document_title: Production car speed record

question_text: what is the fastest car on the market

question_tokens: what is the fastest car on the market

text: Production car speed record

text: List rules[edit]

text: Because of the inconsistencies with the various definitions of production cars, dubious claims by manufacturers and self-interest groups, and inconsistent or changing application of the definitions this list has a defined set of requirements. For further explanation of how these were arrived at see the above link.

text: Post 1945 and over 124 mph (200 km/h) only[edit]

text: This list is also limited to post World War II production road cars which reached more than 124 mph (200 km/h), older cars are excluded even if they were faster. The Benz Velo as the first petrol driven car is the only exception.

text: Production car definition[edit]

text: For the purposes of this list, a production car is defined as a vehicle that is:

text:
constructed principally for retail sale to consumers, for their personal use, to transport people on public roads (no commercial or industrial vehicles are eligible)
available for commercial sale to the public in the same specification as the vehicle used to achieve the record
manufactured in the record-claiming specification by a manufacturer whose WMI number is shown on the VIN, including vehicles that are modified by either professional tuners or others that result in a VIN with a WMI number in their name (for example, if a Porsche-based car is remanufactured by RUF and has RUF's WMI W09, it is eligible; but if it has Porsche's WMI, WP0, it is not eligible)
pre-1981 vehicles must be made the original vehicle manufacturer and not modified by either professional tuners or individuals
street-legal in its intended markets, having fulfilled the homologation tests or inspections required under either a) United States of America, b) European Union law, or (c) Japan) to be granted this status
sold in more than one national market.

tag: ol

text: Measurement of top speed[edit]

text: To establish the top speed for cars at least since the 1990s the requirement is, in addition to the above, an independent road test with a two-way run. The mean of the top speed for both runs is taken as the car's top speed.[1][2] In instances where the top speed has been determined by removing the limiter, the test met these requirements, and the car is sold with the limiter on then the limited speed is accepted as meeting this requirement. For the McLaren F1 the estimation by Car and Driver about the speed at the rev-limiter is used.

text: Record-breaking production vehicles[edit]

text:
Year
Make and model
Top speed of production car
Engine
Number built
Comment

1894
Benz Velo
12 mph
(20 km/h)[3]
1045 cm³ 1.5 bhp
1,200
First production car

1949
Jaguar XK120
124.6 mph
(200.5 km/h)[4]
3442 cm³ 160 bhp
12,000
Some publications cite the XK120's timed top speed as almost 133 mph / 214 km/h in 1949.[5] The XK120 that achieved this speed was a tuned prototype, not a production car. The production car reached 124.6 mph (200.5 km/h).

1955
Mercedes-Benz 300SL
150.7 mph
(242.5 km/h)[6]
2996 cm³ 212 bhp
1,400
Two-way average speed tested by Automobil Revue in 1958. 245 km/h (152.2 mph) reached in one direction.

1959
Aston Martin DB4 GT
152 mph
(245 km/h)[7]
3670 cm³ 302 bhp
75
Tested by Autosport in December 1961.

1963
Iso Grifo GL 365
161 mph
(259 km/h)[8]
5354 cm³ 360 bhp
over 400
Tested by Autocar in 1966. A total of 412 Iso Grifos were built 1963–1974.[9]

1965
AC Cobra Mk III 427
165 mph
(266 km/h)[10]
6998 cm³ 485 bhp
>25
Tested by Car & Driver. Top speed described as observed

1967
Lamborghini Miura P400
171 mph
(275 km/h)[11]
3929 cm³ 350 bhp
275
Tested by Motor in June 1967. Over 750 units build in 1966–1973 period, which includes P400, P400 S and P400 SV models.

1968
Ferrari 365 GTB/4 Daytona
174 mph
(280 km/h)[12]
4390 cm³ 352 bhp
about 1,400
Tested by Autocar in 1971.

1969
Lamborghini Miura P400S
179.3 mph
(288.6 km/h)[13]
3929 cm³ 370 bhp
338
Tested by Sport Auto in 1970.

1982
Lamborghini Countach LP500 S
182 mph
(293 km/h)[14]
4754 cm³ 375 bhp
323
Tested by Auto, Motor und Sport

1983
Ruf BTR
190 mph
(305 km/h)[15]
3367 cm³ 374 bhp
about
20–30
Tested by Auto, Motor und Sport, about 20-30 built with Ruf VIN

1986
Porsche 959
198 mph
(319 km/h)[16]
2849 cm³ 444 bhp
337
Tested by Road and Track in 1987. The 959 Deluxe version reached 197 mph (317 km/h), the Sport version 198 mph (319 km/h). 29 were built in a performance-enhanced 515 hp sports version which reached 339 km/h (211 mph) tested by Auto, Motor und Sport at Nardo in 1988.[17][18]

1987
Ruf CTR
213 mph
(342 km/h)[17]
3367 cm³ 469 bhp
29[19]
Tested by Auto, Motor und Sport at Nardò Ring in 1988

1993
McLaren F1
221 mph
(355 km/h)
6064 cm³ 618 bhp
64[20]
Speed at the rev limiter estimated by Car and Driver.[21] Without the rev-limiter, it was able to reach a top-speed of 240.3 mph (386.7 km/h).[22] No tested top speed faster than 335 km/h (208 mph) found for an unmodified car.

2004
Koenigsegg CCR
241.009 mph
(387.866 km/h)
4700 cm³ 806bhp
14
Recorded at the Nardò Ring testing facility on 28 February 2005.[23]

2005
Bugatti Veyron EB 16.4
253.81 mph
(408.47 km/h)
7993 cm³ 987 bhp
300
Recorded and verified by German inspection officials on April 19, 2005.[24]

2007
SSC Ultimate Aero TT
256.18 mph
(412.28 km/h)
6345 cm³ 1183 bhp
<20
Two-way average top speed measured independently on a temporarily-closed 2 lane stretch of public highway in Washington State using Dewetron’s GPS tracking system and verified by Guinness.[25]

2010
Bugatti Veyron 16.4 Super Sport
258 mph
(415 km/h)
7993 cm³ 1183 bhp
30
Out of the initial production run of 30, 5 cars were named the Super Sport World Record Edition. With the electronic limiter turned off the Super Sport World Record Edition was capable of 431.072 km/h (267.856 mph) two-way average. When sold they were electronically limited to 415 km/h (258 mph). Pierre-Henri Raphanel drove the unlimited car and its top speed was verified by Guinness World Records.[26][27][28]

2017
Koenigsegg Agera RS
277.87 mph
(447.19 km/h)
5000 cm³ 1341 bhp
25
The base engine produces 865 kW (1,160 hp), 11 cars were factory specced with the 1MW option. Niklas Lilja drove one of them in November 2017. Its top speed was independently verified by Racelogic.[29][30][31][32][33][34][35].

text: Difficulties with claims[edit]

text: Comparing claimed speeds of the fastest production cars in the world, especially in historical cases, is difficult as there is no standardized method for determining the top speed and no central authority to verify any such claims. Examples of the difficulties faced were shown up in the dispute between Bugatti and Hennessey over which car was the world's fastest.[36]

text: Bugatti Veyron limiter removal[edit]

text: On 4 July 2010 the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport reached 431.072 km/h (267.856 mph) two-way average. Bugatti built 30 Super Sports (5 of them named World Record Edition). At the time the record was set it was known that the customer cars were electronically limited to 415 km/h (257.87 mph). Guinness Book of Records (which had listed speeds by British cars with modified rev limiter as production car records in the 1990s) listed the unlimited 431.072 km/h (267.856 mph) as production car speed record. Yet, 3 years later, after a query by the Sunday Times Guinness' PR director Jaime Strang was quoted: "As the car’s speed limiter was deactivated, this modification was against the official guidelines. Consequently, the vehicle’s record set at 431.072 km/h is no longer valid." 5 days later it was written on its website: "Guinness World Records would like to confirm that Bugatti's record has not been disqualified; the record category is currently under review." Five days later Bugatti’s speed record was confirmed: "Following a thorough review conducted with a number of external experts, Guinness World Records is pleased to announce the confirmation of Bugatti’s record of Fastest production car achieved by the Veyron 16.4 Super Sport. The focus of the review was with respect to what may constitute a modification to a car’s standard specification. Having evaluated all the necessary information, Guinness World Records is now satisfied that a change to the speed limiter does not alter the fundamental design of the car or its engine."[36][37][38]

text: Cars excluded from the list[edit]

text: Some cars were not considered to be the fastest production vehicles, for various reasons. Here is a list of some well known cars that have not been able to meet standards needed to be the fastest production car.

text:
Year
Make and model
Top speed of production car
Engine
Number built
Comment

1953
Pegaso Z-102 BS 2.8 Supercharged
151 mph
(243 km/h)

<20
More information needed to confirm if test result qualifies

1959
Maserati 5000 GT
172.4 mph
(277 km/h)
4935/4941 cm³ 340/325 bhp
2+32
no accurate measurement and only the first two cars had the 340 bhp engine, 22 cars had coachwork by Allemano, 12 by 7 other companies [39]

1962
Studebaker Avanti R3
171.1 mph
(275 km/h)

9[40]
Article implies the tested version was possibly modified - needs a better source.

1962
Ferrari 250 GTO
147 mph
(237 km/h)
2953 cm³ 296 bhp
39
tested by Motor, speed record already higher

1974
Lamborghini Countach LP400
179 mph
(288 km/h)[41]
3929 cm³ 375 bhp
158
Tested by Auto, Motor und Sport, speed record already higher

1984
Ferrari 288 GTO
188 mph
(303 km/h)[42]
2855 cm³ 400 bhp
272
Tested by Auto, Motor und Sport in 1985. Doubted, since Automobil Revue measured only 279 km/h (173 mph) for the identical car and even several remeasurements at two additional test dates didn't yield more than 288 km/h (179 mph). Road & Track measured 179 and 180 mph (289.7 km/h) at two tests.[43][16] Speed record already higher than 188 mph (303 km/h)

1985
Lamborghini Countach 5000QV
185 mph
(298 km/h)[44]
5167 cm³ 449 bhp
676
Tested by Auto, Motor und Sport. The car which was tested 190.1 mph (305.9 km/h) by Fast Lane in 1986 and listed in the Guinness Book of World Records 1988 had a factory modified airbox.[45] Speed record already higher.

1990
Vector W8
242 mph
(389 km/h) for prototype
5973 cm³ 625 bhp
17 production models
No verified top speed for production model, 218 mph (350 km/h) claimed

1991
Bugatti EB110 GT
210 mph
(338 km/h)[46]
3500 cm³ 550 bhp
95
Tested by sport auto (French), speed record already higher.

1992
Jaguar XJ220
210.5 mph
(338.8 km/h)[47]
3498 cm³ 542 bhp
281
Tested by Road & Track, speed record already higher. The 217.1 mph Guinness World Records speed was measured by Jaguar one-way without independent control with a car modified for about 50 extra hp, the 212.3 mph claims were also factory measured without independent control.[48]

1993
Bugatti EB110 SS
218 mph
(351 km/h)[49][50]
3500 cm³ 603 bhp
30
speed record already higher.

1993
Dauer 962 Le Mans
251.4 mph
(404.6 km/h)[51]
2994 cm³ 720 bhp
13
404.6 km/h (251.4 mph) independently measured at Ehra-Lessien in November 1998.[52] Porsche WMI number - does not meet this list's rules

2010
Hennessey Venom GT
270.49 mph
(435.31 km/h)[1]
7000 cm³ 1244 bhp
16
Single direction top speed test run in 2014


document_title: Thorin Oakenshield

question_text: who is king under the mountain after thorin dies

root

text: Thorin Oakenshield

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Thorin is described as haughty, stern, and officious. He sings and plays the harp, wears a gold chain, and has a long beard.  He wears a distinctive sky blue hood with a long silver tassel.  He refers to his home in the Blue Mountains as "poor lodgings in exile". He is a capable and a cunning warrior, if not a particularly inspiring or clever leader. While shorter than Elves or Men, Thorin is said to be quite tall for a Dwarf. Thorin was smart, proud, brave, vengeful, and stubborn. He was infamous for a high sense of his importance and rank. He shared the greed of his family, though he valued the welfare of others as well.

tag: p

text: Biography[edit]

text: In the year T.A. 2746, Thorin II was born to Thráin II in the Lonely Mountain. The dwarves of the Lonely Mountain were forced to flee by the dragon Smaug in T.A. 2770 while Thorin was quite young. In exile, he became a capable warrior, and while still young participated in the Battle of Azanulbizar in T.A. 2799. During the fighting, his shield broke, and he took up an oak branch to serve as a shield; "Oakenshield" thus became his epithet. Thorin became King-in-Exile of Durin's Folk after his father presumably died in the dungeons of Dol Guldur. He led the expedition recounted in The Hobbit to win the Lonely Mountain back from Smaug, but was killed in the Battle of Five Armies described at the end of that book.

text: Appearances[edit]

text: The Hobbit[edit]

text: In The Hobbit, Thorin and twelve other Dwarves visited Bilbo Baggins on Gandalf's advice to hire Bilbo as a burglar to steal their treasure back from the dragon Smaug.  Smaug had attacked Erebor (the Lonely Mountain) about 150 years before, and had taken both the dwarves' mountain and their treasure. Thorin was determined to get the treasure back, and especially wanted the Arkenstone, the Heart of the Mountain, an heirloom of his house.

text: On the journey the company encountered a band of trolls, and Thorin alone of the Dwarves was not taken unawares. He found the Elven blade Orcrist in the trolls' cache, and used the sword thereafter until it was taken when he was captured by the wood-elves. He and Gandalf fought valiantly in the goblin tunnels in the Misty Mountains. When the dwarves were captured by the wood-elves of Mirkwood, Thorin insisted that the others not disclose their quest to their captors. He was the first to emerge from the barrels at Lake-town and marched right up to the leaders of the town, declaring himself as King Under the Mountain.

text: With provisions from Lake-town, Thorin led the company to Erebor. After Smaug was destroyed, the dwarves reclaimed the treasure, and Thorin, very pleased with Bilbo, gave the Hobbit a chain-mail coat made of mithril as the first instalment of his payment.  Faced with demands from Thranduil the Elvenking and Bard the Bowman for a fair share of the treasure to be distributed to the wood-elves and the men of Lake-town, Thorin let greed get the better of him and refused to acknowledge their right to any of the hoard.  He fortified the Mountain against his new rivals, and sent to his cousin Dáin Ironfoot for reinforcements. Thorin was furious when Bilbo stole the Arkenstone to use as a bargaining counter, and drove him from the Mountain. The growing conflict was averted only by an invasion of goblins and wargs, whereupon the dwarves joined forces with the wood-elves, the men of Lake-town, and the great eagles in what became known as the Battle of Five Armies. During the battle, Thorin was mortally wounded, but he made his peace with Bilbo before he died.

text:
If more of us valued food and cheer and song above hoarded gold, it would be a merrier world. But, sad or merry, I must leave it now. Farewell.
Thorin, The Hobbit

tag: div

text: When Thorin died, he was buried with the Arkenstone, and Orcrist was returned and laid upon his tomb.  The blade would glow blue should Orcs approach, and they could thus not take the Mountain by surprise. Thorin was succeeded as leader of Durin's Folk by his cousin Dáin.

text: The Lord of the Rings[edit]

text: Part III of Appendix A in The Return of the King gives an overview of the history of Durin's Folk and gives more of Thorin's background. He was born in T.A. 2746, and when Smaug attacked Erebor in 2770, Thorin was driven into exile with the other surviving dwarves. In 2799 when he was 53 (a young age for a Dwarf), he marched with a mighty dwarf-army against the orcs of Moria.  In the Battle of Azanulbizar in Nanduhirion beneath the East-gate of Moria, Thorin's shield was broken, and he used his axe to chop a branch from an oak tree to defend himself, thus earning the epithet "Oakenshield". After the battle Thorin led his people to establish a foothold in the Ered Luin - the Blue Mountains west of the Shire.

text: Unfinished Tales[edit]

text: Unfinished Tales, a book of Tolkien's essays and stories about Middle-earth published posthumously in 1980, elaborates on Thorin's reasons for accepting Bilbo into his company. As depicted in the story "The Quest of Erebor", Thorin met with Gandalf in Bree shortly before the quest began.  Gandalf persuaded him that stealth, rather than force, was needed to infiltrate Erebor; they would therefore need a burglar. Gandalf feared that Sauron could use Smaug as a weapon, and was concerned that Thorin's pride and quick temper would ruin the mission to destroy the dragon. He thought that Bilbo would be a calming influence on Thorin, as well as a genuinely valuable addition to the company. Thorin, who did not think much of Hobbits, reluctantly agreed, realizing that Bilbo's presence would be a small price to pay for Gandalf's help.

text: Names and titles[edit]

text: Tolkien adopted Thorin's name from the Old Norse poem "Völuspá", part of the Poetic Edda.[1] The name "Thorin" (Þorinn) appears in stanza 12, where it is used for a dwarf, and the name "Oakenshield" (Eikinskjaldi) in stanza 13.[2] The names also appear in Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda.[3] The Norse Þorinn means darer or bold one,[4] which is apt for the dwarf who initiated the quest of Erebor.

text: As he was by right of birth the king of Erebor following the death of his father Thráin, he was King under the Mountain in exile until Smaug was destroyed. Upon Thorin's death, the title passed to Dáin, his cousin and nearest heir.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: In the 1977 animated version of The Hobbit, Thorin is voiced by Hans Conried. In the 1982 game The Hobbit Thorin appears as an AI controlled character and one of his seemingly random actions ("Thorin sits down and starts singing about gold", which occurs when the player does nothing for a while) became quite famous.[5]

text: In the 2003 video game, Thorin is voiced by Clive Revill. Thorin briefly appears in The Lord of the Rings Online during the prologue for the Dwarven characters, set shortly before The Quest for Erebor. In the game the stronghold in the Ered Luin of the refugees from Erebor bears the name "Thorin's Hall" in his honour.

text: In the Extended Edition of The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) Gandalf briefly mentions Thorin as the one who gave the mithril shirt to Bilbo as a gift.

text: In the three-film adaptation of The Hobbit (2012–2014), Thorin is portrayed by Richard Armitage.[6] The film adaptation adds to Thorin's quest a personal vendetta against the orc Azog, who murdered Thorin's grandfather, Thrór. Thorin and Azog face each other once again following the dwarves' escape from Goblin-Town, and Thorin sets out to kill Azog once and for all during the Battle of the Five Armies. After a prolonged fight, Thorin and Azog mortally wound each other, and Thorin dies in Bilbo's arms.

text: Family tree[edit]

text: Durin's Folk

text:
Durin IDwarves of Moria

Durin II

Durin III

Durin IV

Durin V

Durin VI

Náin I

Thráin I

Thorin I

Glóin

Óin

Náin II

Dáin IBorin

FrórThrórGrórFarin

Thráin IINáinFundinGróin

DísThorin II OakenshieldDáin II IronfootDwalinBalinGlóinÓinOri, Dori, NoriBifur, Bofur, Bombur

Fili, KiliThorin III StonehelmGimli

Durin VII

tag: table

text: * Names in italics are Thorin and his company from The Hobbit


document_title: The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie

question_text: who played miss jean brodie in the tv series

text: The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie

text: The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie can refer to:

text:
The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (novel), a 1961 novel by Muriel Spark
The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, a 1966 stage play based on the novel, starring Vanessa Redgrave and Olivia Hussey, which later transferred to Broadway starring Zoe Caldwell
The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (film), a 1969 film based on the novel, starring Maggie Smith
The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (TV series), a 1978 TV series based on the novel, starring Geraldine McEwan

tag: ul

text: Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titlesThis disambiguation page lists  articles associated with the title The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie.  If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Disambiguation pages

text: Disambiguation pages with short descriptionAll article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: Origin (mathematics)

question_text: where is the origin of a rectangular coordinate system located

text: Origin (mathematics)

text: Cartesian coordinates[edit]

text: In a Cartesian coordinate system, the origin is the point where the axes of the system intersect.[1] The origin divides each of these axes into two halves, a positive and a negative semiaxis.[2] Points can then be located with reference to the origin by giving their numerical coordinates—that is, the positions of their projections along each axis, either in the positive or negative direction. The coordinates of the origin are always all zero, for example (0,0) in two dimensions and (0,0,0) in three.[1]

text: Other coordinate systems[edit]

text: In a polar coordinate system, the origin may also be called the pole. It does not itself have well-defined polar coordinates, because the polar coordinates of a point include the angle made by the positive x-axis and the ray from the origin to the point, and this ray is not well-defined for the origin itself.[3]

text: In Euclidean geometry, the origin may be chosen freely as any convenient point of reference.[4]

text: The origin of the complex plane can be referred as the point where real axis and imaginary axis intersect each other. In other words, it is the complex number zero.[5]


document_title: Pearl Harbor (film)

question_text: who plays danny in the movie pearl harbor

text: Pearl Harbor (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1923 Tennessee, two headstrong young boys, Rafe McCawley and Danny Walker, play together in the back of an old biplane, pretending to be soldiers fighting the Germans in World War I. After Rafe's father lands his biplane and leaves, Rafe and Danny climb into the plane. Rafe accidentally starts it, but manages to stop the plane at the end of the runway. Enraged, Danny's father beats his son. Rafe stands up to him, calling him a "dirty German". However, Danny's father reveals that he fought the Germans in World War I.

text: Eighteen years later, in January 1941, Danny and Rafe are both first lieutenants under the command of Major Jimmy Doolittle. Doolittle informs Rafe that he has been accepted into the Eagle Squadron (a RAF outfit for American pilots during the Battle of Britain). A nurse named Evelyn meets Rafe, who passes his medical exam despite his dyslexia. That night, Rafe and Evelyn enjoy an evening of dancing at a nightclub and later a jaunt in New York harbor in a borrowed police boat. Rafe shocks Evelyn by saying that he has joined the Eagle Squadron and is leaving the next day.

text: Danny, Evelyn and their fellow pilots and nurses are transferred to Pearl Harbor. Meanwhile, Rafe becomes a flying ace, but is shot down over the English Channel and presumed to be killed in action. Danny gives Evelyn the news and she is devastated. Three months later, Evelyn and Danny begin a relationship.

text: On the night of December 6, Evelyn is shocked to discover Rafe standing outside her door, having survived his downing. He goes to the Hula bar where he is welcomed back by his overjoyed fellow pilots. Danny finds Rafe in the bar with the intention of making things right, but the two get into a fight. They drive away, avoiding being put in the brig when the authorities arrive at the bar. The two later fall asleep in Danny's car.

text: Next morning, on December 7, 1941, the Japanese navy begins its attack on Pearl Harbor. The USS Arizona is obliterated when an armor-piercing bomb detonates the ship's forward ammunition magazine, literally lifting the bow out of the water. The USS Oklahoma capsizes after several torpedoes strike her, trapping hundreds of men inside. On the USS West Virginia suffers severe damage. One bomb mortally wounds Captain Mervyn S. Bennion. Cook Dorie Miller, mans a .50 caliber machine gun and shoots down a Japanese plane. The USS Nevada makes a run for the sea, becoming a primary target during the second wave. Danny and Rafe drive away in search of a still standing airfield, while Evelyn and the other nurses struggle to assist hundreds of wounded. Rafe and Danny manage to get in the air in P-40s, managing to down several Zeroes. Landing, they assist in the rescue of the capsized USS Oklahoma, but are too late to save the crew of the USS Arizona

text: The next day, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt delivers his Day of Infamy Speech to the nation and requests the US Congress declare a state of war with the Empire of Japan. The survivors attend a memorial service to honor the numerous dead. Later, Danny and Rafe are both assigned to travel stateside under newly promoted Lt. Colonel Doolittle for a secret mission. Before they leave, Evelyn reveals to Rafe that she is pregnant with Danny's child, and intends to stay with Danny.

text: Upon their arrival in California, Danny and Rafe are both promoted to Captain and awarded the Silver Star, and volunteer for a secret mission under Doolittle. During the next three months, Rafe, Danny and other pilots train with specially modified B-25 Mitchell bombers. In April, the raiders are sent towards Japan on board the USS Hornet. Their mission: bombing Tokyo, landing in China. However, the Japanese discover them early, forcing the raiders to launch from a longer distance than planned. After a successful bombing run, the raiders crash-land in a rice paddy in Japanese-controlled China. The Japanese Army pin down Rafe's plane, but Danny's crew manages to destroy a patrol before crashing. Danny is shot during the attack by Japanese patrols while the other pilots, Red and Gooz, kill the remaining Japanese patrolmen. Rafe tells Danny that Evelyn is pregnant and he must live to be his father. Danny then tells Rafe that he will have to be the father and dies. Back in California, a pregnant Evelyn sees Rafe getting off the aircraft, carrying Danny's coffin. Afterward, Evelyn and Miller are awarded medals and Rafe is awarded his medal by President Roosevelt. After the war, Rafe and Evelyn, now married, visit Danny's grave with Danny and Evelyn's son, also named Danny. Rafe then asks his stepson if he would like to go flying, and they fly off into the sunset in the old biplane that his father once had.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ben Affleck as First Lieutenant (later Captain) Rafe McCawley

Jesse James as young Rafe McCawley

Josh Hartnett as First Lieutenant (later Captain) Daniel "Danny" Walker

Reiley McClendon as young Danny Walker

Kate Beckinsale as Lieutenant Evelyn Johnson McCawley
Cuba Gooding Jr. as Petty Officer Second Class Dorie Miller
Tom Sizemore as Earl
Jon Voight as President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Colm Feore as Admiral Husband E. Kimmel
Mako as Kaigun Taishō (Admiral) Isoroku Yamamoto
Alec Baldwin as Major (later Lieutenant Colonel) Jimmy Doolittle

text: Supporting characters[edit]

text:
William Lee Scott as First Lieutenant Billy Thompson
Greg Zola as First Lieutenant Anthony Fusco
Ewen Bremner as First Lieutenant Red Winkle
Jaime King as Nurse Betty Bayer
Catherine Kellner as Nurse Barbara
Jennifer Garner as Nurse Sandra
Michael Shannon as First Lieutenant Gooz Wood
Matt Davis as Joe
Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa as Kaigun Chūsa (Commander) Minoru Genda
Dan Aykroyd as Captain Thurman
Scott Wilson as General George Marshall
Graham Beckel as Admiral Chester W. Nimitz
Tom Everett as Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox
Tomas Arana as Rear-Admiral Frank J. 'Jack' Fletcher
Peter Firth as Captain Mervyn S. Bennion
Glenn Morshower as Vice Admiral William F. 'Bull' Halsey Jr.
Madison Mason as Admiral Raymond A. Spruance
Sara Rue as Nurse Martha
Kim Coates as Lieutenant Jack Richards
Michael Shamus Wiles as Captain Marc Andrew "Pete" Mitscher
William Fichtner as Mr. Walker (Danny's father)
Steve Rankin as Mr. McCawley (Rafe's Father)
Andrew Bryniarski as Joe the Boxer
Leland Orser as Major Jackson
Michael Milhoan as Army Commander
Eric Christian Olsen as gunner to Captain McCawley
David Kaufman as young nervous doctor
Brandon Lozano as Baby Danny McCawley (Danny and Evelyn's son)

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The proposed budget of $208 million that Bay and Bruckheimer wanted was an area of contention with Disney executives, since a great deal of the budget was to be expended on production aspects. Also controversial was the effort to change the film's rating from R to PG-13. Bay wanted to graphically portray the horrors of war and was not interested in primarily marketing the final product to a teen and young adult audience. Budget fights continued throughout the planning of the film, with Bay "walking" on several occasions.

text: In order to recreate the atmosphere of pre-war Pearl Harbor, the producers staged the film in Hawaii and used current naval facilities. Many active duty military members stationed in Hawaii and members of the local population served as extras during the filming. The set at Rosarito Beach in the Mexican state of Baja California was used for scale model work as required. Formerly the set of Titanic (1997), Rosarito was the ideal location to recreate the death throes of the battleships in the Pearl Harbor attack. A large-scale model of the bow section of USS Oklahoma mounted on a gimbal produced an authentic rolling and submerging of the doomed battleship. Production Engineer Nigel Phelps stated that the sequence of the ship rolling out of the water and slapping down would involve one of the "biggest set elements" to be staged. Matched with computer generated imagery, the action had to reflect precision and accuracy throughout.[4] In addition, to simulate the ocean, the film crew used a massive stadium-like "bowl" filled with water. The bowl was built in Honolulu, Hawaii and cost nearly $8 million. Today the bowl is used for scuba training and deep water fishing tournaments.

text: The vessel most seen in the movie was USS Lexington, representing both USS Hornet and a Japanese carrier. All aircraft take-offs during the movie were filmed on board the Lexington, a museum ship in Corpus Christi, Texas. The aircraft on display were removed for filming and were replaced with film aircraft as well as World War II anti-aircraft turrets. Other ships used in filler scenes included USS Hornet,[5] and USS Constellation during filming for the carrier sequences. Filming was also done on board the museum battleship USS Texas located near Houston, Texas.

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first trailer was released in 2000 and was shown alongside screenings of Cast Away, with another trailer released in Spring 2001, shown before Pokémon 3: The Movie.

text: Box office[edit]

text: Pearl Harbor grossed $198,542,554 at the domestic box office and $250,678,391 overseas for a worldwide total of $449,220,945, ahead of Shrek. The film was ranked the sixth highest-earning picture of 2001.[2] It is also the third highest-grossing romantic drama film of all time, as of January 2013, behind Titanic and Ghost.[6]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received generally negative reviews from critics. It has a 25% approval rating according to review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes (based on 190 reviews with an average rating of 4.5/10), making it Bay's fifth worst reviewed movie on the site to date, next to Transformers: The Last Knight, Transformers: Age of Extinction, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, and Bad Boys II.[7] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 44 out of 100 based on 35 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[8] While it earned praise for its technical achievements and the performances of Josh Hartnett, Mako, and Dan Aykroyd, the screenplay,its three hour run time and acting were popular targets for criticism.

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one and a half stars, writing: "Pearl Harbor is a two-hour movie squeezed into three hours, about how on Dec. 7, 1941, the Japanese staged a surprise attack on an American love triangle. Its centerpiece is 40 minutes of redundant special effects, surrounded by a love story of stunning banality. The film has been directed without grace, vision, or originality, and although you may walk out quoting lines of dialogue, it will not be because you admire them", and criticized its liberties with historical facts: "There is no sense of history, strategy or context; according to this movie, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor because America cut off its oil supply, and they were down to an 18-month reserve. Would going to war restore the fuel sources? Did they perhaps also have imperialist designs? Movie doesn't say".[9]

text: A. O. Scott of the New York Times wrote, "Nearly every line of the script drops from the actors' mouths with the leaden clank of exposition, timed with bad sitcom beats".[10] USA Today gave the film two out of four stars and wrote, "Ships, planes and water combust and collide in Pearl Harbor, but nothing else does in one of the wimpiest wartime romances ever filmed."[11]

text: In his review for The Washington Post, Desson Howe wrote, "although this Walt Disney movie is based, inspired and even partially informed by a real event referred to as Pearl Harbor, the movie is actually based on the movies Top Gun, Titanic and Saving Private Ryan. Don't get confused."[12] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine wrote, "Affleck, Hartnett and Beckinsale – a British actress without a single worthy line to wrap her credible American accent around – are attractive actors, but they can't animate this moldy romantic triangle".[13] Time magazine's Richard Schickel criticized the love triangle: "It requires a lot of patience for an audience to sit through the dithering. They're nice kids and all that, but they don't exactly claw madly at one another. It's as if they know that someday they're going to be part of "the Greatest Generation" and don't want to offend Tom Brokaw. Besides, megahistory and personal history never integrate here".[14]

text: Entertainment Weekly was more positive, giving the film a "B−" rating, and Owen Gleiberman praised the Pearl Harbor attack sequence: "Bay's staging is spectacular but also honorable in its scary, hurtling exactitude. ... There are startling point-of-view shots of torpedoes dropping into the water and speeding toward their targets, and though Bay visualizes it all with a minimum of graphic carnage, he invites us to register the terror of the men standing helplessly on deck, the horrifying split-second deliverance as bodies go flying and explosions reduce entire battleships to liquid walls of collapsing metal".[15]

text: In his review for The New York Observer, Andrew Sarris wrote, "here is the ironic twist in my acceptance of Pearl Harbor – the parts I liked most are the parts before and after the digital destruction of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese carrier planes" and felt that "Pearl Harbor is not so much about World War II as it is about movies about World War II. And what's wrong with that?"[16]

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: Like many historical dramas, Pearl Harbor provoked debate about the artistic license taken by its producers and director. National Geographic Channel produced a documentary called Beyond the Movie: Pearl Harbor[18] detailing some of the ways that "the film's final cut didn't reflect all the attacks' facts, or represent them all accurately".[19]

text: Many Pearl Harbor survivors dismissed the film as grossly inaccurate and pure Hollywood. In an interview done by Frank Wetta, producer Jerry Bruckheimer was quoted saying: "We tried to be accurate, but it's certainly not meant to be a history lesson".[20] Historian Lawrence Suid's review is particularly detailed as to the major factual misrepresentations of the film and the negative impact they have even on an entertainment film.[21] Some other historical inaccuracies found in the film include the early childhood scenes depicting a Stearman biplane crop duster in 1923; the aircraft was not accurate for the period, as the first commercial crop-dusting company did not begin operation until 1924,[22] and the U.S. Department of Agriculture did not purchase its first cotton-dusting aircraft until April 16, 1926.[23][Note 1]

text: The inclusion of Affleck's character in the Eagle Squadron is another jarring aspect of the film, since active-duty U.S. airmen were prohibited from joining the squadron, though some American civilians did join the RAF.[24][Note 2] Yet another flaw: Ben Affleck's Spitfire has insignia "RF" – this is an insignia of No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron. Countless other technical lapses rankled film critics, such as Bay's decision to paint the Japanese Zero fighters green (most of the aircraft in the attack being painted light gray/white), even though he knew that was historically inaccurate, because he liked the way the aircraft looked and because it would help audiences differentiate the "good guys from the bad guys".[25]

text: One of the film's scenes show Japanese aircraft targeting medical staff and the base's hospital. Although it was damaged in the attack, the Japanese did not deliberately target the U.S. naval hospital and only a single member of its medical staff was killed as he crossed the navy yard to report for duty.[26]

text: Critics decried the use of fictional replacements for real people, declaring that Pearl Harbor was an "abuse of artistic license".[27] The roles the two male leads have in the attack sequence are analogous to the real historical deeds of U.S. Army Air Forces Second Lieutenants George Welch and Kenneth M. Taylor, who took to the skies in P-40 Warhawk aircraft during the Japanese attack and, together, claimed six Japanese aircraft and a few probables. Taylor, who died in November 2006, called the film adaptation "a piece of trash... over-sensationalized and distorted".[28]

text: The harshest criticism was aimed at instances in the film where actual historical events were altered for dramatic purposes. For example, Admiral Kimmel did not receive the report that an enemy midget submarine was being attacked until after the bombs began falling, and did not receive the first official notification of the attack until several hours after the attack ended.[29][Note 3]

text: The scene following the attack on Pearl Harbor, where President Roosevelt demands an immediate retaliatory strike on the soil of Japan, did not happen as portrayed in the film. Admiral Chester Nimitz and General George Marshall are seen denying the possibility of an aerial attack on Japan, but in real life they actually advocated such a strike. Another inconsistency in this scene is when President Roosevelt (who was at this time in his life, stricken and bound to a wheelchair due to Polio) is able to stand up to challenge his staff's distrust in a strike on Japan. This too, never happened in real life.[31] In the film Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto says “I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant”, a quote which was copied from the 1970 film Tora! Tora! Tora!.[21]

text: The portrayal of the planning of the Doolittle Raid, the air raid itself, and the raid's aftermath, is considered one of the most historically inaccurate portions of the film. In the film, Jimmy Doolittle and the rest of the Doolittle raiders had to launch from USS Hornet 624 miles off the Japanese coast and after being spotted by a few Japanese patrol boats. In actuality, the Doolittle raiders had to launch 650 miles off the Japanese coast and after being spotted by only one Japanese patrol boat. The aircraft were launched from USS Constellation, standing in for USS Hornet from which the Doolittle Raid was launched. In the film, all of the raiders are depicted as dropping their bombs on Tokyo, with some of the bomb blasts obliterating entire buildings. In actuality, the Doolittle raiders did bomb Tokyo but also targeted three other industrial cities, and the damage inflicted was minimal.[32][33] The film shows the Doolittle raider personnel in China overcoming the Japanese soldiers in a short gun battle with help from a strafing B-25, which never happened in real life.[21] Yet there was no acknowledgement was given in the film to the fact that approximately 250,000 Chinese civilians were massacred by the Japanese Army in eastern China in retaliation for Chinese assistance of the attacking American aviators in participation of the Doolittle Raid.[Note 4]

text: Actor Kim Coates criticized the film[35] for choosing not to portray historically accurate smoking habits and men's hairstyles.[Note 5]

text: An establishing shot of the United States Department of War building is clearly a shot of the exterior of the U.S. Capitol Building. In 1941, the War Department was housed in the War Department Building in Washington's Foggy Bottom neighborhood (renamed the Harry S Truman Building in 2000) and in the Munitions Building on the National Mall. Neither structure bears any architectural resemblance to the edifice shown in the film.

text: Anachronisms[edit]

text: Numerous other inconsistencies and anachronisms are present in the film. A sailor has a pack of Marlboro Light cigarettes in his pocket, not introduced until 1972. In the beginning of the movie, a newsreel of 1940 is presented with combat footage in Europe, showing a M-26 Pershing tank fighting in the city of Cologne, which did not happen until March 1945.[36]

text: The crop duster in the first scene set in 1923 was not commercially available until the late 1930s.[31]

text: Three Spruance destroyers tied abreast of each other at their pier are seen being bombed by the Japanese planes, although this class of ship only entered service with the US Navy in the 1970s. The retired Iowa-class battleship USS Missouri was used to represent USS West Virginia for Dorie Miller's boxing match. The West Virginia did not have the modernized World War II-era bridge and masts found on newer U.S. battleships until her reconstruction was finished in 1943, while the Iowa-class did not enter service until 1943 onwards.[37] In one shot, the USS Arizona memorial is briefly visible in the background during a scene taking place several months before the attack.

text: One of Doolittle's trophies in a display case depicts a model of an F-86 Sabre, which was not even on the drawing board in the 1940s. Late production models of the B-25J were used instead of the early B-25B. Several shots of the USS Hornet aircraft carrier depicted it as having an angled flight deck, a technology that was not implemented until after the war. While Hornet was portrayed by a World War II era vessel (USS Lexington), Hornet was a Yorktown-class carrier, whereas Lexington was a modernized Essex-class carrier.[38] The takeoff sequences for the Doolittle Raid were filmed on USS Constellation, a Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carrier which did not enter service until 1961. As a supercarrier, the Constellation has a much longer flight deck than the Yorktown or Essex class carriers, giving the B-25s a substantially longer (and safer) takeoff run.[39] The Japanese carriers are portrayed more correctly by comparison—, the Akagi and Hiryu did have their bridge/conning tower superstructure on the port side rather than the more common starboard configuration. In the movie it was done by manuvering an Essex class aircraft carrier backwards to act as the Akagi.

text: Honors and awards[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Subject
Result

Academy Award
Best Sound Editing
George Watters II and Christopher Boyes
Won

Best Sound
Greg P. Russell, Peter J. Devlin, and Kevin O'Connell
Nominated

Best Visual Effects
Eric Brevig, John Frazier, Ben Snow, and Ed Hirsh
Nominated

Best Original Song[40]
Diane Warren ("There You'll Be")
Nominated

Golden Globe Award
Best Original Song
Nominated

Best Original Score
Hans Zimmer
Nominated

MTV Movie Award
Best Action Sequence
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Won

Golden Raspberry Award
Worst Actor
Ben Affleck
Nominated

Worst Screen Couple
Nominated

Josh Hartnett
Nominated

Kate Beckinsale
Nominated

Worst Screenplay
Randall Wallace
Nominated

Worst Picture
Jerry Bruckheimer
Nominated

Michael Bay
Nominated

Worst Director
Nominated

Worst Remake or Sequel
Nominated

World Stunt Taurus Award[41]
Best Aerial Work
Nominated

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The soundtrack for the 2004 film Team America: World Police contains a song entitled "End of an Act". The song's chorus recounts, "Pearl Harbor sucked, and I miss you" equating the singer's longing to how much "Michael Bay missed the mark when he made Pearl Harbor" which is "an awful lot, girl". The ballad contains other common criticisms of the film, concluding with the rhetorical question "Why does Michael Bay get to keep on making movies?"[42]

text: Home media [edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A Commemorative 60th Anniversary Edition was released on December 4, 2001. The feature was spread across two videotapes in letterbox format, and tape two also included Unsung Heroes of Pearl Harbor, a 50-minute documentary on little-known heroes of the attack, and a Faith Hill music video.

text: Around the same time, a two-disc DVD of the Commemorative 60th Anniversary Edition was released. This release included the first two hours of the feature on disc one, and on disc two, the last hour of the feature, Journey to the Screen, a 47-minute documentary on the monumental production of the film, Unsung Heroes of Pearl Harbor, the Faith Hill music video and theatrical trailers.

text: A Pearl Harbor DVD gift set that includes the Commemorative Edition two-disc set, National Geographic′s "Beyond the Movie" feature and a dual-sided map was released concurrently on December 4, 2001.

text: A deluxe Vista Series edition of the film was released on July 2, 2002. It contained an R-rated director's cut of the film, with numerous commentaries from the cast and crew alongside a few "easter eggs". The director's cut included the reinsertion of graphic carnage during the central attack; small alterations and additions to existing scenes; Doolittle addressing the pilots before the raid; and the replacement of the campfire scene with a scene of Doolittle speaking personally to Rafe and Danny about the value of friendship. It runs at 184 minutes compared to the 183 minutes of the theatrical cut.

text: This elaborate package, which DVDtalk.com called "the most extensive set released comprising of [sic] only one film", includes four discs of film and bonus features, a replication of Roosevelt's speech, collectible promotional postcards and a carrying case that resembles a historic photo album. The bonus features include all the features included in the commemorative edition, plus additional footage. There are three audio commentaries: 1) Director and film historian, 2) Cast and 3) Crew. Other features include: "The Surprise Attack", a multi-angle breakdown of the film's most exciting sequence (30 minutes), which includes multiple video tracks (such as previsualization and final edit) and commentaries from veterans. Also included is the "Pearl Harbor Historic Timeline", a set-top interactive feature produced by documentarian Charles Kiselyak (68 minutes). The "Soldier's Boot Camp" follows the actors as they take preparation for their roles to an extreme (30 minutes)), "One Hour Over Tokyo" and "The Unsung Heroes of Pearl Harbor", two History Channel documentaries along with "Super-8 Montage", a collection of unseen Super-8 footage shot for potential use in the movie by Michael Bay's assistant, Mark Palansky; "Deconstructing Destruction", an in-depth conversation with Michael Bay and Eric Brevig (of Industrial Light and Magic) about the special effects in the movie and "Nurse Ruth Erickson interview" complete the extra features component.

text: On December 19, 2006, a 65th Anniversary Commemorative Edition high-definition Blu-ray Disc was released of the Theatrical Cut.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Pearl Harbor: Music From The Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by Hans Zimmer

Released
May 22, 2001 (2001-05-22)

Genre
Film score

Length
46:21

Label
Hollywood

Producer

Bob Badami
"There You'll Be":
Trevor Horn
Byron Gallimore

Hans Zimmer chronology

Riding in Cars with Boys
(2001)Riding in Cars with Boys2001
Pearl Harbor
(2001)
Hannibal
(2001)Hannibal2001

text: The soundtrack to Pearl Harbor on Hollywood Records was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score (lost to the score of Moulin Rouge!). The original score was composed by Hans Zimmer. The song "There You'll Be" was nominated for the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.

text:
"There You'll Be" – song performed by Faith Hill
Tennessee – 3:40
Brothers – 4:04
...And Then I Kissed Him – 5:37
I Will Come Back – 2:54
Attack – 8:56
December 7 – 5:08
War – 5:15
Heart of a Volunteer – 7:05


document_title: Grammy Award records

question_text: who has the most grammy nominations as an artist

question_tokens: who has the most grammy nominations as an artist

text: Grammy Award records

text: Awards[edit]

text: Most Grammys won[edit]

text: The record for the most Grammy Awards won in a lifetime is held by Sir Georg Solti, a Hungarian-British conductor who conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for twenty-two years. He has won a total of 31 competitive Grammy Awards out of 74 nominations and was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996.[1][2]

text:
Rank
Artist
Awards

1
Georg Solti
31

2
Quincy Jones
27

Alison Krauss

4
Pierre Boulez
26

5
Vladimir Horowitz
25

Stevie Wonder

7
John Williams
24

8
U2
22

Chick Corea

Beyoncé

11
Jay-Z
21

Kanye West

Vince Gill

14
Henry Mancini
20

Pat Metheny

Bruce Springsteen

Al Schmitt

text: Most Grammys won by a male artist[edit]

text: Georg Solti has won a total of 31 Grammy Awards.

text:
Rank
Artist
Awards

1
Georg Solti
31

2
Quincy Jones
27

3
Pierre Boulez
26

4
Vladimir Horowitz
25

Stevie Wonder

6
John Williams
24

7
Chick Corea
22

8
Kanye West
21

Vince Gill

Jay Z

11
Henry Mancini
20

Pat Metheny

Al Schmitt

Bruce Springsteen

15
Tony Bennett
18

Jimmy Sturr

Yo-Yo Ma

Paul McCartney

text: Most Grammys won by a female artist[edit]

text: Alison Krauss has, as a solo artist, collaborator and producer, won 27 Grammy Awards.[3]

text:
Rank
Artist
Awards

1
Alison Krauss[note 1]
27

2
Beyoncé[note 2]
22

3
Aretha Franklin
18

4
Adele
15

Alicia Keys

6
Ella Fitzgerald
13

Leontyne Price

Emmylou Harris

9
CeCe Winans
12

10
Shirley Caesar
11

11
Chaka Khan
10

Bonnie Raitt

Linda Ronstadt

Taylor Swift

15
Mary J. Blige
9

Natalie Cole

Sheryl Crow

Norah Jones

Hillary Scott[note 3]

Rihanna

text: Most Grammys won by a group[edit]

text: U2 holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a group. They have won 22 awards.

text:
Rank
Artists
Awards

1
U2
22

2
Alison Krauss and Union Station
14

3
Dixie Chicks
13

4
Foo Fighters
12

5
Pat Metheny Group
10

6
The Manhattan Transfer
9

The Beatles

Emerson String Quartet

Asleep At The Wheel

10
Blackwood Brothers
8

Metallica

Santana

Take 6

14
Coldplay
7

Kentucky Thunder

Lady Antebellum

Simon & Garfunkel

Los Tigres del Norte

text: Most Grammys won by a producer[edit]

text: Quincy Jones with 27 awards holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a producer (and eleven of those were awarded for production duties. Jones also received Grammys as an arranger and a performing artist). Some producers have also won awards as engineers, mixers and/or mastering engineers.

text:
Rank
Producer
Awards

1
Quincy Jones
27

2
Kanye West
21

3
David Foster
16

James Mallinson

David Frost

6
Steven Epstein
15

7
Phil Ramone
14

8
T Bone Burnett
13

Robert Woods

Jay David Saks

11
Arif Mardin
11

text: Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer[edit]

text: Al Schmitt, with 20 awards, has won more Grammy Awards than any other engineer or mixer.

text: Youngest winners[edit]

text: The Peasall Sisters are the youngest Grammy winners, when they were credited artists on the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack, which won Album of the Year in 2002.[4] LeAnn Rimes is the youngest individual winner. She was 14 years old when she won her first two awards in 1997. She was also the first Country artist to win the Best New Artist Grammy.

text:
Rank
Age
Artist

1
7 years
Leah Peasall

2
9 years
Hannah Peasall

3
13 years
Sarah Peasall

4
14 years, 182 days
LeAnn Rimes

5
14 years, 313 days
Luis Miguel

6
17 years, 81 days
Lorde

7
18 years, 105 days
Daya

8
18 years, 123 days
Monica

9
19 years, 67 days
Christina Aguilera

10
19 years, 112 days
LaTavia Roberson

text: Youngest artists to win Album of the Year[edit]

text: Taylor Swift is the youngest artist to win Album of the Year. She was 20 years old when she won in 2010 for her album Fearless.

text:
Rank
Age
Artist

1
20 years, 49 days
Taylor Swift

2
21 years, 242 days
Alanis Morissette

3
22 years, 18 days
Barbra Streisand

4
23 years, 274 days
Lauryn Hill

5
23 years, 283 days
Adele

6
23 years, 293 days
Stevie Wonder

7
23 years, 330 days
Norah Jones

text: Oldest winners[edit]

text: Pinetop Perkins is the oldest person to win a Grammy. In 2011 he was awarded Best Traditional Blues Album for Joined At The Hip at 97 years of age.

text:
Rank
Age
Artist

1
97 years, 221 days
Pinetop Perkins

2
95 years, 31 days
George Burns

3
91 years, 137 days
Jimmy Carter

4
90 years, 52 days
Elizabeth Cotten

5
90 years, 26 days
Betty White

text: Note: Sources vary on the birth year of Elizabeth Cotten, with some stating it as 1893, while others say 1895. The above information credits it as 1895. With either year, Cotten is the oldest female Grammy winner.

text: Most honored albums[edit]

text: Santana's Supernatural and U2's How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb hold the record for most honoured album having won nine awards. Supernatural won nine awards in 2000 and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb won three awards in 2005 and won a further six in 2006 giving it a total of nine awards.

text:
Rank
Albums and artists
Awards

1
How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb — U2
9

Supernatural — Santana

3
Come Away With Me — Norah Jones
8

Genius Loves Company — Ray Charles

Thriller — Michael Jackson

6
All That You Can't Leave Behind — U2
7

Back on the Block — Quincy Jones

24K Magic — Bruno Mars

9
21 — Adele
6

Back To Black — Amy Winehouse

The Blueprint 3 — Jay Z

Bridge Over Troubled Water — Simon & Garfunkel

Raising Sand — Robert Plant & Alison Krauss

The Return of Roger Miller — Roger Miller

Taking the Long Way — Dixie Chicks

To Pimp a Butterfly — Kendrick Lamar

Toto IV — Toto

Unforgettable... with Love — Natalie Cole

Unplugged — Eric Clapton

text: Most Album of the Year wins[edit]

text: The record for most Album of the Year wins is four.

text: Tom Coyne, mastering engineer — 21 (2012), 1989 (2016), 25 (2017), 24K Magic (2018)

text: Three recording artists, four record producers, two mastering engineers and three engineer/mixers have won the award three times.

text:
Frank Sinatra, artist — Come Dance with Me! (1960), September of My Years (1966), A Man and His Music (1967)
Stevie Wonder, artist — Innervisions (1974), Fulfillingness' First Finale (1975), Songs in the Key of Life (1977)
Paul Simon, artist — Bridge over Troubled Water (1971), Still Crazy After All These Years (1976), Graceland (1987)
David Foster, producer — Unforgettable… with Love (1992), The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album (1994), Falling into You (1997)
Phil Ramone, producer — Still Crazy After All These Years (1976), 52nd Street (1980), Genius Loves Company (2005)
Daniel Lanois, producer — The Joshua Tree (1988), Time Out of Mind (1998), How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb (2006)
Bob Ludwig, mastering engineer — Babel (2013), Random Access Memories (2014), Morning Phase (2015)
Tom Elmhirst, engineer/mixer — 21 (2012), Morning Phase (2015), 25 (2017)
Ryan Tedder, producer — 21 (2012), 1989 (2016), 25 (2017)
Serban Ghenea, engineer/mixer — 1989 (2016), 25 (2017), 24K Magic (2018)
John Hanes, engineer/mixer — 1989 (2016), 25 (2017), 24K Magic (2018)

text: Most Record of the Year wins[edit]

text: Tom Coyne won Record of the Year four consecutive times as a mastering engineer.

text: Most Grammys won for consecutive albums[edit]

text: Pat Metheny and his band the Pat Metheny Group have won 20 Grammy Awards in total, including seven consecutive awards for seven consecutive albums.[5] Metheny held the record for Grammy wins in the most different categories as of the 2005 Grammy Awards:

text:
Best Jazz Fusion Performance (1983, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1990)
Best Instrumental Composition (1991)
Best Contemporary Jazz Performance/Album (1993, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2005)
Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Individual or Group (1998, 2000, 2013)
Best Rock Instrumental Performance (1999)
Best Jazz Instrumental Solo (2001)
Best New Age Album (2004, 2012)

text: Most consecutive Grammys won for the same category[edit]

text: Aretha Franklin holds the record for winning the most consecutive Grammys in the same category. She won the Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance every year from 1968 to 1975, for an eight-year winning streak. She also won in this category in 1982, 1986, and 1988, giving her 11 wins in the category.

text: After Franklin, Jimmy Sturr, Bill Cosby and John Williams are tied for second place for consecutive Grammy wins in the same category:

text: Sturr won six years in a row between 1987 and 1992 for Best Polka Album. He also won for three runs of four consecutive years (1996–1999, 2001–2004, and 2006–2009.) He won 18 out of the 24 Best Polka Album Grammys that were awarded since that category was added in 1985. The award was discontinued in 2009.

text: Cosby won six years in a row between 1965 and 1970 for Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album.

text: Williams won six years in a row between 1978 and 1983 for Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media.

text: Lenny Kravitz won the Best Male Rock Vocal Performance award four years in a row (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002).

text: Tom Coyne won Record of the Year four years in a row (2015–2018).

text: Artists who have won all four General Field awards[edit]

text: There have been only two artists who have won all four General Field awards. In 1981, Christopher Cross won Record, Album and Song of the Year as well as Best New Artist.[6] Adele is the second artist to win all four, and the first female to do so. In 2009, she won Best New Artist and in 2012 and 2017, she won Record, Album and Song of the Year.

text: Single ceremony[edit]

text: Most Grammys won in one night[edit]

text: The Record for Most Grammys won in one night is eight. Michael Jackson won eight in 1984 and Santana tied Jackson's record in 2000.[7]

text:
Rank
Artist(s)
Awards

1
Michael Jackson (1984)
8

Santana (2000)

3
Roger Miller (1966)
6

Paul Simon (1971)

Quincy Jones (1991)

Eric Clapton (1993)

Beyoncé (2010)

Adele (2012)

Bruno Mars (2018)

text: Most Grammys won by a male artist in one night[edit]

text: Michael Jackson won eight in 1984.

text:
Rank
Artist(s)
Awards

1
Michael Jackson (1984)
8

2
Roger Miller (1966)
6

Paul Simon (1971)

Quincy Jones (1991)

Eric Clapton (1993)

Bruno Mars (2018)

text: Most Grammys won by a female artist in one night[edit]

text: The record most Grammys won by a female artist in one night is six. Beyoncé and Adele each won six in 2010 and 2012, respectively.

text:
Rank
Artist
Awards

1
Beyoncé (2010)
6

Adele (2012)

3
Lauryn Hill (1999)
5

Alicia Keys (2002)

Norah Jones (2003)

Beyoncé (2004)

Amy Winehouse (2008)

Alison Krauss (2009)

Adele (2017)

text: Most Grammys won by a group in one night[edit]

text: In 2000, Santana was awarded a total of 8 awards. They won the awards for Record of the Year, Album of the Year, Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals, Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals, Best Pop Instrumental Performance, Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals, Best Rock Instrumental Performance and Best Rock Album.

text:
Rank
Artists
Awards

1
Santana (2000)
8

2
Simon & Garfunkel (1971)
5

U2 (2006)

Dixie Chicks (2007)

Lady Antebellum (2011)

Foo Fighters (2012)

text: Most Grammys won by a record producer in one night[edit]

text: The record for most awards won by a producer in one night is five. Rick Rubin won five awards in 2007 including Record of the Year, Album of the Year and Best Country Album for the Dixie Chicks, Best Rock Album for the Red Hot Chili Peppers as well as Producer of the Year, Non Classical.

text: Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night[edit]

text: The most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night is six. At the 59th Annual Grammy Awards in 2017, Tom Elmhirst won Record of the Year, Album of the Year, Best Pop Vocal Album, Best Engineered Album Non Classical, Best Alternative Music Album and Best Rock Album for his work on Adele's '25', David Bowie's 'Blackstar' and Cage The Elephant's 'Tell Me I'm Pretty'.

text: Artist who has won all four General Field Awards at a single ceremony[edit]

text: Christopher Cross (1981) received all four General Field awards in one night. Cross won the Record of the Year ("Sailing"), Album of the Year ("Christopher Cross"), Song of the Year ("Sailing"), and Best New Artist Grammys in a single ceremony.[8]

text: Artists who have won Record, Album and Song of the Year in one night[edit]

text: The three biggest Grammy Awards are Record of the Year, Album of the Year and Song of the Year. Seven artists have won all three in one night. Adele is the only artist in Grammy history to accomplish this twice.

text:
Year
Artist

1971
Paul Simon

1972
Carole King

1981
Christopher Cross

1993
Eric Clapton

2007
Dixie Chicks

2012
Adele

2017

2018
Bruno Mars

text: Most Grammys won by an album in one night[edit]

text: The most awards awarded to an album in one night is nine. In 2000 Santana's Supernatural was awarded nine awards. It won Record of the Year, Album of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals, Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals, Best Pop Instrumental Performance, Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals, Best Rock Instrumental Performance and Best Rock Album.

text: Most posthumous Grammys won in one night[edit]

text: Ray Charles holds the record for most posthumous awards won in one night. He was awarded five Grammy Awards in 2005 including Album of the Year.

text: Nominations[edit]

text: Most Grammy nominations[edit]

text: Quincy Jones holds the record for the most Grammy nominations with 79.[9][10]

text:
Rank
Artist
Nominations

1
Quincy Jones
79

2
Paul McCartney[note 4]
78

3
Georg Solti
74

Stevie Wonder

Jay Z

6
Henry Mancini
72

7
Kanye West
68

8
Pierre Boulez
67

John Williams

10
Chick Corea
64

11
Leonard Bernstein
63

Beyoncé[note 5]

13
Jay David Saks
53

14
Thomas Z. Shepard
50

Bruce Springsteen

16
Willie Nelson
49

James Mallinson

Babyface

text: Most nominations in one night[edit]

text: Michael Jackson holds the record for most Grammy nominations in one night with 12 nominations.

text:
Rank
Artist
Nominations
Year

1
Michael Jackson
12
1984

2
Kendrick Lamar
11
2016

3
Lauryn Hill
10
1999

Kanye West
2005

Beyoncé
2010

Eminem
2011

7
Roger Miller
9
1966

Paul McCartney
1966

The Manhattan Transfer
1986

Jay Z
2014

Beyoncé
2017

text: Most nominations without winning[edit]

text: The record for most Grammy nominations without a win is 24, held by Morten Lindberg.

text:
Rank
Artist
Nominations

1
Morten Lindberg
24

2
Snoop Dogg
17

Brian McKnight

4
Joe Satriani
15

5
Toshiko Akiyoshi
14

Martina McBride

Dierks Bentley

Björk

9
Katy Perry
13

Nas

Spyro Gyra

Musiq Soulchild

13
Diana Ross
12

Alan Parsons

Busta Rhymes

Ledisi

Lenny Gomulka

Fred Hersch

Keith Jarrett

text: Most nominations in one night without winning[edit]

text:
Rank
Artist
Nominations

1
Paul McCartney (1966)
9

2
Kanye West (2017)
8

Rihanna (2017)

Jay-Z (2018)

5
Stevie Wonder (1983)
7

India.Arie (2002)

Kendrick Lamar (2014)

8
Henry Mancini (1959)
6

Thomas Z. Shepard (1970)

Mariah Carey (1996)

50 Cent (2006)

Bruno Mars (2012)

13
Robert M. Jones (1961)
5

Elvis Presley (1961)

Frank Sinatra (1961)

James Taylor (1971)

Eugene Ormandy (1971)

Paul McCartney (1983)

Sting (1986)

Jay David Saks (1986)

Leonard Bernstein (1989)

Joan Osborne (1996)

Avril Lavigne (2003)

50 Cent (2004)

Alicia Keys (2006)

Gwen Stefani (2006)

Prince (2007)

James Blunt (2007)

Jazmine Sullivan (2009)

B.o.B (2011)

Lil Wayne (2012)

Drake (2014, 2016)

Khalid (2018)

No I.D. (2018)

SZA (2018)

text: Grammy nominations in the most fields[edit]

text:
Rank
Artist
Number
Fields

1
Quincy Jones
15
Spoken word, arranging, music video/film, jazz, pop, rap, general field, r&b, children's, musical theatre, disco, composition, gospel/contemporary christian music, music for visual media and production, non-classical

2
Paul McCartney
11
General field, pop, arranging, rock, traditional, music for visual media, music video/film, spoken word, historical, alternative music and rap

3
David Foster
10
R&b, arranging, composition, music for visual media, production, music video/film, pop, traditional, musical theatre and general field

Bob Dylan
Country, general field, gospel/contemporary christian music, rock, music video/film, music for visual media, folk pop, american roots, and traditional

5
Jack White
9
Rock, general field, alternative, country, pop, package, music video/film, american roots and engineered album

Béla Fleck
Country, pop, jazz, american roots, world music, classical, folk, spoken word, composition and arranging

Janet Jackson
General field, pop, r&b, rock, arranging, rap, music video/film, dance and production, non-classical

8
Cyndi Lauper
8
Rock, pop, general field, music video/film, disco, arranging, american roots and musical theatre

Prince
General field, pop, r&b, rock, engineered album, music video/film, music for visual media and production, non-classical

Michael Jackson
General field, pop, r&b, rock, disco, children's, music video/film and production, non-classical

Danger Mouse
General field, pop, r&b, rock, rap, alternative, music video/film and production, non-classical

Herbie Hancock
General field, pop, r&b, rock, jazz, music video/film, music for visual media and composition

Lionel Richie
General field, pop, r&b, music for visual media, dance, arranging, gospel/contemporary christian music and production, non-classical

Justin Timberlake
General field, pop, r&b, country, rap, music for visual media, dance and music video/film

Stevie Wonder
General field, pop, r&b, arranging, composition, music for visual media, music video/film and production, non-classical

Beyoncé
General field, pop, r&b, rock, rap, music for visual media, surround sound and music video/film

Pharrell Williams
General field, pop, r&b, dance, rap, music for visual media, music video/film and production, non-classical

text: Artists who had been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night[edit]

text: Only ten artists have been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night.

text:
Year
Artist

1968
Bobbie Gentry

1980
Christopher Cross

1985
Cyndi Lauper

1989
Tracy Chapman

1991
Mariah Carey

1998
Paula Cole

2002
India.Arie

2008
Amy Winehouse

2013
Fun.

2015
Sam Smith

text: Youngest nominees[edit]

text: Leah Peasall of the Peasall sisters is the youngest ever Grammy nominee (and winner) as one of the credited artists on the O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack) in 2002.[4] Deleon Richards is the youngest performer to receive an individual nomination, for Best Soul/Gospel performance.[11]

text:
Rank
Age
Artist

1
7 years
Leah Peasall

2
8 years, 161 days
Deleon Richards

3
9 years
Hannah Peasall

4
12 years, 126 days
Zac Hanson

5
12 years, 155 days
Joey Alexander

6
12 years, 199 days
Michael Jackson

7
12 years, 273 days
Billy Gilman

8
13 years
Sarah Peasall

9
14 years, 45 days
Chris "Daddy Mac" Smith

10
14 years, 182 days
LeAnn Rimes

11
14 years, 197 days
Chris "Mac Daddy" Kelly

12
14 years, 313 days
Luis Miguel

13
14 years, 348 days
Taylor Hanson


document_title: Yarnell Hill Fire

question_text: how did the firefighters die in the yarnell fire

text: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: Origin and development[edit]

text: At 5:36 p.m. MST (23:36 UTC) on June 28, 2013, lightning ignited a wildfire on BLM lands near Yarnell, Arizona, a town of approximately 700 residents about eighty miles northwest of Phoenix.[4] On June 30, strong winds reaching more than 22 mph (35 km/h), pushed the fire from 300 acres (120 ha) to over 2,000 acres (810 ha).[5] A long-term drought affecting the area contributed to the fire's rapid spread and erratic behavior, as did temperatures of 101 °F (38 °C).[6]

text: By July 1 the fire had grown to over 8,300 acres (3,400 ha) and prompted the evacuation of the nearby community of Peeples Valley.[7] The fire was still completely uncontrolled, with more than 400 firefighters on the line.[8] On July 2 the fire was estimated at 8 percent containment and had not grown in the past 24 hours.[9] By the end of the day on July 3, the fire was reportedly 45 percent contained and not growing, thus allowing Peeples Valley residents to return to their homes on July 4.[10] Four days later on July 8 residents of Yarnell were permitted to return.[6] The fire was declared 100 percent contained on July 10.[11]

text: The Yavapai County Sheriff's Office said that 127 buildings in Yarnell and two in Peeples Valley had been destroyed.[12] A "flash point" of the fire was the Glen Ilah neighborhood of Yarnell where fewer than half of the structures were burned.[3]

text: Effects[edit]

text: Officials shut down 25 miles (40 km) of Arizona State Route 89 shortly after the fire started and 15 miles (24 km) of State Route 89 remained closed as of June 30.[5][13] A total evacuation of Yarnell and partial evacuation of Peeples Valley was ordered.[7] At least 600 people were under mandatory evacuation orders. An evacuation shelter was set up at Yavapai College in Prescott, with members of the Red Cross providing cots and blankets for overnight stays, along with meals and medical assistance.[13] A second evacuation shelter was set up at Wickenburg High School in nearby Wickenburg because the closure of State Route 89 made it impossible for some people to reach the first shelter.[14] Officials from The Red Cross said that 351 people spent at least one night at one of the shelters.[3]

text: Fatalities[edit]

text:
Granite Mountain Hotshots

Killed

Andrew Ashcraft, 29
Robert Caldwell, 23
Travis Carter, 31
Dustin Deford, 24
Christopher MacKenzie, 30
Eric Marsh, 43
Grant McKee, 21
Sean Misner, 26
Scott Norris, 28
Wade Parker, 22
John Percin, 24
Anthony Rose, 23
Jesse Steed, 36
Joe Thurston, 32
Travis Turbyfill, 27
William Warneke, 25
Clayton Whitted, 28
Kevin Woyjeck, 21
Garret Zuppiger, 27

Crew member not at deployment site

Brendan McDonough, 21

text: On June 30, 19 firefighters with the Prescott Fire Department's interagency Granite Mountain Hotshots were overrun and killed by the fire.[15] Initial reports indicated that one of the firefighters was not a member of the hotshot crew, but Prescott Fire Chief Dan Fraijo later confirmed that all 19 were from the Granite Mountain Hotshots.[16] The firefighters had apparently deployed fire shelters, but not all of the bodies were found inside them.[17] The city of Prescott released the names of the 19 firefighters on July 1.[18]

text: The lone survivor from the 20-man crew was 21-year-old Brendan McDonough.[19] He had been serving as a lookout when the fire threatened to overtake his position. McDonough was hiking out on foot when he was located by Brian Frisby, the Superintendent of the Blue Ridge Hotshots, who was monitoring the radio communications between McDonough and the Granite Mountain IHC Captain.[15] Frisby and McDonough moved the crew's vehicles to a safer location, which they were doing at the time of Granite Mountain crew entrapment.[5][20] After moving the vehicles, Frisby and other members of the Blue Ridge Hotshots attempted to rescue the entrapped Granite Mountain Hotshots but were forced back by the intense flames and heat of the fire. Driving through the streets of Yarnell, the Blue Ridge Hotshots evacuated several residents who had failed to evacuate earlier. Frisby and his assistant eventually made their way to the entrapment site and were some of the first individuals to find the deployment site and the remains of the Granite Mountain crew.[5]

text: According to the National Fire Protection Association, it was the greatest loss of life for firefighters in a wildfire since 1933, the deadliest wildfire of any kind since 1991, and the greatest loss of firefighters in the United States since the September 11 attacks.[21]

text: Reactions[edit]

text: On June 30, Arizona Governor Jan Brewer issued a statement offering her condolences. "This is as dark a day as I can remember," she said.[22] She ordered flags flown at half-staff in Arizona through July 19.[23] President Barack Obama issued a statement on July 1, promising federal help and praising the 19 firefighters as heroes.[24] Federal Emergency Management Agency spokesman Craig Fugate and United States Fire Administrator Ernest Mitchell issued similar statements on July 1.[25] On July 2, members of the Arizona Cardinals visited one of the Red Cross shelters and the team president donated $100,000 to the 100 Club of Arizona, an organization that assists firefighters, police, and their families in crises.[26] Authorities said that $800,000 had been raised for the families of the victims as of July 4.[27]

text: On July 2, more than 3,000 people attended a public memorial service at an indoor stadium in Prescott Valley.[28] Vice President Joe Biden, Arizona Governor Jan Brewer, and the team's lone surviving firefighter, Brendan McDonough, spoke at a memorial in Prescott on Tuesday, July 9, 2013.[29] That memorial was attended by thousands, including representatives from over 100 hotshot crews across the country, and was streamed live by several media outlets.[30] Individual memorial services were scheduled for later in the hometowns of the 19 firefighters.

text: A nine-member investigative team of forest managers and safety experts arrived in Arizona on July 2, 2013; their mission was to "understand what happened as completely as possible" to prevent similar incidents.[28]

text: Memorials[edit]

text: A Memorial State Park was created to honor the hotshots. A 2.85 mile path leads from a parking area on Highway 89 up to an observation deck. A trail follows the last steps of the Hotshots down to the fatality site where they made their last stand. Encircling the fatality site, 19 gabions, one for each Hotshot, are united by chains.[31]

text: A second memorial has been placed at the intersection of State Route 89 and Hays Ranch Road in Peeples Valley.[32]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: After the fire, the Federal Emergency Management Agency ruled that the fire does not qualify for disaster aid to homeowners because most of the homes that burned were insured. Under federal law, federal disaster relief is not available if there is insurance, and FEMA said "damage to uninsured private residences from this was not beyond the response and recovery capabilities of the state (and) local governments and voluntary agencies." Brewer appealed to President Obama to overturn the decision.[33]

text: Following a three-month investigation, the state's Forestry Division released a report on September 28, 2013 which found no evidence of negligence or recklessness in the deaths of the 19 firefighters, and revealed that an airtanker carrying flame retardant was directly overhead as the firefighters died. The investigation did find some problems with radio communications due to heavy radio traffic and the fact that some radios were not programmed with appropriate tone guards.[34][35]

text: On December 4, 2013, the Industrial Commission of Arizona, which oversees workplace safety, blamed the state's Forestry Division for the deaths of the 19 firefighters, based on an investigation by the state's Division of Occupational Safety and Health. The Commission said that state fire officials knowingly put protection of property ahead of safety and should have pulled crews out earlier. The commission levied a $559,000 fine.[36][37]

text: Depiction in media[edit]

text: Sony's Columbia Pictures released a film adaptation of the Yarnell Hill Fire, titled Only the Brave, in October 2017. Miles Teller portrays McDonough, the fire's lone survivor. Josh Brolin, Jeff Bridges, Jennifer Connelly, Taylor Kitsch, and James Badge Dale also feature in the film.


document_title: Hector

question_text: who wins the fight between achilles and hector

text: Hector

text: Etymology[edit]

text: In Greek, Héktōr is a derivative of the verb ἔχειν ékhein, archaic form *ἕχειν hékhein, 'to have' or 'to hold' from Proto-Indo-European *seǵh- 'to hold'.[4] Héktōr, or Éktōr as found in Aeolic poetry, is also an epithet of Zeus in his capacity as 'he who holds [everything together]'. Hector's name could thus be taken to mean 'holding fast'.[5]

text: Greek mythology[edit]

text: Greatest warrior of Troy[edit]

text: According to the Iliad, Hector does not approve of war between the Greeks and the Trojans.

text: For ten years, the Achaeans besieged Troy and their allies in the east. Hector commanded the Trojan army, with a number of subordinates including Polydamas, and his brothers Deiphobus, Helenus, and Paris. By all accounts, Hector was the best warrior the Trojans and all their allies could field, and his fighting prowess was admired by Greeks and his own people alike.

text: Diomedes and Odysseus, when faced with his attack, described him as what Robert Fagles translated as an 'incredible dynamite', and a 'maniac'.

text: Duel with Protesilaus[edit]

text: In the Iliad, Hector's exploits in the war prior to the events of the book are recapitulated. He had fought the Greek champion Protesilaus in single combat at the start of the war and killed him. A prophecy had stated that the first Greek to land on Trojan soil would die. Thus, Protesilaus, Ajax, and Odysseus would not land. Finally, Odysseus threw his shield out and landed on that, and Protesilaus jumped next from his own ship. In the ensuing fight, Hector killed him, fulfilling the prophecy.

text: Duel with Ajax[edit]

text: At the advice of his brother, Helenus (who also is divinely inspired), and being told by him that he is not destined to die yet, Hector managed to get both armies seated and challenges any one of the Greek warriors to single combat.[6] The Argives were initially reluctant to accept the challenge. However, after Nestor's chiding, nine Greek heroes stepped up to the challenge and drew by lot to see who was to face Hector. Ajax wins and fights Hector to a stalemate for the entire day. With neither able to achieve victory, they express admiration for each other's courage, skill, and strength. Hector gave Ajax his sword, which Ajax later uses to kill himself. Ajax gives Hector his girdle, which later was used to attach Hector's corpse to Achilles' chariot by which he is dragged around the walls of Troy.

text: The Greek and the Trojans make a truce to bury the dead. In the early dawn the next day the Greeks take advantage of it to build a wall and ditch around the ships. Zeus is watching in a distance.[7]

text: Duel with Achilles[edit]

text: Another mention of Hector's exploits in the early years of war was given in the Iliad book 9. During the embassy to Achilles, Odysseus, Phoenix and Ajax all try to persuade Achilles to rejoin the fight. In his response, Achilles points out that while Hector was terrorizing the Greek forces now, and that while he himself had fought in their front lines, Hector had 'no wish' to take his force far beyond the walls and out from the Skiaian Gate and nearby oak tree. He then claims, 'There he stood up to me alone one day, and he barely escaped my onslaught.' Another duel that took place, although Hector got help from Aeneas and Deiphobus, was when Hector rushed to try to save his brother Troilus from Achilles' hands. But he came too late and Troilus had already perished. All Hector could do was to take the lifeless body of Troilus while Achilles escaped after he fought his way through from the Trojans reinforcement.

text: A 2004 film version of Troy has Achilles slaying Hector following a duel, whereas in the Iliad it is rather different. In the Iliad, Hector remains outside the walls, while his army flees into the city. As Achilles approaches, Hector stands his ground, fights and dies upon looking up at Troy. The film version of his death more resembles the single combat between the champions mentioned by Achilles in the Iliad, book 9.

text: In the tenth year of the war, observing Paris avoiding combat with Menelaus, Hector upbraids him with having brought trouble on his whole country and now refusing to fight. Paris therefore proposes single combat between himself and Menelaus, with Helen to go to the victor, ending the war.[8] The duel, however, leads to inconclusive results due to intervention by Aphrodite who leads Paris off the field. After Pandarus wounds Menelaus with an arrow the fight begins again.

text: The Greeks attack and drive the Trojans back. Hector must now go out to lead a counter-attack. His wife, Andromache, carrying in her arms their son Astyanax, intercepts him at the gate, pleading with him not to go out for her sake as well as his son's. Hector knows that Troy and the house of Priam are doomed to fall and that the gloomy fate of his wife and infant son will be to die or go into slavery in a foreign land. With understanding, compassion, and tenderness he explains that he cannot personally refuse to fight, and comforts her with the idea that no one can take him until it is his time to go.[9] The gleaming bronze helmet frightens Astyanax and makes him cry.[10] Hector takes it off, embraces his wife and son, and for his sake prays aloud to Zeus that his son might be chief after him, become more glorious in battle than he, and to bring home the blood of his enemies and make Hector's wife, his mother, proud. Once he left back for battle those in the house began to mourn as they knew he would not return.[9]

text: Hector and Paris pass through the gate and rally the Trojans, raising havoc among the Greeks.

text: Trojan counter attack[edit]

text: Zeus weighs the fates of the two armies in the balance, and that of the Greeks sinks down. The Trojans press the Greeks into their camp over the ditch and wall and would have laid hands on the ships, but Agamemnon rallies the Greeks in person. The Trojans are driven off, night falls, and Hector resolves to take the camp and burn the ships next day. The Trojans bivouac in the field.

text: A thousand camp-fires gleamed upon the plain ....[11]

text: The next day Agamemnon rallies the Greeks and drives the Trojans

text: like a herd of cows maddened with fright when a lion has attacked them ...[12]

text: Hector refrains from battle until Agamemnon leaves the field, wounded in the arm by a spear. Then Hector rallies the Trojans:

text: ... like some fierce tempest that swoops down upon the sea ...

text: Diomedes and Odysseus hinder Hector and win the Greeks some time to retreat, but the Trojans sweep down upon the wall and rain blows upon it. The Greeks in the camp contest the gates to secure entrance for their fleeing warriors. The Trojans try to pull down the ramparts while the Greeks rain arrows upon them. Hector smashes open a gate with a large stone, clears the gate and calls on the Trojans to scale the wall, which they do, and

text: ... all was uproar and confusion.[13]

text: The battle rages inside the camp. Hector goes down, hit by a stone thrown by Ajax, but Apollo arrives from Olympus and infuses strength into "the shepherd of the people", who orders a chariot attack, with Apollo clearing the way. Many combats, deaths, boasts, threats, epithets, figures of speech, stories, lines of poetry and books of the Iliad later, Hector lays hold of Protesilaus' ship and calls for fire. The Trojans cannot bring it to him, as Ajax kills everyone who tries. Eventually, Hector breaks Ajax' spear with his sword, forcing him to give ground, and he sets the ship on fire.[14]

text: These events are all according to the will of the gods, who have decreed the fall of Troy, and therefore intend to tempt Achilles back into the war. Patroclus, Achilles' closest companion, disguised in the armor of Achilles, enters the combat leading the Myrmidons and the rest of the Achaeans to force a Trojan withdrawal. After Patroclus has routed the Trojan army, Hector, with the aid of Apollo and Euphorbus, kills Patroclus, vaunting over him:

text: "Wretch! Achilleus, great as he was, could do nothing to help you."[15]

text: The dying Patroclus foretells Hector's death:

text: "You yourself are not one who shall live long, but now already death and powerful destiny are standing beside you, to go down under the hands of Aiakos' great son, Achilleus"[15]

text: Hector's last fight[edit]

text: Alas! the gods have lured me on to my destruction. ... death is now indeed exceedingly near at hand and there is no way out of it – for so Zeus and his son Apollo the far-darter have willed it, though heretofore they have been ever ready to protect me. My doom has come upon me; let me not then die ingloriously and without a struggle, but let me first do some great thing that shall be told among men hereafter.

text: Hector strips the armor of Achilles off the fallen Patroclus and gives it to his men to take back to the city. Glaucus accuses Hector of cowardice for not challenging Ajax. Stung, Hector calls for the armor, puts it on, and uses it to rally the Trojans. Zeus regards the donning of a hero's armor as an act of insolence by a fool about to die, but it makes Hector strong for now.[16]

text: The next day, the enraged Achilles renounces the wrath that kept him out of action and routs the Trojans, forcing them back to the city. Hector chooses to remain outside the gates of Troy to face Achilles, partly because had he listened to Polydamas and retreated with his troops the previous night, Achilles would not have killed so many Trojans. When he sees Achilles, however, Hector is seized by fear and turns to flee. Achilles chases him around the city three times before Hector masters his fear and turns to face Achilles. But Athena, in the disguise of Hector's brother Deiphobus, has deluded Hector. He requests from Achilles that the victor should return the other's body after the duel, (though Hector himself made it clear he planned to throw the body of Patroclus to the dogs) but Achilles refuses. Achilles hurls his spear at Hector, who dodges it, but Athena brings it back to Achilles' hands without Hector noticing. Hector then throws his own spear at Achilles; it hits his shield and does no injury. When Hector turns to face his supposed brother to retrieve another spear, he sees no one there. At that moment he realizes that he is doomed. Hector decides that he will go down fighting and that men will talk about his bravery in years to come. The desire to achieve ever-lasting honor was one of the most fierce for soldiers living in the timocratic (honor based) society of the age.

text: Hector pulls out his sword, now his only weapon, and charges. But Achilles grabbed his thrown spears that delivered to him by the unseen Athena who wore the Hades helmet. And then Achilles aimed his spear and pierced the collar bone section of Hector, the only part that the stolen Armor of Achilles that not protected Hector from it. That wound was fatal yet that wound also allowed Hector to speak to Achilles. Hector, in his final moments, begs Achilles for an honorable funeral, but Achilles replies that he will let the dogs and vultures devour Hector's flesh. (Throughout the Homeric poems, several references are made to dogs, vultures, and other creatures that devour the dead. It can be seen as another way of saying one will die.) Hector dies, prophesying that Achilles' death will follow soon:

text: Be careful now; for I might be made into the gods' curse ... upon you, on that day when Paris and Phoibos Apollo...destroy you in the Skainan gates, for all your valor.[17]

text: After his death, Achilles slits Hector's heels and passes the girdle that Ajax had given Hector through the slits. He then fastens the girdle to his chariot and drives his fallen enemy through the dust to the Danaan camp. For the next twelve days, Achilles mistreats the body, but it remains preserved from all injury by Apollo and Aphrodite. After these twelve days, the gods can no longer stand watching it and send down two messengers: Iris, another messenger god, and Thetis, the mother of Achilles. Thetis has told Achilles to allow King Priam to come and take the body for ransom. Once King Priam has been notified that Achilles will allow him to claim the body, he goes to his strongroom to withdraw the ransom. The ransom King Priam offers includes twelve fine robes, twelve white mantles, several richly embroidered tunics, ten bars of yellow gold, a special gold cup, and several cauldrons. Priam himself goes to claim his son's body, and Hermes grants him safe passage by casting a charm that will make anyone who looks at him fall asleep.

text:
Think of thy father, and this helpless face behold
See him in me, as helpless and as old!
Though not so wretched: there he yields to me,
The first of men in sovereign misery!
Thus forced to kneel, thus groveling to embrace
The scourge and ruin of my realm and race;
Suppliant my children’s murderer to implore,
And kiss those hands yet reeking with their gore!

text: Achilles, moved by Priam's actions and following his mother's orders sent by Zeus, returns Hector's body to Priam and promises him a truce of twelve days to allow the Trojans to perform funeral rites for Hector. Priam returns to Troy with the body of his son, and it is given full funeral honors. Even Helen mourns Hector, for he had always been kind to her and protected her from spite. The last lines of the Iliad are dedicated to Hector's funeral. Homer concludes by referring to the Trojan prince as the "Breaker of Horses."[18]

text: Historical references[edit]

text: The most valuable historical evidence for the Battle of Troy are treaties and letters mentioned in Hittite cuneiform texts of the same approximate era, which mention an unruly Western Anatolian warlord named Piyama-Radu (possibly Priam) and his successor Alaksandu (possibly Alexander, the nickname of Paris) both based in Wilusa (possibly Ilion/Ilios), as well as the god Apaliunas (possibly Apollo).

text: Other such pieces of evidence are names of Trojan heroes in Linear B tablets. Twenty out of fifty-eight men's names also known from Homer, including 𐀁𐀒𐀵, E-ko-to (Hector),[19] are Trojan warriors and some, including Hector, are in a servile capacity.[20] No such conclusion that they are the offspring of Trojan captive women is warranted. Generally the public has to be content with the knowledge that these names existed in Greek in Mycenaean times, although Page[21] hypothesizes that Hector "may very well be ... a familiar Greek form impressed on a similar-sounding foreign name."

text: When Pausanias visited Thebes in Boeotia, in the second century AD, he was shown Hector's tomb and was told that the bones had been transported to Thebes according to a Delphic oracle. Moses I. Finley observes[22] "this typical bit of fiction must mean that there was an old Theban hero Hector, a Greek, whose myths antedated the Homeric poems. Even after Homer had located Hector in Troy for all time, the Thebans held on to their hero, and the Delphic oracle provided the necessary sanction."

text: The pseudepigraphical writer Dares Phrygius states that Hector "spoke with a slight lisp. His complexion was fair, his hair curly. His eyes would blink attractively. His movements were swift. His face, with its beard, was noble. He was handsome, fierce, and high-spirited, merciful to the citizens, and deserving of love."[23]

text: In literature[edit]

text:
In Dante Alighieri's Inferno (which is part of the Divine Comedy series), Hector and his family are placed in Limbo, the outer circle wherein the virtuous non-Christians dwell.
Roland's sword in early 12th century French poem Song of Roland, was named Durendal. According to Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando Furioso it once belonged to Hector of Troy, and was given to Roland by Malagigi (Maugris).
In William Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida, Hector's death is used to mark the conclusion of the play. His nobility is shown in stark contrast to the deceit and pridefulness of the Greeks, especially Achilles.