczęsnyAlex Brooker

8–13

96

09x03

29 May 2015

Jenny JonesRobbie Savage

Anthony JoshuaJimmy Carr

2–2

97

09x04

5 June 2015

Heather Watson

Patrick KluivertTrevor Noah

10–8

98

09x05

12 June 2015

Peter Schmeichel

Jenny JonesJosh Widdicombe

8–4

99

09x06

19 June 2015

Amanda Holden

John BarnesAisling Bea

7–4

100

09x07

26 June 2015

Tom Daley

Katarina Johnson-ThompsonRomesh Ranganathan

5–6

101

09x08

3 July 2015

Gabby Logan

Kevin NolanMicky Flanagan

6–8

102

09x09

10 July 2015

Compilation episode – "The Best Bits from Series 9 (Part 1)"

N/A

103

09x10

17 July 2015

Compilation episode – "The Best Bits from Series 9 (Part 2)"

N/A

104

09x11

24 July 2015

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 9 (Part 1)"

N/A

105

09x12

31 July 2015

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 9 (Part 2)"

N/A

text: Series 10[edit]

text:
No.

Episode

First broadcast

Freddie and Jack's guest

Jamie's guests

Scores

106

10x01

7 January 2016

Melanie C

Andy CarrollDavid Walliams

7–12

107

10x02

14 January 2016

Aisling BeaJade Jones[fn 4]

Ashley ColeNoel FieldingAston Merrygold[fn 4]

6–9

108

10x03

21 January 2016

Kate Abdo

Aaron RamseyRomesh Ranganathan

7–14

109

10x04

28 January 2016

Claudia Winkleman

Jimmy CarrMicah Richards

8–7

110

10x05

4 February 2016

James DeGale

Rob BeckettDenise Lewis

8–7

111

10x06

11 February 2016

Sir Chris Hoy

A. P. McCoyKatherine Ryan

12–6

112

10x07

18 February 2016

Ricky PontingJoel Creasey

Jon Richardson[fn 5]

19–11

113

10x08

25 February 2016

Nicole Scherzinger

Noel FieldingJames Haskell

15–8

114

10x09

3 March 2016

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 10"

N/A

115

10x10

10 March 2016

Compilation episode – "The Best Bits from Series 10"

N/A

text: US Road Trip[edit]

text:
No.

Episode

First broadcast

Freddie's points

Jack's points

Jamie's points

116

USx01

10 May 2016

7

8

7

117

USx02

17 May 2016

8

4

11

118

USx03

24 May 2016

12

6

4

119

USx04

31 May 2016

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits"

text: Series 11[edit]

text:
No.

Episode

First broadcast

Freddie and Jack's guest

Jamie's guests

Scores

120

11x01

22 September 2016

Anthony Joshua

Roisin ConatyRob Beckett

10–15

121

11x02

29 September 2016

Alesha Dixon

John McEnroeJimmy Carr

4–4

122

11x03

6 October 2016

Johanna Konta

Harry RedknappDavid Walliams

13–13

123

11x04

13 October 2016

Niall Horan

Kirsty GallacherNick Grimshaw

9–5

124

11x05

20 October 2016

David Baddiel

Tony AdamsAisling Bea

11–9

125

11x06

27 October 2016

Alex Scott

Ruud GullitKevin Bridges

8–6

126

11x07

3 November 2016

Judy Murray

Daniel RicciardoRob Beckett

6–8

127

11x08

10 November 2016

Joey Barton

Katherine RyanJohn Bishop

10–5

128

11x09

17 November 2016

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 11"

N/A

129

11x10

24 November 2016

Compilation episode – "The Best Bits from Series 11"

N/A

130

11x11

24 December 2016[fn 1]

Compilation episode[4]

N/A

text: US Road Trip 2.0[edit]

text:
No.

Episode

First broadcast

131

US2x01

5 June 2017

132

US2x02

12 June 2017

133

US2x03

19 June 2017

134

US2x04

26 June 2017

135

US2x05

3 July 2017[fn 6]

136

US2x06

10 July 2017[fn 6]

137

US2x07

17 July 2017[fn 7]

text: Series 12[edit]

text:
No.

Episode

First broadcast

Freddie and Jack's guest

Jamie's guests

Scores

138

12x00

10 August 2017[fn 8]

Kelly Cates

Thierry HenryJeff Stelling

139

12x01

14 September 2017

Rob Beckett

Dele AlliStephen Mangan

17–9

140

12x02

21 September 2017

Emma Bunton

Mo FarahAnthony Joshua

4–13

141

12x03

28 September 2017

Sam Quek

Tony BellewRomesh Ranganathan

6–6

142

12x04

5 October 2017

Charlotte Dujardin

Cesc FàbregasRomesh Ranganathan

5–3

143

12x05

12 October 2017

Piers Morgan

Paul MersonRoisin Conaty

9–13

144

12x06

19 October 2017

Sara Cox

Bradley WigginsJimmy Carr

11–9

145

12x07

26 October 2017

Jessica Ennis-Hill

Robbie KeaneRomesh Ranganathan

10–10

146

12x08

5 December 2017

Compilation episode – "The Unseen Bits from Series 12"

N/A

147

12x09

12 December 2017

Compilation episode – "The Best Bits from Series 12"

N/A

148

12x10

21 December 2017[fn 1]

Compilation episode

N/A

text: Series 13[edit]

text:
No.

Episode

First broadcast

Freddie's guests

Jamie and Romesh's guest

Scores

149

13x01

30 August 2018

Alan CarrLizzy Yarnold

Tony Bellew

150

13x02

6 September 2018

151

13x03

13 September 2018

152

13x04

20 September 2018

153

13x05

27 September 2018

154

13x06

4 October 2018

155

13x07

11 October 2018

156

13x08

18 October 2018

text: Scores[edit]

text:
Freddie

Jamie

Series wins (2 drawn)

6

3

Show wins (12 drawn)

41

40

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d Christmas special

Jump up ^ End of Year special

Jump up ^ As the game ended in a draw an arm wrestling tiebreaker was played between Whitehall (Blue) and Souness (Red). Souness won making the red team the winners.

^ Jump up to: a b Jones and Merrigold only joined for the Right Guard Challenge

Jump up ^ Whitehall appeared on Redknapp's team in this episode.

^ Jump up to: a b Unseen Bits compilation episode

Jump up ^ Best Bits compilation episode

Jump up ^ Premier League special

tag: ol


document_title: Climate of India

question_text: when does india receive most of the rainfall

root

text: Climate of India

text: History[edit]

text: During the Triassic period of some 251–199.6 Ma, the Indian subcontinent was part of a vast supercontinent known as Pangaea. Despite its position within a high-latitude belt at 55–75° S—latitudes now occupied by parts of the Antarctic Peninsula, as opposed to India's current position between 5 and 35° N—India likely experienced a humid temperate climate with warm and frost-free weather, though with well-defined seasons.[4] India later merged into the southern supercontinent Gondwana, a process beginning some 550–500 Ma. During the Late Paleozoic, Gondwana extended from a point at or near the South Pole to near the equator, where the Indian craton (stable continental crust) was positioned, resulting in a mild climate favourable to hosting high-biomass ecosystems. This is underscored by India's vast coal reserves—much of it from the late Paleozoic sedimentary sequence—the fourth-largest reserves in the world.[5] During the Mesozoic, the world, including India, was considerably warmer than today. With the coming of the Carboniferous, global cooling stoked extensive glaciation, which spread northwards from South Africa towards India; this cool period lasted well into the Permian.[6]

tag: p

text: Tectonic movement by the Indian Plate caused it to pass over a geologic hotspot—the Réunion hotspot—now occupied by the volcanic island of Réunion. This resulted in a massive flood basalt event that laid down the Deccan Traps some 60–68 Ma,[7][8] at the end of the Cretaceous period. This may have contributed to the global Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which caused India to experience significantly reduced insolation. Elevated atmospheric levels of sulphur gases formed aerosols such as sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid, similar to those found in the atmosphere of Venus; these precipitated as acid rain. Elevated carbon dioxide emissions also contributed to the greenhouse effect, causing warmer weather that lasted long after the atmospheric shroud of dust and aerosols had cleared. Further climatic changes 20 million years ago, long after India had crashed into the Laurasian landmass, were severe enough to cause the extinction of many endemic Indian forms.[9] The formation of the Himalayas resulted in blockage of frigid Central Asian air, preventing it from reaching India; this made its climate significantly warmer and more tropical in character than it would otherwise have been.[10]

text: Regions[edit]

text:
Average annual temperatures across India:     < 20.0 °C (< 68.0 °F)     20.0–22.5 °C (68.0–72.5 °F)     22.5–25.0 °C (72.5–77.0 °F)     25.0–27.5 °C (77.0–81.5 °F)     > 27.5 °C (> 81.5 °F)

 Climatic zones in India, based on the Köppen classification system:     Alpine E (ETh)     Humid subtropical C (Cwa)     Tropical wet-dry A (Aw)     Tropical wet A (Am)     Semi-arid B (BSh)     Arid B (BWh)

tag: table

text: India is home to an extraordinary variety of climatic regions, ranging from tropical in the south to temperate and alpine in the Himalayan north, where elevated regions receive sustained winter snowfall. The nation's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert.[11] The Himalayas, along with the Hindu Kush mountains in Pakistan, prevent cold Central Asian katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at the similar latitudes.[12] Simultaneously, the Thar Desert plays a role in attracting moisture-laden southwest summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of India's rainfall.[11][13] Four major climatic groupings predominate, into which fall seven climatic zones that, as designated by experts, are defined on the basis of such traits as temperature and precipitation.[14] Groupings are assigned codes (see chart) according to the Köppen climate classification system.

text: Tropical wet[edit]

text: A tropical rainy climate governs regions persistent to warm or high temperatures, which normally do not fall below 18 °C (64 °F). India hosts two climatic subtypes- tropical monsoon climate, tropical wet and dry climate  that fall under this group.

text: 1) The most humid is the tropical wet climate—also known as a tropical monsoon climate—that covers a strip of southwestern lowlands abutting the Malabar Coast, the Western Ghats, and southern Assam. India's two island territories, Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, are also subject to this climate. Characterised by moderate to high year-round temperatures, even in the foothills, its rainfall is seasonal but heavy—typically above 2,000 mm (79 in) per year.[15] Most rainfall occurs between May and November; this moisture is enough to sustain lush forests and other vegetation for the rest of the mainly dry year. December to March are the driest months, when days with precipitation are rare. The heavy monsoon rains are responsible for the exceptional biodiversity of tropical wet forests in parts of these regions.

text: 2) In India a tropical wet and dry climate is more common. Noticeably drier than areas with a tropical monsoon climate, it prevails over most of inland peninsular India except for a semi arid rain shadow east of the Western Ghats. Winter and early summer are long and dry periods with temperatures averaging above 18 °C (64 °F). Summer is exceedingly hot; temperatures in low-lying areas may exceed 50 °C (122 °F) during May, leading to heat waves that can each kill hundreds of Indians.[16]The rainy season lasts from June to September; annual rainfall averages between 750–1,500 mm (30–59 in) across the region. Once the dry northeast monsoon begins in September, most precipitation in India falls on Tamil Nadu, leaving other states comparatively dry.

text: The Ganges Delta lies mostly in the tropical wet climate zone: it receives between 1,500 to 2,000 mm (59 to 79 in) of rainfall each year in the western part, and 2,000 to 3,000 mm (79 to 118 in) in the eastern part. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January; April and May are the warmest months. Average temperatures in January range from 14 to 25 °C (57 to 77 °F), and average temperatures in April range from 25 to 35 °C (77 to 95 °F). July is on average the coldest and wettest month: over 330 mm (13 in) of rain falls on the delta.[17]

text: Tropical dry[edit]

text: (Af) Tropical rainforest   (Am) Tropical monsoon   (Aw) Tropical savanna, wet & dry   (BWh) Hot desert       (BWk) Cold desert   (BSh) Hot semi arid   (BSk) Cold semi arid   (Csa) Mediterr. dry, hot summ.        (Cwa) Subtropical humid summ, dry winter   (Cwb) Subtropical highland, dry wint   (Cfa) Subtropical humid summ (no dry)        (Dsa) Continental hot summ   (Dsb) Continental warm summ   (Dwb) Continental dry wint   (Dwc) Contin subarctic, dry wint

text: A tropical arid and semi-arid climate dominates regions where the rate of moisture loss through evapotranspiration exceeds that from precipitation; it is subdivided into three climatic subtypes-  tropical semi-arid steppe, arid climate, tropical and sub-tropical steppe climate.

text: 1) The first, a tropical semi-arid steppe climate, (Hot semi-arid climate) predominates over a long stretch of land south of Tropic of Cancer and east of the Western Ghats and the Cardamom Hills. The region, which includes Karnataka, inland Tamil Nadu, western Andhra Pradesh, and central Maharashtra, gets between 400–750 millimetres (15.7–29.5 in) annually. It is drought-prone, as it tends to have less reliable rainfall due to sporadic lateness or failure of the southwest monsoon.[19] Karnataka is divided into three zones – coastal, north interior and south interior. Of these, the coastal zone receives the heaviest rainfall with an average rainfall of about 3,638.5 mm per annum, far in excess of the state average of 1,139 mm (45 in). In contrast to norm, Agumbe in the Shivamogga district receives the second highest annual rainfall in India. North of the Krishna River, the summer monsoon is responsible for most rainfall; to the south, significant post-monsoon rainfall also occurs in October and November. In December, the coldest month, temperatures still average around 20–24 °C (68–75 °F). The months between March to May are hot and dry; mean monthly temperatures hover around 32 °C, with 320 millimetres (13 in)precipitation. Hence, without artificial irrigation, this region is not suitable for permanent agriculture.

text: 2) Most of western Rajasthan experiences an arid climatic regime (Hot desert climate). Cloudbursts are responsible for virtually all of the region's annual precipitation, which totals less than 300 millimetres (11.8 in). Such bursts happen when monsoon winds sweep into the region during July, August, and September. Such rainfall is highly erratic; regions experiencing rainfall one year may not see precipitation for the next couple of years or so. Atmospheric moisture is largely prevented from precipitating due to continuous downdrafts and other factors.[20] The summer months of May and June are exceptionally hot; mean monthly temperatures in the region hover around 35 °C (95 °F), with daily maxima occasionally topping 50 °C (122 °F). During winters, temperatures in some areas can drop below freezing due to waves of cold air from Central Asia. There is a large diurnal range of about 14 °C (25.2 °F) during summer; this widens by several degrees during winter.

text: To the west, in Gujarat, diverse climate conditions obtain. The winters are mild, pleasant, and dry with average daytime temperatures around 29 °C (84 °F) and nights around 12 °C (54 °F) with virtually full sun and clear nights. Summers are hot and dry with daytime temperatures around 41 °C (106 °F) and nights no lower than 29 °C (84 °F). In the weeks before the monsoon temperatures are similar to the above, but high humidity makes the air more uncomfortable. Relief comes with the monsoon. Temperatures are around 35 °C (95 °F) but humidity is very high; nights are around 27 °C (81 °F). Most of the rainfall occurs in this season, and the rain can cause severe floods. The sun is often occluded during the monsoon season.

text: 3) East of the Thar Desert, the Punjab-Haryana-Kathiawar region experiences a tropical and sub-tropical steppe climate. Haryana's climate resembles other states of the northern plains: extreme summer heat of up to 50 °C and winter cold as low as 1 °C. May and June are hottest; December and January are coldest. Rainfall is varied, with the Shivalik Hills region being the wettest and the Aravali Hills region being the driest. About 80% of the rainfall occurs in the monsoon season of July–September, which can cause flooding. The Punjabi climate is also governed by extremes of hot and cold. Areas near the Himalayan foothills receive heavy rainfall whereas those eloigned from them are hot and dry. Punjab's three-season climate sees summer months that span from mid-April to the end of June. Temperatures typically range from–2 °C to 40 °C, but can reach 47 °C (117 °F) in summer and −4 °C in winter. In this zone, a transitional climatic region separating tropical desert from humid sub-tropical savanna and forests, experiences temperatures that are less extreme than those of the desert. Average annual rainfall is 300–650 millimetres (11.8–25.6 in), but is very unreliable; as in much of the rest of India, the southwest monsoon accounts for most precipitation. Daily summer temperature maxima rise to around 40 °C (104 °F); this results in natural vegetation typically comprising short, coarse grasses.

text: Subtropical humid[edit]

text: Most of Northeast India and much of North India are subject to a humid subtropical climate. Though they experience hot summers, temperatures during the coldest months may fall as low as 0 °C (32 °F). Due to ample monsoon rains, India has only one subtype of this climate under the Köppen system: Cwa.[21] In most of this region, there is very little precipitation during the winter, owing to powerful anticyclonic and katabatic (downward-flowing) winds from Central Asia.

text: Humid subtropical regions are subject to pronounced dry winters. Winter rainfall—and occasionally snowfall—is associated with large storm systems such as "Nor'westers" and "Western disturbances"; the latter are steered by westerlies towards the Himalayas.[22] Most summer rainfall occurs during powerful thunderstorms associated with the southwest summer monsoon; occasional tropical cyclones also contribute. Annual rainfall ranges from less than 1,000 millimetres (39 in) in the west to over 2,500 millimetres (98 in) in parts of the northeast. As most of this region is far from the ocean, the wide temperature swings more characteristic of a continental climate predominate; the swings are wider than in those in tropical wet regions, ranging from 24 °C (75 °F) in north-central India to 27 °C (81 °F) in the east.

text: Mountain[edit]

text: India's northernmost areas are subject to a montane, or alpine, climate. In the Himalayas, the rate at which an air mass's temperature falls per kilometre (3,281 ft) of altitude gained (the dry adiabatic lapse rate) is 9.8 °C/km.[23] In terms of environmental lapse rate, ambient temperatures fall by 6.5 °C (11.7 °F) for every 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) rise in altitude. Thus, climates ranging from nearly tropical in the foothills to tundra above the snow line can coexist within several hundred metres of each other. Sharp temperature contrasts between sunny and shady slopes, high diurnal temperature variability, temperature inversions, and altitude-dependent variability in rainfall are also common.

text: The northern side of the western Himalayas, also known as the trans-Himalayan belt, has a cold desert climate. It is a region of barren, arid, frigid  and wind-blown wastelands. Areas south of the Himalayas are largely protected from cold winter winds coming in from the Asian interior. The leeward side (northern face) of the mountains receives less rain.

text: The southern slopes of the western Himalayas, well-exposed to the monsoon, get heavy rainfall.  Areas situated at elevations of 1,070–2,290 metres (3,510–7,510 ft) receive the heaviest rainfall, which decreases rapidly at elevations above 2,290 metres (7,513 ft). Most precipitation occurs as snowfall during the late winter and spring months.The Himalayas experience their heaviest snowfall between December and February and at elevations above 1,500 metres (4,921 ft). Snowfall increases with elevation by up to several dozen millimetres per 100 metre (~2 in; 330 ft) increase. Elevations above 6,000 metres (19,685 ft) never experience rain; all precipitation falls as snow.[24]

text: Seasons[edit]

text: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) designates four climatological seasons:[25]

text:
Winter, occurring from December to March. The year's coldest months are December and January, when temperatures average around 10–15 °C (50–59 °F) in the northwest; temperatures rise as one proceeds towards the equator, peaking around 20–25 °C (68–77 °F) in mainland India's southeast.
Summer or pre-monsoon season, lasting from April to June (April to July in northwestern India). In western and southern regions, the hottest month is April; for northern regions of India, May is the hottest month. Temperatures average around 32–40 °C (90–104 °F) in most of the interior.
Monsoon or rainy season, lasting from July to September. The season is dominated by the humid southwest summer monsoon, which slowly sweeps across the country beginning in late May or early June. Monsoon rains begin to recede from North India at the beginning of October. South India typically receives more rainfall.
Post-monsoon or autumn season, lasting from October to November. In the northwest of India, October and November are usually cloudless. Tamil Nadu receives most of its annual precipitation in the northeast monsoon season.

tag: ul

text: The Himalayan states, being more temperate, experience an additional season, spring, which coincides with the first weeks of summer in southern India. Traditionally, Indians note six seasons or Ritu, each about two months long. These are the spring season (Sanskrit: vasanta), summer (grīṣma), monsoon season (varṣā), autumn (śarada), winter (hemanta), and prevernal season[26] (śiśira). These are based on the astronomical division of the twelve months into six parts. The ancient Hindu calendar also reflects these seasons in its arrangement of months.

text: Winter[edit]

text: Once the monsoons subside, average temperatures gradually fall across India. As the Sun's vertical rays move south of the equator, most of the country experiences moderately cool weather. December and January are the coldest months, with the lowest temperatures occurring in the Indian Himalayas. Temperatures are higher in the east and south.

text: In northwestern India region, virtually cloudless conditions prevail in October and November, resulting in wide diurnal temperature swings; as in much of the Deccan Plateau, they register at 16–20 °C (61–68 °F). However, from January to February, "western disturbances" bring heavy bursts of rain and snow. These extra-tropical low-pressure systems originate in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.[27] They are carried towards India by the subtropical westerlies, which are the prevailing winds blowing at North India's range of latitude.[22] Once their passage is hindered by the Himalayas, they are unable to proceed further, and they release significant precipitation over the southern Himalayas.

text: There is a huge variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh due to variation in altitude (450–6500 metres). The climate varies from hot and subtropical humid (450–900 meters) in the southern low tracts, warm and temperate (900–1800 metres), cool and temperate (1900–2400 metres) and cold glacial and alpine (2400–4800 meters) in the northern and eastern elevated mountain ranges. By October, nights and mornings are very cold. Snowfall at elevations of nearly 3000 m is about 3 m and lasts from December start to March end. Elevations above 4500 m support perpetual snow. The spring season starts from mid February to mid April. The weather is pleasant and comfortable in the season. The rainy season starts at the end of the month of June. The landscape lushes green and fresh. During the season streams and natural springs are replenished. The heavy rains in July and August cause a lot of damage resulting in erosion, floods and landslides. Out of all the state districts, Dharamsala receives the highest rainfall, nearly about 3,400 mm (134 in). Spiti is the driest area of the state, where annual rainfall is below 50 mm.[28] The five Himalayan states (Jammu and Kashmir in the extreme north, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh) along Northern West Bengal experience heavy snowfall, Manipur and Nagaland are not located in the Himalayas but experience occasional snowfall; in Jammu and Kashmir, blizzards occur regularly, disrupting travel and other activities.

text: The rest of North India, including the Indo-Gangetic Plain and Madhya Pradesh almost never receives snow. Temperatures in the plains occasionally fall below freezing, though never for more than one or two days. Winter highs in Delhi range from 16 to 21 °C (61 to 70 °F). Nighttime temperatures average 2–8 °C (36–46 °F). In the plains of Punjab, lows can fall below freezing, dropping to around −3 °C (27 °F) in Amritsar.[29] Frost sometimes occurs, but the hallmark of the season is the notorious fog, which frequently disrupts daily life; fog grows thick enough to hinder visibility and disrupt air travel 15–20 days annually. In Bihar in middle of the Ganges plain, hot weather sets in and the summer lasts until the middle of June. The highest temperature is often registered in May which is the hottest time. Like the rest of the north, Bihar also experiences dust-storms, thunderstorms and dust raising winds during the hot season. Dust storms having a velocity of 48–64 km/h (30–40 mph) are most frequent in May and with second maximum in April and June. The hot winds (loo) of Bihar plains blow during April and May with an average velocity of 8–16 km/h (5–10 mph). These hot winds greatly affect human comfort during this season. Rain follows.[30] The rainy season begins in June. The rainiest months are July and August. The rains are the gifts of the southwest monsoon. There are in Bihar three distinct areas where rainfall exceeds 1,800 mm (71 in). Two of them are in the northern and northwestern portions of the state; the third lies in the area around Netarhat. The southwest monsoon normally withdraws from Bihar in the first week of October.[31] Eastern India's climate is much milder, experiencing moderately warm days and cool nights. Highs range from 23 °C (73 °F) in Patna to 26 °C (79 °F) in Kolkata (Calcutta); lows average from 9 °C (48 °F) in Patna to 14 °C (57 °F) in Kolkata. In Madhya Pradesh which is towards the south-western side of the Gangetic Plain similar conditions prevail albeit with much less humidity levels. Capital Bhopal averages low of 9 °C (48 °F) and high of 24 °C (75 °F).

text: Frigid winds from the Himalayas can depress temperatures near the Brahmaputra River.[32] The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan plateau by preventing frigid and dry Arctic winds from blowing south into the subcontinent, which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding temperate regions in the other continents. It also forms a barrier for the monsoon winds, keeping them from travelling northwards, and causing heavy rainfall in the Terai region instead. The Himalayas are indeed believed to play an important role in the formation of Central Asian deserts such as the Taklamakan and Gobi. The mountain ranges prevent western winter disturbances in Iran from travelling further east, resulting in much snow in Kashmir and rainfall for parts of Punjab and northern India. Despite the Himalayas being a barrier to the cold northerly winter winds, the Brahmaputra valley receives part of the frigid winds, thus lowering the temperature in Northeast India and Bangladesh. The Himalayas, which are often called "The Roof of the World", contain the greatest area of glaciers and permafrost outside of the poles. Ten of Asia's largest rivers flow from there. The two Himalayan states in the east, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, receive substantial snowfall. The extreme north of West Bengal centred on Darjeeling experiences snowfall, but only rarely.

text: In South India, particularly the hinterlands of Maharashtra, parts of Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh, somewhat cooler weather prevails. Minimum temperatures in western Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh hover around 10 °C (50 °F); in the southern Deccan Plateau, they reach 16 °C (61 °F). Coastal areas—especially those near the Coromandel Coast and adjacent low-elevation interior tracts—are warm, with daily high temperatures of 30 °C (86 °F) and lows of around 21 °C (70 °F). The Western Ghats, including the Nilgiri Range, are exceptional; lows there can fall below freezing.[33] This compares with a range of 12–14 °C (54–57 °F) on the Malabar Coast; there, as is the case for other coastal areas, the Indian Ocean exerts a strong moderating influence on weather.[12] The region averages 800 millimetres (31 in) per year, most of which falls between October and December. The topography of the Bay of Bengal and the staggered weather pattern prevalent during the season favours the northeast monsoon, which has a tendency to cause cyclones and hurricanes rather than steady precipitation. As a result, the coast is hit by what can mildly be termed as inclement weather almost every year between October and January.

text: Summer[edit]

text: Summer in northwestern India starts from  April and ends in July, and in the rest of the country from March to May. The temperatures in the north rise as the vertical rays of the Sun reach the Tropic of Cancer. The hottest month for the western and southern regions of the country is April; for most of North India, it is May. Temperatures of 50 °C (122 °F) and higher have been recorded in parts of India during this season. Another striking feature of summer is the Loo (wind). These are strong, gusty, hot, dry winds that blow during the day in  India. Direct exposure to these winds may be fatal.[16] In cooler regions of North India, immense pre-monsoon squall-line thunderstorms, known locally as "Nor'westers", commonly drop large hailstones. In Himachal Pradesh, Summer lasts from mid April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in alpine zone which experience mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 °C (82 °F) to 32 °C (90 °F). Winter lasts from late November till mid March. Snowfall is generally common in alpine tracts that are above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft), especially those in the higher- and trans-Himalayan regions.[34] Near the coast the temperature hovers around 36 °C (97 °F), and the proximity of the sea increases the level of humidity. In southern India, the temperatures are higher on the east coast by a few degrees compared to the west coast.

text: By May, most of the Indian interior experiences mean temperatures over 32 °C (90 °F), while maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F). In the hot months of April and May, western disturbances, with their cooling influence, may still arrive, but rapidly diminish in frequency as summer progresses.[35] Notably, a higher frequency of such disturbances in April correlates with a delayed monsoon onset (thus extending summer) in northwest India. In eastern India, monsoon onset dates have been steadily advancing over the past several decades, resulting in shorter summers there.[22]

text: Altitude affects the temperature to a large extent, with higher parts of the Deccan Plateau and other areas being relatively cooler. Hill stations, such as Ootacamund ("Ooty") in the Western Ghats and Kalimpong in the eastern Himalayas, with average maximum temperatures of around 25 °C (77 °F), offer some respite from the heat. At lower elevations, in parts of northern and western India, a strong, hot, and dry wind known as the loo blows in from the west during the daytime; with very high temperatures, in some cases up to around 45 °C (113 °F); it can cause fatal cases of sunstroke. Tornadoes may also occur, concentrated in a corridor stretching from northeastern India towards Pakistan. They are rare, however; only several dozen have been reported since 1835.[36]

text: Monsoon[edit]

text: The southwest summer monsoon, a four-month period when massive convective thunderstorms dominate India's weather, is Earth's most productive wet season.[37] A product of southeast trade winds originating from a high-pressure mass centred over the southern Indian Ocean, the monsoonal torrents supply over 80% of India's annual rainfall.[38] Attracted by a low-pressure region centred over South Asia, the mass spawns surface winds that ferry humid air into India from the southwest.[39] These inflows ultimately result from a northward shift of the local jet stream, which itself results from rising summer temperatures over Tibet and the Indian subcontinent. The void left by the jet stream, which switches from a route just south of the Himalayas to one tracking north of Tibet, then attracts warm, humid air.[40]

text: The main factor behind this shift is the high summer temperature difference between Central Asia and the Indian Ocean.[41] This is accompanied by a seasonal excursion of the normally equatorial intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), a low-pressure belt of highly unstable weather, northward towards India.[40] This system intensified to its present strength as a result of the Tibetan Plateau's uplift, which accompanied the Eocene–Oligocene transition event, a major episode of global cooling and aridification which occurred 34–49 Ma.[42]

text: The southwest monsoon arrives in two branches: the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch. The latter extends towards a low-pressure area over the Thar Desert and is roughly three times stronger than the Bay of Bengal branch. The monsoon typically breaks over Indian territory by around 25 May, when it lashes the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. It strikes the Indian mainland around 1 June near the Malabar Coast of Kerala.[43] By 9 June, it reaches Mumbai; it appears over Delhi by 29 June. The Bay of Bengal branch, which initially tracks the Coromandal Coast northeast from Cape Comorin to Orissa, swerves to the northwest towards the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The Arabian Sea branch moves northeast towards the Himalayas. By the first week of July, the entire country experiences monsoon rain; on average, South India receives more rainfall than North India. However, Northeast India receives the most precipitation. Monsoon clouds begin retreating from North India by the end of August; it withdraws from Mumbai by 5 October. As India further cools during September, the southwest monsoon weakens. By the end of November, it has left the country.[40]

text: Monsoon rains impact the health of the Indian economy; as Indian agriculture employs 600 million people and comprises 20% of the national GDP,[5] good monsoons correlate with a booming economy. Weak or failed monsoons (droughts) result in widespread agricultural losses and substantially hinder overall economic growth.[44][45][46] Yet such rains reduce temperatures and can replenish groundwater tables, rivers.

text: Post-monsoon[edit]

text: During the post-monsoon months of October to December, a different monsoon cycle, the northeast (or "retreating") monsoon, brings dry, cool, and dense air masses to large parts of India.It is called autumn. Winds spill across the Himalayas and flow to the southwest across the country, resulting in clear, sunny skies.[47] Though the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and other sources refers to this period as a fourth ("post-monsoon") season,[48][49][50] other sources designate only three seasons.[51] Depending on location, this period lasts from October to November, after the southwest monsoon has peaked. Less and less precipitation falls, and vegetation begins to dry out. In most parts of India, this period marks the transition from wet to dry seasonal conditions. Average daily maximum temperatures range between 28 and 34 °C (82 and 93 °F).

text: The northeast monsoon, which begins in September, lasts through the post-monsoon seasons, and only ends in March. It carries winds that have already lost their moisture out to the ocean (opposite from the summer monsoon). They cross India diagonally from northeast to southwest. However, the large indentation made by the Bay of Bengal into India's eastern coast means that the flows are humidified before reaching Cape Comorin and rest of Tamil Nadu, meaning that the state, and also some parts of Kerala, experience significant precipitation in the post-monsoon and winter periods.[17] However, parts of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Mumbai also receive minor precipitation from the north-east monsoon.

text: Conclusion[edit]

text: Shown below are temperature and precipitation data for selected Indian cities; these represent the full variety of major Indian climate types. Figures have been grouped by the four-season classification scheme used by the IMD;[N 1] year-round averages and totals are also displayed.

text: Temperature[edit]

text:
Average temperatures in various Indian cities (°C)[52][53][54][55]

—

Winter(Dec – Feb)

Summer(Mar – May)

Monsoon(Jun – Sep)

Post-monsoon(Oct – Nov)

Year-round

City

Min

Avg

Max

Min

Avg

Max

Min

Avg

Max

Min

Avg

Max

Avg

Port Blair

23
26
28
25
27
29
25
27
27
25
26
28
27

Thiruvananthapuram

23
26
29
24
27
30
24
26
28
23
29
23
26

Bangalore

15
22
28
21
27
34
20
24
28
19
23
28
24

Nagpur

14
21
28
24
32
40
24
27
30
16
22
28
26

Bhopal

11
17
24
23
30
36
23
26
28
16
22
26
25

Guwahati

11
17
24
19
25
31
25
28
32
17
22
27
24

Lucknow

8
14
21
23
30
35
24
29
33
15
20
25
25

Jaisalmer

7
14
23
24
33
40
23
29
35
12
19
27
22

Dehradun

4
12
20
14
23
32
22
26
30
7
15
23
18

Amritsar

4
10
18
13
25
34
25
28
32
10
16
24
21

Shimla

1
5
9
10
14
18
15
18
20
7
10
13
13

Srinagar

−2
4
6
7
14
19
16
22
30
1
8
16
13

Leh

−13
−6
0
−1
6
12
10
16
24
−7
0
7
6

Leh

Climate chart (explanation)

JFMAMJJASOND

12

−1
−13

8.6

0
−12

12

6
−6

6.9

12
−1

6.5

17
2

4.3

21
6

15

24
10

20

24
10

12

21
5

0

14
0

2.9

8
−6

8

1
−10

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mmSource: Weatherbase, Plan Holidays

showImperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND

0.5

30
9

0.3

32
10

0.5

43
21

0.3

54
30

0.3

63
36

0.2

70
43

0.6

75
50

0.8

75
50

0.5

70
41

0

57
32

0.1

46
21

0.3

34
14

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

text: Precipitation[edit]

text:
Average precipitation in various Indian cities (mm)[52][53][54][55]

—

Winter(Jan – Feb)

Summer(Mar – May)

Monsoon(Jun – Sep)

Post-monsoon(Oct – Dec)

Year-round

City

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

Port Blair

40
20
10
60
360
480
400
400
460
290
220
150
2,890

Thiruvananthapuram

26
21
33
125
202
306
175
152
179
223
206
65
1,713

Bangalore

0
0
2
4
10
11
11
15
21
17
5
2
98

Nagpur

16
22
15
8
18
168
290
291
157
73
17
19
1,094

Bhopal

4
3
1
3
11
136
279
360
185
52
21
7
1,043

Guwahati

8
21
47
181
226
309
377
227
199
92
25
10
1,722

Lucknow

20
18
8
8
20
114
305
292
188
33
5
8
1,019

Jaisalmer

–
–
3
–
7
10
90
88
15
–
6
–
219

Dehradun

47
55
52
21
54
230
631
627
261
32
11
3
2,024

Amritsar

24
33
48
30
45
27
231
187
79
18
6
18
746

Shimla

60
60
60
50
60
170
420
430
160
30
10
20
1,530

Srinagar

74
71
91
94
61
36
58
61
38
31
10
33
658

Leh

12
9
12
6
7
4
16
20
12
7
3
8
116

Bangalore

Climate chart (explanation)

JFMAMJJASOND

3

27
15

7

30
17

4

32
19

46

34
22

120

33
21

81

29
20

110

28
20

137

27
19

195

28
19

180

28
19

65

27
17

21

26
16

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mmSource: World Weather Information Service

showImperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND

0.1

81
59

0.3

86
63

0.2

90
66

1.8

93
72

4.7

91
70

3.2

84
68

4.3

82
68

5.4

81
66

7.7

82
66

7.1

82
66

2.6

81
63

0.8

79
61

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

text: Disasters[edit]

text: Climate-related natural disasters cause massive losses of Indian life and property. Droughts, flash floods, cyclones, avalanches, landslides brought on by torrential rains, and snowstorms pose the greatest threats. Other dangers include frequent summer dust storms, which usually track from north to south; they cause extensive property damage in North India[56] and deposit large amounts of dust from arid regions. Hail is also common in parts of India, causing severe damage to standing crops such as rice and wheat.

text: Floods and landslides[edit]

text: In the Lower Himalaya, landslides are common. The young age of the region's hills result in labile rock formations, which are susceptible to slippages.  Short duration high intensity rainfall events typically trigger small scale landslides while long duration low intensity rainfall periods tend to trigger large scale catastrophic landslides.[57] Rising population and development pressures, particularly from logging and tourism, cause deforestation. The result, denuded hillsides, exacerbates the severity of landslides, since tree cover impedes the downhill flow of water.[58] Parts of the Western Ghats also suffer from low-intensity landslides. Avalanches occur in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.

text: Floods are the most common natural disaster in India. The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Brahmaputra and other rivers to distend their banks, often flooding surrounding areas. Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilisation, the floods can kill thousands and displace millions. Excess, erratic, or untimely monsoon rainfall may also wash away or otherwise ruin crops.[59] Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures. Mean annual precipitation totals have remained steady due to the declining frequency of weather systems that generate moderate amounts of rain.[60]

text: Cyclones[edit]

text: Tropical cyclones, which are severe storms spun off from the Intertropical Convergence Zone, may affect thousands of Indians living in coastal regions. Tropical cyclogenesis is particularly common in the northern reaches of the Indian Ocean in and around the Bay of Bengal. Cyclones bring with them heavy rains, storm surges, and winds that often cut affected areas off from relief and supplies. In the North Indian Ocean Basin, the cyclone season runs from April to December, with peak activity between May and November.[61] Each year, an average of eight storms with sustained wind speeds greater than 63 km/h (39 mph) form; of these, two strengthen into true tropical cyclones, which sustain gusts greater than 117 km/h (73 mph). On average, a major (Category 3 or higher) cyclone develops every other year.[61][62]

text: During summer, the Bay of Bengal is subject to intense heating, giving rise to humid and unstable air masses that morph into cyclones. The 1737 Calcutta cyclone, the 1970 Bhola cyclone, and the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone rank among the most powerful cyclones to strike India, devastating the coasts of eastern India and neighbouring Bangladesh. Widespread death and property destruction are reported every year in the exposed coastal states of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. India's western coast, bordering the more placid Arabian Sea, experiences cyclones only rarely; these mainly strike Gujarat and, less frequently, Kerala.

text: Cyclone 05B, a supercyclone that struck Orissa on 29 October 1999, was the deadliest in more than a quarter-century. With peak winds of 160 miles per hour (257 km/h), it was the equivalent of a Category 5 hurricane.[63] Almost two million people were left homeless;[64]another 20 million people lives were disrupted by the cyclone.[64] Officially, 9,803 people died from the storm;[63] unofficial estimates place the death toll at over 10,000.[64]

text: Droughts[edit]

text: Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on the monsoon as a source of water. In some parts of India, the failure of the monsoons results in water shortages, resulting in below-average crop yields. This is particularly true of major drought-prone regions such as southern and eastern Maharashtra, northern Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Western Orissa, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. In the past, droughts have periodically led to major Indian famines. These include the Bengal famine of 1770, in which up to one third of the population in affected areas died; the 1876–1877 famine, in which over five million people died; the 1899 famine, in which over 4.5 million died; and the Bengal famine of 1943, in which over five million died from starvation and famine-related illnesses.[65][66]

text: All such episodes of severe drought correlate with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events.[67][68] El Niño-related droughts have also been implicated in periodic declines in Indian agricultural output.[69] Nevertheless, ENSO events that have coincided with abnormally high sea surfaces temperatures in the Indian Ocean—in one instance during 1997 and 1998 by up to 3 °C (5 °F)—have resulted in increased oceanic evaporation, resulting in unusually wet weather across India. Such anomalies have occurred during a sustained warm spell that began in the 1990s.[70] A contrasting phenomenon is that, instead of the usual high pressure air mass over the southern Indian Ocean, an ENSO-related oceanic low pressure convergence centre forms; it then continually pulls dry air from Central Asia, desiccating India during what should have been the humid summer monsoon season. This reversed air flow causes India's droughts.[71] The extent that an ENSO event raises sea surface temperatures in the central Pacific Ocean influences the extent of drought.[67]

text: Heat waves[edit]

text: A study from 2005 concluded that heat waves significantly increased in frequency, persistence and spatial coverage in the decade 1991-2000, when compared to the period between 1971–80 and 1981-90. A severe heat wave in Orissa in 1998 resulted in nearly 1300 deaths. Based on observations, heat wave related mortality has increased in India prior to 2005.[72] The 2015 Indian heat wave killed more than 2,500 people.

text: Extremes[edit]

text: Extreme temperatures: low[edit]

text: India's lowest recorded temperature was −33.9 °C (−29 °F) in Dras, Ladakh, in eastern Jammu and Kashmir.[73] Figures as low as −30.6 °C (−23 °F) have been taken in Leh, further east in Ladakh. However, temperatures on the disputed but Indian-controlled Siachen Glacier near Bilafond La (5,450 metres or 17,881 feet) and Sia La (5,589 metres or 18,337 feet) have fallen below −55 °C (−67 °F),[74] while blizzards bring wind speeds in excess of 250 km/h (155 mph),[75] or hurricane-force winds ranking at 12—the maximum—on the Beaufort scale. These conditions, not hostile actions, caused more than 97% of the roughly 15,000 casualties suffered among Indian and Pakistani soldiers during the Siachen conflict.[74][75][76]

text: Extreme temperatures: high[edit]

text: The highest temperature ever recorded in India occurred on 19 May 2016 in Phalodi, Jodhpur District, Rajasthan at 51.0 °C (123.8 °F).[77] Before this, the highest reliable temperature reading was 50.6 °C (123.1 °F) in Alwar, Rajasthan in 1955. The India Meteorological Department doubts the validity of 55 °C (131 °F) readings reported in Orissa during 2005.[78]

text: Rain[edit]

text: The average annual precipitation of 11,872 millimetres (467 in) in the village of Mawsynram, in the hilly northeastern state of Meghalaya, is the highest recorded in Asia, and possibly on Earth.[79] The village, which sits at an elevation of 1,401 metres (4,596 ft), benefits from its proximity to both the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal. However, since the town of Cherrapunji, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the east, is the nearest town to host a meteorological office—none has ever existed in Mawsynram—it is officially credited as being the world's wettest place.[80] In recent years the Cherrapunji-Mawsynram region has averaged between 9,296 and 10,820 millimetres (366 and 426 in)[10] of rain annually, though Cherrapunji has had at least one period of daily rainfall that lasted almost two years.[81] India's highest recorded one-day rainfall total occurred on 26 July 2005, when Mumbai received more than 650 mm (26 in);[82] the massive flooding that resulted killed over 900 people.[83][84]

text: Snow[edit]

text: Remote regions of Jammu and Kashmir such as Baramulla district in the east and the Pir Panjal Range in the southeast experience exceptionally heavy snowfall. In southern areas around Jammu the climate is typically monsoonal, though the region is sufficiently far west to average 40–100 mm (2–4 in) of rain monthly from January and March.[clarification needed] In the hot season, Jammu city is very hot and can reach up to 40 °C (104 °F) while in July and August, very heavy—though erratic—rainfall occurs with monthly extremes of up to 650 millimetres (26 in). Rainfall declines in September; by October conditions are extremely dry, with temperatures of around 29 °C (84 °F). Across from the Pir Panjal range, the South Asian monsoon is no longer a factor and most precipitation falls in the spring from southwestern cloudbands. Because of its closeness to the Arabian Sea, Srinagar receives as much as 25 inches (635 mm) of rain from this source, with the wettest months being March to May with around 85 mm (3.3 inches) per month.

text: Leh and the Zanskars[edit]

text: North of the main Himalaya Range, even the southwestern cloudbands break up or founder; hence the climate of Leh and the Zanskars is extremely dry and cold. Annual precipitation is only around 100 mm (4 inches) per year and humidity is very low. This region is almost entirely above 3,000 metres (9,750 ft) above sea level; thus winters are extremely cold. In the Zanskars, the average January temperature is −20 °C (−4 °F) with extremes as low as −40 °C (−40 °F). All rivers freeze over; locals cross unbridged rivers in winter because summer glacier melt deepens the waters and inhibits fording. Summer in Leh and the Zanskars are a pleasantly warm 20 °C (68 °F), but the low humidity and thin air can render nights cold. Kashmir's highest recorded monthly snowfall occurred in February 1967, when 8.4 metres (27.6 ft) fell in Gulmarg, though the IMD has recorded snowdrifts up to 12 metres (39.4 ft)in several Kashmiri districts. In February 2005, more than 200 people died when, in four days, a western disturbance brought up to 2 metres (6.6 ft) of snowfall to parts of the state.[85]

text: Global warming[edit]

text: Current sea level rise, increased cyclonic activity, increased ambient temperatures, and increasingly fickle precipitation patterns are effects of global warming that have affected or are projected to impact India. Thousands of people have been displaced by ongoing sea level rises that have submerged low-lying islands in the Sundarbans.[86] Temperature rises on the Tibetan Plateau are causing Himalayan glaciers to retreat, threatening the flow rate of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Yamuna, and other major rivers; the livelihoods of hundreds of thousands of farmers depend on these rivers.[87] A 2007 World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) report states that the Indus River may run dry for the same reason.[88]

text: Severe landslides and floods are projected to become increasingly common in such states as Assam.[89] Ecological disasters, such as a 1998 coral bleaching event that killed off more than 70% of corals in the reef ecosystems off Lakshadweep and the Andamans and was brought on by elevated ocean temperatures tied to global warming, are also projected to become increasingly common.[90][91][92] Meghalaya and other northeastern states are also concerned that rising sea levels will submerge much of Bangladesh and spawn a refugee crisis. If severe climate changes occurs, Bangladesh and parts of India that border it may lose vast tracts of coastal land.[93]

text: The Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research has reported that, if the predictions relating to global warming made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change come to fruition, climate-related factors could cause India's GDP to decline by up to 9%. Contributing to this would be shifting growing seasons for major crops such as rice, production of which could fall by 40%. Around seven million people are projected to be displaced due to, among other factors, submersion of parts of Mumbai and Chennai if global temperatures were to rise by a mere 2 °C (3.6 °F).[94] Such shifts are not new. Earlier in the Holocene epoch (4,800–6,300 years ago), parts of what is now the Thar Desert were wet enough to support perennial lakes; researchers have proposed that this was due to much higher winter precipitation, which coincided with stronger monsoons.[95] Kashmir's erstwhile subtropical climate dramatically cooled 2.6–3.7 Ma and experienced prolonged cold spells starting 600,000 years ago.[96]

text: Atmospheric pollution[edit]

text: Thick haze and smoke originating from burning biomass in northwestern India[97] and air pollution from large industrial cities in northern India[98] often concentrate over the Ganges Basin. Prevailing westerlies carry aerosols along the southern margins of the sheer-faced Tibetan Plateau towards eastern India and the Bay of Bengal. Dust and black carbon, which are blown towards higher altitudes by winds at the southern margins of the Himalayas, can absorb shortwave radiation and heat the air over the Tibetan Plateau. The net atmospheric heating due to aerosol absorption causes the air to warm and convect upwards, increasing the concentration of moisture in the mid-troposphere and providing positive feedback that stimulates further heating of aerosols.[98]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The IMD-designated post-monsoon season coincides with the northeast monsoon, the effects of which are significant only in some parts of India.


document_title: Independence Day (United States)

question_text: when did july 4 become a federal holiday

text: Independence Day (United States)

text: Background

text: During the American Revolution, the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain in 1776 actually occurred on July 2, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia declaring the United States independent from Great Britain's rule.[5][6] After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five, with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author. Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it two days later on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail:

text: The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more.[7]

text: Adams's prediction was off by two days. From the outset, Americans celebrated independence on July 4, the date shown on the much-publicized Declaration of Independence, rather than on July 2, the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress.[8]

text: Historians have long disputed whether members of Congress signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, even though Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin all later wrote that they had signed it on that day. Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2, 1776, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed.[9][10][11][12][13]

text: Coincidentally, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the only signers of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as Presidents of the United States, died on the same day: July 4, 1826, which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration.[14] Although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4, 1831. He was the third President who died on the anniversary of independence.[15] Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4, 1872; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day.[16]

text: Observance

text:
In 1777, thirteen gunshots were fired in salute, once at morning and once again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, Rhode Island. An article in July 18, 1777 issue of The Virginia Gazette noted a celebration in Philadelphia in a manner a modern American would find familiar: an official dinner for the Continental Congress, toasts, 13-gun salutes, speeches, prayers, music, parades, troop reviews, and fireworks. Ships in port were decked with red, white, and blue bunting.[17]
In 1778, from his headquarters at Ross Hall, near New Brunswick, New Jersey, General George Washington marked July 4 with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute (feu de joie). Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, France.[18]

text:
In 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5.[18]
In 1781, the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration.[18]
In 1783, Salem, North Carolina held a celebration with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter entitled The Psalm of Joy. The town claims to be the first public July 4 event, as it was carefully documented by the Moravian Church, and there are no government records of any earlier celebrations.[19]
In 1870, the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees.[20]
In 1938, Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday.[21]

text: Customs

text: Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors. According to 5 U.S.C. § 6103, Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (such as the postal service and federal courts) are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation's heritage, laws, history, society, and people.[citation needed]

text: Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue; many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, a long weekend to gather with relatives or friends. Decorations (e.g., streamers, balloons, and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag. Parades are often held in the morning, before family get-togethers, while fireworks displays occur in the evening after dark at such places as parks, fairgrounds, or town squares.[citation needed]

text: The night before the Fourth was once the focal point of celebrations, marked by raucous gatherings often incorporating bonfires as their centerpiece. In New England, towns competed to build towering pyramids, assembled from barrels and casks. They were lit at nightfall to usher in the celebration. The highest were in Salem, Massachusetts, with pyramids composed of as many as forty tiers of barrels. These made the tallest bonfires ever recorded. The custom flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries and is still practiced in some New England towns.[22]

text: Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner"; "God Bless America"; "America the Beautiful"; "My Country, 'Tis of Thee"; "This Land Is Your Land"; "Stars and Stripes Forever"; and, regionally, "Yankee Doodle" in northeastern states and "Dixie" in southern states. Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812.[citation needed]

text: Firework shows are held in many states, and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an alternative to a public show. Safety concerns have led some states to ban fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed. In addition, local and regional weather conditions may dictate whether the sale or use of fireworks in an area will be allowed. Some local or regional firework sales are limited or prohibited because of dry weather or other specific concerns. On these occasions the public may be prohibited from purchasing or discharging fireworks, but professional displays (such as those at sports events) may still take place, if certain safety precautions have been taken.[citation needed]

text: A salute of one gun for each state in the United States, called a "salute to the union," is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base.[23]

text: New York City has the largest fireworks display in the country, with more than 22 tons of pyrotechnics exploded in 2009.[24] It generally holds displays in the East River. Other major displays are in Seattle on Lake Union; in San Diego over Mission Bay; in Boston on the Charles River; in Philadelphia over the Philadelphia Museum of Art; in San Francisco over the San Francisco Bay; and on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.[25]

text: During the annual Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival, Detroit, Michigan hosts one of the largest fireworks displays in North America, over the Detroit River, to celebrate Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor, Ontario's celebration of Canada Day.[26]

text: The first week of July is typically one of the busiest United States travel periods of the year, as many people use what is often a three-day holiday weekend for extended vacation trips.[27]

text: Celebration gallery

text:
Play media

Patriotic trailer shown in theaters celebrating July 4, 1940

In addition to a fireworks show, Miami, Florida, lights one of its tallest buildings with the patriotic red, white and blue color scheme on Independence Day.

New York City's fireworks display, shown above over the East Village, is sponsored by Macy's and is the largest[24] in the country.

A festively decorated Independence Day cake

text: Notable celebrations

text:
Held since 1785, the Bristol Fourth of July Parade in Bristol, Rhode Island, is the oldest continuous Independence Day celebration in the United States.[28]
Since 1868, Seward, Nebraska, has held a celebration on the same town square. In 1979 Seward was designated "America's Official Fourth of July City-Small Town USA" by resolution of Congress. Seward has also been proclaimed "Nebraska's Official Fourth of July City" by Governor James Exon in proclamation. Seward is a town of 6,000 but swells to 40,000+ during the July 4 celebrations.[29]
Since 1912, the Rebild Society, a Danish-American friendship organization, has held a July 4 weekend festival that serves as a homecoming for Danish-Americans in the Rebild Hills of Denmark.[30]
Since 1959, the International Freedom Festival is jointly held in Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario during the last week of June each year as a mutual celebration of Independence Day and Canada Day (July 1). It culminates in a large fireworks display over the Detroit River.
The famous Macy's fireworks display usually held over the East River in New York City has been televised nationwide on NBC since 1976. In 2009, the fireworks display was returned to the Hudson River for the first time since 2000 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's exploration of that river.[31]
The Boston Pops Orchestra has hosted a music and fireworks show over the Charles River Esplanade called the "Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular" annually since 1973.[32] The event was broadcast nationally from 1991 until 2002 on A&E, and since 2002 by CBS and its Boston station WBZ-TV. WBZ/1030 and WBZ-TV broadcast the entire event locally, and from 2002 through 2012, CBS broadcast the final hour of the concert nationally in primetime. The national broadcast was put on hiatus beginning in 2013, which Pops executive producer David G. Mugar believed was the result of decreasing viewership caused by NBC's encore presentation of the Macy's fireworks.[33][34] The national broadcast was revived for 2016, and expanded to two hours.[35] In 2017, Bloomberg Television took over coverage duty, with WHDH carrying local coverage beginning in 2018.[36]
On the Capitol lawn in Washington, D.C., A Capitol Fourth, a free concert broadcast live by PBS, NPR and the American Forces Network, precedes the fireworks and attracts over half a million people annually.[37]

text: Other countries

text:
The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate that day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U.S. territory and the United States officially recognized Philippine Independence.[38]
July 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day, and this day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962. In 1964, the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day. Rebild National Park in Denmark is said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States.[39]


document_title: Blue Bloods (season 8)

question_text: who plays the mayor in blue bloods season 8

text: Blue Bloods (season 8)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Donnie Wahlberg (Danny Reagan), Bridget Moynahan (Erin Reagan), Will Estes (Jamie Reagan), and Len Cariou (Henry Reagan) are first credited. Then Sami Gayle (Nicky Reagan-Boyle) is credited next, marking the fourth season she has been included in the opening credits. Tom Selleck (Frank Reagan) receives an "and" billing at the close of the main title sequence. Amy Carlson (Linda Reagan) left between Seasons 7 and 8.

text: Marisa Ramirez, as Danny's partner Detective Maria Baez, and Vanessa Ray, as Jamie's partner Eddie Janko, continue to receive "also starring" billing for season 8. Appearing regularly and receiving "special guest star" billing are Gregory Jbara as Deputy Commissioner of Public Information Garrett Moore, Robert Clohessy as Lt. Sidney Gormley, and Abigail Hawk as Detective Abigail Baker, Frank's primary aide.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

156
1
"Cutting Losses"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
801
10.04[3]

Erin pleads with Danny, who has been contemplating retirement since Linda's death in a rescue helicopter crash, to help her with a case involving her ex-husband, Jack (Peter Hermann) who's been attacked in his office. Jamie and Eddie go undercover as a couple to bust a shady drug dealer; new mayor Margaret Dutton (Lorraine Bracco) butts heads with Frank.

157
2
"Ghosts of the Past"
John Behring
Kevin Riley
October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06)
803
9.49[4]

Frank receives an order from the mayor to attend the annual West Indies parade, which this year is honoring a man who served time for conspiring in an attack against the police. Meanwhile, Danny and Maria investigate the return of Selena Moore (Caroline Pluta), who suspiciously disappeared as a teen 13 years ago. Also, Jamie and Eddie try to help a young woman they believe is being exploited by Congressman Richard Walters (Richard Thomas).

158
3
"The Enemy of My Enemy"
Robert Harmon
Ian Biederman
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
802
8.98[5]

Erin's case against human trafficker Chao Lin (Tia Carrere) faces difficulty when the presiding judge falls off a roof to his death. Danny and Baez investigate, while also trying to protect a key witness for the prosecution. Elsewhere, Frank's enhanced public safety initiative is opposed by Mayor Dutton, but gains a surprising ally, City Council Speaker Regina Thomas (Whoopi Goldberg).

159
4
"Out of the Blue"
David M. Barrett
Brian Burns
October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)
804
9.08[6]

Danny and Baez work the case of a detective who was gunned down prior to testifying against a career criminal. Also, Frank personally investigates when Garrett is attacked by a SWAT team outside his home, and Erin brings in a confidential informant against Anthony's wishes.

160
5
"The Forgotten"
Ralph Hemecker
Allie Solomon
October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)
805
8.29[7]

Danny and Baez investigate the murder of a single mother whose ex-husband has a documented history of violence. Also, Frank deals with the fallout when Mayor Dutton eliminates solitary confinement in prisons, while Jamie's effort to save a young woman who overdosed on heroin has unexpected consequences.

161
6
"Brushed Off"
Eric Laneuville
Daniel Truly
November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)
806
9.27[8]

When a famous basketball player is found dead of an apparent drug overdose, Danny and Maria look into his possible ties to a local drug gang. Also, Erin revisits the case of a man she may have wrongfully convicted nine years ago, and Frank is approached by Archbishop Kearns (Stacy Keach) regarding an eviction matter Jamie and Eddie are working on.

162
7
"Common Ground"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
807
9.94[9]

A case turns personal for Danny when he works to protect a nurse, Faith Madson (Jessie Mueller), from her violent ex-boyfriend. Meanwhile, Shelly Wayne (Cassandra Freeman), an acquaintance of Frank's, comes to him with a theory regarding the death of an inmate. Also, Jamie and Eddie help deliver a baby, only to learn that the mother and her family are undocumented immigrants living in deplorable conditions.

163
8
"Pick Your Poison"
Heather Cappiello
Kevin Wade
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
808
9.25[10]

Eddie makes a questionable arrest of a man revealed to be a college acquaintance who once humiliated her in a frat house. Frank learns one of his best lieutenants tested positive for marijuana after a trip to Colorado, and gets caught between department regulations and Mayor Dutton's stance on making pot legal. Meanwhile, Danny and Baez investigate a murder linked to a white supremacist group.

164
9
"Pain Killers"
John Behring
Ian Biederman
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)
809
8.84[11]

As Danny and Baez join a narcotics task force to track down a drug supplier at a prep school, Baez comes into contact with fentanyl and is soon fighting for her life from an accidental overdose. Also, Jamie and Eddie work to protect a rehabilitated sex offender whose neighbors are angry he lives in their apartment building, and Frank forms an unlikely alliance with Mayor Dutton when the Governor refuses to involve the NYPD during a major state trooper initiative.

165
10
"Heavy Is the Head"
David M. Barrett
Brian Burns
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
810
9.40[12]

Erin is conflicted when Jamie and Eddie ask her to help drop old charges against a man, Parker Mack (Spencer House), who just bravely rescued a woman from a local hostage situation. Meanwhile, Danny and Baez work a case involving car thieves and discover the leader is Victor Lugo (Nick Cordero), a mobster they've dealt with before. Also, Baker receives a job offer which Frank learns may have strings attached.

166
11
"Second Chances"
Deran Sarafian
Kevin Riley
January 5, 2018 (2018-01-05)
811
9.98[13]

When a journalist disappears while working on an exposé about an innocent man serving time for murder, Danny and Baez hope that reexamining the original case will help find her. Also, Frank reluctantly speaks out against an initiative led by Erin's office to consider drug abuse as a disease first, and a crime second.

167
12
"The Brave"
Tom Moore
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
January 12, 2018 (2018-01-12)
812
10.17[14]

Anthony is shot while interviewing a witness for an upcoming murder trial. Despite their differences, Danny takes up the case to find out who was responsible, telling Erin that Anthony is still "one of us". Also, Jamie and Eddie get in the middle of a standoff between a police lieutenant and a developmentally disabled man posing as an officer, and Nicky prepares to take the police exam over her mom's objections.

168
13
"Erasing History"
Jane Raab
Daniel Truly
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
813
9.45[15]

When Henry is the key witness on Danny and Baez's case, his meddling pushes Danny's buttons until he leads them to valuable information. Also, Nicky shocks her family by siding with her activist friend, Christie (Naian Gonzalez Norvind), who defaced the NYPD flag with red paint at One Police Plaza, and Jamie and Eddie learn a parole officer is taking advantage of his power over parolees.

169
14
"School of Hard Knocks"
Alex Zakrzewski
Ian Biederman
February 2, 2018 (2018-02-02)
814
9.32[16]

When a student is shot by a rival gang member in his high school courtyard, Danny and Baez try to get a grasp on the situation to prevent a reoccurrence, but the principal, Darryl Ward (Ernie Hudson), recklessly takes matters into his own hands. Also, Erin tries to help her friend, Mickey (Raphael Sbarge), who is mixed up in an illegal gambling ring, and Governor Mendez (David Zayas) tries to frame Frank after one of his top legislative aides is shot by an NYPD officer.

170
15
"Legacy"
David M. Barrett
Allie Solomon
March 2, 2018 (2018-03-02)
815
9.06[17]

Danny thinks about taking a new, higher-paying job to help with his family's financial issues. At the same time, he and Maria work a case of a recently divorced man who was poisoned. Nicky is sexually harassed by her boss while working at her new internship. Frank has to deal with the fallout after a rookie cop is caught on video questioning the immigration status of a pedestrian.

171
16
"Tale of Two Cities"
Robert Duncan McNeill
Brian Burns
March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
816
8.95[18]

Danny and Baez investigate the murder of a man who was living a double life with two separate families, and Anthony tries to resist when Erin asks him to help investigate his old partner, whom she suspects of stealing drug money. Also, Frank deliberates between two candidates for the chief of transit position.

172
17
"Close Calls"[19]
Jane Raab
Peter Blauner
March 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)
817
TBD

After Danny's brother-in-law, Jimmy (Kevin Dillon), gets caught up with the mob and steals Danny's credit card, Danny forces Jimmy to take down the mobsters with Baez's help. Also, Frank has Erin and Anthony investigate if his old partner, Lenny (Treat Williams), is truly guilty of a crime and Jamie is approached by Tariq (Rene Ifrah), an officer who wants his help getting reassigned from his undercover assignment at a mosque.

173
18
"Friendship, Love, and Loyalty"[20]
Robert Harmon
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
818
TBD

After a woman voices her outrage regarding the NYPD's inability to find her son's murderer, Danny reexamines the case, upsetting the original detective, Erin, and Anthony, who didn't pursue the case due to lack of evidence. Also, Eddie is shot while on duty; Erin and her ex-husband, Jack (Peter Hermann), face off in court; and Frank contends with an angry police force when Mayor Dutton (Lorraine Bracco) fails to defend them at a press conference.

174
19
"Risk Management"[21]
David M. Barrett
Ian Biederman
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
819
TBD

Danny and Baez race to find a missing girl who will die within 72 hours without her heart medication. Also, Jamie and Eddie are on the wrong side of an investigation after engaging in a car chase, Frank, Garrett and Gormley investigate the rise in the settlement of lawsuits against cops, and Sean wins an essay contest and receives a medal from former New York City Mayor David Dinkins.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Cutting Losses"
September 29, 2017
1.1/5
10.04[3]
0.7
4.57
1.8
14.60[22]

2
"Ghosts of the Past"
October 6, 2017
1.0/4
9.49[4]
0.7
4.18
1.7
13.67[23]

3
"The Enemy of My Enemy"
October 13, 2017
0.9/4
8.98[5]
0.6
4.13
1.5
13.11[24]

4
"Out of the Blue"
October 20, 2017
0.9/4
9.08[6]
0.7
4.12
1.6
13.20[25]

5
"The Forgotten"
October 27, 2017
0.9/4
8.29[7]
N/A
4.14
N/A
12.43[26]

6
"Brushed Off"
November 3, 2017
0.9/4
9.27[8]
N/A
3.97
N/A
13.24[27]

7
"Common Ground"
November 10, 2017
1.0/5
9.94[9]
0.7
3.84
1.7
13.78[28]

8
"Pick Your Poison"
November 17, 2017
0.9/4
9.25[10]
N/A
4.14
N/A
13.40[29]

9
"Pain Killers"
December 1, 2017
0.8/4
8.84[11]
0.7
4.54
1.5
13.41[30]

10
"Heavy is the Head"
December 8, 2017
0.9/4
9.40[12]
0.7
4.07
1.6
13.47[31]

11
"Second Chances"
January 5, 2018
1.0/4
9.98[13]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

12
"The Brave"
January 12, 2018
1.0/4
10.17[14]
0.7
4.39
1.7
14.56[32]

13
"Erasing History"
January 19, 2018
0.9/4
9.45[15]
0.7
4.42
1.6
13.87[33]

14
"School of Hard Knocks"
February 2, 2018
0.9/4
9.32[16]
0.7
4.36
1.6
13.69[34]

15
"Legacy"
March 2, 2018
0.9/4
9.06[17]
N/A
4.42
N/A
13.47[35]

16
"Tale of Two Cities"
March 9, 2018
0.8/4
8.95[18]
N/A
4.24
N/A
13.27[36]

17
"Close Calls"
March 30, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

18
"Friendship, Love, and Loyalty"
April 6, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

19
"Risk Management"
April 13, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD