document_title: Financial centre

question_text: is london or new york the financial capital of the world

text: Financial centre

text: Description[edit]

text: Financial centres are locations with an agglomeration of participants in financial markets and venues for these activities to take place.[5] Participants can include financial intermediaries (such as banks, brokers, asset management funds), institutional investors (such as investment managers), as well as central banks. Trading activity takes place on venues such as exchanges and involve clearing houses, although many transactions take place over-the-counter (OTC), that is directly between participants. Financial centres usually host companies that offer a wide range of financial advisory services, for example relating to mergers and acquisitions, or which participate in other areas of finance, such as private equity and reinsurance.

text: Financial centres serve the domestic business of their home country and may also serve international business. International activity occurs as soon as one of the participants in the activity is foreign to the home country of the financial centre, or when the instruments themselves are international in nature such as Eurobonds. The term international financial centre or global financial centre is mostly used to indicate a prominent financial centre where such international or cross-border business takes place.[6][7]

text: A paper by the International Monetary Fund offers the following definition:[8]

text: International Financial Centers (IFCs)—such as London, New York, and Tokyo—are large international full-service centers with advanced settlement and payments systems, supporting large domestic economies, with deep and liquid markets where both the sources and uses of funds are diverse, and where legal and regulatory frameworks are adequate to safeguard the integrity of principal-agent relationships and supervisory functions.

text: Rise and decline of key financial centres in history[edit]

text: Origins and pre-modern developments[edit]

text: Primitive financial centres started in the 11th century in the Kingdom of England at the annual fair of St. Giles and in the Kingdom of Germany at the Frankfurt autumn fair, then developed in medieval France during the Champaign Fairs.[9][10]

text: Italian city-states[edit]

text: The first real international financial center was the City State of Venice which slowly emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century.[9] Tradable bonds as a commonly used type of security, were invented by the Italian city-states (such as Venice and Genoa) of the late medieval and early Renaissance periods.

text: Low Countries[edit]

text: In the sixteenth century, the overall economic supremacy of the Italian city-states gradually came to an end and the centre of financial activities in Europe shifted to the Low Countries, first to Bruges, and later to Antwerp and Amsterdam. They, too, became important centres of financial innovation.

text: 17th–18th centuries[edit]

text: Amsterdam and the financial revolution of the Dutch Republic[edit]

text: In the 17th century, Amsterdam became the leading commercial and financial centre. It held this position for more than a century,[13][14][15] and was the first modern model of an international financial centre.[16] As Richard Sylla noted, “In modern history, several nations had what some of us call financial revolutions.[17][18] These can be thought of as creating in a short period of time all the key components of a modern financial system. The first was the Dutch Republic four centuries ago.”[19] Amsterdam – unlike its predecessors such as Bruges, Antwerp, Genoa, and Venice – controlled crucial resources and markets directly, sending its fleets to all quarters of the world.[20][21] During their Golden Age, the Dutch were responsible for three major institutional innovations in economic and financial history:

text: The foundation of the first publicly traded company, the Dutch East India Company (VOC), in 1602.[22] As the first listed company (the first company to be listed on an official stock exchange), the VOC was the first company to issue stock and bonds to the general public. With its pioneering features, the VOC is generally considered a major institutional breakthrough and the model for modern corporations (large-scale business enterprises in particular). It was the first precursor to modern multinational corporations.

text: The creation of the first fully functioning financial market.[23] While the Italian city-states produced the first transferable government bonds, they didn't develop the other ingredient necessary to produce a capital market: corporate shareholders. The Dutch used a capital market (including the bond market and the stock market) to finance companies (such as the VOC and the WIC). This was a precedent for the global securities market in its modern form. In 1602 the VOC established an exchange in Amsterdam where VOC stock and bonds could be traded in a secondary market. The establishment of Amsterdam Stock Exchange (also known as Beurs van Hendrick de Keyser in Dutch) by the VOC, has long been recognized as the origin of modern stock exchanges that specialize in creating and sustaining secondary markets in the securities issued by corporations. The process of buying and selling shares (of stock) in the VOC became the basis of the first formal stock market.[24][25] The Dutch pioneered stock futures, stock options, short selling, bear raids, debt-equity swaps, and other speculative instruments. Amsterdam businessman Joseph de la Vega's Confusion of Confusions (1688) was the earliest book about stock trading. Early techniques of stock-market manipulation occurred.

text: The establishment of the Bank of Amsterdam in 1609, which led to the introduction of the concept of bank money. The Bank of Amsterdam was arguably the world's first central bank.[26][27][28] Along with a number of subsidiary local banks, it performed many functions of a central banking system.[29][30][31][32][33] It occupied a central position in the financial world of its day, providing an effective, efficient and trusted system for national and international payments, and introduced the first ever international reserve currency, the bank guilder. Lucien Gillard calls it the European guilder (le florin européen),[34] and Adam Smith devotes many pages to explaining how the bank guilder works (Smith 1776: 446-455). The model of the Wisselbank as a state bank was adapted throughout Europe, including the Bank of Sweden (1668) and the Bank of England (1694).

text: By the early 1800s, London replaced Amsterdam as the world's leading financial centre. In his book Capitals of Capital (2010), Youssef Cassis argues that the decline and fall of Amsterdam, as the world's foremost financial capital, was one of the dramatic events in history of global finance.[35]

text: 19th–21st centuries[edit]

text: London and Paris were the world's only prominent financial centers throughout most of the 19th century.[4]:1 After 1870, Berlin and New York grew to become major financial centres. An array of smaller financial centers found market niches, such as Amsterdam, Brussels, Zurich, and Geneva. London remained the leading international financial center in the four decades leading up to World War I.[35]:74–75[36]:12–15

text: Rise of London and British financial power[edit]

text: London has been a leading international financial centre since the 19th century.[35]:74–75[37]:149 For much of this time, it has been a major centre of lending and investment around the world and during the late 20th century played an important role in the development of new financial products such as the Eurobond market in the 1960s and derivatives in the 1990s.[36]:13[38]:2[39] English contract law was adopted widely for international finance, with legal services provided in London,[40] and financial institutions located there provided services internationally such as Lloyd's of London for insurance and the Baltic Exchange for shipping.[41]

text: London continues to maintain a leading position as a financial centre in the 21st century, and maintains the largest trade surplus in financial services around the world.[42][43][44] However, like New York, it faces new competitors including fast-rising eastern financial centres such as Hong Kong and Shanghai. London is the largest centre for derivatives markets,[45] foreign exchange markets,[46] money markets,[47] issuance of international debt securities,[48] international insurance,[49] trading in gold, silver and base metals through the London bullion market and London Metal Exchange,[50] and international bank lending.[38]:2[39][51] London benefits from its position between the Asia and U.S. time zones,[52] and has benefited from its location within the European Union, though this may end following the outcome of the Brexit referendum of 2016 and the decision of the United Kingdom to leave the European Union.[53] As well as the London Stock Exchange, the Bank of England, the second oldest central bank, and the European Banking Authority are based in London, although the latter is expected to move following Brexit.

text: USA and the rise of New York City as the first major non-European financial centre[edit]

text: Since the middle of the 20th century, New York City, represented by Wall Street, has been described as a leading financial centre.[4]:1[54]:25[55]:4–5 Over the past few decades, with the rise of a multipolar world with new regional powers and global capitalism, numerous financial centres have challenged Wall Street, particularly London and several in Asia, which some analysts believe will be the focus of new worldwide growth.[56]:39–49[57] One source described New York as extending its lead as the world's centre of finance in November 2014; according to Kinetic Partners, "New York has proven that it can draw and maintain institutions that believe it is the best place to grow their businesses".[58]

text: New York City remains the largest centre for trading in public equity and debt capital markets, driven in part by the size and financial development of the U.S. economy.[56]:31–32[59] The NYSE and NASDAQ are the two largest stock exchanges in the world.[60] New York also leads in hedge fund management; private equity; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions. Several investment banks and investment managers headquartered in New York City are important participants in other financial centres.[56]:34–35 The New York Federal Reserve Bank, the largest within the Federal Reserve System, regulates financial institutions and implements U.S. monetary policy,[61][62] which in turn influences the world's economy.[63][64] The three major global credit rating agencies – Standard and Poor's, Moody's Investor Service, and Fitch Ratings – are headquartered or co-headquartered in New York City, with Fitch being co-headquartered in London.

text: Rise of non-Western financial centres[edit]

text: In Asia, Tokyo emerged as a major financial centre in the 1980s as the Japanese economy became one of the largest in the world.[4]:1 Hong Kong and Singapore developed soon after leveraging their links with London and Britain.[55]:10–11[65] In the 21st century, other centres have grown including Sydney, Seoul and Shanghai. Dubai has become a centre for finance in the Middle East, including for Islamic finance.

text: Ranking[edit]

text: Prior to the 1960s, there is little data available to rank financial centres.[4]:1 In recent years many rankings have been developed and published. Two of the most relevant are the Global Financial Centres Index and the International Financial Centres Development Index.[66]

text: Global Financial Centres Index[edit]

text: The Global Financial Centres Index is compiled semi-annually by the London-based British think-tank Z/Yen in conjunction with the Shenzen-based think-tank China Development Institute.[67] London has been the top-ranked centre from the index's inception in 2007, except from March 2014 to September 2015, when New York City led.[67]:7

text: As of March 2017, the top ten global financial centres are:[67]

text:
Rank
Change

Centre

Rating

1

 London
782

2

 New York City
780

3

 Singapore
760

4

 Hong Kong
755

5

 Tokyo
740

6

 San Francisco
724

7
 1
 Chicago
723

8
 3
 Sydney
721

9
 2
 Boston
720

10
 3
 Toronto
719

text: Xinhua-Dow Jones International Financial Centers Development Index[edit]

text: The Xinhua-Dow Jones International Financial Centers Development Index was compiled annually by the Xinhua News Agency of China with the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and Dow Jones & Company of the United States from 2010 to 2014. During that time New York was the top-ranked centre. According to the 2014 Xinhua-Dow Jones International Financial Centres Development Index, the top ten financial centres in the world were:[68]

text:
Rank
Change

Centre

Rating

1

 New York City
87.72

2

 London
86.64

3
 1
 Tokyo
84.57

4
 1
 Singapore
77.23

5
 2
 Hong Kong
77.10

5

 Shanghai
77.10

7

 Paris
64.83

8

 Frankfurt
60.27

9
 2
 Beijing
59.98

10
 1
 Chicago
58.22

text: Comparisons[edit]

text: Old finance centers such as Amsterdam, London, Paris, New York, and Tokyo have long histories.[36][70] Today there is a diverse range of financial centres worldwide.[71] While New York and London often stand out as the leading global financial centres,[72][73] other established financial centres provide significant competition and several newer financial centres are developing.[74] Despite this proliferation of financial centres, academics have discussed evidence showing increasing concentration of financial activity in the largest national and international financial centres in the 21st century.[54]:24–34 Others have discussed the ongoing dominance of New York and London, and the role linkages between these two financial centres played in the financial crisis of 2007–08.[55]

text: Comparisons of financial centres focus on their history, role and significance in serving national, regional and international financial activity. Each centre's offering includes differing legal, tax and regulatory environments.[75] One journalist suggested three prime factors for success as a financial city: a pool of money to lend or invest; a decent legal framework; and high-quality human resources.[76]

text: Amsterdam. Amsterdam is well known for the size of its pension fund market. It is also a centre for banking and trading activities.[77] Amsterdam was a prominent and innovative financial centre in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries.[38]:24

text: Chicago. The Illinois city has the "world’s largest [exchange-traded] derivatives market" since the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Chicago Board of Trade merged in 2007, under the CME Group.[78]

text: Dubai. The second largest emirate in the United Arab Emirates is a growing centre for finance in the Middle East, including for Islamic finance. Its emergence as a financial centre is relatively recent, although commercial banking activity in the UAE became established in the second half of the 20th century (the first commercial bank in Dubai was British Bank of the Middle East in 1946, and the first domestic commercial bank was the National Bank of Dubai established in 1963).[79]

text: Dublin. Dublin is a diverse financial services centre, home to banking, insurance and trading services as well as bespoke activities such as aircraft leasing. Dublin has a global reputation as an asset management centre, particularly for alternative investment funds.[80][81]

text: Frankfurt. Frankfurt attracts many foreign banks which maintain offices in the city. It is the seat of Deutsche Börse, one of the leading stock exchanges and derivatives markets operators, and the European Central Bank, which sets the monetary policy for the single European currency, the euro; in addition, in 2014 the European Central Bank took over responsibility for banking supervision for the 18 countries which form the Eurozone. It is also the seat of Deutsche Bundesbank, the German central bank,[82] as well as of EIOPA, the EU's supervisory authority for insurances and occupational pension systems.[83]

text: Hong Kong. As a financial centre, Hong Kong has strong links with London and New York City.[55]:10–11 It developed its financial services industry while a British territory and its present legal system, defined in Hong Kong Basic Law, is based on English law. In 1997, Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, retaining its laws and a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after the transfer. Most of the world's 100 largest banks have a presence in the city.[86] Hong Kong is a leading location for initial public offerings, competing with New York City,[87] and also for merger and acquisition activity.[88]

text: London. London has been a leading international financial centre since the 19th century.[35]:74–75[89]:149 For much of this time, it has been a major centre of lending and investment around the world and during the late 20th century played an important role in the development of new financial products such as the Eurobond market in the 1960s and derivatives in the 1990s.[36]:13[38]:2[39] English contract law was adopted widely for international finance, with legal services provided in London,[90] and financial institutions located there provided services internationally such as Lloyd's of London for insurance and the Baltic Exchange for shipping.[91]

text: Luxembourg. The Luxembourg financial centre is the largest investment fund centre in Europe, and second in the world after the United States. It is the leading private banking centre in the Eurozone and the largest captive reinsurance centre in Europe. 143 banks from 28 different countries are established in Luxembourg.[104] The country is also the third largest renminbi centre in the world by numbers, in certain activities such as deposits, loans, bond listing and investment funds.[105] Three of the largest Chinese banks have their European hub in Luxembourg (ICBC, Bank of China, China Construction Bank).

text: Madrid. Madrid is the headquarters to the Spanish company Bolsas y Mercados Españoles, which owns the four stock exchanges in Spain, the largest being the Bolsa de Madrid. Trading of equities, derivatives and fixed income securities are linked through the Madrid-based electronic Spanish Stock Market Interconnection System (SIBE), handling more than 90% of all financial transactions. Madrid ranks fourth in European equities market capitalisation, and Madrid’s Stock Exchange is second in terms of number of listed companies, just behind New York Stock Exchange (NYSE plus NASDAQ).[106] As a financial centre, Madrid has extensive links with Latin America and acts as a gateway for many Latin American financial firms to access the EU banking and financial markets.[107]:6–7

text: Milan. The city is Italy's main centre of banking and finance. It hosts the Borsa Italiana stock exchange, one of the larger stock exchanges in Europe, which is now part of the London Stock Exchange Group.[108]:245

text: New York City. Since the middle of the 20th century, New York City, represented by Wall Street, has been described as a leading financial centre.[4]:1[54]:25[55]:4–5 Over the past few decades, with the rise of a multipolar world with new regional powers and global capitalism, numerous financial centres have challenged Wall Street, particularly London and several in Asia, which some analysts believe will be the focus of new worldwide growth.[56]:39–49[109] One source described New York as extending its lead as the world's centre of finance in November 2014; according to Kinetic Partners, "New York has proven that it can draw and maintain institutions that believe it is the best place to grow their businesses".[110]

text: Paris. Alongside equity trading on the Paris Stock Exchange, there is futures and options trading, insurance, corporate banking and asset management taking place in Paris.[115] The city is home to the Banque de France and the European Securities and Markets Authority. Paris has been a major financial centre since the 19th century.[4]:1

text: Seoul. South Korea's capital has developed significantly as a financial centre since the late-2000s recession. In 2009, Seoul ranked 53rd among global financial centres; by 2012, Seoul had risen to number 9.[116] Seoul has continued to build office space with the completion of the International Financial Center Seoul in 2013. It ranked 7th in the 2015 Global Financial Centres Index, recording the highest growth in rating among the top ten cities.

text: Shanghai. Official efforts have been directed to making Pudong a financial leader by 2010.[117] Efforts during the 1990s were mixed, but in the early 21st century, Shanghai gained ground. Factors such as a "protective banking sector" and a "highly restricted capital market" have held the city back, according to one analysis in 2009 in China Daily.[118] Shanghai has done well in terms of market capitalisation but it needs to "attract an army of money managers, lawyers, accountants, actuaries, brokers and other professionals, Chinese and foreign" to enable it to compete with New York and London.[119] China is generating tremendous new capital, which makes it easier to stage initial public offerings of state-owned companies in places like Shanghai.[120]

text: Singapore. With its strong links with London,[65] Singapore has developed into the Asia region’s largest centre for foreign exchange and commodity trading, as well as a growing wealth management hub.[121] Other than Tokyo, it is one of the main centres for fixed income trading in Asia. However, the market capitalisation of its stock exchange has been falling since 2014 and several major companies plan to delist.[122]

text: Sydney. Australia's most populous city is a financial and business services hub not only for Australia but for the Asia-Pacific region. Sydney competes quite closely with other Asia Pacific hubs, however it concentrates a greater portion of Australian-based business in terms of clients and services. Sydney is home to two of Australia's four largest banks, the Commonwealth Bank of Australia and Westpac Banking Corporation, both headquartered in the Sydney CBD. Sydney is also home to 12 of the top 15 asset managers in Australia, Melbourne on the other hand tends to concentrate more of the Australian superannuation funds (pension funds). Sydney is using the large Barangaroo development project on its harbour to further position itself as an Asian Pacific hub.[123] Sydney is also home to the Australian Securities Exchange and an array of brokerage banks which are either headquartered or regionally based in Sydney including Australia's largest investment bank Macquarie Group.[124][125]

text: Tokyo. One report suggests that Japanese authorities are working on plans to transform Tokyo but have met with mixed success, noting that "initial drafts suggest that Japan's economic specialists are having trouble figuring out the secret of the Western financial centres' success."[126] Efforts include more English-speaking restaurants and services and the building of many new office buildings in Tokyo, but more powerful stimuli such as lower taxes have been neglected and a relative aversion to finance remains prevalent in Japan.[126] Tokyo emerged as a major financial centre in the 1980s as the Japanese economy became one of the largest in the world.[4]:1 As a financial centre, Tokyo has good links with New York City and London.[127][128]

text: Toronto. The city is a leading market for Canada's largest financial institutions and large insurance companies. It has also become one of the fastest growing financial centres following the late-2000s recession, helped by the stability of the Canadian banking system. Most of the financial industry is concentrated along Bay Street, where the Toronto Stock Exchange is also located.[129]

text: Zurich. Zurich is a significant centre for banking, asset management including provision of alternative investment products, and insurance.[130][131][132] Since Switzerland is not a member of the European Union, Zurich is not directly subject to EU regulation.

text: Others. Mumbai is an emerging financial centre which currently provides services to support other financial centres.[133][134][135] Cities such as São Paulo and Johannesburg and other "would-be hubs" lack liquidity and the "skills base," according to one source.[76] Financial industries in countries and regions such as the Indian subcontinent and Malaysia require not only well-trained people but the "whole institutional infrastructure of laws, regulations, contracts, trust and disclosure" which takes time to happen.[76]

text: New York Times journalist Daniel Gross wrote:

text:
“
In today’s burgeoning and increasingly integrated global financial markets — a vast, neural spaghetti of wires, Web sites and trading platforms — the N.Y.S.E. is clearly no longer the epicenter. Nor is New York. The largest mutual-fund complexes are in Valley Forge, Pa., Los Angeles and Boston, while trading and money management are spreading globally. Since the end of the cold war, vast pools of capital have been forming overseas, in the Swiss bank accounts of Russian oligarchs, in the Shanghai vaults of Chinese manufacturing magnates and in the coffers of funds controlled by governments in Singapore, Russia, Dubai, Qatar and Saudi Arabia that may amount to some $2.5 trillion. -- Daniel Gross in 2007.[120]
”

text: One example of Gross' assertion was the then alternative trading platform known as BATS, based in Kansas City, which came "out of nowhere to gain a 9 percent share in the market for trading United States stocks."[120] The firm had computers in the U.S. state of New Jersey, two salespersons in New York City, but the remaining 33 employees work in a centre in Kansas.[120] BATS went on to become a fully registered exchange and eventually acquired Direct Edge.[136] Charlotte is the second-largest banking centre in the United States, after New York City. Bank of America, the United States' second-largest bank is headquartered here, as well as a secondary headquarters for Wells Fargo. BB&T, MetLife, TIAA-CREF, and SunTrust Banks all have a major corporate presence in the city.

text: Offshore financial centres[edit]

text: An offshore financial centre, although not precisely defined, is usually a small, low-tax jurisdiction specialising in providing corporate and commercial services to non-residents in the form of offshore companies and the investment of offshore funds.[8]

text: The term offshore financial centre is a relatively modern neologism, first coined in the 1980s.[137] Although the terms are not synonymous, many leading offshore finance centres are regarded as "tax havens", and the lack of precise definition often leads to confusion between the concepts. In Tolley's International Initiatives Affecting Financial Havens[138] the glossary of terms defines an "offshore financial centre" in forthright terms as "a politically correct term for what used to be called a tax haven." However, this is qualified by adding "The use of this term makes the important point that a jurisdiction may provide specific facilities for offshore financial centres without being in any general sense a tax haven."

text: In 2009 the International Financial Centres Forum (IFC Forum) was established by a group of professional service firms and businesses with offices in the leading offshore centres.[139] According to its website, the IFC Forum aims to provide authoritative and balanced information about the role of the small international financial centres in the global economy.


document_title: It's Five O'Clock Somewhere

question_text: who coined the phrase it's five o'clock somewhere

question_tokens: who coined the phrase it 's five o'clock somewhere

root

text: It's Five O'Clock Somewhere

text: Content[edit]

text: The title refers to a popular expression used to justify drinking at any time of day, given that somewhere in the world it's 5:00 p.m. (the end of the work day for a traditional "nine-to-five" worker). The narrator states that he hasn't had a day off in over a year and that he wants to leave work and relieve his stress by drinking alcohol. The lyrics include the phrase, "It's only half-past twelve but I don't care. It's five o'clock somewhere", which means that even though it is not five o'clock in the narrator's time zone, it must be in another part of the world.

tag: p

text: History[edit]

text: Jim "Moose" Brown wrote "It's Five O'Clock Somewhere" with Don Rollins. Although Brown had several other cuts recorded by other artists, this song was the first to make the final cut of an album. The title lyric was inspired by a teacher who worked with Rollins. Brown recorded the demo and offered it to Kenny Chesney, who turned it down. It was then offered to Alan Jackson, who said that he was looking for a song that he could record as a duet with Jimmy Buffett.[2]

text: Music video[edit]

text: The portion of the music video featuring Jimmy Buffett was shot at Verizon Wireless Music Center in Noblesville, Indiana. The tiki bar featured in the video is the Square Grouper Tiki Bar in Jupiter, Florida, near Jackson's home at the time. It also features Jackson's personal boat, the "Hullbilly".

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: "It's Five O'Clock Somewhere" debuted at number 31 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs for the week of June 21, 2003. The song held the number 1 position for 7 consecutive weeks, falling to number 2 on the chart dated September 27, 2003 while Dierks Bentley's "What Was I Thinkin'" overtook it at number 1. On the following chart (October 4), Bentley's song fell, allowing "It's Five O'Clock Somewhere" to return to number 1 for an eighth and final week. The song has sold 1,332,000 copies in the US as of April 2014.[3]

text:
Chart (2003)
Peak
position

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[4]
1

US Billboard Hot 100[5]
17

tag: table

text: Year-end chart[edit]

text:
Chart (2003)
Peak
position

U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs
4

U.S. Billboard Hot 100
65

text:
Preceded by
"Red Dirt Road" by Brooks & Dunn
"What Was I Thinkin'" by Dierks Bentley
U.S. Hot Country Singles & Tracks
number-one single
August 9–September 20, 2003 (first run)
October 4, 2003 (second run)
Succeeded by
"What Was I Thinkin'" by Dierks Bentley
"Real Good Man" by Tim McGraw


document_title: Lift Every Voice and Sing

question_text: when did lift every voice and sing became black national anthem

text: Lift Every Voice and Sing

text: "Lift Every Voice and Sing" – often referred to as the "Black/African-American National Anthem" – is a song written as a poem by James Weldon Johnson (1871–1938) in 1900 and set to music by his brother John Rosamond Johnson (1873–1954) in 1905.[1]

text: History[edit]

text: "Lift Every Voice and Sing" was publicly performed first as a poem as part of a celebration of Abraham Lincoln's birthday on February 12, 1900, by 500 school children at the segregated Stanton School in Jacksonville, Florida. Its principal, James Weldon Johnson, wrote the words to introduce its honored guest Booker T. Washington. The poem was set to music in 1905 by Johnson's brother John. In 1919, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) dubbed it "The Negro National Anthem"[2] for its power in voicing the cry for liberation and affirmation for African-American people.[1]

text: In 1939, Augusta Savage received a commission from the New York World's Fair and created a 16-foot (5 m) plaster sculpture called Lift Every Voice and Sing which was destroyed by bulldozers at the close of the fair.[3]

text: In Maya Angelou's 1969 autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, the song is sung by the audience and students at Maya's eighth grade graduation, after a white school official dashes the educational aspirations of her class.[4]

text: In 1990, singer Melba Moore released a modern rendition of the song, which she recorded along with others including R&B artists Stephanie Mills, Freddie Jackson, Anita Baker, Dionne Warwick, Bobby Brown, Stevie Wonder, Jeffrey Osborne, and Howard Hewett; and gospel artists BeBe & CeCe Winans, Take 6, and The Clark Sisters, after which, "Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing" was entered into the Congressional Record by Del. Walter Fauntroy (D-DC).[5]

text: In 2008, jazz singer Rene Marie was asked to perform the national anthem at a civic event in Denver, Colorado, where she caused a controversy by substituting the words of "Lift Every Voice and Sing" into the song. This arrangement of the words of "Lift Every Voice and Sing" with the melody of "The Star Spangled Banner" became part of the titular suite on her 2011 CD release, "The Voice of My Beautiful Country".[6]

text: On January 20, 2009, the Rev. Joseph Lowery, who was formerly president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, used a near-verbatim recitation of the song's third stanza to begin his benediction at the inauguration ceremony for President Barack Obama.

text: On September 24, 2016, this song was sung by mezzo-soprano Denyce Graves and chorus at the conclusion of the opening ceremonies of the National Museum of African American History and Culture, at which Obama delivered the keynote address.

text: On October 19, 2017, when white nationalist leader Richard Spencer spoke at the University of Florida, the university's carillon played "Lift Every Voice and Sing" to convey a message of unity.[7]

text: On April 14, 2018, Beyoncé included the song in the set list of her widely-acclaimed concert at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival.


document_title: Jamaica national bobsleigh team

question_text: how did the jamaican bobsled do in the olympics

text: Jamaica national bobsleigh team

text: Beginnings[edit]

text: The team, consisting of Devon Harris, Dudley Stokes, Michael White, Freddy Powell, and last minute replacement Chris Stokes, debuted at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta. The team was coached by Howard Siler, an Olympic bobsledder for the United States in 1972 and 1980.[3] They quickly became very popular, largely because of their status as the ultimate "underdog" story of the games. Alongside the novelty of a tropical country competing in a cold-weather sport, the team had very little experience going down a bobsled track, and borrowed spare sleds from other countries to compete. In a show of sporting camaraderie across national boundaries, other bobsledders were quick to give them guidance and support. They did not officially finish after losing control of the sled and crashing during one of their qualifiers.[4] The movie Cool Runnings is loosely based on their experience at the 1988 games.

text: Evolution[edit]

text: The team returned to the Olympics in the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France, but finished poorly.[5][6] They qualified again for the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway. There, the Jamaican four sled stunned many of their critics by finishing in 14th place, ahead of the United States, Russia, Australia and France.

text: In 2000, the Jamaican bobsleigh team won the gold medal at the World Push Championships in Monaco.[7] At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, the 2-man team of Winston Watts (pilot) and Lascelles Brown (brakeman), set the Park City bobsled track record and the Olympic record for the push-start segment of the 2-man race at 4.78 seconds. Jamaica failed to qualify for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, or the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada. They did however, qualify for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia as a two-man bobsled.[2]

text: Jamaica also competed in women's bobsleigh, with a crew of two, consisting of pilot Porscha Morgan and Wycombe Cole on brakes, winning World Push Championship titles in 2000 and 2001. They achieved the fastest push times in all runs, resulting in a landslide victory. These women gave birth to the Jamaican women bobsleigh team/program and were seen as contenders in the sport. However, the women's programme suffered a setback because of lack of funding, and brakeman Wynsome Cole suffered injuries due to a crash, resulting in the team having to withdraw from a few of the competitions.

text: The Jamaican women's team was revived after the 2014 Winter Olympics, with KayMarie Jones and Salcia Slack competing in a North American Cup race in November 2014 being the first Jamaican female crew to compete internationally in over a decade.[8] Among the athletes on the revived team is NaTalia Stokes, daughter and niece of former Jamaican bobsledders Chris and Dudley Stokes.[9]

text: Modern day[edit]

text: Having qualified for the 2014 Sochi Olympics, but lacking funding, the cryptocurrency Dogecoin community raised on the team's behalf $30,000 of the approximately $40,000 required within two days.[10][11] An online campaign was set up, seeking to raise an additional $80,000 through Tilt.com (formerly Crowdtilt).[12] When it closed on 22 January 2014, the campaign had raised $129,687, far surpassing the target.[13]

text: After the 2014 Olympics former Olympic medallist and former coach of the Dutch and United States bobsleigh teams Todd Hays was appointed head coach and technical director of the Jamaican team.[8] However he had to leave his role after one season due to a lack of funds to pay his salary, although he continued to work with the team in an unofficial capacity.[14] Ahead of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, the Jamaican Bobsleigh Federation invested significantly in the team, buying a new sled for the women's crew of Jazmine Fenlator-Victorian and Carrie Russell, and filling a number of coaching positions, with former British, Dutch and Brazilian coach Jo Manning becoming High-Performance Director, former Olympic and World Champion Sandra Kiriasis joining as driving coach and Dudley Stokes being appointed as coach responsible for of performance, mental preparation and general logistics.[15] In January 2018, the Jamaican women's team secured qualification for the Olympics for the first time.[16] However the men's team missed out on Olympic qualification by one position in the world rankings.[17] Days ahead of the start of bobsleigh training at the Games, Kiriasis parted ways with the Jamaica Bobsleigh Federation after she was told she would be demoted from her position as driver coach to the role of track and performance analyst.[18][19] On 21 February Fenlator-Victorian and Russell finished 19th in the two-woman Olympic bobsleigh event.

text: Current[edit]

text: The current team:[20]

text:
Position
Teammate

Driver
Seldwyn Morgan

Driver
Joel Alexander

Driver
Daniel Mayhew

Driver
Zebiesha Johnson

Brakewoman
Liza Frazer

Brakeman
Tyrone Mullings

Brakeman
Murray Mullings

Driver
Aaron Fenlator-Victorian

Driver
Jazmine Fenlator-Victorian

Skeleton Rider
Anthony Watson

text: 2018 Winter Olympic team:

text:
Position
Teammate

Driver
Jazmine Fenlator-Victorian

Brakewoman
Carrie Russell

Skeleton Rider
Anthony Watson

text: Olympics record[edit]

text: Two-man[edit]

text:
Olympics
Athletes
Ranking

1988
Dudley Stokes
Michael White
30

1992
Devon Harris
Ricky McIntosh
35

Dudley Stokes
Chris Stokes
36

1994
Dudley Stokes
Wayne Thomas
DQ

1998
Devon Harris
Michael Morgan
29

2002
Winston Watts
Lascelles Brown
28

2014
Winston Watts
Marvin Dixon
29

text: Two-woman[edit]

text:
Olympics
Athletes
Ranking

2018
Jazmine Fenlator-Victorian
Carrie Russell
19

text: Four-man[edit]

text:
Olympics
Athletes
Ranking

1988
Dudley Stokes
Devon Harris
Michael White
Freddy Powell
Chris Stokes
DNF

1992
Dudley Stokes
Ricky McIntosh
Michael White
Chris Stokes
25

1994
Dudley Stokes
Winston Watts
Chris Stokes
Wayne Thomas
14

1998
Dudley Stokes
Winston Watts
Chris Stokes
Wayne Thomas
21

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The 1988 team was the inspiration for the film Cool Runnings (1993). The characters in the film are fictional, although original footage of the crash during a qualifier is used during the film. The film's depiction of the post-crash rescue was changed to show the bobsledders carrying the sled over the line on their shoulders for dramatic effect.

text: The 1988 team also inspired the reggae parody song "Jamaican Bobsled" by The Rock 'n' Roll Animals, played on the GTR radio station and later released on the CD Yatta, Yatta, Yatta.[21] The song was recorded after Jamaica had announced that they would be entering a bobsledding team into the Olympics, but before the Olympics had actually started; nevertheless, the lyrics accurately predict that the team would crash during one of their runs.

text: The 1999 team was mentioned in Season 2, episode 4 of Futurama. Fry, one of the main characters, commented that "They came in last at the Olympics, then retired to promote alcoholic beverages."[22]

text: The 2014 team was the inspiration for "The Bobsled Song" written by Sidney Mills from the reggae band Steel Pulse, Jon Notar and Groove Guild. The music video features 8-bit graphics. The song is timed to sync up to the team's Sochi bobsled run. The song was widely shown on television Olympics coverage in the lead-up to the team's run.[23]


document_title: Governor of Western Australia

question_text: who was the first governor of western australia

text: Governor of Western Australia

text: Styles[edit]

text: The Governor of Western Australia is styled His Excellency during his term in office (or Her Excellency for a female governor). In August 2014, three of the four living past governors – John Sanderson, Ken Michael and Malcolm McCusker – were given the style "The Honourable", on the recommendation of the premier.[3] The other living former governor, Michael Jeffery, already held the style in virtue of his later service as Governor-General of Australia.

text: List of Lieutenant Governors of the Swan River Colony and Governors of Western Australia[edit]

text: This is a list of Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of Western Australia.

text: Lieutenant Governors of the Swan River Colony[edit]

text: Stirling was in fact only commissioned as Governor of Western Australia from 4 March 1831, rectifying the absence of a legal instrument providing the authority detailed in Stirling's Instructions of 30 December 1828. Stirling had said of his own position:

text: I believe I am the first Governor who ever formed a settlement without Commission, Laws, Instructions and Salary.[4]

text:
No.

Image

Lieutenant-Governor

From

To

1

Captain Sir James Stirling RN

30 December 1828

5 February 1832

text: Governors[edit]

text:
No.

Image

Governor

From

To

1

Captain Sir James Stirling RN

4 March 1832

2 January 1839

2

John Hutt

3 January 1839

26 January 1846

3

Lieutenant Colonel Sir Andrew Clarke KCH

27 January 1846

11 February 1847

-

Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Irwin (acting Governor)

12 February 1847

11 August 1848

4

Captain Charles Fitzgerald

12 August 1848

22 July 1855

5

Sir Arthur Kennedy GCMG CB

23 July 1855

27 February 1862

6

Dr John Hampton

28 February 1862

1 November 1868

7

Sir Benjamin Pine[5]

2 November 1868

29 September 1869

8

The Hon. Sir Frederick Weld GCMG

30 September 1869

10 January 1875

9

Sir William Robinson GCMG

11 January 1875

11 November 1877

10

Major General The Hon. Sir Harry Ord GCMG CB RE[6]

12 November 1877

9 April 1880

-

Sir William Robinson GCMG (2nd time)

10 April 1880

1 June 1883

11

Sir Frederick Broome KCMG

2 June 1883

19 October 1890

-

Sir William Robinson GCMG (3rd time)

20 October 1890

22 December 1895

12

Lieutenant Colonel Sir Gerard Smith KCMG

23 December 1895

30 April 1901

13

The Rt Hon. Baron Wenlock GCIE KCMG

1 May 1901

23 March 1903

14

Admiral Sir Frederick Bedford KCB

24 March 1903

30 May 1909

15

Sir Gerald Strickland KCMG

31 May 1909

16 March 1913

16

Major General Sir Harry Barron KCMG CVO

17 March 1913

8 April 1917

17

The Rt Hon. Sir William Ellison-Macartney KCMG

9 April 1917

8 April 1920

18

Sir Francis Newdegate GCMG

9 April 1920

27 October 1924

19

Colonel Sir William Campion KCMG DSO TD

28 October 1924

8 June 1931

N/A[7]

1931

1948

20

Sir James Mitchell GCMG

5 October 1948

30 June 1951

21

General Sir Charles Gairdner GBE KCMG KCVO CB

6 November 1951

25 October 1963

22

Major General Sir Douglas Kendrew KCMG CB CBE DSO

25 October 1963

6 January 1974

23

Air Commodore Sir Hughie Edwards VC KCMG CB DSO OBE DFC

7 January 1974

23 November 1975

24

Air Chief Marshal Sir Wallace Hart Kyle GCB KCVO CBE DSO DFC RAF

24 November 1975

24 November 1980

25

Rear Admiral Sir Richard Trowbridge KCVO

25 November 1980

24 November 1983

26

Professor Gordon Reid AC

2 July 1984

30 September 1989

27

The Hon. Sir Francis Burt AC KCMG QC

29 March 1990

31 October 1993

28

Major General Michael Jeffery AC CVO MC KStJ

1 November 1993

17 August 2000

29

Lieutenant General John Sanderson AC

18 August 2000

31 October 2005

30

Dr Ken Michael AC

18 January 2006

2 May 2011

31

Malcolm McCusker AC CVO QC

1 July 2011

30 June 2014

32

Kerry Sanderson AC

20 October 2014

1 May 2018

33

Kim Beazley AC

1 May 2018

Incumbent

text: Living former governors[edit]

text: Five former governors are alive, the oldest being Michael Jeffery. The most recent governor to die was Sir Francis Burt, on 8 September 2004.

text:
Name
Term as governor
Date of birth

Michael Jeffery

1993–2000

 (1937-12-12) 12 December 1937 (age 80)

John Sanderson

2000–2006

 (1940-11-04) 4 November 1940 (age 77)

Ken Michael

2006–2011

 (1938-04-12) 12 April 1938 (age 80)

Malcolm McCusker

2011–2014

 (1938-08-06) 6 August 1938 (age 80)

Kerry Sanderson

2014–2018

 (1950-12-21) 21 December 1950 (age 67)


document_title: Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory

question_text: where is willy wonka and the chocolate factory supposed to take place

text: Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory

text: Plot[edit]

text: In an unnamed town, children visit a candy shop. Charlie Bucket, a poor paperboy, stares through the window as the shop owner sings "The Candy Man". Walking home, he passes Willy Wonka's chocolate factory. A mysterious tinker recites the first lines of William Allingham's poem "The Fairies", and tells Charlie, "Nobody ever goes in, and nobody ever comes out." Charlie rushes home to his widowed mother and bedridden grandparents. After telling Grandpa Joe about the tinker, Joe reveals that Wonka locked the factory because other candy makers, including rival Arthur Slugworth, sent in spies to steal his recipes. Wonka disappeared, but after three years resumed selling candy; the origin of Wonka's labor force is unknown.

text: The next day, Wonka announces that he hid five "Golden Tickets" in chocolate Wonka Bars. Finders of the tickets will receive a factory tour and a lifetime supply of chocolate. The first four tickets are found by the gluttonous Augustus Gloop, the spoiled Veruca Salt, the gum-chewing Violet Beauregarde, and the television-obsessed Mike Teevee. As each winner is announced on TV, a man whispers to them. Charlie opens two Wonka Bars but finds no Golden Ticket. The newspapers announce the fifth ticket was found by a millionaire in Paraguay causing Charlie to lose hope. The next day, Charlie finds money in a sewer and uses it to buy a Scrumdiddlyumptious bar. With the change, he buys another Wonka Bar for Joe. Walking home, as Charlie hears people reading the newspapers; revealing that the Paraguayan millionaire's ticket is a fake, he opens the Wonka Bar and finds the fifth golden ticket. While rushing home, he is confronted by the same man seen whispering to the other winners, who introduces himself as Slugworth and offers a reward for a sample of Wonka's latest creation, the Everlasting Gobstopper.

text: Charlie returns home with the Golden Ticket and chooses Grandpa Joe as his chaperone and they sing "I've Got A Golden Ticket". The next day, Wonka greets the ticket winners and leads them inside where each signs a contract before the tour. The factory includes a river of chocolate, edible mushrooms, lickable wallpaper, and other sweets and inventions. As the visitors sample these, Wonka sings "Pure Imagination". The visitors see Wonka's workers, small men known as Oompa-Loompas, who sing their song whenever a ticket holder disobeys Wonka. Augustus falls into the chocolate river and is sucked up a pipe to the Fudge Room. In the Inventing Room, everyone receives an Everlasting Gobstopper. Violet becomes a large blueberry after chewing an experimental gum containing a three-course meal, despite Wonka's warnings. The group reaches the Fizzy Lifting Drinks Room, where Charlie and Grandpa Joe ignore Wonka's warning and sample the drinks. They float and have a near-fatal encounter with an exhaust fan before burping back to the ground. In the Chocolate Eggs Room, Veruca demands a golden goose for herself before falling into a garbage chute leading to the furnace, with her father falling in trying to rescue her. The group tests out Wonka's Wonkavision, only for Mike to teleport himself and become a few inches tall.

text: Only Charlie and Grandpa Joe remain, but Wonka dismisses them without the promised chocolate. When Grandpa Joe asks him why, Wonka angrily explains that they violated the contract by stealing Fizzy Lifting Drinks and will receive nothing. An angered Grandpa Joe suggests to Charlie that he should give Slugworth the Gobstopper in revenge, but Charlie returns the candy back to Wonka. With this selfless act, Wonka declares Charlie as the winner. He reveals that Slugworth is actually "Mr. Wilkinson", a fellow employee of Wonka, and the offer to buy the Gobstopper was a morality test which only Charlie passed. The trio enter the "Wonkavator", a multi-directional glass elevator that flies out of the factory. Soaring over the city, Wonka reveals that his actual prize is the factory; Wonka created the contest to find an heir worthy enough, and so Charlie and his family can immediately move in. Wonka then reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly received everything he ever wanted. Charlie asks, "What happened?" to which Wonka replies, "He lived happily ever after."

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka
Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe
Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket
Roy Kinnear as Henry Salt
Julie Dawn Cole as Veruca Salt
Leonard Stone as Sam Beauregarde
Denise Nickerson as Violet Beauregarde
Dodo Denney as Mrs. Teevee
Paris Themmen as Mike Teevee
Ursula Reit as Mrs. Gloop
Michael Bollner as Augustus Gloop
Diana Sowle as Mrs. Bucket
Aubrey Woods as Bill, the Candy Shop owner
David Battley as Mr. Turkentine
Günter Meisner as Arthur Slugworth/Mr. Wilkinson
Peter Capell as The Tinker
Werner Heyking as Mr. Jopeck
Peter Stuart as Winkelmann

tag: ul

text: Oompa Loompas[edit]

text:
Rusty Goffe
Rudy Borgstaller
George Claydon
Malcolm Dixon
Ismed Hassan
Norman McGlen
Angelo Muscat
Pepe Poupee
Marcus Powell
Albert Wilkinson

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The idea for adapting the book into a film came about when director Mel Stuart's ten-year-old daughter read the book and asked her father to make a film out of it, with "Uncle Dave" (producer David L. Wolper) producing it. Stuart showed the book to Wolper, who happened to be in the midst of talks with the Quaker Oats Company regarding a vehicle to introduce a new candy bar from its Chicago-based Breaker Confections subsidiary (since renamed the Willy Wonka Candy Company and sold to Nestlé). Wolper persuaded the company, which had no previous experience in the film industry, to buy the rights to the book and finance the picture for the purpose of promoting a new Quaker Oats Wonka Bar.[7]

text: It was agreed that the film would be a children's musical, and that Dahl himself would write the screenplay.[7] However, the title was changed to Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory.

text: Screenwriter David Seltzer conceived a gimmick exclusively for the film that had Wonka quoting numerous literary sources, such as Arthur O'Shaughnessy's Ode, Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest, Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. Seltzer also worked Slugworth (only mentioned as a rival candy maker in the book) into the plot as an actual character (only to be revealed to be Wilkinson, one of Wonka's agents, at the end of the film).[7]

text: Casting[edit]

text: All six members of Monty Python: Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Eric Idle, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones and Michael Palin, expressed interest in playing Wonka, but at the time they were deemed not big enough names for an international audience. Three of the members, Cleese, Idle and Palin, were later seriously considered for the same role in Tim Burton's version.[8][9]

text: Before Wilder was officially cast for the role, producers considered Fred Astaire, Joel Grey, Ron Moody and Jon Pertwee.[9][10] Spike Milligan was Roald Dahl's original choice to play Willy Wonka.[9] Peter Sellers even begged Dahl for the role.[11]

text: When Wilder was cast for the role, he accepted it on one condition:

text: When I make my first entrance, I'd like to come out of the door carrying a cane and then walk toward the crowd with a limp. After the crowd sees Willy Wonka is a cripple, they all whisper to themselves and then become deathly quiet. As I walk toward them, my cane sinks into one of the cobblestones I'm walking on and stands straight up, by itself; but I keep on walking, until I realize that I no longer have my cane. I start to fall forward, and just before I hit the ground, I do a beautiful forward somersault and bounce back up, to great applause.

text: The reason why Wilder wanted this in the film was that "from that time on, no one will know if I'm lying or telling the truth."[12]

text: Jean Stapleton turned down the role of Mrs. Teevee.[13][14] Jim Backus was considered for the role of Sam Beauregarde.[15] Sammy Davis, Jr. wanted to play Bill, the candy store owner, but Stuart did not like the idea because he felt that the presence of a big star in the candy store scene would break the reality.[8] Nevertheless, Davis' recording of the film's opening musical number, "The Candy Man," would top the Billboard magazine record charts in 1972, despite the fact that Davis initially hated the song. Anthony Newley also wanted to play Bill, but Stuart also objected to this for the same reason.[15]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography commenced on April 30, 1970, and ended on November 19, 1970. The primary shooting location was Munich, Bavaria, West Germany, because it was significantly cheaper than filming in the United States and the setting was conducive to Wonka's factory; Stuart also liked the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the location. External shots of the factory were filmed at the gasworks of Stadtwerke München (Emmy-Noether-Straße 10); the entrance and side buildings still exist. The exterior of Charlie Bucket's house, which was only a set constructed for the film, was filmed at Quellenstraße in Munich, Bavaria. Charlie's school was filmed at Katholisches Pfarramt St. Sylvester, Biedersteiner Straße 1 in Munich. Bill's Candy Shop was filmed at Lilienstraße, Munich. The closing sequence when the Wonkavator is flying above the factory is footage of Nördlingen in Bavaria.

text:
Munich Gasworks as it appears today (building on the left)

Munich Gasworks as it appears today

Nördlingen, the town seen from above at the end of the film

text: Production designer Harper Goff centered the factory on the massive Chocolate Room. According to Paris Themmen, who played Mike Teevee, "The river was made of water with food coloring. At one point, they poured some cocoa powder into it to try to thicken it but it didn't really work. When asked this question, Michael Böllner, who played Augustus Gloop, answers, 'It vas dirty, stinking vater.'"[16]

text: When interviewed for the 30th anniversary special edition, Gene Wilder stated that he enjoyed working with most of the child actors, but said that he and the crew had some problems with Paris Themmen, claiming that he was "a handful".[17]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: Before its release, the film received advance publicity though TV commercials offering a "Willy Wonka candy factory kit" for sending $1.00 and two seals from boxes of Quaker cereals such as King Vitaman, Life and any of the Cap'n Crunch brands.[18]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Willy Wonka was released on June 30, 1971. The film was not a big success, being the fifty-third highest-grossing film of the year in the U.S., earning just over $2.1 million on its opening weekend.[19] It received positive reviews from critics such as Roger Ebert, who compared it to The Wizard of Oz. Ebert said, "All of this is preface to a simple statement: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory is probably the best film of its sort since The Wizard of Oz. It is everything that family movies usually claim to be, but aren't: Delightful, funny, scary, exciting, and, most of all, a genuine work of imagination. “Willy Wonka” is such a surely and wonderfully spun fantasy that it works on all kinds of minds, and it is fascinating because, like all classic fantasy, it is fascinated with itself."[20]

text: By the mid-1980s, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory had experienced a spike in popularity thanks in large part to repeated television broadcasts and home video sales. Following a 25th anniversary theatrical re-release in 1996, it was released on DVD the next year, allowing it to reach a new generation of viewers. The film was released as a remastered special edition on DVD and VHS in 2001 to commemorate the film's 30th anniversary. In 2003, Entertainment Weekly ranked it 25th in the "Top 50 Cult Movies" of all time.

text: As of 2017[update], the film holds a 90% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.7/10 based on 42 reviews. The site's critical consensus states: "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is strange yet comforting, full of narrative detours that don't always work but express the film's uniqueness".[21]

text: Willy Wonka was ranked No. 74 on Bravo's 100 Scariest Movie Moments[22] for the "scary tunnel" scene.

text: Dahl's reaction[edit]

text: Dahl disowned the film, the script of which was partially rewritten by David Seltzer after Dahl failed to meet deadlines. Dahl said he was "disappointed" because "he thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie", as well as the casting of Gene Wilder instead of Spike Milligan.[23] Dahl was also "infuriated" by the deviations in the plot Seltzer devised in his draft of the screenplay, including the conversion of Slugworth, a minor character in the book, into a spy (so that the movie could have a villain) and the "fizzy lifting drinks" scene along with music other than the original Oompa Loompa compositions (including "Pure Imagination" and "The Candy Man"), and the ending dialogue for the movie.[24] In 1996, Dahl's second wife Felicity commented on her husband's objections towards the film saying "they always want to change a book's storyline. What makes Hollywood think children want the endings changed for a film, when they accept it in a book?"[23]

text: Television[edit]

text: The film made its television debut on November 23, 1975 on NBC. There was some controversy with the showing as the Oakland Raiders vs Washington Redskins (26-23) football game went into overtime, and the first 40 minutes of the movie were cut.[25] The film placed 19th in the TV Ratings for the week ending Nov 23, beating out The Streets of San Francisco and Little House on the Prairie.[26] The next TV showing of the film was on May 2, 1976,[27] where it placed 46th in the ratings.[28] Some TV listings indicate the showing was part of the World of Disney time slot.

text: Adaptation[edit]

text: In 2017, an adaptation of the film with Tom and Jerry was released. Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory stars JP Karliak as Willy Wonka and is dedicated to Gene Wilder, who died less than a year before the release.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was first released on DVD in 1997/1999 in a "25th anniversary edition"[29] as a double sided disc containing a widescreen and "standard" version. The "standard" version is an open matte print, where the mattes used to make the image widescreen are removed, revealing information originally intended to be hidden from viewers.[30] VHS copies were also available, but only containing the "standard" version.

text: A special edition DVD was released, celebrating the film's 30th anniversary, on August 28, 2001, but in fullscreen only. Due to the lack of a letterboxed release, fan petitioning eventually led Warner Home Video to issue a widescreen version on November 13, 2001. It was also released on VHS, with only one of the special features (a making-of feature). Several original cast members reunited to film documentary footage for this special edition DVD release. The two editions featured restored sound, and better picture quality. In addition to the documentary, the DVD included a trailer, a gallery, and audio commentary by the cast.

text: In 2007, Warner Home Video released the film on HD DVD with all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD.[31] The film was released on Blu-ray on October 20, 2009.[32] It includes all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD and 2007 HD-DVD as well as a 38-page book.

text: In 2011, a new deluxe-40th-anniversary edition Blu-ray/DVD set was released on November 1, consisting of the film on Blu-ray Disc and DVD as well as a bonus features disc. The set also included a variety of rarities such as a Wonka Bar-designed tin, four scented pencils, a scented eraser, a book detailing the making of the film, original production papers and a Golden Ticket to win a trip to Los Angeles. The set is now out of print.[33]

text: Music[edit]

text: The Academy Award-nominated original score and songs were composed by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley, and musical direction was by Walter Scharf. The soundtrack was first released by Paramount Records in 1971. On October 8, 1996, Hip-O Records (in conjunction with MCA Records, which by then owned the Paramount catalog), released the soundtrack on CD as a "25th Anniversary Edition".

text: The music and songs, in order of appearance, are:

text:
"Main Title" – Instrumental medley of "(I've Got A) Golden Ticket" and "Pure Imagination"
"The Candy Man" – Aubrey Woods
"Cheer Up, Charlie" – Diana Lee (dubbing over Diana Sowle)
"(I've Got A) Golden Ticket" – Jack Albertson and Peter Ostrum
"Pure Imagination" – Gene Wilder
"Oompa Loompa (Augustus)" – The Oompa Loompas
"The Wondrous Boat Ride"/"The Rowing Song" – Gene Wilder
"Oompa Loompa (Violet)" – The Oompa Loompas
"I Want It Now!" – Julie Dawn Cole
"Oompa Loompa (Veruca)" – The Oompa Loompas
"Ach, so fromm" (alternately titled "M'appari", from Martha) – Gene Wilder
"Oompa Loompa (Mike)" – The Oompa Loompas
"End Credits" – "Pure Imagination"

tag: ol

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The track listing for the soundtrack's as follows:

text:
"Main Title" ("Golden Ticket"/"Pure Imagination")
"The Candy Man"
"Charlie's Paper Run"
"Cheer Up Charlie"
"Lucky Charlie"
"(I've Got A) Golden Ticket"
"Pure Imagination"
"Oompa Loompa"
"The Wondrous Boat Ride"
"Everlasting Gobstoppers/Oompa Loompa"
"The Bubble Machine"
"I Want It Now/Oompa Loompa"
"Wonkamobile, Wonkavision/Oompa Loompa"
"Wonkavator/End Title" ("Pure Imagination")


document_title: Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast

question_text: when do you get a lightsaber in jedi outcast

text: Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Jedi Outcast allows the player to wield a variety of firearms from the Star Wars franchise, as well as lightsabers and Force powers. The player can choose whether to use first or third-person perspective for each weapon, including the lightsaber. Combat is standard for the shooter genre, offering players an array of energy and projectile weapons, plus a variety of explosives. Players have health and shield meters, each of which is replenished separately.

text: Jedi Outcast places a strong emphasis on lightsaber combat. As in the films, lightsabers can be used to deflect shots from blasters. The game offers three lightsaber styles; fast, medium and strong, with each style differing from the others in terms of the speed of attacks and damage dealt. There are also a number of combos, many of which are unique to the selected saber style.

text: Force powers (such as Push, Jump, and Lightning) are available in both single-player and multiplayer modes, but more powers can be used in the latter. The use of powers is restricted by a "Force Meter", which depletes with each use and gradually refills over time. The "level" of a Force power determines the strength of that power and the amount depleted from the Force meter during its use.[15] The multiplayer mode divides players into Light Siders and Dark Siders, pitting each side against the other in team battles. Each side has access to both shared "Neutral" Force powers, which are mostly focused on increasing speed and athletic ability. There are also numerous powers unique to both Light and Dark sides. As in the previous games, Light Side powers are mainly focused around protection and healing, while Dark Side powers are openly aggressive. Unlike previous games, however, Kyle does not exclusively select Light or Dark powers in the single-player, instead receiving a selection of both.

text: Single-player[edit]

text: The single-player campaign follows Kyle Katarn as he moves through the levels in a linear manner, meeting friendly and hostile non-player characters (NPCs). Friendly NPCs will occasionally assist the player in combat. In addition to combat, the campaign features a variety of puzzles.

text: When the game starts, Kyle has forsaken The Force after the events of the previous game, and as such, the player has no access to a lightsaber or any Force powers. However, after the first two missions, Kyle regains his Force abilities. As the game progresses the number of powers available, and their strength, increase. Progression of Force abilities is fixed, and cannot be customized. Having previously fallen to the Dark Side, Kyle has access to both Light Side powers (such as Force Heal and Jedi Mind Trick) and Dark Side powers (such as Force Lightning and Force Grip), along with neutral ones (such as Force Speed, Force Jump, Force Pull and Force Push).

text: Multiplayer[edit]

text: Jedi Outcast features a set of multiplayer modes. In the PC and Macintosh versions, these can be played over a LAN or the Internet, but combat is limited to two players on the console versions.[16][17] There are a variety of game modes (such as "Free-for-All", "Team Deathmatch" and "Capture the flag") which can be played with other players, bots, or both.[18] Each player has limited customization control over his or her avatar. He or she can choose the player model (with access to nearly every character in the game, as well as some characters from the films not seen in the single-player mode) and lightsaber color. Before a match, the server specifies the game rules, including "Force ranking", which controls how many points the players have available to allocate into Force powers. Players then customize their powers for the match. The server can also choose to disable normal weapons so as to create lightsaber-only matches.

text: Plot[edit]

text: Setting and characters[edit]

text: The single-player game is set in 12 ABY, eight years after the events of Return of the Jedi and around two years after the events of Mysteries of the Sith. As with Star Wars Jedi Knight: Dark Forces II, the player controls Kyle Katarn (voiced by Jeff Bennett[19]), a former Jedi who has cut his links with the Force after almost succumbing to the Dark Side. At the start of the game he is a mercenary working for the New Republic.[9]

text: Over the course of the game, Kyle is joined by various other characters. Three of the most prominent are Jan Ors (Vanessa Marshall[19]), a fellow mercenary and subsequent love interest; Lando Calrissian (Billy Dee Williams[19]), the sophisticated administrator of Cloud City, as seen in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi; and Luke Skywalker (Bob Bergen[19]), leader of the Jedi Academy on Yavin IV. The player also receives help from other Jedi and New Republic soldiers,[20] while Mon Mothma (Carolyn Seymour[19]), Chief-of-State of the New Republic, assigns Kyle and Jan missions during the game.[21]

text: There are four main enemies: Desann (Mark Klastorin[19]), a former student of the Jedi Academy, who killed a fellow student before leaving the Order;[22] Tavion (Kath Soucie[19]), Desann's apprentice; Galak Fyyar (Steven Blum[19]), a general in the Imperial Remnant; and Reelo Baruk (Kevin Michael Richardson[19]), a crime lord posing as a "respectable garbage collector" on Nar Shaddaa. Other enemies include Imperial stormtroopers, numerous thugs and soldiers infused with the Force (known as the "Reborn").[23]

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The game begins with Kyle Katarn and Jan Ors investigating a supposedly abandoned Imperial outpost on Kejim. However, when they arrive, they find the base crawling with Imperial forces. They fight their way through the base, discovering a research center studying crystals similar to those used to power lightsabers.[24] Tracing the crystals' origin, Kyle and Jan travel to Artus Prime, a mining colony turned into an Imperial stronghold, where the miners have been enslaved and experimented upon. Katarn thwarts the Imperial operations, but not before Jan is captured by the Dark Jedi Desann and his apprentice Tavion.[25] Kyle tries to rescue her, but, having forsaken the ways of the Jedi, he is easily defeated by Desann, who orders Tavion to kill Jan before they leave the planet.

text: With Jan dead, Kyle travels to the Valley of the Jedi (a major plot element in Dark Forces II) to regain his Force powers, and then to the Jedi Academy to get his lightsaber. There, he learns of Desann's origins from Luke Skywalker.[26] Luke offers Kyle his lightsaber back if he can complete a set of trials. Kyle completes the trials easily, so easily that Luke quickly deduces Kyle has returned to the Valley. Sensing Kyle's anger about the death of Jan, Luke warns Kyle that the path he is walking is a dangerous one, but he nevertheless gives Kyle the information he seeks, linking Desann to Reelo Baruk, a Rodian crime lord on Nar Shaddaa.[27] Reelo proves to have little information, but Kyle stumbles upon Lando Calrissian, who has been imprisoned in Baruk's dungeons. From Lando, Kyle learns that Desann is a part of a huge operation smuggling cortosis, a lightsaber-resistant material, through Cloud City. Escaping from Reelo, Kyle and Lando then head for Bespin.

text: Lando drops Kyle off at the bottom of Cloud City, and as he works his way up the structure he has his first encounter with a Reborn.[28] He subsequently fights several Reborn, plus numerous Remnants, until he eventually encounters Tavion, who is about to board a ship headed for Galak Fyyar's Star Destroyer, the Doomgiver. Kyle defeats Tavion and threatens to kill her, but Tavion pleads for her life, telling Kyle that Jan is alive and on board the Doomgiver.[29] Jan's faked death was just a ploy to trick Kyle into going to the Valley of the Jedi in order for Desann to follow him there and tap its power. In exchange for her life, Tavion lets Kyle use her ship to travel to the Star Destroyer.[30]

text: After fighting his way past some stormtroopers at the Cairn Installation - an Imperial base hidden on an asteroid in the Lenico Belt, where the Doomgiver is docked - Kyle meets up with Luke Skywalker. From Luke, Kyle learns that Desann has found the Valley of the Jedi, and used its energy to empower an army of Reborn which could number in the thousands. After battling several Reborn together, they part ways. Kyle then sneaks across the Cairn base and finds out it is also a large assault ship construction facility, which is preparing for a full-scale planetary assault. Kyle confronts more Reborn, including "Shadowtroopers" - Reborn equipped with armor which is both lightsaber-resistant, and allows a measure of invisibility. Kyle manages to sneak into the Doomgiver before the ship leaves Cairn, but Luke is left behind. After the Doomgiver completes its jump to hyperspace, Kyle uses the ship's communications array to contact Rogue Squadron. He finds Jan in the detention block, but then learns that Desann was not specifically interested in the Valley of the Jedi - instead his goal all along was to invade the Jedi Academy. Kyle destroys the Doomgiver's shield reactor, and kills Galak Fyyar. Narrowly escaping the ship's destruction, Kyle and Jan use an escape pod to land on Yavin IV.[31]

text: With the invasion fully underway, Kyle heads to the Jedi Academy, while Jan goes to a hangar to assist in the aerial battle. Kyle soon finds the academy overrun with Imperial forces, but with the help of the New Republic troops, he fends them off. Together with Jedi Academy students, he engages in a fight against Reborn warriors and Shadowtroopers. After crossing underground tunnels, Kyle finally confronts Desann. He reveals the Doomgiver's destruction and the defeat of the Imperial forces, but Desann rejects Kyle's offer to rejoin the Jedi and they engage in a lightsaber battle. Kyle prevails and kills Desann.[32] He subsequently reunites with Luke and Jan, and politely rebuffs Luke's offer to safeguard his lightsaber, saying he is not ready to forsake the Force again.[33]

text: Development[edit]

text: On May 17, 2001, at E3 2001, LucasArts announced that Raven Software were developing a third game in the Jedi Knight series. Some plot details were given, such as the locations visited in the game; Cloud City, Yavin IV, Smuggler's Moon and some planets original to the game.[9] The following day at E3, LucasArts gave a demonstration of the game, showing the lightsaber and Force combat as well as the "buddy" system: in which certain NPCs would fight alongside the player. Technical details were also revealed: the game would use id Software's Quake III Arena engine, and the GHOUL 2 animation system, seen in Raven's Soldier of Fortune II: Double Helix. The polygon capacity of the engine had also been doubled.[8] The game was also on display at id's QuakeCon 2001, where enemy AI and combat were demonstrated. LucasArts announced that the game would feature multiplayer, although due to being early in development little information was revealed.[34]

text: On July 17, 2001, multiplayer developer Pat Lipo made a post on his .plan file,[35] revealing that Rich Whitehouse had been brought onto the development team to handle development of the game's multiplayer bots. Whitehouse moved on to tackle the entirety of the game's multiplayer codebase, and was subsequently credited as the game's sole multiplayer programmer.[36]

text: On January 16, 2002, LucasArts launched a new website for Jedi Outcast featuring an overview of the game and information regarding characters, weapons and Force powers. An FAQ, screenshots, concept art, images of player models and downloadable wallpapers were also available.[37] A teaser trailer was released on February 8, showing the game's combat, weapons, characters and environments.[38] On March 13, 2002, LucasArts announced that the game was on track for release later in the month.[39] Two days later, they announced Jedi Outcast was ready for release, set to go on sale by March 29. A new trailer was also released.[40]

text: Release[edit]

text: Jedi Outcast shipped on March 26, 2002.[41]

text: The game's SDK was released on April 22, 2002. This included a level editor, map compiler, model viewer, and shader editor and viewer.[42] Since its release, hundreds of mods have been submitted to sites such as FileFront.[43] A 66 MB demo of the game was released on May 10, 2002, featuring the same level shown in an incomplete form at E3 2001, which did not feature in the final version.[44] Two patches were subsequently released: version 1.03[45] and 1.04.[46]

text: At E3 2002, LucasArts announced that Jedi Outcast would be released on the GameCube and Xbox.[47] On May 31, 2002, LucasArts and Aspyr announced that a Macintosh version of the game would be released.[48] The Mac version was released on November 5, 2002,[2] and the Xbox and GameCube versions on November 19 in North America[5][6] and three days later in Europe.[3][4]

text: On November 15, 2006, LucasArts announced that Jedi Outcast would feature with Star Wars: Battlefront, Star Wars: Empire at War, Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic, Star Wars: Republic Commando and a 14-day trial of Star Wars Galaxies in a compilation release entitled Star Wars: The Best of PC. It was released during the 2006 holiday season.[14]

text: Source-code release[edit]

text: Following Disney's decision to close LucasArts on April 3, 2013, the developers at Raven Software released the source code for the game on SourceForge under GNU GPLv2 licensing.[49] A few days after release, the source code disappeared from SourceForge without explanation. SourceForge later explained to media outlet Kotaku that Raven Software had requested its removal. Kotaku speculated this was due to the presence of licensed code, such as for the Bink Video format from Rad Game Tools, that was not intended to be made public.[50]

text: However, prior to the removal a fork called "OpenJK" was created on GitHub with the problematic code parts already excised.[50] The goal of the OpenJK community project is to "maintain and improve Jedi Academy + Jedi Outcast released by Raven Software."[51] This includes the unification of the Jedi Outcast and Jedi Academy engines, maintaining the compatibility of previous releases, and providing source ports for Mac and Linux. Daily builds for Windows and early Linux builds are already available.[52]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Reception

Review scores

Publication
Score

GC
PC
Xbox

AllGame

[53]
[54]

EGM

7.83/10[55]

Eurogamer

7/10[56]
6/10[57]

Game Informer
8.75/10[60]
9.5/10[58]
9/10[59]

GamePro
[63]
[61]
[62]

Game Revolution

A-[64]
B+[65]

GameSpot
8.2/10[67]
9/10[18]
8.3/10[66]

GameSpy
[69]
[68]

GameZone
7.8/10[72]
9.6/10[70]
9.2/10[71]

IGN
7.2/10[75]
9/10[73]
8.8/10[74]

Nintendo Power
3.7/5[76]

OXM (US)

9/10[77]

PC Gamer (US)

91%[78]

Entertainment Weekly

A[79]

Maxim

8/10[80]

Aggregate score

Metacritic
75/100[12]
89/100[10]
81/100[11]

text: PC[edit]

text: In the United States, Jedi Outcast's computer version sold 390,000 copies and earned $17 million by August 2006. It was the country's 39th best-selling computer game between January 2000 and August 2006. Combined sales of all Jedi Knight computer games released between January 2000 and August 2006, including Jedi Outcast, had reached 920,000 units in the United States by the latter date.[81] Jedi Outcast's computer version also received a "Silver" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA),[82] indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom.[83] The PC version holds an aggregate score of 89 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on thirty-five reviews.[10]

text: Game Informer scored the game 9.5 out of 10, with reviewer Andrew Reiner calling it "the quintessential Star Wars game and a feast for all FPS devotees." He also wrote, "without question, Jedi Outcast is the most enjoyable and accomplished Star Wars game yet." He was also extremely impressed with multiplayer, calling it "a highly addictive, over-the-top experience that all FPS players must see to believe."[58] Brian Gee of Game Revolution gave the game an A-. He praised how authentically 'Star Wars' the game felt, as well as the lightsaber interface, writing "I've played a ton of Star Wars games in my time, and I don't think any of them can match the excitement and fun of lightsaber play in Jedi Outcast."[64]

text: IGN were also impressed, scoring the game 9 out of 10 and giving it an "Editor's Choice" award. Reviewer Steve Butts lauded the "tightly written, mature plot," and wrote "not only is this one of the greatest Star Wars games I've ever played, it's one of the best action games period." He also commended the "fantastic" graphics and "intelligent" level design, although he was critical of the puzzles, the lightsaber interface, and complained that "the game starts too slowly."[73] GameSpot also scored the game 9 out of 10 and, like IGN, also gave it an "Editor's Choice" award. Reviewer Amer Ajami echoed IGN's criticisms of the "slow start" and "too much puzzle-solving." However, he was very impressed with the interface, arguing "never before has melee combat in a shooter been so effectively executed," and he concluded by saying "the game's strong points - especially its combat - overshadow whatever problems Jedi Outcast may have early on," calling it "simply one of the easiest games to recommend this year."[18]

text: Game Over Online gave the game 93%, calling it "an intriguing juxtaposition of pieces of incredibly intense FPS action that had me on the edge of my seat combined with puzzle-like sections of such opacity that they made me want to kill myself."[84] Entertainment Weekly gave it an A, stating that "the Force is strong with this one."[79] Maxim, however, gave it an eight out of ten and stated that "The Force is strong with this polished first-person shooter."[80]

text: In a negative review, X-Play criticized the game as a "disturbance in the Force." Although reviewer Jason D'Aprile called the story "pretty good," the graphics "fantastic" and the audio effects "just right," he complained that the level design "succumbs to the Dark Side," citing "illogical and frustrating situations." He also considered the multiplayer mode "not very impressive" and gave the game 2 out of 5 stars.[85] Eurogamer were also underwhelmed, scoring the game 7 out of 10. They criticized the slow start, the lightsaber interface and the AI. However, they did commend the atmosphere and some of the level design. They concluded that "Jedi Outcast is a rather patchy game, with moments of genius let down by a lack of consistency. The guns are derivative and rarely used once you get hold of your lightsaber, the melee combat clumsy and chaotic, the AI poor and some of the locations derivative and poorly designed." [56]

text: In June 2007, GameTrailers's list of the 10 best Star Wars games saw Jedi Outcast rank at number one, with the editorial commenting that "this may not be the first time in which you play as a Jedi in a video game, but this is the first time in which you actually felt like one." They also praised the lightsaber and Force combat systems, a story which they felt was consistent with the films, and the cameos from some key Star Wars characters (namely Luke Skywalker and Lando Calrissian).[86]

text: Xbox and GameCube[edit]

text: The Xbox version holds an aggregate score of 81 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on twenty-four reviews.[11] The GameCube version holds scores of 75 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on seventeen reviews.[12]

text: The Xbox version was described as "truly fantastic" by the Official Xbox Magazine, who scored it 9 out of 10.[77] IGN were also impressed, scoring it 8.8 out of 10 and calling it "the best Star Wars experience on the Xbox". Reviewer Aaron Boudling praised how the controls had been mapped onto the Xbox Controller, but was highly critical of the game's lack of support for Xbox Live, and the absence of an online multiplayer mode. He also felt the graphics in the cutscenes were significantly weaker than the PC version.[74] GameSpot scored it 8.3 out of 10, with reviewer Amer Ajami saying the port "retains the essence of what it must feel like to be an all-powerful Jedi, which was so well conveyed in the original PC game, without sacrificing much in the way of graphics, playability, or overall value. In fact, the game's complicated control scheme is better served on an Xbox controller than it is in the PC's typical mouse and keyboard setup." However, he too criticized the lack of Xbox Live support and the poor graphical quality of the cutscenes.[66] Game Revolution gave the game a B+, praising the controls and atmosphere, but criticizing the AI and lack of Xbox Live support.[65] Eurogamer were as unimpressed with the Xbox version as they had been with the PC version, scoring it 6 out of 10. Reviewer Kristan Reed found a lot of the problems with the game to be inherent to the original, not problems with the port - a slow beginning, poor AI, bad level design, repetitive puzzles. Reed called the lack of Xbox Live support "plain unacceptable" and concluded "Jedi Outcast is certainly an entertaining package when it gets things right, but it's also riddled with design flaws, technical flaws and various minor irritations that conspire to detract from your overall enjoyment. Given that it's also not Live (or even LAN) enabled, Xbox owners don't even have that crumb of comfort to elevate its status."[57]

text: GameSpot scored the GameCube version 8.2 out of 10. As with the Xbox version, Ajami was critical of the cutscene graphics, but concluded that "Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast makes a fine addition to the Nintendo console's gradually growing list of action games."[67] GameSpy gave the same version three-and-a-half stars out of five. Reviewer Scott Steinberg was critical of the game's slow start and the nature of some of the puzzles. Of the port, he wrote "This game was an award-winning game on a prior platform, so you'd be in the right to demand more. But from the perspective of a GameCube owner just getting your first taste of the galactic goodie that is the Jedi Knight series, things could have been a lot worse [...] Jedi Knight II: Outcast stands as a respectable effort, but disappointing reminder that when you swap content from platform to platform, something often gets lost in the transition."[69] IGN scored it 7.2 out of 10, with reviewer Aaron Boudling arguing that the graphics and controls were significantly poorer than in either the PC or Xbox versions. Of the controls, Boulding wrote "While the Xbox version allows you to map your favorite moves to the black and white buttons for quick access, GameCube owners are out of luck and will have to fumble around with the D-Pad in the heat of battle." He concluded "It's obvious that no work at all went into trying to get this game to properly run on GameCube. The framerate is erratic and constantly alternates between smooth and choppy, further complicating the already clunky control system [...] If you're a multi-console owner, get the superior Xbox version to see a better realized port."[75] Nintendo World Report scored it 6 out of 10, also citing the inferior controls and poorer graphics than the PC and Xbox versions; "Jedi Outcast ends up being a pretty terrible port of an excellent PC title. The trick to enjoying the GameCube incarnation will be coming to terms with the control and graphic inadequacies in the game and then being able to make yourself get over the "hump" so that you can enjoy the meat and potatoes of the whole experience."[87]


document_title: List of Governors of Reserve Bank of India

question_text: who is the governor of the reserve bank of india

text:
Governor of the Reserve Bank of India

Seal of RBI

Incumbent
Urjit Patel
since 3 September 2016

Appointer
Government of India

Inaugural holder
Osborne Smith

Formation
1 April 1935

text: The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India is the chief executive of India's central bank and the ex-officio chairperson of its Central Board of Directors. Indian Rupee currency notes, issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), bear the governor's signature. Since its establishment in 1935 by the British colonial government, the RBI has been headed by 24 governors. The term of office typically runs for 3 years.

text: The inaugural officeholder was the British banker Osborne Smith, while C. D. Deshmukh was the first Indian governor. The position is currently held by Urjit Patel, who took over from Raghuram Rajan on 4 September 2016.j

text: RBI governors[edit]

text:
No.
Name
Term of office

Began
Ended
Duration

1
Osborne Smith
1 April 1935
30 June 1937
7002821000000000000♠2 years, 90 days

2
James Braid Taylor, ICS[1]
1 July 1937
17 February 1943
7003205700000000000♠5 years, 231 days

3
C. D. Deshmukh, ICS
11 August 1943
30 June 1949
7003215000000000000♠5 years, 323 days

4
Benegal Rama Rau, ICS
1 July 1949
14 January 1957
7003275400000000000♠7 years, 197 days

5
K. G. Ambegaonkar, ICS
14 January 1957
28 February 1957
7001450000000000000♠45 days

6
H. V. R. Iyengar, ICS
1 March 1957
28 February 1962
7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days

7
P. C. Bhattacharya
1 March 1962
30 June 1967
7003194700000000000♠5 years, 121 days

8
L. K. Jha
1 July 1967
3 May 1970
7003103700000000000♠2 years, 306 days

9
B. N. Adarkar
4 May 1970
15 June 1970
7001420000000000000♠42 days

10
S. Jagannathan
16 June 1970
19 May 1975
7003179800000000000♠4 years, 337 days

11
N. C. Sen Gupta
19 May 1975
19 August 1975
7001920000000000000♠92 days

12
K. R. Puri
20 August 1975
2 May 1977
7002621000000000000♠1 year, 255 days

13
M. Narasimham
3 May 1977
30 November 1977
7002211000000000000♠211 days

14
I. G. Patel
1 December 1977
15 September 1982
7003174900000000000♠4 years, 288 days

15
Manmohan Singh
16 September 1982
14 January 1985
7002851000000000000♠2 years, 120 days

16
Amitav Ghosh
15 January 1985
4 February 1985
7001200000000000000♠20 days

17
R. N. Malhotra, IAS
4 February 1985
22 December 1990
7003214700000000000♠5 years, 321 days

18
S. Venkitaramanan, IAS
22 December 1990
21 December 1992
7002730000000000000♠1 year, 365 days

19
C. Rangarajan
22 December 1992
21 November 1997
7003179500000000000♠4 years, 334 days

20
Bimal Jalan
22 November 1997
6 September 2003
7003211400000000000♠5 years, 288 days

21
Y. V. Reddy, IAS
6 September 2003
5 September 2008
7003182600000000000♠4 years, 365 days

22
D. Subbarao, IAS
5 September 2008
4 September 2013
7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days

23
Raghuram Rajan
4 September 2013
4 September 2016
7003109600000000000♠3 years, 0 days

24
Urjit Patel
4 September 2016
Incumbent
7002483000000000000♠1 year, 118 days