document_title: Star Trek: Discovery

question_text: when does the next star trek discovery episode air

text: Star Trek: Discovery

text: Premise[edit]

text: Set roughly ten years before the events of Star Trek: The Original Series,[1] the show sees the united Klingon houses in a war with the United Federation of Planets that involves the crew of the USS Discovery.[2][3]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Sonequa Martin-Green as Michael Burnham:
A Science Specialist on USS Discovery. Burnham was First Officer of the USS Shenzhou, where she was referred to as "Number One" to honor the character of the same name portrayed by Majel Barrett in the original Star Trek pilot "The Cage".[4][5][6] Burnham is a human who was raised following Vulcan culture and traditions by Sarek.[4][7] Unlike the protagonists of previous Star Trek series, she was not made a starship captain, in order "to see a character from a different perspective on the starship—one who has different dynamic relationships with a captain, with subordinates, it gave us richer context".[1] Fuller deliberately gave the character a traditionally male name, which he had done with the female leads of his previous series.[8]

Doug Jones as Saru:
First Officer of the USS Discovery, Saru was previously Science Officer of the USS Shenzhou.[9] Saru is the first Kelpien to enter Starfleet. Kelpiens, a new species created for Discovery, were hunted as prey on their home planet and thus evolved the ability to sense the coming of death, giving them a reputation for cowardice.[10] Jones based Saru's walk on that of a supermodel,[7] out of necessity thanks to the boots he had to wear to portray the character's hooved feet, forcing Jones to walk on the balls of his feet.[11] The producers compared Saru to the characters Spock and Data from previous series.[10]

Shazad Latif as Ash Tyler:
Chief of Security of the USS Discovery, Lieutenant Tyler was previously held as a prisoner of war by the Klingons. Latif was originally cast in the role of Kol.[12][13] Latif noted that Tyler's PTSD would be explored in the show as he attempts to return to his Starfleet life, calling Tyler "a very complex and painful and deep character."[13] The character explores these issues with different characters, including Lorca due to their shared military background, and Burnham with whom "there's a chemistry, a relationship".[14]

Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets:
Chief engineer aboard the USS Discovery and science officer specializing in astromycology (the study of fungi in space) whose research led to development of an experimental organic propulsion system on the Discovery.[9][15][16] The character is inspired by a real-life mycologist of the same name.[17] He is the first openly gay character in a Star Trek series, and the showrunners "wanted to roll out that character's sexuality the way people would roll out their sexuality in life." Rapp noted that Hikaru Sulu was portrayed as gay in the film Star Trek Beyond, calling that "a nice nod. But in this case, we actually get to see me with my partner in conversation, in our living quarters, you get to see our relationship over time, treated as any other relationship would be treated".[18]

Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly:
A cadet in her final year at Starfleet Academy, assigned to the Discovery.[19][20] She works under Stamets aboard the Discovery, where she becomes roommates with Burnham.[20] The character was included to represent people "at the very bottom of this ladder" of the Starfleet hierarchy. She is "the most optimistic ... has the biggest heart", and showrunner Aaron Harberts described her as "sort of the soul of our show."[21]

Jason Isaacs as Gabriel Lorca:
Captain of the Discovery,[22] a "brilliant military tactician".[23] Isaacs described the character as "probably more f-d up than any of" the previously seen Star Trek captains.[7] He plays the character with a slight southern U.S. accent, and had initially wanted to ad-lib a catchphrase for the character feeling that all Star Trek captains should have one, coming up with "git'r done" which the writers turned down due to it being widely used and trademarked by Larry the Cable Guy.[24]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
"The Vulcan Hello"
David Semel
Story by : Bryan Fuller & Alex Kurtzman
Teleplay by : Akiva Goldsman & Bryan Fuller
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)[a]

2
"Battle at the Binary Stars"
Adam Kane
Story by : Bryan Fuller
Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)

3
"Context Is for Kings"
Akiva Goldsman
Story by : Bryan Fuller & Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts
Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Craig Sweeny
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)

4
"The Butcher's Knife Cares Not for the Lamb's Cry"
Olatunde Osunsanmi
Jesse Alexander & Aron Eli Coleite
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)

5
"Choose Your Pain"
Lee Rose
Story by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Kemp Powers
Teleplay by : Kemp Powers
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)

6
"Lethe"
Douglas Aarniokoski
Joe Menosky & Ted Sullivan
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)

7
"Magic to Make the Sanest Man Go Mad"
David M. Barrett
Aron Eli Coleite & Jesse Alexander
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)

8
"Si Vis Pacem, Para Bellum"
John S. Scott
Kirsten Beyer
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)

9
"Into the Forest I Go"
Chris Byrne
Bo Yeon Kim & Erika Lippoldt
November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12)

10
"Despite Yourself"[27]
TBA
TBA
January 7, 2018 (2018-01-07)

11
"The Wolf Inside"[27]
TBA
TBA
January 14, 2018 (2018-01-14)

12
"Vaulting Ambition"[27]
TBA
TBA
January 21, 2018 (2018-01-21)

13
"What's Past is Prologue"[27]
TBA
TBA
January 28, 2018 (2018-01-28)

14
"The War Without, The War Within"[27]
TBA
TBA
February 4, 2018 (2018-02-04)

15
"Will You Take My Hand?"[27]
TBA
TBA
February 11, 2018 (2018-02-11)

text: Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on CBS alongside its release on CBS All Access.[25][26]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On November 2, 2015, CBS announced a new Star Trek television series to premiere in January 2017, "on the heels" of the original series' 50th anniversary in 2016. It is the first Star Trek series since Star Trek: Enterprise concluded in 2005, and the first show to be developed specifically for the CBS All Access on demand service. Alex Kurtzman, co-writer of the films Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness, and Heather Kadin were set as executive producers on the series, which is "not related" to the 2016 film Star Trek Beyond.[28][29] The January 2017 date was the earliest that CBS could release a new Star Trek series after an agreement the company made when it split with Viacom in 2005.[30] Showtime, Netflix, and Amazon Video all offered "a lot of money" for the rights to release the series,[31] but after heavily investing in the new All Access service, CBS believed that a returning Star Trek could be "the franchise that really puts All Access on the map" and could earn more money in the long run.[30][31]

text: In January 2016, CBS president Glenn Geller revealed that he and the CBS network were not involved in the production of the series, saying, "It really is for All Access. While the network will be broadcasting the pilot, I actually can't answer any creative questions about it."[32] The next month, Bryan Fuller, who began his career writing for the series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager, was announced as the new series' showrunner and co-creator alongside Kurtzman.[33][34] Nicholas Meyer, writer and director of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, also joined the series as a writer and consulting producer.[35] In March, Rod Roddenberry, the son of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, and Trevor Roth of Roddenberry Entertainment also joined the series, as executive producers.[36] Fuller said that working with people previously involved with Star Trek was "really about making sure that we maintain authenticity", and said that Meyer—who is widely considered to have made the best Star Trek film in The Wrath of Khan—brings "a clarity and a cleanliness to the storytelling. An ability to ground science-fiction in a relatable way, and also making sure that we're telling character stories."[37] Fuller had publicly called for Star Trek to return to television for years, particularly because of its impact on minority groups, as he explained, "I couldn't stop thinking about how many black people were inspired by seeing Nichelle Nichols on the bridge of a ship. I couldn't stop thinking about how many Asian people were inspired by seeing George Takei and feeling that gave them hope for their place in the future. I wanted to be part of that representation for a new era."[38] When Fuller first met with CBS about the series, the company did not have a plan for what the new show would be.[39] He proposed an anthology series with each season being a standalone, serialized show set in a different era, beginning with a prequel to the original series, then stories set during the original series, during Star Trek: The Next Generation, and then "beyond to a time in Trek that's never been seen before". Fuller compared this to what American Horror Story did for horror, and described the proposal as a platform for "a universe of Trek shows". CBS instead suggested a single serialized show to see how that performed first, and he began further developing the concept of a prequel to the original series.[38]

text: Fuller announced in June 2016 that the first season would consist of 13 episodes,[39] though he would prefer to produce 10 episodes a season.[6] A month later, Fuller announced the series' title to be Star Trek: Discovery,[40] and revealed that it would be set in the "Prime Timeline" (which includes the previous Star Trek series, but not the modern reboot films) to keep the concurrent series and films separate, so "we don't have to track anything [happening in the films] and they don't have to track what we're doing".[41][6] Also in July, CBS Studios International licensed the series to Netflix for release outside the United States and Canada,[34] a "blockbuster" deal that paid for the show's entire budget (around US$6–7 million per episode).[42][43] During pre-production on the series, Fuller and CBS continued to disagree on the direction of the show, which was starting to overrun its per-episode budget, and was falling behind schedule due to Fuller supervising all aspects of the series as well as another new show, American Gods. This caused frustration among CBS executives who felt Fuller should be focused on having Discovery ready for release by the January 2017 premiere date.[38] By August 2016, Fuller had hired Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts, who he had worked with on Pushing Daisies, to serve as co-showrunners with him.[6][43] A month later, he and Kurtzman asked CBS to delay the series' release so they could meet the high expectations for it, and the studio pushed the series premiere back to May 2017."[44] At the end of October, CBS asked Fuller to step down as showrunner,[38] and announced a restructuring of the production: Berg and Harberts were made sole showrunners, working from a broad story arc and overall mythology established by Fuller; Kurtzman and Fuller would continue as executive producers, but with Fuller moving his attention fully to American Gods; and Akiva Goldsman would join the series in a supporting producer role, similar to the role he held on Fringe alongside Kurtzman. CBS reiterated that they were "extremely happy with [Fuller's] creative direction" for the series,[43] though some elements of the series that came directly from Fuller were dropped, including some designs and "more heavily allegorical and complex story" points.[38] Fuller later confirmed that he was no longer involved with the series, but expressed interest in returning for future seasons.[45]

text: With production set to finally begin in January, "a lot of careful deliberation [was] continuing to go into making Discovery special, from the choice of directors, to set design, to the special effects."[46] Ted Sullivan also joined the series to serve as supervising writing producer.[47][48] At CBS's 2017 upfront presentation, CBS Interactive president Marc DeBevoise confirmed a "fall" release date for the series, and announced that the episode order for the first season had been expanded to 15 episodes.[49][50] In June, CBS announced a new premiere date of September 24, 2017, with the season airing through November 2017, and then beginning again in January 2018. This break gave more time to complete post-production on the second half of the season.[25] Also that month, Kurtzman said that he and Fuller had discussed future seasons before the latter's departure, and promised that "what's there in terms of story and certainly in terms of set-up, character, big ideas, the big movement of the season, that's all stuff that Bryan and I talked about" and would not be altered.[51] Goldsman said in August that the producers wanted "a hybridized [anthology] approach. I don't think we're looking for an endless, continuing nine or 10 year story. We're looking at arcs which will have characters that we know and characters that we don't know."[8] Kurtzman added that the success of Discovery could lead to other new Star Trek series that could potentially use the anthology format.[52] By the end of August, Berg and Harberts had developed a "road map" for a second season, and "the beginnings of one" for a third. It was also revealed that an average episode of the first season had ultimately cost US$8–8.5 million each, making it one of the most expensive television series ever and exceeding the original Netflix deal, though CBS still considered the series to be paid for already due to the number of new All Access subscribers that the show was expected to draw.[53] After the series' premiere, Kurtzman said that the producers wanted to avoid announcing release dates and having to delay those for any future seasons, due to the external pressure that caused with the first season, but that he hoped a second season would be available in early 2019.[54] The second season was officially ordered a month later in October 2017.[55]

text: Writing[edit]

text:
"The defining factor of Roddenberry's vision is the optimistic view of the future ... Once you lose that, you lose the essence of what Star Trek is. That being said... Star Trek has always been a mirror to the time it reflected and [the topical question now] is how do you preserve and protect what Starfleet is in the weight of a challenge like war and the things that have to be done in war."

—Executive producer Alex Kurtzman on the balance between classic Star Trek and new elements in Discovery[56]

tag: div

text: The series' writers are based in Los Angeles,[57] and include "fans who all have very different relationships to Trek," which Kurtzman said is "a healthy thing and it's a good thing".[51] Fuller wanted to differentiate the series from the previous 700+ episodes of Star Trek by taking advantage of the streaming format of All Access and telling a single story arc across the entire first season. He and Kurtzman developed this story from "so many elements of Star Trek", taking certain episodes of the original series and using their "DNA" to find "the spirit of what Star Trek offers, both in terms of high-concept science fiction storytelling and really wonderful metaphors for the human condition".[39] Berg said that the series' writers "are so in love with" The Original Series, The Next Generation, and the family aspect of those series, while Harberts added that Meyer's Star Trek films were an especial influence on Discovery because "his storytelling is complex and intellectual and yet there's a lot of room for character voices".[58]

text: The titular ship was named after Discovery One from 2001: A Space Odyssey, NASA's Space Shuttle Discovery, and "the sense of discovery ... what [that] means to Star Trek audiences who have been promised a future by Gene Roddenberry where we come together as a planet and seek new worlds and new alien races to explore and understand and collaborate with".[59] Fuller saw the series as a bridge between Enterprise and the original series—which are set around 150 years apart—but set much closer to the latter to allow the series to "play with all the iconography of those ships and those uniforms".[60] In May 2017, Sullivan described the series as "a genuine prequel" to the original series,[61] with Goldsman later adding that there were many classic Star Trek elements that fans among the writers wished to include in the series, but couldn't because they were included in the original series as something being discovered by Starfleet for the first time then.[62] The choice to feature a single serialized story throughout the first season was inspired by the general change in television to tell more realistic and serialized stories rather than the "new destination-based adventure each week" format mostly used in previous Star Trek series. Fuller had been one of several writers during the 1990s pushing for Deep Space Nine and Voyager to move towards this style.[63] Also inspired by modern, "peak television" series such as Game of Thrones was a willingness to kill off major characters for dramatic reasons, though the writers wanted to avoid doing so gratuitously or for "shock value".[64]

text: Fuller said the series could "push the content envelope since it won't be constrained by broadcast standards", but "it's still Star Trek. It will probably be slightly more graphic content ... I imagine we're going to shoot scenes a couple of ways and see what feels more authentic in the editing room."[1] Harberts ultimately described the series as a "hard PG-13", saying the series could include "some violent things or [a] tiny bit of language" but they still wanted the show to be for families and to "honor what the franchise is."[65] On using time travel in the series, a plot device used in at least two episodes of every previous live-action Star Trek season, Fuller said that it had not yet been used for any episode by the end of August 2016, and, "You never know when you want to pull out that device but I am not anticipating an over-reliance on time travel to tell this season's stories."[6] The series' writers also chose to ignore Gene Roddenberry's longstanding rule that Starfleet crew members not have any significant conflict with one another or be depicted negatively (a rule that Roddenberry himself did not always strictly follow). Harberts explained, "We're trying to do stories that are complicated, with characters with strong points of view and strong passions. People have to make mistakes—mistakes are still going to be made in the future. We're still going to argue in the future ... the thing we're taking from Roddenberry is how we solve those conflicts."[63] Because of the show's position as a prequel to the original series, the producers felt it was more important for Discovery to build towards Roddenberry's ideals, and to show that "you can't simply be accepting and tolerant without working for it, and so this show is about that struggle."[62]

text: Casting[edit]

text: By June 2016, Fuller had met with several actors, and said that "we want to carry on what Star Trek does best, which is being progressive. So it's fascinating to look at all of these roles through a colorblind prism and a gender-blind prism".[39] A month later, Kadin clarified that the series would feature minority, female, and LGBTQ characters.[66] In August, Fuller said the series would feature "about seven" lead characters,[67] and would star a lieutenant commander, rather than a starship captain like previous Star Trek series, to be played by a non-white actress. He said the series would also include more alien characters than other Star Trek series, and would feature at least one openly gay character. Fuller, who is gay himself, had been determined to see this happen since receiving hate mail while working on Voyager when a character on that show was rumored to be coming out as gay.[1] By this time, Fuller had discussed the series' casting with Mae Jemison, the first black woman in space (who made a cameo appearance in an episode of The Next Generation).[1][68]

text: Fuller anticipated casting announcements in October 2016,[6] but none had been made by the end of that month. The majority of the series main characters were believed to have been cast by then, but no actress had been cast for the series' lead role. This was a source of "some internal stress" at CBS.[43] Several African American and Latina actresses were being looked at for the role, with CBS "not seeking a huge star and [preferring] a fresh face for the part."[69] In October, the cast was believed to include "a female admiral, a male Klingon captain, a male admiral, a male adviser and a British male doctor", with one of those male leads played by an openly gay actor.[70] The next month, Doug Jones and Anthony Rapp were revealed to be cast, as Science Officers Saru and Stamets, respectively.[9] The former is a Kelpien, an alien race created for the series,[10] while the latter is the first Star Trek character to be conceived and announced as gay.[9] Sonequa Martin-Green was cast in the lead role in December,[71] which was officially confirmed in April 2017, with the character's name revealed to be Michael Burnham.[5] Also in December, Shazad Latif was cast as the Klingon Kol.[72] In March 2017, Jason Isaacs was cast as Captain Lorca of the USS Discovery,[22] and Mary Wiseman joined as Tilly, a cadet.[19] At the end of April, Latif was revealed to have been recast to the role of Starfleet Lieutenant Tyler.[12]

text: Design[edit]

text: Mark Worthington and Todd Cherniawsky served as initial production designers for the series;[73] Gersha Phillips and Suttirat Anne Larlarb designed the costumes;[3][74] veteran Star Trek designer John Eaves designed starships, along with Scott Schneider;[75][76] and Glenn Hetrick and Neville Page of Alchemy Studios provided prosthetics, props, and armor.[3][77] Page previously served as the concept and creature designer on the three "Kelvin Timeline" Star Trek films.[78] The series also employed seven art directors, over nine illustrators, more than thirty-five set designers, and over four hundred and fifty painters, carpenters, sculptors, model makers, welders, set dressers, and prop builders.[76]

text: Fuller said on the general approach to design on the show, "we're producing the show in 2016. We have to update the style of the effects, the style of the sets, the style of the makeup ... all of the other series have been produced [at a time that] isn't as sophisticated as we are now with what we can do production-wise, we're going to be reestablishing an entire look for the series" and for Star Trek moving forward.[1] Fuller had wanted the series' uniforms to reflect the primary colors of the original series, but this was discarded after his departure.[38] However, Fuller's designs for the Klingons, which he "really, really wanted" to redesign, were retained.[8][2] 3D Systems' "cutting edge" 3D printing techniques were widely used in the making of the series.[3][78] For the prosthetics, Page and Hetrick took detailed laser scans of the actors so they could simulate make-up and prosthetics in a virtual environment before creating the practical version.[79] Fabric for the Starfleet uniforms seen in the series were custom-dyed in Switzerland; the costumes were cut and assembled in Toronto by Phillips and her department. The main uniforms seen in the series are a navy blue specifically mixed for the show, with gold or silver embellishments depending on the division of the officer. Medical officers wear a "hospital white" variant, also custom-dyed in Switzerland, while the captain's uniform is the standard navy blue but with additional gold piping on the shoulders.[80] Starfleet insignia badges were molded from silicon bronze, and then polished and plated by a jeweler to create custom colors for the series, based on the division of the officer wearing the uniform: gold for command, silver for sciences and medical, and copper for operations. Props such as tricorders and hand scanners, communicators, and phasers were produced with 3D printing and heavily inspired by their designs in the original Star Trek series.[80]

text: The design of the USS Discovery is based on an unused Ralph McQuarrie design for the USS Enterprise from the unproduced film Star Trek: Planet of the Titans, which Fuller had noted in July 2016 was "to a point that we can't legally comment on it until [our legal team] figures out some things".[41] McQuarrie's designs were based on the concepts created by Ken Adam to feature a vessel with a flattened secondary hull.[81][82] Fuller wanted "something distinct about what our Star Trek was going to look" like, and after seeing McQuarrie's design "saw sort of harder lines of a ship and started talking about race cars and Lamborghinis in the '70s and James Bond cars and started working on the designs, taking those inspirations and coming up with something completely unique to us."[83] The design for the Discovery went through several revisions and refinements before the final version was approved in December 2016.[84] The sickbay on the Discovery was inspired by that of the Enterprise from the original series.[85] Other Federation starships created for the show include the USS Shenzhou and the USS Europa.[86][87] Sets for the Discovery's interiors were described as a "tangle of corridors and rooms",[53] and were designed to match with the exterior design of the ship, so "the rooms [could believably] fit inside the house", but there was some artistic license taken in places. The graphics used for the Starfleet computer systems were designed to be believably more advanced than modern technology, but to also "honor the look and feel" of the designs used in previous series. The initial colors allowed for the graphics were mostly restricted to blues, with the intention of these becoming more colorful the closer the series gets to the time period of the original series.[76]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Star Trek: Discovery is filmed at Pinewood Toronto Studios,[88] with Vincenzo Natali serving as producing director for the series.[39] Some of the series' sets took over six weeks to create,[86] and new sets were being built up until the end of production of the season.[89] Discovery took advantage of multiple soundstages at the studio, including the largest soundstage in North America.[53] Some episodes for the show were filmed solely on existing sets, making them bottle episodes, though Harberts said the series would not do anything "as bottle-y as 'everyone is stuck in the mess hall!'"[89]

text: For the visual scope of the series, Kurtzman felt that the show had to "justify being on a premium cable service".[90] The showrunners were particularly inspired by Star Trek: The Motion Picture and its "wider scope", with Harberts explaining that the series is shot in a 2:1 aspect ratio which "just lends itself to a very lyrical way of telling the story." He added that some of the series' visuals were influenced by the modern Star Trek films from J. J. Abrams.[58] Some of these influences, per Goldsman, are "the ability to be creative cinematically...the intimate discourse, the humanistic storytelling with the giant canvas that is Star Trek. A more kinetic camera, a more dynamic way of existing, a much greater use of practical sets so when you’re running down a corridor, you’re running down a corridor. A sense of rhythm...there is a sense of litheness, a kind of fluidity in the characterizations."[91] The producers worked closely with pilot director David Semel to make the series look as cinematic as possible, including filming the bridge of Starfleet's ships in such a way as "not to shoot in a sort of proscenium box...to be able to get the camera into spaces where, you know, to shoot it in interesting ways, which is a combination of choreographing a scene to motivate the camera moving, and also lighting."[56] The cinematographers for the series wanted to emphasize on set sourcing, with lighting built in wherever it would naturally appear to help create a more realistic feel, and distance the series from the "stage" feel of the original series.[89] The lighting could also be controlled to create completely different situations, such as the lighting of a Starfleet red alert.[76] Harberts said that the cinematographers wanted the series to have a "Rembrandt texture".[89]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: Visual effects producers were hired to begin work on the series during the initial writing period, with Fuller explaining that the series would require such things as "digital augmentation on certain alien species" and "the transporter beams". He said, "We're trying to cultivate distinct looks for all of those things that are unique to our version of Star Trek and carry through the themes we love seeing in fifty years of Star Trek, but doing a slightly different approach."[39] Pixomondo is the primary visual effects vendor for the series,[87] with Spin VFX also working on the show.[92] Kurtzman noted that the series utilizes multiple CG environments which take several months to properly render.[56] The shuttle bay of the Discovery is completely computer-generated, with actors performing in front of a green screen for scenes in that environment; using the digital set is more expensive than any other set created for the series, including the practically-built ones.[93]

text: Music[edit]

text: The first teaser for the series featured music composed by Fil Eisler, which he "threw together as an audition" within three weeks.[66] Before production on the series began, Charles Henri Avelange had also composed and recorded music for the series, which he described as "a showcase for CBS".[94] In July 2017, Jeff Russo was announced as composer for the series.[7] Russo recorded the series' score with a 60-piece orchestra.[90] The show's main theme incorporates elements from the original Star Trek theme.[62]

text: Release[edit]

text: The first episode of Star Trek: Discovery aired in a "preview broadcast" on CBS in the United States on September 24, as well as being made available with the second episode on CBS All Access. Subsequent first-run episodes, making up the first chapter of the season, were streamed weekly on All Access through November 12. The second chapter will begin streaming January 2018.[25][26][95]

text: CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada, and to Netflix for another 188 countries.[34] In Canada, the premiere was simulcast with CBS on September 24, 2017, on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channel Space before being streamed on CraveTV; it was also broadcast in French on the specialty channel Z.[34] Subsequent episodes will be released through Space, Z, and CraveTV,[34] with Space airing each episode 30 minutes before it's streamed on All Access.[96][97] In the other countries, Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut.[34] This agreement also saw Bell Media and Netflix acquire all previous Star Trek series to stream in their entirety, and to broadcast on Bell Media television channels.[34]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first full trailer for the series was released in May 2017.[98] Forbes's Merrill Barr noted that the trailer was a good sign for many who believed the series would never be released following the many production setbacks and delays, saying, "Having a legitimate trailer that can be watched over and over again brings signs of hope, particularly for fans that have been waiting over a year for this moment. Star Trek: Discovery is real, and now we have proof."[99] Chris Harnick of E! News described the trailer as "gorgeous" and "truly cinematic", and because of the appearances of Sarek and the Klingons in the footage, "this is the Star Trek you know and love."[100] Aja Romano at Vox called the trailer's visuals "sumptuous" and "modern, but still very much in keeping with the aesthetic of previous Trek series". She continued, "What gets short shrift in this trailer is the series' overarching plot ... In any case, seeing the Klingons in all their combative glory feels a bit like coming home for Trek fans."[101] Also in May, McFarlane Toys signed a toy license deal with CBS to produce "figures, role play weapons and accessories" for Discovery. CBS Consumer Products senior vice president Veronica Hart explained that McFarlane was chosen as the first licensee for the series because of its "commitment to quality and dedication to fans". The deal will also see the company "create merchandise from the entire Star Trek universe, ranging from the classic Star Trek: The Original Series to its popular movie franchise." The first merchandise produced under the deal are set for release in mid-2018.[102]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings and viewership[edit]

text: According to Nielsen Media Research, the CBS broadcast of the first episode was watched by a "decent" audience of 9.5 million viewers.[103][104] The premiere of the series led to record subscriptions for All Access, with the service having its biggest day of signups, as well as its biggest week and month of signups thanks to the series.[105] According to "app analytics specialist" App Annie, the premiere of the series also caused the number of downloads of the All Access mobile app to more than double, with revenue from the app for CBS doubling compared to the average in-app revenue during the previous 30 days.[106]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 83% approval rating for the first season, with an average rating of 7.14/10 based on 54 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Although it takes an episode to achieve liftoff, Star Trek: Discovery delivers a solid franchise installment for the next generation—boldly led by the charismatic Sonequa Martin-Green."[107] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 72 out of 100 based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[108]

text: Other media[edit]

text: After Trek[edit]

text: By July 2016, CBS was working on an aftershow companion series to Discovery similar in format to AMC's Talking Dead, a companion to The Walking Dead. The show would air live after each episode of Discovery, and would feature "guests, celebrity Trekkies, former Star Trek actors, along with cast members and crew" from Discovery.[109] The companion series was confirmed in 2017, with the title After Trek and host Matt Mira. It is produced by Embassy Row in association with Roddenberry Entertainment.[110]

text: Publishing[edit]

text: In September 2016, Discovery writer Kirsten Beyer announced that CBS was working with IDW and Simon & Schuster to produce more content revolving around the setting of the series, starting with at least one novel and a comic series tied to the television show. Beyer, the writer of many Star Trek: Voyager novels, explained that she would work with fellow Star Trek novelist David Mack and Star Trek comic writer Mike Johnson to ensure that all three media "are coming from the same place". The release of the books and comics was set to coincide with the series' premiere.[111] Mack described writing around the continuity of Discovery as "tricky to get right", as the time period "is light on detail and almost unique within the Star Trek continuity. That made it a challenge to represent that era faithfully while also staying true to the new elements being introduced" in the new series.[112]

text: In August 2017, Beyer explained the series' writers' intentions for the additional content, saying, "We want to be able to take the story opportunities that we're just frankly not going to have time to cover in the show, and go as deep into those into the various formats as we can. It's not that you have to read these stories to understand everything, but the story will be incredibly enhanced if you do." Regarding whether this content would be considered canonical, Beyer said that the stories of the comics and novels are briefed back to the show's writing staff so "the stories we created get integrated into their brains", but she also said, "Because of the collaborative nature of this process, we're able to go farther, take bigger risks. The danger is that, in the future, somebody will come upon with an amazing story idea that would be incompatible with what we've already established and just like always, the series is going to take priority. But the hope is that we can carve out these places that are safe and that we can continue to protect because as much as possible we want this to be one integrated universe...we're doing what we can to make sure these stories all fit together moving forward."[113]

text: Novels[edit]

text: The first tie-in to the show is Desperate Hours, a prequel set a year before Discovery and a year after "The Cage". Written by Mack, the novel was released on September 26, and follows Burnham as she serves aboard the Shenzhou. Fuller had asked for a book to be written based on that premise, and Mack had worked with the Discovery writers to stay "in the loop throughout the season with all the scripts and the story development. There were a few false starts, but eventually it allowed us to collaboratively create this story". Mack hinted that the USS Enterprise could also appear in the novel. The second Discovery novel is being written by Dayton Ward, is set 10 years before the show, and is intended to be released in early 2018.[113]

text: Comics[edit]

text: In July 2017, IDW announced the first tie-in comic series, also titled Star Trek: Discovery, to be written by Johnson and Beyer with art by Tony Shasteen, who previously worked with Johnson on the comic Star Trek: Boldly Go. IDW described the comic as "Klingon-centric", and set the first issue for release on October 25.[114] Johnson compared working with Beyer on the comic to his work on the Star Trek: Countdown comic, a tie-in to the 2009 Star Trek film that he wrote with Kurtzman and Roberto Orci, saying that her position as a staff writer on the Discovery show "means we have all the inside access that we need. So the story in the comic will really matter and not just feel like a one-off. It is actually able to expand the story you guys are going to see in the show itself."[115]

text: In August, it was clarified that the first comic would be a four-issue miniseries focused on T'Kuvma and his followers, and that IDW intended to create a series of comic miniseries based on different aspects of the series to create "targeted stories on some different subjects". Johnson stated that they were "building out the characters in the Klingon world with these comics, and we can't wait to show you." He added that discussions were being held regarding the subject of the next miniseries. IDW editor Sarah Gaydos said, "The access we're getting to the show to create these comics that are integral to fleshing out the backstories of the characters is unheard of, and I do a lot of licensed comics."[113]

text: Star Trek Timelines[edit]

text: In late 2017, "hours" of Discovery-based content will be added to the role playing video game Star Trek Timelines, including Michael Burnham and Saru as new crew members for the game and new ships from the show, both Federation and otherwise. A month long "Mega-Event" based on the series will also take place.[116]


document_title: Hannibal Lecter (franchise)

question_text: what movie comes first in the hannibal series

root

text: Hannibal Lecter (franchise)

text: Novels[edit]

text:
Red Dragon (1981)
The Silence of the Lambs (1988)
Hannibal (1999)
Hannibal Rising (2006)

tag: ul

text: Films and television[edit]

text:
Manhunter (1986)
The Silence of the Lambs (1991)
Hannibal (2001)
Red Dragon (2002)
Hannibal Rising (2007)
Hannibal (TV series) (2013–15)

text: The first adaptation was the 1986 film Manhunter, which was an adaptation of Red Dragon, directed by Michael Mann.

tag: p

text: The next adaptation was 1991's The Silence of the Lambs, which was directed by Jonathan Demme and was the first film to feature Anthony Hopkins in the role of Hannibal Lecter. Silence was a success, both critically and financially, and went on to become the third film in Academy Awards history to win in all top five categories (Best Actor for Hopkins, Best Actress for Jodie Foster, Best Director for Demme, Best Adapted Screenplay for Ted Tally, and Best Picture). Hopkins reprised the role in the next two films, 2001's Hannibal, a sequel directed by Ridley Scott, and 2002's Red Dragon, a prequel directed by Brett Ratner. In 2002, Hopkins revealed that he had written a screenplay for another sequel, ending with Clarice killing Lecter but it was not produced.[1]

text: In 2007, Hannibal Rising was released. The film is a prequel, directed by Peter Webber and starring Gaspard Ulliel as Lecter.

text: In 2013, the TV series Hannibal premiered. Developed by Bryan Fuller, it is not a direct adaptation, but based on characters and elements from the novels. Some male characters have become female, such as Freddy Lounds, who is renamed Fredricka "Freddie" Lounds. The series has garnered much critical acclaim since its premiere, winning the 2014 and 2015 Saturn Award for Best Network Television Series, as well as the inaugural Best Action-Thriller Television Series in 2016.

text: In 2016, when asked if there were any sequels that he wished he could revisit, Hopkins said, "I made the mistake of doing two more [Hannibal Lecter movies] and I should have only done one."[2]

text: In 2017, Foster reprised her role as Starling in a skit titled "Clarice Probes Hannibal Lecter About Trump's Russia Ties" on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, opposite Stephen Colbert as Hannibal Lecter. In the skit, Clarice questions Lecter on his relationship with Donald Trump and what he can tell her about his relationship with Russia.[3]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Manhunter(1986)

The Silence of the Lambs(1991)

Hannibal(2001)

Red Dragon(2002)

Hannibal Rising(2007)

Hannibal(TV series)(2013–15)

Hannibal Lecter

Brian Cox  (as Hannibal Lecktor)

Anthony Hopkins

Gaspard Ulliel  Aaran Thomas (young)

Mads Mikkelsen

Will Graham

William Petersen

Edward Norton

Hugh Dancy

Jack Crawford

Dennis Farina

Scott Glenn

Harvey Keitel

Laurence Fishburne

Frederick Chilton

Benjamin Hendrickson

Anthony Heald

Anthony Heald

Raúl Esparza

Francis Dolarhyde(The Tooth Fairy)

Tom Noonan  (as Francis Dollarhyde)

Ralph Fiennes  Alex D. Linz (young)

Richard Armitage

Clarice Starling

Jodie Foster  Masha Skorobogatov (young)

Julianne Moore

Buffalo Bill(Jame Gumb)

Ted Levine

Barney Matthews

Frankie Faison

Jonathan Tucker  (as Matthew Brown)

Freddy Lounds

Stephen Lang

Philip Seymour Hoffman

Lara Jean Chorostecki  (as Fredricka "Freddie" Lounds)

Mason Verger

Gary Oldman

Michael PittJoe Anderson

Paul Krendler

Ron Vawter

Ray Liotta

Cynthia Nixon(as Kade Prurnell)[4]

Reba McClane

Joan Allen

Emily Watson

Rutina Wesley

Molly Graham

Kim Greist

Mary-Louise Parker

Nina Arianda

Rinaldo Pazzi

Giancarlo Giannini

Fortunato Cerlino

Cordell Doemling

Željko Ivanek

Glenn Fleshler

Margot Verger

Katharine Isabelle

Grutas

Rhys Ifans

Lady Murasaki

Gong Li

Alan Bloom

Paul Perri  (as Sidney Bloom)

Caroline Dhavernas  (as Alana Bloom)

Beverly Katz

Michele Shay

Elizabeth Dennehy (as Beverly)

Hettienne Park

Jimmy Price

Dan Butler

Stanley Anderson

Scott Thompson

Brian Zeller

Chris Elliott  (as Zeller)

Aaron Abrams

Lloyd Bowman

Bill Smitrovich

Ken Leung

Chiyoh

Tao Okamoto

Bedelia Du Maurier

Gillian Anderson

Abel Gideon

Eddie Izzard

tag: table

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text:
Film

Rotten Tomatoes

Metacritic

Manhunter

94% (33 reviews) [5]

78 (10 reviews) [6]

The Silence of the Lambs

95% (73 reviews) [7]

84 (17 reviews) [8]

Hannibal

39% (165 reviews) [9]

57 (36 reviews) [10]

Red Dragon

69% (185 reviews) [11]

60 (36 reviews) [12]

Hannibal Rising

15% (143 reviews) [13]

35 (30 reviews) [14]

Hannibal (TV series), Season 1 (2013)

71% (41 reviews) [15]

70 (32 reviews) [16]

Hannibal (TV series), Season 2 (2014)

100% (24 reviews) [17]

88 (14 reviews) [18]

Hannibal (TV series), Season 3 (2015)

97% (35 reviews) [19]

84 (15 reviews) [20]

text: Musical[edit]

text: In 2005, comedian-musicians Jon and Al Kaplan, most famous for their musical re-imaginings of popular films as YouTube musicals, parodied The Silence of the Lambs, especially the film version, in Silence! The Musical. It premiered Off-Off-Broadway and has since had acclaimed productions in London (2009) and Los Angeles (2012). In 2012, it won the Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle – Score, Lead Performance, Choreography Award.[21]


document_title: United Kingdom weather records

question_text: what is the highest temperature ever recorded in uk

text: United Kingdom weather records

text: Records[edit]

text: As of July 2010[needs update], the records as recorded by the Met Office were:[1]

text: Highest temperature[edit]

text:
°C
°F
Location
Date

Highest (England)
38.5°C[1]
101.3 F
Faversham, Kent
10 August 2003

Highest (Wales)
35.2°C
95.4°F
Hawarden Bridge, Flintshire
2 August 1990

Highest (Scotland)
32.9°C
91.2°F
Greycrook, Scottish Borders
9 August 2003

Highest (Northern Ireland)
30.8°C
87.4°F
Knockarevan, County Fermanagh
30 June 1976

Shaw's Bridge, Belfast, County Antrim
12 July 1983

text: Lowest temperature[edit]

text:
°C
°F
Location
Date

Lowest (Scotland)
-27.2°C[1]
-17.0°F
Braemar, Aberdeenshire
11 February 1895 and 10 January 1982

Altnaharra, Sutherland
30 December 1995

Lowest (England)
-26.1°C[1]
-15.0°F
Newport, Shropshire
11 January 1982

Lowest (Wales)
-23.3°C
-9.9°F
Rhayader, Powys
21 January 1940

Lowest (Northern Ireland)
-18.7°C
-1.6°F
Castlederg, County Tyrone
24 December 2010

text: Rainfall[edit]

text:
Duration
Level
Location
Date

Highest 5-min total
Approx. 32 mm[1]
Preston, Lancashire
10 August 1893

Highest 30-min total
80 mm
Eskdalemuir, Dumfries and Galloway[2]
26 June 1953

Highest 60-min total
92 mm[1]
Maidenhead, Berkshire
12 July 1901

Highest 90-min total
117 mm[1]
Dunsop Valley, Lancashire
8 August 1967

Highest 120-min total
155 mm[1][3]
Hewenden Reservoir, West Yorkshire
11 June 1956

Highest 155-min total
169 mm[1]
Hampstead, London
14 August 1975

Highest 180-min total
178 mm[1]
Horncastle, Lincolnshire
7 October 1960

Highest 24-hour total (1800-1800)
341.4 mm[1]
Honister Pass, Cumbria
5 December 2015

Highest 24-hour total (0900-0900)
279 mm[1]
Martinstown, Dorset
18 July 1955

Highest 48-hour total (0900-0900)
405 mm
Thirlmere, Cumbria
4 to 5 December 2015

Highest 72-hour total (0900-0900)
456.4 mm
Seathwaite, Cumbria
17 to 19 November 2009

Highest 96-hour total (0900-0900)
495 mm
Seathwaite, Cumbria
16 to 19 November 2009

Highest Monthly Total
1396.4 mm
Crib Goch, Snowdon
1 to 31 December 2015

text: Sunshine[edit]

text:
Duration
Location
Date

Highest monthly total (England)[4]
383.9 hours
Eastbourne, Sussex
July 1911

Highest monthly total (Northern Ireland)[4]
298 hours
Mount Stewart, County Down
June 1940

Highest monthly total (Scotland)[4]
329.1 hours
Tiree, Argyll & Bute
May 1975

Highest monthly total (Wales)[4]
354.3 hours
Dale Fort, Pembrokeshire
July 1955

text: Wind speed[edit]

text:
Ground Level
Wind Speed
Location
Date

mph
km/h
knots

Low level
142
228
123[1]
Fraserburgh, Aberdeenshire
13 February 1989

High level
173
278
150[1]
Cairn Gorm
20 March 1986

text: Shetland holds the unofficial British record for wind speed, which in 1962 was recorded at 177 mph (285 km/h) at RAF Saxa Vord.[5]

text: Atmospheric Pressure[edit]


document_title: Jennifer Jareau

question_text: when did jj come back to criminal minds

question_tokens: when did jj come back to criminal minds

text: Jennifer Jareau

text: Character background[edit]

text: During various episodes, Jareau has described growing up in a small town near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. When she was eleven, her seventeen-year-old sister Rosaline committed suicide[1] by cutting.[2] Rosaline's death was a particularly painful topic for her and she initially chose not to tell her young son about Rosaline, until her mother Sandy reminded her that avoidance was not the solution to dealing with the pain. A high school athlete, Jareau graduated valedictorian[3] from East Allegheny High School, where she was the captain of the varsity soccer team her senior year and earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Pittsburgh. She also attended Georgetown, presumably for graduate studies.

text: JJ decided to join the FBI after attending a book reading by BAU founder and then-Unit Chief Agent David Rossi. She once told Rossi that she had not known what to do with her life until she listened to his reading, which was held in the campus bookstore during her senior year in college. The next fall, she applied to the FBI Academy.

text: Storylines[edit]

text: In the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU), JJ acted as the team's liaison with the media and local police agencies.[4] Though talented and helpful, she was not actually a profiler, having once declined Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner's suggestion to take the necessary classes in behavioral analysis.[5] She works mostly out of the confines of the police stations and field offices the team visits. However, she does accompany the team on raids, and is proficient with firearms. This is made particularly clear when JJ resolves a hostage situation inside the BAU by killing the hostage-taker, Jason Clark Battle, with a single shot (Battle is a serial perpetrator of hero homicide, who lured Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia onto a date, and then shot her, in an attempt to keep his crimes from being discovered). During season six, JJ is given a promotion to the Pentagon; however, she returns in season seven as a full-time profiler, having received the necessary training. In season 9 ("200"), she is then kidnapped, and it is revealed that her year as the DOD Liaison at the Pentagon was a cover story. It turns out she was on a task force in Afghanistan, in search for Bin Laden. The team saves her, and in season 10, it is revealed she has PTSD, and hasn't been dealing with her ordeal being tortured when she was kidnapped, as well as 2 main events that happened when she was in Afghanistan, one of which includes her having a miscarriage, after a convoy was attacked. She tries to work through it with the help of Reid, who calls her on it when she disappears into the morgue one day, for almost a half-hour, after seeing herself on the table, in place of the victim.

text: Promotion to Pentagon and brief return[edit]

text: It is revealed in "JJ", that JJ had twice rejected a promotion to The Pentagon and hid the offers from her superiors. However, she is finally forced to transfer by "the brass."[6] JJ's departure reflects that Cook was let go at the beginning of season six, for financial reasons relating to the premiere of the spin-off Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior.[7] JJ's time at the Pentagon was revealed in depth in season nine.

text: Cook later returned for the departure of Paget Brewster (Agent Emily Prentiss).[8] In the episode titled "Lauren", JJ receives a call and returns to help the BAU find Emily and capture Ian Doyle. The episode ends with Emily presumed dead after being stabbed with a broken chair leg in the stomach. It is later revealed that Emily is alive and in Paris with JJ's help, providing her passports from three different countries and a bank account in each "to keep her comfortable". In the season six finale, JJ returns in order to tell David Rossi that she is "coming back".

text: In "200", it was revealed that JJ's transfer was a backstop and that she was actually put on a task force in the Middle East with Mateo Cruz (who later became the section chief of the BAU following Strauss's death). During this time, she witnessed a mission she had pushed for fail and discovered one of the task force's informants dead. In February 2011, while overseas, she discovered that she was pregnant. However, in April 2011, following the events of "Lauren", during an attack on the task force, she was wounded and miscarried the baby. She didn't initially tell Will of the pregnancy, and it remained a secret between her and Cruz. In "The Forever People", when she starts showing signs of PTSD, Reid calls her on it, and he tries to help her and talk to her. She eventually admits she had a miscarriage due to the attack on her convoy, and asks him to keep it between them.

text: Return to the BAU[edit]

text: The season seven premiere reveals that JJ has returned to the Behavioral Analysis Unit, having received the training to become a full-time profiler, instead of the Media Liaison, a position which has been split between Hotch and Garcia.

text: She is initially against summoning Prentiss "back from the dead," but Hotch insists on telling the team the truth. Also, she learns Reid is emotionally hurt by her deception, as she knew he cried for ten weeks after losing Prentiss and she never said a word, and Reid revealed he considered taking Dilaudid again.

text: In season nine, the events during her departure in 2010–11 returned when Mateo Cruz was promoted to Section Chief. In "The Road Home", while waiting to meet Cruz, she is suddenly kidnapped. In "200", it is revealed that she was kidnapped by a man named Tivon Askari, who was a traitor in the task force, in order to access files from her mission in the Middle East. She was held hostage alongside Cruz and was tortured into giving up the code. She discovered that Askari was not working alone when he mentioned her miscarriage, revealing the true enemy to be Michael Hastings, a man she worked with on the task force. He threatened to rape JJ in order to get Cruz to give up his access code. She is rescued by Hotch and Prentiss, and she proceeds to chase after Hastings. Prentiss accompanies her and they both take on Hastings, resulting in Hastings falling off a roof to his death. JJ is left traumatized by the situation and promises to stop the lies and give only the truth.

text: A year after her kidnapping and torture, she starts experiencing PTSD, something that Reid notices. When she is confronted by him, she asks him to provide a term to describe her situation, saying that it's more than PTSD. She breaks down and reveals the source of her PTSD to be Tivon Askari and reveals her miscarriage to Reid. She later takes an extremely large risk against an UnSub in a room with a gas leak, which could have resulted the deaths of herself, the UnSub, and a hostage. Reid approaches her in the BAU to tell her that while he couldn't find a term to describe JJ's condition, he called Emily and managed to obtain Askari's file, revealing his background of his life on the streets of Tikrit, Iraq, and his criminal background. JJ unknowingly hallucinates Askari in the room with her. He taunts her and tells her that he wants to watch her kill herself. He also tells her that he will take her sleep, her smile, and her safety away, as well as change her so that her husband and son won't even recognise her. He explains that the memories will eventually take away everything she holds dear, but JJ snarls a harsh "No" to Askari before realizing it was all a hallucination.

text: Relationships and family[edit]

text: Prior to her courtship and marriage to Will, JJ displayed little interest in dating. She once went on a date with Spencer Reid to a Washington Redskins game, but little came of it romantically, although the two became very good friends. In the season 2 episode "Jones", JJ first meets William "Will" LaMontagne, Jr. a NOPD detective whom the team worked with while in New Orleans after a serial killer presumed dead following Hurricane Katrina resurfaces. It is revealed the following season that he and JJ had been seeing each other for the past year but kept it a secret as she wanted to keep her personal life away from the prying eyes of her colleagues, which Will initially misunderstood as her being ashamed of their relationship.[9] When she finally reveals their relationship by kissing him goodbye in her office with the blinds open, it is apparent that her colleagues already knew about them.

text: In "The Crossing",[10] JJ told Will that she was pregnant with his child. He later asked her to marry him, and indicated that he was willing to give up his detective's shield in order to help take care of the baby and allow JJ to continue to do her job, though he was worried about her safety and the safety of their child.[11] JJ later told Hotch she had found a temporary replacement for the duration of her maternity leave,[12] and soon after gave birth to a baby boy named Henry. Will transfers to the MPDC, and the family live together in Washington.[13] In later seasons, toddler Henry is portrayed by actress A. J. Cook's real-life son Mekhai Andersen. JJ and Will named Reid and Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia as Henry's godparents. When JJ returned from maternity leave, she and Will had exchanged rings with Henry's birthstone, but did not seem to be officially engaged, as she wore her ring on her right hand, not the left. In the season seven finale, JJ tearfully asked Will to propose to her again, and they married the following evening in a small ceremony in David Rossi's backyard.

text: Characterization[edit]

text: JJ is very loyal to her family and friends, as well as very protective. She is also known to be a crack shot. This was demonstrated in many episodes such as "Nanny Dearest" by shooting a fleeing suspect in the head at a faraway distance. In "Revelations", she killed numerous flesh eating dogs in a dark barn. In "Penelope", she kills Garcia's attacker by shooting him directly between the eyes precisely as he turns around to find JJ behind him. Despite her petite frame, she is very athletic and has shown herself to be able to hold her own even if disarmed. In the season 7 finale, she manages to physically fight off a stronger and taller suspect who had tried to kill Will and took their son Henry hostage. She is best friends with Spencer (and is the only one who calls him "Spence"), Penelope, and Emily.

text: Fears and obsessions[edit]

text: In "The Boogeyman", JJ reveals that she is afraid of the woods. When agents Derek Morgan and Dr. Spencer Reid ask her why, she tells them a chilling story about working as a summer camp counselor and discovering her boss's murdered body in his cabin. After telling the story, she admits she was joking, and says she doesn't know why she is afraid of the woods. In the same episode, JJ also states that she has a niece who, at the time, is about 8 years old.

text: When she and Reid unexpectedly came across serial killer Tobias Hankel in the episode "The Big Game", and split up to apprehend the suspect, JJ walked into a dark barn and was attacked by several attack dogs. Although JJ shot and killed the dogs, saving her own life, Reid was abducted by Hankel in the meantime, and would later be tortured and almost killed by Hankel before the BAU team was able to rescue him. After this traumatic experience, it appears that JJ developed a fear of dogs.

text: In the episode "Penelope", it's announced that JJ has never shot someone until she shot the man who had attempted to kill, and who continued to threaten the life of, Penelope Garcia.

text: She also seems to have a slight obsession with Cheetos. She can be seen eating them often, and it was implied that her online Scrabble handle was "Cheeto-breath" when she was playing Emily (who was hiding in Paris at the time).

text: In "Mr. Scratch", JJ tells Hotch that her worst fear as a child was being separated from her parents.


document_title: Total Drama World Tour

question_text: who wins season 3 of total drama island

question_tokens: who wins season 3 of total drama island

text: Total Drama World Tour

text: Plot[edit]

text: As with the previous seasons, fifteen returning contestants and three new ones (Alejandro, Sierra, and Blaineley) partake in an elimination-based competition for the grand prize of C$1,000,000, led by series host Chris McLean (Christian Potenza).

text: In this season, contestants are taken around the world throughout international based challenges and are required to break into song whenever Chris rings a special chime, or face instant elimination. There are 30 songs in total, and every episode takes place in a different location.

text: As the contestants are eliminated, they take the "Drop of Shame"[3] by parachuting out of the plane in which the elimination ceremonies take place. When eliminated, they lose the chance at the million dollars (though such an elimination may not be permanent).[3]

text: The winner of Total Drama World Tour is Alejandro in Canada, while Heather is the runner-up. However, in the American version and iTunes version, Heather is the winner. Beth, Eva, Geoff, Justin, Katie, Sadie, and Trent do not return to compete; instead, they appear on the aftermath special, sitting in the peanut gallery and on the last episode while cheering for the finalists, Alejandro and Heather.

text: However, as stated multiple times in following seasons, there was never any clear winner, as the money was thrown into a volcano by Ezekiel, making the money burn into ashes. This is the second season (first being Total Drama Island) in the series where no contestant wins anything.

text: This season's entire plot structure and elements is expanded into a related series called Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race which aired in 2015. This series also takes place around the world and also features eighteen competitors (teams) like Total Drama World Tour, however whereas World Tour was still organized like Survivor, The Ridonculous Race was based on The Amazing Race.[4]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Total Drama World Tour is a Canadian animated television series which premiered on June 10, 2010 at 8:30 p.m. EST on Teletoon and it premiered on June 21, 2010 at 9:00 p.m. EST on Cartoon Network. It aired on ABC3 at 6:40 a.m. in Australia.

text:
Season
Episodes
Country
Network
First air date
Last air date

3
26[5]
Australia
ABC3
July 28, 2010
September 1, 2010

Canada
Teletoon
June 10, 2010
April 24, 2011

United States
Cartoon Network
June 21, 2010
November 15, 2010

text: Characters[edit]

text: Staff[edit]

text:
Character
Voice actor
Description

Chris McLean
Christian Potenza
Chris returns as the host of Total Drama Island.

Chef Hatchet
Clé Bennett
Hatchet returns as the cook and co-host of the series.

Blaineley
Carla Collins
Blaineley is the co-host of the Total Drama Aftermath segment of the show. She has waist-length blonde hair and blue eyes, and typically wears a red dress. She is obsessed with gossip and fame, and wants more than anything to obtain a "juicy" story and attempts to delve into topics that could potentially cause a scandal. Prior to World Tour, she co-hosted the show Celebrity Manhunt with Josh as featured on the Total Drama Action special. On Aftermath, she demonstrates she is conceited, mean, and willing to do whatever it takes to remain in the spotlight, which led her to clash with the other two co-hosts, Bridgette and Geoff. When she takes it too far by kidnapping Bridgette and sending her to Siberia, Geoff gets his revenge by making Blaineley a contestant in World Tour.

text: Contestants[edit]

text: The contestant pool consists of 15 characters from the previous Total Drama seasons, and 2 new characters, Alejandro and Sierra. Midway through the season, Blaineley was brought on to compete, but was quickly eliminated.

text:
Contestant
Voice actor
Nickname
Description

Alejandro
Marco Grazzini
The Arch Villain
Alejandro is one of the two newcomers to the series. On the surface, he appears to be a polite, dashing, charming gentleman, but underneath he is dark and twisted. He is known to use his charm and exceptional persuasion to advance him further in the game and is responsible for the eliminations of the majority of the contestants. Alejandro is very proud of his Hispanic heritage and has been shown to possess a large quantity of skills ranging from hypnotism to speaking several languages, thanks to his highly successful family. He has secret romantic feelings for Heather.

Bridgette
Kristin Fairlie
The Surfer Girl
Bridgette is a calm, compassionate surfer girl who had co-hosted the Aftermath sessions in Total Drama Action with her boyfriend Geoff. Her relationship with Geoff is briefly strained in World Tour due to being manipulated by Alejandro into cheating on him, but they eventually make up and become a couple again. Due to her early elimination in World Tour, she becomes a co-host of Aftermath once again, but her presence is challenged by one of the new co-hosts, Blaineley.

Cody
Peter Oldring
The Geek
Cody is a tech-savvy geek, who sees himself as a ladies' man instead of a nerd. He has a large crush on Gwen and thinks he has a better shot with her after she broke up with Trent, but ends up on the receiving end of a major fixation when his biggest fangirl, Sierra, joins his team and won't leave his side.

Courtney
Emilie-Claire Barlow
The Type A
Courtney is a perfectionist who desires to be best at everything, and sees herself as a born leader. Her desire for success often clashes with her own principles and can come off as being quite bossy and critical, which leads her to be disliked by many contestants. In World Tour, her relationship with Duncan was ruined when he chose Gwen over her, causing her to obsess over getting revenge on the two.

DJ
Clé Bennett
The Brickhouse With Heart
DJ is a very soft-spoken and sensitive guy who is compassionate and kind to those around him despite his intimidating size. During World Tour, DJ is seemingly cursed by a broken dog statue in Egypt which causes him to accidentally hurt any nearby animal much to his sorrow.

Duncan
Drew Nelson
The Delinquent
Duncan is a crafty juvenile delinquent who knows many tactics from his time spent in juvenile detention centers. In the first episode, he quits the show after getting sick of Courtney and Gwen arguing and the new rule where the contestants have to sing. Despite his exit, Chris sent a team out to find him to return to the show due to his popularity, and he is eventually returned and forced to compete thanks to Courtney and Gwen. Despite his strong relationship with Courtney, he decides to cheat on her with Gwen, forming an intense love triangle between the three.

Ezekiel
Peter Oldring
The Home Schooled Guy
Ezekiel is a naïve country boy who was homeschooled at his farm. His lack of interaction with other kids has left him with incredibly poor social skills. After being eliminated first on Total Drama Island, Ezekiel enters the third season boasting with confidence that he'll win much to the annoyance of everyone. Despite his intentions, he ends up being voted off first once again, but manages to grab hold of the wings and hide on the plane cargo to secretly stay in the competition. Over time, this has a drastic effect on his humanity and sanity, greatly altering his physical appearance into a green, clawed, bald, crazy, and deformed creature who is no longer capable of speaking and attacks anybody he considers a threat.

Gwen
Megan Fahlenbock
The Goth
Gwen is a goth girl whose interests lie in art and astronomy. After her break-up with Trent the previous season, Gwen starts showing romantic feelings towards Duncan, leading to a large conflict between her and Courtney.

Harold
Brian Froud
The Dweeb
Harold is a skinny, awkward-looking guy who takes pride in his knowledge, resourcefulness, and "Mad Skills" in subjects like filming and beatboxing. He has a large crush on Leshawna and continually tries to impress her.

Heather
Rachel Wilson
Queen Bee
Heather competes with her sights solely on the prize money and not on making friends, using others at her advantage and only being kind when she may ultimately be benefited. In World Tour, she finds her true rival in the form of Alejandro, who throws her off her game because of her hidden romantic feelings towards him. Despite this, Heather remains a strong enough competitor to make it to the Finale to compete against Alejandro.

Izzy
Katie Crown
The Psycho Hose Beast
Izzy is seen as one of the show's craziest contestants. She is fun but hard to handle and to the other contestants, more trouble than she is worth. Izzy has extraordinary athletic and fighting abilities, and also sticks herself to the wild environment. She is forced to withdraw early in the season due to a head injury causing her to become highly intelligent, which also led her to break up with Owen. In one of the Aftermaths, another head injury turned Izzy back to her former self.

Leshawna
Novie Edwards
The Sister With 'Tude
Leshawna is loyal and sassy, yet also can be affectionate and caring. If shown respect, she will reciprocate it indefinitely. Leshawna tells it like it is, and has no fear whatsoever of calling people out on their mistakes. However, she is not one to be messed with, and will not hold back on someone who has wronged her.

Lindsay
Stephanie Anne Mills
The Dumb Princess
Lindsay is described as being beautiful, but not vain. While Lindsay is one of the prettiest one on the show and is spoilt silly by her father, she is kind hearted and is able to make friends with almost everyone. However her lack of intelligence often leads to her downfall. In World Tour, she has a difficult time remembering her boyfriend, Tyler, despite Tyler competing on this season with her.

Noah
Carter Hayden
The Schemer
Noah comes off as being sarcastic, cynical, and lazy to most. He is extremely intelligent, but finds physical activity as laughable as the ridiculous antics of some of his peers. His attitude has a tendency to repel friendships although he finds his best ally in Owen.

Owen
Scott McCord
The Party Guy
Owen is a huggable, upbeat, fun-loving, friendly, passionate, and optimistic competitor, who is basically in Total Drama to have fun more than win the grand prize. Owen's three biggest loves are eating, having a good time and passing a large amount of gas. Among his peers, he is arguably the most popular contestant of all time for his cheerful ways, optimistic viewpoints no matter what the situation is, and ability to see the best in other people. He annoys Alejandro by continuously calling him "Al" (Which Alejandro hates because his older brother calls him that), and becomes wary of his activities after Noah is eliminated.

Sierra
Annick Obonsawin
The Obsessive Uber-Fan
Sierra is the show's biggest fan and blogger and one of the two newcomers to World Tour. She is a parody of real life Total Drama fans. She is obsessed with every member of the cast, especially Cody whom she has a huge crush on.

Tyler
Peter Oldring
The Jock
Tyler is a sports fan who loves anything physical. Unfortunately, he is extremely uncoordinated and dim, constantly putting himself and others at risk with his clumsiness. In World Tour, Tyler is desperate for his girlfriend Lindsay to remember him.

text: Other characters[edit]

text: Some characters from the previous Total Drama seasons make an appearance in the special "Aftermath" episodes as well as the finale. They include:

text:
Katie (voiced by Stephanie Anne Mills)
Eva (voiced by Julia Chantrey)
Beth (voiced by Sarah Gadon)
Sadie (voiced by Lauren Lipson)
Trent (voiced by Scott McCord)
Geoff (voiced by Dan Petronijevic)
Justin (voiced by Adam Reid)

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2012)

text: On June 18, 2009, the producers, Fresh TV Inc. told Teletoon to order new Total Drama episodes for an upcoming third season.[1] This season was to be called Total Drama: The Musical when it first entered production. Keith Oliver and Chad Hicks (two new writers) directed this new season while two new voice actors, Marco Grazzini and Annick Obonsawin had to be hired if they wanted to voice the two new characters, Alejandro and Sierra. The season's title was later changed to the current title, Total Drama World Tour in 2010 due to the singing no longer being the main focus for this season.

text: Episode finale variations[edit]

text: The show's producers create two alternate endings for the final episode, such that the winner seen in one country's broadcasts is the runner-up in other countries (and vice versa) where the show airs. Heather was shown as the first winner when Australia aired the season for the first time worldwide.[citation needed] Heather was also depicted as the winner in airings from Brazil, Catalonia, France, Israel, Italy, Latin America, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, Portugal, Serbia, Singapore, Spain, and in the United States.[citation needed] Canada then aired Alejandro as the original winner, which was later aired in Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, South Africa, and in Sweden.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Awards and accolades[edit]

text: Total Drama World Tour won numerous awards in 2011, from such outlets as the ToonZone Awards and the KidScreen Awards. At the ToonZone Awards, it won "Best Foreign Series," "Best Music Score on a TV Series," and "Best Voice Actress" for Annick Obonsawin. It was additionally nominated for "Best Original Song" for Oh My Izzy (sung by Scott McCord and Megan Fahlenbock), and "Best Voice Actor" for Carter Hayden.[6] In the 2011 KidScreen Awards, the season won "Best Animated Series," "Best Voice Talent," and "Best Tweens/Teens Program."[7]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Despite the many accolades and the enormous critical acclaim, some events of this season were severely criticized, such as the under-use of characters who had smaller roles in the preceding seasons, and the overuse of characters who had already won a preceding season or, at the very least, made it far into them. Other aspects of the season that had a negative reception were Ezekiel being turned into a feral monster, the constant losing streak of Team Victory and the love triangle between Duncan, Courtney and Gwen. The love triangle was eventually addressed in a video with the show's creators on Christian Potenza's YouTube channel, revealing that the breaking up of Duncan and Courtney was actually a network request, rather than a decision on the creator's part.[8] Total Drama World Tour currently holds an 7.8 on Metacritic, which indicates "generally favorable reviews."[9]

text: Media[edit]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Australia is the only country that released Total Drama World Tour on home video, which was released on a Region 4 DVD. The first part of the season was released in a Collection 1 DVD on April 3, 2013[10] while the second half of the season was released in a Collection 2 DVD on August 7, 2013.[11]

text: Online website[edit]

text: Teletoon hosted a Total Drama World Tour based website starting in 2010 called Total Drama Online where people could play games and earn badges to win prizes, but was only available in Canada.[12] The site was then replaced with universal games available to everyone in 2013, but removed all special features from the site.[citation needed]


document_title: Legal status of tattooing in the United States

question_text: at what age can you get a tattoo in new york

text: In the United States, there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing. However, all 50 states and the District of  Missouri  have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 12 years or older.  This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor cannot enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure.  Most states permit a person under the age of 12 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian, but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission, with the exception of medical necessity (such as markings placed for radiation therapy).

text: In all jurisdictions, individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings, such as refusing any clients under a specific age even with parental consent despite it being legal, or limiting the type and/or location of where they are willing to tattoo (such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body).  They may additionally refuse to perform specific artwork, including if they merely find it inappropriate or offensive, or refuse to work on a client that they suspect may be intoxicated.  Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true, so as to avoid arguments with clients.

text:
Legal Restrictions on Tattooing & Body Modification by State

State

Minimum Age (with parent/guardian consent)

Form of Parent/Guardian Consent

Notes & Exceptions

Intoxicated/Impaired Individuals

Area of Law/Type of Penalty

Licensing & Regulation

Relevant Statute(s) and Rules

Alabama

none specified[1]

informed written consent, signed in presence of the artist/service provider or their agent[1][2]

Ear piercing exempt from Alabama body art laws & rules.[2][3]

cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced[1][2]

Violations of Alabama Tattoo & Body Piercing laws are a class c misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of up to $100 and/or up to 90 days imprisonment for each violation.[4]

Alabama's Department of Public Health licenses Tattoo, body piercing, & body art facilities, and sets standards for their operation.[5]
Individual tattoo artists, piercers, etc. require a permit.[2]

Ala. Code § 22-1-17A[3][6]
State Board of Health rules on Body Art Practices and Facilities.[2]

Alaska

18 (piercing excepted)[7]

parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure[7]

Minors may be pierced with parental consent [7]

no restriction[8]

Alaska Stat. § 08.13.217[7]

Arizona

none specified[9]

parent/guardian must be physically present[9]

Minors can have their ears pierced with the written or verbal consent of a parent/guardian, can have procedures prescribed by a health care provider.[9]

no restriction[9]

Violations are a class 6 felony.[9]

There are no health regulations for tattoo shops in Arizona. [10]

Tattoos. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3721[9]

Arkansas

16[11]

parent/guardian must both give written consent and be physically present[12]

none specified[12]

cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced.[12]

Ark. Stat. Ann. §§ 20-27-1501 et seq.[12]

California

18 (piercing excepted)[13][14]

parent/guardian must be present during procedure

Minors may have their ears pierced with parental consent.[15]  They may be pierced elsewhere with parental consent, but not on their genitals or nipples. Permanent cosmetics are permitted on nipples, when done by a cosmetic technician and with parental consent.[14]

no restriction

Body Art. Cal. Health & Safety Code § 119300 to 119328[6][15]
Cal. Penal Code 653[13]

Colorado

18 Express written consent of parent or guardian[16]

parent/guardian must be present during procedure

Persons who are "noticeably impaired" cannot have body art procedures[16]

Body Artists. Colo. Rev. Stat. § 25-4-2101 to 2103[6]

Connecticut

none specified

permission of parent or guardian[17][18]

Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[17]
Tattooing may only be performed by physicians, or by registered nurses & technicians working under the supervision of a physician.[18]

no restrictions

Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92a,[6][18]
Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92g[6][17]

District of Columbia

18 (ear piercing excepted)[19]

written consent (for ear piercing)[19]

minors may have their ears pierced with written parental consent[19]

no restrictions[19]

Body Artists. DC Code § 47-2853.76d[6][19]

Delaware

18[20]

notarized written consent to the specific procedure[20]

none specified[20]

cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced[20]

Del. Code Ann. Title 11, Ch 5 §1114(a)[6][20]
Del. Code Ann. Title 16, Ch 2 §122(3)(w)[6]

Florida

16[21]

Must be accompanied by parent or guardian who can show proof of guardianship, both parent and minor must present photo ID, and a consent form must be notarized.[21]

for medical or dental purposes by a licensed physician or dentist[21]

no restriction

Fla. Stat. § 381.00787[6]
Fla. Stat. §381.0775 et seq.[6]
Fla. Stat. §381.075[6]

Georgia

18 (body piercing excepted)[22]

For body piercing: prior written consent of parent/guardian[23]

Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[23]
Minors may be body pierced with written parental consent[23]
Physicians and Osteopaths or technicians working under their direct supervision can give minors tattoos or produce scars for "medical or cosmetic purposes."[22]
No one can be tattooed within an inch of their eye socket.[24]

no restrictions

Ga. Code § 31-40-1 to 31-40-10[6]
Ga. Code § 16-12-5[6]
Ga. Code § 16-5-71.1[6]

Hawaii

none specified[25]

written consent of parent/guardian[25]

Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-13[6]
Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-379[6]

Idaho

14[26]

Written informed consent of parent/guardian, executed in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their agent/employee.[26]

Minors can have their ears pierced without parental consent.[6]
Piercing for medical procedures exempt.[6]

no restrictions

Idaho Code § 18-1523 (2004)[6]

Illinois

18 (body piercings excepted)[27]

Written consent of parent/guardian (for body piercings)[27]

Minors cannot be present in places where tattooing or body piercing is done except in the presence of a parent/guardian.[27]
Minors can have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[27]

no restrictions

Ill. Stat. 720 §5/12-10.1[6]
Ill.  Stat. 410 §54/1 t0 54/999[6]

Indiana

none specified[28]

Parent/guardian must both be present during the procedure and provide written permission.[28]

Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[28]

no restrictions

Ind. Code Ann. §35-42-2-7[6][28]
Ind. Code Ann. §16-19-3-4.1[6][29]

Iowa

18[30]

n/a - minors cannot be tattooed[30]

Body piercing is not regulated by state law in Iowa, however county or city laws may regulate it.[31]

no restrictions

Iowa Code §135.37[6]
Iowa Code §135.37[6]

Kansas

16[32]

Parent/guardian must give written consent, written consent must be notarized, and the parent/guardian must be present during the procedure.[32]

Minors may have their ears pierced[33]

no restrictions

Kan. Stat. Ann.  §65-1953[6]
Kan. Stat. Ann.  §65-1940 to 65-1954[6]

Kentucky

16

Parent/guardian must give written, notarized consent.[34]

none (ear piercing also requires written, notarized consent).[35]

Ky. Rev. Stat. §211.760[6]
Ky. Rev. Stat. §194A.050; 211.760[6]

Louisiana

16

Parent or guardian must consent, and their presence during the procedure is required for tattoos, but not for body piercings.[36]

no restrictions

La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §14:93.2[6]
La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 40:2831 et seq.[6]

Maine

18 (piercings excepted)[37]

For body piercings: prior legal consent of parent/guardian.[38]

Maine law does not require parent/guardian consent for ear piercing[39]

no restrictions

Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. Title 32 § 4201-4329[6]

Maryland

none specified[40]

written consent, which must be retained for 3 years.

Piercing of the ear lobe is exempt[41]

no restriction

Health Department Regulations

A license is not required, but any person performing tattooing or piercing must comply with all the relevant health code regulations[40]

COMAR 10.06.01.02 and 10.06.01.06

Massachusetts

18 (except body piercing other than genitalia)[42]

Minors cannot receive tattoo, branding, or scarification at all.  For piercing of areas other than the genitalia, a parent may provide identification and sign the consent document.[42]

Physicians performing for treatment reasons and ear piercing are exempt from regulation.[42]

no restriction

County Health Department regulates body art, but all follow a model regulation set by the state.

Artists must have a permit, and establishments are subject to following specific health department regulations[42]

Model Regulations for Body Art Establishments[42]

Michigan

none specified[43]

Written, informed consent of parent/guardian.  Must be executed (signed) in the presences of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[43]

cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced.[43]

Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.13101 to 333.13112[44]

Minnesota

18 (piercings excepted)[45]

For piercings: presence of parent/guardian and a consent form are both required.[45]

Minors cannot be tattooed.  They can be body pierced, but not in the nipples or genitals.  Branding, scarification, suspension, subdermal implantation, microdermal, and tongue bifurcation are also prohibited for minors.[45]

cannot have any body art procedures.[45]

Minnesota Statutes 146B.07[45]

Mississippi

18

n/a - minors cannot be tattooed

piercing also prohibited except for the outer perimeter or lobe of the ear.

no restriction

Miss.Code Ann. §73-61

Missouri

none specified[46]

For both piercings and tattoos, parent/guardian must sign written consent in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[46]

cannot be tattooed, branded or body pierced.[46]

violations are a misdemeanor, punishable with a fine of up to $500 (more for repeat offenses)[46]

The state  director of the division of professional registration licenses all body artists, and sets rules & regulations for the operation of body art establishments.[47]

Mo. Rev. Stat. §324.520[46]

Montana

none specified[48]

Parent or guardian must give "explicit, in-person" consent.[48] Montana administrative rules also require that the parent/guardian be present throughout the procedure.[49]

cannot be tattooed or body pierced.[49]

A person who tattoos or body pierces a minor without parent/guardian consent is guilty of Unlawful transactions with children, punishable by a fine of up to $500 or six months in county jail, or both.[48]
Other violations of Montana body art laws are a misdemeanor, with punishments ranging from a fine of $50–100 for a first offense to $300 and/or 90 days in county jail for third and subsequent offense.[50]

Montana's Department of Health and Safety licenses and regulates body art establishments.[51] Local health boards may establish their own licensing and regulatory schemes in lieu of the state department's.[52]

Mont. Code Ann. §45-5-623[48]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-101 to 110[53]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-201 to 209[54]

Nebraska

none specified[55]

written consent, must be present during procedure

Piercing does not include the external parts of the ear[56]

No restrictions

Nebraska Revised Statute 38-1008, 38-1009, 38-1010, 38-1011, 38-1060, 38-10,165

Nevada

n/a[6]

n/a[6]

Nevada state law does not regulate tattoos, piercings, or other body art. Regional health districts may regulate the practice.  The southern Nevada Health District, for example, does not allow minors below the age of 14 to be tattooed, and requires a parent or guardian to provide written consent and be present during the procedure for 14- to 18-year-olds.  The southern Nevada district also bans tattoos on those who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[57]

n/a[6]

n/a[6]

New Hampshire

18 (piercings excepted)[58]

For piercings: parent/guardian must both sign written consent and be present during the procedure.

Minors cannot be tattooed or branded.  They may be pierced with parent/guardian consent.[58] Minors may have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[59]

no restrictions

N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 314[6]

New Jersey

none specified[60]

written permission of parent/guardian is required for tattooing and body piercing.[60]

Parent/guardian must be present and sign written consent for ear piercings as well as for body piercing.  Minors cannot have genital piercings even with parent/guardian consent.[61]

no restrictions

no restrictions

no restrictions

N.J. Stat. Ann. §2C:40-21
N.J.A.C. 8:27-1 et seq.
N.J. Stat. Ann. §26-1A-7[6]

New Mexico

none specified[62]

Written consent and presence during the procedure.

Medical procedures by physicians and ear piercing are exempt[63]

no restrictions

Administrative Regulations set by the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists

All body artists are required to be licensed through the state, and are subject to regulations from the Board

Body Art Safe Practices Act. N.M. Stat. Ann. § 61-17B et seq.,[63] N.M. Administrative Code 16.36 et seq.[62]

New York

18 (piercings excepted) [64]

Minors cannot be tattooed with parent/guardian consent. For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent, signed in presence of the body artist or body art establishment owner.[65]

Written parental consent is not required for ear piercings.[66]

no restrictions

New York Public Health Law, Article 4-A[6][65]
N.Y. Public Health Law §460-466[6]
N.Y. Penal Law § 260.21[6]

North Carolina

18 (piercings excepted)[67]

Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent. "Prior consent" of parent/guardian is required for body piercings.[67]

Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[67]

no restrictions

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 130A-283[68]
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-400[69]

North Dakota

none specified[70]

Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure and give written consent.[70]

cannot get tattoos or other body art[71]

N.D. Code §23-01-35[72]
N.D. Code §12.1-31-13[6][70]

Ohio

none specified[73]

Parent/guardian must both sign a consent form and "appear in person at the business at the time the procedure is performed."[73]

none - parent/guardian consent and presence is also required for ear piercings.[73]

no restrictions

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §3730.01 to 3730.99[6][73]

Oklahoma

18 (piercings excepted)[74]

Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent.  For piercings: parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure.[74]

Ear piercing is not governed/restricted by Oklahoma law.[74]
Scleral tattooing is illegal.[74]

cannot be tattooed.[74]

Okla. Stat. Title 21 §842.1, 842.2, 842.3[6]

Oregon

18 (piercings excepted)[75]

For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent and present proof of identity.[76][77]

Minors can only be tattooed with the authorization of a physician.[75]
Scarification and dermal implants are prohibited[78]
Persons with sunburns or skin diseases or disorders cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77]
Minors cannot be pierced on the genitals or nipples, even with parent/guardian consent.[76]
Piercing on testes, deep shaft (corpus cavernosa), uvula, eyelids and sub-clavicle are all prohibited.[77]

cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77]

Violations of Oregon body art laws are a misdemeanor.[79]
Violations of Health Licensing Office rules are fined (various amounts).[80]

Both body artists and body art establishments are licensed by the Oregon Health Licensing Office.[81] With the assistance of a Board of Body Art practitioners, the Health Licensing Office also sets detailed rules and regulations for body art.[82]

Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.350 et seq
Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.401 to 410
Or. Rev. Stat. § 679.500[6]
Health Licensing Office Rules, especially Divisions 900, 905, 915 & 920[82]

Pennsylvania

none specified[83]

parent/guardian must both give consent and be present during the procedure.[83]

no restrictions

Pa. Cons. Stat. Title 18 § 6311[6][83]

Rhode Island

18 (piercings excepted)[84][85]

Minors cannot be tattooed.[84]  For piercings: parent/guardian must both give consent and be present for the procedure.[85]

no restrictions

Tattooing a minor is a criminal offense (misdemeanor), maximum fine $300[84]

Tattooing and body art are regulated by the department of health, artists must be registered.[85]

RI Gen L § 23-1-39[85]
RI Gen L § 11-9-15[84]

South Carolina

18 (piercings excepted)[86][87]

Minors cannot be tattooed.[86] For piercings: parent/guardian must either give written, notarized consent or be present during the procedure.[87]

Head, face, and neck tattoos are illegal.[86]

cannot be tattooed or body pierced[86][88]

Under the Health Code, persons violating restrictions on tattooing and body piercing are guilty of a misdemeanor.  Upon conviction, they may be fined up to $2500 or imprisoned for a year, or both.[86][87]

Tattoo and body piercing facilities are regulated by the Department of Health and Environmental Control.  Tattoo facilities are licensed, body piercing facilities require a permit, and artists must be registered[89][90]

S.C. Code § 44-32-10 to 44-32-120[88]
S.C. Code § 44-34-10 to 44-34-110[91]

South Dakota

none specified[92]

Parent/guardian must sign a consent form.[92]

cannot be tattooed or pierced[93][94]

Tattooing a minor is a class 2 misdemeanor.[95]

Tattooing and Body Piercing are governed by Department of Health rules.[96] Municipalities may set stricter regulations, and have the authority to license body artists.[95]

S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §26-10-19[92]
S.D. Laws § 9-34-17[95]

Tennessee

18 (piercings excepted)[97][98]

For tattoos that cover an existing tattoo (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[97]
For piercings: Parent/Guardian must give written consent, be present during the procedure.[98]

Minors over the age of sixteen may be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo, with parent/guardian consent.[97]

Minors who lie about their age to be tattooed are guilty of a "delinquent act," are required to pay a fine of $50–$250 and serve at least 20 hours of community service.[97]
Tattooing a minor is a class a misdemeanor,[97] breach of body piercing law is a class b misdemeanor.[99]

Tattoo artists and body piercers are licensed by the state department of health, tattoo shops require a certificate from the local health department.[100][101]

Tenn. Code §§ 62-38-201-310[102]

Texas

18 (piercings excepted)[103][104]

For body piercings and for covering existing tattoos (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/guardian must be present during procedure, sign an affidavit[103][104]

Ear piercing is exempt from body piercing statutes[105]
Minors may, with parent/guardian consent, be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo that has offensive, gang-related, or drug-related content, or "other words, symbols, or markings that the person's parent or guardian considers would be in the best interest of the person to cover"[103]
Tongue splitting prohibited.[106]

Cannot be tattooed or pierced.[103][107]

Misrepresenting one's age to get a tattoo, or to get a piercing without parental consent, is a class B misdemeanor[103][104]
Violations of Texas tattooing & body piercing statute are a Class A misdemeanor, with each day of violation counting as a separate offense.[108]
Health Commissioner can impose a fine of up to $5000 on artists & shops for each violation[109]

Tattoo artists and body piercers must be registered with the Texas Department of Health[110] Tattoo and body piercing shops must be licensed[111]

Texas Health and Safety Code Ann. §146[112]

Utah

none specified[113]

Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure, give written permission, and provide proof of identity.[113]

Parental consent not required by law for ear piercing[113]

Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class b misdemeanor, shops can be fined up to $1000 for each violation.[113]

Utah Code Ann. §76-10-2201[6]

Vermont

none specified[114]

Tattooists and body piercers must be registered.[114]

Vt. Stat. Ann. Title 26 §4101 to 4109[6][115]

Virginia

none specified[116]

Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[116]

Virginia law does not limit minors' ability to have their ears pierced.[116]

Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class 1 misdemeanor[116]

Tattoo artists and body piercers, as well as the operators of tattoo and body piercing establishments, are licensed by the state.[117][118]
Civic/local governments are empowered to regulate tattoo and body piercing establishments.[119]

Va. Code §54.1-700 et seq.
Va. Code §15.2-912
Va. Code § 18.2-371.3.[6]

Washington

18 (piercings excepted)[120]

cannot have tattoos, body piercings, or other body art.[121]

Wash. Code §26.28.085[120]
Wash. Code § 18.300[122]
Wash. Code § 246-145-001 to 060[123]
Wash. Code §70.54[124]

West Virginia

none specified[125]

parent/guardian must give written consent[125]

All persons receiving a tattoo must attest they are not under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[125]

Tattoo shop owners and body piercing studios must register with local board of health, and must be registered as a business with the state[126][127][128]

W. Va. Code §16-37
W. Va. Code §16-38[129]

Wisconsin

18[130]

n/a (tattooing not permitted under 18)

Physicians in the course of professional practice are exempt

no restriction

Tattooing a minor or even offering to do so is subject to a fine of up to $200

Artists must be satisfy training requirements and obtain a license from the health department. Establishments are subject to inspection and licensing[131]

Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations 948.70 and 252.235

Wyoming

none specified[132]

Verbal consent, presence during procedure.[132]

Procedures performed under the supervision of a licensed physician, and piercing of the ear, do not count as body art for this law.

no restriction[132]

Misdemeanor criminal offense, punishable by fine and prison time[132]

Wyoming Statute §14-3-107[132]