document_title: You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch

question_text: who saying you're a mean one mr. grinch in the iconic 1966 animated tv short

question_tokens: who saying you 're a mean one mr. grinch in the iconic 1966 animated tv short

text: You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch

text: History[edit]

text: The lyrics were written by Theodor "Dr. Seuss" Geisel, the music was composed by Albert Hague, and the song was performed by Thurl Ravenscroft. The song's lyrics describe the Grinch as being foul, bad-mannered and sinister, using increasingly creative put-downs, metaphors and similes, beginning with the opening line "you're a mean one, Mr. Grinch".

text: Because Ravenscroft was not credited in the closing credits of the special, it is often mistakenly attributed to Boris Karloff, who served as narrator and the voice of the Grinch in the special but who himself could not sing. Until Ravenscroft was publicly credited, Tennessee Ernie Ford was also speculated to be the voice behind the song.[2]

text: Mainstream and pop acts have covered the song, usually for holiday-themed albums. In 1992, an emerging alternative band from New Jersey named Whirling Dervishes covered the song for their Wish it Would Snow EP. Their cover version took on a cult status in the region and went on to outlast the band's existence eventually becoming one of their only breakthrough hits. The song is still requested regionally during the holidays.[3] American singer and drag queen RuPaul covered the song for his 1997 Christmas album Ho Ho Ho, which incorporated elements from funk.[4] Billboard's Melinda Newman negatively responded to RuPaul's version, writing that "he should have left [it] alone".[5] In 2013 another New Jersey band, Misfits covered the song for Christmas-themed seven-inch promotion.[6] In 2017, Lindsey Stirling released her version with Sabrina Carpenter singing on her holiday album Warmer in the Winter.[7]


document_title: List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita

question_text: which country in africa drinks the most alcohol

root

text: WHO (World Health Organization) Data[edit]

text: The WHO publish periodically The Global Status Report on Alcohol:

tag: p

text:
1999 was first published by WHO in 1999.[1]
2004 is the second global status report on alcohol published by WHO
2011 third global report on alcohol published by WHO
2014 fourth global report on alcohol published by WHO with data from 2010

tag: ul

text: 2010 WHO data[edit]

text: The table below for about 190 countries uses 2010 data from the WHO report published in 2014. The methodology used by the WHO calculated use by persons 15 years of age or older. All data in columns refer to year 2010. The column "recorded" refers to the average recorded consumption for the period 2010. Unrecorded consumption (homebrew, moonshine, smuggled alcohol, surrogate alcohol etc.) was calculated using empirical investigations and expert judgments. Total is the sum of the recorded and unrecorded consumption. The next four columns are a breakdown of the recorded alcohol consumption by type. Beer refers to malt beer, wine refers to grape wine, spirits refers to all distilled beverages such as vodka and similar products, and the column "other" refers to all other alcoholic beverages, such as rice wine, sake, kumi kumi, kwete, mead and cider.

text:
Pure alcohol consumption among persons (age 15+) in liters per capita per year, 2010[2]

Rank
Country
Total
Recorded
consumption
Unrecorded
consumption
Beer
(%)
Wine
(%)
Spirits
(%)
Other
(%)
2015
projection

1
 Belarus
17.6
14.4
3.2
17.3
5.2
46.6
30.9
17.1

2
 Moldova
16.8
6.3
10.5
30.4
5.1
64.5
0
17.4

3
 Lithuania
15.4
12.9
2.5
46.5
7.8
34.1
11.6
16.2

4
 Russia
15.1
11.5
3.6
37.6
11.4
51
0
14.5

5
 Romania
14.4
10.4
4
50
28.9
21.1
0
12.9

6
 Ukraine
13.9
8.9
5
40.5
9
48
2.6
11.8

7
 Andorra
13.8
12.4
1.4
34.6
45.3
20.1
0
9.1

8
 Hungary
13.3
11.3
2
36.3
29.4
34.3
0
12.4

9
 Czech Republic
13
11.8
1.2
53.5
20.5
26
0
14.1

10
 Slovakia
13
11.4
1.7
30.1
18.3
46.2
5.5
12.5

11
 Portugal
12.9
11
1.9
30.8
55.5
10.9
2.8
12.5

12
 Serbia
12.6
9.6
2.9
51.5
23.9
24.6
0
12.9

13
 Grenada
12.5
11.9
0.7
29.3
4.3
66.2
0.2
10.4

14
 Poland
12.5
10.9
1.6
55.1
9.3
35.5
0
11.5

15
 Latvia
12.3
10.5
1.8
46.9
10.7
37
5.4
10.6

16
 Finland
12.3
10
2.3
46
17.5
24
12.6
11.9

17
 South Korea
12.3
9.8
2.5
25
1.6
2.9
70.5
10.9

18
 France
12.2
11.8
0.4
18.8
56.4
23.1
1.7
11.6

19
 Australia
12.2
10.4
1.8
44
36.7
12.5
6.8
12.6

20
 Croatia
12.2
10.2
2
39.5
44.8
15.4
0.2
11.7

21
 Ireland
11.9
11.4
0.5
48.1
26.1
18.7
7.7
10.9

22
 Luxembourg
11.9
11.4
0.5
36.2
42.8
21
0
11.2

23
 Germany
11.8
11.3
0.5
53.6
27.8
18.6
0
10.6

24
 Slovenia
11.6
10.6
1
44.5
46.9
8.6
0
10.9

25
 United Kingdom
11.6
10.4
1.2
36.9
33.8
21.8
7.5
12

26
 Denmark
11.4
10.4
1
37.7
48.2
14.1
0
10.2

27
 Bulgaria
11.4
10.3
1.1
39.3
16.5
44.1
0.1
11.3

28
 Spain
11.2
10
1.2
49.7
20.1
28.2
1.8
10.6

29
 Belgium
11
10.5
0.5
49.2
36.3
14.4
0.1
10.8

30
 South Africa
11
8.2
2.9
48.1
17.8
16.7
17.4
11.5

31
 New Zealand
10.9
9.3
1.6
38.2
33.9
15.2
12.5
11.2

32
 Gabon
10.9
8.9
2
68.3
11.9
19.8
0.1
11.8

33
 Namibia
10.8
6.8
4
96.7
0.3
0.9
2.1
11.8

34
  Switzerland
10.7
10.2
0.5
31.8
49.4
17.6
1.2
10.4

35
 Saint Lucia
10.4
10.1
0.2
29.7
12.6
56.1
1.5
10.4

36
 Austria
10.3
9.7
0.6
50.4
35.5
14
0
8.5

37
 Estonia
10.3
9.5
0.8
41.2
11.1
36.8
10.9
9.4

38
 Greece
10.3
8.3
2
28.1
47.3
24.2
0.4
9.3

39
 Kazakhstan
10.3
6.8
3.5
31.8
3.1
65.1
0
8.2

40
 Canada
10.2
8.2
2
51.2
22
26.8
0
10.3

41
 Nigeria
10.1
9.1
1
8
0.4
0.9
90.7
11.3

42
 Netherlands
9.9
9.4
0.5
46.8
36.4
16.9
0
9.6

43
 Uganda
9.8
8.3
1.5
9.4
0.1
1.9
88.6
10.5

44
 Rwanda
9.8
6.8
3
11.1
0
0.4
88.4
10

45
 Chile
9.6
7.6
2
29.9
40.7
29.4
0
9.3

46
 Argentina
9.3
8.3
1
40.7
48
5.5
5.8
7.6

47
 Burundi
9.3
6.3
3
24.5
0
0.1
75.4
9.8

48
 United States
9.2
8.7
0.5
50
17.3
32.7
0
9

49
 Cyprus
9.2
8.2
1
40.9
24.7
33.7
0.7
9.1

50
 Sweden
9.2
7.2
2
37
46.6
15.1
1.4
8.7

51
 Venezuela
8.9
7.7
1.3
75.6
0.8
23.4
0.2
8.3

52
 Paraguay
8.8
7.3
1.5
51.1
18.2
28.8
2
9.6

53
 Brazil
8.7
7.2
1.5
59.6
4
36.3
0.1
9.1

54
 Sierra Leone
8.7
6.7
2
6.4
0.5
0.7
92.3
8.2

55
 Montenegro
8.7
4.9
3.9
10.9
47
41.7
0.4
13.3

56
 Belize
8.5
6.8
1.7
67.6
2
30.3
0.1
8.3

57
 Cameroon
8.4
5.8
2.6
63.9
22.1
13.8
0.2
7.7

58
 Botswana
8.4
5.4
3
56
11.8
11.5
20.7
7.7

59
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
8.2
7.7
0.5
44
7.4
48
0.6
7

60
 Guyana
8.1
7.1
1
23
0.3
76.6
0.1
8.6

61
 Peru
8.1
6.1
2
46.8
6.1
47.1
0
5.2

62
 Panama
8
7.2
0.8
69.2
4.6
26
0.2
7.7

63
 Niue
8
7
1
47
1.7
51.3
0
7.7

64
 Palau
7.9
6.9
1
77.7
5.9
16.4
0

65
 Norway
7.7
6.7
1
44.2
34.7
19
2.1
7

66
 Tanzania
7.7
5.7
2
11
0.2
1.8
87
8.1

67
 Georgia
7.7
5.4
2.3
17
49.8
33.2
0.1
6.7

68
 Uruguay
7.6
6.6
1
30.6
59.9
9.5
0
7

69
 Angola
7.5
5.9
1.6
64.3
13.7
17.4
4.7
7.6

70
 Laos
7.3
6.2
1.1
35.6
0
64.4
0
7.5

71
 Japan
7.2
7
0.2
19.2
4.1
52
24.7
7.5

72
 Mexico
7.2
5.5
1.8
75.7
1.5
22.2
0.5
6.8

73
 Ecuador
7.2
4.2
3
67.3
1.2
31.5
0
6.1

74
 Dominica
7.1
6.6
0.5
13.7
7.1
77.9
1.2
6.6

75
 Iceland
7.1
6.6
0.5
61.8
21.2
16.5
0.5
6.9

76
 Thailand
7.1
6.4
0.7
27
0.4
72.6
0
8.3

77
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
7.1
4.6
2.5
73.3
9.7
17
0
7.5

78
 São Tomé and Príncipe
7.1
4.2
2.9
23.5
60.2
16.3
0
6.8

79
 Malta
7
6.6
0.4
39.4
32.7
27.2
0.7
7.2

80
 Albania
7
4.9
2.1
31.8
19.8
48.4
0
6.6

81
 Bahamas
6.9
6.3
0.5
34
14.6
50.4
1
4.2

82
 Dominican Republic
6.9
6.2
0.7
54.5
2.7
42.7
0.1
7.6

83
 Mongolia
6.9
4.9
2
27.6
2.8
69.6
0
7.8

84
 Cape Verde
6.9
4
2.9
44.4
1.2
0.2
54.2
7.2

85
 Barbados
6.8
6.3
0.5
39.7
10.2
49.3
0.8
6.5

86
 Burkina Faso
6.8
4.3
2.5
10
3
3.1
83.8
7.4

87
 Italy
6.7
6.5
0.2
23
65.6
11.5
0
6.1

88
 Trinidad and Tobago
6.7
6.4
0.3
54
2
43.8
0.3
6.6

89
 China
6.7
5
1.7
27.8
3
69.2
0
7.6

90
 Macedonia
6.7
3.9
2.8
47.4
39.9
12.6
0
5.7

91
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6.6
6.3
0.3
33.4
3
63.1
0.5
7.2

92
 Equatorial Guinea
6.6
5.8
0.8
27.8
72.2
0
0
8.1

93
 Suriname
6.6
5.6
1
40
2.3
57.2
0.5
6.5

94
 Vietnam
6.6
2
4.6
97.3
0.6
2.1
0
8.7

95
 Lesotho
6.5
2.8
3.7
51.3
0.2
18.9
29.6
6.4

96
 Haiti
6.4
5.9
0.6
0.2
0.2
99.6
0
5.9

97
 Cook Islands
6.4
5.9
0.5
0
22.6
77.4
0
4.8

98
 Colombia
6.2
4.2
2
66.1
1.1
32.5
0.3
6.6

99
 Ivory Coast
6
4
2
16.1
3
0.4
80.5
6.5

100
 Bolivia
5.9
3.8
2.1
76.8
3.8
19.3
0.1
5.8

101
 Swaziland
5.7
4.7
1
33.6
0.8
0.7
65
6.4

102
 Zimbabwe
5.7
4.7
1
23.7
1.7
6.8
67.7
4.8

103
 Seychelles
5.6
4.1
1.5
67
22.2
10.8
0
6.7

104
 Cambodia
5.5
2.2
3.3
45.7
0.8
53.5
0
6.1

105
 Puerto Rico
5.4
4.9
0.5
66.6
6.7
26.4
0.3
-

106
 Netherlands Antilles
5.4
4.9
0.4
36.4
16.4
47
0.3
3.2

107
 Philippines
5.4
4.6
0.9
26.9
0.3
72.7
0
5.6

108
 Costa Rica
5.4
4.4
1
59.3
4.7
35.5
0.5
5.1

109
 Armenia
5.3
3.8
1.5
9.7
5.3
84.9
0
5.5

110
 Cuba
5.2
4.2
1
38.8
2.2
58.9
0
5.5

111
 Nicaragua
5
3.5
1.5
38.8
0.5
60.6
0
4.6

112
 Jamaica
4.9
3.4
1.5
42
4.9
51.4
1.6
5.1

113
 Ghana
4.8
1.8
3
30
9.7
2.9
57.3
5.4

114
 Liberia
4.7
3.1
1.6
10.8
1
88.1
0
5.2

115
 Uzbekistan
4.6
2.4
2.1
18.3
6.3
75.4
0
4.8

116
 Chad
4.4
0.4
4
66.3
3.4
3.8
26.5
4.4

117
 United Arab Emirates
4.3
2.8
1.5
10.3
2.9
86.7
0
4.3

118
 Kyrgyzstan
4.3
2.4
1.9
22.6
4.2
72.9
0.3
3.9

119
 India
4.3
2.2
2.2
6.8
0.1
93.1
0
4.6

120
 Turkmenistan
4.3
2.2
2.2
15.4
26.1
58.4
0
5

121
 Kenya
4.3
1.8
2.5
56.1
1.8
21.6
20.4
4

122
 Ethiopia
4.2
0.7
3.5
49.7
0.6
8.2
41.4
4.3

123
 Honduras
4
3
1
40.1
1.1
58.7
0
4

124
 Guinea-Bissau
4
2.5
1.5
19.6
14.9
22.4
43
4.3

125
 Zambia
4
2.5
1.5
22.7
2.9
13.6
60.7
4

126
 Republic of the Congo
3.9
1.7
2.2
78.4
9.8
10.9
0.8
3.9

127
 Guatemala
3.8
2.2
1.6
41.9
1.6
56.3
0.2
3.9

128
 Central African Republic
3.8
1.8
2
16.2
0.6
2.1
81.1
3.8

129
 North Korea
3.7
3.2
0.5
5.1
0
94.9
0
4.4

130
 Sri Lanka
3.7
2.2
1.5
13
0.1
85.2
1.7
4.5

131
 Mauritius
3.6
2.6
1
66.2
12.3
21.3
0.2
4

132
 Samoa
3.6
2.6
1
70.9
16.6
12.5
0

133
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
3.6
2.3
1.3
24
0.7
2
73.3
3.4

134
 Nauru
3.5
1
2.5
85.4
14.6
0
0
3

135
 Gambia
3.4
2.4
1
5.6
0.7
0.3
93.5
3.2

136
 Federated States of Micronesia
3.3
2.3
1
47
14.1
38.9
0
3.5

137
 El Salvador
3.2
2.2
1
41.7
1.7
56.6
0
3.5

138
 Fiji
3
2
1
67.7
0.9
31.1
0.2
3.2

139
 Papua New Guinea
3
1.5
1.5
51.3
0.9
47.7
0
3.1

140
 Kiribati
3
1
2
36.9
2.2
60.9
0
2.9

141
 Tajikistan
2.8
0.3
2.5
10.2
1.1
88.7
0
2.4

142
 Israel
2.8
0.3
2.5
44
6.2
49.5
0.3
3.1

143
 Sudan
2.7
1.7
1
8
0
13.5
78.5
2.7

144
 Malawi
2.5
1.5
1
9.1
1.2
13.4
76.2
2.5

145
 Lebanon
2.4
1.9
0.5
18.2
29.1
52.4
0.3
2.2

146
 Azerbaijan
2.3
1.3
1
28.7
7.6
63.3
0
2.1

147
 Mozambique
2.3
1.3
1
63
7.3
25.4
4.3
2

148
 Togo
2.3
1.3
1
48.9
26.9
2.4
21.8
1.9

149
   Nepal
2.2
0.2
2
47.7
0.9
51.4
0
2.1

150
 Bahrain
2.1
2
0.1
36.6
6.3
57
0.1
2.4

151
 Benin
2.1
1.1
1
54.6
21.7
7.2
16.5
2.2

152
 Singapore
2
1.5
0.5
70.1
13.5
14.7
1.7
2.9

153
 Turkey
2
1.4
0.6
63.6
8.6
27.9
0
2.4

154
 Madagascar
1.8
0.8
1
56
9.5
34.5
0
1.9

155
 Solomon Islands
1.7
1.2
0.5
81.1
2.1
16.7
0
1.6

156
 Tonga
1.6
1.1
0.5
57.9
7.6
34.3
0.1
2.1

157
 Tunisia
1.5
1.3
0.2
68.6
27.7
3.7
0
1.2

158
 Tuvalu
1.5
1
0.5
10
15.5
74.5
0
1.3

159
 Qatar
1.5
0.9
0.6
1.2
13.9
84.6
0.3
1.3

160
 Vanuatu
1.4
0.9
0.5
40.5
22.8
36.7
0
1.2

161
 Djibouti
1.3
1.1
0.2
23.2
5.3
71.5
0
0.9

162
 Malaysia
1.3
0.3
1
76.2
2
21.8
0.1
1.7

163
 Syria
1.2
1
0.3
8.5
27.9
63.5
0
1.4

164
 Maldives
1.2
0.7
0.5
29.1
29.4
41.2
0
1

165
 Mali
1.1
0.6
0.5
13.3
1.5
2.1
83.1
1

166
 Eritrea
1.1
0.5
0.6
63.6
0
0.1
36.3
1.4

167
 Algeria
1
0.7
0.3
62.6
35.5
0
2
0.6

168
 Iran
1
0
1
24.8
52.1
1
1

169
 Oman
0.9
0.7
0.2
54.6
3.3
42.2
0
0.9

170
 Brunei
0.9
0.6
0.3
89.8
2.3
7.2
0.7
0.8

171
 Morocco
0.9
0.5
0.5
43.5
36.5
19.9
0
0.7

172
 Jordan
0.7
0.5
0.2
22.4
2.1
75.4
0.1
0.7

173
 Bhutan
0.7
0.4
0.3
100
0
0
0
1.1

174
 Guinea
0.7
0.2
0.5
78.9
16.3
3.7
1.1
0.7

175
 Myanmar
0.7
0.1
0.6
82.6
5.7
11.8
0
0.7

176
 Afghanistan
0.7
0
0.7
18.9
38.3
1
1.2

177
 Senegal
0.6
0.3
0.3
55.1
41.3
3.6
0
0.5

178
 Indonesia
0.6
0.1
0.5
84.5
0.1
15.3
0
0.6

179
 Timor-Leste
0.6
0.1
0.5
9.3
75.9
14.8
0
1.2

180
 Iraq
0.5
0.2
0.3
76.1
1
22.9
0
0.5

181
 Somalia
0.5
0
0.5
9.2
19.2
0.5
0.5

182
 Egypt
0.4
0.2
0.2
53.8
5.4
40.3
0.5
0.3

183
 Niger
0.3
0.1
0.2
46
13.2
40.7
0
0.3

184
 Yemen
0.3
0.1
0.2
100
0
0
0
0.2

185
 Comoros
0.2
0.1
0.1
23.3
22.2
54.6
0
0.2

186
 Saudi Arabia
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
1.9
97.9
0.2
0.2

187
 Bangladesh
0.2
0
0.2
9
17.6
0.2
0.2

188
 Kuwait
0.1
0
0.1
58.1
10.8
30.7
0.4
0.1

189
 Libya
0.1
0
0.1
2.5
5
0
0

190
 Mauritania
0.1
0
0.1

0.1

191
 Pakistan
0.1
0
0
1.2
3
0.1
0.1

tag: table

text: Worldwide consumption in 2010 was equal to 6.2 litres of pure alcohol consumed per person aged 15 years or older.

text: 2015 WHO data for OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries[edit]

text: The following is a list of OECD countries by the total alcohol consumption per capita in litres of pure alcohol as published by the World Health Organization in 2015.[3]

text:
Rank
Country
Alcohol consumption
in litres
Relative alcohol consumption

1
 Czech Republic
14.1
14.1

2
 Australia
12.6
12.6

3
 Portugal
12.5
12.5

4
 Slovakia
12.5
12.5

5
 Hungary
12.4
12.4

6
 United Kingdom
12.0
12

7
 Finland
11.9
11.9

8
 France
11.6
11.6

9
 Poland
11.5
11.5

10
 Luxembourg
11.2
11.2

11
 New Zealand
11.2
11.2

12
 Ireland
10.9
10.9

13
 Slovenia
10.9
10.9

14
 South Korea
10.9
10.9

15
 Belgium
10.8
10.8

16
 Germany
10.6
10.6

17
 Spain
10.6
10.6

18
  Switzerland
10.4
10.4

19
 Canada
10.3
10.3

20
 Denmark
10.2
10.2

21
 Netherlands
9.6
9.6

22
 Chile
9.3
9.3

23
 Greece
9.3
9.3

24
 United States
9.0
9

25
 Sweden
8.7
8.7

26
 Austria
8.5
8.5

27
 Japan
7.5
7.5

28
 Norway
7.0
7

29
 Iceland
6.9
6.9

30
 Mexico
6.8
6.8

31
 Italy
6.1
6.1

32
 Israel
3.1
3.1

33
 Turkey
2.4
2.4

text: OECD Data[edit]

text: 2013 OECD statistics[edit]

text: The table below lists OECD countries by the annual consumption of pure alcohol in liters, per person, aged 15 years old and over, as published in the 2013 OECD Health Data. Note that the methodology to convert alcoholic drinks to pure alcohol may differ across countries. Typically beer is weighted as 4–5%, wine as 11–16% and spirits as 40% of pure alcohol equivalent.

text: This table is an accurate reflection of the annual consumption of pure alcohol in litres by OECD countries.

text:
Rank
Country
Liters per capita [4]
Relative size
Year

1
 Austria
12.2
12.2

2011

2
 Estonia
12
12

2011

3
 France
11.8
11.8

2011

4
 Ireland
11.7
11.7

2011

5
 Czech Republic
11.5
11.5

2011

6
 Hungary
11.4
11.4

2011

7
 Luxembourg
11.4
11.4

2011

8
 Germany
11.2
11.2

2011

9
 Slovenia
10.6
10.6

2011

10
 Denmark
10.5
10.5

2011

11
 Poland
10.3
10.3

2011

12
 Portugal
10.3
10.3

2011

13
 United Kingdom
10.3
10.3

2011

14
 Slovakia
10.2
10.2

2011

15
 Australia
10
10

2011

16
  Switzerland
10
10

2011

17
 Belgium
9.8
9.8

2011

18
 Finland
9.8
9.8

2011

19
 Spain
9.8
9.8

2010

20
 New Zealand
9.5
9.5

2011

21
 Netherlands
9.2
9.2

2011

22
 South Korea
8.9
8.9

2011

23
 United States
8.6
8.6

2011

24
 Canada
8
8

2011

25
 Chile
7.9
7.9

2010

26
 Greece
7.4
7.4

2011

27
 Japan
7.3
7.3

2011

28
 Sweden
7.3
7.3

2011

29
 Norway
6.4
6.4

2011

30
 Iceland
6.3
6.3

2010

31
 Italy
6.1
6.1

2010

32
 Mexico
5.1
5.1

2011

33
 Israel
2.6
2.6

2011

34
 Turkey
1.5
1.5

2011


document_title: Conqueror (song)

question_text: who sang the song i am a conqueror

question_tokens: who sang the song i am a conqueror

text: Conqueror (song)

text:
"Conqueror"

Single by Estelle

from the album True Romance

Released
22 July 2014 (2014-07-22)

Format
Digital download

Recorded
2014

Length
4:27

Label

Established 1980 Records
BMG

Songwriter(s)

Estelle Swaray
Claude Kelly
Angel Higgs
Jaramye Daniels
Akil C. King
Kyle Henry
Bailey Owens

Producer(s)

Reefa
Johnny Black

Estelle singles chronology

"Make Her Say (Beat It Up)"
(2014)
"Conqueror"
(2014)
"Something Good"
(2015)

"Make Her Say (Beat It Up)"
(2014)
"Conqueror"
(2014)
"Something Good"
(2015)

text: "Conqueror" is a song by British singer Estelle from her fourth studio album, True Romance (2015). The song was released as a single on 22 July 2014 by 1980 Records and BMG. The track was written by Estelle, Claude Kelly, Angel Higgs, Jaramye Daniels, Akil C. King, Kyle Henry, and Bailey Owens. The song was produced by Reefa and Johnny Black. A version of the song was recorded alongside Jussie Smollett for the 2015 TV series Empire.[1][2]

text: Charts[edit]

text: Weekly charts[edit]

text: Empire version

text:
Chart (2014)
Peak
position

France (SNEP)[3]
157

Germany (Official German Charts)[4]
87

US Billboard Hot 100[5]
42

US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[6]
15


document_title: National Open University of Nigeria

question_text: where is national open university of nigeria located

text: National Open University of Nigeria

text: History[edit]

text: The National Open University was initially established on 22 July 1983 as springboard for open and distance learning in Nigeria. It was suspended by the government on 25 April 1984. However, its resuscitation was begun on the 12th of April 2001 by the former President of Nigeria, Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo. At take off of the university, pioneer student enrollment stood at 32,400.[5]

text: Organisation[edit]

text: In 2011, NOUN had about 57,759 students.[3] The Vice Chancellor at the time was Prof. Vincent Tenebe .[2] The university was for years operating from its Administrative Headquarters in Victoria Island, Lagos, before its current VC, Professor Abdalla Uba Adamu, moved it to its permanent headquarters in Jabi, Abuja, in 2016. It has over 75 Study Centres throughout the country.[5] It offers over 50 programmes and 750 courses.[5]

text: By its nature as an ODL institution, NOUN does not provide lectures to students in normal classrooms except some certain study centres. The study centre in Lagos for instance provides lectures to all its Law undergraduates and supplies necessary course materials to all students after the payment of tuition fees. All the courses being offered by the university have been accredited by the National Universities Commission (NUC).

text: The Registrar serves as the Secretary to Council and Senate bodies. The Registry Department’s primary responsibility is to provide support services in the General Administration of the university with emphasis on Council affairs, Senate matters, recruitment of staff, students’ admission/welfare, staff welfare and other related activities. The current Registrar is Mr. Felix Edoka.[6]

text: Faculties and courses[edit]

text: Faculties of Science and Technology[edit]

text: Postgraduate Programmes

text: -Information Technology

text: -Digital Communication

text: -Mobile (Wireless) Communication Technology

text: -HIV/AIDS

text: -Agriculture and Extension

text: Undergraduate Programs

text: -Mathematics

text: -Computer and Mathematics (Combined Hons)

text: -Computer Science

text: -Data Management

text: -Communications Technology

text: -Agricultural Extension and Management

text: -Nursing Science

text: -Community Health

text: -Environmental Science and Resource Management (ESM)

text: -Financial Mathematics

text: -Physics

text: -Chemistry

text: -Biology

text: Faculties of Health Science[edit]

text: -Nursing

text: -Public Health

text: Faculties of Arts and Social Sciences[edit]

text: -French And International Studies

text: -Mass Communication

text: -Peace, Conflict and Resolution

text: -English Language

text: -Economics

text: -Political Science -Criminology and security studies

text: Faculties of Education[edit]

text: Undergraduate programmes:

text: -Agriculture Science

text: -Biology

text: -Chemistry

text: -Computer Science

text: -Physics

text: -Integrated Science

text: -Mathematics

text: -Business Education

text: -Primary Education

text: -Early Childhood Education

text: -English

text: -French

text: Masters Programmes

text: -Admin and Planning

text: -Science Education

text: -Education Technology

text: Faculty of Management Sciences[edit]

text: Undergraduate Courses

text: - Marketing

text: -Entrepreneurial and Business Management

text: -Accounting in collaboration with the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria

text: Postgraduate courses

text: -Financial Management

text: -Business Administration

text: -Public Administration

text: -Master of Business Administration

text: -Public Administration

text: -Public Sector Management

text: Centre for Life-Long Learning and Workplace Training[edit]

text: Diploma Programmes

text: Business Communication

text: Medical Office Practice

text: Entrepreneurship

text: Financial Management

text: Marketing

text: Academic Certificate Programmes[edit]

text: Dental Office Practice

text: Computer Literacy

text: Returning Students

text: Medical Office Practice

text: Financial Management

text: Entrepreneurship

text: Marketing [7]

text: Students[edit]

text: Requirements[edit]

text: A diverse range of students from all walks of life are attracted to the National Open University of Nigeria just like other prominent Open Universities such as the Open University of United Kingdom (OU); for most courses there are no stringent entry requirements other than the ability to study at an appropriate level such as the West African Examination, and other National Diplomas to qualify for a Direct entry admission. Though most postgraduate courses require evidence of previous study and/or equivalent life experience. This fundamental open admissions policy makes undergraduate university study accessible to all.[8]

text: Undergraduates[edit]

text: While most of those studying are mature students, an increasingly large proportion of new undergraduates are aged between 17 and 25, the reduction in financial support for those attending traditional universities, coupled with the use of technologies such as and YouTube that appeal to this demographic, is believed to be behind this growth.[citation needed]

text: Immunity to strikes[edit]

text: Another reason is the Act of Parliament which established the University prohibiting any form of union either within staff or students. This has made the NOUN to be unaffected by strikes such as the ASUU strikes (which lasted for eight months) in Nigeria which ultimately extends students course duration in school unnecessarily. NOUN students have always and will continue to be immune to any form of strike.[9]

text: National Youths Service Corps Stand.

text: The NOUN made efforts to ensure its graduates below age 30 (the maximum age limit) participate in the National Youth Service Corps and Law graduates[10] proceed to the Nigerian Law School.

text: However, efforts have of recent, materialized. The University released a statement where it affirmed that students of NOUN can now enroll and be part of the NYSC program.[11]

text: Rankings and achievements[edit]

text: Latest results of University Rankings released by Ranking Web of Universities (popularly known as Webometrics) revealed another list of 100 Best Universities in Nigeria for 2015. Just as done in every other web ranking, webometrics ranking 2015 adopted search queries from search engines to rank the top universities which the National Open University ranked 23rd.[12] See: List of Nigerian Universities

text: Convocated prison inmates[edit]

text: The decision of the management and senate of National Open University Nigeria(NOUN) to establish study centres in some of the nation’s prisons has started yielding fruits as three inmates were among the over 7,000 that recently graduated from the 13-year-old institute. At its 4th convocation held in the Main Exhibition Hall of the National Theatre, Iganmu, Lagos, and witnessed by the representative of President, Goodluck Jonathan many Vice Chancellors governing council and Senates members and key stakeholders, the two inmates from the Kirikiri Maximum Prisons ended up as star attraction aside the two First-Class graduates produced by the institute for the first time.

text: But attempts by Education Review to speak with them (inmates) were strongly resisted by a female prison official. However, the Deputy Controller in charge of Kirikiri Maximum told Education Review that one of the inmates, is serving life imprisonment while the second inmate whom he could not give his name was released two weeks ago after serving his jail term. Oladapo and the other inmates just discharged were awarded BSc in Peace and Conflict Resolution, the same course the best overall student, Mrs. Anthonia Okoye (a 43-year-old mother who is one of the first two graduates to graduate with a First-Class degree at the institution) studied.[13]

text: Technological platforms[edit]

text: NOUNiLearn[edit]

text: The National Open University of Nigeria in its effort to take education to the doorstep of the Nigerian populace irrespective of their social status and the developing Economy of Nigeria has deployed and implemented iLearn portal technology to enhance student’s learning experience. The NOUN iLearn platform has been created to ease access to excellent quality education. The platform provides amongst many, the following:

text: Online class discussions organized by NOUN facilitators thereby creating a virtual classroom environment.

text: Facility for students to get answers to any questions or areas of difficulty pertaining to their course of study.

text: Networking and collaboration tools to help in community of interaction among students, facilitators, academic staff and faculty members.

text: Better study tools such as the Smart e-Book Digitized lecture video and audio materials for an enhanced student’ learning experience available on the platform.

text: Access to assignments, quizzes and self-study assessment tools.[14]

text: Examination[edit]

text: The university administers the Computer-Based-Test (CBT) form of examination to its students in their first and second years. However, Law undergraduates participate in the standard Pen-On-Paper examinations (POP) beginning from their first year of admission, with LAW111-Legal Methods in First Semester of the first year.

text: Other undergraduates also participate in the CBT system of examination in their first and second years and commence the POP examinations from their third year till the end of their respective course durations. The POP examination system applies to Post Graduate students also.

text: The CBT system of examination has however been criticised by some of the students. The CBT examination is in two categories; the multiple choice questions and fill in the gap - which is the most dreaded examination type by students all around the world.

text: The CBT system requires students to most times, memorize their textbooks in accordance with the programmed answers stored on the school's server in order to obtain full marks as computers will reject answers that do not match its programmed content.[15]

text: Assessment[edit]

text: Tutor-Marked Assignments (TMAs) are continuous assessments in form of Tutor Marked Assignment and it accounts for 30% of student's total score. Students are expected to answer at least four TMAs, three of which must be answered and submitted before students sit for the end of course examination

text: Final examination and grading[edit]

text: With examinations written successfully, The ‘end of course examinations’ would earn students 70% which would be added to their TMA score (30%). The time for this examination is always communicated to students.

text: Facilities[edit]

text: E-library[edit]

text: The NOUN operates an e-library at the headquarters situated at Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria which all students have access to after providing a valid student's identity card. Students have access to both Internet facilities, books, journals, projects, thesis of past students and other educational materials.

text: Radio station[edit]

text: The radio station broadcasts at the frequency 105.9 NOUN FM.[16] Mass Communication students also have the opportunity to intern at the studio which broadcasts on all working days.[citation needed]

text: E-courseware[edit]

text: The NOUN also provides a platform for students that needs to access its database of educational materials NOUN e-Courseware Free Download strictly for educational purposes rather than financial or commercial purposes. Books can be downloaded in PDF formats at no cost.

text: Scholarships[edit]

text: In May 2014, Ini Edo, one of the stars in the Nigerian movie industry, Nollywood made headlines when she was offered a scholarship to study Law at the National Open University. More Nollywood actresses and actors including Desmond Elliot [17] have also been offered scholarships. Chioma Chukwuka-Akpotha, Francis Duru, Doris Simeon and Sani Danja were announced as ambassadors for the NOUN. All four were presented by the Vice Chancellor Prof. Vincent A. Tenebe, with scholarships to study their courses of choice.[18] is for Candidates who are looking to apply for admission into the Institution.


document_title: Pidgin

question_text: which english word is thought to be the origin of the word pidgin

text: Pidgin

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Pidgin derives from a Chinese pronunciation of the English word business, and all attestations from the first half of the nineteenth century given in the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary mean 'business; an action, occupation, or affair' (the earliest being from 1807). The term pidgin English ("business English"), first attested in 1855, shows the term in transition to referring to language, and by the 1860s the term pidgin alone could refer to Pidgin English. The term was coming to be used in the more general linguistic sense represented by this article by the 1870s.[8][9]

text: A popular folk-etymology for pidgin is English pigeon, a bird sometimes used for carrying brief written messages, especially in times prior to modern telecommunications.[10][11]

text: Terminology[edit]

text: The word pidgin, formerly also spelled pigion,[9] used to refer originally to Chinese Pidgin English, but was later generalized to refer to any pidgin.[12] Pidgin may also be used as the specific name for local pidgins or creoles, in places where they are spoken. For example, the name of the creole language Tok Pisin derives from the English words talk pidgin. Its speakers usually refer to it simply as "pidgin" when speaking English.[13][14] Likewise, Hawaiian Creole English is commonly referred to by its speakers as "Pidgin".

text: The term jargon has also been used to refer to pidgins, and is found in the names of some pidgins, such as Chinook Jargon. In this context, linguists today use jargon to denote a particularly rudimentary type of pidgin;[15] however, this usage is rather rare, and the term jargon most often refers to the words particular to a given profession.

text: Pidgins may start out as or become trade languages, such as Tok Pisin. Trade languages can eventually evolve into fully developed languages in their own right such as Swahili, distinct from the languages they were originally influenced by. Trade languages and pidgins can also influence an established language's vernacular, especially amongst people who are directly involved in a trade where that pidgin is commonly used, which can alternatively result in a regional dialect being developed.

text: Common traits[edit]

text: Pidgins are usually less morphologically complex but more syntactically rigid than other languages, usually have fewer morphosyntactic irregularities than other languages.

text: Characteristics shared by most pidgins:

text:
Typologically most closely resemble isolating languages
Uncomplicated clausal structure (e.g., no embedded clauses, etc.)
Reduction or elimination of syllable codas
Reduction of consonant clusters or breaking them with epenthesis
Elimination of aspiration or sound changes
Monophthongization is common, employment of as few basic vowels as possible, such as [a, e, i, o, u]
Lack of morphophonemic variation
Lack of tones, such as those found in West African, Asian and many North American Indigenous languages
Lack of grammatical tense; use of separate words to indicate tense, usually preceding the verb
Lack of conjugation or declension
Use of reduplication to represent plurals, superlatives, and other parts of speech that represent the concept being increased

text: Development[edit]

text: The initial development of a pidgin usually requires:

text:
prolonged, regular contact between the different language communities
a need to communicate between them
an absence of (or absence of widespread proficiency in) a widespread, accessible interlanguage

text: Keith Whinnom (in Hymes (1971)) suggests that pidgins need three languages to form, with one (the superstrate) being clearly dominant over the others.

text:
Linguists sometimes posit that pidgins can become creole languages when a generation of children learn a pidgin as their first language,[16]
a process that regularizes speaker-dependent variation in grammar. Creoles can then replace the existing mix of languages to become the native language of a community (such as the Chavacano language in the Philippines, Krio in Sierra Leone, and Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea). However, not all pidgins become creole languages; a pidgin may die out before this phase would occur (e.g. the Mediterranean Lingua Franca).

text: Other scholars, such as Salikoko Mufwene, argue that pidgins and creoles arise independently under different circumstances, and that a pidgin need not always precede a creole nor a creole evolve from a pidgin. Pidgins, according to Mufwene, emerged among trade colonies among "users who preserved their native vernaculars for their day-to-day interactions". Creoles, meanwhile, developed in settlement colonies in which speakers of a European language, often indentured servants whose language would be far from the standard in the first place, interacted extensively with non-European slaves, absorbing certain words and features from the slaves' non-European native languages, resulting in a heavily basilectalized version of the original language. These servants and slaves would come to use the creole as an everyday vernacular, rather than merely in situations in which contact with a speaker of the superstrate was necessary.[17]

text: Examples[edit]

text: The following pidgins have Wikipedia articles or sections in articles. Many of these languages are commonly referred to by their speakers as "Pidgin".

text:
List of English-based pidgins
Algonquian–Basque pidgin
Arafundi-Enga Pidgin
Barikanchi Pidgin
Basque–Icelandic pidgin
Bimbashi Arabic
Broken Oghibbeway
Broken Slavey and Loucheux Jargon
Camtho
Duvle-Wano Pidgin
Eskimo Trade Jargon
Ewondo Populaire
Fanagalo (Pidgin Zulu)
Français Tirailleur
Haflong Hindi
Helsinki slang
International Sign
Inuktitut-English Pidgin
KiKAR (Swahili pidgin)
Kwoma-Manambu Pidgin
Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin
Kyowa-go and Xieheyu
Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
Maridi Arabic
Mediterranean Lingua Franca (Sabir)
Mekeo pidgins
Mobilian Jargon
Namibian Black German
Ndyuka-Tiriyó Pidgin
Nefamese
Nigerian Pidgin
Nootka Jargon
Pidgin Delaware
Pidgin Hawaiian
Pidgin Iha
Pidgin Ngarluma
Pidgin Onin
Pidgin Wolof
Russenorsk
Settler Swahili
Taimyr Pidgin Russian
Tây Bồi Pidgin French
Tok Pisin
Turku
West Greenlandic Pidgin
Yokohama Pidgin Japanese


document_title: The Outlaws of Sherwood

question_text: who led a gang of outlaws in sherwood forest

text: The Outlaws of Sherwood

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
The Outlaws of Sherwood Author
Robin McKinleyLanguage
EnglishGenre
Science Fiction and FantasyPublisher
Greenwillow Books Ace Fantasy FirebirdPublication date
1988 (Greenwillow) 1989 (Ace Fantasy) 2002 (Firebird)Published in English
1988Pages
288 (hardcover)ISBN
978-0-688-07178-3 (hardcover) 978-0698119598 (paperback, 2002 edition)

text: The Outlaws of Sherwood is a retelling of the legend of Robin Hood by Robin McKinley.  In McKinley's afterword, she says, "The retellings through the centuries have echoed concurrent preoccupations."  The story includes both the traditional Robin Hood characters — Little John, Much, Friar Tuck, Marian and Alan-a-dale — and characters of McKinley's own invention.  Notably, three of the most important characters are women, all of whom escape marriage to prospective spouses chosen by their fathers.

text: Summary[edit]

text: Robin is a forester in Sherwood forest.  As he leaves an archery contest, someone shoots at him and only just misses.  Without thinking, Robin returns fire and kills someone. Robin's friends Marian and Much convince him to become an outlaw.  Robin hides in Sherwood Forest and gathers a band to oppose the tyrannous Sheriff of Nottingham.  Unsurprisingly they rob the rich, give to the poor, and poach deer.

text: Newcomers join the band, including the huge Little John and Will Scarlet.  Will hears that his sister does not want to marry a Norman baron, but Robin refuses to help.  A young minstrel named Alan-a-dale asks for help.  His beloved, Marjorie, is to wed a baron and he wants to rescue her.  The outlaws get Friar Tuck to perform the wedding ceremony and Marjorie marries Alan instead of the original groom.    Alan and Marjorie join Robin's band, which takes in a mysterious young man called Cecil, who is later found to be a girl, and whom Will recognizes as his sister, Cecily.  She stays in the band.

text: Robin hears that Sir Richard of the Lea, who had been kind to Robin when he was a forester, is about to lose his property due to debts.  The outlaws give Sir Richard the money he needs.

text: There is an archery contest with a prize of a golden arrow; it is clearly a trap so Robin does not go.  Marian wears a disguise and wins the contest. Guy of Gisbourne, a mercenary hired by the Sheriff of Nottingham, attacks her thinking that she is Robin.  Cecily and Little John spirit Marian away to Friar Tuck's hideout in the forest.  Marian is badly hurt.  Robin tells her he loves her and asks her to marry him. Guy of Gisbourne and his men find Tuck's hideout.  The band beat them off.

text: Sir Richard takes the outlaws to his castle to keep them safe but the Sheriff is furious that Sir Richard is protecting them. Both he and Sir Richard send word to King Richard the Lionheart.  Little John and Cecily say they love each other.  King Richard shows up at Sir Richard's castle unannounced.  He makes all the outlaws swear loyalty to him, and tells them that they must join the crusades.  The king makes Robin the heir to Sir Richard’s lands and says that Robin and Marian can marry.


document_title: The Fix (song)

question_text: when did the fix by nelly come out

question_tokens: when did the fix by nelly come out

text: The Fix (song)

text: Background[edit]

text: The song premiered on August 6, 2015,[4] and was released for digital download on August 14.[5]

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: "The Fix" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated September 5, 2015 at number 86.[6] Its chart debut was fueled by first-week digital download sales of 42,000 copies.[7] As of June 2016, "The Fix" has been certified Platinum from RIAA for selling 1,000,000 copies domestically.[8]

text: Music video[edit]

text: The accompanying music video for the track was directed by Aristotle and filmed at the Sheats Goldstein Residence in Beverly Crest, Los Angeles, California.[9] It was released on September 24, 2015.[9]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"The Fix" (featuring Jeremih) (Explicit) – 2:53
"The Fix" (featuring Jeremih) (Clean) – 2:53

text: "The Fix" (featuring Jeremih) [Balkan Beat Box Remix] [Clean] – 2:48

tag: ol

text: "The Fix" (featuring Jeremih) [Balkan Beat Box Remix] [Explicit] – 2:48

text: Charts[edit]

text: Weekly charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2015–16)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[11]
3

Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[12]
88

Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[13]
46

Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[14]
48

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[15]
15

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[16]
82

US Billboard Hot 100[17]
62

US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[18]
20

US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[19]
30

US Rhythmic (Billboard)[20]
6

text: Year-end charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2015)
Position

Australia (ARIA)[21]
61

Australia Urban (ARIA)[22]
12

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

Australia (ARIA)[23]
2× Platinum
140,000^

New Zealand (RMNZ)[24]
Gold
15,000*

United States (RIAA)[25]
Platinum
1,000,000[26]

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone

text: Release history[edit]

text:
Country
Date
Format
Label

United States
August 14, 2015
Digital download[5]
RECORDS

August 18, 2015
Rhythmic contemporary radio[27]


document_title: Lake Isle of Innisfree

question_text: where is the lake isle of innisfree located

text: Lake Isle of Innisfree

text: Background[edit]

text: The Isle of Innisfree is an uninhabited island within Lough Gill, in County Sligo, Ireland, where Yeats spent his summers as a child. Yeats describes the inspiration for the poem coming from a "sudden" memory of his childhood while walking down Fleet Street in London in 1888. He writes, "I had still the ambition, formed in Sligo in my teens, of living in imitation of Thoreau on Innisfree, a little island in Lough Gill, and when walking through Fleet Street very homesick I heard a little tinkle of water and saw a fountain in a shop-window which balanced a little ball upon its jet, and began to remember lake water. From the sudden remembrance came my poem "Innisfree," my first lyric with anything in its rhythm of my own music. I had begun to loosen rhythm as an escape from rhetoric and from that emotion of the crowd that rhetoric brings, but I only understood vaguely and occasionally that I must for my special purpose use nothing but the common syntax. A couple of years later I could not have written that first line with its conventional archaism -- "Arise and go"—nor the inversion of the last stanza."[3] The poem is featured in passports of Irish citizens.^≥

text: Analysis[edit]

text: The twelve-line poem is divided into three quatrains and is an example of Yeats's earlier lyric poems. Throughout the three short quatrains the poem explores the speaker’s longing for the peace and tranquility of Innisfree while residing in an urban setting. The speaker in this poem yearns to return to the island of Innisfree because of the peace and quiet it affords. He can escape the noise of the city and be lulled by the "lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore." On this small island, he can return to nature by growing beans and having bee hives, by enjoying the "purple glow" of noon, the sounds of birds' wings, and, of course, the bees. He can even build a cabin and stay on the island much as Thoreau, the American Transcendentalist, who lived in this manner on Walden Pond. During Yeats's lifetime it was—to his annoyance—one of his most popular poems and on one occasion was recited (or sung) in his honor by two (or ten—accounts vary) thousand boy scouts.[4] The first quatrain speaks to the needs of the body (food & shelter); the second to the needs of the spirit (peace); the final quatrain is the meeting of the inner life (memory) with the physical world (pavement grey).[citation needed]

text: Musical settings[edit]

text:
A musical setting of this poem is featured in DUBLIN 1916, An Irish Oratorio and YEATS SONGS, a song cycle, both composed by Richard B. Evans. (published by Seacastle Music Company, 1995).
Muriel Herbert set the poem in 1928.
Seattle, WA band Fleet Foxes mentions the Isles of Innisfree in many other songs including 'The Shrine/An Argument', 'Isles' and 'Bedouin Dress'.
American composer Ben Moore has also composed a setting of the poem.
Another musical setting is featured in Branduardi canta Yeats (published by Edizioni Musicali Musiza, 1986), composed and played by Angelo Branduardi on translation of Luisa Zappa.
Michael McGlynn of the Irish group Anúna arranged this as a choral piece: a "recording" of it is featured on Anúna's album Invocation.
Composer and pianist Ola Gjeilo set this text to music in a piece called "The Lake Isle." Popular settings of the poem have been done by Judy Collins and the Dream Brothers. Australian musician Paul Kelly performs a version on his 2013 album "Conversations with Ghosts".
Shusha Guppy recorded an unaccompanied version on her album 'This is the Day' (United Artist Records, 1974).
'The Lake Isle of Innisfree' is part of the Songcylcle '5 Songs on Poems by W.B.Yeats' composed by the Dutch composer Carolien Devilee.

text: In other media[edit]

text: In the finale episode of the fourth season of the Fox science-fiction drama television series Fringe entitled Brave New World (Part 2), Dr. William Bell (Leonard Nimoy) narrates the first stanza of the poem, alluding to his plans of collapsing the two universes into a new world where he plays God.

text: Cinema

text: In the film Million Dollar Baby, directed by Clint Eastwood, Frankie Dunn (portrayed by Eastwood) reads the first two quatrains to Margaret Fitzgerald (Hilary Swank) at the hospital after a fight where her neck has broken.

text: In the climactic scene from the film Three And Out, Tommy recites the poem just before he gets hit by the train.

text: John Ford's Academy Award winning film The Quiet Man (1952) is set in Innisfree and clearly takes Yeat's poem as one of its principal subtexts.

text: Music

text: Hard rock band Sir Lord Baltimore has a song called "Lake Isle of Innersfree," presumably inspired by Yeats' poem.  It appears on their 1970 LP Kingdom Come.

text: In the song The Shrine/An Argument by Seattle indie folk band Fleet Foxes Innisfree is mentioned in the song's final lyric: "Carry me to Innisfree like pollen on the breeze". The band also mentions Innisfree in their song Bedouin Dress on the same album, saying frequently: "One day at Innisfree, one day that's mine there" and "Just to be at Innisfree again".

text: In his LP Branduardi canta Yeats (1986), Angelo Branduardi sings an italian version of this poem.

text: In the song "Yeats' Grave" by Irish band The Cranberries there is a line that says And you sit here with me, in the Isle Innisfree.

text: The poem inspired Philip Gates's The Lake Isle for oboe and piano.

text: The Folk singer songwriter and actor Hamid Hamilton Camp Released a beautiful version called Innisfree on his 1964 album Paths of Victory on Electra records.

text: Composer Ola Gjeilo composed a choral song named The Lake Isle based on the poem.[5]

text: Literature

text: In his debut novel Ghostwritten the British author David Mitchell quotes the first two quatrains in the chapter "London" and the last in the chapter "Clear Island." The third book in Nicolas Freeling's Henri Castang series is Lake Isle, with explicit reference to Yeats' poem.

text:
Essays
Referred to in the final line of J.B. Priestley's essay "At Thurston's", 1932; writing that watching a billiards match at Thurston's Hall is "as near to the Isle of Innisfree as we can get within a hundred miles of Leicester Square".


document_title: Poliomyelitis eradication

question_text: when did worldwide efforts to eradicate polio begin

question_tokens: when did worldwide efforts to eradicate polio begin

text: Poliomyelitis eradication

text: Factors influencing eradication of polio[edit]

text: Eradication of polio has been defined in various ways—as elimination of the occurrence of poliomyelitis even in the absence of human intervention,[8] as extinction of poliovirus, such that the infectious agent no longer exists in nature or in the laboratory,[9] as control of an infection to the point at which transmission of the disease ceased within a specified area,[8] and as reduction of the worldwide incidence of poliomyelitis to zero as a result of deliberate efforts, and requiring no further control measures.[10]

text: In theory, if the right tools were available, it would be possible to eradicate all infectious diseases that reside only in a human host. In reality there are distinct biological features of the organisms and technical factors of dealing with them that make their potential eradicability more or less likely. Three indicators, however, are considered of primary importance in determining the likelihood of successful eradication: that effective interventional tools are available to interrupt transmission of the agent, such as a vaccine; that diagnostic tools, with sufficient sensitivity and specificity, be available to detect infections that can lead to transmission of the disease; and that humans are required for the life-cycle of the agent, which has no other vertebrate reservoir and cannot amplify in the environment.[11]

text: Strategy[edit]

text: The most important step in eradication of polio is interruption of endemic transmission of poliovirus. Stopping polio transmission has been pursued through a combination of routine immunization, supplementary immunization campaigns and surveillance of possible outbreaks. The four key strategies outlined by the World Health Organization for stopping polio transmission are:[12]

text:
High infant immunization coverage with four doses of oral polio vaccine (OPV) in the first year of life in developing and endemic countries, and routine immunization with OPV and/or IPV elsewhere.
Organization of "national immunization days" to provide supplementary doses of oral polio vaccine to all children less than five years of age.
Active surveillance for wild poliovirus through reporting and laboratory testing of all cases of acute flaccid paralysis. Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) is a clinical manifestation of poliomyelitis characterized by weakness or paralysis and reduced muscle tone without other obvious cause (e.g., trauma). AFP is also associated with a number of other pathogenic agents including enteroviruses, echoviruses, and adenoviruses, among others.[13] among children less than fifteen years of age.
Targeted "mop-up" campaigns once wild poliovirus transmission is limited to a specific focal area.

text: Vaccination[edit]

text: Oral polio vaccine is highly effective and inexpensive (about US$0.10 per dose, or US$0.30 per child[14]) and its availability has bolstered efforts to eradicate polio. A study carried out in an isolated Eskimo village showed that antibodies produced from subclinical wild virus infection persisted for at least 40 years.[15] Because the immune response to oral polio vaccine is very similar to natural polio infection, it is expected that oral polio vaccination provides similar lifelong immunity to the virus.[16][17]

text: Contact immunity to polio can occur when attenuated poliovirus derived from the oral polio vaccine is excreted, and infects and indirectly vaccinates unvaccinated individuals.[18]

text: Herd immunity[edit]

text: Polio vaccination is also important in the development of herd immunity.[19] For polio to occur in a population, there needs to be an infecting organism (poliovirus), a susceptible human population, and a cycle of transmission. Poliovirus is transmitted only through person-to-person contact and the transmission cycle of polio is from one infected person to another person susceptible to the disease, and so on.[18] If the vast majority of the population is immune to a particular agent, the ability of that pathogen to infect another host is reduced; the cycle of transmission is interrupted, and the pathogen cannot reproduce and dies out. This concept, called community immunity or herd immunity, is important to disease eradication, because it means that it is not necessary to inoculate 100% of the population—a goal that is often logistically very difficult—to achieve the desired result. If the number of susceptible individuals can be reduced to a sufficiently small number through vaccination, then the pathogen will eventually die off.[20]

text: When many hosts are vaccinated, especially simultaneously, the transmission of wild virus is blocked, and the virus is unable to find another susceptible individual to infect. Because poliovirus can only survive for a short time in the environment (a few weeks at room temperature, and a few months at 0–8 °C (32–46 °F)) without a human host the virus dies out.[21]

text: Herd immunity is an important supplement to vaccination. Among those individuals who receive oral polio vaccine, only 95 percent will develop immunity.[22] That means five of every 100 given the vaccine will not develop any immunity and will be susceptible to developing polio. According to the concepts of herd immunity this population whom the vaccine fails, are still protected by the immunity of those around them. Herd immunity can only be achieved when vaccination levels are high.[19] It is estimated that 80–86 percent of individuals in a population must be immune to polio for the susceptible individuals to be protected by herd immunity.[19] If routine immunization were stopped, the number of unvaccinated, susceptible individuals would soon exceed the capability of herd immunity to protect them.[23]

text: Obstacles[edit]

text: Among the greatest obstacles to global polio eradication are the lack of basic health infrastructure, which limits vaccine distribution and delivery, the crippling effects of civil war and internal strife, and the sometimes oppositional stance that marginalized communities take against what is perceived as a potentially hostile intervention by outsiders. Another challenge has been maintaining the potency of live (attenuated) vaccines in extremely hot or remote areas. The oral polio vaccine must be kept at 2 to 8 °C (36 to 46 °F) for vaccination to be successful.[16]

text: An independent evaluation of obstacles to polio eradication requested by the WHO and conducted in 2009 considered the major obstacles in detail by country. In Afghanistan and Pakistan, they concluded that the most significant barrier was insecurity; but that managing human resources, political pressures, the movement of large populations between and within both countries, inadequately resourced health facilities, also posed problems, as well as technical issues with the vaccine. In India, the major challenge appeared to be the high efficiency of transmission within the populations of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh states, set against the low (~80% after three doses against type 1) seroconversion response seen from the vaccine. In Nigeria, meanwhile, the most critical barriers identified were management issues, in particular the highly variable importance ascribed to polio by different authorities at the local government level, although funding issues, community perceptions of vaccine safety, inadequate mobilisation of community groups, and issues with the cold chain also played a role. Finally, in those countries where international spread from endemic countries had resulted in transmission becoming re-established—namely Angola, Chad, and South Sudan, the key issues identified were underdeveloped health systems and low routine vaccine coverage, although low resources committed to Angola and South Sudan for the purpose of curtailing the spread of polio and climatic factors were also identified as playing a role.[24]

text: Two additional challenges are found in unobserved polio transmission and in vaccine-derived poliovirus. First, most polio infections are asymptomatic or result in minor symptoms, with less than 1% of infections leading to paralysis[25] and most infected people are unaware that they carry the disease, allowing polio to spread widely before cases are seen.[26] And since 2000, there have been a number of outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus, following mutations or recombinations in the attenuated strain used for the oral polio vaccine, which have raised the necessity of eventually switching to the more expensive inactivated polio vaccine.[27] The risk of vaccine-derived polio will persist long after the switch to inactivated vaccine, since a small number of chronic excretors continue to produce active virus for years (or even decades) after their initial exposure to the oral vaccine.[28]

text: In a 2012 interview with Pakistani newspaper Dawn, Dr. Hussain A. Gezari, WHO's special envoy on global polio eradication and primary healthcare, gave his views on obstacles to eradication. He said the biggest hurdle in making Pakistan polio-free was holding district health officials properly accountable—in national eradication campaigns officials had hired their own relatives, even young children. "How do you expect a seven-year-old thumb-sucking kid to implement a polio campaign of the government," said Dr Gezari. He added that, in spite of this, "the first national campaign was initiated by your government in 1994 and that year Pakistan reported 25,000 polio cases, and the number was just 198 last year, which clearly shows that the programme is working."[29]

text: Opposition and aid worker killings[edit]

text: One factor contributing to the continued circulation of polio immunization programs has been opposition in some countries.[30] In Pakistan and Afghanistan, the Taliban have issued fatwas against polio vaccination.[31][32]

text: After the September 11 attacks, a myth arose in Pakistan that the United States was using immunization campaigns to sterilize the local population. Health officials tried to dispel this story, but their efforts, in the opinion of Heidi Larson, writing in The Guardian, were marred by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), when it conducted a fake Hepatitis B immunization campaign in Bin Laden's residence in Bilal Town at Abbottabad with the help of Dr. Shakil Afridi.[33] The intention of the campaign was to confirm Osama bin Laden's presence in the city by obtaining DNA samples from children suspected of being his.[34] In a letter written to CIA director Leon Panetta, the InterAction Alliance, a union of about 200 U.S.-based non-government organizations, deplored the actions of the CIA in using a vaccination campaign as a cover.[35] Pakistan reported the world's highest number of polio cases (198)[29][36] in 2011.[37] In early 2012, some parents refused to get their children vaccinated in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) but religious refusals in the rest of the country had "decreased manifold".[29]

text: Even with the express support of political leaders, polio workers have been kidnapped, beaten, and assassinated.[30] In February 2007, physician Abdul Ghani, who was in charge of polio immunizations in a key area of disease occurrence in northern Pakistan, was killed in a terrorist bombing.[38] In 2012, there was the killing of a polio worker in Gadap in October.[citation needed] In December 2012, a three-day vaccination campaign sponsored by the United Nations agencies the World Health Organization and UNICEF in Pakistan was suspended following the murder of nine vaccination workers.[39]

text: The killing of polio workers seen the previous year continued in 2013. Seven clinic workers whose duties included vaccination were killed in Swabi, Pakistan on New Year's Day. The Pakistani government began providing police and paramilitary protection to a renewed vaccination campaign,[40] but amid worries that this would inspire hostility, some escorts have been refused. Both escorting officers[41][42][43] and polio workers continue to be killed in Pakistan, where vaccination has been said to violate Islamic law.[44][45] In February a pair of similar attacks in Nigeria killed nine female polio vaccinators following a local cleric's condemnation of vaccination.[46] The security situation in Afghanistan improved in May when the Afghani Taliban announced it would support polio eradication, pledging to do nothing to hinder the campaign as long as no foreigners were involved in the vaccinations.[47] In December 2013, three polio workers were killed in northwest Pakistan and three more were killed in Karachi in January 2014.[48]

text: Polio vaccination efforts have also faced resistance in another form. The priority placed on vaccination by national authorities has turned it into a bargaining chip, with communities and interest groups resisting vaccination, not due to direct opposition, but to leverage other concessions from governmental authorities. In Nigeria this has taken the form of 'block rejection' of vaccination, which is only resolved when state officials agree to repair or improve schools and health-care facilities, pave roads or install electricity.[49] There have been several instances of threatened boycotts by health workers in Pakistan over payment disputes.[50][51]

text: Polio eradication criteria[edit]

text: A country is regarded as polio free or non-endemic if no cases have been detected for a year.[52][53] However, it is still possible polio circulates under these circumstances, as was the case for Nigeria, where a particular strain of virus resurfaced after 5 years in 2016. This can be due to chance, limited surveillance and under-vaccinated populations.[54] Moreover, for the currently circulating virus WPV1, only 1 in 200 infection cases exhibit symptoms of polio paralyses in non-vaccinated children, and possibly even fewer in vaccinated children.[55] Therefore, even a single case is considered an epidemic.[56] According to modeling, it can take 4 to 6 months of no reported cases to achieve only a 50% chance of eradication, and 1 to 2 years for e.g. 95% chance.[54][57] For a polio virus to be certified as eradicated world-wide, at least three years of good surveillance without cases needs to be achieved,[58] though this period may need to be longer for a strain like WPV3, where a lower proportion of those infected demonstrate symptoms.[59] Wild poliovirus type 2 was certified eradicated in 2015, the last case having been detected in 1999.[60] Wild poliovirus type 3 has not been detected since 2012, but its eradication has yet to be certified, and the Global Commission for the Certification of Poliomyelitis Eradication in 2017 recommended not certifying its eradication independent of that of WPV1, and hence of wild poliovirus as a whole.[59] This recommendation would mean that PV3 will not be removed from the bivalent oral vaccine, as was considered necessary with PV2 due to its high risk of giving rise to cVDPV strains, but rather oral vaccination for PV3 will continue until total eradication of polio allows all oral vaccination to cease.

text: Progress and setbacks[edit]

text:
International Wild Poliovirus Cases by Year

Year
Estimated
Recorded

1975
—
49,293

...

1980
400,000
52,552

...

1985
—
38,637

...

1988
350,000
35,251

...

1990
—
23,484

...

1993
100,000
10,487

...

1995
—
7,035

...

2000
—
719

...

2005
—
1,979

...

2010
—
1,352

2011
—
650

2012
—
223

2013
—
416

2014
—
359

2015
—
74

2016
—
37

References: 2000 to 2015: WHO;[61] other data[16][62][63][64][65][66]

text: Following the widespread use of poliovirus vaccine in the mid-1950s, the incidence of poliomyelitis declined rapidly in many industrialized countries.[22] Czechoslovakia became the first country in the world to scientifically demonstrate nationwide eradication of poliomyelitis in 1960.[67] In 1962—just one year after Sabin's oral polio vaccine (OPV) was licensed in most industrialized countries—Cuba began using the oral vaccine in a series of nationwide polio campaigns. The early success of these mass vaccination campaigns suggested that polioviruses could be globally eradicated.[68] The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), under the leadership of Ciro de Quadros, launched an initiative to eradicate polio from the Americas in 1985.[69]

text: Much of the work towards eradication was documented by Brazilian photographer Sebastião Salgado, as a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, in the book The End of Polio: Global Effort to End a Disease.[70]

text: In 1988, the World Health Organization, together with Rotary International, UNICEF, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention passed the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, with the goal of eradicating polio by the year 2000. The Initiative was inspired by Rotary International's 1985 pledge to raise $120 million toward immunising all of the world's children against the disease.[69] The last case of wild poliovirus poliomyelitis in the Americas was reported in Peru, August 1991.[69]

text: On 20 August 1994 the Americas were certified as polio-free.[71] This achievement was a milestone in efforts to eradicate the disease.

text: In 1994 the Indian Government launched the Pulse Polio Campaign to eliminate polio. The current campaign involves annual vaccination of all children under age five.[72]

text: In 1995 Operation MECACAR (Mediterranean, Caucasus, Central Asian Republics and Russia) were launched; National Immunization Days were coordinated in 19 European and Mediterranean countries.[73] In 1998, Melik Minas of Turkey became the last case of polio reported in Europe.[74] In 1997 Mum Chanty of Cambodia became the last person to contract polio in the Indo-West Pacific region.[75] In 2000 the Western Pacific Region (including China) was certified Polio-free.[75]

text: In October 1999, the last isolation of type 2 poliovirus occurred in India. This type of poliovirus was declared eradicated.[22][76]

text: Also in October 1999, The CORE Group—with funding from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)—launched its effort to support national eradication efforts at the grassroots level. The CORE Group initiated this initiative in Bangladesh, India and Nepal in South Asia, and in Angola, Ethiopia and Uganda in Africa.[77]

text:
no data
  <0.3
  0.3–0.75
  0.75–1.2
  1.2–1.65
  1.65–2.1
  2.1–2.55

  2.55–3
  3–4
  4–5
  5–7.5
  7.5–10
  >10

text: By 2001, 575 million children (almost one-tenth the world's population) had received some 2 billion doses of oral polio vaccine.[78] The World Health Organization announced that Europe was polio-free on 21 June 2002, in the Copenhagen Glyptotek.[79]

text: In 2002, an outbreak of polio occurred in India. The number of planned polio vaccination campaigns had recently been reduced, and populations in northern India, particularly from the Islamic background, engaged in mass resistance to immunization. At this time, the Indian state Uttar Pradesh accounted for nearly two-thirds of total worldwide cases reported.[80] (See the 2002 Global polio incidence map.) However, by 2004, India had adopted strategies to increase ownership of polio vaccinations in marginalized populations, and the immunity gap in vulnerable groups rapidly closed.[citation needed]

text: In August 2003, rumors spread in some states in Nigeria, especially Kano, that the vaccine caused sterility in girls. This resulted in the suspension of immunization efforts in the state, causing a dramatic rise in polio rates in the already endemic country.[81] On 30 June 2004, the WHO announced that after a 10-month ban on polio vaccinations, Kano had pledged to restart the campaign in early July. During the ban the virus spread across Nigeria and into 12 neighboring countries that had previously been polio-free.[69] By 2006, this ban would be blamed for 1,500 children being paralyzed and had cost $450 million for emergency activities. In addition to the rumors of sterility and the ban by Nigeria's Kano state, civil war and internal strife in the Sudan and Côte d'Ivoire have complicated WHO's polio eradication goal. In 2004, almost two-thirds of all the polio cases in the world occurred in Nigeria (760 out of 1,170 total).[citation needed]

text: In May 2004 the first case of the polio outbreak in Sudan was detected. The reemergence of polio led to stepped up vaccination campaigns. In the city of Darfur, 78,654 children were immunized and 20,432 more in southern Sudan (Yirol and Chelkou).[82]

text: In 2005 there were 1,979 cases of wild poliovirus (excludes vaccine-derived polio viruses).[83] Most cases were located in two areas: the Indian subcontinent and Nigeria. Eradication efforts in the Indian sub-continent met with a large measure of success. Using the Pulse Polio campaign to increase polio immunization rates, India recorded just 66 cases in 2005, down from 135 cases reported in 2004, 225 in 2003, and 1,600 in 2002.[84]

text: Yemen, Indonesia and Sudan, countries that had been declared polio-free since before 2000, each reported hundreds of cases—probably imported from Nigeria.[85] On 5 May 2005, news reports broke that a new case of polio was diagnosed in Java, Indonesia, and the virus strain was suspected to be the same as the one that has caused outbreaks in Nigeria. New public fears over vaccine safety, which were unfounded, impeded vaccination efforts in Indonesia. In summer 2005 the WHO, UNICEF and the Indonesian government made new efforts to lay the fears to rest, recruiting celebrities and religious leaders in a publicity campaign to promote vaccination.[86]

text: In the United States on 29 September 2005, the Minnesota Department of Health identified the first occurrence of vaccine derived polio virus (VDPV) transmission in the United States since OPV was discontinued in 2000. The poliovirus type 1 infection occurred in an unvaccinated, immunocompromised infant girl aged 7 months (the index patient) in an Amish community whose members predominantly were not vaccinated for polio.[87]

text: In 2006 only four countries in the world (Nigeria, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan) were reported to have endemic poliomyelitis. Cases in other countries are attributed to importation. A total of 1,997 cases worldwide were reported in 2006; of these the majority (1,869 cases) occurred in countries with endemic polio.[83] Nigeria accounted for the majority of cases (1,122 cases) but India reported more than ten times more cases this year than in 2005 (676 cases, or 30% of worldwide cases). Pakistan and Afghanistan reported 40 and 31 cases respectively in 2006. Polio re-surfaced in Bangladesh after nearly six years of absence with 18 new cases reported. "Our country is not safe, as neighbours India and Pakistan are not polio free", declared Health Minister ASM Matiur Rahman.[88] (See: Map of reported polio cases in 2006)

text: In 2007 there were 1,315 cases of poliomyelitis reported worldwide.[83] Over 60% of cases (874) occurred in India; while in Nigeria, the number of polio cases fell dramatically, from 1,122 cases reported in 2006 to 285 cases in 2007. Officials credit the drop in new infections to improved political control in the southern states and resumed immunisation in the north, where Muslim clerics led a boycott of vaccination in late 2003. Local governments and clerics allowed vaccinations to resume on the condition that the vaccines be manufactured in Indonesia, a majority Muslim country, and not in the United States.[85] Turai Yar'Adua, wife of recently elected Nigerian president Umaru Yar'Adua, made the eradication of polio one of her priorities. Attending the launch of immunization campaigns in Birnin Kebbi in July 2007, Turai Yar'Adua urged parents to vaccinate their children and stressed the safety of oral polio vaccine.[89]

text: In July 2007, a student traveling from Pakistan imported the first polio case to Australia in over 20 years.[90] Other countries with significant numbers of wild polio virus cases include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which reported 41 cases, Chad with 22 cases, and Niger and Myanmar, each of which reported 11 cases.[83]

text: In 2008, 19 countries reported cases and the total number of cases was 1,652. Of these, 1,506 occurred in the four endemic countries and 146 elsewhere. The largest number were in Nigeria (799 cases) and India (559 cases): these two countries contributed 82.2 percent of all cases. Outside endemic countries Chad reported the greatest number (37 cases).[83]

text: In 2009, a total of 1,606 cases were reported in 23 countries. Four endemic countries accounted for 1,256 of these, with the remaining 350 in 19 sub-Saharan countries with imported cases or re-established transmission. Once again, the largest number were in India (741) and Nigeria (388).[83] All other countries had less than one hundred cases: Pakistan had 89 cases, Afghanistan 38, Chad 65, Sudan 45, Guinea 42, Angola 29, Côte d'Ivoire 26, Benin 20, Kenya 19, Niger 15, Central African Republic 14, Mauritania 13 and Sierra Leone and Liberia both had 11. The following countries had single digit numbers of cases: Burundi 2, Cameroon 3, the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3, Mali 2, Togo 6 and Uganda 8.

text: According to figures updated in April 2012, the World Health Organization reports that there were 1,352 cases of wild polio in 20 countries in 2010. Reported cases of polio were down 95% in Nigeria (to a historic low of 21 cases) and 94% in India (to a historic low of 42 cases) compared to the previous year, with little change in Afghanistan (from 38 to 25 cases) and an increase in cases in Pakistan (from 89 to 144 cases). An acute outbreak in Tajikistan gave rise to 460 cases (34% of the global total), and was associated with a further 18 cases across Central Asia (Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan) and the Russian Federation, with the most recent case from this region being reported from Russia 25 September. These were the first cases in the WHO European region since 2002. The Republic of Congo (Brazzaville) saw an outbreak with 441 cases (30% of the global total). At least 179 deaths were associated with this outbreak, which is believed to have been an importation from the ongoing type 1 outbreak in Angola (33 cases in 2010) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (100 cases).[83][91]

text:
Reported Polio Cases in 2011[91][92]

Country
Wild
Cases
Circulating
Vaccine-
derived
Cases
Transmission
Status

 Pakistan
198
0
endemic

 Chad
132
0
re-established

 DRC
93
11
importation

 Afghanistan
80
1
endemic

 Nigeria
62
33
endemic

 Côte d'Ivoire
36
0
importation

 China
21
0
importation

 Mali
7
0
importation

 Angola
5
0
re-established

 Niger
5
1
importation

 Central African Republic
4
0
importation

 Guinea
3
0
importation

 Republic of the Congo
1
0
importation

 Gabon
1
0
importation

 India
1
0
endemic

 Kenya
1
0
importation

 Somalia
0
9
cVDPV only

 Yemen
0
9
cVDPV only

 Mozambique
0
2
cVDPV only

Total
650
66

text: In 2011, 650 WPV cases were reported in sixteen countries: the four endemic countries—Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nigeria and India—as well as twelve others.

text: In Pakistan, 198 cases were reported in 2011, while the lowest number of cases reported in one year there had been 32 in 2007.

text: In India—a country that in many recent years had had a plurality or majority of the world's polio cases—only a single case of wild poliovirus was reported.[93]

text: Amid political instability, Côte d'Ivoire reported 36 cases of type 3 polio as part of an ongoing outbreak, with type 3 cases also seen in neighboring Mali and Guinea.

text: Polio transmission recurred in Angola, Chad and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kenya reported its first case since 2009, while China reported 21 cases, mostly among the Uyghurs of Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, the first cases since 1994.

text:
Reported Polio Cases in 2012[91][92]

Country
Wild
Cases
Circulating
Vaccine-
derived
Cases
Transmission
Status

 Nigeria
122
9
endemic

 Pakistan
58
16
endemic

 Afghanistan
37
9
endemic

 Chad
5
12
re-established

 Niger
1
0
importation

 DRC
0
17
cVDPV only

 Kenya
0
3
cVDPV only

 Yemen
0
2
cVDPV only

 China
0
2
cVDPV only

 Somalia
0
1
cVDPV only

Total
223
71

text: The total number of wild-virus cases reported in 2012 was 223, lower than any previous year. These were limited to five countries—Nigeria, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Chad, and Niger—of which all except Nigeria had fewer cases than in 2011.[7] Several additional countries, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia and Yemen, saw outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived polio.

text: The last reported type 3 case of polio worldwide had its onset 11 November 2012 in Nigeria; the last wild case outside Nigeria was in April 2012 in Pakistan,[7] and its absence from sewage monitoring in Pakistan suggests that active transmission of this strain has ceased there.[94]

text: Several countries surpassed a year since their most recent reported case of polio. The WHO reported that on 13 January, India had completed its first polio-free year and was now polio-free,[95] leaving only three countries afflicted by endemic poliomyelitis. Ten other countries surpassed a year since reported cases the previous year: Angola, Central African Republic, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Guinea, Kenya and Mali.

text: Nigeria remained the only polio-endemic country in Africa. By the end of the year, the number of confirmed cases in Nigeria was 122—of which 19 were type 3—compared to 62 total cases reported in 2011. Chad was one of only two non-endemic countries reporting polio cases in 2012, with 5 cases—all type 1—down from 132 the previous year. The last case reported had onset on 14 June 2012. A single instance of type 1 polio occurred in Niger in November.

text: Pakistan remained the Asian country with the highest number of cases, but also saw a significant reduction. In 2012, 58 cases were reported, compared to 198 in 2011. Pakistan was the last remaining locus of type 3 outside Nigeria, having two reported cases, plus one type 1/3 hybrid. Afghanistan also saw a significant reduction in cases, with 37 cases reported by the end of the year, compared to 80 reported in 2011.

text:
Reported polio cases in 2013[2]

Country
Wild
cases
Circulating
vaccine-
derived
cases
Transmission
status

 Somalia
194
1
importation

 Pakistan
93
48
endemic

 Nigeria
53
4
endemic

 Syria
35
0
importation

 Afghanistan
14
3
endemic

 Kenya
14
0
importation

 Ethiopia
9
0
importation

 Cameroon
4
4
importation

 Chad
0
3
cVDPV only

 Yemen
0
1
cVDPV only

 Niger
0
1
cVDPV only

Total
416
65

text: A total of 416 wild-virus cases were reported in 2013, compared to 223 cases in 2012. Of these, cases in endemic countries dropped from 197 to 160 while those in non-endemic countries jumped from 5 to 256.

text: Of the countries with endemic polio, Afghanistan and Nigeria saw fewer cases than in 2012. An outbreak centered on Bara in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan, where vaccination had been difficult, represented the major reservoir for the virus, affecting both Pakistan and neighboring Afghanistan.

text: There was an outbreak in the Horn of Africa. In spite of successful local negotiations the previous year that had allowed access to some populations for the first time in three years and a vigorous vaccination campaign, vaccination levels remained low. In April, a case of wild polio in Mogadishu was reported, the first in Somalia since 2007.[96] By October, over 170 cases had been reported in the country,[97] with more cases in neighboring Kenya and the Somali Region of Ethiopia.

text: There was also an outbreak in Syria, the first there in 14 years. Routine sewage monitoring in 2012 had detected a WPV1 strain of Pakistani origin in Cairo, sparking a major vaccination push there.[98] The strain spread to Israel, where there was widespread environmental detection, but like Egypt, no paralysis cases.[99][100][101] It had more severe consequences when it spread to neighboring Syria, with the total number of cases eventually reaching 35.[102][103]

text: Circulating vaccine-derived cases were reported in all three endemic countries, as well as five others.[104]

text: India completed two years without a new polio case, needing one more year to be certified polio-free. Chad, the sole remaining country in 2012 classified with reestablished transmission, passed more than a year since its last wild-virus case.

text: In late April, the WHO announced a new $5.5 billion, 6-year cooperative plan (called the 2013–18 Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan) to eradicate polio from its last reservoirs. The plan called for mass immunization campaigns in the three remaining endemic countries, and also dictated a switch to inactivated virus injections, to avoid the risk of the vaccine-derived outbreaks that occasionally occur from use of the live-virus oral vaccine.[105]

text:
Reported polio cases in 2014[2]

Country
Wild
cases
Circulating
vaccine-
derived
cases
Transmission
status

 Pakistan
306
22
endemic

 Afghanistan
28
0
endemic

 Nigeria
6
30
endemic

 Cameroon
5
0
importation

 Equatorial Guinea
5
0
importation

 Somalia
5
0
importation

 Iraq
2
0
importation

 Ethiopia
1
0
importation

 Syria
1
0
importation

 South Sudan
0
2
cVDPV only

 Guinea
0
1
cVDPV only

 Madagascar
0
1
cVDPV only

Total
359
56

text: In 2014, there were 359 reported cases of wild poliomyelitis, spread over twelve countries. Pakistan had the most with 306, an increase from 93 in 2013, which is blamed on Al Qaeda and Taliban militants preventing aid workers from vaccinating children in rural regions of the country.[106]

text: On 27 March 2014, the WHO announced the eradication of poliomyelitis in the South-East Asia Region, in which the WHO includes eleven countries: Bangladesh, Bhutan, North Korea, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Timor-Leste.[107] With the addition of this region, the proportion of world population living in polio-free regions reached 80%.[107] The last case of wild polio in the South-East Asia Region was reported in India on 13 January 2011.[108]

text:
Reported polio cases in 2015[2]

Country
Wild
cases
Circulating
vaccine-
derived
cases
Transmission
status
Type(s)

 Pakistan
54
2
endemic
WPV1
cVDPV2

 Afghanistan
20
0
endemic
WPV1

 Madagascar
0
10
cVDPV only
cVDPV1

 Laos
0
8
cVDPV only
cVDPV1

 Guinea
0
7
cVDPV only
cVDPV2

 Ukraine
0
2
cVDPV only
cVDPV1

 Myanmar
0
2
cVDPV only
cVDPV2

 Nigeria
0
1
cVDPV only
cVDPV2

Total
74
32

text: During 2015, 74 cases of wild poliomyelitis were reported worldwide, 54 in Pakistan and 20 in Afghanistan. In comparison, there were 359 cases in 2014. There were 32 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) cases in 2015 compared to 56 cases in the previous year.

text: On 17 August 2015, the WHO announced that Somalia was free of polio, having not had any reported case of polio for 12 months.[109]

text: On 25 September 2015, the WHO declared that Nigeria was no longer considered endemic for wild polio virus,[110] with no reported case of wild polio virus having been reported since 24 July 2014.[7] WPV1 would however resurface in Nigeria the following year.

text: In early September 2015, there were 2 cases of cVDPV confirmed in the Zakarpattia Oblast of western Ukraine, caused by circulating vaccine-derived type 1 polio virus due to low immunization levels. With the number of children being fully immunized as low as 50%, there was concern a larger outbreak may occur and authorities undertook an emergency outbreak response.[111][112][113]

text: There was also a reported case of vaccine-derived type 2 polio virus in Bamako city, Mali, in a child of Guinean nationality. DNA studies of the virus indicated it originated in Guinea and had been circulating for at least 12 months. Efforts were made to prevent a further outbreak.[114]

text: WPV2 was declared eradicated in September 2015 as it has not been seen since 1999 and WPV3 may be eradicated as it has not been seen since 2012. cVDPV type 2 was still causing paralysis in some countries due to a years-long evolution in under-immunized populations.[76]

text:
Reported polio cases in 2016[2]

Country
Wild
cases
Circulating
vaccine-
derived
cases
Transmission
status
Type(s)

 Pakistan
20
1
endemic
WPV1
cVDPV2

 Afghanistan
13
0
endemic
WPV1

 Nigeria
4
1
endemic
WPV1
cVDPV2

 Laos
0
3
cVDPV only
cVDPV1

Total
37
5

text: There were 37 reported WPV1 cases with an onset of paralysis in 2016, half as many as in 2015. Twenty of these cases occurred in Pakistan, thirteen in Afghanistan, and four in Nigeria. The cases of WPV1 in Nigeria were viewed as a setback, there having been no detected cases caused by the wild virus there in almost two years, yet genetic analysis showed that the virus was of a strain circulating undetected since 2011 in regions inaccessible due to the activities of Boko Haram.[115][116]

text: The 2015 cVDPV1 outbreak in Laos continued into 2016, with three cases in January.[117] Two separate strains of cVDPV2 were reported in Nigeria's Borno and Sekoto states, the latter resulting in one case. In Pakistan a new strain of cVDPV2 arose in the Quetta area, with one instance of paralysis.[118][119]

text: Environmental samples from Hyderabad, India from January 2015 to May 2016 showed the ongoing presence of a cVDPV2 strain in that city, without diagnosed cases.[120] Due to shortages in the global supply of injectable vaccine, an emergency campaign was launched using vaccine at one fifth the normal dose (fractional-Dose Inactivated Polio Vaccine, or fIPV), the first mass vaccination using this dosage of injectable vaccine.[121]

text: Attacks on polio vaccination campaigns continued. A suicide bombing in Quetta in January and a pair of attacks by gunmen in Karachi in April targeted Pakistani security personnel protecting vaccinators,[122][123] while in January three Afghan vaccination workers disappeared and their bodies were found weeks later.[124]

text: Because cVDPV2 strains continued to arise from trivalent oral vaccine that included attenuated WPV2, in April and May 2016 this vaccine was replaced with a bivalent version lacking WPV2 as well as trivalent injected inactivated vaccine that cannot lead to cVDPV cases. This is expected to prevent new strains of cVDPV2 from arising and allow eventual cessation of WPV2 vaccination.[125]

text:
Reported polio cases in 2017[2][126]

Country
Wild
cases
Circulating
vaccine-
derived
cases
Transmission
status
Type(s)

 Afghanistan
11
0
endemic
WPV1

 Pakistan
6
0
endemic
WPV1

 DRC
0
10
cVDPV only
cVDPV2

 Syria
0
74
cVDPV only
cVDPV2

Total
17
84

text: As of 13 December, there had been 17 reported WPV1 polio cases with onset of paralysis in 2017, down from 34 by that time in 2016. 6 of the cases were in Pakistan and 11 in Afghanistan, with the last reported onset worldwide occurring 9 November in Pakistan.[127] Positive sewer samples from environmental monitoring locations across Pakistan and Afghan regions close to it are still being reported.[126] In Afghanistan genetic typing of virus from polio cases as well as environmental samples shows repeated introduction from Pakistan as well as instances of local transmission.[128] In Pakistan, transmission of several genetic lineages of WPV1 seen in 2015 had been interrupted by September 2017, though at least two genetic clusters remain in Sindh province and around Quetta. In spite of a significant drop in detected cases in Pakistan, there has been an increase in the percentage of environmental samples that test positive for the polio virus, suggesting gaps in identification of infected individuals.[129] Special focus is being given a 'Quetta-Kandahar corridor' that represents a common epidemiological block spanning the Afghanistan-Pakistan border where low-level transmission has accounted for several recent cases of WPV1 and cVDPV2.[126]

text: In the third country where polio remains endemic, Nigeria, there have been no cases caused by wild strains of poliovirus since August 2016,[126] though cVDPV2 has been detected in environmental samples in 2017.[130] Concern remains over circulation of both strains in areas of instability, where a now-weakened Boko Haram had barred and even murdered vaccination teams, and a massive mobilisation of vaccination efforts has taken place.[131]

text: An April 2017 spill at a vaccine production facility in the Netherlands resulted in one asymptomatic infection. The individual underwent voluntary home isolation, and though they had excreted active virus, no further infections were detected.[132]

text: After more than a year without detection of the virus in Laos, WHO declared in March that transmission of cVDPV1 there had ceased,[53] and Laos was removed from the list of infected countries.[133] However, separate new outbreaks caused by cVDPV2 occurred in southern and east-central provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, resulting in ten cases of paralysis.[134][126] Syria has seen an outbreak of cVDPV2 at Mayadin, in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate, a center of fighting in the Syrian Civil War. Testing following initial reports[135] detected numerous cases in Mayadin, plus isolated cases in several neighboring districts.[136][126] As of 13 December, Syria had 74 confirmed cases.[126] Genetic analysis suggested the virus had been circulating undetected for about two years.[135] The suppression of cVDPV2 is especially urgent, given the withdrawal of strain 2 from the oral vaccine in 2016 (it remains part of the IPV vaccine). WHO's Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization recommends that cVDPV2 suppression be prioritized over targeting WPV1,[130] and according to protocol OPV2 is restricted to this purpose. Its use was authorized to suppress the Congo and Syria outbreaks as well as those in Pakistan and Nigeria identified in late 2016, the latter effort including neighboring countries of Chad, Cameroon, and Niger, and also in Mozambique, where vaccine-derived PV2 was detected in an area with low vaccination.[137] Vaccine-derived PV2 was also detected in Afghanistan, apparently the result of cross-border spread following OPV2 use around Quetta, Pakistan.[138]

text: The 2016 global switch in vaccination methods resulted in shortages of the injectable vaccine,[139] and led WHO in April 2017 to recommend general use of the fIPV vaccination protocol, involving subcutaneous injection of a lower dose than used in the standard intramuscular delivery.[140]


document_title: Substitute (association football)

question_text: when can a player be substituted in soccer

text: Substitute (association football)

text: History[edit]

text: The origin of football substitutes goes back to at least the early 1860s as part of English public school football games. The original use of the term "substitute" in football was to describe the replacement of players who failed to turn up for matches. For example, in 1863, a match reports states: "The Charterhouse eleven played a match in cloisters against some old Carthusians but in consequence of the non-appearance of some of those who were expected it was necessary to provide three substitutes.[7]" The substitution of absent players happened as early as the 1850s, for example from Eton College where the term "emergencies" is used.[8] Numerous references to players acting as a "substitute" occur in matches in the mid-1860s[9] where it is not indicated whether these were replacements of absent players or of players injured during the match.

text: The first use of a substitute in international football was on 15 April 1889, in the match between Wales and Scotland at Wrexham. Wales's original goalkeeper, Jim Trainer, failed to arrive; local amateur player Alf Pugh started the match and played for some 20 minutes until the arrival of Sam Gillam, who took over from him.[10]

text: Substitution during games was first permitted in 1958.[11] (Although as early as the qualifying phase for the 1954 World Cup, Horst Eckel of Germany is recorded as having been replaced by Richard Gottinger in their match with the Saarland on 11 October 1953.)[12] The use of substitutes in World Cup Finals matches was not allowed until the 1970 tournament.[13]

text: The number of substitutes usable in a competitive match has increased from zero—meaning teams were reduced if players' injuries could not allow them to play on—to one (plus another for an injured goalkeeper) in 1958; to two out of a possible five in 1988. With the later increases in substitutions allowed, the number of potential substitute players increased to seven.[14] The number of substitutes increased to two plus one (injured goalkeeper) in 1994,[15] to three in 1995;[16][17] and most recently to a fourth substitute in certain competitions in extra time.[18]

text: English and Scottish leagues[edit]

text: Substitutions during matches in the English Football League were first permitted in the 1965–66 season. During the first two seasons after the law was introduced, each side was permitted only one substitution during a game. Moreover, the substitute could only replace an injured player. From the 1967–68 season, this rule was relaxed to allow substitutions for tactical reasons.[19]

text: On 21 August 1965, Keith Peacock of Charlton Athletic became the first substitute used in the Football League when he replaced injured goalkeeper Mike Rose eleven minutes into their away match against Bolton Wanderers.[20] On the same day, Bobby Knox became the first ever substitute to score a goal when he scored for Barrow against Wrexham.[21]

text: Archie Gemmill of St Mirren was the first substitute to come on in a Scottish first-class match, on 13 August 1966 in a League Cup tie against Clyde when he replaced Jim Clunie after 23 minutes.[19]

text: The first official substitute in a Scottish League match was Paul Conn for Queen's Park vs Albion Rovers in a Division 2 match on 24 August 1966. Previously, on 20 January 1917, a player called Morgan came on for the injured Morrison of Partick Thistle after 5 minutes against Rangers at Firhill, but this was an isolated case and the Scottish League did not authorise substitutes until 1966.[19]

text: In later years, the number of substitutes permitted in Football League matches has gradually increased; at present each team is permitted to name either five or seven substitutes depending on the country and competition, of which a maximum of three may be used. In England, the Premier League increased the number of players on the bench to five in 1996, and it was announced that the number available on the bench would be seven for the 2008–09 season.[22]

text: Relevant laws[edit]

text: According to the Laws of the Game (2018/19):[23]

text: A player may only be substituted during a stoppage in play and with the permission of the referee. The player to be substituted (outgoing player) must have left the field of play before the substitute (incoming player) may enter the field of play; at that point the substitute becomes a player and the person substituted ceases to be a player. The incoming player may only enter the field at the half-way line. Failure to comply with these provisions may be punished by a caution (yellow card).

text: A player who has been substituted may take no further part in a match.

text: Unused substitutes still on the bench, as well as players who have been already substituted, remain under the authority of the referee. These are liable for misconduct, though cannot be said to have committed a foul. For example, in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, Claudio Caniggia was shown the red card for cursing at the referee from the bench.

text: Under the Laws, the referee has no specific power to force a player to be substituted, even if the team manager or captain has ordered their player to be substituted. If a player refuses to be substituted play may simply resume with that player on the field. However, in some situations players may still be liable to punishment with a caution (yellow card) for time wasting or unsporting behaviour.

text: A player who has been sent off (red card) may not be substituted; the team will have to make do with the remaining players. In the case of a goalkeeper who is sent off, such as in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final, when Arsenal midfielder Robert Pires was replaced by second-choice goalkeeper Manuel Almunia to replace Jens Lehmann, who received a red card less than 20 minutes into the match, the coach will usually (but is not required to) substitute an outfield player so that the backup goalkeeper can enter the game. If all substitutions have been used, or if no goalkeeper is available, an outfield player will take up the role of the goalkeeper. A famous example of this is when Chelsea goalkeepers Petr Čech and Carlo Cudicini were both injured in the same game, which led to defender John Terry spending the remainder of the match in goal wearing third-choice goalkeeper Hilário's shirt.[24]

text:
According to the Laws of the Game, "up to a maximum of three substitutes may be used in any match played in an official competition organised under the auspices of FIFA, the confederations or the member associations."
Also:

text:
In national A team matches, up to a maximum of six substitutes may be used.
In all other matches, a greater number of substitutes may be used provided that:
the teams concerned reach agreement on a maximum number;
the referee is informed before the match.
If the referee is not informed, or if no agreement is reached before the match, no more than six substitutes are allowed.

text: Super-sub[edit]

text: The term "super-sub" refers to a substitution made by the manager that subsequently saves the game, generally by scoring a late equalising or winning goal. Players regarded as "super-subs" include Tupãzinho and Dinei for Corinthians, Azar Karadas for Brann, Santiago Solari for Real Madrid, Jon Dahl Tomasson for AC Milan,  Nwankwo Kanu for Arsenal, David Fairclough for Liverpool,[25] Adam Le Fondre for Reading,[26] Ole Gunnar Solskjær and Javier Hernández for Manchester United,[27][28] Mikael Forssell for Chelsea,[29] Leon Clarke for Wigan Athletic,[30] Brendon Santalab for Western Sydney Wanderers[31] Henrique for Brisbane Roar,[32] Stevie Kirk for  Motherwell,[33], Archie Thompson, Joshua Kennedy and Tim Cahill for Australia.[34][35][36][37][38][39]