document_title: Gold standard

question_text: when did the uk stop using the gold standard

question_tokens: when did the uk stop using the gold standard

text: Gold standard

text: History

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text: Origin

text: The gold specie standard arose from the widespread acceptance of gold as currency.[5] Various commodities have been used as money; typically, the one that loses the least value over time becomes the accepted form.[6] The use of gold as money began thousands of years ago in Asia Minor.[7]

text: During the early and high Middle Ages, the Byzantine gold solidus, commonly known as the bezant, was used widely throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. However, as the Byzantine Empire's economic influence declined, so too did the use of the bezant.[8] In its place, European territories chose silver as their currency over gold, leading to the development of silver standards.

text: Silver pennies based on the Roman denarius became the staple coin of Mercia in Great Britain around the time of King Offa, circa CE 757–796.[9] Similar coins, including Italian denari, French deniers, and Spanish dineros circulated in Europe. Spanish explorers discovered silver deposits in Mexico in 1522 and at Potosí in Bolivia in 1545.[10] International trade came to depend on coins such as the Spanish dollar, the Maria Theresa thaler, and later, the United States trade dollar.

text: In modern times, the British West Indies was one of the first regions to adopt a gold specie standard. Following Queen Anne's proclamation of 1704, the British West Indies gold standard was a de facto gold standard based on the Spanish gold doubloon. In 1717, Sir Isaac Newton, the master of the Royal Mint, established a new mint ratio between silver and gold that had the effect of driving silver out of circulation and putting Britain on a gold standard.[11]

text: A formal gold specie standard was first established in 1821, when Britain adopted it following the introduction of the gold sovereign by the new Royal Mint at Tower Hill in 1816. The United Province of Canada in 1853, Newfoundland in 1865, and the United States and Germany (de jure) in 1873 adopted gold. The United States used the eagle as its unit, Germany introduced the new gold mark, while Canada adopted a dual system based on both the American gold eagle and the British gold sovereign.

text: Australia and New Zealand adopted the British gold standard, as did the British West Indies, while Newfoundland was the only British Empire territory to introduce its own gold coin. Royal Mint branches were established in Sydney, Melbourne and Perth for the purpose of minting gold sovereigns from Australia's rich gold deposits.

text: The gold specie standard came to an end in the United Kingdom and the rest of the British Empire with the outbreak of World War I.

text: Silver

text: From 1750 to 1870, wars within Europe as well as an ongoing trade deficit with China (which sold to Europe but had little use for European goods) drained silver from the economies of Western Europe and the United States. Coins were struck in smaller and smaller numbers, and there was a proliferation of bank and stock notes used as money.

text: United Kingdom

text: In the 1790s, the United Kingdom suffered a silver shortage. It ceased to mint larger silver coins and instead issued "token" silver coins and overstruck foreign coins. With the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Bank of England began the massive recoinage programme that created standard gold sovereigns, circulating crowns, half-crowns and eventually copper farthings in 1821. The recoinage of silver after a long drought produced a burst of coins. The United Kingdom struck nearly 40 million shillings between 1816 and 1820, 17 million half crowns and 1.3 million silver crowns.

text: The 1819 Act for the Resumption of Cash Payments set 1823 as the date for resumption of convertibility, which was reached by 1821. Throughout the 1820s, small notes were issued by regional banks. This was restricted in 1826, while the Bank of England was allowed to set up regional branches. In 1833 however, Bank of England notes were made legal tender and redemption by other banks was discouraged. In 1844, the Bank Charter Act established that Bank of England notes were fully backed by gold and they became the legal standard. According to the strict interpretation of the gold standard, this 1844 act marked the establishment of a full gold standard for British money.

text: United States

text: In the 1780s, Thomas Jefferson, Robert Morris and Alexander Hamilton recommended to Congress the value of a decimal system. This system would also apply to monies in the United States. The question was what type of standard: gold, silver or both.[12] The United States adopted a silver standard based on the Spanish milled dollar in 1785.

text: International

text: From 1860 to 1871 various attempts to resurrect bi-metallic standards were made, including one based on the gold and silver franc; however, with the rapid influx of silver from new deposits, the expectation of scarce silver ended.

text: The interaction between central banking and currency basis formed the primary source of monetary instability during this period. The combination of a restricted supply of notes, a government monopoly on note issuance and indirectly, a central bank and a single unit of value produced economic stability. Deviation from these conditions produced monetary crises.

text: Devalued notes or leaving silver as a store of value caused economic problems. Governments, demanding specie as payment, could drain the money out of the economy. Economic development expanded need for credit. The need for a solid basis in monetary affairs produced a rapid acceptance of the gold standard in the period that followed.

text: Japan

text: Following Germany's decision after the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War to extract reparations to facilitate a move to the gold standard, Japan gained the needed reserves after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895. For Japan, moving to gold was considered vital for gaining access to Western capital markets.[13]

text: Bimetallic standard

text: US: Pre-Civil War

text: In 1792, Congress passed the Mint and Coinage Act. It authorized the federal government's use of the Bank of the United States to hold its reserves, as well as establish a fixed ratio of gold to the U.S. dollar. Gold and silver coins were legal tender, as was the Spanish real. In 1792 the market price of gold was about 15 times that of silver.[12] Silver coins left circulation, exported to pay for the debts taken on to finance the American Revolutionary War. In 1806 President Jefferson suspended the minting of silver coins. This resulted in a derivative silver standard, since the Bank of the United States was not required to fully back its currency with reserves. This began a long series of attempts by the United States to create a bi-metallic standard.

text: The intention was to use gold for large denominations, and silver for smaller denominations. A problem with bimetallic standards was that the metals' absolute and relative market prices changed. The mint ratio (the rate at which the mint was obligated to pay/receive for gold relative to silver) remained fixed at 15 ounces of silver to 1 ounce of gold, whereas the market rate fluctuated from 15.5 to 1 to 16 to 1. With the Coinage Act of 1834, Congress passed an act that changed the mint ratio to approximately 16 to 1. Gold discoveries in California in 1848 and later in Australia lowered the gold price relative to silver; this drove silver money from circulation because it was worth more in the market than as money.[14] Passage of the Independent Treasury Act of 1848 placed the U.S. on a strict hard-money standard. Doing business with the American government required gold or silver coins.

text: Government accounts were legally separated from the banking system. However, the mint ratio (the fixed exchange rate between gold and silver at the mint) continued to overvalue gold. In 1853, the US reduced the silver weight of coins to keep them in circulation and in 1857 removed legal tender status from foreign coinage. In 1857 the final crisis of the free banking era began as American banks suspended payment in silver, with ripples through the developing international financial system. Due to the inflationary finance measures undertaken to help pay for the US Civil War, the government found it difficult to pay its obligations in gold or silver and suspended payments of obligations not legally specified in specie (gold bonds); this led banks to suspend the conversion of bank liabilities (bank notes and deposits) into specie. In 1862 paper money was made legal tender. It was a fiat money (not convertible on demand at a fixed rate into specie). These notes came to be called "greenbacks".[14]

text: US: Post-Civil War

text: After the Civil War, Congress wanted to reestablish the metallic standard at pre-war rates. The market price of gold in greenbacks was above the pre-War fixed price ($20.67 per ounce of gold) requiring deflation to achieve the pre-War price. This was accomplished by growing the stock of money less rapidly than real output. By 1879 the market price matched the mint price of gold. The coinage act of 1873 (also known as the Crime of ‘73) demonetized silver. This act removed the 412.5 grain silver dollar from circulation. Subsequently silver was only used in coins worth less than $1 (fractional currency). With the resumption of convertibility on June 30, 1879 the government again paid its debts in gold, accepted greenbacks for customs and redeemed greenbacks on demand in gold. Greenbacks were therefore perfect substitutes for gold coins. During the latter part of the nineteenth century the use of silver and a return to the bimetallic standard were recurrent political issues, raised especially by William Jennings Bryan, the People's Party and the Free Silver movement . In 1900 the gold dollar was declared the standard unit of account and a gold reserve for government issued paper notes was established. Greenbacks, silver certificates, and silver dollars continued to be legal tender, all redeemable in gold.[14]

text: Fluctuations in the US gold stock, 1862–1877

text:
US gold stock

1862
59 tons

1866
81 tons

1875
50 tons

1878
78 tons

text: The US had a gold stock of 1.9 million ounces (59 t) in 1862. Stocks rose to 2.6 million ounces (81 t) in 1866, declined in 1875 to 1.6 million ounces (50 t) and rose to 2.5 million ounces (78 t) in 1878. Net exports did not mirror that pattern. In the decade before the Civil War net exports were roughly constant; postwar they varied erratically around pre-war levels, but fell significantly in 1877 and became negative in 1878 and 1879. The net import of gold meant that the foreign demand for American currency to purchase goods, services, and investments exceeded the corresponding American demands for foreign currencies. In the final years of the greenback period (1862–1879), gold production increased while gold exports decreased. The decrease in gold exports was considered by some to be a result of changing monetary conditions. The demands for gold during this period were as a speculative vehicle, and for its primary use in the foreign exchange markets financing international trade. The major effect of the increase in gold demand by the public and Treasury was to reduce exports of gold and increase the Greenback price of gold relative to purchasing power.[15]

text: Gold exchange standard

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text: Towards the end of the 19th century, some silver standard countries began to peg their silver coin units to the gold standards of the United Kingdom or the United States. In 1898, British India pegged the silver rupee to the pound sterling at a fixed rate of 1s 4d, while in 1906, the Straits Settlements adopted a gold exchange standard against sterling, fixing the silver Straits dollar at 2s 4d.

text: Around the start of the 20th century, the Philippines pegged the silver peso/dollar to the U.S. dollar at 50 cents. This move was assisted by the passage of the Philippines Coinage Act by the United States Congress on March 3, 1903.[16] Around the same time Mexico and Japan pegged their currencies to the dollar. When Siam adopted a gold exchange standard in 1908, only China and Hong Kong remained on the silver standard.

text: When adopting the gold standard, many European nations changed the name of their currency, for instance from Daler (Sweden and Denmark) or Gulden (Austria-Hungary) to Crown, since the former names were traditionally associated with silver coins and the latter with gold coins.

text: Impact of World War I

text: Governments with insufficient tax revenue suspended convertibility repeatedly in the 19th century. The real test, however, came in the form of World War I, a test which "it failed utterly" according to economist Richard Lipsey.[5]

text: By the end of 1913, the classical gold standard was at its peak but World War I caused many countries to suspend or abandon it.[17] According to Lawrence Officer the main cause of the gold standard’s failure to resume its previous position after World War 1 was “the Bank of England's precarious liquidity position and the gold-exchange standard.” A run on sterling caused Britain to impose exchange controls that fatally weakened the standard; convertibility was not legally suspended, but gold prices no longer played the role that they did before.[18] In financing the war and abandoning gold, many of the belligerents suffered drastic inflations. Price levels doubled in the US and Britain, tripled in France and quadrupled in Italy. Exchange rates changed less, even though European inflations were more severe than America’s. This meant that the costs of American goods decreased relative to those in Europe. Between August 1914 and spring of 1915, the dollar value of US exports tripled and its trade surplus exceeded $1 billion for the first time.[19]

text: Ultimately, the system could not deal quickly enough with the large balance of payments deficits and surpluses; this was previously attributed to downward wage rigidity brought about by the advent of unionized labor, but is now considered as an inherent fault of the system that arose under the pressures of war and rapid technological change. In any case, prices had not reached equilibrium by the time of the Great Depression, which served to kill off the system completely.[5]

text: For example, Germany had gone off the gold standard in 1914, and could not effectively return to it because War reparations had cost it much of its gold reserves. During the Occupation of the Ruhr the German central bank (Reichsbank) issued enormous sums of non-convertible marks to support workers who were on strike against the French occupation and to buy foreign currency for reparations; this led to the German hyperinflation of the early 1920s and the decimation of the German middle class.

text: The US did not suspend the gold standard during the war. The newly created Federal Reserve intervened in currency markets and sold bonds to “sterilize”[vague] some of the gold imports that would have otherwise increased the stock of money.[citation needed] By 1927 many countries had returned to the gold standard.[14] As a result of World War 1 the United States, which had been a net debtor country, had become a net creditor by 1919.[20]

text: Gold bullion replaces gold specie as standard

text: The gold specie standard ended in the United Kingdom and the rest of the British Empire at the outbreak of World War I, when Treasury notes replaced the circulation of gold sovereigns and gold half sovereigns. Legally, the gold specie standard was not repealed. The end of the gold standard was successfully effected by the Bank of England through appeals to patriotism urging citizens not to redeem paper money for gold specie. It was only in 1925, when Britain returned to the gold standard in conjunction with Australia and South Africa that the gold specie standard was officially ended.

text: The British Gold Standard Act 1925 both introduced the gold bullion standard and simultaneously repealed the gold specie standard. The new standard ended the circulation of gold specie coins. Instead, the law compelled the authorities to sell gold bullion on demand at a fixed price, but "only in the form of bars containing approximately four hundred ounces troy [12 kg] of fine gold".[21][22] John Maynard Keynes, citing deflationary dangers, argued against resumption of the gold standard.[23]

text: Many other countries followed Britain in returning to the gold standard, this was followed by a period of relative stability but also deflation.[24] This state of affairs lasted until the Great Depression (1929–1939) forced countries off the gold standard. In September 19, 1931, speculative attacks on the pound forced Britain to abandon the gold standard. Loans from American and French Central Banks of £50,000,000 were insufficient and exhausted in a matter of weeks, due to large gold outflows across the Atlantic.[25][26][27] The British benefited from this departure. They could now use monetary policy to stimulate the economy. Australia and New Zealand had already left the standard and Canada quickly followed suit.

text: The interwar partially backed gold standard was inherently unstable, because of the conflict between the expansion of liabilities to foreign central banks and the resulting deterioration in the Bank of England's reserve ratio. France was then attempting to make Paris a world class financial center, and it received large gold flows as well.[28]

text: In May 1931 a run on Austria's largest commercial bank caused it to fail. The run spread to Germany, where the central bank also collapsed. International financial assistance was too late and in July 1931 Germany adopted exchange controls, followed by Austria in October. The Austrian and German experiences, as well as British budgetary and political difficulties, were among the factors that destroyed confidence in sterling, which occurred in mid-July 1931. Runs ensued and the Bank of England lost much of its reserves.

text: Depression and World War II

text: Great Depression

text: Some economic historians, such as Barry Eichengreen, blame the gold standard of the 1920s for prolonging the economic depression which started in 1929 and lasted for about a decade.[30] In the United States, adherence to the gold standard prevented the Federal Reserve from expanding the money supply to stimulate the economy, fund insolvent banks and fund government deficits that could "prime the pump" for an expansion. Once off the gold standard, it became free to engage in such money creation. The gold standard limited the flexibility of the central banks' monetary policy by limiting their ability to expand the money supply. In the US, the central bank was required by the Federal Reserve Act (1913) to have gold backing 40% of its demand notes.[31] Others including former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke and Nobel Prize-winner Milton Friedman place the blame for the severity and length of the Great Depression at the feet of the Federal Reserve, mostly due to the deliberate tightening of monetary policy even after the gold standard.[32] They blamed the US major economic contraction in 1937 on tightening of monetary policy resulting in higher cost of capital, weaker securities markets, reduced net government contribution to income, the undistributed profits tax and higher labor costs.[33] The money supply peaked in March 1937, with a trough in May 1938.[34]

text: Higher interest rates intensified the deflationary pressure on the dollar and reduced investment in U.S. banks. Commercial banks converted Federal Reserve Notes to gold in 1931, reducing its gold reserves and forcing a corresponding reduction in the amount of currency in circulation. This speculative attack created a panic in the U.S. banking system. Fearing imminent devaluation many depositors withdrew funds from U.S. banks.[35] As bank runs grew, a reverse multiplier effect caused a contraction in the money supply.[36] Additionally the New York Fed had loaned over $150 million in gold (over 240 tons) to European Central Banks. This transfer contracted the US money supply. The foreign loans became questionable once Britain, Germany, Austria and other European countries went off the gold standard in 1931 and weakened confidence in the dollar.[37]

text: The forced contraction of the money supply resulted in deflation. Even as nominal interest rates dropped, inflation-adjusted real interest rates remained high, rewarding those who held onto money instead of spending it, further slowing the economy.[38] Recovery in the United States was slower than in Britain, in part due to Congressional reluctance to abandon the gold standard and float the U.S. currency as Britain had done.[39]

text: In the early 1930s, the Federal Reserve defended the dollar by raising interest rates, trying to increase the demand for dollars. This helped attract international investors who bought foreign assets with gold.[35]

text: Congress passed the Gold Reserve Act on 30 January 1934; the measure nationalized all gold by ordering Federal Reserve banks to turn over their supply to the U.S. Treasury. In return the banks received gold certificates to be used as reserves against deposits and Federal Reserve notes. The act also authorized the president to devalue the gold dollar. Under this authority the president, on 31 January 1934, changed the value of the dollar from $20.67 to the troy ounce to $35 to the troy ounce, a devaluation of over 40%.

text: Other factors in the prolongation of the Great Depression include trade wars and the reduction in international trade caused by barriers such as Smoot–Hawley Tariff in the US and the Imperial Preference policies of Great Britain,[40] the failure of central banks to act responsibly,[41] government policies designed to prevent wages from falling, such as the Davis–Bacon Act of 1931, during the deflationary period resulting in production costs dropping slower than sales prices, thereby injuring business profits[42] and increases in taxes to reduce budget deficits and to support new programs such as Social Security. The US top marginal income tax rate went from 25% to 63% in 1932 and to 79% in 1936,[43] while the bottom rate increased over tenfold, from .375% in 1929 to 4% in 1932.[44] The concurrent massive drought resulted in the US Dust Bowl.

text: The Austrian School asserted that the Great Depression was the result of a credit bust.[45] Alan Greenspan wrote that the bank failures of the 1930s were sparked by Great Britain dropping the gold standard in 1931. This act "tore asunder" any remaining confidence in the banking system.[46] Financial historian Niall Ferguson wrote that what made the Great Depression truly 'great' was the European banking crisis of 1931.[47] According to Fed Chairman Marriner Eccles, the root cause was the concentration of wealth resulting in a stagnating or decreasing standard of living for the poor and middle class. These classes went into debt, producing the credit explosion of the 1920s. Eventually the debt load grew too heavy, resulting in the massive defaults and financial panics of the 1930s.[48]

text: World War II

text: Under the Bretton Woods international monetary agreement of 1944, the gold standard was kept without domestic convertibility. The role of gold was severely constrained, as other countries’ currencies were fixed in terms of the dollar. Many countries kept reserves in gold and settled accounts in gold. Still they preferred to settle balances with other currencies, with the American dollar becoming the favorite. The International Monetary Fund was established to help with the exchange process and assist nations in maintaining fixed rates. Within Bretton Woods adjustment was cushioned through credits that helped countries avoid deflation. Under the old standard, a country with an overvalued currency would lose gold and experience deflation until the currency was again valued correctly. Most countries defined their currencies in terms of dollars, but some countries imposed trading restrictions to protect reserves and exchange rates. Therefore, most countries' currencies were still basically inconvertible. In the late 1950s, the exchange restrictions were dropped and gold became an important element in international financial settlements.[14]

text: Bretton Woods

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text: After the Second World War, a system similar to a gold standard and sometimes described as a "gold exchange standard" was established by the Bretton Woods Agreements. Under this system, many countries fixed their exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar and central banks could exchange dollar holdings into gold at the official exchange rate of $35 per ounce; this option was not available to firms or individuals. All currencies pegged to the dollar thereby had a fixed value in terms of gold.[5]

text: Starting in the 1959–1969 administration of President Charles de Gaulle and continuing until 1970, France reduced its dollar reserves, exchanging them for gold at the official exchange rate, reducing US economic influence. This, along with the fiscal strain of federal expenditures for the Vietnam War and persistent balance of payments deficits, led U.S. President Richard Nixon to end international convertibility of the U.S. dollar to gold on August 15, 1971 (the "Nixon Shock").

text: This was meant to be a temporary measure, with the gold price of the dollar and the official rate of exchanges remaining constant. Revaluing currencies was the main purpose of this plan. No official revaluation or redemption occurred. The dollar subsequently floated. In December 1971, the “Smithsonian Agreement” was reached. In this agreement, the dollar was devalued from $35 per troy ounce of gold to $38. Other countries' currencies appreciated. However, gold convertibility did not resume. In October 1973, the price was raised to $42.22. Once again, the devaluation was insufficient. Within two weeks of the second devaluation the dollar was left to float. The $42.22 par value was made official in September 1973, long after it had been abandoned in practice. In October 1976, the government officially changed the definition of the dollar; references to gold were removed from statutes. From this point, the international monetary system was made of pure fiat money.

text: Production of gold

text: An estimated total of 174,100 tonnes of gold have been mined in human history, according to GFMS as of 2012. This is roughly equivalent to 5.6 billion troy ounces or, in terms of volume, about 9,261 cubic metres (327,000 cu ft), or a cube 21 metres (69 ft) on a side. There are varying estimates of the total volume of gold mined. One reason for the variance is that gold has been mined for thousands of years. Another reason is that some nations are not particularly open about how much gold is being mined. In addition, it is difficult to account for the gold output in illegal mining activities.[49]

text: World production for 2011 was at 2,700 tonnes. Since the 1950s, annual gold output growth has approximately kept pace with world population growth of around 2x[clarification needed],[50] although far less than world economic growth of some 8x[clarification needed],[51] or some 4x[clarification needed] since 1980.[52]

text: Theory

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text: Commodity money is inconvenient to store and transport in large amounts. Furthermore, it does not allow a government to manipulate the flow of commerce with the same ease that a fiat currency does. As such, commodity money gave way to representative money and gold and other specie were retained as its backing.

text: Gold was a preferred form of money due to its rarity, durability, divisibility, fungibility and ease of identification,[53] often in conjunction with silver. Silver was typically the main circulating medium, with gold as the monetary reserve. Commodity money was anonymous, as identifying marks can be removed. Commodity money retains its value despite what may happen to the monetary authority. After the fall of South Vietnam, many refugees carried their wealth to the West in gold after the national currency became worthless.[citation needed]

text: Under commodity standards currency itself has no intrinsic value, but is accepted by traders because it can be redeemed any time for the equivalent specie. A US silver certificate, for example, could be redeemed for an actual piece of silver.

text: Representative money and the gold standard protect citizens from hyperinflation and other abuses of monetary policy, as were seen in some countries during the Great Depression. Commodity money conversely led to deflation and bank runs.

text: Countries that left the gold standard earlier than other countries recovered from the Great Depression sooner. For example, Great Britain and the Scandinavian countries, which left the gold standard in 1931, recovered much earlier than France and Belgium, which remained on gold much longer. Countries such as China, which had a silver standard, almost entirely avoided the depression (due to the fact it was then barely integrated into the global economy). The connection between leaving the gold standard and the severity and duration of the depression was consistent for dozens of countries, including developing countries. This may explain why the experience and length of the depression differed between national economies.[54]

text: Variations

text: A full or 100%-reserve gold standard exists when the monetary authority holds sufficient gold to convert all the circulating representative money into gold at the promised exchange rate. It is sometimes referred to as the gold specie standard to more easily distinguish it. Opponents of a full standard consider it difficult to implement, saying that the quantity of gold in the world is too small to sustain worldwide economic activity at or near current gold prices; implementation would entail a many-fold increase in the price of gold.[citation needed] Gold standard proponents have said, "Once a money is established, any stock of money becomes compatible with any amount of employment and real income."[55] While prices would necessarily adjust to the supply of gold, the process may involve considerable economic disruption, as was experienced during earlier attempts to maintain gold standards.[56]

text: In an international gold-standard system (which is necessarily based on an internal gold standard in the countries concerned),[57] gold or a currency that is convertible into gold at a fixed price is used to make international payments. Under such a system, when exchange rates rise above or fall below the fixed mint rate by more than the cost of shipping gold, inflows or outflows occur until rates return to the official level. International gold standards often limit which entities have the right to redeem currency for gold.

text: Advantages

text:
Long-term price stability has been described as one of the virtues of the gold standard.[58] The gold standard makes it difficult for governments to inflate prices through expanding the money supply. Under the gold standard, significant inflation is rare, and hyperinflation is essentially impossible because the money supply can only grow at the rate that the gold supply increases. High inflation under a gold standard is seen only when warfare destroys a large part of an economy, reducing the production of goods, or when a major new gold source becomes available.[59] In the U.S., inflation occurred during the Civil War, which destroyed the economy of the South.[60] Inflation also followed the California Gold Rush that made large amounts of gold available for minting.[61] Historical data shows that the magnitude of short run swings in prices were far higher under the gold standard.[62][58]
The gold standard provides fixed international exchange rates between participating countries and thus reduces uncertainty in international trade. Historically, imbalances between price levels were offset by a balance-of-payment adjustment mechanism called the "price–specie flow mechanism".[59] Gold used to pay for imports reduces the money supply of importing nations, causing deflation, which makes them more competitive, while the importation of gold by net exporters serves to increase their money supply, causing inflation, making them less competitive.[63]
A gold standard does not allow some types of financial repression.[64] Financial repression acts as a mechanism to transfer wealth from creditors to debtors, particularly the governments that practice it. Financial repression is most successful in reducing debt when accompanied by inflation and can be considered a form of taxation.[65][66] In 1966 Alan Greenspan wrote "Deficit spending is simply a scheme for the confiscation of wealth. Gold stands in the way of this insidious process. It stands as a protector of property rights. If one grasps this, one has no difficulty in understanding the statists' antagonism toward the gold standard."[67]

text: Disadvantages

text:
The unequal distribution of gold deposits makes the gold standard more advantageous for those countries that produce gold.[68] In 2010 the largest producers of gold, in order, were China, Australia, U.S., South Africa and Russia.[69] The country with the largest unmined gold deposits is Australia.[70]
Some economists believe that the gold standard acts as a limit on economic growth. "As an economy's productive capacity grows, then so should its money supply. Because a gold standard requires that money be backed in the metal, then the scarcity of the metal constrains the ability of the economy to produce more capital and grow."[71]
Mainstream economists believe that economic recessions can be largely mitigated by increasing the money supply during economic downturns.[72] A gold standard means that the money supply would be determined by the gold supply and hence monetary policy could no longer be used to stabilize the economy.[73] The gold standard is often blamed for prolonging the Great Depression, as under the gold standard, central banks could not expand credit at a fast enough rate to offset deflationary forces.[74]
Although the gold standard brings long-run price stability, it is historically associated with high short-run price volatility.[58][75] It has been argued by Schwartz, among others, that instability in short-term price levels can lead to financial instability as lenders and borrowers become uncertain about the value of debt.[75]
Deflation punishes debtors.[76][77] Real debt burdens therefore rise, causing borrowers to cut spending to service their debts or to default. Lenders become wealthier, but may choose to save some of the additional wealth, reducing GDP.[78]
The money supply would essentially be determined by the rate of gold production. When gold stocks increase more rapidly than the economy, there is inflation and the reverse is also true.[58][79] The consensus view is that the gold standard contributed to the severity and length of the Great Depression.[80][81]
Hamilton contended that the gold standard is susceptible to speculative attacks when a government's financial position appears weak. Conversely, this threat discourages governments from engaging in risky policy (see moral hazard). For example, the U.S. was forced to contract the money supply and raise interest rates in September 1931 to defend the dollar after speculators forced the UK off the gold standard.[81][82][83][84]
Devaluing a currency under a gold standard would generally produce sharper changes than the smooth declines seen in fiat currencies, depending on the method of devaluation.[85]
Most economists favor a low, positive rate of inflation of around 2%. This reflects fear of deflationary shocks and the belief that active monetary policy can dampen fluctuations in output and unemployment. Inflation gives them room to tighten policy without inducing deflation.[86]
A gold standard provides practical constraints against the measures that central banks might otherwise use to respond to economic crises.[87] Creation of new money reduces interest rates and thereby increases demand for new lower cost debt, raising the demand for money.[88]

text: Gold standard and Bitcoin

text: According to research produced by the Bank of Canada, the emerging Bitcoin economy has many similarities with the economy based on gold standard, in particular:[89][90]

text:
limited and predictable supply of the anchor of the monetary system
no central bank or monetary authority controls the supply
low or non-existent inflation
virtually no arbitrage costs for international transactions
Governments have less control over their domestic economies
Governments lose seigniorage revenues that they obtain from the ability to almost costlessly create money

text: Edward Hadas and Michael Hiltzik noted that monetary systems based on Bitcoin and gold have some similar disadvantages:

text:
independence from government[91][92]
price declines[91]
less spending during crisis times[91]

text: George Gilder, a proponent of gold standard, proposed breaking "the government monopoly on money" by using a combination of Bitcoin for the internet and treating gold in tax terms as currency.[93][94]

text: Advocates

text: A return to the gold standard was considered by the US Gold Commission back in 1982, but found only minority support.[95] In 2001 Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad proposed a new currency that would be used initially for international trade among Muslim nations, using the Islamic gold dinar, defined as 4.25 grams of pure (24-carat) gold. Mahathir claimed it would be a stable unit of account and a political symbol of unity between Islamic nations. This would purportedly reduce dependence on the US dollar and establish a non-debt-backed currency in accord with Sharia law that prohibited the charging of interest.[96] As of 2013[update] the global monetary system continued to rely on the US dollar as the main reserve currency.[97]

text: Former U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman, Alan Greenspan acknowledged he was one of "a small minority" within the central bank that had some positive view on the gold standard.[98] In a 1966 essay he contributed to a book by Ayn Rand, titled "Gold and Economic Freedom", Greenspan argued the case for returning to a 'pure' gold standard; in that essay he described supporters of fiat currencies as "welfare statists" intending to use monetary policy to finance deficit spending.[99] More recently he claimed that by focusing on targeting inflation "central bankers have behaved as though we were on the gold standard", rendering a return to the standard unnecessary.[100]

text: Similarly, economists like Robert Barro argued that whilst some form of "monetary constitution" is essential for stable, depoliticized monetary policy, the form this constitution takes—for example, a gold standard, some other commodity-based standard, or a fiat currency with fixed rules for determining the quantity of money—is considerably less important.[101]

text: The gold standard is supported by many followers of the Austrian School of Economics, free-market libertarians and some supply-siders.[102]

text: US politics

text: In the United States, strict constitutionalists object to the government issuing fiat currency through central banks. Some gold-standard advocates also call for a mandated end to fractional-reserve banking. Many similar alternatives have been suggested, including energy-based currencies, collections of currencies or commodities, with gold as one component.

text: Former congressman Ron Paul is a long-term, high-profile advocate of a gold standard, but has also expressed support for using a standard based on a basket of commodities that better reflects the state of the economy.[103]

text: In 2011 the Utah legislature passed a bill to accept federally issued gold and silver coins as legal tender to pay taxes.[104] As federally issued currency, the coins were already legal tender for taxes, although the market price of their metal content currently exceeds their monetary value. Similar legislation is under consideration in other US states.[105] The bill was initiated by newly elected Republican Party legislators associated with the Tea Party movement and was driven by anxiety over the policies of President Barack Obama.[106]

text: In 2013, the Arizona Legislature passed SB 1439, which would have made gold and silver coin a legal tender in payment of debt, but the bill was vetoed by the Governor.[107]

text: In 2015, some candidates for the 2016 presidential election advocated for a gold standard, based on concern that the Federal Reserve’s attempts to increase economic growth may create inflation. Economic historians did not agree with candidate's assertions that the gold standard would benefit the US economy.[108]

text: Critics

text: In 2012 a poll of 40 U.S. economists in the IGM Economic Experts Panel found that none of them agreed with a claim that a return to the gold standard would result in "price-stability and employment outcomes [that] would be better for the average American." The panel of polled economists included past Nobel Prize winners, former economic advisers to both Republican and Democratic presidents, and senior faculty from Harvard, Chicago, Stanford, MIT, and other well-known research universities. (The specific question posed to the economists was: "If the US replaced its discretionary monetary policy regime with a gold standard, defining a 'dollar' as a specific number of ounces of gold, the price-stability and employment outcomes would be better for the average American.") [3]

text: The economist Allan H. Meltzer of Carnegie Mellon University presented arguments against Ron Paul's advocacy of the gold standard since the 1970s. He sometimes summarizes his opposition by stating simply, "[W]e don’t have the gold standard. It’s not because we don’t know about the gold standard, it’s because we do."[109]


document_title: Troy: Fall of a City

question_text: where was troy fall of the city filmed

question_tokens: where was troy fall of the city filmed

root

text: Troy: Fall of a City

text: Premise[edit]

text: The story of the 10 year siege of Troy by the Greeks is told after the young prince of Troy, Paris, has an affair with Helen of Troy, the wife of the Greek king.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Louis Hunter as Paris[3]
Bella Dayne as Helen of Troy[3]
David Threlfall as Priam[3]
Frances O'Connor as Hecuba[3]
Tom Weston-Jones as Hector[3]
Joseph Mawle as Odysseus[3]
Chloe Pirrie as Andromache[3]
Johnny Harris as Agamemnon[3]
David Gyasi as Achilles[3]
Jonas Armstrong as Menelaus[3]
Alfred Enoch as Aeneas[3]
Aimee-Ffion Edwards as Cassandra[3]
Hakeem Kae-Kazim as Zeus[4]
Chris Fisher as Deiphobus[5]
Christiaan Schoombie as Troilus[5]
Alex Lanipekun as Pandarus[5]
Jonathan Pienaar as Litos[5]
David Avery as Xanthias
Lex King as Aphrodite
Amy Louise Wilson as Briseis
Inge Beckmann as Hera
Shamilla Miller as Athena
Diarmaid Murtagh as Hermes
Thando Hopa as Artemis
Nina Milner as Penthesilea[6]
Grace Hogg-Robinson as Hermione
Jovan Muthray as Kaidas

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was filmed in Cape Town and consists of eight episodes.[7] It is written by David Farr, Nancy Harris, Mika Watkins, and Joe Barton, and directed by Owen Harris and Mark Brozel.[3]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series 1 (2018)[edit]

text:
No. inseriesTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUK viewers(millions)1"Black Blood"Owen HarrisDavid Farr17 February 2018 (2018-02-17)3.2 Million[8]
2"Conditions"Owen HarrisDavid Farr24 February 2018 (2018-02-24)N/A
3"Siege"Owen HarrisNancy Harris3 March 2018 (2018-03-03)N/A
4"Spoils of War"Mark BrozelMika Watkins10 March 2018 (2018-03-10)1.6 Million
5"Hunted"Mark BrozelDavid Farr17 March 2018 (2018-03-17)N/A
6"Battle on the Beach"Mark BrozelJoe Barton24 March 2018 (2018-03-24)N/A
7"Twelve Days"John StricklandDavid Farr31 March 2018 (2018-03-31)N/A
8"Offering"John StricklandDavid Farr7 April 2018 (2018-04-07)N/A

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 71% based on 12 reviews, and an average rating of 5.67/10.[9]


document_title: Constituent Assembly of Pakistan

question_text: when did the 2nd constituent assembly come into being pak301

text: Constituent Assembly of Pakistan

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan (Bengali: পাকিস্তান্ গণপরিষদ্ Pākistān Gaṇapariṣad; Urdu:  آئین ساز اسمبلی, Aāin Sāz Asimblī), was formed to write Pakistan's constitution and serve as its first parliament.

text: It was preceded by the Constituent Assembly of India, which first met in the Indian Parliament on December 9, 1946 in Delhi, while India was still under British rule. It originally included the provinces that now compose Pakistan and Bangladesh, and the representation of the princely states of India.

text: In June 1947 the representatives of the Constituent Assembly of India from Sindh, East Bengal, Baluchistan, West Punjab and the North West Frontier Province withdrew to form the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, meeting in Karachi.

text: On August 15, 1947, following the partition of India, twenty-eight members of the Muslim League remained in the Indian Constituent Assembly, apart from 93 members who were from the princely states (including four members from Jammu & Kashmir who did not join the newly created Pakistani constituent assembly).

text: Pakistan's Constituent Assembly first convened on August 11, 1947, on the eve of independence and the end of British rule. Muhammad Ali Jinnah remained its president until his death on September 11, 1948. Subsequently, Liaquat Ali Khan headed it for three years and produced the Objectives Resolution, which was adopted by the Constituent Assembly in 1949 as an annex to Pakistan's constitution. It is important to mention that 21 members out of 69 voted for the Objectives Resolution. The assembly had a majority of Muslim League members, with the Pakistan National Congress, the successor to the INC in the state, forming the second largest party.

text: The assembly was widely criticized for its incompetence. Addressing a rally in Lahore on October 14, 1950, Maulana Maududi demanded its dissolution, arguing that the "lampost legislators" were incapable of drawing up an Islamic constitution. Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy said that assembly did not possess any of the characteristics of a democratic parliament. He argued that the nation would overlook any unconstitutional action on the governor general's part if he exorcised the fascist demon and established representative institutions.[1]

text: In contrast, the Constituent Assembly of India, which had more diversity, took less than two and a half years to draw up the Constitution of India. The Indian constitution was promulgated on January 26, 1950, and first general elections were held in 1952.[2]

text: The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was dissolved on October 24, 1954, by Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad. The dissolution was challenged by the president of the assembly in the notable case of Federation of Pakistan v. Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan, in which the federal court took the side of the governor general, in spite of dissent from one judge. Mohammad Ali Bogra was the Prime Minister of Pakistan at the time.

text: The second Constituent Assembly reconstituted on May 28, 1955. The constitution was promulgated on March 23, 1956, and Pakistan became an Islamic republic. On October 7, 1958, martial law was imposed on the country. The new regime abrogated the constitution, declaring it unworkable.

text: After coming to power, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto invited the leaders of the parliamentary parties to meet him on October 17, 1972, which resulted in an agreement known as the 'constitutional accord', after an intensive discussion. As per consultations floated by the PPP, the National Assembly of Pakistan appointed a 25-member committee, on April 17, 1972, to prepare a draft of the permanent constitution of Pakistan. Mahmud Ali Kasuri was the elected chairman of the committee. On October 20, 1972, the draft bill for the constitution was signed by leaders of all parliamentary groups in the National Assembly. A bill to provide a constitution for the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was introduced in the assembly on February 2, 1973. The assembly passed the bill nearly unanimously on April 10, 1973 and it was endorsed by the acting President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on April 12, 1973.[3] The constitution came into effect on August 14, 1973. On the same day, Bhutto took over as the prime minister and Choudhary Fazal-e-Elahi as the president. On July 5, 1977, General Zia staged a military coup and suspended the constitution, which was restored in 1985. Similarly, when General Musharraf took over in 1999, the constitution was suspended for several years.


document_title: Channel Zero (TV series)

question_text: where is channel zero no end house filmed

text: Channel Zero (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Candle Cove (2016)[edit]

text: A child psychologist returns to his hometown to determine if his brother's disappearance is somehow connected to a series of similar incidents and a bizarre children's television show that aired at the same time.

text: No-End House (2017)[edit]

text: A young woman and her group of friends visit a bizarre house of horrors only to find themselves questioning whether it is a tourist attraction or something more sinister.

text: Butcher's Block (2018)[edit]

text: A young woman moves to a new city haunted by a series of disappearances and, after learning that they may be connected to a baffling rumor, works with her sister to discover what is preying on the city's residents.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Season 1: Candle Cove[edit]

text:
Paul Schneider as Mike Painter
Fiona Shaw as Marla Painter
Luisa D'Oliveira as Amy Welch
Natalie Brown as Jessica Yolen
Shaun Benson as Gary Yolen
Luca Villacis as Eddie Painter/Young Mike Painter
Abigail Pniowsky as Lilly Painter
Marina Stephenson Kerr as Frances Booth

text: Season 2: No-End House[edit]

text:
Amy Forsyth as Margot Sleator
Aisha Dee as Jules Koja
Jeff Ward as Seth Marlowe
Seamus Patterson as J.D. Shields
Sebastian Pigott as Dylan Evans
Jess Salgueiro as Lacey Evans
Melanie Nicholls-King as Brenna Koja
John Carroll Lynch as John Sleator

text: Season 3: Butcher’s Block[edit]

text:
Rutger Hauer as Joseph Peach[13]
Holland Roden as Zoe Woods[13]
Olivia Luccardi as Alice Woods[13]
Krisha Fairchild as Louise Lispector[13]
Brandon Scott as Luke Vanczyk[13]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Title
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
Candle Cove
6
October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)
November 15, 2016 (2016-11-15)

2
No-End House
6
September 20, 2017 (2017-09-20)
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)

3
Butcher’s Block
6
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)

text: Season 1: Candle Cove (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"You Have to Go Inside"
Craig William Macneill
Nick Antosca
October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)
0.76[14]

Child psychologist Mike Painter returns to his home town of Iron Hill, Ohio nearly thirty years after an unknown serial killer murdered five local children, among them his twin brother, Eddie. Eddie's body was never found. His mother, Marla, is the only family remaining in the area. He reconnects with friends Jessica and Gary (who is now the town's sheriff), and meets their daughter, Katie. Over dinner, Mike mentions Candle Cove, a disturbing children's series involving puppet pirates that they watched around the time of the murders, until it mysteriously went off the air. Katie tells Mike that she's seen the show recently. The next day Katie goes missing and Mike is under suspicion. Through Katie's brother, Dane, Mike realizes where he can find Katie. Mike follows a figure dressed as a skeleton who resembles one of the character from the show. He discovers Katie alive in the woods where the murders took place. He carries Katie back to her family, unaware she has left two of her teeth behind to be claimed by an eerie creature whose skin is entirely made up of teeth. Marla tells Mike that when he and his brother were watching Candle Cove as children, they were actually watching static on the television.

2
2
"I'll Hold Your Hand"
Craig William Macneill
Don Mancini & Nick Antosca
October 18, 2016 (2016-10-18)
0.63[15]

Gary and Jessica are awoken by their son's screams after Katie stabs him with a hook. Although Gary doesn't completely trust Mike, he allows him to talk to Katie at the hospital alone in order to discover what happened. Meanwhile, Marla visits a television station to ask about Candle Cove. The technician remembers the program and shows Marla a fan-made recreation but tells her no tapes of the original show exist as it was impossible to record. Mike finds more links to the Candle Cove imagery in Katie's drawing and uses it as a clue to visit an abandoned cement factory with his mother. Mike follows a mysterious figure into the factory alone and discovers the decomposed remains of his brother, Eddie. That night, Mike confesses to Marla that he killed Eddie as a child and buried his body but that it had been moved before the police dug up the grave site. Upset, Marla stabs Mike in the arm. The next day Gary comes to the house and asks Mike to come with him to the police station for questioning. However, along the way Mike realizes that Gary is taking him somewhere else.

3
3
"Want to See Something Cool?"
Craig William Macneill
Harley Peyton
October 25, 2016 (2016-10-25)
0.55[16]

Gary takes Mike to an empty house he had wanted to buy and handcuffs him in a chair. Tim and Daphne arrive at the house where they all interrogate Mike about the murders of their family members, believing him responsible. Flashbacks reveal that Candle Cove inspired Eddie to kill Tim's bully brother, Gene, using psychic mind-control to make him walk off the edge of a cliff. Eddie continued vengefully killing other children in a similar way before Mike stopped him by stabbing him with a hook. In present day, the others doubt Mike's story and Tim shoots him in the shoulder in a struggle for the truth. Marla, Jessica, and deputy Amy arrive at the house as Tim and Daphne run away. Seeing Mike's condition, Amy takes Gary into custody. Later, Daphne visits Mrs. Booth, her former teacher, who also lost a son in the murders. After explaining what happened with Mike at the house, Booth murders Daphne with an ice hook and returns to host a group of children watching Candle Cove on her television. It is revealed that the kids killed Tim when he was walking home as Booth buries the body. Mike's daughter, Lily, inexplicably arrives alone at Marla's house, even though she lives miles away.

4
4
"A Strange Vessel"
Craig William Macneill
Erica Saleh & Nick Antosca
November 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)
0.47[17]

Lily reveals herself to be a manifestation of Eddie and promises to send Mike "where he belongs". Fulfilling Eddie's wish, Mike breaks into the morgue with the help of Jessica and burns Eddie's skeletal remains. Jessica and Mike are shown to have been childhood sweethearts when they were young. Acting Sheriff Amy investigates the strange behavior of some kids and after a confusing encounter with Mrs. Booth at school, she finds the children playing pirate in the gymnasium. Acting on a hunch, she searches Booth's home and finds Candle Cove props in her basement, eventually coming across Daphne's body. Meanwhile, Jessica returns home to discover several children masked in Candle Cove costumes who suddenly start stabbing her. She collapses, bleeding as Booth stands in the background. Lily regains consciousness as herself.

5
5
"Guest of Honor"
Craig William Macneill
Katie Gruel & Mallory Westfall
November 8, 2016 (2016-11-08)
0.44[18]

Mike discovers an extra tooth breaking through his gum, a trait that only Eddie had as a child. Amy tells Mike about Jessica's murder and she agrees to let Gary out of custody to help him search Mrs. Booth's property. Gary discovers some teeth left on a fence post outside and Mike realizes the Candle Cove props were fake. He receives a phone call from Booth instructing him to meet her alone at an abandoned diner. He goes there and witnesses Booth in the skeleton costume, controlling children into helping her commit murder. Later, she goes to Marla's house and she tells Mike and Marla how Eddie used his powers to control her seizures. It was also Eddie who created Candle Cove, not her. Booth killed her own son as a sacrifice for Eddie in order to increase his power and welcomes Eddie's return through Mike. That night at a motel, the tooth creature lures Lily away. As Mike attempts to extract his extra tooth, Candle Cove begins playing on the television, featuring a frightened Lily.

6
6
"Welcome Home"
Craig William Macneill
Nick Antosca & Harley Peyton & Don Mancini
November 15, 2016 (2016-11-15)
0.42[19]

Amy and Gary search for the children suspects and Gary is able to reclaim his own children from Candle Cove's control. Mike's wife, Erica, demands to know where Lily is but he insists that he's the only one who can save her. He takes Erica to the site of the murders and loses consciousness, entering Eddie's parallel world filled with strange rooms and monsters. When he finally comes face to face with his brother, Eddie allows Lily to leave if Mike will stay forever. Lily returns to reality by crawling through a TV and is greeted by her mother. Marla goes to the woods where she is attacked by Mrs. Booth. Marla is rescued at the last minute by Amy, who shoots Booth before Marla finally stabs her skull with the hook. Mike convinces Eddie to stay for one more card game they played as kids, delaying him long enough for Marla to return to the woods and suffocate Mike's body before Eddie can possess it. Unable to break free of his world, Eddie is forced to remain with Mike.

text: Season 2: No-End House (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

7
1
"This Isn't Real"
Steven Piet
Nick Antosca
September 20, 2017 (2017-09-20)
0.39[20]

When four friends enter the house, they learn that it is more than a haunted mansion. Confronted with strangely personal horrors in each room, they must try to find an escape.

8
2
"Nice Neighborhood"
Steven Piet
Harley Peyton & Mallory Westfall
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)
0.38[21]

Margot tells Jules that she doesn't need her around and to leave her with the Father. Jules finds Seth where the no end house should be, but it's disappeared. She tells him that Margot has decided to stay with The Father and they stick together for comfort. J.D. goes to what he thinks is his home and sees a girl through the front window, where he then sees a version of himself with her. When he goes inside, his alternate version tells him that he's a better version of J.D. and he proceeds to kiss the girl. When J.D. protests saying he should be the one kissing the girl, the alternate J.D. attacks him with a liquor bottle and beats him multiple times over the head. Dylan is on a secret mission to find his wife, who was previously caught in a different version of the no end house, but she doesn't recognize him. The Father has memories of his wife when he touches Margot and this causes the wife's body to manifest in the garage, where he proceeds to tear the body apart and eat it.

9
3
"Beware the Cannibals"
Steven Piet
Don Mancini & Erica Saleh
October 4, 2017 (2017-10-04)
0.41[22]

The Father becomes erratic and Margot fears for her life. She is able to flee The Father with the help of Jules, Seth and J.D. Meanwhile, Dylan attempts to deprogram Lacey and Jules falls deeper under the spell of a sinister influence.

10
4
"The Exit"
Steven Piet
Nick Antosca & Katie Gruel
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
0.48[23]

The group must face the most dangerous part of House World as they search for the exit. With the Father in pursuit and shocking discoveries about each other, tensions within the group simmer.

11
5
"The Damage"
Steven Piet
Harley Peyton & Lisa Long
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
0.41[24]

Margot, Jules, and Seth face new horror as The Father wreaks havoc in the real world.

12
6
"The Hollow Girl"
Steven Piet
Nick Antosca & Angel Varak-Iglar
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
0.37[25]

Jules goes back inside the No-End House to rescue Margot, and together, they must finally deal with Seth and The Father to escape before it's too late.

text: Season 3: Butcher’s Block[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

13
1
"Insidious Onset"
Arkasha Stevenson
Nick Antosca
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
0.38[26]

Alice and her sister Zoe move to a new city and discover a mystery involving mysterious staircases.

14
2
"Father Time"
Arkasha Stevenson
Harley Peyton & Mallory Westfall & Angel Varak-Iglar
February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)
0.33[27]

Alice gets a sinister invitation from the Peach family, while Zoe begins to behave bizarrely.

15
3
"All You Ghost Mice"[28]
Arkasha Stevenson
TBA
February 21, 2018 (2018-02-21)
TBD

Alice has a terrifying encounter in an abandoned hospital. Luke, Louise, and Nathan play cat-and-mouse with Robert Peach.

16
4
"Alice in Slaughterland"[28]
Arkasha Stevenson
TBA
February 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)
TBD

17
5
"The Red Door"[28]
Arkasha Stevenson
TBA
March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
TBD

18
6
"Sacrifice Zone"[28]
Arkasha Stevenson
TBA
March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)
TBD

text: Music score[edit]

text: In season 2, "Concrete Walls" from Fever Ray (album) plays during the end of episode 3 and "Between the Bars" from Careless Love (album) plays at the start of episode 6. "Bathysphere" by Cat Power ends the first episode.

text: Production[edit]

text: In 2015, Syfy announced that they had greenlit Channel Zero for twelve episodes, which would air as two six episode seasons.[29] The first season would center upon the popular creepypasta Candle Cove. The second season would focus on a new story, based on the creepypasta The No-End House.[30][31] Universal Cable Production would serve as the production company for the series, with Max Landis and Nick Antosca both serving as the series' executive producers.[32]

text: Craig William Macneill was chosen to direct the first season of Channel Zero in February 2016.[33] Paul Schneider and Fiona Shaw were confirmed as starring in Channel Zero's first season in June 2016.[4] Schneider is set to portray Mike Painter, a child psychologist whose twin brother went missing years before and whose mother, portrayed by Shaw, is reluctant to indulge his desire to investigate.[4] Natalie Brown and Shaun Benson were also named as starring in the series. Filming began in Selkirk, Manitoba, Canada during May 2016 and wrapped on July 28, after 46 days of shooting.[34][35][36]

text: Filming for Season 2 was set to start September 13, 2016 in Oakbank, Manitoba.[8] An advance screening of the first episode premiered at San Diego Comic-Con.[37] Creator Nick Antosca revealed on Twitter that season 2 would premiere on September 20, 2017.[10]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Showcase (Canadian TV channel) broadcast each season in Canada after Syfy finished playing it in the United States.[38]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first season of Channel Zero received generally favorable reviews from critics, with a Metacritic rating of 75 out of 100 based on 5 reviews.[39] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 93% approval rating based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critics' consensus reads: "Creepy, unsettling, and refreshingly unique, Channel Zero: Candle Cove draws on easily relatable childhood fears while peeling back layers of spine-tingling mystery."[40]

text: The second season received highly favorable reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 100% approval rating based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 8.4/10. The site's critics' consensus reads: "No End House's central mystery is stronger and scarier than Channel Zero's first, solidifying its status as one of TV's scariest horror offerings."[41]

text: The third season continued to receive highly positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 100% approval rating based on 6 reviews, with an average ratng of 8.25/10.[42]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
Total
(18–49)

1
"You Have to Go Inside"
October 11, 2016
0.2
0.76[14]
0.2
0.4[43]

2
"I'll Hold Your Hand"
October 18, 2016
0.2
0.63[15]
0.2
0.4[44]

3
"Want to See Something Cool?"
October 25, 2016
0.2
0.55[16]
0.2
0.4[45]

4
"A Strange Vessel"
November 1, 2016
0.2
0.47[17]
N/A
N/A

5
"Guest of Honor"
November 8, 2016
0.1
0.44[18]
N/A
N/A

6
"Welcome Home"
November 15, 2016
0.1
0.42[19]
0.2
0.3[46]

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)

1
"This Isn't Real"
September 20, 2017
0.1
0.39[20]

2
"Nice Neighborhood"
September 27, 2017
0.1
0.38[21]

3
"Beware the Cannibals"
October 4, 2017
0.2
0.41[22]

4
"The Exit"
October 11, 2017
0.2
0.48[23]

5
"The Damage"
October 18, 2017
0.1
0.41[24]

6
"The Hollow Girl"
October 25, 2017
0.1
0.37[25]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result

2017
Saturn Awards
Best Television Presentation
Channel Zero
Nominated

Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
Best TV Series
Channel Zero: Candle Cove
Nominated

Best TV SFX
Doug Morrow
Nominated

Best TV Actor
Paul Schneider
Nominated

Best TV Supporting Actress
Fiona Shaw
Nominated


document_title: Taken (film)

question_text: who plays the daughter in the movie taken

text: Taken (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Retired CIA field agent Bryan Mills (Liam Neeson) attempts to build a closer relationship with his shy daughter, Kim (Maggie Grace), who lives with her mother Lenore (Famke Janssen) and her wealthy stepfather Stuart (Xander Berkeley). While overseeing security at a concert for pop star Sheerah (Holly Valance), Bryan saves her from an armed attacker. Out of gratitude, Sheerah offers to have Kim assessed as a singer. Before Bryan can tell Kim, she asks her father for permission to travel to Paris with her best friend Amanda (Katie Cassidy). He initially refuses, but eventually agrees after Lenore persuades him. At the airport, he learns the girls are actually planning to follow the band U2 during their European tour.

text: Upon arriving at Charles de Gaulle International Airport, Kim and Amanda meet Peter (Nicolas Giraud), a Parisian local whose taxi sharing habits act as a ruse to learn more about them. Kim and Amanda go to Amanda's cousins' apartment, only for Kim to find that the cousins are in Spain. While Kim makes a call to her father, she witnesses Amanda being abducted in the living room. Kim follows her father's instructions to hide in a bedroom and listen closely. After she is dragged out from underneath the bed, Kim yells a description of her abductor. Bryan then hears a person breathing heavily, and suspects that one of the abductors has picked up the phone. Bryan then states that if they release his daughter, he will not go after the kidnappers, but warns them that failure will result in a hunt wherein death is an outcome. A man with an Albanian accent answers "Good luck."

text: Sam (Leland Orser), an old friend and former colleague of Bryan, deduces the kidnappers are part of an Albanian sex trafficking ring and identifies the man as Marko Hoxha. He reveals that, based on previous history, Kim will disappear for good if not found within 96 hours. Using Stuart's private plane, Bryan flies to Paris, investigates the apartment, and finds Peter's reflection in a picture on Kim's phone. He finds Peter at the airport and tries to capture him. While fleeing, Peter is hit and killed by a truck.

text: With his only lead dead, Bryan turns to an old contact, French former intelligence agent Jean-Claude Pitrel (Olivier Rabourdin), who now has a desk job at the same agency. Jean-Claude informs him of the local red-light district where the Albanian prostitution ring operates, but warns him not to get involved. However, with the aid of a translator, Bryan trails and infiltrates a makeshift brothel in a construction yard, where he finds a young woman wearing Kim's denim jacket. After a firefight with the mobsters, he takes the woman to a hotel, where he clears the drugs from her system.

text: The following morning, after Bryan returns from a heated conversation with Jean-Claude, the woman awakens and tells him of a safe house where the Albanians keep abductees. Posing as Pitrel, he enters the house, under the pretense of business renegotiation and police protection costs. Bryan identifies Marko as the man who spoke to him on the phone wherein a violent fight ensues, resulting in the deaths of all the other gangsters in the building minus Marko. A quick search reveals several heavily drugged girls, including a dead Amanda.

text: Using a makeshift electric chair, Bryan interrogates Marko for information, torturing him with electric current when the latter refuses to answer. Marko reveals that Kim was sold quickly due to her virginity and that virgins are of high value on the black market. Once Marko gives the buyer as Patrice Saint-Clair (Gérard Watkins), Bryan leaves him to die in agony from continuous electrocution. Later that evening, Bryan visits the Pitrels for dinner and, after discovering Jean-Claude's corruption, coerces him into providing Saint-Clair's location by wounding his wife in the arm with a gunshot.

text: Bryan infiltrates a secret sex slave auction beneath Saint-Clair's manor. As soon as Kim comes up for sale, he forces Abil, an Arab bidder, to purchase her. While making his way out, he is knocked out and chained to a pipe, but he manages to escape and eliminate Saint-Clair's henchmen. Bryan forces Saint-Clair to reveal Kim's whereabouts. The Saint-Clair reveals that she is on a yacht owned by a sheikh named Raman, before Bryan shoots him dead. Bryan gives chase after Raman's yacht, he then boards the yacht and dispatches his guards as well as Abil, who is revealed to be Raman's head of security, who gives Bryan a difficult fight. He eventually kills Abil, then enters Raman's suite, only to find Raman holding Kim at knife-point. Raman attempts to negotiate, but Bryan fatally shoots him in the head the moment he lowers his knife. Kim is reunited with her mother and stepfather. The film ends with Bryan and Kim visiting Sheerah.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Liam Neeson as Bryan Mills
Maggie Grace as Kim Mills
Famke Janssen as Lenore "Lennie" Mills-St John
Leland Orser as Sam Gilroy
Jon Gries as Mark Casey
David Warshofsky as Bernie Harris
Holly Valance as Sheerah
Katie Cassidy as Amanda
Xander Berkeley as Stuart St John
Olivier Rabourdin as Jean-Claude Pitrel
Gérard Watkins as Patrice Saint-Clair
Arben Bajraktaraj as Marko Hoxha
Camille Japy as Isabelle
Nicolas Giraud as Peter
Goran Kostić as Gregor
Nabil Massad as Raman

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was produced by Luc Besson's EuropaCorp.[11] Pierre Morel had previously worked as a director of photography for Besson, and they had also collaborated on Morel's directorial debut, District B13. Besson pitched the idea of Taken one night over dinner and Morel immediately became attached to the idea of a father fighting to protect his daughter.[12] Jeff Bridges was first cast as Bryan Mills, but after he dropped out of the project, Liam Neeson accepted the part, desiring to play a more physically demanding role than he was used to. Neeson at first thought the film to be no more than a "little side road" for his career, expecting it to be released directly to video.[13]

text: Music[edit]

text: The score of the film was composed by Nathaniel Méchaly and released on 27 January 2009.[14]

text:
Taken: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Film score by Nathaniel Méchaly

Released
29 January 2009 (2009-01-29)

Recorded
2008

Genre
Film score

Length
45:50

Label
Razor & Tie

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: All songs written and composed by Nathaniel Méchaly except where noted.[15][16]

text:
Taken (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Opening"
0:52

2.
"Change" (Written and performed by Joy Denalane featuring Lupe Fiasco)
4:12

3.
"Permission to Go to Paris"
1:11

4.
"To the Airport"
1:10

5.
"The Concert"
0:53

6.
"There's Somebody Here"
3:22

7.
"Pursuit at Roissy"
1:07

8.
"On the Rooftop"
1:40

9.
"96 Hours"
6:01

10.
"The Construction Site"
2:04

11.
"Pursuit at the Construction Site"
1:25

12.
"Saving Amanda"
1:14

13.
"Escape From St Clair"
1:38

14.
"Tick Tick, Boom" (Written and performed by The Hives)
3:24

15.
"Hotel Camelia"
1:38

16.
"The Auction"
1:38

17.
"Pursuit by the"
3:15

18.
"On the Boat"
1:05

19.
"The Last Fight"
1:52

20.
"The Dragster Wave" (Written and performed by Ghinzu)
6:09

Total length:
45:50

text: Reception[edit]

text: A trailer of Taken was released on 20 June 2008.[17] The film saw its release on 27 February in France, 9 April in China and 26 September in UK in the year of 2008. It was released on 30 January in United States and 22 August in Japan in the year of 2009.[18] The film was released under the title of 96 Hours in Germany, Io vi troverò (I Will Find You) in Italy and Заложница (Hostage) in Russia.[18]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Taken grossed $145 million in the North America and $81.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $226.8 million, against a production budget of $25 million.[4]

text: On its opening day in the North America, the film grossed $9.4 million, scoring the best opening day ever for Super Bowl weekend.[19] It went on to make $24.7 million during its opening weekend playing in 3,183 theaters, with a $7,765 per-theatre average and ranking #1, which was the second highest Super Bowl opening weekend, at the time, behind Hannah Montana/Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert Tour ($31.1 million).[20] The film is also the highest grossing among the Taken films in North America.[21]

text: The biggest market in other territories being South Korea, UK, France, Australia and Spain where the film grossed $15.47 million, $11.27 million, $9.43 million, $6.28 million, and $5.46 million respectively.[22]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 58%, based on 168 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Taken is undeniably fun with slick action, but is largely a brainless exercise."[23] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 50 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[24]

text: Richard Corliss of Time said the film "has nothing more on its mind than dozens of bad guys getting beat up and another one turned into instant roadkill."[25] The Washington Post described the film as "a satisfying little thriller as grimly professional as its efficient hero" and likened the action to the Bourne film series.[26] Derek Elley of Variety described the film as a "kick ass, pedal-to-the-metal actioner [...] that wisely doesn't give the viewer any time to ponder the string of unlikely coincidences [...] the film has the forward, devil-may-care momentum of a Bond film on steroids."[27]

text: Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described the film's premise as "unintentionally silly at times [...] Obviously, 'Taken' is not the kind of action film to spend much time worrying about its pedestrian script or largely indifferent acting, so it's fortunate to have Neeson in the starring role." Bryan Mills is characterized as "relentless attack machine who is impervious to fists, bullets and fast-moving cars, he uses a variety of martial arts skills to knock out more opponents than Mike Tyson and casually kill those he doesn't KO".[28]

text: CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[29]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In 2011, a self-proclaimed counter-terrorism expert was convicted of wire fraud after claiming the film was based on a real-life incident in which his daughter was killed. William G. Hillar, who pretended to be a retired Green Beret colonel, claimed to have spent more than 12 years lecturing US government agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation on security issues. However, records revealed he had actually been a radar operator in the Coast Guard Reserve between 1962 and 1970, and had never been in the US Army. Nevertheless, his website claimed Taken was based on events involving him and his family. Hillar, who admitted the charges, was sentenced to 500 hours of community service at Maryland State Veteran Cemetery. He also agreed to repay $171,000 in speaking fees that he had received from various organizations to which he had presented himself as an expert in terrorism and human trafficking.[30]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Subject
Result

Broadcast Music, Inc.
BMI Film Music Award
Nathaniel Méchaly
Won

Golden Schmoes Awards
Best Line
Liam Neeson
Won

Biggest Surprise of the Year
Taken
2nd place

Saturn Award
Best International Film
Taken
Nominated

text: Home media[edit]

text: Taken was released as "Taken (Single-Disc Extended Edition)" on DVDs on 12 May 2009 and on Blu-ray on 9 December 2014. The film also saw release of "Taken (Two-Disc Extended Edition)" on DVDs and Blu-ray Discs on 12 May 2009.[31] As of 5 February 2015[update], the film has sold 5,388,963 DVDs and 607,073 Blu-ray Discs and grossing $79,798,171 and $10,069,116 respectively totaling $89,867,287 in North America.[32]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
In May 2012, the plot of "Leggo My Meg-O", the twentieth episode of the tenth season of the TV series Family Guy, is based on Taken.[33] In "Brian's a Bad Father", Brian mentions that having Zooey Deschanel cast as the daughter in Taken would be thinking outside the box. A cutaway gag then depicts Bryan Mills (reprised by Liam Neeson) instructing the kidnappers to send him the head of Zooey Deschanel.
In "Hunt", a fifth season episode of the TV series Castle, when Richard Castle's daughter Alexis is kidnapped and taken to Paris, Castle follows and Det. Kevin Ryan asks, "Who does he think he is, Liam Neeson?"
A Saturday Night Live opening sketch in March 2014 featured Liam Neeson reprising his character from the film in response to Vladimir Putin's invasion of Ukraine and in defense of President Obama.[episode needed][34]
In the animated Cartoon Network series, The Amazing World of Gumball in the episode "The Kids", Gumball calls Mr. Fitzgerald and asks if he can talk to Penny, Mr. Fitzgerald thinks Gumball is being disrespectful to him due to his changing voice, and threatens Gumball by repeating Bryan Mills' phone speech in a scary voice. Later in the episode, Mr. Fitzgerald drives up to Gumball from his car and says the Bryan Mills line to him once more, but Gumball quickly cuts him off when he rolls up his car window, locks the door, and slams it shut in his face.
In Lego Dimensions, when Bad Cop interacts with Unikitty, Unikitty says she has a particular set of skills. Taken featured Bad Cop's voice actor Liam Neeson in the lead role.
One of the most popular[35] and best-received[36] commercials of Super Bowl XLIX in February 2015, an ad by Finnish game developer Supercell for its popular game Clash of Clans, featured Neeson parodying his character from Taken.[37]
In "Red Means Stop", the finale episode of the sixth season of [[The Venture Bros.]], The Monarch and Henchman 21 trick Red Death's family into going to his mother-in-law's and call him claiming to have kidnapped them. Before he could finish his speech, Red Death quotes Neeson's "I will find you" speech. The Monarch apologises and slowly hangs up then start to cower for a few seconds.

text: Sequels and television series[edit]

text: In November 2010, Fox announced that EuropaCorp would produce a sequel directed by Olivier Megaton. Taken 2 was subsequently released in France on 3 October 2012, with Neeson, Janssen, Grace, Gries, Rabourdin and Orser reprising their roles from the first film.[38][39][40] A third Taken film was released 16 December 2014.[41]

text: In September 2015, NBC ordered a prequel series depicting a younger Bryan Mills with Clive Standen portraying Mills, Gaius Charles, Monique Gabriela Curnen, James Landry Hebert, Michael Irby, Jose Pablo Cantillo, Jennifer Marsala and Simu Liu are cast as John, Vlasik, Casey, Sam, Bernie, Riley and Faaron, members of OPCON. Brooklyn Sudano is cast as Asha, an attractive, well-educated young student from an upper-middle-class family who is furthering her education when she first meets Bryan and Jennifer Beals is cast as Christina Hart, the Special Deputy Director of National Intelligence who has taken Mills under her wing. Cultured and powerful with a wealth of field experience, her current government position has her overseeing an elite team of operatives who take care of America’s national security emergencies. Alex Cary will be the writer, executive producer and showrunner for the series and Alex Graves directing the pilot.[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][excessive citations]