document_title: Overtime (ice hockey)

question_text: when did 3 on 3 overtime start in nhl

question_tokens: when did 3 on 3 overtime start in nhl

root

text: Overtime (ice hockey)

text: Overtime periods[edit]

text: Overtime periods are extra periods beyond the third regulation period during a game, where normal hockey rules apply. Although in the past, full-length overtime periods were played, overtimes today are golden goal (a form of sudden death), meaning that the game ends immediately when a player scores a goal.

tag: p

text: North American overtime[edit]

text: From November 21, 1942,[1] when overtime was eliminated due to war time restrictions and continuing until the 1983–84 season, all NHL regular-season games tied after 60 minutes of play ended as ties. On June 23, 1983, the NHL introduced a regular-season overtime period of five minutes. If the five-minute overtime period ended with no scoring, the game ended as a tie (the World Hockey Association had used a 10-minute regular season overtime period, as had the NHL prior to World War II). In the first games to go to overtime, on October 5, 1983, the Minnesota North Stars and Los Angeles Kings skated to a 3–3 tie, and the Detroit Red Wings and Winnipeg Jets tied 6–6. The first regular-season game decided by overtime was on October 8, 1983, as the New York Islanders beat the Washington Capitals 8–7.[2]

text: In 1987–88 and since 1995, the American Hockey League has awarded teams one point in the standings for an overtime loss (OTL). In 1998, the AHL introduced a rule where teams will play the five-minute overtime period with four skaters and a goaltender, rather than at full strength (five skaters), except in two-man advantage situations. In a two-man advantage situation, the team with the advantage will play with five skaters against three skaters. The rule was popular and adopted by the NHL and ECHL the next season.

text: Alex Ovechkin has the record for most NHL overtime goals with 20.

text: In the Stanley Cup playoffs and in all one-game playoffs, overtime periods are played like regulation periods except for the golden goal rule – in an overtime period, the game ends when one team scores a goal; the teams are at full strength (five skaters, barring penalties), there is no shootout, and each overtime period is 20 minutes with full intermissions between overtime periods. Three of the game's legendary players, Mark Messier (109 playoff goals), Mario Lemieux (77 goals), and Gordie Howe (68 goals) never scored a playoff overtime goal.

text: In many leagues (including the NHL for regular-season games since the 2005–06 season) and in international competitions, a failure to reach a decision in a single overtime may lead to a shootout. Some leagues may eschew overtime periods altogether and end games in shootout should teams be tied at the end of regulation. In the ECHL, regular season overtime periods are played four on four for one five-minute period. In the Southern Professional Hockey League, regular season overtime periods are played three on three for one five-minute period, with penalties resulting in the opponents skating one additional player on ice (up to two additional players) for the penalty for the first three minutes, and a penalty shot in the final two minutes. The AHL, since the 2014–15 season, extended the overtime to seven minutes, with the last three minutes reduced further to three men aside and teams getting an additional skater for each opponent's penalty.[3] The idea of using 3-on-3 skaters for the entirety of a five-minute overtime period for a regular season game was adopted by the NHL on June 24, 2015, for use in the 2015–16 NHL season.[4]

text: International overtime[edit]

text: In IIHF play, rules for overtime depend on the stage of the competition. For a round robin or preliminary round game that goes to overtime, the teams will play a maximum of five minutes of 3-on-3 hockey in the "golden goal" format. If no one scores in the five minute overtime, a three-round shootout will decide the winner. In the case of a playoff game or a bronze medal game, the teams will play a maximum of ten minutes of 4-on-4 hockey in the "golden goal" format. If there is no score in the overtime, a five-round shootout will decide the winner. If the gold medal game of a top category IIHF championship goes to overtime, the teams will play a maximum of twenty minutes of 5-on-5 hockey in the "golden goal" format. If there is no winner after the overtime, a five-round shootout will decide the winner. In all cases, the teams must change ends, and defend the same side that they did in the second period.[5]

text: Shootout[edit]

text: International shootouts[edit]

text: In international competition, shootouts (or more formally, game-winning shots (GWS), and, in some European countries, bullets, or bullits[6][7]), are often used. Each coach selects three skaters from their team to take penalty shots one at a time against the opposing goaltender, with teams alternating shots. Each team gets one shot per round. The winner is the team with more goals after three rounds or the team that amasses an unreachable advantage before then (ex. a team gains a two-goal lead with only one round left). If the shootout is tied after three rounds, tie-breaker rounds are played one at a time (with each team taking one additional shot) until there is a winner.

text: The IIHF first adopted the game-winning-shot procedure in 1992 when a new playoff procedure in the Winter Olympics and World Championships required a winner for each game. At that time, the shootout was five rounds and only used for knock-out games. In 2006, it was reduced to three rounds and used for all games, eliminating the possibility of tied games at IIHF events. Tie-breaker rounds are still used as needed, and the same or new players can take the tie-break shots, which is also done in reverse order.[8] As of May 2016, all IIHF preliminary round games that are not decided by overtime, are decided by a three-round shootout. However, all playoff, bronze medal games and gold medal games of IIHF top level championships (especially the Olympics) are decided by five round shootouts.[5]

text: North American shootouts[edit]

text: Most lower minor leagues (ECHL, Central, UHL) have featured a shootout where, at the end of regulation, a shootout similar to the international tournament format is used.

text: However, in 2000, the ECHL adopted the AHL's four-on-four overtime before the shootout.

text: For the 2004–05 AHL season, the AHL adopted a five-man shootout, which was first used in that league in 1986–87. The standard five-man shootout is used after four-on-four overtime for all minor leagues in North America. The AHL switched to the NHL formatted three-man shootout for the 2014–15 season.[3]

text: The Central Collegiate Hockey Association added the shootout as of the 2008–09 season.

text: Following the lead of minor leagues, as of the 2005–06 season, the NHL ends exhibition and regular season games still tied after a five-minute-length, three-skaters-per-side overtime period (as of the 2015–16 NHL season onwards) with a shootout. The NHL format is a three-round shootout with tiebreaker rounds as needed. All skaters (except goalies) on a team's roster must shoot before any player can shoot a second time. On December 16, 2014 the longest shootout in NHL history went to 20 rounds before Nick Bjugstad of the Florida Panthers scored to defeat the Washington Capitals; the previous record was 15 rounds.[9]

text: The shootout is not used in the playoffs for any North American league. Instead, full 20-minute overtime periods are played until one team scores a goal.

text: In the National Hockey League and American Hockey League All-Star Skills Competitions, the competition ends in a penalty shootout known as the Breakaway Relay.

text: Tactics[edit]

text: Tactics are very important during penalty shots and overtime shootouts for both the shooter and the goalie. Both shooters and goalies commonly consult their teammates and coaches for advice on the opposing player's style of play. Shooters often consider the goalie's strengths and weaknesses (such as a fast glove or stick save), preferred goaltending style (such as butterfly or stand-up) and method of challenging the shooter. Goaltenders often consider the shooter's shot preference, expected angle of attack, a patented move a shooter commonly uses and even handedness of the shooter.

text: Most shooters attempt to out-deke the goalie in order to create a better scoring chance. Former Detroit Red Wings forward Pavel Datsyuk and New York Rangers forward Martin St. Louis are examples of players who commonly use this tactic. However, it is not uncommon for a shooter to simply shoot for an opening without deking. This is commonly referred to as sniping. This is most commonly performed when a goalie challenges a shooter by giving them an open hole (by keeping a glove, pad or stick out of position or being out of sound goaltending position altogether to tempt the shooter to aim for the given opening). Former NHL forwards Markus Näslund and Brett Hull are two players commonly referred to as snipers. Very rarely a shooter may take a slapshot or wrist shot from the point or top of the slot. This is almost exclusively performed when a shooter either has a high level of confidence in their shot or they attempt to catch the goalie by surprise. Retired player Brian Rolston, Detroit Red Wings winger Todd Bertuzzi, Philadelphia Flyers defenseman Chris Pronger, and Vancouver Canucks winger Daniel Sedin have all used this tactic with success.

text: List of notable overtime games[edit]

text: The longest overtime game in history was an in Norwegian GET-ligaen. The game ended after 157:14 of overtime, in the 8th overtime period.

text: NHL[edit]

text: This is a list of all National Hockey League (NHL) overtime games that went into at least three overtimes (winning team is bold).

text:
Overtime
Overtime length
(min:sec)
Away Team
Score
Home Team
Date
Scorer
Arena

1.
6th
116:30
Detroit Red Wings

1–0

Montreal Maroons
March 24, 1936
Mud Bruneteau
Montreal Forum

2.
6th
104:46
Boston Bruins

0–1

Toronto Maple Leafs
April 3, 1933 †
Ken Doraty
Maple Leaf Gardens

3.
5th
92:01
Philadelphia Flyers

2–1

Pittsburgh Penguins
May 4, 2000
Keith Primeau
Mellon Arena

4.
5th
80:48
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim

4–3

Dallas Stars
April 24, 2003
Petr Sykora
American Airlines Center

5.
4th
79:15
Pittsburgh Penguins

3–2

Washington Capitals
April 24, 1996
Petr Nedved
USAir Arena

6.
4th
78:06
Dallas Stars

4–5

Vancouver Canucks
April 11, 2007
Henrik Sedin
General Motors Place

7.
4th
70:18
Toronto Maple Leafs

3–2

Detroit Red Wings
March 23, 1943
Jack McLean
Detroit Olympia

8.
4th
69:03
San Jose Sharks

1–2

Dallas Stars
May 4, 2008 †
Brenden Morrow
American Airlines Center

9.
5th[10]
68:52
New York Rangers

1–2

Montreal Canadiens
March 28, 1930
Gus Rivers
Montreal Forum

10.
4th
68:47
New York Islanders

3–2

Washington Capitals
April 18, 1987 †† (See page)
Pat LaFontaine
Capital Centre

11.
4th
65:43
New Jersey Devils

0–1

Buffalo Sabres
April 27, 1994
Dave Hannan
Buffalo Memorial Auditorium

12.
4th
61:09
Montreal Canadiens

3–2

Detroit Red Wings
March 27, 1951
Maurice Richard
Detroit Olympia

13.
4th
60:40
New York Americans

3–2

New York Rangers
March 27, 1938
Lorne Carr
Madison Square Garden

14.
3rd
59:32
New York Rangers

4–3

Montreal Canadiens
March 26, 1932
Fred Cook
Montreal Forum

15.
3rd
59:25
Boston Bruins

2–1

New York Rangers
March 21, 1939
Mel Hill
Madison Square Garden

16.
3rd
57:34
Dallas Stars

3–2

Edmonton Oilers
April 27, 1999 †
Joe Nieuwendyk
Skyreach Centre

17.
3rd
56:12
Chicago Blackhawks

3–2

Anaheim Ducks
May 19, 2015
Marcus Krüger
Honda Center

18.
3rd
55:13
Edmonton Oilers

3–2

Boston Bruins
May 15, 1990*
Petr Klima
Boston Garden

19.
3rd
54:51
Dallas Stars

2–1

Buffalo Sabres
June 19, 1999** †
Brett Hull
Marine Midland Arena

20.
3rd
54:47
Detroit Red Wings

3–2

Carolina Hurricanes
June 8, 2002*
Igor Larionov
Raleigh Entertainment & Sports Arena

21.
3rd
54:41
New York Rangers

2–1

Washington Capitals
May 2, 2012
Marian Gaborik
Verizon Center

22.
3rd
53:54
Philadelphia Flyers

3–2

Toronto Maple Leafs
April 16, 2003
Mark Recchi
Air Canada Centre

23.
3rd
53:50
Chicago Blackhawks

3–2

Montreal Canadiens
April 9, 1931*
Cy Wentworth
Montreal Forum

24.
3rd
52:12
Montreal Canadiens

1–2

Chicago Blackhawks
March 26, 1961
Murray Balfour
Chicago Stadium

25.
3rd
52:08
Boston Bruins

3–4

Chicago Blackhawks
June 12, 2013*
Andrew Shaw
United Center

26.
3rd
51:49
Detroit Red Wings

2–1

Montreal Canadiens
April 1, 1937
Hec Kilrea
Montreal Forum

27.
3rd
51:43
Chicago Blackhawks

2–2[11]

Montreal Canadiens
March 26, 1930
Howie Morenz
Montreal Forum

T28.
3rd
51:12
Tampa Bay Lightning

1–2

New Jersey Devils
May 2, 2003 †
Grant Marshall
Continental Airlines Arena

T28.
3rd
51:12
San Jose Sharks

3–4

Nashville Predators
May 5, 2016
Mike Fisher
Bridgestone Arena

30.
3rd
50:02
Chicago Blackhawks

2–1

Calgary Flames
April 23, 1996 †
Joe Murphy
Canadian Airlines Saddledome

31.
3rd
49:57
Pittsburgh Penguins

4–3

Detroit Red Wings
June 2, 2008*
Petr Sykora
Joe Louis Arena

32.
3rd
48:00
New York Rangers

1–2

Boston Bruins
April 2, 1939
Mel Hill
Boston Garden

33.
3rd
47:37
New Jersey Devils

3–4

Montreal Canadiens
April 24, 1997
Patrice Brisebois
Molson Centre

34.
3rd
47:06
Ottawa Senators

4–3

Pittsburgh Penguins
April 22, 2010
Matt Carkner
Mellon Arena

35.
3rd
46:21
Dallas Stars

1–0

New Jersey Devils
June 8, 2000*
Mike Modano
Continental Airlines Arena

36.
2nd[12]
45:35
Boston Bruins

2–1

Montreal Maroons
March 20, 1930
Harry Oliver
Montreal Forum

37.
3rd
44:52
Montreal Canadiens

1–2

Detroit Red Wings
March 22, 1949
Max McNab
Detroit Olympia

38.
3rd
44:33
Colorado Avalanche

3–2

Chicago Blackhawks
May 8, 1996
Joe Sakic
United Center

39.
3rd
44:31
Colorado Avalanche

1–0

Florida Panthers
June 10, 1996** †
Uwe Krupp
Miami Arena

40.
3rd
44:30
Ottawa Senators

2–3

Toronto Maple Leafs
May 4, 2002
Gary Roberts
Air Canada Centre

41.
3rd
44:03
Tampa Bay Lightning

2–1

Washington Capitals
April 20, 2003 †
Martin St. Louis
MCI Center

42.
3rd
43:18
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim

2–1

Detroit Red Wings
April 10, 2003
Paul Kariya
Joe Louis Arena

43.
3rd
43:00
Toronto Maple Leafs

5–4

Detroit Red Wings
March 27, 1960
Frank Mahovlich
Detroit Olympia

44.
3rd
42:28
Vancouver Canucks

5–4

Calgary Flames
April 17, 2004
Brendan Morrison
Pengrowth Saddledome

45.
3rd
42:24
San Jose Sharks

2–3

Edmonton Oilers
May 10, 2006
Shawn Horcoff
Rexall Place

46.
3rd
42:20
Montreal Canadiens

1–0

Detroit Red Wings
March 29, 1951
Maurice Richard
Detroit Olympia

47.
3rd
41:31
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim

2–3

Detroit Red Wings
May 4, 1997
Vyacheslav Kozlov
Joe Louis Arena

48.
3rd
41:19
Chicago Blackhawks

2–3

New York Rangers
April 29, 1971
Pete Stemkowski
Madison Square Garden

49.
3rd
41:15
Anaheim Ducks

4–3

Detroit Red Wings
May 3, 2009
Todd Marchant
Joe Louis Arena

50.
3rd
41:00
Nashville Predators

2–3

Chicago Blackhawks
April 21, 2015
Brent Seabrook
United Center

51.
3rd
40:26
Chicago Blackhawks

3–4

St. Louis Blues
April 17, 2014
Alexander Steen
Scottrade Center

tag: table

text: Notable NHL playoff overtime games[edit]

text:
March 24, 1936: The Detroit Red Wings' Mud Bruneteau ends the longest Stanley Cup playoff game to date, scoring the game's only goal in a 1–0 victory over the Montreal Maroons. The goal comes at 16:30 of sextuple overtime for a total of 176:30 of game play. It is also the longest NHL ice hockey game ever played. The game is a mere 3:30 short of the equivalent of playing three games back-to-back-to-back.
February 4, 1939: The Boston Bruins' Mel Hill scores his third overtime goal of the Bruins' Stanley Cup semi-final series against the New York Rangers, setting an unsurpassed (as of now) NHL record for most overtime goals in a single playoff series, earning him the nickname thereafter of "Sudden Death" Hill. The series itself involves four overtime games, two of which go to triple overtime.
April 23, 1950: Pete Babando scores at 8:31 of double overtime to give the Detroit Red Wings a 4–3 win in the seventh game of the 1950 Stanley Cup Finals over the New York Rangers. It is the first time that a seventh game of a Final series goes to overtime.
April 21, 1951: Bill Barilko scores at 2:53 of overtime to give the Toronto Maple Leafs a 3–2 win in the fifth game of the 1951 Stanley Cup Finals over the Montreal Canadiens. All five games in the series need to have overtime to be decided.
April 16, 1954: Tony Leswick's shot hit Montreal Canadiens' defenceman Doug Harvey's glove and went into the net at 4:20 of overtime to give the Detroit Red Wings a 2–1 win in the seventh game of the 1954 Stanley Cup Finals over the Canadiens. No seventh game of a Final series has gone to overtime since.
April 23, 1964: Bobby Baun of the Toronto Maple Leafs nets a game winner against Detroit 1:43 into overtime in game six of the Finals to tie the series 3–all. The goal is notable because Baun broke his ankle earlier in the game. It was frozen and taped, and Baun returned to the ice to score the winning goal.
May 10, 1970: One of the most indelible moments in sports history is the sight of Bobby Orr's "in flight" goal that gave the Boston Bruins a 4–3 win and a four-game sweep of the St. Louis Blues in the Stanley Cup Finals.
May 24, 1980: Bob Nystrom of the New York Islanders scores the Stanley Cup clinching goal at 7:11 of overtime, beating the Philadelphia Flyers in six games for the title.
April 14, 1981: After sitting on the bench for the entire game, Mike Crombeen scored the winning goal at 5:16 of double overtime to give the St. Louis Blues a 4-3 win over the Pittsburgh Penguins.
April 10, 1982: "Miracle on Manchester" – Rookie Daryl Evans gives the Los Angeles Kings a 6–5 win over the Edmonton Oilers at 2:35 of overtime. The Kings had trailed the Oilers 5–0 after the second period of game three of the Smythe Division Semi-final. This still remains the largest single game playoff comeback in NHL history.
May 5, 1986: Doug Wickenheiser's overtime goal gives the St. Louis Blues a 6–5 win over the Calgary Flames in game six of the Campbell Conference Final. The goal, known as the "Monday Night Miracle", caps a 5–2 comeback and makes it more impressive that the three goals needed to tie the game were scored in the last ten minutes of the third period.
May 18, 1986: A Brian Skrudland goal ends the shortest overtime in NHL history at just nine seconds. The winning goal gives the Montreal Canadiens a 3–2 victory over the Calgary Flames in game two of the 1986 Stanley Cup Finals.
April 18, 1987: "Easter Epic" – Pat LaFontaine of New York Islanders scores a goal against Washington Capitals at 8:47 of quadruple overtime which ends the longest game seven in NHL playoff history. Islanders goaltender Kelly Hrudey makes a record 73 saves.
May 15, 1990: After hardly playing in overtime, Petr Klima came off the bench late in triple overtime and scored almost immediately to end the longest overtime in NHL Finals history, with 4:47 left. The goal gave the Edmonton Oilers a 3–2 victory over the Boston Bruins to open the 1990 Stanley Cup Finals, setting the stage for the Oilers' fifth cup in seven years.
April 24, 1993: In game four of the Adams division semi-final between the Buffalo Sabres and the Boston Bruins, Sabres forward Brad May scores in overtime to give Buffalo a 6–5 win and sweep the Bruins in the series, four games to none. Due to Buffalo commentator Rick Jeanneret's colorful play call when May scored, this game has been referred to in Buffalo as "May Day".
April to June 1993: After losing in overtime of game one of the Adams division semi-final to the Quebec Nordiques, the Montreal Canadiens go on to win ten consecutive overtime games en route to winning the Stanley Cup. The Habs score another overtime winner the following year against the Boston Bruins, making it eleven consecutive playoff overtime wins.
May 14, 1993: In game seven of the Patrick Division Finals, David Volek who spent most of the season as a healthy scratch, scored the series winning goal to give the New York Islanders a 4-3 victory ending the Pittsburgh Penguins chances at a threepeat.
April 27, 1994: Dominik Hašek of the Buffalo Sabres stops all 70 shots produced by the New Jersey Devils as Dave Hannan scores the lone goal over a sprawling Martin Brodeur at 5:43 of quadruple overtime in game six of the Eastern Conference quarterfinal matchup.
April 30, 1994: Pavel Bure scores 2:20 into double overtime of the seventh game of the opening round of Vancouver's playoff series with Calgary. The win gives the Vancouver Canucks three consecutive overtime wins over the favored Calgary Flames, who squander a 3–1 series lead.
May 27, 1994: Stéphane Matteau scores the game-winning goal at 4:24 of double overtime with a wrap-around, beating Martin Brodeur and the New Jersey Devils in game seven, advancing the New York Rangers to the Stanley Cup Finals (where they would ultimately win it for the first time since 1940). It is Matteau's second goal in double overtime periods of the series.
April 24, 1996: Petr Nedved scores with 44.6 seconds remaining in quadruple overtime to give the Pittsburgh Penguins a 3–2 win over the Washington Capitals to tie their Eastern Conference quarter-final series at two games apiece.
June 6, 1996: Uwe Krupp became the 12th player in NHL history to end the Stanley Cup Finals in overtime, scoring a goal at 4:31 of triple overtime, giving the Colorado Avalanche a 1–0 win and a sweep of the Florida Panthers.
June 19, 1999: Brett Hull scores with 5:09 left in triple overtime of game six to win the Stanley Cup for the Dallas Stars over the Buffalo Sabres. The goal is considered controversial by some fans due to disagreement on if the goal by Hull was legal or not. (see 1999 Stanley Cup Finals).
May 5, 2000: Keith Primeau of the Philadelphia Flyers put a shot over the left shoulder of Pittsburgh Penguins goaltender Ron Tugnutt with 7:59 left in quintuple overtime, ending the longest game since 1936.
June 6, 2000: Jason Arnott scores on Dallas Stars' goalie Ed Belfour in double overtime of game six to give the New Jersey Devils their second Stanley Cup.
April 12, 2007: Roberto Luongo, goaltender for the Vancouver Canucks, wins his first career playoff game while making 72 saves, one shy of Kelly Hrudey's record. The game is the sixth longest ever, going into quadruple overtime. Henrik Sedin scores the winning goal in the Western Quarterfinals, beating the Dallas Stars 5–4 in game 1. The game is Vancouver's longest in history, and the Star's second longest, behind their five-overtime loss to Anaheim in 2003.
May 5, 2008: Brenden Morrow scores on San Jose Sharks goalie Evgeni Nabokov at 9:03 of quadruple overtime in game six of the Western Conference Semi-final between the Sharks and Stars. The game sees an incredible goaltending duel as Nabokov makes 53 saves in the loss while Marty Turco of Dallas makes 61 saves for the win.
June 6, 2008: In game five of the 2008 Stanley Cup Finals, the Pittsburgh Penguins' Petr Sykora told Pierre Maguire of NBC that he would score the winning goal in overtime. At 9:57 of triple overtime, Sykora scored on Detroit Red Wings' goaltender Chris Osgood and sent the series back to Pittsburgh for game six.
June 6, 2010: Patrick Kane of the Chicago Blackhawks shoots a goal past Philadelphia Flyers goalie Michael Leighton 4:10 into overtime of game six of the Stanley Cup Finals to give the Blackhawks a 4–3 win over the Flyers for their first Stanley Cup Championship since 1961.
April 26, 2011: Alexandre Burrows of the Vancouver Canucks scored at 5:22 of overtime past Corey Crawford of the Chicago Blackhawks to win the series 4–3 and the game 2–1, sending the Canucks to the Western Conference Semifinals, avoiding squandering a 3–0 series lead and a 1–0 lead in game seven in the third period.
June 6, 2011: Another Burrows goal ends the second-shortest overtime in NHL history at just eleven seconds. The winning goal gives the Vancouver Canucks a 3–2 victory over the Boston Bruins in game two of the Stanley Cup Finals.
May 25, 2012: Adam Henrique of the New Jersey Devils scored at 1:03 into overtime past Henrik Lundqvist of the New York Rangers in game six of the Eastern Conference Final to send the Devils to the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time since 2003.
May 13, 2013: Patrice Bergeron of the Boston Bruins scored at 6:05 of overtime past James Reimer of the Toronto Maple Leafs to win the series 4–3 and the game 5–4, to send the Bruins to the Conference Semifinals to face the Rangers. It also capped a historic comeback in a game seven, coming back from a three-goal deficit in the third period. With fifty–one seconds to go, they tied the game. The tying goal was also scored by Bergeron. The 2012–13 Boston Bruins became the first team in NHL history to do so in the Stanley Cup playoffs.
June 6, 2013: Andrew Shaw scored with 7:52 left in triple overtime as the Chicago Blackhawks beat the Boston Bruins 4-3 to open the Stanley Cup Finals, ending the fifth-longest game in Stanley Cup Finals history.
June 13, 2014: Alec Martinez scored with 5:17 left in double overtime in game five of the 2014 Stanley Cup Finals, becoming the 16th player to win the Stanley Cup with an overtime goal as the Los Angeles Kings beat the Rangers 3–2, clinching the title 4–1. He became the first player to score two series-clinching playoff overtime goals in the same season since Martin Gelinas in 2004; on June 1, he scored 5:47 into overtime to defeat the Chicago Blackhawks 5–4 in game seven of the Western Conference Finals.
May 13, 2015: Derek Stepan scored with 8:36 left in the first overtime in game seven in the Eastern Conference Second Round against the Washington Capitals to send the New York Rangers to the Eastern Conference Finals. The Capitals also had a 3–1 series lead before losing the final three games and ultimately losing the series.
May 19, 2015: Marcus Kruger scored with 3:48 left in the third overtime in game two of the Western Conference Finals, as the Chicago Blackhawks beat the Anaheim Ducks, 3–2, tying the series at 1–1. This was Anaheim's first playoff loss at home that season and Chicago's longest overtime game to date. Chicago goalie Corey Crawford made 60 saves while defenceman Duncan Keith played seconds shy of 50 minutes on ice. Earlier in the second overtime period, Andrew Shaw used his head to direct the puck into the net, but the goal did not count.
April 24, 2016: John Tavares scored the series-winner with 9:19 left in double overtime in game six of the Eastern Conference First Round as the New York Islanders won a playoff series for the first time since 1993, beating the Florida Panthers 2–1, to win the series 4–2. He beat Roberto Luongo off a rebound of his own shot with a wraparound. It ended the longest home game in Islanders' history. Tavares also scored with 53.2 seconds left in regulation to force overtime. Three of those games in this series have gone to overtime, this and game five needed two.
May 6, 2016: Mike Fisher scored with 8:48 left in triple overtime in game four of the Western Conference Second Round as the Nashville Predators beat the San Jose Sharks, 4–3, to tie the series at two games all. His goal ended the longest playoff game in Predators' history. Joe Pavelski could have won it at 7:34 of overtime, but officials waved it off as he crashed into Pekka Rinne, pinning him down before the puck crossed the goal line.
May 25, 2017: Chris Kunitz scored at 5:09 of double overtime as the Pittsburgh Penguins beat the Ottawa Senators to advance to play the Nashville Predators in the Stanley Cup Finals in winning game seven of the Eastern Conference Finals, 3-2. Sidney Crosby sent a soft backhand pass to Kunitz, whose knuckling shot beat Craig Anderson from the right faceoff circle.
April 13, 2018: The Vegas Golden Knights won their first-ever playoff overtime game when Erik Haula scored with 4:37 left in double overtime to beat the Los Angeles Kings 2–1 to take a 2–0 lead in the Western Conference First Round. Haula made it to the right wing after a James Neal pass, faked his shot, then beat Jonathan Quick with a forehand.
May 7, 2018: Evgeny Kuznetsov scored at 5:27 of overtime as the Washington Capitals eliminated the two-time defending champion Pittsburgh Penguins in game six of the Eastern Conference Second Round to advance to the Conference Finals for the first time in 20 years. Alexander Ovechkin passed the puck back to Kuznetsov, who tapped it away from Sidney Crosby on a turnover before beating Matt Murray between the pads.

tag: ul

text: Swedish hockey[edit]

text: This is a list of the longest games in the highest Swedish leagues.[13]

text:
Overtime
Overtime length
(min:sec)
League
Home Team
Score
Away Team
Date
Scorer

1.
5th
80:41
Play-off to Kvalserien
IF Troja/Ljungby

2–1

Bofors IK
March 20, 2002
Mika Välilä

2.
4th
73:38
Play-off to Division 1
Olofströms IK

3–4

Kristianstads IK
March 7, 1995
Roman Steblecki

3.
4th
68:42
Play-off to Division 1
Osby IK

5–4

Mariestad BoIS HC
February 28, 1993
Jonas Evaldsson

4.
3rd
59:16
Elitserien Semi-finals
Leksands IF

3–2

Färjestad BK
March 23, 1997
Andreas Karlsson

5.
3rd
57:37
Play-off to Kvalserien
IFK Arboga IK

3–2

Bofors IK
March 13, 2002
Fredrik Gustavsson

6.
3rd
52:17
Elitserien Quarterfinals
Timrå IK

2–1

Luleå HF
March 3, 2003
Marcus Åkerblom

7.
3rd
50:55
Play-off to SHL
Karlskrona HK

3–2

AIK
March 19, 2016
Vyacheslav Trukhno

8.
3rd
47:14
Play-off to Division 1
IFK Österåkers IK

4–3

Lidingö HC
March 10, 1996
Mikael Lindqvist

9.
3rd
41:56
Elitserien Finals
Västra Frölunda HC

4–3

Färjestad BK
April 7, 2003
Tomi Kallio

10.
3rd
41:14
Play-off to Kvalserien
Timrå IK

5–4

Huddinge IK
February 26, 1989
Ove Öström

text: KHL[edit]

text: This is a list of Kontinental Hockey League games that went to at least the third overtime.

text:
Overtime
Overtime length
(min:sec)
Home Team
Score
Away Team
Date
Scorer
Ref

1.
5th
82:09
HC CSKA Moscow
1–2
Jokerit
March 22, 2018
Mika Niemi

2.
4th
66:14
Lev Praha
3–4
HC Donbass
March 21, 2014
Andrei Konev
[14]

3.
3rd
58:48
Severstal Cherepovets
3–2
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl
February 25, 2013
Denis Kazionov
[15]

4.
3rd
56:35
Admiral Vladivostok
2–3
Metallurg Magnitogorsk
March 12, 2014
Danis Zaripov
[16]

5.
3rd
49:11
Metallurg Magnitogorsk
2–3
Avangard Omsk
March 15, 2011
Andrei Pervyshin
[17]

6.
3rd
48:54
Traktor Chelyabinsk
1–2
Ak Bars Kazan
March 22, 2012
Danis Zaripov
[18]

7.
3rd
41:39
HC CSKA Moscow
3–2
SKA St. Petersburg
March 28, 2015
Roman Lyubimov
[19]

text: The longest game in Belarusian extraleague is game first of the 2015 Semi-finals on March 7, 2015. Yunost Minsk beat the HK Gomel, 2–1, at Gomel Ice Palace of Sports on a goal by Vitaly Kiryuschenkov at 5:11 of the sixth 20-minute overtime period. Alexander Tsetkovsky was the winning goaltender for the Yunost, making 107 saves.[20][21]

text: Olympics – Men's Gold Medal Game[edit]

text: This is a list of Gold Medal men's games from the Olympics that needed overtime.

text:
Overtime
Overtime length
(min:sec)
Winning country
Score
Losing country
Year
Scorer

1
1st
9:40
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
4-3
 Germany (GER)
2018
Kirill Kaprizov

2
7:40
 Canada (CAN)
3-2
 United States (USA)
2010
Sidney Crosby

text: Olympics – Women's Gold Medal Game[edit]

text: This is a list of Gold Medal women's games from the Olympics that needed overtime.

text:
Overtime
Overtime length
(min:sec)
Winning country
Score
Losing country
Year
Scorer

1
2nd
20:00 (6th round)*
 United States (USA)
3-2
 Canada (CAN)
2018
Jocelyne Lamoureux

2
1st
8:10
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)
2014
Marie-Philip Poulin

text: Czech hockey[edit]

text:
Overtime
Overtime length
(min:sec)
League
Home Team
Score
Away Team
Date
Scorer

1.
3rd
53:51
Extraliga ledního hokeje
HC Mountfield

2–3

HC Vítkovice Steel
March 7, 2013 ††
Peter Húževka

2.
2nd
36:15
Extraliga ledního hokeje
PSG Zlín

3–4

HC Škoda Plzeň
April 21, 2013 **
Martin Straka

3.
2nd
25:09
Extraliga ledního hokeje
HC Sparta Praha

1–2

Bílí Tygři Liberec
April 24, 2016 **
Martin Bakoš

text: DEL[edit]

text: March 22, 2008: Philip Gogulla of the Cologne Sharks ends the longest German hockey game ever and the third longest worldwide, scoring the ninth-overall goal in a 5:4 victory over the Mannheim Eagles. The goal comes 8:16 into the sixth overtime period for a total of 108:16 of overtime. It is the third quarter-final game (best of seven) in the Kölnarena in Cologne in front of an audience of 17,000. The game had begun at 5:30 pm and ends at 12:15 am.

text: Norwegian hockey[edit]

text: March 12, 2017: Joakim Jensen of the Storhamar Ishockey ends the longest hockey game in history, scoring with 2:46 left in octuple overtime for a total of 157:14 of overtime, and 217:14 of hockey played. It was Game 5 of the quarter-finals of the 2016–17 GET-ligaen playoffs against the Sparta Warriors in the CC Amfi. About 1,000 out of the 5,500 people that attended the game watched the entire game. The game started at 18:00 and ended at 2:32 the next morning.[22]

text:
Overtime
Overtime length
(min:sec)
Away Team
Score
Home Team
Date
Scorer
Arena

1.
8th
157:14
Sparta Sarpsborg

1–2

Storhamar Ishockey
March 12, 2017
Joakim Jensen
CC Amfi

2.
4th
67:02
Vålerenga

5–4

Trondheim Black Panthers
March 8, 2003
Joakim Backlund
Leangen Ishall

3.
2nd
45:58
Storhamar Dragons

4–5

Vålerenga
March 28, 2000
Johan Brummer
Jordal Amfi

text: Notable minor league, college and junior overtimes[edit]

text: AHL[edit]

text: The longest game in AHL history is game four of the 2018 Atlantic Division Final on May 9, 2018. The Lehigh Valley Phantoms beat the Charlotte Checkers, 2–1, at Bojangles Coliseum on a goal by Alex Krushelnyski at 6:48 of quintuple overtime. Alex Lyon was the winning goaltender for the Phantoms, making 94 saves.

text:
Longest American Hockey League (AHL) overtime games

Overtime Length
(min:sec)
Away Team
Score
Home Team
Date

1.
86:48
Lehigh Valley Phantoms
2–1
Charlotte Checkers
May 9, 2018

2.
82:58
Philadelphia Phantoms
3–2
Albany River Rats
April 24, 2008

3.
74:56**
Houston Aeros
1–2
Hamilton Bulldogs
May 30, 2003

4.
74:08
Rochester Americans
2–3
New Haven Nighthawks
April 10, 1982

5.
62:42
Syracuse Stars
3–2
Cleveland Barons
April 4, 1938

6.
61:46
Cleveland Barons
2–3
Pittsburgh Hornets
April 14, 1953

7.
60:16
Oklahoma City Barons
2–1
Utica Comets
May 7, 2015

8.
59:47
Providence Reds
2–3
Cleveland Barons
March 28, 1939

9.
53:02
Philadelphia Phantoms
2–1
Norfolk Admirals
April 28, 2004

10.
52:26
Binghamton Senators
2–3
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins
April 25, 2005

11.
50:16
Cleveland Barons
4–3
Springfield Indians
April 4, 1962

12.
47:49
Worcester IceCats
3–4
Hartford Wolf Pack
May 5, 2004

13.
46:15
Pittsburgh Hornets
2–1
Springfield Indians
March 22, 1941

14.
46:00
Worcester IceCats
3–2
Manchester Monarchs
April 22, 2004

15.
45:17*
Nova Scotia Voyageurs
4–3
Maine Mariners
April 11, 1985

16.
44:48**
Cleveland Barons
4–5
Philadelphia Ramblers
April 4, 1939

17.
44:30
Pittsburgh Hornets
3–2
Hershey Bears
March 31, 1951

18.
44:18
Baltimore Clippers
3–4
Rochester Americans
April 16, 1967

19.
44:13
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins
3–4
Manchester Monarchs
May 6, 2015

20.
44:02
Pittsburgh Hornets
2–3
Cleveland Barons
April 3, 1956

text: Canadian Interuniversity Sport – men[edit]

text: The University of New Brunswick Varsity Reds needed 61:53 of overtime (four extra periods) to defeat the Acadia University Axemen 3–2 on February 27, 2011 in game two of a best-of-five AUS semi-final series at Fredericton, New Brunswick. Nick MacNeil scored the game-winner at 11:53 of the seventh period overall.

text: York University Lions and Lakehead University Thunderwolves went to a fourth overtime period (50:13 minutes of overtime) on February 14, 2007 in Thunder Bay, Ontario, to decide a winner in OUA men's playoff hockey action. Lakehead won the game at the 13-second mark of the fourth overtime period.

text: Canadian Interuniversity Sport – women[edit]

text: Morgan McHaffie scored at 17:14 of the sixth overtime period to lead the Queen's Golden Gaels to a 2–1 win over the host Guelph Gryphons in the first game of the best-of-three OUA women's hockey final, March 2, 2011. The game, which lasted 167 minutes and 14 seconds, including 107:14 of extra time, is the longest on record in CIS or NCAA hockey – women's or men's. Winning goaltender Mel Dodd-Moher made 66 saves, while Danielle Skoufranis made 44 saves in a losing cause. It is the longest game ever played sanctioned by Hockey Canada.

text: ECHL[edit]

text:
Overtime Length
(min:sec)
Away Team
Score
Home Team
Date

1.
77:18
Colorado Eagles
2–3
Idaho Steelheads
April 28–29, 2014

2.
66:10
Elmira Jackals
5–4
Trenton Devils
April 10, 2009

3.
64:19
South Carolina Stingrays
4–3
Gwinnett Gladiators
April 6–7, 2012

4.
61:24
Louisiana IceGators
2–3
Greenville Grrrowl
May 5, 2000

5.
55:19
Jackson Bandits
5–4
Louisiana IceGators
April 5, 2002

6.
53:30
Las Vegas Wranglers
3–4
Alaska Aces
May 2, 2006

7.
50:37
South Carolina Stingrays
3–4
Mississippi Sea Wolves
April 13, 1999

8.
48:13
Idaho Steelheads
3–2
Las Vegas Wranglers
April 6, 2011

9.
46:30
Mississippi Sea Wolves
3–4
Pee Dee Pride
May 2, 1999

10.
46:23
Utah Grizzlies
4–3
Fresno Falcons
April 14, 2008

11.
45:47
Hampton Roads Admirals
2–1
Greensboro Monarchs
April 9, 1991*

12.
45:38
Florida Everblades
2–1
South Carolina Stingrays
May 6, 2015

13.
45:30
South Carolina Stingrays
1–0
Toledo Walleye
May 27, 2015**

14.
44:03
Wheeling Nailers
2-1
Reading Royals
May 5, 2016

15.
44:02
Kalamazoo Wings
3–4
Greenville Road Warriors
April 26, 2014

16.
43:07
Toledo Walleye
4-5
Colorado Eagles
May 19, 2017

17.
42:31
Colorado Eagles
5-4
Utah Grizzlies
April 17, 2016

18.
40:36
Idaho Steelheads
0–1
Stockton Thunder
May 5, 2010

text: * Championship Series game.

text: ** Game 7

text: International Hockey League[edit]

text: On May 12, 2008, one of the longest games in IHL history, if not the longest, took place in Fort Wayne, Indiana. It was the seventh game of the Turner Cup Final between the hometown Fort Wayne Komets and Port Huron Icehawks. The game was tied 2–2 through regulation. The first two extra periods solved nothing, but 23 seconds into the third overtime period, at some point after midnight ET, Justin Hodgman scored the winning goal to give the Komets their fifth Turner Cup title. It was the club's first since 1993, and their sixth overall, with their last championship being the Colonial Cup in 2003. The Komets would win again the following year with an easy game five victory at home, which was the first time in franchise history they won back-to-back championships. They would follow up with a third consecutive Turner Cup in 2010, again clinching on home ice, securing a dynasty.

text: VHL[edit]

text: On April 25, 2018, in game 5 of the 2018 VHL finals, SKA-Neva defeated HC Dinamo Saint Petersburg 4-3 in a game that needed 103:36 of overtime to be settled. Svyatoslav Grebinshchikov scored the game-winning goal 3:36 of sextuple overtime.[23]

text: NCAA[edit]

text: The longest game in NCAA hockey history was played on March 6–7, 2015. UMass beat Notre Dame, 4–3, in the Hockey East first-round playoff game after 91:42 of overtime. Shane Walsh scored the winning goal for UMass.[24][25]

text:
Overall game length
(min:sec)
Overtime length
Number of overtimes
Winning team
Score
Losing team
Where it occurred
Date

151:42
91:42
5
UMass
4–3
Notre Dame
Hockey East First Round (Game 1, Best of 3)
March 7, 2015

150:22
90:22
5
Quinnipiac University
3–2
Union College
ECACH Quarter-Finals (Game 1, Best of 3)
March 12, 2010

141:35
81:35
5
Yale University
3–2
Union College
ECACHL First Round (Game 2, Best of 3)
March 4, 2006

129:30
69:30
4
Colorado College
1–0
Wisconsin Badgers
WCHA First Round (Game 2, Best of 3)
March 3, 1997

123:53
63:53
4
St. Lawrence
3–2
Boston University
NCAA East Regional (Second round)
March 26, 2000

121:05
61:05
4
Colgate University
4–3
Dartmouth College
ECAC Quarterfinal (Game 1, Best of 3)
March 14, 2003

text: The longest game in NCAA hockey history was played at Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana on March 6, 2015. UMass beat Notre Dame, 4–3, in the Hockey East first round with 8:18 left in quintuple overtime. Shane Walsh scored the winning goal just after 1:00 am local time. The previous longest was played on March 12, 2010. Quinnipiac University beat Union College, 3–2, in the ECAC Quarterfinals, as Greg Holt scored with 9:38 left in quintuple overtime. The 3rd longest game in NCAA hockey history was played on March 5, 2006. Yale University beat Union College, 3–2, in the ECAC Hockey League first-round playoff game after 81:35 of overtime. David Meckler scored the winning goal with Yale shorthanded.[26]

text: The longest game in NCAA Division III hockey history, and the fourth longest in NCAA history overall, began at 7:05 pm on February 27, 2010 and ended at 12:35 am of the following day. Gustavus Adolphus College beat Augsburg College, 6–5, to advance to the MIAC championship game after 78:38 of overtime. Eric Bigham scored the winning goal.[27]

text: A 2000 NCAA regional final in men's ice hockey between St. Lawrence University and Boston University ended with 63:53 of overtime. Manitoba native and minor hockey buddy of Craig McAulay, Robin Carruthers scored the gwg after four periods of overtime play

text: A March 30, 1991 game between Northern Michigan University and Boston University ended with Northern Michigan earning an 8–7 victory over Boston University. Unlikely hero Darryl Plandowski scores in the third overtime period and fifth hour of play to give the Wildcats the title.

text: A March 8, 1997 game between Colorado College and the University of Wisconsin–Madison ended with Colorado College winning, 1–0, after 69:30.

text: A March 14, 2003 ECAC Quarterfinal game between Colgate University and Dartmouth ended, 4–3 for Colgate, after 61:05 in overtime.

text: On March 26, 2006, the Wisconsin Badgers beat the Cornell Big Red 1–0 at 11:13 into the third overtime at the Midwest Regional Final in the NCAA Tournament at the Resch Center in Green Bay. It was the second-longest NCAA Tournament game in its history and the longest 1–0 game in tournament history. It is currently the ninth-longest game all-time in NCAA Division I history.

text: An March 11, 2007 game between St. Cloud State University and University of Minnesota Duluth during the first round of the WCHA playoffs ended with SCSU winning, 3–2, after 51:33 of overtime. It is the eighth-longest NCAA Division I game in history.

text: In the first round of the 2008 WCHA hockey tournament featuring the fourth-seeded Minnesota State University, Mankato Mavericks hosting the seventh-seeded University of Minnesota Golden Gophers, the Friday and Sunday games both went into double overtime, and the Saturday night game went into one overtime. The Gophers prevailed two games to one in the series, winning Saturday and Sunday.

text: On March 3, 2012, in the first round of the 2012 ECAC Hockey hockey tournament featuring the seventh-seeded Clarkson Golden Knights men's ice hockey team hosting the tenth-seeded RPI Engineers men's ice hockey team, Clarkson beat RPI 4–3 at 13:48 in the third overtime period, after 113:48 of play. It is currently the seventh-longest game all-time in NCAA Division I history.

text: NCAA Women[edit]

text: On March 10, 1996, New Hampshire defeated Providence, 3–2, in an ECAC Women's Championship game after 85:35 of overtime. (This is not an NCAA record, as the NCAA did not officially recognize women's hockey until the 2001 season; however, it stands as the longest women's college hockey game)[28]

text: On March 10, 2007, Wisconsin defeated Harvard, 1–0, in an NCAA Women's Quarterfinal game after 67:09 of overtime at the Kohl Center in Madison WI. Wisconsin went on to win the national championship.

text: On March 10, 2012, Cornell University defeated Boston University, 8–7, in an NCAA Women's Quarterfinal game after 59:50 of overtime at Lynah Rink in Ithaca, New York, surpassing the men's game from the previous night as the longest hockey game to be played at the rink.[29]

text: On March 21, 2010, Minnesota-Duluth defeated Cornell 3–2 in the NCAA championship game, after 59:26 of overtime (119:26 total game time), the longest men's or women's hockey championship game in NCAA history.[30]

text: Canadian Hockey League[edit]

text:
The longest game in Memorial Cup history was played on May 23, 2014 in London, Ontario, where in the semi-final game, Curtis Lazar scored at 2:42 of triple overtime as the Edmonton Oil Kings beat the Val-d'Or Foreurs 4–3 to advance to the championship game. The entire overtime lasted 42:42, the overall game time played was 102:42.
The longest game in WHL & CHL history was played on April 2, 2017 in Victoria, BC, in Game 6 of Round 1 between the Everett Silvertips and Victoria Royals. Cal Babych scored with 8:24 left in quintuple overtime to beat the Royals 3-2 to win the series 4-2. The total game time played was 151:36.
The longest game in QMJHL history was played on April 3, 2016 in Boisbriand, Quebec, where in a first-round game, Philippe Sanche scored with 7:34 left in triple overtime as the Blainville-Boisbriand Armada beat the Val-d'Or Foreurs 3-2 to advance to the quarterfinals. The entire overtime lasted 52:26, the overall game time played was 112:26.

text: 2007 RBC Cup – Canadian Jr A Championship[edit]

text: The semi-final game for the 2007 RBC Cup, saw the host Prince George Spruce Kings taking on the Camrose Kodiaks. The game ended up being the longest game in Royal Bank Cup history at 146 minutes and 1 second. The Spruce Kings broke a 2–2 tie just over six minutes into the fifth overtime period to win 3–2 and clinch a berth in the RBC Cup Final against the Aurora Tigers. Jason Yuel of the Spruce Kings scored the winner while goaltender Jordan White stopped 91 of 93 shots for the victory.

text: OPJHL[edit]

text: On February 10, 2007, the Toronto Jr. Canadiens defeated the Pickering Panthers, 4–3, to take a 2–0 series lead in the first round of the OPJHL playoffs, after 104:32 of overtime. It is the second longest game ever played sanctioned by Hockey Canada.

text: GHJHL[edit]

text: February 1999, the St. Catharines Falcons defeated the Port Colborne Sailors 7–6 to take a 2–1 series lead in the semi-finals of the Golden Horseshoe Jr. B Hockey League Playoffs. Peter Lacey scored 11 minutes into the fifth overtime period, ending the game at 2:18 am. The game started at 7:30 pm. It is the longest junior hockey game sanctioned by Hockey Canada

text: High school[edit]

text: Marquette vs Orchard Lake St Marys went eight overtimes during the Michigan State Ice Hockey Division 1 Championship game before Tournament officials stopped the game in consideration of the health and welfare of the players on March 8, 2008. The 1–1 tie resulted in the two teams being declared co-champions. The game lasted 109 minutes.[31] Ryan Morley Stockton of St. Mary's had a MHSAA-record 58 saves.[32]

text: The longest game in high school history was in a 1996 FCIAC quarterfinal matchup in Darien, Connecticut between archrivals Wilton and Ridgefield that went to a tenth eight-minute overtime period after 45 minutes of regulation (125:00 of hockey). Chris Ludwig of Wilton scored the game-winner while being hauled down in front of the Ridgefield net in the tenth overtime period.

text: The previous record belonged to the Aurora High School–Solon High School game in which Aurora won in the eighth overtime period of the Ohio state playoffs.[33] The winning goal was scored with 3:52 left in the 8th overtime (105th minute), setting an American record.[34]

text: Since 2015, all state tournaments allow up to 5 overtime periods (4-on-4 after first overtime), after which best-of-3-round shootouts and extra rounds if needed are conducted, to eliminate co-champions.


document_title: Climb Ev'ry Mountain

question_text: who was the person who sang climb every mountain in the sound of music

text: Climb Ev'ry Mountain

text:
"Climb Ev'ry Mountain"

Song

Released
1959

Genre
Showtune

Composer(s)
Richard Rodgers

Lyricist(s)
Oscar Hammerstein II

text: "Climb Ev'ry Mountain" is a show tune from the 1959 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The Sound of Music. It is sung at the close of the first act by the Mother Abbess. It is themed as an inspirational piece, to encourage people to take every step toward attaining their dreams.

text: Background[edit]

text: This song shares inspirational overtones with the song "You'll Never Walk Alone" from Carousel. They are both sung by the female mentor characters in the shows, and are used to give strength to the protagonists in the story, and both are given powerful reprises at the end of their respective shows. As Oscar Hammerstein II was writing the lyrics, it developed its own inspirational overtones along the lines of an earlier Hammerstein song, "There's a Hill Beyond a Hill". He felt that the metaphors of climbing mountains and fording streams better fitted Maria's quest for her spiritual compass.[1] The muse behind the song was Sister Gregory, the head of Drama at Rosary College in Illinois. The letters that she sent to Hammerstein and to Mary Martin, the first Maria von Trapp on Broadway, described the parallels between a nun's choice for a religious life and the choices that humans must make to find their purpose and direction in life. When she read the manuscript of the lyrics, she confessed that it "drove [her] to the Chapel" because the lyrics conveyed a "yearning that … ordinary souls feel but cannot communicate."[2]

text: Although this song has parallels with "You'll Never Walk Alone," the song shares musical similarities with the song "Something Wonderful" from The King and I. Both songs are played at a similar broad tempo, and both songs have accompaniments punctuated by heavy chords in the orchestral score.

text: The song has often been sung by operatically trained voices in professional stage productions. In the original Broadway production it was sung by Patricia Neway, in the original London production it was sung by Constance Shacklock, and in the original Australian production it was sung by Rosina Raisbeck.

text: In the original stage play, the Mother Abbess sings the song at the end of the first act. When Ernest Lehman wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation, he shifted the scene so that this song would be the first major song of the second act. When Robert Wise and his film crew were filming this scene, Peggy Wood had some reservations about the words, which she felt were too "pretentious."[3] So they filmed Peggy Wood in silhouette, against the wall of the set for the Mother Abbess' office. Peggy Wood's singing voice is dubbed by Margery MacKay, the wife of the rehearsal pianist Harper MacKay, as Wood was not able to sing the high notes of the song. The last note that the Mother Abbess sings in the film is an F-sharp (F#5).

text: Other versions[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"Climb Ev'ry Mountain"

Single by Shirley Bassey

from the album Shirley Bassey

B-side
"Reach for the Stars"

Released
July 1960

Format
7-inch single

Recorded
1959

Length
3:10

Label
Columbia

Songwriter(s)
Rodgers and Hammerstein

Shirley Bassey singles chronology

"You'll Never Know"
(1961)
"Climb Ev'ry Mountain"
(1960)
"I'll Get By"
(1961)

"You'll Never Know"
(1961)
"Climb Ev'ry Mountain"
(1960)
"I'll Get By"
(1961)

text:
1959: Tony Bennett had a minor hit single (#74) of the song
1960: Andy Williams on his album The Village of St. Bernadette
1990: The Fleetwoods on their album, The Best of The Fleetwoods
1961: Welsh singer Shirley Bassey, as part of a double A-sided single with "Reach for the Stars", which reached #1 in the UK and remained on the charts for 18 weeks[4]
1971: Judith Durham recorded and released a version as the first single from her album, Climb Ev'ry Mountain
1989: Sissel Kyrkjebø sang a Norwegian version, "Se Over Fjellet" on the album Soria Moria[5]
1992: Alex Burrall's version in the movie The Jacksons: An American Dream, portraying Michael Jackson (6–8 years of age) at a school pageant show
2000: Christina Aguilera on her concert DVD My Reflection
2003: Guy Sebastian's interpretation on Australian Idol season 1 when he performed it on the 1960s theme night (recorded it for the B-side of his #1 single "All I Need Is You")
2013: Australian operatic mezzo-soprano Jacqui Dark for ABC Classics as part of a compilation album, I Dreamed a Dream: The Hit Songs of Broadway[6]
2015: Jordan Smith on the season nine finale of The Voice
2016: Barbra Streisand recorded the song as a duet with Jamie Foxx for her 2016 album Encore: Movie Partners Sing Broadway.


document_title: Mercury in fish

question_text: mercury has been directly linked to which of the following health problems in humans

text: Mercury in fish

text: Biomagnification[edit]

text: The consumption of fish is by far the most significant source of ingestion-related mercury exposure in humans and animals.[4] Mercury and methyl mercury are present in only very small concentrations in seawater. However, they are absorbed, usually as methyl mercury, by algae at the start of the food chain. This algae is then eaten by fish and other organisms higher in the food chain. Fish efficiently absorb methyl mercury, but excrete it very slowly.[5] Methyl mercury is not soluble and therefore not excreted. Instead, it accumulates, primarily in the viscera, although also in the muscle tissue.[6] This results in the bioaccumulation of mercury, in a buildup in the adipose tissue of successive trophic levels: zooplankton, small nekton, larger fish, and so on. The older that such fish become, the more mercury they may have absorbed. Anything that eats these fish within the food chain also consumes the higher level of mercury that the fish have accumulated. This process explains why predatory fish such as swordfish and sharks or birds like osprey and eagles have higher concentrations of mercury in their tissue than could be accounted for by direct exposure alone. Species on the food chain can amass body concentrations of mercury up to ten times higher than the species they consume. This process is called biomagnification. For example, herring contains mercury levels at about 0.1 parts per million, while shark contains mercury levels greater than 1 part per million.[7]

text: Legislation[edit]

text: Japan[edit]

text: Since the Minamata disaster, Japan has improved on its mercury regulation. During the 1970s Japan made strides to reduce mercury demand and production. Chief among these efforts was the reduction of inorganic mercury produced by mines. It was halted by 1974, and demand fell from 2,500 tons per year in 1964, its peak, to 10 tons per year in recent years.[8] Since these initial strides, Japan has introduced a list of regulations governing the mercury content of a variety of materials.

text:
Japan Mercury Regulation[8]

Category
Regulation
Result

Cosmetics
Pharmaceutical Affairs Act
Ban the use of mercury and its compounds

Agriculture
Agricultural Chemicals Control Act
Ban the use of mercury and its compounds as an active ingredient

Household Commodities
No mercury in household adhesives, household paints, household wax, shoe polish, shoe cream, diapers, bibs, undergarments, gloves, and socks
Act on Control of Household Products Containing Hazardous Substances

Pharmaceutical Products
No use of mercury compounds in oral preparations. No use of mercury compounds, other than mercurochrome, as an active ingredient. Mercury as a preservative only if no other option is available.
Pharmaceutical Affairs Act

Air
No more than 40 ng/m3
Air Pollution Control Law

Water
Environmental quality standard: no more than 0.0005 mg/L in waterway and ground water. Effluent standard: no more than 0.005 mg/L in effluence.
Basic Environment Law and Water Pollution Control Act

Soil
Environmental quality standard: no more than 0.0005 mg/L sample solution. Elution standard: no more than 0.0005 mg/L. Content standard: no more than 15 mg/kg
Basic Environment Law and Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act

text: Regulation of these potential sources of pollution reduces the amount of mercury that ends up in fish and, through biomagnification, in humans. In addition to enacting legislation controlling the mercury levels in potential pollutants, Japan has directly influenced the environment by issuing regulations setting acceptable levels of environmental mercury pollution.

text: It is Japan's goal to promote international mercury legislation in hopes of preventing any country from experiencing what it did.[8] Despite Japan's extensive regulation and experience with mercury-based disasters, there is still little information provided to the public. The Japanese Federal Fish Advisory's recommendations are less strict than those in America.[9]

text: United States of America[edit]

text: The United States is a leader in mercury regulation. A key piece of mercury legislation in the United States is the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS).[10] This policy was finalized by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on December 16, 2011. This is a federal policy which directly influences mercury in fish, and is the first of its kind in the United States. The facilities targeted by this new policy are the chief sources of mercury in the air. The airborne mercury is dissolved in the oceans, where microorganisms convert waterborne mercury into methyl mercury; mercury thus finds its way into the food chain and into fish. MATS is legislated towards the aim of preventing about 90% of the emissions from power plants from reaching the air. In total the expected health benefits are estimated at $37 billion–$90 billion by 2016.[citation needed] In comparison, the expected economic cost is $9.6 billion annually.[citation needed] Another integral piece of legislation controlling the emission of mercury to the air is the Clean Air Act. Under this act, mercury is classified as a hazardous air pollutant, allowing the EPA to regulate emissions by establishing performance standards.[11]

text: International[edit]

text: Legislation on a global scale is believed by some to be needed for this issue because mercury pollution is estimated to be so far-reaching. Pollution from one country does not stay localized to that country. Despite the need by some, international regulation has been slow to take off. The first forms of international legislation appeared in the 1970s, beginning as agreements about shared bodies of water.[12] The next step was the Stockholm Declaration, which urged countries to avoid polluting the oceans by dumping.[13] The 1972 Oslo Convention and the 1974 Paris Convention were adopted by parts of Europe. Both lessened polluting the ocean with mercury, the former by banning the dumping of ships and aircraft into the ocean and the latter by obligating participants to reduce land-based pollution on coastlines.[14][15] The first real global legislation regarding mercury pollution was the Basel Convention of 1989. This convention attempts to reduce the movement of mercury across borders and primarily regulates the import and export of toxic chemicals, including mercury.[12] In 1998 the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution was adopted by most of the European Union, the United States, and Canada. Its primary objective is to cut emissions of heavy metals. The convention is the largest international agreement on mercury established to date.[12] In the early 21st century, the focus of mercury regulation has been on voluntary programs.[12] The next phase in legislation is a global effort, and this appears to be what the Minamata Convention hopes to accomplish. The Minamata Convention, named after the Japanese city that suffered horribly from mercury pollution, has taken four years of negotiation but was finally adopted by delegates from over 140 countries. The convention will come into power after 50 countries have signed it. The Minamata Convention will require all participants to eliminate, where possible, the release of mercury from small-scale gold mining. It will also require a sharp reduction in emission from coal burning.[16]

text: Levels of contamination[edit]

text: Most-contaminated fish species[edit]

text: The danger level from consuming fish depends on species and size. Size is the best predictor of increased levels of accumulated mercury. Sharks, such as the mako shark, have very high levels of mercury. A study on New Jersey coastal fish indicated that one third of the sampled fish had levels of mercury above 0.5 parts per million, a level that could pose a human health concern for consumers who regularly eat this fish.[17] Another study of marketplace fish caught in waters surrounding Southern Italy showed that, undoubtedly, greater fish weight leads to additional mercury found in fish body tissues. Moreover, the concentration, measured in milligrams of mercury per kilogram of fish, steadily increases with the size of the fish. Anglerfish off the coast of Italy were found with concentrations as high as 2.2 milligrams of mercury per kilogram, higher than the recommended limit of 1 milligram of mercury per kilogram. Annually, Italy catches approximately a third of its fish from the Adriatic Sea, where these anglerfish were found.[18]

text: Fish that consume their prey in a certain manner may contain much higher concentrations of mercury than other species. Grass carp off the coast of China hold far less internal mercury than do bighead carp. The reason for this is that bighead carp are filter feeders, while grass carp are not. Thus, bighead carp gather more mercury by eating large amounts of small plankton, as well as sucking up sediments that collect a sizable amount of methyl mercury.[3]

text:
[hide]Mercury levels in commercial fish and shellfish

species
Mean
(ppm)[1]
Std dev
(ppm)[1]
Median
(ppm)[1]
Comment
Trophic
level[19]
Max age
(years)[19]

Tilefish (Gulf of Mexico)
1.450
n/a
n/a
Mid-Atlantic tilefish has lower mercury levels
and is considered safe to eat in moderation.[1]
3.6
35

Swordfish
0.995
0.539
0.870

4.5
15

Shark
0.979
0.626
0.811

Mackerel (king)
0.730
n/a
n/a

4.5
14

Tuna (bigeye)
0.689
0.341
0.560
Fresh/frozen
4.5
11

Orange roughy
0.571
0.183
0.562

4.3
149

Marlin*
0.485
0.237
0.390

4.5

Mackerel (Spanish)
0.454
n/a
n/a
Gulf of Mexico
4.5
5

Grouper
0.448
0.278
0.399
All species
4.2

Tuna
0.391
0.266
0.340
All species, fresh/frozen

Bluefish
0.368
0.221
0.305

4.5
9

Sablefish
0.361
0.241
0.265

3.8
114

Tuna (albacore)
0.358
0.138
0.360
Fresh/frozen
4.3
9

Patagonian toothfish
0.354
0.299
0.303
AKA Chilean sea bass
4.0
50+[20]

Tuna (yellowfin)
0.354
0.231
0.311
Fresh/frozen
4.3
9

Tuna (albacore)
0.350
0.128
0.338
Canned
4.3
9

Croaker white
0.287
0.069
0.280
Pacific
3.4

Halibut
0.241
0.225
0.188

4.3

Weakfish
0.235
0.216
0.157
Sea trout
3.8
17[21]

Scorpionfish
0.233
0.139
0.181

Mackerel (Spanish)
0.182
n/a
n/a
South Atlantic
4.5

Monkfish
0.181
0.075
0.139

4.5
25

Snapper
0.166
0.244
0.113

Bass
0.152
0.201
0.084
Striped, black, and black sea
3.9

Perch
0.150
0.112
0.146
Freshwater
4.0

Tilefish (Atlantic)
0.144
0.122
0.099

3.6
35

Tuna (skipjack)
0.144
0.119
0.150
Fresh/frozen
3.8
12

Buffalofish
0.137
0.094
0.120

Skate
0.137
n/a
n/a

Tuna
0.128
0.135
0.078
All species, canned, light

Perch (ocean) *
0.121
0.125
0.102

Cod
0.111
0.152
0.066

3.9
22

Carp
0.110
0.099
0.134

Lobster (American)
0.107
0.076
0.086

Sheephead (California)
0.093
0.059
0.088

Lobster (spiny)
0.093
0.097
0.062

Whitefish
0.089
0.084
0.067

Mackerel (chub)
0.088
n/a
n/a
Pacific
3.1

Herring
0.084
0.128
0.048

3.2
21

Jacksmelt
0.081
0.103
0.050

3.1

Hake
0.079
0.064
0.067

4.0

Trout
0.071
0.141
0.025
Freshwater

Crab
0.065
0.096
0.050
Blue, king and snow crab

Butterfish
0.058
n/a
n/a

3.5

Flatfish *
0.056
0.045
0.050
Flounder, plaice and sole

Haddock
0.055
0.033
0.049
Atlantic

Whiting
0.051
0.030
0.052

Mackerel (Atlantic)
0.050
n/a
n/a

Croaker (Atlantic)
0.065
0.050
0.061

Mullet
0.050
0.078
0.014

Shad (American)
0.039
0.045
0.045

Crayfish
0.035
0.033
0.012

Pollock
0.031
0.089
0.003

Catfish
0.025
0.057
0.005

3.9
24

Squid
0.023
0.022
0.016

Salmon *
0.022
0.034
0.015
Fresh/frozen

Anchovies
0.017
0.015
0.014

3.1

Sardine
0.013
0.015
0.010

2.7

Tilapia *
0.013
0.023
0.004

Oyster
0.012
0.035
n/d

Clam *
0.009
0.011
0.002

Salmon *
0.008
0.017
n/d
Canned

Scallop
0.003
0.007
n/d

Shrimp *
0.001
0.013
0.009

6.5[22]

* indicates only methylmercury was analyzed (all other results are for total mercury)
n/a – data not available
n/d – below detection level (0.01ppm)

text: US government scientists tested fish in 291 streams around the country for mercury contamination. They found mercury in every fish tested, according to the study by the U.S. Department of the Interior. They found mercury even in fish of isolated rural waterways. Twenty-five percent of the fish tested had mercury levels above the safety levels determined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for people who eat the fish regularly.[23]

text: Origins of mercury pollution[edit]

text: There are three types of mercury emission: anthropogenic, re-emission, and natural, including volcanoes and geothermal vents. Anthropogenic sources are responsible for 30% of all emissions, while natural sources are responsible for 10%, and re-emission accounts for the other 60%. While re-emission accounts for the largest proportion of emissions, it is likely that the mercury emitted from these sources originally came from anthropogenic sources.[24]

text: Anthropogenic sources include coal burning, cement production, oil refining, artisan and small-scale gold mining, wastes from consumer products, dental amalgam, the chlor-alkali industry, production of vinyl chloride, and the mining, smelting, and production of iron and other metals.[24] The total amount of mercury released by mankind in 2010 was estimated to be 1960 metric tons. The majority of this comes from coal burning and gold mining, accounting for 24% and 37% of total anthropogenic output respectively.[24]

text: Re-emission, the largest emitter, occurs in a variety of ways. It is possible for mercury that has been deposited in soil to be re-emitted into the mercury cycle via floods. A second example of re-emission is a forest fire; mercury that has been absorbed into plant life is re-released into the atmosphere. While it is difficult to estimate the exact extent of mercury re-emission, it is an important field of study. Knowing how easily and how often previously emitted mercury can be released helps us learn how long it will take for a reduction in anthropogenic sources to be reflected in the environment. Mercury that has been released can find its way into the oceans. A 2008 model estimated the total amount of deposition into the oceans that year to be 3,700 metric tons. It is estimated that rivers carry as much as 2,420 metric tons.[24] Much of the mercury deposited in the oceans is re-emitted, however; as much as 300 metric tons is converted into methyl mercury. While only 13% of this finds its way into the food chain, that is still 40 metric tons a year.[24]

text: Much (an estimated 40%) of the mercury that eventually finds its way into fish originates with coal-burning power plants and chlorine production plants.[25] The largest source of mercury contamination in the United States is coal-fueled power plant emissions.[23] Chlorine chemical plants use mercury to extract chlorine from salt, which in many parts of the world is discharged as mercury compounds in waste water, though this process has been largely replaced by the more economically viable membrane cell process, which does not use mercury. Coal contains mercury as a natural contaminant. When it is fired for electricity generation, the mercury is released as smoke into the atmosphere. Most of this mercury pollution can be eliminated if pollution-control devices are installed.[25]

text: Mercury in the United States frequently comes from power plants, which release about 50% of the nation's mercury emissions.[26] In other countries, such as Ghana, gold mining requires mercury compounds, leading to workers receiving significant quantities of mercury while performing their jobs. Such mercury from gold mines is specifically known to contribute to biomagnification in aquatic food chains.[27]

text: The farming of aquatic organisms, known as aquaculture, often involves fish feed that contains mercury. A study by Jardine has found no reliable connection between mercury in fish food affecting aquaculture organisms or aquatic organisms in the wild.[28] Even so, mercury from other sources may still affect organisms grown through aquaculture. In China, farmed fish species, such as bighead carp, mud carp, and Siniperca chuatsi, carried 90% of total mercury content in all of the measured fish in a study by Cheng. This study also concluded that mercury bioaccumulates through food chains even in controlled aquaculture environments. Both total mercury and methyl mercury absorption was found to be derived from sediments containing mercury, not mainly from fish feed.[3]

text: The Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology has noted that fish feed used in aquaculture often contains heavy metals such as mercury, lead, and arsenic, and has dispatched these concerns to organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

text: Elemental mercury often comes from coal power plants, and oxidized mercury often comes from incinerators. Oil-fired power plants also contribute mercury to the environment.[2] The energy industry therefore is a key player in the introduction of mercury into the environment. When addressing the issue of reducing seafood mercury bioaccumulation on a global scale, it is important to pinpoint major energy producers and consumers whose exchange of energy may be the root of the problem.

text: Controlling output of mercury pollution sources[edit]

text: A study that was led by scientists from Harvard University and U.S. Geological Survey has determined that in the next several decades there will be a 50 percent increase in mercury levels.[citation needed] The study also shows that the increases are connected through industrial emissions and are not natural as previously thought.[citation needed]However, by decreasing emissions from industrial plants, the possibility of decreasing the high level of mercury remains plausible.[29] Several nations are currently implementing systems that will detect and therefore later be able to control the output of mercury into the atmosphere. Air pollution control devices (APCDs) have been implemented in South Korea as the government is starting to take inventory of mercury sources. Mercury pollution can also be removed by electrostatic precipitators (ESPs). Bag-based filters are also used in factories that may contribute mercury to the environment. Flue-gas desulfurization, normally used to eliminate sulfur dioxide, can also be used in conjunction with APCDs to remove additional mercury before exhausts are released into the environment.[2] Even so, countries such as South Korea have only begun to use inventories of mercury sources, calling into question how fast anti-mercury measures will be put into factories.

text: Health effects and outcomes[edit]

text: Disparate impacts[edit]

text: Mercury content in fish does not affect all populations equally. Certain ethnic groups, as well as young children, are more likely to suffer the effects of methyl mercury poisoning. In the United States, Wallace gathered data that indicated 16.9% of women who self-identify as Native American, Asian, Pacific Islander, or multiracial exceed the recommended reference dose of mercury.[30] A study done on children of the Faroe Islands near Great Britain showed neurological problems stemming from mothers consuming pilot whale meat during pregnancy.[31] Such data demonstrate that certain ethnic groups, as well as children, are particularly vulnerable to methyl mercury ingestion.

text: Regulation and health[edit]

text: While various studies have shown high concentrations of mercury accumulated in fish, medical cases often go unreported and pose a difficulty in correlating mercury in fish with human poisoning. Environmental issues cover a broad range of areas, but medical cases that are associated with pollutants released into the environment by factories or construction areas cause public health issues that affect not only the environment but also human well-being. Substances poisonous to the human body in a particular amount or dose may not cause any symptoms over time. While there are limits to how much of anything the body can have, mercury is a particular poison that produces immediate physical symptoms when the body has been accumulating it over a period of time.[clarification needed]

text: In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency measures the amount of mercury concentrated in human blood that does not pose fatal health outcomes. The agency is in charge of enforcing regulations and policies that cover a range of environmental topics.[32] Analysis of blood mercury concentrations in childbearing women has proved that exposure to methyl mercury (MeHg) occurs primarily through the consumption of fish.[33] The U.S. FDA highly recommends against pregnant woman and young children consuming raw fish. Pregnant women and young children often lack strong immune systems and are more at risk for foodborne illnesses.[34]

text: Medical cases and exposure to mercury[edit]

text: In the United States, the EPA serves as an advisory organ to set the levels of mercury that are non-fatal in humans. Symptoms of exposure to high levels of methyl mercury include disturbed vision, hearing, and speech, lack of coordination, and muscle weakness. Medical studies have examined the correlation of fish consumption and health issues. American studies have presented evidence of fish consumption and its effects on child development. Longitudinal studies agree that human activities are what release and accumulate mercury in marine life.[35] Addressing the issues of fish consumption forces health officials to recognize the sources of mercury in the human body. Specific Native American tribes are vulnerable to a high exposure of mercury. Studies have determined that these native peoples in the United States suffer more from mercury poisoning and illness than any other cohort group in the country. This is due to the fact that fish is a main source of protein. Exposure risk was assessed through a medical study, thus raising judicial issues of whether the public health of these groups is a priority in the United States.[36]

text: Work and exposure[edit]

text: Most cases that arise are due to work exposure or medicinal poisoning. Environmental justice advocates can relate these mercury cases to the unregulated amount of mercury that enters the environment. Workers can be exposed to mercury through the manufacture of fluorescent tubes, chloralkali, or acetaldehyde among other products. Anthropogenic sources and places where mercury is released or used as a solid or vapor puts these has caused fatigue, dizziness, hyperhidrosis, chest congestion, and loss of motor skills. When taken to the hospital, the neurotoxicity levels had already exceeded the maximum amounts.[37] Over-the-counter medicines have been shown to have traces of mercurous choloride. Medical research reported that the children who received doses of these medicines experienced physical symptoms such as "drooling, irregular arm movements, and impaired gait".[38] Exposures to this result in severe physical impairments unregulated chemicals that are put in products. The intake of laxatives that contained about 120 mg of mercurous chloride has also been cases of mercury's toxicity.[39]

text: Even in countries, such as Sweden, that have phased out mercury in the dental industry and manufacturing, lingering quantities of mercury still exist in lakes and coastal areas. Moreover, global contributions of mercury to the environment also affect that country. A study in Sweden selected 127 women who had a high level of fish consumption. Around 20% of the women selected, after hair and blood samples, were found to have exceeded the EPA's recommended reference dose of 0.1 micrograms of methyl mercury per kilogram of body weight. Additionally, the study concluded that there was "no margin of safety for neuraldevelopmental effects in fetus[es]"[40] without removing the offending species of fish from the diets of the women. This indicates that families intending to raise children should be especially careful about exposing their unborn babies to toxic mercury via fish.

text: Children exposed to mercury are particularly susceptible to poisoning since the ratio of food, water, and air intake versus individual body weight is much higher than that of adults.[41] Additionally, children undergo fast growth which causes them to be more susceptible to damaging exposure to methylmercury, as well as the long term consequences of such exposure during childhood development.[41] Young age plays an important role in terms of damage caused by mercury, and much literature on mercury focuses on pregnant women and specific precautions designed to prevent youth mercury exposure. Prenatal methylmercury exposure does cause behavioral problems in infants and worsened cognitive test performance. Additionally, Hughner estimates that 250,000 women may be exposing their unborn babies to levels of methyl mercury above recommended federal levels.[17]

text: Economically, there does not seem to be a difference in mercury exposure based on socioeconomic bracket and the ability to buy fish from the market. One study shows "no significant differences in mercury levels in tuna, bluefish, and flounder as a function of type of store or economic neighborhood".[42]

text: By nation[edit]

text: Certain countries have cultural differences that lead to more fish consumption and therefore more possible exposure to seafood methylmercury. In Ghana, the local population traditionally consumes large quantities of fish, leading to potentially dangerous amounts of mercury in the bloodstream.[27] In the Amazonian Basin, during the rainy season, herbivorous fish dominate the diet of 72.2% of the women selected from a particular Amazonian village. Analysis also shows increase of mercury content in the hair of humans who eat fish on a daily basis in the Amazon.[43]

text: The most serious case of mercury poisoning in recent history was in the Japanese city of Minamata, in the 1950s. Minamata poisoning proves that significant prenatal and postnatal exposure to high levels of methylmercury causes serious neurological problems. Minamata victims also show higher than normal signs of psychiatric diseases, along with those diseases being caused by underlying neurological issues.[44]

text: A 2014 USGS survey of mercury levels in the United States water system found that methylmercury concentrations in fish were typically highest in wetland areas including the coastal plain streams in the Southeast. Fish methylmercury levels were also high in the Western US, but only in streams that had been mined for mercury or gold.[45]

text: Seafood consumption benefits[edit]

text: The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists note that, considering all the dangers and benefits, the overall result of eating fish in the United States is likely to improve personal health rather than damage it.[31] The college argues that the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fish have a health benefit that outweighs the harm from mercury or polychlorinated biphenyls. Even so, the College also suggests limiting fish consumption for pregnant women. A risk-benefit study weighing the risks of mercury consumption against the benefits derived from fish in Alaska showed that the benefits outweigh the risks when consuming salmon for both cardiovascular health and infant neurological development, and that MeHg data for non-oily fish needs to be of high quality before relative risk can be reliably identified. [46] The Seychelles Child Development Study traced more than seven hundred mother-child pairs for nine years, and found no neurological problems in the children resulting from both prenatal and postnatal methylmercury exposure. A study done with marketed fish in Oman concluded that, except in a few rare cases, the fish available for consumption had lower levels of mercury than limits defined by various health organizations.[47] Clearly, these studies call into question whether or not normal everyday consumption of fish is dangerous in any way, and at very least justify the creation of place-based and culturally relevant consumption advisories.[48] They do not take into account cases of severe mercury poisoning, such as that found in Minamata disease.

text: Selenium is an element that is known to counteract some of the dangers of ingesting mercury.[17] Multiple studies have been done, such as those in New Jersey and Sweden, that take into account selenium as well as mercury levels. Fish often do contain selenium in conjunction with bioaccumulated mercury, which may offset some of the dangers associated with the mercury ingested.

text: Current advice[edit]

text: The complexities associated with mercury transport and environmental fate are described by USEPA in their 1997 Mercury Study Report to Congress.[49] Because methyl mercury and high levels of elemental mercury can be particularly toxic to a fetus or young children, organizations such as the U.S. EPA and FDA recommend that women who are pregnant or plan to become pregnant within the next one or two years, as well as young children, avoid eating more than 6 ounces (170g, one average meal) of fish per week.[50]

text: In the United States, the FDA has an action level for methylmercury in commercial marine and freshwater fish that is 1.0 parts per million (ppm). In Canada, the limit for the total of mercury content is 0.5 ppm. The Got Mercury? website includes a calculator for determining mercury levels in fish.[51]

text: Species with characteristically low levels of mercury include shrimp, tilapia, salmon, pollock, and catfish (FDA March 2004). The FDA characterizes shrimp, catfish, pollock, salmon, sardines, and canned light tuna as low-mercury seafood, although recent tests have indicated that up to 6 percent of canned light tuna may contain high levels.[52] A study published in 2008 found that mercury distribution in tuna meat is inversely related to the lipid content, suggesting that the lipid concentration within edible tuna tissues has a diluting effect on mercury content.[53] These findings suggest that choosing to consume a type of tuna that has a higher natural fat content may help reduce the amount of mercury intake, compared to consuming tuna with a low fat content. Also, many of the fish chosen for sushi contain high levels of mercury.[54]

text: According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the risk from mercury by eating fish and shellfish is not a health concern for most people.[55] However, certain seafood might contain levels of mercury that may cause harm to an unborn baby (and especially its brain development and nervous system). In a young child, high levels of mercury can interfere with the development of the nervous system. The FDA provides three recommendations for young children, pregnant women, and women of child-bearing age:

text:
Do not eat shark, swordfish, king mackerel, or tilefish (Gulf of Mexico) because they might contain high levels of mercury.
Eat up to 12 ounces (2 average meals) a week of a variety of fish and shellfish that are lower in mercury. Five of the most commonly eaten fish and shellfish that are low in mercury are: shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon, pollock, and catfish. Another commonly eaten fish, albacore or big eye ("white") tuna depending on its origin might have more mercury than canned light tuna. So, when choosing your two meals of fish and shellfish, it is recommended that you should not eat more than up to 6 ounces (one average meal) of albacore tuna per week.
Check local advisories about the safety of fish caught by family and friends in your local lakes, rivers, and coastal areas. If no advice is available, eat up to 6 ounces (one average meal) per week of fish you catch from local waters, but consume no other fish during that week.

tag: ol

text: Research suggests that selenium content in fish is protective against the toxic effects of methylmercury content.[56] Fish with higher ratios of selenium to methylmercury (Se:Hg) are better to eat since the selenium binds to the methylmercury allowing it to pass through the body un-absorbed.

text: In 2012 the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reported on chemical contaminants they found in the food of over 20 European countries. They established that fish meat and fish products were primarily responsible for methylmercury in the diet of all age classes. Particularly implicated were swordfish, tuna, cod, pike, whiting and hake. The EFSA recommend a tolerable weekly intake for methylmercury of 1.3 μg/kg body weight.[57]

text: Background[edit]

text: In the 1950s, inhabitants of the seaside town of Minamata, on Kyushu island in Japan, noticed strange behavior in animals. Cats would exhibit nervous tremors, and dance and scream. Within a few years this was observed in other animals; birds would drop out of the sky. Symptoms were also observed in fish, an important component of the diet, especially for the poor. When human symptoms started to be noticed around 1956 an investigation began. Fishing was officially banned in 1957. It was found that the Chisso Corporation, a petrochemical company and maker of plastics such as vinyl chloride, had been discharging heavy metal waste into the sea for decades. They used mercury compounds as catalysts in their syntheses. It is believed that about 5,000 people were killed and perhaps 50,000 have been to some extent poisoned by mercury. Mercury poisoning in Minamata, Japan, is now known as Minamata disease.