document_title: I'll Be Gone in the Dark

question_text: who helped finish ill be gone in the dark

root

text: I'll Be Gone in the Dark

text:
I'll Be Gone in the Dark: One Woman's Obsessive Search for the Golden State Killer

Author
Michelle McNamara

Country
United States

Language
English

Genre
Non-fiction

Publication date

February 27, 2018

Media type
Book

Pages
352

OCLC
988857242

tag: table

text: I'll Be Gone in the Dark: One Woman's Obsessive Search for the Golden State Killer is a true crime book by Michelle McNamara about the Golden State Killer. The book was released posthumously on February 27, 2018, nearly two years after McNamara's death.

tag: p

text: McNamara became interested in the Golden State Killer case and wrote an article for Los Angeles magazine about the serial killer in 2013. She then signed a book deal with HarperCollins and began to work on a book about the case.

text: McNamara herself coined the moniker "Golden State Killer"[1] to refer to the serial killer/rapist who had previously been referred to by various other names (e.g., Original Night Stalker, East Area Rapist, and the Diamond Knot Killer).[2]

text: McNamara died in her sleep on April 21, 2016, at the age of 46. At the time of her death, she had been in the middle of her hunt for the killer, and her book was unfinished. Crime writer Paul Haynes, investigative journalist Billy Jensen, and McNamara's widower Patton Oswalt helped finish the book after McNamara’s death.

text: The book – McNamara's debut – was released on February 27, 2018 (almost two years after her death) and reached the top of The New York Times Best Seller list for non-fiction.[3] As of April 25, 2018, the book had been on the list for four weeks.[4]

text: I'll Be Gone in the Dark contains an introduction by Gillian Flynn and an afterword by Oswalt.

text: In April 2018, HBO announced that they had purchased the rights for I'll Be Gone in the Dark and were developing it into a documentary series.[5] Filming for the series began on April 24, 2018.[6]

text: On April 25, 2018, the Sacramento Police announced the April 24 arrest of a suspect in the Golden State Killer case: 72-year-old Joseph James DeAngelo (born November 8, 1945). DeAngelo, a former police officer in Auburn and Exeter, California,[7] was arrested and charged with six counts of first-degree murder.[8][9][10] Authorities in Sacramento, Orange, Santa Barbara, and Ventura counties are preparing charges against DeAngelo for all twelve of the murders in the Golden State Killer case.[11]


document_title: Indian general election, 1967

question_text: who was the prime minister of india in 1967

text: Indian general election, 1967

text:
Indian general election, 1967

← 1962
17–21 February 1967
1971 →

All 520 seats in the Lok Sabha
261 seats were needed for a majority

First party
Second party

Leader
Indira Gandhi
C. Rajagopalachari

Party
INC
Swatantra Party

Leader's seat
Rae Bareli
None

Seats won
283
44

Seat change
78
26

Percentage
40.78%
8.67%

Swing
3.94%
0.78%

Prime Minister before election
Indira Gandhi
INC

Subsequent Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi
INC

text: The Indian general election of 1967 elected the 4th Lok Sabha of India and was held from 17 to 21 February. The 27 Indian states and union territories were represented by 520 single-member constituencies (an increase of 26).[1]

text: Under the leadership of Indira Gandhi, the Indian National Congress won a fourth consecutive term in power and over 54% of the seats, while no other party won more than 10% of the votes or seats. However, the INC's victory was significantly lower than the results they had achieved in the previous three elections under Jawaharlal Nehru. By 1967, economic growth in India had slowed – the 1961–1966 Five-Year Plan gave a target of 5.6% annual growth, but the actual growth rate was 2.4%. Under Lal Bahadur Shastri, the government's popularity was boosted after India prevailed in the 1965 War with Pakistan, but this war (along with the previous 1962 War with China) had helped put a strain on the economy. Internal divisions were emerging in the Indian National Congress and its two popular leaders Nehru and Shastri had both died. Indira Gandhi had succeeded Shastri as leader, but a rift had emerged between her and Deputy Prime Minister Morarji Desai, who had been her rival in the 1966 party leadership contest.[2]

text: The INC suffered significant losses in 7 states which included: Gujarat where INC won 11 out of 24 seats while Swatantra Party won 12 seats. Madras where INC won 3 out of 39 seats and DMK won 25 seats. Orissa where INC won 6 out of 20 seats and Swatantra Party won 8 seats. Rajasthan where INC won 10 out of 20 seats Swatantra Party won 8 seats. West Bengal where INC won 14 out of 40. Kerala where INC won only 1 out of 19. Delhi where INC won 1 out of 7 while remaining 6 were won by Bharatiya Jana Sangh.[1] The decline in support for Congress was also reflected by the fact it lost control of six state governments in the same year. The party's electoral losses led to Gandhi becoming assertive and opting for a series of choices that put her against the rest of the party establishment, eventually leading to a split in the party.

text: Results[edit]

text: Results by Party[edit]

text:
Lok Sabha elections 1967
Electoral participation: 61.04%
Code
 %
Won
(total 520)

Bharatiya Jana Sangh
BJS
9.31
35

Communist Party of India
CPI
5.11
23

Communist Party of India (Marxist)
CPI(M)
4.28
19

Indian National Congress
INC
40.78
283

Praja Socialist Party
PSP
3.06
13

Samyukta Socialist Party
SSP
4.92
23

Swatantra Party
SP
8.67
44

Akali Dal – Master Tara Singh
ADM
0.13
0

Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh
ADS
0.66
3

All India Forward Bloc
AIFB
0.43
2

Bangla Congress
BC
0.83
5

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
DMK
3.79
25

Democratic National Conference
DNC
0.02
0

Indian Union Muslim League
IUML
0.28
2

Kerala Congress
KC
0.22
0

Naga Nationalist Organisation
NNO
0.00
0

Peasants and Workers Party of India
PWPI
0.71
2

Republican Party of India
RPI
2.47
1

United Goans (Furtado Group)
UG(F)
0.00
0

United Goans (Sequiera Group)
UG(S)
0.07
1

Jana Kranti Dal
JKD
0.13
1

Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
NC
0.14
1

Independents
-
13.78
35

Nominated Anglo-Indians
-
-
2


document_title: List of last survivors of historical events

question_text: when did the last person born in the 18th century die

text: Before 1701[edit]

text:
Name
Death
Historical event
Date event ended

Aristodemus of Sparta
c. 479 BC (aged c. 49)
Last Spartan of the Battle of Thermopylae
August or September 480 BC

John the Apostle
Around 100
Last known witness to the crucifixion of Jesus, and last Apostle
3 April 33

Romulus Augustulus
After 510
Last Western Roman Emperor
4 September 476

Sophia Palaiologina
7 April 1503
Last member of the Imperial Byzantine court
29 May 1453

Don Mancio Serra de Leguízamo[1][2]
18 September 1589 (aged 78)
Last known conquistador who participated in the capture of Atahualpa
16 November 1532

Mary Allerton
28 November 1699 (aged 83)
Last passenger of the Mayflower
11 November 1620

John Alden
12 September 1687 (aged 88)
Last living signer of the Mayflower Compact
11 November 1620

Richard Bellingham
7 December 1672 (aged 80)
Last signer of the Massachusetts Colonial Charter
4 March 1629

text:
Name
Death
Historical event
Date event ended

George Gregory[3]
13 February 1804(1804-02-13) (aged 108–109)
Last sailor who took part in George Anson's voyage around the world
1744

Isaac Smith
2 July 1831(1831-07-02) (aged 78–79)
Last survivor of James Cook's first voyage
12 July 1771

George Robert Twelves Hewes
5 November 1840(1840-11-05) (aged 98)
Last survivor of the Boston Tea party and Boston Massacre
5 March 1770 and 16 December 1773

Ephraim Bowen[4]
2 September 1841(1841-09-02) (aged 88)
Last individual involved in the Gaspée Affair
10 June 1772

Levi Preston[5][6]
5 January 1850(1850-01-05) (aged 93)
Last Concord veteran of the Battle of Lexington and Concord
19 April 1775

Jonathan Harrington[7]
26 March 1854(1854-03-26) (aged 95)
Last Lexington veteran of the Battle of Lexington and Concord
19 April 1775

Ralph Farnham[8]
26 December 1860(1860-12-26) (aged 104)
Last known survivor of the Battle of Bunker Hill
17 June 1775

John Hatley
12 December 1832(1832-12-12) (aged 69–70)
Last survivor of James Cook's second voyage
30 July 1775

Charles Carroll
14 November 1832(1832-11-14) (aged 95)
Last signer of the United States Declaration of Independence
4 July 1776

Alexander Milliner[9]
15 March 1865(1865-03-15) (aged 95)
Last veteran of the Battle of Brandywine and Battles of Saratoga
11 September 19 September, and 7 October 1777

Andrew Jackson
8 June 1845(1845-06-08) (aged 78)
Last former President of the United States to have served in the American Revolution
25 April 1781

Elijah Churchill
11 April 1841(1841-04-11) (aged 85)
Last recipient of the Badge of Military Merit
2 October 1781

John Gray
29 March 1868(1868-03-29) (aged 104)
Last veteran of the Siege of Yorktown
19 October 1781

John Jay
17 May 1829(1829-05-17) (aged 83)
Last signer of the Treaty of Paris
3 September 1783

David Whitney[10]
24 March 1867(1867-03-24) (aged 99)
Last veteran of Shays' Rebellion
June 1787

James Madison
28 June 1836(1836-06-28) (aged 85)
Last signer of The United States Constitution
7 September 1787

Barthélemy de Lesseps[11]
4 June 1834(1834-06-04) (aged 68)
Last survivor of the scientific expedition of Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse
1788

John Adams
5 March 1829(1829-03-05) (aged 61)
Last mutineer of HMS Bounty
28 April 1789

Arthur Dardenne[12]
8 September 1872(1872-09-08) (aged 95–96)
Last surviving person to have taken part in the Storming of the Bastille
14 July 1789

Augusta Hejnek
1 March 1908(1908-03-01) (aged 108)
Last known person born in the 1700s
31 December 1799

Salome Sellers
9 January 1909(1909-01-09) (aged 109)
Last known person born in the 18th century
31 December 1800

text:
Name
Death
Historical event
Date event ended

Pedro Antonio Martinez Zia[13]
1 February 1898(1898-02-01) (aged 108–109)
Last veteran of the Battle of Trafalgar
21 October 1805

Patrick Gass
2 April 1870(1870-04-02) (aged 98)
Last member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
23 March 1806

John Rice[14][15]
10 February 1880(1880-02-10) (aged 90–91)
Last veteran of the Battle of Lake Erie
10 September 1813

James Madison
28 June 1836(1836-06-28) (aged 85)
Last former President of the United States to lead American troops in battle
24 August 1814

James Buchanan
1 June 1868(1868-06-01) (aged 77)
Last former President of the United States to have served in the War of 1812
14 September 1814

Charles Booth[16]
2 March 1896(1896-03-02) (aged 97)
Last living rebel of the Pentrich rising
10 June 1817

John W. Stainer[17]
3 March 1907(1907-03-03) (aged 99)
Last veteran of the Battle of Navarino
20 October 1827

Philippe Demoulin[18]
14 February 1912(1912-02-14) (aged 102)
Last veteran of the Belgian Revolution
14 July 1831

William Carroll Crawford[19]
3 September 1895(1895-09-03) (aged 90)
Last signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence
2 March 1836

Alijo Perez Jr.
21 October 1918(1918-10-21) (aged 83)
Last living Texian survivor of the Battle of the Alamo
6 March 1836

Alfonso Steele[20]
8 July 1911(1911-07-08) (aged 94)
Last survivor of the Battle of San Jacinto
21 April 1836

William Physick Zuber[21][22]
22 September 1913(1913-09-22) (aged 93)
Last veteran of the Texas Revolution
25 April 1836

Thomas Patrickson[23][24]
15 October 1914(1914-10-15) (aged 85–86)
Last participant of the Second voyage of HMS Beagle
2 October 1836

Rebecca Tickaneesky Neugin[25]
15 July 1932(1932-07-15) (aged 97–98)
Last survivor of the Trail of Tears
1837

Nelson Traux[26]
25 January 1915(1915-01-25) (aged 96)
Last survivor of the Battle of the Windmill
16 November 1838

Milvern Harrell[27]
10 August 1910(1910-08-10) (aged 86)
Last survivor of the Dawson Massacre
17 September 1842

François X. Matthieu
4 February 1914(1914-02-04) (aged 95)
Last participant at the Champoeg Meetings
2 May 1843

Walter T. Avery[28]
10 June 1904(1904-06-10) (aged 90)
Last participant in the first official baseball game
19 June 1846

Margaret Isabella Breen McMahon[29]
25 March 1935(1935-03-25) (aged 89)
Last survivor of the Donner Party
29 April 1847

Ulysses S. Grant
23 July 1885(1885-07-23) (aged 63)
Last former President of the United States to have served in the Mexican-American War
3 February 1848

Charlotte L. Woodward Peirce[30]
15 March 1924(1924-03-15) (aged 94)
Last surviving participant in the Seneca Falls Convention and last signer of the Declaration of Sentiments
20 July 1848

József Fischl[31]
March 1929 (aged 102)
Last Honvéd (hu) veteran of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848
4 October 1849

text:
Name
Death
Historical event
Date event ended

Thomas Kelly[32]
14 April 1932(1932-04-14) (aged 83)
Last survivor of the Birkenhead disaster
26 February 1852

Edwin Hughes
18 April 1927(1927-04-18) (aged 96)
Last participant in the Charge of the Light Brigade
25 October 1854

John Lishman Potter[33][34]
24 October 1931(1931-10-24) (aged 97)
Last veteran of the Eureka Rebellion
3 December 1854

Horace F. Sisson[35]
10 March 1942(1942-03-10) (aged 98)
Last member of the Perry Expedition
11 January 1855

Teodolfo Mertel
11 July 1899(1899-07-11) (aged 93)
Last non-priest cardinal
15 March 1858

John Winchell Cullen[36][37]
14 December 1939(1939-12-14) (aged 101)
Last veteran of the Yakima War
23 September 1858

George Chrystie[38][39]
14 June 1939(1939-06-14) (aged 97)
Last British Army veteran of the Indian Mutiny
8 July 1859

Pressley Corbin Hyman[40][41]
20 June 1912(1912-06-20) (aged 81)
Last witness to the Broderick–Terry duel
13 September 1859

Cudjoe Lewis
26 July 1935(1935-07-26) (aged 95)
Last passenger of the Clotilde
1859

Owen Brown[42][43]
8 January 1889(1889-01-08) (aged 64)
Last abolitionist present at John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
18 October 1859

George Pilson[44]
22 April 1916(1916-04-22) (aged 73–74)
Last witness at Harpers Ferry
18 October 1859

Hugo Josef Schiff[45]
8 September 1915(1915-09-08) (aged 81)
Last attendee of the Karlsruhe Congress
5 September 1860

Giovanni Battista Egisto Sivelli[46][47]
1 November 1934(1934-11-01) (aged 90)
Last member of the Expedition of the Thousand
17 March 1861

James Hard
12 March 1953(1953-03-12) (aged 109)
Last veteran of the First Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Antietam and Battle of Chancellorsville
21 July 1861; 17 September 1862; and 6 May 1863

John Ambrose Driscoll[48][49]
13 June 1921(1921-06-13) (aged 82)
Last crew member of the USS Monitor during its engagement with the CSS Virginia (aka USS Merrimack)
9 March 1862

James Marion Lurvey[50]
7 April 1950(1950-04-07) (aged 102)
Last verified veteran of the Battle of Gettysburg
3 July 1863

Otto Richard Gellette[51]
1 June 1944(1944-06-01) (aged 98)
Last soldier to participate in Pickett's Charge
3 July 1863

Eli G. Biddle[52][53]
8 April 1940(1940-04-08) (aged 93–94)
Last member of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry that assaulted Fort Wagner
18 July 1863

William Sickles
26 September 1938(1938-09-26) (aged 93)
Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the Civil War
31 March 1865

Samuel J. Seymour[54]
12 April 1956(1956-04-12) (aged 96)
Last witness present at Ford's Theater during the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln
14 April 1865

John Henry Coghill[55]
Possibly 1942 (aged 90)
Last surviving witness to the death of John Wilkes Booth
26 April 1865

Charles M. Eldridge[56]
8 September 1941(1941-09-08) (aged 96)
Last survivor of the Sultana disaster
27 April 1865

William McKinley
14 September 1901(1901-09-14) (aged 58)
Last former President of the United States to have served in the Civil War
9 May 1865

Agustín de Iturbide
3 March 1925(1925-03-03) (aged 61)
Last member of the Imperial Mexican Court
19 June 1867

Charles Tupper
30 October 1915(1915-10-30) (aged 94)
Last Canadian father of Confederation
1 July 1867

Samuel Speed[57][58]
8 November 1938 (aged 95)
Last living British convict sent to Australia
10 January 1868

Pedro Angleró[59]
16 October 1931(1931-10-16) (aged 109–110)
Last participant of El Grito de Lares
23 September 1868

George H. Large
15 August 1939(1939-08-15) (aged 88)
Last participant of the first American football game
6 November 1869

William F. Lukes
13 December 1923(1923-12-13) (aged 76)
Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the Korean Expedition
10 June 1871

Reginald Courtenay Welch
4 June 1939(1939-06-04) (aged 87)[60]
Last participant of the first English FA Cup Final
16 March 1872

Charles Windolph
11 March 1950(1950-03-11) (aged 97)
Last U.S. soldier from the Battle of the Little Bighorn
26 June 1876

Dewey Beard
2 November 1955(1955-11-02) (aged 96–97)
Last Indian veteran of the Battle of the Little Bighorn
26 June 1876

James Robert Cummins
9 July 1929(1929-07-09) (aged 82)
Last member of the James-Younger Gang
1876

Tom Garrett
6 August 1943(1943-08-06) (aged 85)
Last player from first official cricket test match
19 March 1877

Frank Bourne
8 May 1945(1945-05-08) (aged 91)
Last survivor of the defense of Rorke's Drift during the Anglo-Zulu War
23 January 1879

Wyatt Earp
13 January 1929(1929-01-13) (aged 80)
Last survivor of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
26 October 1881

Danny Ryan
31 December 1966(1966-12-31) (aged 96)
Last survivor of the Tipperary hurling team that won the first All-Ireland Championship
1 April 1888

Frank Shomo[61]
20 March 1997(1997-03-20) (aged 108)
Last survivor of the Johnstown Flood
31 May 1889

Louisa Yellow Shield Motley[62]
1 May 1979 (aged 95)
Last survivor of the Wounded Knee Massacre
29 December 1890

Dr. Ernest Gotthold Hildner[63][64]
1 July 1968(1968-07-01) (aged 94)
Last living participant of the first basketball game ever played
21 December 1891

Michael Shonsey[65]
5 August 1954(1954-08-05) (aged 89)
Last veteran of the Johnson County War
24 May 1893

Arthur Sherman Phillips[66][67]
18 March 1941(1941-03-18) (aged 75)
Last participant in Lizzie Borden's murder trial
20 June 1893

Nawi[68]
November 1979 (aged 100+)
Last of the Dahomey Amazons and last veteran of the Second Franco-Dahomean War
15 January 1894

Dimitrios Loundras[69]
15 February 1970(1970-02-15) (aged 84)
Last known living competitor at the 1896 Summer Olympics
15 April 1896

Manu Ruma[70]
April 1961 (aged 87)
Last veteran of the Dog Tax War
5 May 1898

John Henry Turpin[71]
10 March 1962(1962-03-10) (aged 85)
Last survivor of the sinking of the USS Maine
15 February 1898

John Davis
9 June 1970(1970-06-09) (aged 91)
Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the Spanish–American War
11 May 1898

Ralph Waldo Taylor[72]
15 May 1987(1987-05-15) (aged 105)
Last survivor of the Battle of San Juan Hill
1 July 1898

Jesse Langdon
29 June 1975(1975-06-29) (aged 94)
Last surviving member of the Rough Riders
1898

Bruno A. Forsterer
13 June 1957(1957-06-13) (aged 87)
Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the Second Samoan Civil War
1 April 1899

Emma Morano
15 April 2017(2017-04-15) (aged 117)[73]
Last verified living person born in the 1800s, last known survivor of the reign of king Umberto I
31 December 1899 and 29 July 1900

William Seach
24 October 1978(1978-10-24) (aged 101)
Last living Medal of Honor recipient of the Boxer Rebellion
22 June 1900

Maude Conic[74]
14 November 2004(2004-11-14) (aged 105–106)
Last survivor of the Galveston Hurricane of 1900
12 September 1900

Lucien Démanet
16 March 1979(1979-03-16) (aged 104)
Last participant in the 1900 Summer Olympics
28 October 1900

Nabi Tajima
Living (age 117)
Last living person born in the 19th century
31 December 1900

text:
Name
Death
Historical event
Date event ended

Violet Brown[75]
15 September 2017(2017-09-15) (aged 117)
Last known surviving subject of Queen Victoria[76]
22 January 1901

Laura Bullion
2 December 1961(1961-12-02) (aged 85)
Last member of the Wild Bunch gang
1901

Léon Compère-Léandre
1936
Last survivor on shore of Saint-Pierre during the eruption of Mount Pelée
8 May 1902

Irénise Moulonguet
28 May 2013(2013-05-28) (aged 112)
Last surviving witness of the eruption of Mount Pelée
8 May 1902

Roscinda Nolasquez[77]
4 February 1987(1987-02-04) (aged 94)
Last speaker of Cupeño and last survivor of the removal of the Cupeño to Pala, California, the last of the Federal Indian Removals
13 May 1903

Gladys Ennis[78]
20 March 1993(1993-03-20) (aged 92)
Last survivor of the Frank Slide
29 April 1903

Jennings Dunlap[79]
20 September 1964(1964-09-20) (aged 84–85)
Last survivor of the Wreck of the Old 97
23 September 1903

Freddy Parent
2 November 1972(1972-11-02) (aged 96)
Last living player of the 1903 World Series
13 October 1903

Johnny Moore[80]
28 February 1952(1952-02-28) (aged 66)
Last living witness of the Wright Brothers' first heavier than air flight
17 December 1903

Verde Clark Graff[81]
3 July 1989(1989-07-03) (aged 97)
Last survivor of the Iroquois Theatre fire
30 December 1903

Michael Barne
31 May 1961(1961-05-31) (aged 83)
Last survivor of the Discovery Expedition
1 April 1904

Alexander Bernard Heron[82]
24 January 2000(2000-01-24) (aged 105)
Last worker involved in the construction of the Panama Canal
4 May 1904

Adella Wotherspoon
26 January 2004(2004-01-26) (aged 100)
Last and youngest survivor of the General Slocum Disaster
15 June 1904

Ivan Beshoff[83]
25 October 1987(1987-10-25) (aged 103–104)
Last sailor that participated in the Potemkin Mutiny of 1905
8 July 1905

Ellen Adelaide Brandenborg
22 July 2017(2017-07-22) (aged 111)
Last known surviving subject of Christian IX of Denmark
29 January 1906

Bill Del Monte[84][85]
11 January 2016(2016-01-11) (aged 109)
Last known survivor of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake
18 April 1906

Dorsie Williams Willis[86]
24 August 1977(1977-08-24) (aged 91)
Last living soldier accused in the Brownsville Affair
13 August 1906

Brian Evans-Lombe[87]
31 January 1994(1994-01-31) (aged 100)
Last surviving member of the Brownsea Island Scout camp, the founding event of the Scout movement
8 August 1907

Francesca Nato[88]
16 April 2017(2017-04-16) (aged 110)[89]
Last known survivor of the 1908 Messina earthquake
28 December 1908

John T. Kennedy
22 September 1969(1969-09-22) (aged 84)
Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the Philippine–American War
4 July 1909

Philip Brocklehurst
28 January 1975(1975-01-28) (aged 87)
Last member of Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition
23 March 1909

Rose Freedman[90]
15 February 2001(2001-02-15) (aged 107)
Last survivor of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
25 March 1911

Zhang Rentian[91][92]
29 April 1995(1995-04-29) (aged 107)
Last surviving Scholar of Imperial China
12 February 1912

Sid Daniels
25 May 1983(1983-05-25) (aged 89)
Last surviving crew member of the RMS Titanic
15 April 1912

Millvina Dean
31 May 2009(2009-05-31) (aged 97)
Last and youngest survivor of the sinking of the RMS Titanic
15 April 1912

Elma S. Damrell[93]
17 March 2005(2005-03-17) (aged 95)
Last survivor of the Italian Hall disaster
24 December 1913

Mary Benich-McCleary[94][95]
28 June 2007(2007-06-28) (aged 94)
Last survivor of the Ludlow Massacre
20 April 1914

George M. Lowry
25 September 1981(1981-09-25) (aged 91)
Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the United States occupation of Veracruz
21–22 April 1914

Grace Hanagan (Martyn)[96]
15 May 1995(1995-05-15) (aged 87)
Last survivor of the sinking of the RMS Empress of Ireland
29 May 1914

Vaso Čubrilović
11 June 1990(1990-06-11) (aged 93)
Last participant in the conspiracy to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand
28 June 1914

Paul Kley[97][98][99]
11 May 1992(1992-05-11) (aged 97)
Last German veteran of the Siege of Tsingtao
7 November 1914

Alfred Anderson
21 November 2005(2005-11-21) (aged 109)
Last soldier who could remember the Christmas truce of 1914 and last veteran of the battles of Neuve Chapelle and Loos
24 December 1914; 13 March 1915; and 14 October 1915

Audrey Warren Lawson-Johnston (née Pearl)
11 January 2011(2011-01-11) (aged 95)
Last survivor of the sinking of the RMS Lusitania
7 May 1915

Carlo Orelli
22 January 2005(2005-01-22) (aged 110)
Last veteran of the First and Second Battles of the Isonzo
7 July 1915; 3 August 1915

Marion Eichholz[100]
24 November 2014(2014-11-24) (aged 102)
Last survivor of the capsizing of the SS Eastland
24 July 1915

Smedley Butler
21 June 1940(1940-06-21) (aged 58)
Last recipient to receive two Medals of Honor for two different actions
17 November 1915

text:
Name
Death
Historical event
Date event ended

Alec Campbell[101]
16 May 2002(2002-05-16) (aged 103)
Last veteran of the Gallipoli Campaign
9 January 1916

Lilly Kempson[102]
22 January 1996(1996-01-22) (aged 99)
Last Irish participant in the Easter Rising
30 April 1916

Henry Allingham
18 July 2009(2009-07-18) (aged 113)
Oldest member of any of the British Armed Forces, last member of the RNAS, last founding member of the Royal Air Force, and last veteran of the Battle of Jutland
1 June 1916

Roswell Winans
7 April 1968(1968-04-07) (aged 80)
Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the United States occupation of the Dominican Republic
3 July 1916

Marcel Caux
22 August 2004(2004-08-22) (aged 105)
Last survivor of the Battle of Pozières
7 August 1916

Claude-Marie Boucaud[103]
17 May 2005(2005-05-17) (aged 109)
Last survivor of the Battle of the Somme
18 November 1916

George Perman[104]
24 May 2000(2000-05-24) (aged 99)
Last survivor of the sinking of the HMHS Britannic
21 November 1916

René Marie-Martial Moreau[105]
26 October 2005(2005-10-26) (aged 108)
Last veteran of the Battle of Verdun
18 December 1916

Mark Matthews
6 September 2005(2005-09-06) (aged 111)
Oldest and last surviving pre-World War II Buffalo Soldier and last veteran of the Pancho Villa Expedition
7 February 1917; August 1918

Yakup Satar
2 April 2008(2008-04-02) (aged 110)
Last veteran of the Second Battle of Kut
23 February 1917

Alfred Finnigan
11 May 2005(2005-05-11) (aged 108)
Last veteran of the Battle of Vimy Ridge
12 April 1917

Louis de Cazenave[106]
20 January 2008(2008-01-20) (aged 110)
Last veteran of the Battle of Chemin des Dames
9 May and 9 October 1917

Albert Marshall[107]
16 May 2005(2005-05-16) (aged 108)
Last veteran of the Battle of Arras and the Battle of Cambrai
16 May and 8 December 1917

Richard W. Richards
8 May 1985(1985-05-08) (aged 91)
Last surviving member of the British Trans-Antarctic Expedition
29 May 1917

Edward Smout
22 June 2004(2004-06-22) (aged 106)
Last witness to the death of the Red Baron and veteran of the Battle of Messines
14 June 1917; 21 April 1918

Alois Vocásek[108]
9 August 2003(2003-08-09) (aged 107)
Last Czechoslovakian veteran of World War I and of the Battle of Zborov
2 July 1917

Puyi
17 October 1967(1967-10-17) (aged 61)
Last Emperor of China
12 July 1917

Peter Casserly
24 June 2005(2005-06-24) (aged 107)
Last member of the First Australian Imperial Force and veteran of the Battle of Amiens
September 1917; 11 August 1918

Lúcia Santos
13 February 2005(2005-02-13) (aged 97)
Last of the three children who claimed to have spoken to Our Lady of Fátima
13 October 1917

Harry Patch
25 July 2009(2009-07-25) (aged 111)
Last British Army veteran of World War I and last veteran of Passchendaele
10 November 1917

Lazar Kaganovich
25 July 1991(1991-07-25) (aged 97)
Last Old Bolshevik who took part in the Russian October Revolution
8 November 1917

Boris Gudz[109]
27 December 2006(2006-12-27) (aged 104)
Last survivor of the October Revolution and of the Russian Civil War
8 November 1917; June 1923

Delfino Borroni
26 October 2008(2008-10-26) (aged 110)
Last veteran of the Battle of Caporetto
19 November 1917

Antonio Todde
3 January 2002(2002-01-03) (aged 112)
Last veteran of the Battle of Mount Grappa
23 December 1917

Edouard Izac
18 January 1990(1990-01-18) (aged 98)
Last World War I Medal of Honor recipient and World War I United States Navy recipient
21 May 1918

Franz Künstler[110]
27 May 2008(2008-05-27) (aged 107)
Last veteran of the Battle of the Piave River
23 June 1918

Albert Wagner
20 January 2007(2007-01-20) (aged 107)
Last veteran of the Battle of Belleau Wood and last U.S. Marine of World War I
26 June 1918

Thomas A. Pope[111]
14 June 1989(1989-06-14) (aged 94)
Last United States Army World War I Medal of Honor recipient
4 July 1918

Jean Grelaud
25 February 2007(2007-02-25) (aged 108)
Last veteran of the Second Battle of the Marne
6 August 1918

Antonio Pierro
8 February 2007(2007-02-08) (aged 110)
Last veteran of the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Offensive
19 September and 11 November 1918

Eddie Rickenbacker
23 July 1973(1973-07-23) (aged 82)
Last Air Service, United States Army Medal of Honor recipient and service's last surviving World War I recipient
25 September 1918

John J. Kelly
20 November 1957(1957-11-20) (aged 59)
Last recipient to be awarded two Medals of Honor
3 October 1918

Robert G. Robinson
5 October 1974(1974-10-05) (aged 78)
Last United States Marine Corps World War I recipient of the Medal of Honor
8 October 1918

Gisbert-Wilhelm Groos[112]
1997 (aged 102-103)
Last surviving member of Jasta 11 and possibly last surviving German flying ace of World War I
29 October 1918

James William Pearson
26 January 1993(1993-01-26) (aged 97)
Last American World War I flying ace, served with the Royal Air Force
1 November 1918

Francesco Domenico Chiarello
27 June 2008(2008-06-27) (aged 109)
Last veteran of the Battle of Vittorio Veneto
3 November 1918

Arthur Raymond Brooks
17 July 1991(1991-07-17) (aged 95)
Last Air Service, United States Army flying ace of World War I
11 November 1918

Alexander P. de Seversky
24 August 1974(1974-08-24) (aged 80)
Last Russian Empire flying ace of World War I
11 November 1918

Alfred Pugh[113]
7 January 2004(2004-01-07) (aged 108)
Last U.S. combat wounded veteran of World War I
11 November 1918

Florence Green
5 February 2012(2012-02-05) (aged 110)
Last participant of World War I and last member of the original WRAF
11 November 1918

Harry Truman
26 December 1972(1972-12-26) (aged 88)
Last former President of the United States to have served during World War I
11 November 1918

Harold Macmillan
29 December 1986(1986-12-29) (aged 92)
Last former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to have served during World War I
11 November 1918

Charles De Gaulle
9 November 1970(1970-11-09) (aged 79)
Last former President of France to have served during World War I
11 November 1918

Ludwig Erhard
5 May 1977(1977-05-05) (aged 80)
Last former Chancellor of Germany to have served during World War I
11 November 1918

Gustav Heinemann
7 July 1976(1976-07-07) (aged 76)
Last former President of Germany to have served during World War I
11 November 1918

Otto von Habsburg
4 July 2011(2011-07-04) (aged 98)
Last surviving member of the Imperial Habsburg Court
11 November 1918

Cecil Arthur Lewis
27 January 1997(1997-01-27) (aged 98)
Last British flying ace of World War I
11 November 1918

Juan Filloy[114]
15 July 2000(2000-07-15) (aged 105)
Last student who took part in the Argentine university reform of 1918
12 October 1918

Harold Gunnes[115]
11 March 2003(2003-03-11) (aged 104)
Last member of the Polar Bear Expedition
July 1919

Swede Risberg
13 October 1975(1975-10-13) (aged 81)
Last person involved in the Black Sox Scandal
9 October 1919

Raul Fernandes[116][117]
6 January 1968(1968-01-06) (aged 90)
Last surviving signer of the Treaty of Versailles
28 June 1919

Herman H. Hanneken
23 August 1986(1986-08-23) (aged 93)
Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the United States occupation of Haiti
31 October – 1 November 1919

Waldemar Levy Cardoso
13 May 2009(2009-05-13) (aged 108)
Last veteran of the Tenente revolts
1922; 1927

Olivia Hooker
Living (age 103)
Last survivor of the Tulsa race riot
1 June 1921

Vasco Bruttomesso[118]
2 January 2009(2009-01-02) (aged 105)
Last surviving veteran of the March on Rome
29 October 1922

Gene Bruce[119]
6 December 2005(2005-12-06) (aged 98)
Last surviving sailor of the Honda Point Disaster
8 September 1923

Emil Klein[120]
22 February 2010(2010-02-22) (aged 104)
Last surviving member of Adolf Hitler's unsuccessful Beer Hall Putsch
9 November 1923

Dürrüşehvar Sultan
7 February 2006(2006-02-07) (aged 92)
Last survivor of the Imperial Ottoman court
3 March 1924

Ivo Pavelić
22 February 2011(2011-02-22) (aged 103)
Last surviving participant in the 1924 Summer Olympics
27 July 1924

Edgar Nollner[121]
15 January 1999(1999-01-15) (aged 94)
Last living musher of the 1925 serum run to Nome
1 February 1925

Thomas J. Brewer[122]
16 August 2003(2003-08-16) (aged 82–83)
Last surviving participant in the Scopes Trial
21 July 1925

Francisco Núñez Olivera
29 January 2018(2018-01-29) (aged 113)
Last veteran of the Rif War
27 May 1926

Louis de Broglie
19 March 1987(1987-03-19) (aged 94)
Last attendee of the Fifth Solvay Conference
29 October 1927

Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
9 April 2015(2015-04-09) (aged 105)
Last participant of the Northern Expedition
8 June 1928

Carla Marangoni
18 January 2018(2018-01-18) (aged 102)
Last surviving participant in the 1928 Summer Olympics
12 August 1928

Janet Gaynor
14 September 1984(1984-09-14) (aged 77)
Last surviving winner in the 1st Academy Awards
16 May 1929

Binod Bihari Chowdhury[123]
10 April 2013(2013-04-10) (aged 102)
Last revolutionary of the Chittagong armoury raid
18 April 1930

Norman D. Vaughan
23 December 2005(2005-12-23) (aged 100)
Last survivor of Richard Byrd's 1928 expedition to Antarctica
18 June 1930

Francisco Varallo[124]
30 September 2010(2010-09-30) (aged 100)
Last surviving player from the 1930 FIFA World Cup in Uruguay
30 July 1930

Rachel Johnson[125]
7 April 2016(2016-04-07) (aged 93)
Last St. Kildan
29 August 1930

Alfred Cook[126]
7 November 1998(1998-11-07) (aged 91)
Last known survivor of the R101 disaster
5 October 1930

text:
Name
Death
Historical event
Date event ended

Alf Howard[127]
4 July 2010(2010-07-04) (aged 104)
Last member of the BANZARE expedition to Antarctica
19 March 1931

Clarence Norris[128]
27 January 1989(1989-01-27) (aged 75–76)
Last Scottsboro Boy
25 March 1931

Albert H. Wolff
21 March 1998(1998-03-21) (aged 95)
Last member of the Untouchables
1931

Simone Schaller
20 October 2016(2016-10-20) (aged 104)
Last participant in the 1932 Summer Olympics
14 August 1932

Josef Felder
28 October 2000(2000-10-28) (aged 100)
Last individual to vote against the Nazi Enabling Act of 1933
23 March 1933

Moody E. Erwin[129]
20 October 1989(1989-10-20) (aged 85)
Last survivor of the USS Akron disaster
3 April 1933

Donald L. Truesdell
23 September 1993(1993-09-23) (aged 87)
Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the United States occupation of Nicaragua
24 April 1934

Edd L. Miller[130]
18 September 2000(2000-09-18) (aged 87)
Last witness to the shooting of Bonnie and Clyde
23 May 1934

Thomas J. Conner[131]
14 April 1997(1997-04-14) (aged 90–91)
Last member of the FBI team that gunned down John Dillinger
22 July 1934

Jerry Edgerton[132]
14 September 2013(2013-09-14) (aged 99)
Last survivor of the SS Morro Castle disaster
8 September 1934

Lü Zhengcao
13 October 2009(2009-10-13) (aged 105)
Last witness of the Xi'an Incident
26 December 1936

Werner Franz[133]
13 August 2014(2014-08-13) (aged 92)
Last crew member to survive the Hindenburg disaster
6 May 1937

Werner Doehner[134]
Living (age 89)
Last passenger to survive the Hindenburg disaster
6 May 1937

Walter Walsh
29 April 2014(2014-04-29) (aged 106)
Last member of the FBI teams that captured Arthur Barker and killed Al Brady
12 October 1937

Fon Huffman
4 September 2008(2008-09-04) (aged 95)
Last survivor of the USS Panay incident
12 December 1937

Jules Paivio
4 September 2013(2013-09-04) (aged 97)
Last member of the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion
21 September 1938

Con Shiels[135]
3 January 2013(2013-01-03) (aged 96)
Last participant in the Jarrow March
31 October 1938

Gunther Scholz
24 October 2014(2014-10-24) (aged 102)
Last member of the Condor Legion
March 1939

Delmer Berg
28 February 2016(2016-02-28) (aged 100)
Last surviving member of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade
1 April 1939

Stan Hilton
21 October 2016(2016-10-21) (aged 97–98)
Last surviving British Spanish Civil War veteran
1 April 1939

Antoine Piñol[136]
7 September 2016(2016-09-07) (aged 101)
Last French Spanish Civil War veteran
1 April 1939

Manuel Gallego-Nicasio
Living (age 101)
Last surviving "La quinta del biberón" fighter
1939

Arthur Smith[137]
10 December 2016(2016-12-10) (aged 93–94)
Last survivor of the sinking of the HMS Royal Oak
14 October 1939

Emilio Ochoa
27 June 2007(2007-06-27) (aged 99)
Last signer of the Constitution of Cuba
1 July 1940

Daniel Nevolt[138]
Living
Last veteran of the Battle of Kufra
1 March 1941

Ted Briggs
4 October 2008(2008-10-04) (aged 85)
Last survivor of the sinking of the HMS Hood
24 May 1941

Bernhard Heuer[139]
Living[140] (age 95)
Last survivor of the sinking of the Bismarck
27 May 1941

Donald "Nick" Clifford[141]
Living (age 97)
Last worker on the construction of Mount Rushmore
31 October 1941

John William Finn
27 May 2010(2010-05-27) (aged 100)
Last Medal of Honor recipient from the attack on Pearl Harbor and last United States Navy recipient of World War II
7 December 1941

Joseph Langdell[142]
4 February 2015(2015-02-04) (aged 100)
Last surviving commissioned officer of the USS Arizona
7 December 1941

Lamar Crawford Sr[143]
22 December 2011(2011-12-22) (aged 91)
Last surviving United States Marine of USS Arizona Marine Corps detachment
7 December 1941

Gerhard Klopfer
29 January 1987(1987-01-29) (aged 81)
Last individual to attend the Wannsee Conference
20 January 1942

David Stoliar
1 May 2014(2014-05-01) (aged 91)
Last survivor of the Struma disaster
24 February 1942

Bill Bower
10 January 2011(2011-01-10) (aged 93)
Last pilot of the Doolittle Raid in World War II
18 April 1942

Richard E. Cole
Living (age 102)
Last participant of the Doolittle Raid in World War II
18 April 1942

Rudolf Brazda
3 August 2011(2011-08-03) (aged 98)
Last concentration camp survivor deported by Nazi Germany on charges of homosexuality
8 August 1942

Tuomas Gerdt
Living (age 95)
Last recipient of the Mannerheim Cross
8 September 1942

Orrel Cecil[144]
4 November 2010(2010-11-04) (aged 90)
Last survivor of the sinking of the USS Juneau
13 November 1942

Havala Laula[145]
Living (age 93)
Last known member of the Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels during the Kokoda Track campaign
16 November 1942

Bill Sparks
1 December 2002(2002-12-01) (aged 80)
Last member of the Cockleshell Heroes
12 December 1942

Joachim Rønneberg
Living (age 98)
Last officer of Operation Gunnerside
16 February 1943

Marek Edelman
2 October 2009(2009-10-02) (aged 86–87)
Last leader of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
16 May 1943

Les Munro
4 August 2015(2015-08-04) (aged 96)
Last pilot of World War II Operation Chastise
17 May 1943

Jay Zeamer Jr.
22 March 2007(2007-03-22) (aged 88)
Last surviving Army Air Force Medal of Honor recipient and service's last surviving World War II recipient
16 June 1943

Samuel Willenberg
19 February 2016(2016-02-19) (aged 93)
Last participant in the revolt at the Treblinka extermination camp
2 August 1943

Gerard Zinser
21 August 2001(2001-08-21) (aged 83)
Last surviving crewman of Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109
2 August 1943

John Cruickshank
Living (age 97)
Last Victoria Cross recipient for action in World War II
1 September 1944

Frank Ellis Sublett[146]
27 September 2006(2006-09-27) (aged 86)
Last member of the Golden Thirteen
March 1944

Richard Sidney Albion Churchill[147]
Living (age 98)[148]
Last surviving prisoner who took part in the Great Escape from Stalag Luft III
25 March 1944

Clifford Brewer[149]
29 April 2017(2017-04-29) (aged 104)
Last surviving surgeon of the Normandy landings
6 June 1944

David Wood
12 March 2009(2009-03-12) (aged 86)
Last surviving officer of Operation Deadstick during the Normandy landings
6 June 1944

Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin
8 March 2013(2013-03-08) (aged 90)
Last participant of the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler
20 July 1944

Miep Gies
11 January 2010(2010-01-11) (aged 100)
Last member of the group which hid Anne Frank in the Secret Annex
4 August 1944

Bill Leibold[150]
Living (age 94-95)
Last Survivor of the sinking of the USS Tang
25 October 1944

Charles W. Lindberg
24 June 2007(2007-06-24) (aged 86)
Last Marine in the Iwo Jima Flag Raisings
23 February 1945

Hershel W. Williams
Living (age 94)
Last Medal of Honor recipient from the battle of Iwo Jima and last United States Marine Corps recipient of World War II
26 March 1945

Rochus Misch
5 September 2013(2013-09-05) (aged 96)
Last surviving occupant of the Führerbunker
2 May 1945

Noel Jacob Wiener[151]
2015 (aged 99–100)
Last witness to the German Surrender ceremony
7 May 1945

Rudolf Hess
17 August 1987(1987-08-17) (aged 93)
Last member of the cabinet of the Third Reich
7 May 1945

Walter Scheel
24 August 2016(2016-08-24) (aged 97)
Last former German president to have served in World War II
8 May 1945

Helmut Schmidt
10 November 2015(2015-11-10) (aged 96)
Last former Chancellor of Germany to have served in World War II
8 May 1945

Harold Stassen
4 March 2001(2001-03-04) (aged 93)
Last signer of the United Nations Charter
26 June 1945

Theodore Van Kirk
28 July 2014(2014-07-28) (aged 93)
Last crew member of the Enola Gay
6 August 1945

Russell Gackenbach[152][153]
Living (age 93)
Last crew member of Necessary Evil
9 August 1945

Chester Nez
4 June 2014(2014-06-04) (aged 93)
Last original Navajo code talker
2 September 1945

Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape
12 February 1981(1981-02-12) (aged 93)
Last signer of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender
2 September 1945

Claude Choules
5 May 2011(2011-05-05) (aged 110)
Last veteran of both World War I and World War II
2 September 1945

Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Living (age 92)
Last former French President to have served in World War II
2 September 1945

Giorgio Napolitano
Living (age 92)
Last former Italian President to have served in World War II
2 September 1945

George H. W. Bush
Living (age 93)
Last former United States President to have served in World War II
2 September 1945

Edward Heath
17 July 2005(2005-07-17) (aged 89)
Last former British Prime Minister to have served in World War II
2 September 1945

Ninian Stephen
29 October 2017(2017-10-29) (aged 94)
Last former Governor-General of a Commonwealth Realm to have served in World War II
2 September 1945

John Paul Stevens
Living (age 97)
Last former United States Supreme Court Justice to have served in World War II
2 September 1945

Edward Shames
Living (age 95)
Last surviving officer of Easy Company, 2nd Battalion in World War II
30 November 1945

Joe Medicine Crow
3 April 2016(2016-04-03) (aged 102)
Last war chief of the Crow Nation
1945

text:
Name
Death
Historical event
Date event ended

Kenneth Mayhew
Living (age 101)
Last recipient of the Military William Order for World War II
24 April 1946

Benjamin Ferencz
Living (age 97)
Last prosecutor during the Nuremberg Trials
1 October 1946

Knut Haugland
25 December 2009(2009-12-25) (aged 92)
Last crew member on the Kon-Tiki expedition
28 April 1947

Ring Lardner Jr.
31 October 2000(2000-10-31) (aged 85)
Last member of the Hollywood Ten
25 November 1947

Michael I
5 December 2017(2017-12-05) (aged 96)
Last surviving King of Romania
30 December 1947

Brajraj Mahapatra
30 November 2015(2015-11-30) (aged 94)
Last royal to sign the merger agreement with the Indian state
1947

Maharaja Tej Singh Prabhakar
15 February 2009(2009-02-15) (aged 97)
Last recipient of the Order of the Star of India
1947

Mayurdwajsinhji Meghrajji III
1 August 2010(2010-08-01) (aged 87)
Last recipient of the Order of the Indian Empire
1947

Gopal Godse[154]
26 November 2005(2005-11-26) (aged 86)
Last conspirator involved in the assassination of Gandhi
30 January 1948

Arieh Handler
20 May 2011(2011-05-20) (aged 95)
Last witness to the signing of the Israeli Declaration of Independence
14 May 1948

Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
27 August 1979(1979-08-27) (aged 79)
Last surviving Governor-General of India
26 January 1950

Tony Rolt
6 February 2008(2008-02-06) (aged 89)
Last driver in the 1950 British Grand Prix the first World Championship Grand Prix
13 May 1950

Alcides Ghiggia
16 July 2015(2015-07-16) (aged 88)
Last player in the Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)
16 July 1950

Andor Lilienthal
5 August 2010(2010-08-05) (aged 99)
Last of the original FIDE chess grandmasters
1950

Bill Speakman
Living (age 90)
Last Korean War Victoria Cross recipient
4 November 1951

George Lowe
20 March 2013(2013-03-20) (aged 89)
Last member of the 1953 British Everest Expedition
29 May 1953

William Kelly Harrison, Jr.
29 May 1987(1987-05-29) (aged 91)
Last signer of the Korean Armistice Agreement
27 July 1953

Paik Sun-yup
Living (age 97)
Last South Korean commander in the Korean War
27 July 1953

Rafael Cancel Miranda
Living (age 87)
Last living perpetrator in the 1954 United States Capitol shooting incident
1 March 1954

Zelma Henderson
20 May 2008(2008-05-20) (aged 88)
Last living plaintiff in the Brown v. Board of Education case
17 May 1954

Horst Eckel
Living (age 86)
Last living player of the 1954 FIFA World Cup Final
4 July 1954

Maurice Faure[155]
6 March 2014(2014-03-06) (aged 92)
Last signer of the Treaty of Rome
25 March 1957

Bill Hastie[156]
Living (age 98)
Last survivor of the Knox Mine Disaster
22 January 1959

Kurt Diemberger
Living (age 85)
Last living person who has made the first ascents on two mountains over 8,000 metres
25 May 1960

text:
Name
Death
Historical event
Date event ended

Antonio Imbert Barrera
31 May 2016(2016-05-31) (aged Expression error: Unrecognized word "ar".)Expression error: Unrecognized word "ar".
Last participant in the assassination of Rafael Trujillo
30 May 1961

John Glenn
8 December 2016(2016-12-08) (aged Expression error: Unrecognized word "ar".)Expression error: Unrecognized word "ar".
Last astronaut from Project Mercury
16 May 1963

Franz König
13 March 2004(2004-03-13) (aged Expression error: Unrecognized word "ar".)Expression error: Unrecognized word "ar".
Last cardinal created by Pope John XXIII and last participant in the conclave that elected Pope Paul VI
21 June 1963

Clint Hill
Living (age 86)
Last passenger of the Kennedy presidential limousine during JFK'S assassination
22 November 1963

Gerald Ford
26 December 2006(2006-12-26) (aged 93)
Last member of the committee of the Warren Commission
29 November 1963

James Ramsden
Living (age 94)
Last living former Secretary of State for War
1 April 1964

Alexey Leonov
Living (age 83)
Last member of the Voskhod programme
19 March 1965

Stylianos Pattakos
8 October 2016(2016-10-08) (aged 103)
Last leader of the 1967 Greek coup d'état and subsequent military junta
21 April 1967

John Lewis
Living (age 78)
Last member of the Big Six
4 April 1968

Walter Cunningham
Living (age 85)
Last crew member of Apollo 7
22 October 1968

Thomas P. Stafford
Living (age 87)
Last crew member of Apollo 10
26 May 1969

Keith Payne
Living (age 84)
Last Vietnam War Victoria Cross recipient and last Australian to be awarded original medal
19 September 1969

Alan Bean
Living (age 85)
Last crew member of Apollo 12
24 November 1969

Edgar Mitchell
4 February 2016(2016-02-04) (aged 85)
Last crew member of Apollo 14
9 February 1971

Harrison Schmitt
Living (age 82)
Last crew member of Apollo 17
19 December 1972

Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
29 September 2001(2001-09-29) (aged 78)
Last former President of South Vietnam
30 April 1975

Khamtai Siphandon
Living (age 94)
Last Pathet Lao leader in the Vietnam War
30 April 1975

Juan Valdez [157]
Living (age c. 79)
Last American service member to leave Saigon
30 April 1975

Yao Wenyuan[158]
23 December 2005(2005-12-23) (aged 74)
Last member of China's Gang of Four
6 October 1976

Larry Newman
20 December 2010(2010-12-20) (aged 63)
Last crew member of the Double Eagle II
17 August 1978

Joseph Ratzinger
Living (age 90)
Last cardinal created by Pope Paul VI and last participant in the conclaves that elected Popes John Paul I and Saint John Paul II
26 August 1978 and 16 October 1978

Luz Isabel Cuevas
6 May 2014(2014-05-06) (aged 91)[159]
Last witness to the assassination of El Salvadorian bishop Óscar Romero
24 March 1980

Robert Crippen
Living (age 80)
Last crew member of STS-1, first operational flight of the shuttle program
14 April 1981

Stanisław Kania
Living (age 90)
Last living leader of the Polish United Workers' Party
18 October 1981

Egon Krenz
Living (age 80)
Last living Chairman of the State Council of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
5 April 1990

Dmitri Yazov
Living (age 93)
Last living Marshal of the Soviet Union
28 April 1990

Helmut Kohl
16 June 2017(2017-06-16) (aged 87)
Last Chancellor of West Germany
3 October 1990

Stanislav Hurenko
14 April 2013(2013-04-14) (aged 76)
Last First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Ukrainian SSR
1 September 1991

Mikhail Gorbachev
Living (age 86)
The last serving and last living former president of the Soviet Union
25 December 1991

Václav Havel
18 December 2011(2011-12-18) (aged 75)
Last former President of Czechoslovakia
31 December 1992

Cornelius Botha
6 February 2014(2014-02-06) (aged 81)
Last administrator of the Natal Province
27 April 1994

F. W. de Klerk
Living (age 81)
Last leader of the apartheid government of South Africa, last State President, and most recent head of state from the white minority
10 May 1994


document_title: The Hunger Games (film)

question_text: who does woody harrelson play in hunger games

text: The Hunger Games (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: As punishment for a past rebellion, the 12 districts of the nation of Panem are forced by the Capitol to select two tributes, one boy and one girl between  12 and 18, to fight to the death in the annual Hunger Games until there is only one survivor. In District 12, after her younger sister Primrose is chosen, Katniss Everdeen volunteers to take her place. She and fellow tribute Peeta Mellark are escorted to the Capitol by chaperone Effie Trinket and mentor Haymitch Abernathy, a past victor. Haymitch stresses the importance of gaining sponsors, as they can provide gifts during the Games. While training, Katniss observes the "Careers" (Marvel, Glimmer, Cato and Clove), volunteers from Districts 1 and 2 who have trained for the Games from an early age. During a televised interview with Caesar Flickerman, Peeta expresses his love for Katniss, which she initially sees as an attempt to attract sponsors; she later learns his admission is genuine.

text: At the start of the Games, Katniss ignores Haymitch's advice and grabs some of the supplies placed around the Cornucopia, a structure at the starting point, and narrowly escapes death. Twelve tributes die in the initial melee, and only eleven, including the Careers, survive the first day. Katniss tries to stay away from the others, but Head Gamemaker Seneca Crane triggers a forest fire to drive her towards them. She runs into the Careers, with whom Peeta has seemingly allied, and flees up a tree. Peeta advises the Careers to wait her out. The next morning, Katniss notices Rue, District 11's young female tribute, hiding in an adjacent tree. Rue draws her attention to a nest of tracker jackers, genetically modified poisonous wasps. Katniss cuts the branch holding the nest; it falls on the sleeping Careers. Glimmer is killed, but the others get away. Katniss is disoriented from being stung herself; Peeta returns and tells her to flee.

text: Rue helps Katniss recover, and the two become friends and allies. Katniss destroys the supplies the Careers have stockpiled by detonating the mines guarding them, while Rue provides a distraction. Katniss finds and frees Rue from a net, but Marvel impales Rue with a spear thrown at Katniss; Katniss kills him with an arrow. Katniss comforts Rue and, after she dies, adorns her body with flowers. Afterward, she makes a three-finger salute to the cameras. This triggers a riot in District 11. Snow warns Crane about the unrest caused by the Games.

text: Haymitch persuades Crane to change the rules to allow two winners provided they are from the same district, suggesting that this will pacify the public. After the announcement, Katniss searches for and finds a gravely wounded Peeta. Another announcement promises that what each survivor needs the most will be provided at the Cornucopia the next morning. Despite Peeta's strong opposition, Katniss leaves to get medicine for him, but is ambushed and overpowered by Clove. When Clove gloats about Rue's death, Thresh, District 11's male tribute, appears and kills her. He spares Katniss once, for Rue's sake. The medicine fully heals Peeta.

text: While hunting for food, Katniss hears a cannon go off, signaling a death. She races to Peeta and finds he has unknowingly collected deadly nightlock berries. They discover Foxface, District 5's female tribute, dead from eating the berries she assumed were edible from watching Peeta.

text: Crane then unleashes genetically modified beasts. They kill Thresh and chase Katniss, Peeta and Cato onto the Cornucopia's roof. There the last survivors fight to a stalemate. Cato holds Peeta in a headlock and uses him as a human shield against Katniss's bow. Peeta directs Katniss to shoot Cato's hand, enabling Peeta to throw him to the beasts below, who tear at him until Katniss shoots him with an arrow.

text: However, the rule change about two victors is suddenly revoked. Peeta urges Katniss to shoot him, but she convinces him to eat nightlock together. Just before they do, Crane hastily names them co-victors. Afterward, Haymitch warns Katniss that she has made enemies with her acts of defiance. Crane is then locked in a room with nightlock berries.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jennifer Lawrence as Katniss Everdeen[16]
Josh Hutcherson as Peeta Mellark[17]
Liam Hemsworth as Gale Hawthorne[17]
Woody Harrelson as Haymitch Abernathy[18]
Elizabeth Banks as Effie Trinket[19]
Lenny Kravitz as Cinna[20]
Stanley Tucci as Caesar Flickerman[21]
Donald Sutherland as President Coriolanus Snow[22]
Wes Bentley as Seneca Crane[23]
Toby Jones as Claudius Templesmith
Alexander Ludwig as Cato[24]
Isabelle Fuhrman as Clove[24]
Amandla Stenberg as Rue[25]
Jacqueline Emerson as Foxface
Jack Quaid as Marvel[26]
Leven Rambin as Glimmer[26]
Dayo Okeniyi as Thresh
Willow Shields as Primrose Everdeen
Paula Malcomson as Mrs Everdeen

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In March 2009, Lions Gate Entertainment (known as Lionsgate) entered into a co-production agreement for The Hunger Games with Nina Jacobson's production company Color Force, which had acquired worldwide distribution rights to the novel a few weeks earlier,[27][28] reportedly for $200,000.[29] Alli Shearmur and Jim Miller, president and senior vice president of motion picture production at Lionsgate, took charge of overseeing the production of the film, which they described as "an incredible property... a thrill to bring home to Lionsgate".[30] The studio, which had not made a profit for five years, raided the budgets of other productions and sold assets to secure a budget of $88,000,000—one of its largest ever[31]—for the film.[29][32] Collins' agent Jason Dravis remarked that "they [Lionsgate] had everyone but the valet call us" to help secure the franchise.[32] Lionsgate subsequently acquired tax breaks of $8 million for shooting the film in North Carolina.[32] The production was eventually brought in under-budget at $78 million.[33]

text: Collins adapted the novel for film herself,[27] in collaboration with screenwriter Billy Ray and director Gary Ross.[34][35] The screenplay remains extremely faithful to the original novel,[36] with Ross saying he "felt the only way to make the film really successful was to be totally subjective", echoing Collins' presentation of the novel in the first person present.[37] Instead of Katniss' internal monologue about the Capitol's machinations, the screenplay expanded the character of Seneca Crane, the Head Gamemaker, to allow several developments to be shown directly to the audience. Ross explained, "In the book, Katniss speculates about the game-makers' manipulations... in the film, we can't get inside Katniss's head, but we do have the ability to cut away and actually show the machinations of the Capitol behind the scenes. I created the game center and also expanded the role of Seneca Crane for those reasons. I thought it was tonally important."[37] Ross also added several scenes between Crane and Coriolanus Snow, the elderly President of Panem, noting that "I thought that it was very interesting that there would be one generation [of Panem citizens] who knew that [the Games] were actually an instrument of political control, and there would be a successive generation who was so enamoured with the ratings and the showbiz and the sensations and the spectacle that was subsuming the actual political intention, and that's really where the tension is".[38]

text: The Gamemakers' control center, about which Katniss can only speculate in the novel, was also developed as a location, helping to remind the audience of the artificial nature of the arena. Ross commented, "so much of the film happens in the woods that it's easy to forget this is a futuristic society, manipulating these events for the sake of an audience. The look of the control center, the antiseptic feeling of it and the use of holograms were all intended to make the arena feel 'constructed' even when you weren't seeing the control room."[37] Ross and visual effects supervisor Sheena Duggal were keen to use the omniscient view that the setting provided to justify the literal dei ex machina Katniss experiences in the arena; Duggal explained that "we really didn't want to have to explain things... how do you get compelled by these [animals] that just appear at the end of the movie? We wanted to find a way to introduce them without having to explain specifically and exactly what they were and the game room was a really great opportunity for us to be able to do that."[39]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Lionsgate confirmed in March 2011 that about 30 actresses auditioned or read for the role of Katniss Everdeen, including Hailee Steinfeld, Abigail Breslin, Emma Roberts, Saoirse Ronan, Chloë Grace Moretz, Jodelle Ferland, Lyndsy Fonseca, Emily Browning, Shailene Woodley, and Kaya Scodelario.[3][40] On March 16, 2011, it was announced that Jennifer Lawrence (who was at the time filming for X-Men: First Class) had landed the coveted role.[41] Ross described Lawrence as having "an incredible amount of self-assuredness, you got the sense that this girl knew exactly who she was. And then she came in and read for me and just knocked me out; I'd never seen an audition like that before in my life. It was one of those things where you just glimpse your whole movie in front of you."[39]

text: Though Lawrence was 20 when filming began, four years older than the character,[42] Collins said that the role demanded "a certain maturity and power" and said she would rather the actress be older than younger.[43] She added that Lawrence was the "only one who truly captured the character I wrote in the book" and that she had "every essential quality necessary to play Katniss".[44] Lawrence, a fan of the books, took three days to accept the role, initially intimidated by the size of the production.[3][45]

text: Contenders for the role of Peeta other than Hutcherson included Alexander Ludwig (who was later cast as Cato), Hunter Parrish, Lucas Till, and Evan Peters.[46] Other actors considered for the role of Gale included David Henrie, Drew Roy, and Robbie Amell.[46] In April 2011, John C. Reilly was in talks with Lionsgate to portray Haymitch Abernathy.[47] The following month Lionsgate announced that the role had gone to Oscar nominee Woody Harrelson.[18] The casting of Grammy winner Lenny Kravitz as Cinna, Oscar nominee Stanley Tucci as Caesar Flickerman, and Toby Jones as Claudius Templesmith, soon followed. Both got the role at the time they were promoting Captain America: The First Avenger. Multiple-Golden Globe Award winner Donald Sutherland was cast as President Coriolanus Snow in late May 2011.[48]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Gary Ross became director in November 2010.[49] Fireman's Fund Insurance Company insured the production, but as part of the underwriting process insisted on a thorough risk analysis of hazards as diverse as wayward arrows, poison ivy, bears, bugs, and a chase across fast-running water.[50]

text: Lawrence dyed her blond hair dark for the part of Katniss.[51] She also underwent extensive training to get in shape for the role, including archery, rock and tree climbing, combat, running, parkour, and yoga,[52] and had an accident on the last day of her six-week training phase, in which she hit a wall while running at full speed, but was not seriously injured. Other stars who dyed their hair for the movie include Josh Hutcherson as Peeta and Liam Hemsworth as Gale.[3] Lionsgate hired Olympic bronze medal-winning archer Khatuna Lorig to teach Lawrence how to shoot.[50]

text: With an initial budget of $75 million,[53] principal photography began near Brevard in Transylvania County in Western North Carolina in May 2011[54] and concluded on September 15, 2011, with a final budget reported as between $90 and $100 million, reduced to $78 million after subsidies.[3] Steven Soderbergh served as a second unit director,[55] and filmed much of the District 11 riot scene.[56] The movie was shot on film as opposed to digital due (in part) to the tightness of the schedule; as Ross said in an interview with The New York Times, "I didn't want to run the risk of the technical issues that often come with shooting digitally—we simply couldn't afford any delays."[57]

text: Virtually all production photography took place in North Carolina, with Lionsgate receiving tax credits of around $8 million from the state government to do so. Forbes magazine estimated that the state economy gained up to $60 million from the production, with over 5,000 people employed as extras, crew and support staff.[58] Most outdoor scenes, both from the arena and from the outskirts of District 12, were filmed in DuPont State Forest; the Little River, with its multiple waterfalls, provided several locations for shooting the river running through the arena.[59] To run across Triple Falls, Lawrence was attached to wires and ran on a board.[60]

text: Many of the urban and interior locations, in the Capitol and elsewhere, were filmed in Shelby and Charlotte; other scenes also took place and was filmed in the Asheville area. Ross and production designer Phil Messina drew on the buildings of the 1939 New York World's Fair and symbols of political power including Tiananmen Square and Red Square, when designing the Capitol architecture, which they wanted "to be set in the future but have a sense of its own past... it's festive and alluring and indulgent and decadent but it also has to have the kind of might and power behind it".[61][62] For Katniss' neighborhood in District 12, the production team found Henry River Mill Village, an abandoned mill town which Ross said "just worked perfectly for the movie to evoke the scene"; Messina explained that "originally we talked about maybe building one house and the facade of the house next door and redressing it, and maybe doing some CG extensions... we ended up finding a whole abandoned mill town... it was absolutely perfect".[62]

text: For the costume design, Judianna Makovsky and her crew looked at a lot of photographs of coal mining districts from the 1950s in the search of a very American feel.[63] The idea was to create clothing unique for every character and to differentiate strongly the people in Capitol and in districts [64] Grey and blue prevailed in the color palette for the district, while the people in Capitol were chosen to look bright in theatrical hats, flowers, ruffles, with powdered and eyebrowless faces.[63]

text: Music[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack album for The Hunger Games contains songs inspired by the film; only three of them ("Abraham's Daughter", "Safe & Sound", and "Kingdom Come", respectively) appear in the film itself, during the closing credits.[65] The first single from the film's companion album, "Safe & Sound" by Taylor Swift featuring The Civil Wars, was released on December 23, 2011.[66] It reached number one on the iTunes overall charts in 12 hours.[citation needed] The music video for "Safe & Sound" was released on February 13, 2012. Along with separate songs from Swift and The Civil Wars, the soundtrack also features songs by The Decemberists, Arcade Fire, The Secret Sisters, Miranda Lambert featuring The Pistol Annies,[67] Neko Case, Kid Cudi[67] Academy Award winner Glen Hansard,[67] The Low Anthem,[67] Punch Brothers,[67] Birdy,[67] Maroon 5, Jayme Dee,[67] and Carolina Chocolate Drops.[67] The soundtrack was released on March 20, 2012.[68] The soundtrack track list was revealed on iTunes on February 13, 2012, and on the 14th "One Engine" was released as the second single. Jennifer Lawrence singing "Rue's Lullaby" was not included on the soundtrack. The album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Top 200 chart, having sold 175,000 copies in its first week. It is one of just 16 soundtracks to grace the top slot in the history of the Top 200 and the first since Michael Jackson's This Is It to debut at #1.[citation needed]

text: Score[edit]

text:
The Hunger Games: Original Motion Picture ScoreFilm score by James Newton HowardReleased
March 26, 2012Genre
SoundtrackLabel
Universal RepublicProducer
T-Bone BurnettJames Newton Howard chronology

Green Lantern: Original Motion Picture SoundtrackString Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found

The Hunger Games: Original Motion Picture Score

The Hunger Games: Catching Fire Original Motion Picture ScoreString Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic[69]Film Score Reviews[70]

text: Lionsgate originally announced that Danny Elfman and T-Bone Burnett would score The Hunger Games, with Burnett also acting as the film's executive music producer to produce songs for the soundtrack.[71] Due to scheduling conflicts, Elfman was replaced by James Newton Howard.[72] The score album was released on March 26, 2012.[73]

text: Arcade Fire also contributed to the movie's original score. The group composed the fascistic-inspired Panem national anthem, entitled "Horn of Plenty", an important and signature leitmotif appearing throughout the film.[74][75] "We were interested in making music that would be more integral in the movie, just as a mental exercise," Butler, who co-wrote the song with Chassagne, explained. "And there's an anthem that runs throughout the books, the national anthem of the fascist Capitol. So as a thought experiment, we tried to write what that might sound like. It's like the Capitol's idea of itself, basically."[74][75] He further added that "it's not a pop song or anything. More of an anthem that could be playing at a big sporting event like the [Hunger] Games. So we did a structure for that, and then James Newton Howard made a movie-score version of it that happens in several places in the film."[74][75] Arcade Fire's Panem national anthem has received strong reviews. According to Spin, "'Horn of Plenty' pulls off the neat feat of sounding both exactly like Arcade Fire and exactly like a futuristic anthem. It still has one foot in the band's uncorrupted neighborhoods, but another is up on the podium at the end of Star Wars accepting an Olympic gold medal or something. Horns blare, a choir booms, strings swell, the martial percussion steals the show, and we just realized how much we love Big Brother."[76]

text: The film also features a rather obscure analog track from the 1970s composed by Laurie Spiegel for its "cornucopia scene", as well as music by Steve Reich, Ólafur Arnalds, and the Hypnotic Brass Ensemble.[77] These do not appear on the soundtrack or score releases.

text: No.TitleLength1."The Hunger Games"1:102."Katniss Afoot"1:493."Reaping Day"1:354."The Train"1:275."Entering the Capitol"2:286."Preparing the Chariots"1:057."Horn of Plenty"1:598."Penthouse/Training"3:369."Learning the Skills"1:4110."The Countdown"1:5811."Booby Trap"2:3712."Healing Katniss"3:0413."Rue's Farewell"5:0014."We Could Go Home"1:1515."Searching for Peeta"1:2716."The Cave"3:1317."Muttations"4:4518."Tenuous Winners/Returning Home"3:25Total length:42:16

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Hunger Games received mostly positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an 84% approval rating, based on 287 reviews, and an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's consensus states, "Thrilling and superbly acted, The Hunger Games captures the dramatic violence, raw emotion, and ambitious scope of its source novel."[78] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 68 out of 100 score, based on reviews from 49 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[79] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade A.[80]

text: Many critics praised Jennifer Lawrence for her portrayal as Katniss Everdeen, as well as most of the main cast. According to The Hollywood Reporter, Lawrence embodies Katniss, "just as one might imagine her from the novel".[81] Empire magazine said "Lawrence is perfect as Katniss, there's very little softness about her, more a melancholy determination that good must be done even if that requires bad things."[81] Several critics have reviewed the film favorably and compared it with other young adult fiction adaptations such as Harry Potter and Twilight. Justin Craig of Fox News rated the film as "[e]xcellent" and stated: "Move over Harry Potter. A darker, more mature franchise has come to claim your throne."[82] Rafer Guzman of Newsday referred to The Hunger Games as being "darker than 'Harry Potter,' more sophisticated than 'Twilight'."[83] David Sexton of The Evening Standard stated that The Hunger Games "is well cast and pretty well acted, certainly when compared with Harry Potter's juvenile leads".[84]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars out of four, praising the movie as "effective entertainment" and Lawrence's performance. Despite being a largely positive review, he criticized the film for being too long and noted that the film misses opportunities for social criticism.[85] Simon Reynolds of Digital Spy gave the film four stars out of five, calling it "enthralling from beginning to end, science fiction that has depth and intelligence to match its pulse-racing entertainment value". Reynolds also spoke highly of Lawrence's performance and director Gary Ross, whose "rough and ready handheld camerawork" meant that viewers were "with Katniss for every blood-flecked moment of her ordeal in the combat arena".[86] However, film critic David Thomson of the magazine The New Republic called it a "terrible movie", criticizing it for a lack of character development and unclear presentation of the violence, describing the latter as "un-American".[87]

text: Eric Goldman of IGN awarded the film four out of five stars, stating that director Gary Ross "gets the tone of The Hunger Games right. This is a grounded, thoughtful and sometimes quite emotional film, with its dark scenario given due weight. Ross doesn't give the film a glossy, romanticized 'Hollywood' feel, but rather plays everything very realistically and stark, as Katniss must endure these outrageous and horrible scenarios."[88] The film received some criticism for its shaky camera style, but it was said to "add to the film in certain ways".[88] The violence drew commentary as well. Time critic Mary Pols considered that the film was too violent for young children, even though the violence had been toned down compared with the novel,[89] while critic Théoden Janes of the Charlotte Observer found that "[...] the violence is so bland it dilutes the message".[90] Also writing in Time, psychologist Christopher J. Ferguson argued that parents' fears of the effect of the film's violent content on their children were unnecessary, and that children are capable of viewing violent content without being psychologically harmed.[91]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Hunger Games earned $408 million in the US & Canada, and $286.4 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $694.4 million.[4] It made the largest worldwide opening weekend for a film not released during the summer or the holiday period, earning $211.8 million, which was just ahead of Alice in Wonderland's  previous record ($210.1 million).[92]

text: In North America, The Hunger Games is the 22nd-highest-grossing film, the highest-grossing film released outside the summer or holiday period,[93] and the highest-grossing film distributed by Lionsgate.[94] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 50 million tickets in the US.[95] The film set a midnight-gross record for a non-sequel ($19.7 million), which is also the tenth-highest midnight gross overall.[96] On its opening day, it topped the box office at $67.3 million (including midnight showings), setting opening-day and single-day records for a non-sequel. The film also achieved the sixteenth-highest opening-day and nineteenth-highest single-day grosses of all time.[97][98][99] For its opening weekend, the movie retained the No. 1 spot and grossed $152.5 million, breaking Alice in Wonderland's opening-weekend records for a film released in March, for any spring release, and for a non-sequel.[94][100][101][102] Its opening weekend gross was also the largest for any film released outside the summer season and the eighth-largest overall.[103] The film held the March and spring opening weekend records for four years until they were broken by Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[104] It remained in first place at the North American box office for four consecutive weekends, becoming the first film since Avatar to achieve this.[11][105][106] On June 10, 2012 (its 80th day in theaters), it became the 14th movie to pass the $400-million-mark.[107] On April 20, 2012, Lionsgate and IMAX Corporation announced that due to "overwhelming demand", The Hunger Games would return to North American IMAX cinemas on April 27 for a further one-week engagement.[108]

text: Outside North America, the film was released in most countries during March and April 2012,[109] with the exception of China, where it was released in June 2012.[110] On its first weekend ( March 23–25, 2012), the film topped the box office outside North America with $59.25 million from 67 markets, finishing at first place in most of them.[111] The largest opening weekends were recorded in China ($9.6 million),[110] Australia ($9.48 million), and the UK, Ireland and Malta ($7.78 million).[109][112] In total earnings, its highest-grossing markets after North America are the UK ($37.3 million), Australia ($31.1 million) and China ($27.0 million).[109]

text: With regard to ticket sales, The Hunger Games broke the record for first-day advance ticket sales on Fandango on February 22, 2012, topping the previous record of The Twilight Saga: Eclipse. The sales were reported to be 83 percent of the site's totals for the day.[113] According to first tracking, unaided awareness for The Hunger Games was 11%, definite interest was 54%, first choice was 23% and total awareness was 74%.[114] In the week leading up to its release, the film sold-out over 4,300 showings via Fandango and MovieTickets.com[115] On Fandango alone it ranks as the third-highest advance ticket seller ever behind The Twilight Saga: New Moon and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2.[116] Finally, according to Fandango it broke the site's single-day sales record (March 23), the mobile sales record for a weekend ( March 23–25, 2012) and the site's highest share of a film's opening weekend (Fandango sold 22% of the film's opening weekend tickets).[117]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Interpretations of the film's themes and messages have been widely discussed among critics and general commentators. In his review for The Washington Times, Peter Suderman expressed that "[m]aybe it's a liberal story about inequality and the class divide. Maybe it's a libertarian epic about the evils of authoritarian government. Maybe it's a feminist revision on the sci-fi action blockbuster. Maybe it's a bloody satire of reality television", but concludes the film only proposes these theories and brings none of them to a reasonable conclusion.[118]

text: Reviewers and critics have differing views on whether the film represents feminist issues. Historically, among the "top 200 worldwide box-office hits ever ($350 million and up), not one has been built around a female action star".[119] Manohla Dargis sees Katniss Everdeen as a female hero following in the lineage of "archetypal figures in the literature of the American West" such as Natty Bumppo, as well as characters portrayed by American actors such as John Wayne and Clint Eastwood.[120] Katniss is also seen as defying normative gender roles: she exhibits both "masculine" and "feminine" traits equally.[120] Dargis also notes that Katniss is a female character with significant agency: "Katniss is a fantasy figure, but partly what makes her powerful—and, I suspect, what makes her so important to a lot of girls and women—is that she's one of the truest feeling, most complex female characters to hit American movies in a while. She isn't passive, she isn't weak, and she isn't some random girl. She's active, she's strong and she's the girl who motivates the story."[120] Similarly, Shelley Bridgeman of The New Zealand Herald wrote that because the characteristics of "athleticism, strength, courageousness and prowess at hunting" are not given to a male protagonist, but to Katniss, her character is an abrupt departure from the stereotypical depiction of women as being innately passive or helpless.[121] Mahvesh Murad of The Express Tribune said that the film's triumph is "a young female protagonist with agency", comparing her with Joss Whedon's Buffy Summers.[122]

text: The film has drawn varying interpretations for its political overtones, including arguments in favor of left-wing, right-wing, and libertarian viewpoints. Bob Burnett of The Huffington Post observed the film displays a general distrust of government, regardless of the audience's political party affiliation.[123] Steven Zeitchik and Emily Rome, in the Dallas Morning News, also stated that some viewers formed an opinion about The Hunger Games as a parable of the Occupy Wall Street activity.[124] The Huffington Post reported that Penn Badgley, a supporter of Occupy Wall Street, saw the film as a social commentary on the movement.[125] Burnett also states that "Collins doesn't use the terms 1 percent and 99 percent, but it's clear that those in the Capitol are members of the 1 percent and everyone in the Panem districts is part of the 99 percent".[123]

text: Steven Zeitchik and Emily Rome, in the Los Angeles Times and the Dallas Morning News reported that, among other disparate interpretations, some viewers saw The Hunger Games as a Christian allegory.[126][127] Jeffrey Weiss of Real Clear Religion, published in the Star Tribune has remarked on what he saw as the intentional absence of religion in The Hunger Games universe, and has commented that while the stories contain no actual religion, people are "find[ing] aspects that represent their own religious values" within it.[128]

text: Donald Brake from The Washington Times, as well as pastors Andy Langford and Ann G. L. Duncan, wrote that the film has Christian themes, such as that of self-sacrifice, which is found in Katniss' substitution for her younger sister, analogous to the sacrifice of Jesus as a substitute for the atonement of sins.[129] Brake, as well as another reviewer, Amy Simpson, both find that the film also revolves around the theme of hope, which is exemplified in the "incorruptible goodness of Katniss' sister, Primrose".[130] She also describes that Peeta Mellark is "a Christ figure" in the film.[131] Similar to the events in the passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus, in the Games, Peeta is stabbed and left for dead after saving Katniss' life—taking the wound that was initially meant for her—and is then buried in the ground and placed in a cave for three days before emerging with a new lease on life.[132] Moreover, the Christian image of the Bread of Life is used throughout The Hunger Games; in the film, Peeta shows up "bearing a warm loaf of bread", and Katniss slowly comes "back to life".[133] A news video starring Jonathan Morris aired on Fox News discussed the religious themes in the film further.[134] One reviewer, Fr. Robert Barron, interpreted the film as "disturbingly prophetic" that "the instinct for human sacrifice is never far from the surface...as we in the West enter increasingly into a secular, post-Christian cultural space."[135][136] In addition, many pastors have written Bible studies discussing the Christian allegories in the film.[137][138]

text: Precedents in film and literature[edit]

text: Charles McGrath, writing for The New York Times, said that the film will remind viewers of the television series Survivor, a little of The Bachelorette, and of the short story "The Lottery" by Shirley Jackson published in 1948 by The New Yorker.[139] David Sexton of The Evening Standard compared The Hunger Games unfavourably to Kinji Fukasaku's Japanese film Battle Royale, as did several other critics;[84][140][141][142] the novel had earlier faced criticism for its similarities to the novel Battle Royale by Koushun Takami.[143] Jonathan Looms of The Oxford Student argues that it is "unfair that the film is only drawing comparisons with Battle Royale" but that it "is a veritable pastiche of other movies" as well, comparing it to The Truman Show, Death Race, the Bourne films, and Zoolander, and that it is common for artists to borrow from and "improve on many sources. Quentin Tarantino has built his career on this principle."[144] It reminded an author at Salon of the 1932 film The Most Dangerous Game.[145] The Hunger Games has also been conceptually compared to Robert Sheckley's 1953 short story "Seventh Victim" and its 1965 Italian film adaptation by Elio Petri, The 10th Victim, as the story and film feature a government-endorsed, televised (in the film's case) "Big Hunt", featuring contestants from around the world acting as "hunters" and "victims".[146]

text: Wheeler Winston Dixon, a film professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, listed several precedents: Battle Royale, Jackson's "The Lottery", William Golding's Lord of the Flies, Metropolis, Blade Runner, Death Race 2000, and George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four.[147] Manohla Dargis in The New York Times compares it to Battle Royale, Ender's Game, and Twilight, but contrasts The Hunger Games in terms of how its "exciting" female protagonist Katniss "rescues herself with resourcefulness, guts and true aim".[148] Steve Rose of The Guardian refers to the film as "think Battle Royale meets The Running Man meets Survivor".[149] Writing in The Atlantic, Govindini Murty made a list of touchstones the film alludes to, from the ancient Greek, Roman and Egyptian civilizations to modern references such as the Great Depression, the Vietnam and Iraq Wars, and reality television.[150] For her part, author Collins cites the myth of Theseus, reality television and coverage of the Iraq War as her inspiration.[151][152][153]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: During the film's opening weekend, controversial statements about various members of the cast arose, sparking open dialogue about issues of racism, sexism and unrealistic body image. Comparisons were also made between The Hunger Games premise of children killing each other, and the child soldiers of the Lord's Resistance Army led by Joseph Kony.[154][155][156] In a Jezebel article published March 26, 2012, Dodai Stewart reported that several users on Twitter posted racist tweets, criticizing the portrayals of Rue, Thresh and Cinna by African American actors.[157][158] In a 2011 interview with Entertainment Weekly, Collins stated that while she did not have any ethnic background in mind for lead characters Katniss and Gale because the book is written in "a time period where hundreds of years have passed" and there would be "a lot of ethnic mixing", she explains "there are some characters in the book who are more specifically described", and states that both Rue and Thresh are African American.[159] Lyneka Little of The Wall Street Journal states that although it is easy to find bigoted or offensive postings online, "the racist 'Hunger Games' tweets, because they are so shockingly ignorant even by the standards of the fringes of the internet, have kicked up a storm".[160]

text: Fahima Haque of The Washington Post, Bim Adewunmi of The Guardian, and Christopher Rosen of The Huffington Post all reiterate the fact that Rue and Thresh are described in The Hunger Games as having dark brown skin, as well as Collins's assertion that they were intended to be depicted as African Americans.[157][161][162] Adewunmi remarked that "it comes to this: if the casting of Rue, Thresh and Cinna has left you bewildered and upset, consider two things. One: you may be a racist—congrats! Two: you definitely lack basic reading comprehension. Mazel tov!"[162] Erik Kain of Forbes saw the controversy as a way to appreciate the value of free speech. He states that while society may never be free of racism, "racist comments made on Facebook and Twitter quickly become public record. Aggregations of these comments, like the Jezebel piece, expose people for what they are. Sure, many hide under the cloak of anonymity, but many others cannot or choose not to. And as the internet becomes more civilized and its denizens more accountable, this sort of thing carries more and more weight."[158] Amandla Stenberg responded to the controversy with the following statement: "As a fan of the books, I feel fortunate to be part of The Hunger Games family... It was an amazing experience; I am proud of the film and my performance. I want to thank all of my fans and the entire Hunger Games community for their support and loyalty."[163] Dayo Okeniyi was quoted saying "I think this is a lesson for people to think before they tweet" and "It's sad... We could now see where society is today. But I try not to think about stuff like that."[164]

text: A number of critics expressed disappointment in Lawrence's casting as Katniss because her weight was not representative of a character who has suffered a life of starvation. Manohla Dargis, in her review of the film for The New York Times stated "[a] few years ago Ms. Lawrence might have looked hungry enough to play Katniss, but now, at 21, her seductive, womanly figure makes a bad fit for a dystopian fantasy about a people starved into submission".[165] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter said that in certain scenes, Lawrence displays "lingering baby fat".[166] These remarks have been rebuked by a number of journalists for pushing unrealistic body image expectations for women.[167]

text: L.V. Anderson of Slate states that "[j]ust as living in a world with abundant calories does not automatically make everyone fat, living in a dystopian world like Panem with sporadic food access would not automatically make everyone skinny. Some bodies, I daresay, would be even bigger than Lawrence's."[168] Since none of Lawrence's male co-stars have come under the same scrutiny, Anderson concludes complaints about Lawrence's weight are inherently sexist.[168] MTV asked for responses from audiences on the controversy and reported that most found criticism of Lawrence's weight "misguided".[169] One response pointed to Collins's physical description of Katniss in The Hunger Games novel which reads: "I stand straight, and while I'm thin, I'm strong. The meat and plants from the woods combined with the exertion it took to get them have given me a healthier body than most of those I see around me."[170] Los Angeles Times writer Alexandra Le Tellier commented that "[t]he sexist commentary along with the racist barbs made by so-called fans are as stomach-churning as the film's cultural commentary, which, in part, shines a light on the court of public opinion and its sometimes destructive power to determine someone else's fate".[171]

text: The film has been rated 12A by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) in the UK for "intense threat, moderate violence and occasional gory moments".[2] To achieve that rating, Lionsgate had to cut or substitute seven seconds of film by "digitally removing blood splashes and the sight of blood on wounds and weapons."[172] The uncut version was ultimately released on Blu-ray in the UK with a 15 certificate.[173] In the United States, the film was granted a PG-13 rating from the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)[174] for "intense violent thematic material and disturbing images—all involving teens"; as Collins had originally anticipated.[175]

text: Screening of The Hunger Games was delayed indefinitely in Vietnam.[176] The film was to be released on March 30, 2012, but, according to a member of the Vietnamese National Film Board, the Board considers the film to be too violent and unanimously voted for the indefinite delay. It was later banned.[177]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released in North America and the Netherlands on DVD and Blu-ray Disc August 18, 2012,[178] and in the rest of Europe on September 3, 2012. Extras include 'The World is Watching: The Making of The Hunger Games', numerous featurettes, the propaganda video in its entire form, a talk with the director Gary Ross and also Elvis Mitchell and a marketing archive.[179]

text: In its first weekend on sale, Lionsgate reported that 3.8 million DVD/Blu-ray Disc copies of the movie were sold, with more than one-third in the Blu-ray Disc format.[180] Three weeks after the release of the movie to home media formats in the US, over 5 million DVD units and 3.7 million Blu-ray Disc units have been sold.[181][182] With 10,336,637 sold, it became the top-selling video of 2012.[183] The entire Hunger Games series  was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on November 8, 2016.[184]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: On August 8, 2011, while still shooting the film, Lionsgate announced that a film adaptation of the second novel in The Hunger Games trilogy, The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, was scheduled to be released on November 22, 2013.[185] In November 2011, Lionsgate entered negotiations with screenwriter Simon Beaufoy to adapt the novel for screen, since the post-production schedule for The Hunger Games was too crowded for Ross and Collins to adapt the next film as originally planned.[186] The Hunger Games: Catching Fire began production in the summer of 2012.[187] Gary Ross did not return for Catching Fire, and instead Francis Lawrence directed the film.[188][189][190][191] On May 6, 2012, it was reported that Michael Arndt was in talks to re-write the script for Catching Fire.[192] Arndt officially signed on as the new script writer on May 24, 2012.[193] The Hunger Games: Catching Fire began filming September 10, 2012, and concluded December 21, 2012;[194] it premiered in London on November 11, 2013,[195] before premiering on November 22, 2013 in the US as was originally scheduled.

text: In July 2012, release dates were confirmed for two films based on the last book Mockingjay. The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 was released November 21, 2014, and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 was released November 20, 2015.[196] Lawrence, Hutcherson, Hemsworth, and Harrelson were all signed on to the whole franchise.[3][197]


document_title: List of African countries by GDP (nominal)

question_text: what country has the largest economy in africa

text:
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year. Countries in Africa are sorted according to data from the International Monetary Fund.
The figures presented here do not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency.[1] Such fluctuations may change a country's ranking from one year to the next, even though they often make little or no difference to the standard of living of its population.[2]

text: Some countries may  have citizens that are on average wealthy.These countries/regions could appear in this list as having a small GDP. This would be because the country/region listed has a small population, and therefore small total economy; the GDP is calculated as the population times market value of the goods and services produced per person in the country.[3][4]

text: These figures should therefore be used with caution.

text: Comparisons of national wealth are also frequently made on the basis of purchasing power parity (PPP), to adjust for differences in the cost of living in different countries. PPP largely removes the exchange rate problem, but has its own drawbacks; it does not reflect the value of economic output in international trade, and it also requires more estimation than nominal GDP.[5] On the whole, PPP per capita figures are more narrowly spread than nominal GDP per capita figures.[6]

text: List[edit]

text: The 2017 estimates are as follows:[7][8]

text:
2017 Rank

Country

Nominal GDP($ billions)

Nominal GDP
per capita
(US$)

Notes

1

 Nigeria

376.284

1,994.235

2

 South Africa

349.299

6,179.870

3

 Egypt

237.037

2,500.772

4

 Algeria

178.287

4,292.272

5

 Angola

124.209

4,407.657

6

 Sudan

119.00

1,428.000

[9]

7

 Morocco

109.824

3,151.145

8

 Ethiopia

80.874

872.840

9

 Kenya

79.511

1,701.550

[10]

10

 Tanzania

51.725

1,033.567

11

 Ghana

47.032

1,663.190

12

 Democratic Republic of the Congo

41.441

478.237

13

 Ivory Coast

40.360

1,616.981

14

 Tunisia

40.275

3,496.286

15

 Cameroon

34.006

1,400.743

16

 Libya

31.331

4,858.672

17

 Uganda

26.349

699.410

18

 Zambia

25.504

1,479.542

19

 Zimbabwe

17.491

1,175.723

20

 Botswana

17.168

7,876.997

21

 Senegal

16.463

1,038.094

22

 Mali

15.318

810.771

23

 Gabon

15.206

7,971.589

24

 Namibia

12.687

5,413.508

25

 Mozambique

12.681

429.296

26

 Burkina Faso

12.569

663.806

27

 Mauritius

12.428

9,794.102

28

 Madagascar

11.463

447.558

29

 Equatorial Guinea

10.725

12,726.956

30

 Chad

9.872

810.163

31

 Guinea

9.721

749.463

32

 Benin

9.238

830.404

33

 Rwanda

9.137

771.702

34

 Congo

8.513

1,958.174

35

 Niger

8.253

439.997

36

 Somalia

7.382

547.32

37

 Malawi

6.206

323.740

38

 Eritrea

5.813

979.692

39

 Mauritania

5.116

1,317.938

40

 Togo

4.767

611.133

41

 Swaziland

4.491

3,914.821

42

 Sierra Leone

3.641

491.448

43

 Burundi

3.396

312.463

44

 Liberia

3.285

729.292

45

 South Sudan

2.870

228.034

46

 Lesotho

2.768

1,425.310

47

 Djibouti

2.029

1,988.765

48

 Central African Republic

1.928

386.806

49

 Cape Verde

1.741

3,237.597

50

 Seychelles

1.482

15,685.955

51

 Guinea-Bissau

1.350

794.107

52

 The Gambia

1.009

480.040

53

 Comoros

0.652

787.831

54

 São Tomé and Príncipe

0.379

1,785.280

--

Total

2,191.104


document_title: United States Food Administration

question_text: during world war 1 the head of the food administration

text: United States Food Administration

text: History[edit]

text: Under the direction of Herbert Hoover the U.S. Food Administration employed its Grain Corporation, organized under the provisions of the Food Control Act of August 10, 1917, as an agency for the purchase and sale of foodstuff. Having done transactions in the size of $7 billion it was rendered obsolete by the armistice in Europe. President Woodrow Wilson promoted its transition in a new agency for the support of the reconstruction of Europe. It became the American Relief Administration, approved by an Act (Public, No. 274, 65th Congress) on February 25, 1919.

text: The Food Administration Grain Corporation became the United States Grain Corporation pursuant to Executive Order 3087 of May 14, 1919.

text: During the time of the administration, the United States was short of nearly everything during their time of need. All citizens were asked to donate any weapons, horses, and ammunition they possessed to help supply the army, with a small hope of the items being returned. The rationing was done during this time of National need so that food for soldiers, and citizens, wouldn't be an issue. Concepts such as "meatless Mondays" and "wheatless Wednesdays" were also implemented to help ration food, so that essentially the government had one less thing to worry about.

text: Poster advertising issued[edit]