document_title: The Princess and the Frog

question_text: who is the princess in princess and the frog

text: The Princess and the Frog

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1912 New Orleans a seamstress, Eudora, is reading the story of The Frog Prince to her daughter, Tiana, and her friend, Charlotte La Bouff. Charlotte finds the story to be romantic, while Tiana proclaims she will never kiss a frog. Fourteen years later, Tiana has grown into an aspiring young chef who works as a waitress for two local diners, so she can save enough money to start her own restaurant, a dream she shared with her deceased father James.

text: Prince Naveen of Maldonia arrives in New Orleans to better his financial situation. After being cut off by his parents, Naveen intends to marry a rich southern belle, and Charlotte is the perfect candidate. Eli "Big Daddy" La Bouff, a rich sugar baron and Charlotte's father, is hosting a masquerade ball in Naveen's honor. Charlotte hires Tiana to make beignets for the ball, giving her enough money to buy an old sugar mill to convert into her restaurant.

text: Meanwhile, Naveen and his valet, Lawrence, meet Dr. Facilier, a voodoo witch doctor who plans to rule the city of New Orleans. Inviting them into his emporium, Facilier convinces them that he can make their dreams come true, but neither man gets what they are expecting; Naveen is transformed into a frog, while Lawrence is given a voodoo charm that makes him resemble Naveen. Facilier intends for Lawrence to marry Charlotte, after which he will kill Big Daddy and claim his fortune.

text: At the ball, Tiana discovers she may lose the mill to a higher bidder. Tiana then meets Naveen, who, believing her to be a princess because of her costume, asks her to kiss him and break Facilier's spell. In exchange for the money needed, Tiana accepts, but when she kisses Naveen, she is turned into a frog herself. A chase ensues, and Tiana and Naveen escape to a bayou.

text: At the bayou, Tiana and Naveen meet Louis, a trumpet-playing alligator who longs to be human, and Ray, a Cajun firefly who is in love with the morning star, whom he calls Evangeline. Louis and Ray offer to lead Tiana and Naveen to the hoodoo priestess Mama Odie, who they believe can undo the curse. During this time, Tiana and Naveen develop feelings for each other. Meanwhile, Facilier makes a deal with the voodoo spirits, offering them the souls of the people of New Orleans in exchange for finding Naveen.

text: When the four find Mama Odie, she tells them that Naveen must kiss a true princess in order to break the spell. They return to New Orleans to find Charlotte, who is the princess of the Mardi Gras Parade, but only until midnight. Naveen tells Ray he loves Tiana and is willing to give up his dreams for her, but before he can tell her, he is captured by the demons and brought to Facilier.

text: After Ray tells Tiana that Naveen loves her, Tiana goes to the Mardi Gras parade to find a human "Naveen" marrying Charlotte; but Ray rescues the real Naveen and steals the charm that disguises Lawrence. Ray finds Tiana, gives her the charm and attempts to hold off the demons so she can escape, but Facilier stomps on him. Facilier then offers Tiana to make her restaurant dream come true in exchange for the charm. Realizing she would rather be with Naveen, and realizing Facilier's true intentions, Tiana destroys the charm. The angered voodoo spirits claim Facilier himself as payment for his debts to them and drag him to his death in hell.

text: Tiana and Naveen then reveal their love to each other and explain the situation to Charlotte, who agrees to kiss Naveen, as Lawrence is taken away by the police. However, the clock strikes midnight before she can kiss him, but the two decide they are content to live together as frogs. Then they bid farewell to Ray along with Louie, later to find out Ray finally joined Evangeline. Tiana and Naveen are wed by Mama Odie; and because of Tiana's new status as princess, they are restored back to human form after their kiss. Later, the couple returns to New Orleans to legally get married and celebrate, and together the two open their new restaurant. The movie ends with Tiana and Naveen dancing as the two stars, Ray and Evangeline, twinkle in the sky.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Anika Noni Rose as Tiana/"Tia", a 19-year-old waitress and aspiring chef/restaurateur. She is a smart, hard-working, and independent young woman, but one who works so hard that she often forgets important things such as love, fun, and family.[4] Originally, Tiana was supposed to be known as "Maddy". Mark Henn served as the supervising animator for Tiana in both human and frog form, making her one of several Disney lead female characters he has animated.[5] Henn declared that he attempted to make a character that could stand on its own "without repeating what I've done on Belle, Ariel, and Jasmine", with Tiana having a more cynical and grounded personality. Rose's performance influenced much of the animation, with the actress even suggesting to Henn for Tiana to be left-handed like herself.[6]

Elizabeth Dampier voices Tiana as a child.

Bruno Campos as Prince Naveen, the prince of Maldonia. Naveen is a 24-year-old ne'er-do-well and playboy who has been cut off from his family's riches until he learns the value of responsibility. Randy Haycock served as the supervising animator of Naveen in both human and frog form.[7] As a prince from the fictional kingdom of Maldonia (which the directors describe as "located in an East of the Sun and West of the Moon location"), Campos adlibbed a French accent with his Brazilian accent to make up a Maldonian accent.[citation needed]
Michael-Leon Wooley as Louis, a friendly, neurotic, trumpet-playing alligator whose dream is to become human so he can join a jazz band. His name comes from the famous jazz artist and trumpeter, Louis Armstrong. Eric Goldberg, the supervising animator of Louis and other miscellaneous characters,[7] won the Annie Award for Character Animation in a Feature Production for his work on the film.[8]
Jim Cummings as Ray, a Cajun firefly. He and his vast family are close friends with Mama Odie, so he offers to help the frogs get to her. Ray has an unrequited love for the Evening Star, which he believes is another firefly named "Evangeline" (a reference to the 19th-century Longfellow poem).[9] Mike Surrey was the supervising animator for Ray. Ray's name comes from the blind pianist Ray Charles.[7]
Keith David as Doctor Facilier, also known as The Shadow Man, a voodoo bokor (witch doctor). Bruce W. Smith, supervising animator of Doctor Facilier, referred to the character as the "lovechild" of his two favorite Disney Villains: Captain Hook from Peter Pan (1953), and Cruella de Vil from One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961).[10] Smith was nominated for the Annie Award for Character Animation in a Feature Production for his work.[8]
Jennifer Cody as Charlotte "Lottie" La Bouff, a wealthy Southern débutante and Tiana's best friend since childhood who dreams of marrying a prince. Nik Ranieri served as the supervising animator of Charlotte as an adult and child.[7] Jennifer Cody won the Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production for her performance.[8]

Breanna Brooks voices Charlotte as a child.

Jenifer Lewis as Mama Odie, a blind, 197-year-old voodoo priestess, who serves as the film's 'Fairy Godmother figure'. Andreas Deja was the supervising animator for both Mama Odie and her pet snake, Juju, and was nominated for the Annie Award for Character Animation in a Feature Production.[8][11]
Peter Bartlett as Lawrence, Prince Naveen's valet, whom Dr. Facilier recruits as a partner in his scheme by transforming him to look like Naveen using a blood charm. Anthony DeRosa was the supervising animator for the Lawrence character, whose design was influenced by the Mr. Smee character from Peter Pan.[9]
John Goodman as Eli "Big Daddy" La Bouff, a very wealthy Southern sugar mill owner and father of Charlotte La Bouff. While he spoils Charlotte with everything she asks for, he is a loving and generous man, and loves Tiana's cooking. Duncan Marjoribanks was the supervising animator for Eli "Big Daddy" La Bouff.[7]
Oprah Winfrey as Eudora, Tiana's mother who wants to see her happy and worries that Tiana focuses too much on her dream of owning a restaurant.[12] Ruben A. Aquino animated both Eudora and her husband, James.[7]
Terrence Howard as James, Tiana's father, who helped instil a strong work ethic in Tiana. He served in World War I as evidenced by a dresser-top portrait photo of him in a World War I uniform. The circumstances of his death were not stated in the film; however, his portrait is accompanied by the Distinguished Service Cross, a US medal awarded to soldiers who demonstrated great heroism or risk of life in battle.
Frank Welker as Stella (vocal effects), Charlotte's pet dog who talks to Tiana during the film, when she is chasing Tiana and Naveen as frogs on the table. She loves Tiana's beignets and begs at Tiana when she wants one.
Dee Bradley Baker as Juju, Mama Odie's green pet snake.
Corey Burton and Jerry Kernion as the Fenner Brothers, two real estate agents who eventually sell Tiana the sugar mill.
Ritchie Montgomery, Don Hall, and Paul Briggs as Reggie, Darnell, and Two-Fingers, three bumbling frog hunters who try to catch Tiana and Naveen as frogs. Their resemblance to the Three Stooges has been noted.
Kevin Michael Richardson and Emeril Lagasse as Ian and Marlon, the two alligators.

text: Production[edit]

text: Early development[edit]

text: Disney had once announced that 2004's Home on the Range would be their last traditionally animated film. After the company's acquisition of Pixar in early 2006, Ed Catmull and John Lasseter, the new president and chief creative officer of Disney Animation Studios, reversed this decision and reinstated hand-drawn animation at the studio.[13] Many animators who had either been laid off or had left the studio when the traditional animation units were dissolved in 2003 were located and re-hired for the project.[14] Lasseter also brought back directors Ron Clements and John Musker, whose earlier works include The Great Mouse Detective (1986), The Little Mermaid (1989), Aladdin (1992), Hercules (1997), and Treasure Planet (2002).[15][16] The duo had left the company in 2005, but Lasseter requested their return to Disney to direct and write the film and had let them choose the style of animation (traditional or CGI) they wanted to use.[9]

text: The story for the film began development by merging two separate projects in development at Disney and Pixar at the time, both based around the "Frog Prince" fairy tale.[9][14] One of the projects was based on E. D. Baker's The Frog Princess, in which the story's heroine (Princess Emma) kisses a prince turned frog (Prince Eadric), only to become a frog herself.[14] The Princess and the Frog returns to the musical film format used in many of the previously successful Disney animated films, with a style Musker and Clements declared, like with Aladdin and The Little Mermaid, had inspiration from Golden Age Disney features such as Cinderella.[6]

text: Musker and Clements thought that given all fairy tales were set in Europe, they could do an American fairy tale.[6] They stated that they chose New Orleans as a tribute to the history of the city, for its "magical" qualities, and because it was Lasseter's favorite city.[9][17] The directors spent ten days in Louisiana before starting to write the film.[6]

text: The Princess and the Frog was originally announced as The Frog Princess in July 2006,[13] and early concepts and songs were presented to the public at the Walt Disney Company's annual shareholders' meeting in March 2007.[18] These announcements drew criticism from African-American media outlets, due to elements of the Frog Princess story, characters, and settings considered distasteful.[19][20] African-American critics disapproved of the original name for the heroine, "Maddy", due to its similarity to the derogatory term "mammy".[19] Also protested were Maddy's original career as a chambermaid,[20] the choice to have the black heroine's love interest be a non-black prince, which upset opponents of on-screen interracial romance,[19] and the use of a black male voodoo witchdoctor as the film's villain.[19] The Frog Princess title was also thought by critics to be a slur on French people.[21] Also questioned was the film's setting of New Orleans, which had been heavily damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, resulting in the expulsion of a large number of mostly black residents.[22] Critics claimed the choice of New Orleans as the setting for a Disney film with a black heroine was an affront to the Katrina victims' plight.[19][22]

text: In response to these early criticisms, the film's title was changed in May 2007 from The Frog Princess to The Princess and the Frog. The name "Maddy" was changed to "Tiana",[21][23] and the character's occupation was altered from chambermaid to waitress.[19] Talk show host Oprah Winfrey was hired as a technical consultant for the film, leading to her taking a voice acting role in the film as Tiana's mother Eudora.[9]

text: Writing and themes[edit]

text: The head of story, Don Hall, described the plot as a fairy tale "twisted enough that it seems new and fresh", with a kingdom that is a modern city, a handsome prince that is a "knuckleheaded playboy" and a variation on the fairy godmother with Mama Odie. Co-writer Rob Edwards also said The Princess and the Frog was "a princess movie for people who don't like princess movies". As the writers thought Tiana's character motivation of simply dreaming of having her own restaurant was not appealing enough, they expanded so it was her father's as well, with the extra philosophy of "food bringing people together from all walks of life". Musker and Clements stated that while Tiana already starts as a sympathetic character, the events of the plot make her "understand things in a deeper level" and change people around her. Both protagonists would learn from each other — Naveen to take responsibilities, Tiana to enjoy life — as well as figuring from Ray's passion for Evangeline that the perfect balance is brought by having someone you love to share the experience.[6] Tiana became the first African-American Disney Princess.[24][25]

text: Voice cast[edit]

text: On December 1, 2006, a detailed casting call was announced for the film at the Manhattan Theatre Source forum.[26] The casting call states the film as being an American fairy tale musical set in New Orleans during the 1920s Jazz Age and provides a detailed list of the film's major characters.

text: In February 2007, it was reported that Dreamgirls actresses Jennifer Hudson and Anika Noni Rose were top contenders for the voice of Tiana, and that Alicia Keys directly contacted Walt Disney Studios chairman Dick Cook about voicing the role.[27] It was later reported that Tyra Banks was considered for the role as well.[28] By April 2007, it was confirmed that Rose would be voicing Tiana.[29] Three months later, it was reported that Keith David would be doing the voice of Dr. Facilier, the villain of the film.[30]

text: Animation and design[edit]

text: Clements and Musker had agreed from very early on that the style they were aiming for was primarily that of Lady and the Tramp (1955), a film which they and John Lasseter feel represents "the pinnacle of Disney's style".[31] "After that, everything started becoming more stylized, like Sleeping Beauty, 101 Dalmatians – which are fantastic films as well, but there's a particular style (to 'Lady and the Tramp') that's so classically Disney."[32] Lady and the Tramp also heavily informed the style of the New Orleans scenes, while Disney's Bambi (1942) served as the template for the bayou scenes.[31] Bambi was described as a stylistic reference for the painted backgrounds, as according to art director Ian Gooding "Bambi painted what it feels like to be in the forest instead of the forest" so The Princess and the Frog would in turn try capturing the essence of roaming through New Orleans.[6]

text: The former trend in Disney's hand-drawn features where the characters and cinematography were influenced by a CGI-look has been abandoned. Andreas Deja, a veteran Disney animator who supervised the character of Mama Odie, says "I always thought that maybe we should distinguish ourselves to go back to what 2D is good at, which is focusing on what the line can do rather than volume, which is a CG kind of thing. So we are doing less extravagant Treasure Planet kind of treatments. You have to create a world but [we're doing it more simply]. What we're trying to do with Princess and the Frog is hook up with things that the old guys did earlier. It's not going to be graphic...".[33] Deja also mentions that Lasseter was aiming for the Disney sculptural and dimensional look of the 1950s: "All those things that were non-graphic, which means go easy on the straight lines and have one volume flow into the other – an organic feel to the drawing."[33] Lasseter also felt that traditional animation created more character believability.[34] For example, with Louis the alligator, created by Eric Goldberg, Lasseter said: "It's the believability of this large character being able to move around quite like that."[34] Choreographer Betsy Baytos was brought by the directors to lead a team of eccentric dancers that gave reference to make each character a different style of movement. The character design tried to create beautiful drawings through subtle shapes, particularly for most characters being human. For the frog versions of Tiana and Naveen, while the animators started with realistic designs, they eventually went for cutesy characters "removing all that is unappealing in frogs", similar to Pinocchio's Jiminy Cricket.[6]

text: Toon Boom Animation's Toon Boom Harmony software was used as the main software package for the production of the film, as the Computer Animation Production System (CAPS) system that Disney developed with Pixar in the 1980s for use on their previous traditionally animated films had become outdated.[35] The Harmony software was augmented with a number of plug-ins to provide CAPS-like effects such as shading on cheeks and smoke effects.[11][33] The reinstated traditional unit's first production, a 2007 Goofy cartoon short entitled How to Hook Up Your Home Theater, was partly animated without paper by using Harmony and Wacom Cintiq pressure-sensitive tablets. The character animators found some difficulty with this approach, and decided to use traditional paper and pencil drawings, which were then scanned into the computer systems, for The Princess and the Frog.[11]

text: The one exception to the new Toon Boom Harmony pipeline was the "Almost There" dream sequence, which utilized an Art Deco graphic style based on the art of Harlem Renaissance painter Aaron Douglas.[36] Supervised by Eric Goldberg and designed by Sue Nichols,[37] the "Almost There" sequence's character animation was done on paper without going through the clean-up animation department,[9] and scanned directly into Photoshop. The artwork was then enhanced to affect the appearance of painted strokes and fills, and combined with backgrounds, using Adobe After Effects.[10][11]

text: The visual effects and backgrounds for the film were created digitally using Cintiq tablet displays.[11][38] Marlon West, one of Disney's veteran animation visual effects supervisors, says about the production; "Those guys had this bright idea to bring back hand-drawn animation, but everything had to be started again from the ground up. One of the first things we did was focus on producing shorts, to help us re-introduce the 2D pipeline. I worked as vfx supervisor on the Goofy short, How to Hook Up Your Home Theater. It was a real plus for the effects department, so we went paperless for The Princess and the Frog." The backgrounds were painted digitally using Adobe Photoshop, and many of the architectural elements were based upon 3D models built in Autodesk Maya.[11] Much of the clean-up animation, digital ink-and-paint, and compositing were outsourced to third-party companies in Orlando, Florida (Premise Entertainment), Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Yowza Digital Animation), and Brooklin, São Paulo, Brazil (HGN Produções)[7]

text: Music[edit]

text: During Disney's 2007 shareholder meeting, Randy Newman and the Dirty Dozen Brass Band performed the film's opening number, "Down in New Orleans", with famous New Orleans singer Dr. John singing, while slides of pre-production art from the film played on a screen.[18] Other songs in the film include "Almost There" (a solo for Tiana), "Dig a Little Deeper" (a song for Mama Odie), "When We're Human" (a song for Louis, Tiana and Naveen [as frogs]), "Friends on the Other Side" (a solo for Doctor Facilier), and "Gonna Take You There" and "Ma Belle Evangeline" (two solos for Ray).[18] Newman composed, arranged, and conducted the music for the film, a mixture of jazz, zydeco, blues, and gospel styles performed by the voice cast members for the respective characters while R&B singer-songwriter Ne-Yo wrote and performed the end title song "Never Knew I Needed", an R&B love song referring to the romance between the film's two main characters, Tiana and Naveen. Supported by a music video by Melina, "Never Knew I Needed" was issued to radio outlets as a commercial single from the Princess and the Frog soundtrack.[39]

text: The film's soundtrack album, The Princess and the Frog: Original Songs and Score, contains the ten original songs from the film and seven instrumental pieces. The soundtrack was released on November 23, 2009, the day before the limited release of the film in New York and Los Angeles.[40]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film premiered in theaters with a limited run in New York and Los Angeles beginning on November 25, 2009, followed by wide release on December 11, 2009.[41] The film was originally set for release on Christmas Day 2009, but its release date was changed due to a competing family film, Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel, scheduled for release the same day.[42] The Princess and the Frog enjoyed a limited re-release in AMC Theatres, lasting from October 6–12, 2017 as part of the Dream Big, Princess campaign.[43][44]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The Princess and the Frog was supported by a wide array of merchandise leading up to and following the film's release. Although Disney's main marketing push was not set to begin until November 2009, positive word-of-mouth promotion created demand for merchandise well in advance of the film.[45] Princess Tiana costumes were selling out prior to Halloween 2009, and a gift set of Tiana-themed hair-care products from Carol's Daughter sold out in seven hours on the company's website.[45] Other planned merchandise includes a cookbook for children and even a wedding gown.[45] Princess Tiana was also featured a few months before the release in the Disney on Ice: Let's Celebrate! show.[46] The film itself was promoted through advertisements, including one from GEICO where Naveen, as a frog, converses with the company's gecko mascot.[47]

text: A live parade and show called Tiana's Showboat Jubilee! premiered on October 26, 2009, at the Magic Kingdom theme park at Walt Disney World Resort in Florida,[48] and on November 5 at Disneyland in California.[49] In Disneyland, actors in New Orleans Square paraded to the Rivers of America and boarded the park's steamboat.[49] From there, the cast, starring Princess Tiana, Prince Naveen, Louis the alligator, and Doctor Facilier, would sing songs from the movie, following a short storyline taking place after the events of the film. The Disneyland version's actors actually partook in singing, while the Walt Disney World rendition incorporated lip-syncing.[49]

text: Tiana's Showboat Jubilee! ran at both parks until January 3, 2010.[48][49] At Disneyland Park, the show was replaced by a land-based event called Princess Tiana's Mardi Gras Celebration, which features Princess Tiana along with five of the original presentation's "Mardi Gras dancers" and the park's "Jambalaya Jazz Band" as they perform songs from the movie.[50] "Tiana's Mardi Gras Celebration" officially ended on October 3, 2010. However, it returned to Disneyland from 2011-2013 as part of the "Limited Time Magic" family-fun weekends.[51][52][53]

text: Tiana also appears in Disneyland Paris' New Generation Festival.[54] Some of the characters appear frequently during World of Color, the nightly fountain and projection show presented at Disney California Adventure. Disney announced on June 4, 2009, that they would release a video game inspired by the film and it was released on November 2009 exclusively for Wii and Nintendo DS platforms. It has been officially described an "adventure through the exciting world of New Orleans in a family-oriented video game", featuring events from the film and challenges for Princess Tiana.[55]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Princess and the Frog was released in North America on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on March 16, 2010.[56]

text: The film is available on DVD, Blu-ray Disc, and Blu-ray Disc combo pack editions; the combo pack includes DVD and digital copies of the film, along with the Blu-ray Disc version.[56] The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in Australia on June 2, 2010, and on June 21, 2010, in the United Kingdom. As of December 2010 the DVD has sold 4,475,227 copies and has made $71.3 million in DVD sales,[57] making it the ninth-best-selling DVD of 2010.[58]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The financial and critical success of The Princess and the Frog persuaded Disney to green-light at least one new hand-drawn animated film to be released every two years.[14] However, the blog /Film noted in July 2014 with the release of hand-drawn concept art for the 2013 computer animated film Frozen, that any future hand-drawn animated films have been "killed" for the time being due to The Princess and the Frog failing "to ignite the box office".[59] Two months later, however, many Disney artists announced they were working on a new independent hand drawn animated film, Hullabaloo as part of an attempt to bring back hand-drawn animation.[60] Despite such speculation, Walt Disney Animation Studios has continued to use both hand-drawn animation and computer animation in subsequent films.

text: Box office[edit]

text: On its limited day release, the film grossed $263,890 at two theaters and grossed $786,190 its opening weekend.[61][62] On its opening day in wide release, the film grossed $7 million at 3,434 theaters.[63] It went on to gross $24.2 million over the opening weekend averaging $7,050 per theater,[64] ranking at #1 for the weekend, and making it the highest-grossing start to date for an animated movie in December, a record previously held by Beavis and Butt-Head Do America.[65] The film went on to gross $104.4 million (in the United States and Canada) and $267 million (worldwide), making it a box office success, and became the fifth-highest-grossing animated film of 2009.[66] While the film did out-gross Disney's more recent hand-drawn films such as The Emperor's New Groove, Atlantis: The Lost Empire, Treasure Planet, Brother Bear, and Home on the Range, it was less auspicious than the animated films from Walt Disney Animation Studios' 1990s heyday. Disney animator Tom Sito compared the film's box office performance to that of The Great Mouse Detective (1986), which was a step up from the theatrical run of the 1985 box office bomb The Black Cauldron.[67]

text: Looking back on the experience four years later, Catmull acknowledged that Disney had made a "serious mistake" in the process of marketing and releasing the film.[68] The Walt Disney Studios' marketing department had warned Disney Animation that the word "princess" in the title "would lead moviegoers to think that the film was for girls only," but the animation studio's management insisted on keeping the "princess" title because they truly believed that the film's excellent quality and beautiful hand-drawn animation would bring in all quadrants anyway.[68] In Catmull's words, this belief "was our own version of a stupid pill."[68] The marketing department turned out to be correct in their prediction that many moviegoers would and did avoid the film because they thought it was "for little girls only."[68] This error was further compounded by the fact that the film opened five days before Avatar.[68]

text: Looking back seven years later, Lasseter told Variety: "I was determined to bring back [hand-drawn animation] because I felt it was such a heritage of the Disney studio, and I love the art form ... I was stunned that Princess didn’t do better. We dug into it and did a lot of research and focus groups. It was viewed as old-fashioned by the audience."[69]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received largely positive reviews from critics, praising the animation, characters, music and themes. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 85% of 185 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 7.4 out of 10.[70] The site's general consensus is that "The warmth of traditional Disney animation makes this occasionally lightweight fairy-tale update a lively and captivating confection for the holidays."[71] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 0–100 from film critics, has a rating score of 73 based on 29 reviews.[72]

text: Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an "A" grade and applauded the film's creative team for "uphold[ing] the great tradition of classic Disney animation".[73] Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter praised Walt Disney Animation for "rediscovering its traditional hand-drawn animation" and for "a thing called story".[74] David Germain of the Associated Press wrote that "The Princess and the Frog is not the second coming of Beauty and the Beast or The Lion King. It's just plain pleasant, an old-fashioned little charmer that's not straining to be the next glib animated compendium of pop-culture flotsam."[75] Justin Chang of Variety was less receptive, stating "this long-anticipated throwback to a venerable house style never comes within kissing distance of the studio's former glory".[76] Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film 3/5 stars while saying "The Princess and the Frog breaks the color barrier for Disney princesses, but is a throwback to traditional animation and her story is a retread".[77] Village Voice's Scott Foundas found that "the movie as a whole never approache[d] the wit, cleverness, and storytelling brio of the studio's early-1990s animation renaissance (Beauty and the Beast, The Lion King) or pretty much anything by Pixar".[78] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a positive review claiming that "the dialogue is fresh-prince clever, the themes are ageless, the rhythms are riotous and the return to a primal animation style is beautifully executed."[79] Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars and admired Disney's step back to traditional animation, writing, "No 3-D! No glasses! No extra ticket charge! No frantic frenzies of meaningless action! And...good gravy! A story! Characters! A plot! This is what classic animation once was like!", but stated that the film "inspires memories of Disney's Golden Age it doesn't quite live up to, as I've said, but it's spritely and high-spirited, and will allow kids to enjoy it without visually assaulting them."[80]

text: S. Jhoanna Robledo of Common Sense Media gave the film three out of five stars, writing, "First African-American Disney princess is a good role model".[81] Saint Bryan of the NBC-TV Seattle praised the film and called it "The Best Disney Movie Since The Lion King".[82]

text: Upon its release, the film created controversy among some Christians over its use of Louisiana Voodoo as a plot device.[83] Christianity Today's review of the film cited its sexual undertones and use of voodoo, arguing that the scenes with Dr. Facilier and his "friends on the other side" contain many horror elements and that young children might be frightened by the film.[84] The film's treatment of Louisiana voodoo as a type of magic instead of a religion also drew criticism from non-Christian factions.[85]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and twice for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, but lost to Up and Crazy Heart, respectively.[3][86] It was also nominated for eight Annie Awards and, at the 37th Annie Awards Ceremony on February 6, 2010, won three.[8]

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

2009 Satellite Awards[87]
Best Motion Picture, Animated or Mixed Media
The Princess and the Frog
Nominated

Best Original Song
Randy Newman
(Almost There)

Randy Newman
(Down in New Orleans)

African-American Film Critics Association Awards 2009
Top 10 Films
The Princess and the Frog
Won

Best Screenplay
John Musker, Ron Clements and Rob Edwards — Tied with Geoffrey Fletcher for Precious: Based on the Novel "Push" by Sapphire

2009 Producers Guild of America Awards[88]
Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures
Peter Del Vecho
Nominated

2009 Online Film Critics Society Awards[89]
Best Animated Feature
The Princess and the Frog

67th Golden Globe Awards[90]
Best Animated Feature Film

2009 Chicago Film Critics Association[91]
Best Animated Feature

2009 Critics Choice Awards[92]
Best Animated Feature

Best Score
Randy Newman

Best Song
(Almost There)

2009 Black Reel Awards[93]
Best Film
The Princess and the Frog

Best Song, Original or Adapted
Ne-Yo
(Never Knew I Needed)

Anika Noni Rose
(Almost There)
Won

Anika Noni Rose
(Down in New Orleans)
Nominated

Best Voice Performance
Keith David

Anika Noni Rose
Won

Best Ensemble
The Princess and the Frog
Nominated

37th Annie Awards[8]
Best Animated Feature

Animated Effects
James DeValera Mansfield
Won

Production Design in a Feature Production
Ian Gooding
Nominated

Character Animation in a Feature Production
Andreas Deja

Eric Goldberg
Won

Bruce W. Smith
Nominated

Voice Acting in a Feature Production
Jennifer Cody ("Charlotte")
Won

Jenifer Lewis ("Mama Odie")
Nominated

82nd Academy Awards[3][86]

Best Animated Feature
John Musker and Ron Clements

Best Music, Original Song
Randy Newman
(Almost There)

Randy Newman
(Down in New Orleans)

41st NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Motion Picture

Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture
Anika Noni Rose

36th Saturn Awards[94]
Best Animated Film
The Princess and the Frog

2010 Teen Choice Awards[95][96]
Choice Movie: Animated

2011 Grammy Awards[97]
Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media
Randy Newman
(Down in New Orleans)

Women Film Critics Circle
Best Animated Females
Anika Noni Rose (Tiana), Jennifer Cody (Charlotte La Bouff), Oprah Winfrey (Eudora), Jenifer Lewis (Mama Odie), and all other female characters in The Princess and the Frog.
Won

text: Television[edit]

text:
Tiana made a guest-appearance on Sofia the First in the season 2 episode titled "Winter's Gift".[98]
A live-action version of Tiana is also a main character on the seventh season of Once Upon a Time.[99][100][101]


document_title: List of Super Bowl halftime shows

question_text: when did the super bowl half time show start

root

text: List of Super Bowl halftime shows

text: Background[edit]

text: During most of the Super Bowl's first decade, the halftime show featured a college marching band. The show's second decade featured a more varied show, often featuring drill teams and other performance ensembles; the group Up with People produced and starred in four of the performances. The middle of the third decade, in an effort to counter other networks' efforts to counterprogram the game,[7] saw the introduction of popular music acts such as New Kids on the Block, Gloria Estefan, Michael Jackson, Clint Black, Patti LaBelle, and Tony Bennett. Starting with Super Bowl XXXII, commercial sponsors presented the halftime show; within five years, the tradition of having a theme—begun with Super Bowl III—ended, replaced by major music productions by arena rock bands and other high-profile acts. In the six years immediately following an incident at Super Bowl XXXVIII where Justin Timberlake exposed one of Janet Jackson's breasts in an alleged "wardrobe malfunction", all of the halftime shows consisted of a performance by one artist or group, with the musicians in that era primarily being rock artists from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. These shows were considered "family friendly" and the time in which they took place has been described as "the age of reactionary halftime shows.[8] Since Super Bowl XLV, the halftime show has returned to featuring popular contemporary musicians, with the typical format featuring a single headline artist collaborating with a small number of guest acts.

tag: p

text: The NFL does not pay the halftime show performers an appearance fee, though it covers all expenses for the performers and their entourage of band members management, technical crew, security personnel, family, and friends.[9] Super Bowl XXVII halftime show with Michael Jackson provided an exception, as the NFL and Frito-Lay agreed to make a donation and provide commercial time for Jackson's Heal the World Foundation.[10][11][12][11] According to Nielsen SoundScan data, the halftime performers regularly experience significant spikes in weekly album sales and paid digital downloads due to the exposure.[13] For Super Bowl XLIX, it was reported by the Wall Street Journal that league officials asked representatives of potential acts if they would be willing to provide financial compensation to the NFL in exchange for their appearance, in the form of either an up-front fee, or a cut of revenue from concert performances made after the Super Bowl. While these reports were denied by an NFL spokeswoman, the request had, according to the Journal, received a "chilly" response from those involved.[14][15]

text: History[edit]

text: The following is a list of the performers, producers, themes, and sponsors for each Super Bowl game's show.

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

I

Date: Jan 15, 1967
Location: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (University Park, Los Angeles, California)
Performers: University of Arizona Symphonic Marching Band & Grambling State University Marching Band, Al Hirt, Anaheim High School Drill Team and Flag Girls
Producer: Tommy Walker
Setlist: "The Liberty Bell" (The University of Arizona Symphonic Marching Band)
References:[16][17][18]

II

Date: Jan 14, 1968
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Performers: Grambling State University Marching Band
References:[16]

III

Date: Jan 12, 1969
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Theme: America Thanks
Performers: Florida A&M University and Miami area High School Bands
References:[16]

tag: table

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

IV

Date: Jan 11, 1970
Lon: Tulane Stadium (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Tribute to Mardi Gras
Performers: Marguerite Piazza, Doc Severinsen, Al Hirt, Lionel Hampton Southern University Marching Band
References:[16]
Setlist:

"When the Saints Go Marching In"

V

Date: Jan 17, 1971
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Performers: Southeast Missouri State Marching Band
References:[16][19]

VI

Date: Jan 16, 1972
Location: Tulane Stadium (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Salute to Louis Armstrong
Performers: Ella Fitzgerald, Carol Channing, Al Hirt, USAFA Cadet Chorale, & U.S. Marine Corps Drill Team
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16][20]
Setlist:

"Mack the Knife" (Ella Fitzgerald and Al Hirt)

VII

Date: Jan 14, 1973
Location: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (University Park, Los Angeles, California)
Theme: Happiness Is
Performers: University of Michigan Marching Band & Woody Herman & Andy Williams
Producer: Tommy Walker
References:[16][21][22]
Setlist: (partial)

"Put on a Happy Face" (University of Michigan Marching Band)
"La Virgen de la Macarena" (University of Michigan Marching Band)
"This Land Is Your Land" (University of Michigan Marching Band)
"Marmalade, Molasses & Honey" (Andy Williams)
"People" (Andy Williams)

VIII

Date: Jan 13, 1974
Location: Rice Stadium (Houston, Texas)
Theme: A Musical America
Performers: University of Texas Longhorn Band and Judy Mallett (Miss Texas 1973) on fiddle
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16]

IX

Date: Jan 12, 1975
Location: Tulane Stadium (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Tribute to Duke Ellington
Performers: Mercer Ellington & Grambling State University Marching Bands
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16][18]

X

Date: Jan 18, 1976
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Theme: 200 Years and Just a Baby: A Tribute to America's Bicentennial
Performer: Up with People
References:[16][23]

XI

Date: Jan 9, 1977
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: It's a Small World
Performers: Los Angeles Unified All-City Band & Audience card stunt
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
References:[16]

XII

Date: Jan 15, 1978
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: From Paris to Paris of America
Performers: Tyler Apache Belles Drill Team, and Apache Band Pete Fountain & Al Hirt
References:[16]

XIII

Date: Jan 21, 1979
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Theme: Salute to Caribbean
Performers: Ken Hamilton, various Caribbean bands including Grammacks out of Dominica
Producer: Bob Jani
Sponsor: Carnival
References:[16]

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

XIV

Date: Jan 20, 1980
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: A Salute to the Big Band Era
Performers: Up with People, Grambling State University Marching Bands
References:[16][23]

XV

Date: Jan 25, 1981
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Mardi Gras Festival
Performers: Southern University Marching Band, Helen O'Connell
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16]

XVI

Date: Jan 24, 1982
Location: Pontiac Silverdome (Pontiac, Michigan)
Theme: Salute to the 1960s and Motown
Performer: Up with People
References:[16][23]

XVII

Date: Jan 30, 1983
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: KaleidoSUPERscope
Performer: Los Angeles Super Drill Team
Producer: Bob Jani
References:[16]

XVIII

Date: Jan 22, 1984
Location: Tampa Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Theme: Salute to Superstars of Silver Screen
Performers: University of Florida and Florida State University Marching Bands
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
Setlist:[16]

Introduction by Phyllis George
"Hooray for Hollywood"
"You Oughta Be in Pictures"
"Steppin' Out with My Baby"
"Puttin' on the Ritz"
"42nd Street"
"When You Wish Upon a Star"

XIX

Date: Jan 20, 1985
Location: Stanford Stadium (Stanford, California)
Theme: World of Children's Dreams
Performer: Tops In Blue
Producer: Air Force Entertainment
References:[16]

XX

Date: Jan 26, 1986
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Beat of the Future
Performer: Up with People
References:[16][23]

XXI

Date: Jan 25, 1987
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: Salute to Hollywood's 100th Anniversary - The World of Make Believe
Performers: George Burns, Mickey Rooney, Grambling State University and USC Marching Bands, Disney characters, Southern California-area high school drill teams and dancers
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Ghost Riders in the Sky"
Theme songs from Bonanza, Indiana Jones, and Footloose
Hoedown song
"Cheek to Cheek"
"What a Feeling" (Theme from Flashdance)
"That's Entertainment"
"Somewhere Over the Rainbow"
"When You Wish Upon a Star"

XXII

Date: Jan 31, 1988
Location: Jack Murphy Stadium (San Diego, California)
Theme: Something Grand
Performers: Chubby Checker, The Rockettes, 88 grand pianos, and the combined San Diego State University Marching Aztecs and USC Marching Bands
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
References:[16][17]

XXIII

Date: Jan 22, 1989
Location: Joe Robbie Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Theme: 1950's Rock and Roll (Be Bop Bamboozled in 3-D)
Performers: Elvis Presto, South Florida-area dancers and performers
Producer: MagicCom Entertainment, Dan Witkowski
Sponsor: Diet Coke
Setlist:

Introduction by Bob Costas and 3-D commercial for Diet Coke
"Rock This Town"
audience participation card trick
"Tutti Frutti"
"Do You Love Me"
"Devil with a Blue Dress On"
"Great Balls of Fire"
"Greased Lightnin'"
"True Love"

References:[16][24]

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

XXIV

Date: Jan 28, 1990
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Salute to New Orleans & 40th Anniversary of Peanuts
Performers: Pete Fountain, Doug Kershaw, Irma Thomas, Nicholls State University Marching Band, Southern University Marching Band, USL Marching Band
Producer: Select Productions
References:
Setlist:

"(Up A) Lazy River"
"Waiting For The Robert E. Lee"
"Here Comes the Showboat"
"When the Saints Go Marching In" (Pete Fountain on clarinet)
"Happy Birthday to You"

XXV

Date: Jan 27, 1991
Location: Tampa Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Theme: Small World Tribute to 25 Years of the Super Bowl
Performers: New Kids on the Block (NKOTB), Disney characters, Warren Moon, 2,000 local children, audience card stunt
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
Sponsor: Walt Disney World and Coca-Cola
References:[16]
Setlist:

"It's a Small World After All"/ "We Are the World"/ "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" (children)
"Step by Step" (NKOTB)
"This One's For The Children" (NKOTB and children)
"It's a Small World After All" (children)

Notes: The airing of this halftime show was delayed until after the conclusion of the game due to ABC News coverage of Operation Desert Storm

XXVI

Date: Jan 26, 1992
Location: Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
Theme: Winter Magic, salute to 1992 Winter Olympics
Performers: Gloria Estefan, Olympic Figure skaters Brian Boitano and Dorothy Hamill, members of the 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team, and the University of Minnesota Marching Band
Producer: Timberline Productions
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Winter Magic"
"Walking in a Winter Wonderland"
"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy"
"Frosty" (University of Minnesota Marching Band)
"One Moment in Time" (featuring Brian Boitano and Dorthy Hamill)
"Don't Stop Me Now" (featuring members of the 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team)
"Live for Loving You" (Gloria Estefan)
"Get on Your Feet" (Gloria Estefan)

Notes: During the halftime, rival network Fox aired a special live episode of In Living Color, one of the first deliberate attempts at counter-programming. The show drew over 22 million viewers away from the Super Bowl telecast.[citation needed] In mid-1992, citing this, Select Productions pitched the concept of exclusively featuring live concert-type performances from top contemporary musical artists.[citation needed] The concept and pitch is attributed to Select Productions' employee Rick Lewis and prompted the change of the 1993 halftime show to showcase Michael Jackson.[citation needed]

XXVII

Main article: Super Bowl XXVII halftime show

Date: Jan 31, 1993
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Performer: Michael Jackson
Producer: Radio City, Scott Sanders and Don Mischer Productions
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"Jam" (M. Jackson)
"Billie Jean" (M. Jackson)
"Black or White" (M. Jackson)
"We Are the World" (children's choir)
"Heal the World" (M. Jackson)

Notes: This halftime performance increased the TV ratings by a significant amount. It has been claimed to be one of the most watched events in American television history. After 1993, the NFL made a deliberate effort to attract top performers for the halftime shows.[25]

XXVIII

Date: Jan 30, 1994
Location: Georgia Dome (Atlanta, Georgia)
Theme: Rockin' Country Sunday
Performers: Clint Black, Tanya Tucker, Travis Tritt, The Judds
Producer: Select Productions
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Tuckered Out" (Clint Black)
"It's a Little Too Late" (Tanya Tucker)
"T-R-O-U-B-L-E" (Travis Tritt)
"No One Else on Earth" (Wynonna Judd)
"Love Can Build a Bridge" (The Judds, joined by the other artists and special guests for the final verse)

Notes: Travis Tritt of Atlanta, joined several other artists in history to perform in the halftime show in his own hometown. The special guests for the finale included: Stevie Wonder, Ashley Judd, Lisa Hartman Black, The Georgia Satellites, Joe Namath, Elijah Wood, and Charlie Daniels.

XXIX

Date: Jan 29, 1995
Location: Joe Robbie Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Theme: Indiana Jones and the Temple of the Forbidden Eye
Performers: Patti Labelle, Indiana Jones & Marion Ravenwood, Teddy Pendergrass, Tony Bennett, Arturo Sandoval, Miami Sound Machine
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Release Yourself" (Patti Labelle)
"Caravan" (Tony Bennett, Arturo Sandoval and Miami Sound Machine)
"New Attitude" (Patti Labelle)
"Can You Feel The Love Tonight" (Patti Labelle and Tony Bennett)

XXX

Date: Jan 28, 1996
Location: Sun Devil Stadium (Tempe, Arizona)
Theme: Take Me Higher: A Celebration of 30 Years of the Super Bowl
Performer: Diana Ross
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
Sponsor: Oscar Mayer
References:[16][17]
Setlist: A medley of the following songs:

"Stop In The Name Of Love"
"You Keep Me Hangin' On"
"Baby Love"
"You Can't Hurry Love"
"Why Do Fools Fall in Love"
"Chain Reaction"
"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)"
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough"
"I Will Survive"
"Take Me Higher"

XXXI

Date: Jan 26, 1997
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Blues Brothers Bash
Performers: The Blues Brothers (Dan Aykroyd, John Goodman and James Belushi), ZZ Top, James Brown, Catherine Crier ("news" intro)
Producer: Select Productions, Radio City, House of Blues
Sponsor: Oscar Mayer
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Everybody Needs Somebody to Love" (The Blues Brothers)
"Soul Man" (The Blues Brothers)
"I Got You (I Feel Good)" (James Brown)
"Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine" (James Brown)
"Tush" (ZZ Top)
"Legs" (ZZ Top)
"Gimme Some Lovin'" (all performers joined together)

XXXII

Date: Jan 25, 1998
Location: Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, California)
Theme: Salute to Motown's 40th Anniversary
Performers: Boyz II Men, Smokey Robinson, Martha Reeves, The Temptations, Queen Latifah, Grambling State University Marching Band
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
Sponsor: Royal Caribbean International & Celebrity Cruises
References:[16][17][18][26]
Setlist:

"Get Ready" (The Temptations)
"I Can't Help Myself" (The Temptations)
"The Tracks of My Tears" (Smokey Robinson)
"My Girl" (The Temptations with Smokey Robinson)
"Heat Wave" (Martha and the Vandellas)
"Paper" (Queen Latifah)
"Motownphilly" (Boyz II Men)
"A Song for Mama" (Boyz II Men)
"Dancing in the Street" (all artists joined by GSU Marching Band)

XXXIII

Date: Jan 31, 1999
Location: Pro Player Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Theme: Celebration of Soul, Salsa and Swing
Performers: Gloria Estefan, Stevie Wonder, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, Savion Glover
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
Sponsor: Progressive Auto Insurance
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Go Daddy O" (Big Bad Voodoo Daddy)
"Sir Duke" (Stevie Wonder)
"You Are The Sunshine Of My Life" (Stevie Wonder)
"I Wish" (Stevie Wonder)
"Oye!" (Gloria Estefan)
"Turn The Beat Around" (Gloria Estefan)
"You'll Be Mine (Party Time)/Another Star/My Cherie Amour" (Gloria Estefan and Stevie Wonder)

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

XXXIV

Date: Jan 30, 2000
Location: Georgia Dome (Atlanta, Georgia)
Theme: Tapestry of Nations
Performers: Phil Collins, Christina Aguilera, Enrique Iglesias, Toni Braxton, 80-person choir, Edward James Olmos (narrator)
Producer: Disney
Sponsor: E-Trade
References:[16][27]
Setlist:

"Reflections of Earth" Instrumental (Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack)
"Celebrate the Future Hand in Hand" (Christina Aguilera & Enrique Iglesias)
"Tapestry of Nations" Instrumental (Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack)
"Two Worlds" (Phil Collins)
"We Go On" (Toni Braxton)

XXXV

Date: Jan 28, 2001
Location: Raymond James Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Theme: The Kings of Rock and Pop
Performers: Aerosmith, 'N Sync, Britney Spears, Mary J. Blige, Nelly
Producer: MTV
Sponsor: E-Trade
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

Pre-recorded intro sketch with Ben Stiller, Adam Sandler, Chris Rock, Aerosmith, and 'N Sync
"Bye Bye Bye" ('N Sync)
"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" (Aerosmith)
"It's Gonna Be Me ('N Sync)
"Jaded" (Aerosmith)
"Walk This Way" (Aerosmith, 'N Sync, Britney Spears, Mary J. Blige, Nelly)

XXXVI

Date: Feb 3, 2002
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Tribute to those killed in the September 11 attacks
Performer: U2
Producer: Clear Channel Entertainment
Sponsor: E-Trade
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"Beautiful Day"
"MLK"
"Where the Streets Have No Name"

XXXVII

Date: Jan 26, 2003
Location: Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, California)
Performers: Shania Twain, No Doubt, Sting
Producer: Jimmy Iovine and Joel Gallen
Sponsor: AT&T Wireless
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Man! I Feel like a Woman!" (Shania Twain)
"Up!" (Shania Twain)
"Just a Girl" (No Doubt)
"Message in a Bottle" (Sting with No Doubt)

XXXVIII

Date: Feb 1, 2004
Location: Reliant Stadium (Houston, Texas)
Theme: Choose or Lose
Performers: Jessica Simpson, the Spirit of Houston from the University of Houston, and the Ocean of Soul of Texas Southern University marching bands, Janet Jackson, P. Diddy, Nelly, Kid Rock and Justin Timberlake
Producer: MTV
Sponsor: AOL TopSpeed
References:[16][17]
Setlist:[28]

'Choose to Party!' Intro (Jessica Simpson)
Marching bands
"All for You" (Janet Jackson)
"Bad Boy for Life" (P. Diddy)
"Diddy" to the tune of "Mickey" (P. Diddy)
"Hot in Herre" (Nelly),
"Mo Money Mo Problems" (P. Diddy)
"Bawitdaba" (Kid Rock),
"Cowboy" (Kid Rock)
"Rhythm Nation" (Janet Jackson)
"Rock Your Body" (Justin Timberlake with Janet Jackson)

Further information: Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy

XXXIX

Date: Feb 6, 2005
Location: Alltel Stadium (Jacksonville, Florida)
Performer: Paul McCartney
Producer: Don Mischer Productions
Sponsor: Ameriquest Mortgage
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Drive My Car"
"Get Back"
"Live and Let Die"
"Hey Jude"

XL

Date: Feb 5, 2006
Location: Ford Field (Detroit, Michigan)
Performer: The Rolling Stones
Producer: Don Mischer Production
Sponsor: Sprint Nextel
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"Start Me Up"
"Rough Justice"
"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"

XLI

Date: Feb 4, 2007
Location: Dolphin Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Performers: Prince, Florida A&M University Marching 100 Band
Producer: Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"We Will Rock You" (Intro)
"Let's Go Crazy"
"Baby I'm a Star"
"Proud Mary"
"All Along the Watchtower"
"Best of You"
"Purple Rain"

XLII

Date: Feb 3, 2008
Location: University of Phoenix Stadium (Glendale, Arizona)
Performer: Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers
Producer: Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:

"American Girl"
"I Won't Back Down"
"Free Fallin'"
"Runnin' Down a Dream"

XLIII

Date: Feb 1, 2009
Location: Raymond James Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Performers: Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band
Producer: Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out"
"Born to Run"
"Working on a Dream"
"Glory Days"

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

XLIV

Date: Feb 7, 2010
Location: Sun Life Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Performer: The Who
Producer: White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Pinball Wizard"
"Baba O'Riley"
"Who Are You"
"See Me, Feel Me"
"Won't Get Fooled Again"

XLV

Date: Feb 6, 2011
Location: Cowboys Stadium (Arlington, Texas)
Performers: The Black Eyed Peas, Usher, Slash, Dallas/Ft. Worth-area area high school drill teams and dancers
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:[29]

"I Gotta Feeling" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"Boom Boom Pow" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"Sweet Child O' Mine" (Slash & Fergie)
"Pump It" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"Let's Get It Started" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"OMG" (Usher & will.i.am)
"Where Is The Love?" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"The Time (Dirty Bit)" with "I Gotta Feeling" reprise (The Black Eyed Peas)

XLVI

Main article: Super Bowl XLVI halftime show

Date: Feb 5, 2012
Location: Lucas Oil Stadium (Indianapolis, Indiana)
Performers: Madonna, LMFAO,[30] Cirque du Soleil,[31] Nicki Minaj,[32] M.I.A.,[33] Cee Lo Green,[30] Andy Lewis,[34] Avon High School Drumline, Center Grove High School Drumline, Fishers High School Drumline, Franklin Central High School Drumline, Southern University Dancing Dolls, 200 Person Choir consisting of Indianapolis locals
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Sponsor: Bridgestone
Setlist:[30]

"Vogue" (Madonna)
"Music" / "Party Rock Anthem" / "Sexy and I Know It" (Madonna with LMFAO)
"Give Me All Your Luvin'" (Madonna with Nicki Minaj and M.I.A.)
"Open Your Heart" / "Express Yourself" (Madonna with Cee Lo Green)
"Like a Prayer" (Madonna with Cee Lo Green)

XLVII

Main article: Super Bowl XLVII halftime show

Date: Feb 3, 2013
Location: Mercedes-Benz Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Performers: Beyoncé, Destiny's Child
Producer: Ricky Kirshner[35]
Director: Hamish Hamilton[35]
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[36]
Setlist:

"Run The World (Girls)" (Intro) / Vince Lombardi "Excellence" speech voiceover
"Love on Top" (chorus a cappella) (Beyoncé)
"Crazy in Love" (Beyoncé)
"End of Time" (Beyoncé)
"Baby Boy" (Beyoncé)
"Bootylicious" (Destiny's Child)
"Independent Women Part I" (Destiny's Child)
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" (Beyoncé featuring Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams)
"Halo" (Beyoncé)

XLVIII

Main article: Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show

Date: Feb 2, 2014
Location: MetLife Stadium (East Rutherford, New Jersey)
Performers: Bruno Mars, Red Hot Chili Peppers
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[37]
Setlist:

"Billionaire" (Intro) (children's choir)
"Locked Out of Heaven" (Bruno Mars)
"Treasure" (Bruno Mars)
"Runaway Baby" (Bruno Mars)
"Give It Away" (Red Hot Chili Peppers with Bruno Mars)
"Just the Way You Are" (Bruno Mars)

XLIX

Main article: Super Bowl XLIX halftime show

Date: Feb 1, 2015
Location: University of Phoenix Stadium (Glendale, Arizona)
Performers: Katy Perry, Lenny Kravitz, Missy Elliott, and Arizona State University Sun Devil Marching Band
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[38][39][40]
Setlist:

"Roar" (Katy Perry)
"Dark Horse" (Katy Perry)
"I Kissed a Girl" (Lenny Kravitz and Katy Perry)
"Teenage Dream" (Katy Perry)
"California Gurls" (Katy Perry)
"Get Ur Freak On" (Missy Elliott and Katy Perry)
"Work It" (Missy Elliott and Katy Perry)
"Lose Control" (Missy Elliott)
"Firework" (Katy Perry)

50

Main article: Super Bowl 50 halftime show

Date: Feb 7, 2016
Location: Levi's Stadium (Santa Clara, California)
Performers: Coldplay, Beyoncé, Bruno Mars, Mark Ronson, Gustavo Dudamel, University of California Marching Band and Youth Orchestra L.A.
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[41][42][43][44][45]
Setlist:[46]

"Yellow" (intro a cappella) (Coldplay)
"Viva la Vida" (Coldplay)
"Paradise" (Coldplay)
"Adventure of a Lifetime" (Coldplay)
"Uptown Funk" (Mark Ronson & Bruno Mars)
"Formation" (Beyoncé)
"Crazy In Love"/"Uptown Funk" (Beyoncé, Bruno Mars)
"Clocks" (instrumental) (Coldplay)
"Fix You"/"Up & Up" (Coldplay, Beyoncé and Bruno Mars)

LI

Main article: Super Bowl LI halftime show

Date: Feb 5, 2017
Location: NRG Stadium (Houston, Texas)
Performer: Lady Gaga
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi Zero Sugar
References:[47][48]
Setlist:

"God Bless America"/"This Land Is Your Land"
"Poker Face"
"Born This Way"
"Telephone"
"Just Dance"
"Million Reasons"
"Bad Romance"

LII

Main article: Super Bowl LII halftime show

Date: Feb 4, 2018
Location: U.S. Bank Stadium (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
Performer: Justin Timberlake and the Tennessee Kids, University of Minnesota Marching Band
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References: [49][50][51][52][53]
Setlist:

"Filthy"
"Rock Your Body"
"Señorita"
"SexyBack"
"My Love"
"Cry Me a River"
"Suit & Tie" (Featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band)
"Until the End of Time"
"I Would Die 4 U" (Pre-recorded video of Prince (displayed on a projection screen) with Justin Timberlake)
"Mirrors"
"Can't Stop the Feeling!"

text: Details on specific shows[edit]

text: Super Bowl XXXVI[edit]

text: U2 performed 3 songs: "Beautiful Day," "MLK," and "Where the Streets Have No Name." During the beginning of "MLK" and continuing until the end of "Where The Streets Have No Name," a large banner behind the band displayed the names of all the people who lost their lives on the September 11 attacks. Bono ended the song by opening up his jacket, the inside of which displayed the American flag.

text: Super Bowl XL[edit]

text: For The Rolling Stones, the stage was in the form of the group's iconic tongue logo (John Pasche's "Cunning Linguist" first used in 1971 on their Sticky Fingers album). It was the largest stage ever assembled for a Super Bowl halftime show, with 28 separate pieces assembled in five minutes by a 600-member volunteer stage crew. The group performed three songs: "Start Me Up," "Rough Justice," and "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction." The show was viewed by 89.9 million people, more than the audiences for the Oscars, Grammys and Emmy Awards combined.[54] In the wake of the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy with Janet Jackson and Justin Timberlake, ABC and the NFL imposed a five-second delay and censored lyrics considered too sexually explicit in the first two songs by briefly turning off Mick Jagger's microphone—censoring to which the group had previously agreed.[55] However, the choice of The Rolling Stones sparked controversy in the Detroit community because the band did not represent the traditional Detroit "Motown Sound," and no artists from the area were included.[56]


document_title: Bone healing

question_text: what are the stages of healing a bone fracture

text: Bone healing

text: Phases[edit]

text: There are three major phases of fracture healing,[4] two of which can be further sub-divided to make a total of five phases:[citation needed]

text:
1. Reactive phase

i. Fracture and inflammatory phase
ii. Granulation tissue formation

2. Reparative phase

iii. Cartilage callus formation
iv. Lamellar bone deposition

3. Remodeling phase

v. Remodeling to original bone contour

tag: ul

text: Reactive[edit]

text: After fracture, the first change seen by light and electron microscopy is the presence of blood cells within the tissues adjacent to the injury site. Soon after fracture, the blood vessels constrict, stopping any further bleeding.[5] Within a few hours after fracture, the extravascular blood cells form a blood clot, known as a hematoma. These cells release cytokines and increase blood capillary permeability. All of the cells within the blood clot degenerate and die.[6] Some of the cells outside of the blood clot, but adjacent to the injury site, also degenerate and die.[7] Within this same area, the fibroblasts survive and replicate. They form a loose aggregate of cells, interspersed with small blood vessels, known as granulation tissue.[8] This tissue reduces strain across the fracture site. Osteoclasts move in to reabsorb dead bone ends, and other necrotic tissue is removed.[9]

text: Reparative[edit]

text: Days after fracture, the cells of the periosteum replicate and transform. The periosteal cells proximal to (on the near side of) the fracture gap develop into chondroblasts, which form hyaline cartilage. The periosteal cells distal to (at the far end of) the fracture gap develop into osteoblasts, which form woven bone. The fibroblasts within the granulation tissue develop into chondroblasts which also form hyaline cartilage.[10] These two new tissues grow in size until they unite with their counterparts from other parts of the fracture. These processes culminate in a new mass of heterogeneous tissue known as a fracture callus.[11] Eventually, the fracture gap is bridged by the hyaline cartilage and woven bone, restoring some of the bone's original strength.

text: The next phase is the replacement of the hyaline cartilage and woven bone with lamellar bone. The replacement process is known as endochondral ossification with respect to the hyaline cartilage and bony substitution with respect to the woven bone. Substitution of the woven bone with lamellar bone precedes the substitution of the hyaline cartilage with lamellar bone. The lamellar bone begins forming soon after the collagen matrix of either tissue becomes mineralized. At this point, the mineralized matrix is penetrated by channels, each containing a microvessel and numerous osteoblasts. The osteoblasts form new lamellar bone upon the recently exposed surface of the mineralized matrix. This new lamellar bone is in the form of trabecular bone.[12] Eventually, all of the woven bone and cartilage of the original fracture callus is replaced by trabecular bone, restoring most of the bone's original strength.

text: Remodelling[edit]

text: The remodeling process substitutes the trabecular bone with compact bone. The trabecular bone is first resorbed by osteoclasts, creating a shallow resorption pit known as a "Howship's lacuna". Then osteoblasts deposit compact bone within the resorption pit. Eventually, the fracture callus is remodelled into a new shape which closely duplicates the bone's original shape and strength. The remodeling phase takes 3 to 5 years depending on factors such as age or general condition.[8] This process can be enhanced by certain synthetic injectable biomaterials, such as cerament, which are osteoconductive and actively promote bone healing.[13]

text: Obstructions to Bone Healing[edit]

text:
Poor blood supply which leads to the death of the osteocytes. Bone cell death is also dependent on degree of fracture and disruption to the Haversian system.
Condition of the soft tissues. Soft tissue in between bone ends restricts healing.
Nutrition and drug therapy. Poor general health reduces healing rate. Drugs that impair the inflammatory response impede healing also.
Infection. Diverts the inflammatory response away from healing towards fighting off the infection.
Age. Young bone unites more rapidly than adult bone.
Pre-existing bone malignancy.
Mechanical factors such as the bone not being aligned and too much or too little movement. Excess mobility can disrupt the bridging callus, interfering with union; but slight biomechanical motion is seen to improve callus formation.[9]

tag: ol

text: Complications[edit]

text: Complications of fracture healing include:

text:
Infection: this is the most common complication of fractures and predominantly occurs in open fractures. Post-traumatic wound infection is the most common cause of chronic osteomyelitis in patients. Osteomyelitis can also occur following surgical fixation of a fracture.[14]
Non-union: no progression of healing within six months of a fracture occurring. The fracture pieces remain separated and can be caused by infection and/or lack of blood supply (Ischaemia) to the bone.[15] There are two types of non-union, atrophic and hypertrophic. Hypertrophic involves the formation of excess callus leading to bone ends appearing sclerotic causing a radiological "Elephants Foot" appearance. Atrophic non-union results in re-absorption and rounding of bone ends.[9]
Mal-union: healing occurs but the healed bone has 'angular deformity, translation, or rotational alignment that requires surgical correction'. This is most common in long bones such as the femur.[16]
Delayed union: healing times vary depending on the location of a fracture and the age of a patient. Delayed union is characterised by 'persistence of the fracture line and a scarcity or absence of callus formation' on x-ray. Healing is still occurring but at a much slower rate than normal.[15]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Collagen fibers of woven bone

Osteoclast displaying many nuclei within its "foamy" cytoplasm

Osteoblasts forming compact bone, containing two osteocytes, within a resorption pit in trabecular bone

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Susan E. Brown, PhD. "How to Speed Fracture Healing" (PDF). Center for Better Bones. While no scientist has yet conducted a clinical trial using all 20 key nutrients for fracture healing, several studies have found multi-nutrient therapy to reduce complication and accelerate fracture healing.
Jump up ^ Gomez-Barrena E, Rosset P, Lozano D, Stanovici J, Ermthaller C, Gerbhard F. Bone fracture healing: Cell therapy in delayed unions and nonunions. Bone. 2015;70:93–101.
Jump up ^ Ferretti C, Mattioli-Belmonte M. Periosteum derived stem cells for regenerative medicine proposals: Boosting current knowledge. World Journal of Stem Cells. 2014;6(3):266-277. doi:10.4252/wjsc.v6.i3.266.
Jump up ^ Iain H. Kalfas, MD (2001). "Principles of Bone Healing". WebMD LLC.
Jump up ^ Brighton and Hunt (1997), p. 248: The extravascular blood cells are identified as erythrocytes, platelets and neutrophils.
Jump up ^ Brighton and Hunt (1991), p. 837: The cells within the clot are identified.
Jump up ^ Brighton and Hunt (1997)
^ Jump up to: a b Ham and Harris
^ Jump up to: a b c Nyary Tamas, Scamell BE. (2015). Principles of bone and joint injuries and their healing. Surgery(Oxford). 33 (1), p 7-14.
Jump up ^ Brighton and Hunt (1997), p. 248: Two light micrographs showing the cells of the woven bone and hyaline cartilage.
Jump up ^ Brighton and Hunt (1986), p. 704: Two light micrographs of a typical fracture callus: one showing the tissues and the other showing the cells.
Jump up ^ Brighton and Hunt (1986); Brighton and Hunt (1997); Ham and Harris
Jump up ^ Hatten Jr., H.P. and Voor, J. (2012): Bone Healing Using a Bi-Phasic Ceramic Bone Substitute Demonstrated in Human Vertebroplasty and with Histology in a Rabbit Cancellous Bone Defect Model. Interventional Neuroradiology, vol. 18, pp. 105-113.
Jump up ^ Rowbotham, Emma; Barron, Dominic (2009). "Radiology of fracture complications". Orthopaedics and Trauma. 23 (1): 52–60. doi:10.1016/j.mporth.2008.12.008.
^ Jump up to: a b Jahagirdar, Rajeev; Scammell, Brigitte E (2008). "Principles of fracture healing and disorders of bone union". Surgery. 27 (2): 63–69. doi:10.1016/j.mpsur.2008.12.011.
Jump up ^ Chen, Andrew T; Vallier, Heather A (2016). "Noncontiguous and open fractures of the lower extremity: Epidemiology, complications, and unplanned procedures". Injury. 47 (3): 742–747. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2015.12.013.


document_title: Yellow jersey statistics

question_text: who has won the tour de france without winning a stage

text: Yellow jersey statistics

text: Individual records[edit]

text: In previous tours, sometimes a stage was broken in two (or three). On such occasions, only the cyclist leading at the end of the day is counted. The "Jerseys" column lists the number of days that the cyclist wore the yellow jersey; the "Tour wins" column gives the number of times the cyclist won the general classification. The next four columns indicate the number of times the rider won the points classification, the King of the Mountains classification, and the young rider competition, and the years in which the yellow jersey was worn, with bold years indicating an overall Tour win. For example: Eddy Merckx has spent 96 days in the yellow jersey, won the general classification five times, won the points classification three times, won the mountains classification two times, and never won the young rider classification.[5] He wore the yellow jersey in the Tours of 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974 (which he all won) and 1975 (which he did not win). Three cyclists (Jean Robic in 1947, Charly Gaul in 1958 and Jan Janssen in 1968) have won the Tour de France with only two yellow jerseys in their career.

text: Fabian Cancellara is, as of 2016 with twenty nine days in yellow, the rider with the most yellow jerseys ever for someone who has not won the Tour. The two active Tour de France winners Chris Froome and Vincenzo Nibali rank, as of 2017, 4th and 21st, with fifty-nine and nineteen days in yellow respectively. Alberto Contador was stripped of the yellow jersey and 6 days of wearing it in 2010 Tour de France because he tested positive for doping. Until the results of Lance Armstrong were annulled for cheating late 2012, he was ranked second in this list, leading the Tour for 83 stages from 1999 to 2005.

text:
Key

Cyclists who are still active

Cyclists who won the Tour de France

text:
Rank
Name
Country
Yellowjerseys
Tour wins
Points
Mountains
Young rider
Years

1
Eddy Merckx
 Belgium
96
5
3
2
0
1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975

2
Bernard Hinault
 France
75
5
1
1
0
1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986

3
Miguel Indurain
 Spain
60
5
0
0
0
1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995

4
Chris Froome
 United Kingdom
59
4
0
1
0
2013, 2015, 2016, 2017

5
Jacques Anquetil
 France
50
5
0
0
0
1957, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964

6
Antonin Magne
 France
38
2
0
0
0
1931, 1934

= 7
Nicolas Frantz[n 1]
 Luxembourg
37
2
0
0
0
1927, 1928, 1929

= 7
Philippe Thys[n 2]
 Belgium
37
3
0
0
0
1913, 1914, 1920

9
André Leducq[n 1]
 France
35
2
0
0
0
1929, 1930, 1932, 1938

= 10
Louison Bobet
 France
34
3
0
1
0
1948, 1953, 1954, 1955

= 10
Ottavio Bottecchia
 Italy
34
2
0
0
0
1923, 1924, 1925

12
Fabian Cancellara
  Switzerland
29
0
0
0
0
2004, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2015

= 13
Sylvère Maes
 Belgium
26
2
0
1
0
1936, 1937, 1939

= 13
René Vietto
 France
26
0
0
1
0
1939, 1947

15
François Faber
 Luxembourg
25
1
0
0
0
1909, 1910, 1911

= 16
Laurent Fignon
 France
22
2
0
0
1
1983, 1984, 1989

= 16
Greg LeMond
 United States
22
3
0
0
1
1986, 1989, 1990, 1991

= 16
Joop Zoetemelk
 Netherlands
22
1
0
0
0
1971, 1973, 1978, 1979, 1980

19
Romain Maes
 Belgium
21
1
0
0
0
1935

= 20
Gino Bartali
 Italy
20
2
0
2
0
1937, 1938, 1948, 1949

= 20
Thomas Voeckler
 France
20
0
0
1
0
2004, 2011

= 22
Fausto Coppi
 Italy
19
2
0
2
0
1949, 1952

= 22
André Darrigade
 France
19
0
2
0
0
1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1962

= 22
Vincenzo Nibali
 Italy
19
1
0
0
0
2014

= 25
Felice Gimondi
 Italy
18
1
0
0
0
1965

= 25
Jan Ullrich
 Germany
18
1
0
0
3
1997, 1998

= 27
Rudi Altig
 Germany
17
0
1
0
0
1962, 1964, 1966, 1969

= 27
Luis Ocaña
 Spain
17
1
0
0
0
1971, 1973

= 27
Lucien Petit-Breton
 France
17
2
0
0
0
1907, 1908

= 27
Roger Pingeon
 France
17
1
0
0
0
1967

= 31
Odile Defraye
 Belgium
16
1
0
0
0
1912, 1913

= 31
Maurice De Waele
 Belgium
16
1
0
0
0
1929

= 31
Bernard Thévenet
 France
16
2
0
0
0
1975, 1977

= 34
Pedro Delgado[n 3]
 Spain
15
1
0
0
0
1987, 1988

= 34
Geraint Thomas
 United Kingdom
15
1
0
0
0
2017, 2018

= 34
Dietrich Thurau
 Germany
15
0
0
0
1
1977

= 37
Maurice Archambaud
 France
14
0
0
0
0
1933, 1936

= 37
Steve Bauer
 Canada
14
0
0
0
0
1988, 1990

= 37
Gastone Nencini
 Italy
14
1
0
1
0
1960

= 37
Bjarne Riis
 Denmark
14
1
0
0
0
1995, 1996

= 37
Léon Scieur
 Belgium
14
1
0
0
0
1921

= 37
Bradley Wiggins
 United Kingdom
14
1
0
0
0
2012

= 43
Eugène Christophe
 France
13
0
0
0
0
1919, 1922

= 43
Gustave Garrigou
 France
13
1
0
0
0
1911

= 43
René Pottier
 France
13
1
0
0
0
1905, 1906

= 43
Andy Schleck[n 4]
 Luxembourg
13
1
0
0
3
2010, 2011

= 43
Georges Speicher
 France
13
1
0
0
0
1933, 1934

= 48
Vincent Barteau
 France
12
0
0
0
0
1984

= 48
Joseph Bruyère
 Belgium
12
0
0
0
0
1974, 1978

= 48
Lucien Van Impe
 Belgium
12
1
0
6
0
1976

= 48
Ferdinand Kübler
  Switzerland
12
1
1
0
0
1947, 1950

= 48
Antonin Rolland
 France
12
0
0
0
0
1955

= 48
Louis Trousselier
 France
12
1
0
0
0
1905, 1907

= 48
Wout Wagtmans
 Netherlands
12
0
0
0
0
1954, 1955, 1956

= 55
Alberto Contador
 Spain
11
2
0
0
1
2007, 2009

= 55
Gilbert Desmet
 Belgium
11
0
0
0
0
1956, 1963

= 55
Hugo Koblet
  Switzerland
11
1
0
0
0
1951

= 55
Greg Van Avermaet
 Belgium
11
0
0
0
0
2016, 2018

= 55
Georges Vandenberghe
 Belgium
11
0
0
0
0
1968

= 60
Kim Andersen
 Denmark
10
0
0
0
0
1983, 1985

= 60
Thor Hushovd
 Norway
10
0
2
0
0
2004, 2006, 2011

= 60
Pascal Lino
 France
10
0
0
0
0
1992

= 63
Phil Anderson
 Australia
9
0
0
0
1
1981, 1982

= 63
Georges Groussard
 France
9
0
0
0
0
1964

= 63
Freddy Maertens
 Belgium
9
0
2
0
0
1976

= 63
Fiorenzo Magni
 Italy
9
0
0
0
0
1949, 1950, 1952

= 63
Stuart O'Grady
 Australia
9
0
0
0
0
1998, 2001

= 63
Henri Pélissier
 France
9
1
0
0
0
1919, 1923

= 63
Michael Rasmussen
 Denmark
9
0
0
2
0
2007

= 70
Lucien Buysse
 Belgium
8
1
0
0
0
1926

= 70
Claudio Chiappucci
 Italy
8
0
0
2
0
1990

= 70
Cadel Evans
 Australia
8
1
0
0
0
2008, 2010, 2011

= 70
Emile Georget
 France
8
0
0
0
0
1906, 1907

= 70
Gerrie Knetemann
 Netherlands
8
0
0
0
0
1978, 1979, 1980, 1981

= 70
Rinaldo Nocentini
 Italy
8
0
0
0
0
2009

= 70
Rudy Pevenage
 Belgium
8
0
1
0
0
1980

= 70
Roger Walkowiak
 France
8
1
0
0
0
1956

= 78
Jan Adriaensens
 Belgium
7
0
0
0
0
1956, 1960

= 78
Federico Bahamontes
 Spain
7
1
0
6
0
1959, 1963

= 78
Bernard Gauthier
 France
7
0
0
0
0
1950

= 78
Igor González de Galdeano
 Spain
7
0
0
0
0
2002

= 78
Learco Guerra
 Italy
7
0
0
0
0
1930

= 78
Erich Maechler
  Switzerland
7
0
0
0
0
1987

= 78
Thierry Marie
 France
7
0
0
0
0
1986, 1990, 1991

= 78
Charly Mottet
 France
7
0
0
0
0
1987

= 78
Marco Pantani
 Italy
7
1
0
0
2
1998

= 78
Óscar Pereiro[n 5]
 Spain
7
1
0
0
0
2006

= 78
Jef Planckaert
 Belgium
7
0
0
0
0
1962

= 78
Pascal Simon
 France
7
0
0
0
0
1983

= 78
Gustaaf van Slembrouck
 Belgium
7
0
0
0
0
1926

= 91
Lucien Aimar
 France
6
1
0
0
0
1966

= 91
Chris Boardman
 United Kingdom
6
0
0
0
0
1994, 1997, 1998

= 91
Robert Cazala
 France
6
0
0
0
0
1959

= 91
Mario Cipollini
 Italy
6
0
0
0
0
1993, 1997

= 91
Vito Favero
 Italy
6
0
0
0
0
1958

= 91
Maurice Garin
 France
6
1
0
0
0
1903

= 91
Cyrille Guimard
 France
6
0
0
0
0
1972

= 91
Kim Kirchen
 Luxembourg
6
0
0
0
0
2008

= 91
Jaan Kirsipuu
 Estonia
6
0
0
0
0
1999

= 91
Roger Lévêque
 France
6
0
0
0
0
1951

= 91
Jean Majerus
 Luxembourg
6
0
0
0
0
1937, 1938

= 91
Jacques Marinelli
 France
6
0
0
0
0
1949

= 91
Francesco Moser
 Italy
6
0
0
0
1
1975

= 91
Fritz Schaer
  Switzerland
6
0
1
0
0
1953

= 91
Herman Van Springel
 Belgium
6
0
1
0
0
1968, 1973

= 91
Félicien Vervaecke
 Belgium
6
0
0
2
0
1938

= 107
Jean Alavoine
 France
5
0
0
0
0
1922

= 107
Adelin Benoit
 Belgium
5
0
0
0
0
1925

= 107
Firmin Lambot
 Belgium
5
2
0
0
0
1919, 1922

= 107
Jean Malléjac
 France
5
0
0
0
0
1953

= 107
Johan Museeuw
 Belgium
5
0
0
0
0
1993, 1994

= 107
Jørgen V. Pedersen
 Denmark
5
0
0
0
0
1986

= 107
Francis Pélissier
 France
5
0
0
0
0
1927

= 107
Carlos Sastre
 Spain
5
1
0
1
0
2008

= 107
Bernard Van de Kerkhove
 Belgium
5
0
0
0
0
1964, 1965

= 107
Eric Vanderaerden
 Belgium
5
0
1
0
0
1983, 1985

= 107
Cédric Vasseur
 France
5
0
0
0
0
1997

= 118
Gilbert Bauvin
 France
4
0
0
0
0
1951, 1954, 1958

= 118
Tom Boonen
 Belgium
4
0
1
0
0
2006

= 118
José Catieau
 France
4
0
0
0
0
1973

= 118
Alberto Elli
 Italy
4
0
0
0
0
2000

= 118
Wim van Est
 Netherlands
4
0
0
0
0
1951, 1955, 1958

= 118
Raphaël Géminiani
 France
4
0
0
1
0
1958

= 118
Roger Hassenforder
 France
4
0
0
0
0
1953

= 118
Jos Hoevenaers
 Belgium
4
0
0
0
0
1958, 1959

= 118
Robert Jacquinot
 France
4
0
0
0
0
1922, 1923

= 118
Laurent Jalabert
 France
4
0
2
2
0
1995, 2000

= 118
Karl-Heinz Kunde
 Germany
4
0
0
0
0
1966

= 118
Roger Lapébie
 France
4
1
0
0
0
1937

= 118
Nello Lauredi
 France
4
0
0
0
0
1952

= 118
Hector Martin
 Belgium
4
0
0
0
0
1927

= 118
Raffaele di Paco[n 6]
 Italy
4
0
0
0
0
1931

= 118
Eddy Pauwels
 Belgium
4
0
0
0
0
1959, 1963

= 118
Jean Rossius[n 2]
 Belgium
4
0
0
0
0
1914

= 118
Peter Sagan
 Slovakia
4
0
6
0
0
2016, 2018

= 118
Acácio da Silva
 Portugal
4
0
0
0
0
1989

= 118
Rolf Sørensen
 Denmark
4
0
0
0
0
1991

= 118
Gerrit Voorting
 Netherlands
4
0
0
0
0
1956, 1958

= 118
Italo Zilioli
 Italy
4
0
0
0
0
1970

= 118
Alex Zülle
  Switzerland
4
0
0
0
0
1992, 1996

= 141
Erich Bautz
 Germany
3
0
0
0
0
1937

= 141
Henri Cornet
 France
3
1
0
0
0
1904

= 141
Bim Diederich
 Luxembourg
3
0
0
0
0
1951

= 141
Aimé Dossche
 Belgium
3
0
0
0
0
1929

= 141
Seamus Elliott
 Ireland
3
0
0
0
0
1963

= 141
Jean Goldschmit
 Luxembourg
3
0
0
0
0
1950

= 141
Stéphane Heulot
 France
3
0
0
0
0
1996

= 141
Serhiy Honchar
 Ukraine
3
0
0
0
0
2006

= 141
Roger Lambrecht
 Belgium
3
0
0
0
0
1948, 1949

= 141
Floyd Landis
 United States
3
0
0
0
0
2006

= 141
Octave Lapize
 France
3
1
0
0
0
1910

= 141
Bradley McGee
 Australia
3
0
0
0
0
2003

= 141
David Millar
 United Kingdom
3
0
0
0
0
2000

= 141
Wilfried Nelissen
 Belgium
3
0
0
0
0
1993

= 141
Jelle Nijdam
 Netherlands
3
0
0
0
0
1987, 1988

= 141
Charles Pélissier[n 6]
 France
3
0
0
0
0
1930, 1931

= 141
Víctor Hugo Peña
 Colombia
3
0
0
0
0
2003

= 141
René Privat
 France
3
0
0
0
0
1957

= 141
Jan Raas[n 7]
 Netherlands
3
0
0
0
0
1978

= 141
Stephen Roche
 Ireland
3
1
0
0
0
1987

= 141
Willy Schroeders
 Belgium
3
0
0
0
0
1962

= 141
François Simon
 France
3
0
0
0
0
2001

= 141
Julien Stevens
 Belgium
3
0
0
0
0
1969

= 141
Michel Vermeulin
 France
3
0
0
0
0
1959

= 141
Teun van Vliet
 Netherlands
3
0
0
0
0
1988

= 141
David Zabriskie
 United States
3
0
0
0
0
2005

= 167
Henry Anglade
 France
2
0
0
0
0
1960

= 167
Fabio Aru
 Italy
2
0
0
0
0
2017

= 167
Jan Bakelants
 Belgium
2
0
0
0
0
2013

= 167
Romain Bellenger
 France
2
0
0
0
0
1923

= 167
Rubens Bertogliati
  Switzerland
2
0
0
0
0
2002

= 167
Eugeni Berzin
 Russia
2
0
0
0
0
1996

= 167
Pierre Brambilla
 Italy
2
0
0
1
0
1947

= 167
Jules Buysse
 Belgium
2
0
0
0
0
1926

= 167
Marcel Buysse
 Belgium
2
0
0
0
0
1913

= 167
Sylvain Chavanel
 France
2
0
0
0
0
2010

= 167
Charles Crupelandt
 France
2
0
0
0
0
1910, 1912

= 167
Raymond Delisle
 France
2
0
0
0
0
1976

= 167
Laurent Desbiens
 France
2
0
0
0
0
1998

= 167
Jacky Durand
 France
2
0
0
0
0
1995

= 167
Victor Fontan[n 1]
 France
2
0
0
0
0
1929

= 167
Jean Fontenay
 France
2
0
0
0
0
1939

= 167
Jean Forestier
 France
2
0
1
0
0
1957

= 167
Charly Gaul
 Luxembourg
2
1
0
2
0
1958

= 167
Martial Gayant
 France
2
0
0
0
0
1987

= 167
Albertus Geldermans
 Netherlands
2
0
0
0
0
1962

= 167
Simon Gerrans
 Australia
2
0
0
0
0
2013

= 167
Ivan Gotti
 Italy
2
0
0
0
0
1995

= 167
Charly Grosskost
 France
2
0
0
0
0
1968

= 167
Jacques Hanegraaf
 Netherlands
2
0
0
0
0
1984

= 167
Daryl Impey
 South Africa
2
0
0
0
0
2013

= 167
Jan Janssen
 Netherlands
2
1
3
0
0
1966, 1968

= 167
Gerben Karstens
 Netherlands
2
0
0
0
0
1974

= 167
Marcel Kittel
 Germany
2
0
0
0
0
2013, 2014

= 167
Georges Lemaire
 Belgium
2
0
0
0
0
1933

= 167
Tony Martin
 Germany
2
0
0
0
0
2015

= 167
Jules Masselis
 Belgium
2
0
0
0
0
1911, 1913

= 167
Christophe Moreau
 France
2
0
0
0
0
2001

= 167
Louis Mottiat
 Belgium
2
0
0
0
0
1920, 1921

= 167
Georges Passerieu
 France
2
0
0
0
0
1908

= 167
Ludo Peeters
 Belgium
2
0
0
0
0
1982, 1984

= 167
Ronan Pensec
 France
2
0
0
0
0
1990

= 167
Lech Piasecki
 Poland
2
0
0
0
0
1987

= 167
Jean Robic
 France
2
1
0
0
0
1947, 1953

= 167
Aldo Ronconi
 Italy
2
0
0
0
0
1947

= 167
Fränk Schleck
 Luxembourg
2
0
0
0
0
2008

= 167
Edward Sels
 Belgium
2
0
0
0
0
1964

= 167
Rik Van Steenbergen
 Belgium
2
0
0
0
0
1952

= 167
Klaus-Peter Thaler
 Germany
2
0
0
0
0
1978

= 167
Alejandro Valverde
 Spain
2
0
0
0
0
2008

= 167
Flavio Vanzella
 Italy
2
0
0
0
0
1994

= 167
Johan van der Velde
 Netherlands
2
0
0
0
1
1986

= 167
Richard Virenque
 France
2
0
0
7
0
1992, 2003

= 167
Jens Voigt
 Germany
2
0
0
0
0
2001, 2005

= 167
Rolf Wolfshohl
 Germany
2
0
0
0
0
1968

= 167
Erik Zabel
 Germany
2
0
6
0
0
1998, 2002

= 217
Jean Aerts
 Belgium
1
0
0
0
0
1932

= 217
Nicolas Barone
 France
1
0
0
0
0
1957

= 217
François Beaugendre
 France
1
0
0
0
0
1904

= 217
Jean-François Bernard
 France
1
0
0
0
0
1987

= 217
Jean-René Bernaudeau
 France
1
0
0
0
1
1979

= 217
Yvon Bertin
 France
1
0
0
0
0
1980

= 217
Serafino Biagioni
 Italy
1
0
0
0
0
1951

= 217
Guido Bontempi
 Italy
1
0
0
0
0
1988[n 8]

= 217
Vicenzo Borgarello
 Italy
1
0
0
0
0
1912

= 217
Jacques Bossis
 France
1
0
0
0
0
1978

= 217
Erik Breukink
 Netherlands
1
0
0
0
1
1989

= 217
Johan Bruyneel
 Belgium
1
0
0
0
0
1995

= 217
Max Bulla
 Austria
1
0
0
0
0
1931

= 217
Norbert Callens
 Belgium
1
0
0
0
0
1949

= 217
Léon Le Calvez
 France
1
0
0
0
0
1931

= 217
Andrea Carrea
 Italy
1
0
0
0
0
1952

= 217
Mark Cavendish
 United Kingdom
1
0
1
0
0
2016

= 217
Rohan Dennis
 Australia
1
0
0
0
0
2015

= 217
Cyril Dessel
 France
1
0
0
0
0
2006

= 217
Ferdinand Le Drogo
 France
1
0
0
0
0
1927

= 217
Marcel Dussault
 France
1
0
0
0
0
1949

= 217
Paul Egli
  Switzerland
1
0
0
0
0
1936

= 217
Jan Engels
 Belgium
1
0
0
0
0
1948

= 217
José María Errandonea
 Spain
1
0
0
0
0
1967

= 217
Romain Feillu
 France
1
0
0
0
0
2008

= 217
Amédée Fournier
 France
1
0
0
0
0
1939

= 217
Michel Frédérick
  Switzerland
1
0
0
0
0
1904

= 217
Dominique Gaigne
 France
1
0
0
0
0
1986

= 217
Tony Gallopin
 France
1
0
0
0
0
2014

= 217
Jean-Louis Gauthier
 France
1
0
0
0
0
1983

= 217
Fernando Gaviria
 Colombia
1
0
0
0
0
2018

= 217
Jean-Pierre Genet
 France
1
0
0
0
0
1968

= 217
Linus Gerdemann
 Germany
1
0
0
0
0
2007

= 217
Philippe Gilbert
 Belgium
1
0
0
0
0
2011

= 217
Joseph Groussard
 France
1
0
0
0
0
1960

= 217
Bo Hamburger
 Denmark
1
0
0
0
0
1998

= 217
Cyrille van Hauwaert
 Belgium
1
0
0
0
0
1909

= 217
Alfred Haemerlinck
 Belgium
1
0
0
0
0
1931

= 217
Hector Heusghem
 Belgium
1
0
0
0
0
1922

= 217
George Hincapie
 United States
1
0
0
0
0
2006

= 217
Sean Kelly
 Ireland
1
0
4
0
0
1983

= 217
Marcel Kint
 Belgium
1
0
0
0
0
1937

= 217
Jean-Claude Lebaube
 France
1
0
0
0
0
1966

= 217
Luc Leblanc
 France
1
0
0
0
0
1991

= 217
Désiré Letort
 France
1
0
0
0
0
1969

= 217
Rik Van Looy
 Belgium
1
0
1
0
0
1965

= 217
Emile Lombard
 Belgium
1
0
0
0
0
1904

= 217
Henk Lubberding
 Netherlands
1
0
0
0
1
1988

= 217
François Mahé
 France
1
0
0
0
0
1953

= 217
Robbie McEwen
 Australia
1
0
3
0
0
2004

= 217
Arsène Mersch
 Luxembourg
1
0
0
0
0
1936

= 217
Giovanni Micheletto
 Italy
1
0
0
0
0
1913

= 217
Frederic Moncassin
 France
1
0
0
0
0
1996

= 217
Jean-Patrick Nazon
 France
1
0
0
0
0
2003

= 217
Willy van Neste
 Belgium
1
0
0
0
0
1967

= 217
Willi Oberbeck
 Germany
1
0
0
0
0
1938

= 217
Miguel Poblet
 Spain
1
0
0
0
0
1955

= 217
Adri van der Poel
 Netherlands
1
0
0
0
0
1984

= 217
Giancarlo Polidori
 Italy
1
0
0
0
0
1967

= 217
Tommaso de Pra
 Italy
1
0
0
0
0
1966

= 217
Gaston Rebry
 Belgium
1
0
0
0
0
1929

= 217
Raymond Riotte
 France
1
0
0
0
0
1967

= 217
Giovanni Rossi
  Switzerland
1
0
0
0
0
1951

= 217
Gregorio San Miguel
 Spain
1
0
0
0
0
1968

= 217
Tom Simpson
 United Kingdom
1
0
0
0
0
1962

= 217
Jozef Spruyt
 Belgium
1
0
0
0
0
1967

= 217
Alex Stieda
 Canada
1
0
0
0
0
1986

= 217
Kurt Stöpel
 Germany
1
0
0
0
0
1932

= 217
Marc Wauters
 Belgium
1
0
0
0
0
2001

= 217
Sean Yates
 United Kingdom
1
0
0
0
0
1994

text: Number of wearers per year[edit]

text: The largest number of different riders wearing the yellow jersey in any year is 8. The smallest is 1.

text:
Number of wearers
Years

1
1903, 1924, 1928, 1935, 1999

2
1905, 1906, 1908, 1909, 1914, 1920, 1921, 1925, 1934, 1961, 1970, 1972, 1977, 2005, 2012

3
1907, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1926, 1930, 1932, 1933, 1954, 1965, 1971, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1981, 1982, 1985, 2000, 2002, 2009, 2014, 2017

4
1904, 1923, 1927, 1936, 1939, 1948, 1950, 1960, 1969, 1973, 1979, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1997, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2015, 2016, 2018

5
1913, 1922, 1938, 1947, 1952, 1955, 1957, 1963, 1964, 1980, 1990, 1991, 1994, 1996, 2001, 2011, 2013

6
1929, 1931, 1937, 1953, 1956, 1959, 1966, 1967, 1983, 1984, 1988, 1995, 2008

7
1949, 1951, 1962, 1968, 1978, 1986, 1998, 2006

8
1958, 1987

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c In 1929, Nicolas Frantz (LUX), André Leducq (FRA) and Victor Fontan (FRA) were all three declared leader after the 7th stage.[2]

^ Jump up to: a b In 1914, Philippe Thys and Jean Rossius were both declared leader for 4 days.[1]

Jump up ^ In 1988, on 19 July, there were two stages. Other than the split stages that the Tour de France saw earlier, these two stages were counted as individual stages, so Pedro Delgado received two yellow jerseys on that day.

Jump up ^ Before Alberto Contador's 2010 Tour de France victory and days in yellow were officially removed, he wore the yellow jersey for 6 days. After his disqualification, Andy Schleck's total increased with 6 extra days.

Jump up ^ Before Floyd Landis' 2006 Tour de France victory and days in yellow were officially removed, he wore the yellow jersey for 5 days. After his disqualification, Óscar Pereiro's total increased with 2 extra days.

^ Jump up to: a b In 1931, Charles Pélissier (FRA) and Raffaele Di Paco (ITA) were both declared leader after the 5th stage.[3]

Jump up ^ Jan Raas won the prologue of the 1978 Tour de France. Because the weather changed dramatically during that prologue, the race was invalidated, and Raas was not awarded a yellow jersey.[6] In cycling statistics lists, including the official database from the Tour de France organisation,[7] the victory is awarded to Jan Raas, so this is also done in the list above.

Jump up ^ In 1988, the Tour de France started with a prelude, a 1km time trial in which one cyclist from every team could compete. This prelude was won by Guido Bontempi, who wore the yellow jersey on the first real stage of the 1988 Tour.[4]

text: Per country[edit]

text:
The yellow jersey has been awarded to 23 different countries since 1903. In the table below, "Jerseys" indicates the number of yellow jerseys that were given to cyclists of each country. "Tour wins" stands for the number of tour wins by cyclists of that country,[8] "Points" for the number of times the points classification was won by cyclist of that country,[9] "KoM" for the number of times the mountains classification in the Tour de France was won by a cyclist of that country,[10] and "Young rider" for the number of times the young rider classification was won by a cyclist of that country.[11]
The "Most recent" column shows the cyclist of the country that wore the yellow jersey most recently. The "Different holders" column gives the number of different cyclists of the country that wore the yellow jersey.

text:
Rank
Country
Yellowjerseys
Tour wins
Points
Mountains
Young rider
Most recent cyclist
Most recent
Different holders

1
 France
709
36
9
22
8
Tony Gallopin
2014, stage 9
94

2
 Belgium
434
18
19
11
0
Greg Van Avermaet
2018, stage 10
60

3
 Italy
210
10
2
12
5
Fabio Aru
2017, stage 13
29

4
 Spain
135
12
1
16
5
Alberto Contador
2009, stage 21
12

5
 Great Britain
101
6
1
2
2
Geraint Thomas
2018, stage 21
8

6
 Luxembourg
96
5
0
2
3
Andy Schleck
2011, stage 19
10

7
 Germany
75
1
8
0
4
Tony Martin
2015, stage 6
15

8
  Switzerland
74
2
2
1
0
Fabian Cancellara
2015, stage 2
9

9
 Netherlands
72
2
4
2
5
Erik Breukink
1989, prologue
17

10
 Denmark
43
1
0
2
0
Michael Rasmussen
2007, stage 16
6

11
 Australia
33
1
5
0
1
Rohan Dennis
2015, stage 1
7

12
 United States
26
3
0
0
3
George Hincapie
2006, stage 1
3

13
 Canada
15
0
0
0
0
Steve Bauer
1990, stage 9
2

14
 Norway
10
0
2
0
0
Thor Hushovd
2011, stage 8
1

15
 Ireland
7
1
4
0
0
Stephen Roche
1987, stage 25
3

16
 Estonia
6
0
0
0
0
Jaan Kirsipuu
1999, stage 7
1

= 17
 Colombia
4
0
0
5
4
Fernando Gaviria
2018, stage 1
2

= 17
 Portugal
4
0
0
0
0
Acácio da Silva
1989, stage 4
1

= 17
 Slovakia
4
0
6
0
0
Peter Sagan
2018, stage 2
1

20
 Ukraine
3
0
0
0
1
Serhiy Honchar
2006, stage 9
1

= 21
 Poland
2
0
0
2
0
Lech Piasecki
1987, stage 2
1

= 21
 Russia
2
0
0
0
2
Eugeni Berzin
1996, stage 8
1

= 21
 South Africa
2
0
0
0
0
Daryl Impey
2013, stage 7
1

24
 Austria
1
0
0
0
0
Max Bulla
1931, stage 2
1

= 25
 Uzbekistan
0
0
3
0
0
–

0

= 25
 Mexico
0
0
0
0
1
–

0

text: Yellow jersey retirees[edit]

text: Sixteen riders have quit the Tour while wearing the yellow jersey.[12]

text:
Year

Stage

Rider

Reason

1927

6

 Francis Pélissier

Sickness

1929

10

 Victor Fontan

Broken bicycle

1937

16

 Sylvère Maes

Collective withdrawal of the Belgian team due to threat of French spectators

1950

11

 Fiorenzo Magni

Collective withdrawal of the two Italian teams due to threat of French spectators

1951

13

 Wim Van Est

After a fall in a ravine in Aubisque

1965

9

 Bernard Van De Kerkhove

Withdrawal in the climb of Aubisque (sunstroke)

1971

14

 Luis Ocaña

Fall during a storm in Col de Mente

1978

16

 Michel Pollentier

Expelled for fraud attempt in doping test

1980

12

 Bernard Hinault

Knee pain

1983

17

 Pascal Simon

Scapula fracture

1991

5

 Rolf Sørensen

Clavicle fracture after fall in the last kilometer

1996

7

 Stéphane Heulot

Knee tendinitis

1998

2

 Chris Boardman

Head and neck injury after a severe crash

2007

16

 Michael Rasmussen

Fired by his team due to lying about his whereabouts

2015

4

 Fabian Cancellara

Broken vertebrae in stage 3 crash

2015

7

 Tony Martin

Broken collarbone in stage 6 crash[13]

text: Yellow jersey winners without winning any stage[edit]

text: Usually the winner of the Tour de France also wins a stage, but that is not necessary. It is possible to be the winner of the Tour de France without winning a stage, because the Tour de France is decided by the total raced time. This has happened seven times so far:[14]

text:
Firmin Lambot (BEL)   1922
 Roger Walkowiak (FRA)   1956
 Gastone Nencini (ITA)   1960
 Lucien Aimar (FRA)   1966
 Greg LeMond (USA)   1990
 Óscar Pereiro (ESP)  2006
 Christopher Froome (GBR)  2017

text: Of these seven cyclists, Walkowiak is the only one never to win a Tour stage at all.[15] Firmin Lambot won stages in the 1913, 1914, 1919, 1920 and 1921 Tours,[16] Gastone Nencini won stages in the 1956, 1957 and 1958 Tours,[17] Aimar won a stage in the 1967 Tour,[18] LeMond won stages in the 1985, 1986 and 1989 Tours,[19], Pereiro won a stage in the 2005 Tour,[20] and Froome won stages in the 2012, 2013, 2015 and 2016 Tours. Alberto Contador initially also belonged to this group, when he won the 2010 Tour de France; however, he was later stripped of this title.

text: Number of Tour winners in a single race[edit]

text:
Every Tour de France only has one winner. But a cyclist that has won the Tour de France previously can enter the race again, and a cyclist not winning the race can win the race in a later year. In almost every Tour de France, there were multiple 'former or future' Tour de France-winners in the race.
Only seven times, the Tour started without any former Tour de France winner. This happened in 1903, 1927, 1947, 1956, 1966, 1999 and 2006. Only in 1903, apart from the cyclist that won the race, was there no other former or future Tour de France winner.

text: In 1914, a record of seven former Tour de France winners started that year's Tour:[21]

text:
Louis Trousselier (FRA) (1905 winner)
 Lucien Petit-Breton (FRA) (1907 and 1908 winner)
 François Faber (LUX) (1909 winner)
 Octave Lapize (FRA) (1910 winner)
 Gustave Garrigou (FRA) (1911 winner)
 Odile Defraye (BEL) (1912 winner)
 Philippe Thys (BEL) (1913 winner, who would also win the 1914 Tour de France)

text: In addition to these seven cyclists, four cyclists in that year's Tour would go on to win a Tour later:

text:
Firmin Lambot (BEL) (1919 and 1922 winner)
 Léon Scieur (BEL) (1921 winner)
 Henri Pélissier (FRA) (1923 winner)
 Lucien Buysse (BEL) (1926 winner)

text: Winning Tour de France on first occasion[edit]

text: Eleven cyclists won the general classification the first time they entered the competition.

text:
1903 –  Maurice Garin (FRA) in the first ever Tour de France
1904 –  Henri Cornet (FRA)
1905 –  Louis Trousselier (FRA)
1947 –  Jean Robic (FRA), first Tour de France after World War II
1949 –  Fausto Coppi (ITA)
1951 –  Hugo Koblet (SUI)
1957 –  Jacques Anquetil (FRA), first of 5 victories
1965 –  Felice Gimondi (ITA)
1969 –  Eddy Merckx (BEL), first of 5 victories
1978 –  Bernard Hinault (FRA), first of 5 victories
1983 –  Laurent Fignon (FRA)

text: Finishing Tour de France career with victory[edit]

text: Five cyclists won the Tour de France the last time they entered the competition:

text:
1906 –  René Pottier (FRA), (died before next race)
1937 –  Roger Lapébie (FRA)
1939 –  Sylvère Maes (BEL), last race before World War II
1952 –  Fausto Coppi (ITA)
2012 –  Bradley Wiggins (GBR)

text: Fausto Coppi is the only cyclist who won the Tour de France in both the first and the last Tour he entered.