document_title: Brothers of Jesus

question_text: where does the bible talk about jesus brothers

text: Brothers of Jesus

text: Jesus' brothers and sisters[edit]

text: The Gospel of Mark 6:3 and the Gospel of Matthew 13:55–56 state that James, Joses (or Joseph), Jude and Simon were the brothers of Jesus, the son of Mary. The same verses also mention unnamed sisters of Jesus. Mark 3:31–32 tells about "Jesus' mother and brothers" looking for Jesus. A verse in the Epistle to the Galatians 1:19 mentions seeing James, "the Lord's brother", and none other of the apostles except Peter, when Paul went to Jerusalem after his conversion. The "brothers of the Lord" are also mentioned, alongside (but separate from) Cephas and the apostles in 1 Corinthians 9:5, in which it is mentioned that they had wives. Some scholars claim that Jesus' relatives may have held positions of authority in the Jerusalem area until Trajan excluded Jews from the new city that he built on its ruins.[8]

text: That the brothers were children of both Mary and Joseph was held by some people of the early centuries; The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church claimed that Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 225) was one of them.[4] The 3rd-century Antidicomarianites ("opponents of Mary") maintained that, when Joseph became Mary's husband, he was a widower with six children, and that he had normal marital relations with Mary, but they later held that Jesus was not born of these relations.[9] Bonosus was a bishop who in the late 4th century held that Mary had other children after Jesus, for which the other bishops of his province condemned him.[10] Jovinian, and various Arian teachers such as Photinus held a similar view. When Helvidius proposed it, again in the late 4th century, Jerome, representing the general opinion of the Church, maintained that Mary remained always a virgin; he held that those who were called the brothers and sisters of Jesus were actually children of Mary's sister, another Mary, whom he considered the wife of Clopas.[4][11] The terms "brothers" and "sisters" as used in this context are open to different interpretations,[12] and have been argued to refer to children of Joseph by a previous marriage (the view of Epiphanius of Salamis[13]), Mary's sister's children (the view of Jerome), or children of Clopas, who according to Hegesippus was Joseph's brother,[14] and of a woman who was not a sister of Mary, the mother of Jesus (a modern proposal).[4]

text: As church leaders[edit]

text: Robert W. Funk, founder of the Jesus Seminar, says that according to the Gospel of Mark Jesus' mother and brothers were at first skeptical of Jesus' ministry but later became part of the Christian movement.[15]James, "the Lord's brother", presided over the Jerusalem church after the apostles dispersed and other kinsmen probably exercised some leadership among the Christians in the area until the emperor Hadrian built Aelia Capitolina on the ruins of Jerusalem and banished all Jews from there (c. 135), after which point the Jerusalem Christians were entirely of Gentile origin.[8] Traditionally it is believed the Jerusalem Christians waited out the Jewish–Roman wars (66–135) in Pella in the Decapolis. The Jerusalem Sanhedrin relocated to Jamnia sometime c. 70.

text: According to The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, when Peter the Apostle left Jerusalem, it was James who became leader of the church in Jerusalem and was held in high regard by the Jewish Christians.[16] Hegesippus reports that he was executed by the Sanhedrin in 62.[16]

text: Sextus Julius Africanus's reference to "desposyni" (blood relatives of Jesus related to his nuclear family) is preserved in Eusebius of Caesarea's Ecclesiastical History:[6][17]

text: For the relatives of our Lord according to the flesh, whether with the desire of boasting or simply wishing to state the fact, in either case truly, have handed down the following account... But as there had been kept in the archives up to that time the genealogies of the Hebrews as well as of those who traced their lineage back to proselytes, such as Achior the Ammonite and Ruth the Moabitess, and to those who were mingled with the Israelites and came out of Egypt with them, Herod, inasmuch as the lineage of the Israelites contributed nothing to his advantage, and since he was goaded with the consciousness of his own ignoble extraction, burned all the genealogical records, thinking that he might appear of noble origin if no one else were able, from the public registers, to trace back his lineage to the patriarchs or proselytes and to those mingled with them, who were called Georae. A few of the careful, however, having obtained private records of their own, either by remembering the names or by getting them in some other way from the registers, pride themselves on preserving the memory of their noble extraction. Among these are those already mentioned, called Desposyni, on account of their connection with the family of the Saviour. Coming from Nazara and Cochaba, villages of Judea, into other parts of the world, they drew the aforesaid genealogy from memory and from the book of daily records as faithfully as possible. Whether then the case stand thus or not no one could find a clearer explanation, according to my own opinion and that of every candid person. And let this suffice us, for, although we can urge no testimony in its support, we have nothing better or truer to offer. In any case the Gospel states the truth." And at the end of the same epistle he adds these words: "Matthan, who was descended from Solomon, begat Jacob. And when Matthan was dead, Melchi, who was descended from Nathan begat Eli by the same woman. Eli and Jacob were thus uterine brothers. Eli having died childless, Jacob raised up seed to him, begetting Joseph, his own son by nature, but by law the son of Eli. Thus Joseph was the son of both.

text: Eusebius has also preserved an extract from a work by Hegesippus (c.110–c.180), who wrote five books (now lost except for some quotations by Eusebius) of Commentaries on the Acts of the Church. The extract refers to the period from the reign of Domitian (81–96) to that of Trajan (98–117), and includes the statement that two Desposyni brought before Domitian later became leaders of the churches:[18]

text: There still survived of the kindred of the Lord the grandsons of Judas, who according to the flesh was called his brother. These were informed against, as belonging to the family of David, and Evocatus brought them before Domitian Caesar: for that emperor dreaded the advent of Christ, as Herod had done.

text: So he asked them whether they were of the family of David; and they confessed they were. Next he asked them what property they had, or how much money they possessed. They both replied that they had only 9000 denaria between them, each of them owning half that sum; but even this they said they did not possess in cash, but as the estimated value of some land, consisting of thirty-nine plethra only, out of which they had to pay the dues, and that they supported themselves by their own labour. And then they began to hold out their hands, exhibiting, as proof of their manual labour, the roughness of their skin, and the corns raised on their hands by constant work.

text: Being then asked concerning Christ and His kingdom, what was its nature, and when and where it was to appear, they returned answer that it was not of this world, nor of the earth, but belonging to the sphere of heaven and angels, and would make its appearance at the end of time, when He shall come in glory, and judge living and dead, and render to every one according to the course of his life.

text: Thereupon Domitian passed no condemnation upon them, but treated them with contempt, as too mean for notice, and let them go free. At the same time he issued a command, and put a stop to the persecution against the Church.

text: Degree of consanguinity between Jesus and his brothers[edit]

text: The New Testament names James the Just, Joses, Simon, and Jude as the brothers (Greek adelphoi) of Jesus (Mark 6:3, Matthew 13:55, John 7:3, Acts 1:13, 1 Corinthians 9:5)[4]

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The etymology of the word "brother" (adelphos) originally comes from "of the same womb" (a-delphys),[19] although in New Testament usage, the Christian and Jewish meaning of "brothers" is wider, and is applied even to members of the same religious community.[20] In the Bible, the Greek words adelphos and adelphe were not restricted to their literal meaning of a full brother or sister nor were their plurals.[21]

text: There are several views from an early date over whether the Greek term adelphos, applied in these accounts to people described as adelphoi of Jesus, means that they were full brothers, half brothers, stepbrothers, or cousins. Helvidius, quoting Tertullian in support of his view, claims that the adelphoi were children of Mary and Joseph born after Jesus;[4][22] yet Jerome replied that Tertullian did "not belong to the Church", and he argues that the adelphoi were Jesus's cousins.[23] Some scholars[who?] consider Helvidius' view as the most natural inference from the New Testament.[4] In support to this it is occasionally noted that James (Jacob Iakobos) as oldest of the brothers takes the name of Joseph's father (also James, Iakobos in the Solomonic genealogy of Jesus in Matthew), when in Bible times the grandson occasionally gets the name of the grandfather.[24]

text: The term adelphos (brother in general) is distinct from anepsios (cousin, nephew, niece).[25][26] Second-century Christian writer Hegesippus distinguishes between those who were anepsioi of Jesus and his adelphoi.[27] However Jesus and his disciples' native language was Aramaic (as in Matthew 27:46; Mark 5:41),[28] which could not distinguish between a blood brother or sister and a cousin.[29] Aramaic, like Biblical Hebrew, does not contain a word for "cousin".[30]

text: Aramaic and Hebrew inclined to use circumlocutions to point out blood relationships, calling some people "brothers of Jesus" would not have always implied the same biological mother.[21] Scholars and theologians, who assert this view, point out that Jesus was called "the son of Mary" rather than "a son of Mary" in his hometown (Mark 6:3).[31]

text: Relationship of Jesus' brothers to Mary[edit]

text: By the 3rd century, the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary had become well established; important early Christian theologians such as Hippolytus (170–235), Eusebius (260/265–339/340) and Epiphanius (c. 310/320–403) defended it. The early church had not accepted that Mary had any children apart from Jesus.[4] Eusebius and Epiphanius held that these men were Joseph's sons from (an unrecorded) former marriage.[4][13] Epiphanius adds that Joseph became the father of James and his three brothers (Joses, Simeon, Judah) and two sisters (a Salome and a Mary) or (a Salome and an Anna)[32] with James being the elder sibling. James and his siblings were not children of Mary but were Joseph's children from a previous marriage. Joseph's first wife died; many years later, at the age of eighty, "he took Mary (mother of Jesus)". According to Epiphanius the Scriptures call them "brothers of the Lord" to confound their opponents.[33][34] Origen (184–254) also wrote that "according to the Gospel of Peter the brethren of Jesus were sons of Joseph by a former wife, whom he married before Mary".[35]

text: The apocryphal History of Joseph the Carpenter, written in the 5th century and framed as a biography of Joseph dictated by Jesus, describes how Joseph had with his first wife four sons and two daughters. His sons' names were Judas, Justus, James, and Simon, and the names of the two daughters were Assia and Lydia. Years after his first wife died, he took Mary.[36] Therefore, the brothers of Jesus would be the children of Joseph by his first wife.

text: The Protoevangelium of James explicitly claims that Joseph was a widower, with children, at the time that Mary is entrusted to his care.[37]

text: The Catholic Encyclopedia, citing the texts contained in the apocryphal writings, writes that:

text: Jerome (c. 347–420), another important early theologian, also held the perpetual virginity doctrine, but argued that these adelphoi were sons of Mary's sister, whom Jerome identified as Mary of Cleopas.[4][39] The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church mentions that a modern scholar, whom it does not identify, has proposed that these men were the sons of Clopas (Joseph's brother according to Hegesippus) and of Mary, the wife of Cleopas (not necessarily referring to Jesus' mother's sister).[4]

text: According to the surviving fragments of the work Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord of the Apostolic Father Papias of Hierapolis, who lived circa 70–163 AD, "Mary the wife of Cleophas or Alphaeus" would be the mother of James the Just, Simon, Judas (identified as Jude the Apostle), and Joseph (Joses). Papias identifies this "Mary" as the sister of Mary, mother of Jesus, and thus as the maternal aunt of Jesus.[40] The Anglican theologian J.B. Lightfoot dismissed Papias' evidence as spurious.[41][42]

text: The Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, which was probably written in the seventh century, states that the brothers of Jesus were his cousins.[43]

text: Roman Catholic and Eastern Christianity maintained the doctrine of Early Christianity that Mary was a perpetual virgin;[35] early Protestant leaders, including founder of the Lutheran Churches, Martin Luther,[44] and Reformed theologian Huldrych Zwingli,[45] also held this view, as did John Wesley, one of the founders of Methodism.[46] Eine Christliche Lehrtafel (A Christian Catechism), issued by Anabaptist leader Balthasar Hubmaier, teaches the perpetual virginity of the Virgin Mary too.[47] Roman Catholics, following Jerome, conclude that the adelphoi were Jesus' cousins, while Eastern Orthodox, following Eusebius and Epiphanius, argue that they were Joseph's children by his (unrecorded) first wife. But the Catholic Church only defined a doctrine that they are not biological children of Mary,[48] their exact status, either as cousins or stepbrothers (children of Joseph), is not defined as a doctrine. Anglicans, Lutherans, and Methodists concur with this view.[49][50]

text: Other Christian denominations, such as Baptists,[51] view the adelphoi as Jesus' half-brothers or do not specify,[49] since the accounts in the Gospels do not speak of Mary's relationship to them but only to Jesus.[52][53] Certain critical scholars of the Jesus Seminar say that the doctrine of perpetual virginity has obscured recognition that Jesus had full brothers and sisters.[54]

text: In the Hebrew-language Book of Genesis, all the other sons of Jacob are repeatedly called brothers of Joseph, although they were children of different mothers.[55] Similarly, Abram (of Terah) called as a brother his nephew Lot[56]. Also, the Second Book of Samuel describes Tamar as a sister both of Amnon and of Absalom,[57] two of David's sons by different mothers.[58]

text: Family trees and pedigrees[edit]

text: Explanations of the true relationship of the 'brothers' of Jesus within his immediate nuclear family fall primarily into three categories. The first, called "the most natural inference" of the Gospel text by the Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, is that the brothers of Jesus were the children of his parents, Joseph and Mary:[4][59]

text:
Mary

Joseph

Clopas

another Mary

Jesus

James
d. 62

Joses

Simon

sister

sister

Jude

Simeon
d. 107

?

?

Bishop Judah Kyriakos
fl. c. 148–49

text: Because of the conflict of this reconstruction with the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary, several alternatives are common. Epiphanius made them children of Joseph by a former marriage:[4]

text:
Mary

Joseph

earlier wife

Jesus

James

Joses

Simon

Jude

text: Other reconstructions would make them more distant relatives, the children of 'Mary, mother of James and Joses' by Clophas, though these are linked to Mary and Joseph in different ways. St. Jerome would have this Mary be a sister of the Virgin Mary:[4]

text:
Anne

Joachim

Joseph

Mary

another Mary

Clopas

Jesus

James

Joses

Simon

Jude

text: A modern reconstruction would likewise make them cousins, but rather than having the two Marys be siblings, it would follow Hegesippus in making Clophas brother of Joseph:[4][60]

text:
Jacob

Mary

Joseph

Clopas

another Mary

Jesus

James

Joses

Simon

Jude

text: Rejection of Jesus[edit]

text: According to the Synoptic Gospels, and particularly the Gospel of Mark, Jesus was once teaching a large crowd near the home of his own family, and when this came to their attention, his family went to see him and "they" (not specified) said that Jesus was "...out of his mind."

text: Then he went home; and the crowd came together again, so that they could not even eat. When his family heard it, they went out to restrain him, for people were saying, ‘He has gone out of his mind.’

text: And He came home, and the crowd gathered again, to such an extent that they could not even eat a meal. When His own people heard of this, they went out to take custody of Him; for they were saying, 'He has lost His senses.'

text: In the narrative of the Synoptic Gospels, and of the Gospel of Thomas, when Jesus' mother and adelphoi are outside the house that Jesus is teaching in, Jesus tells the crowd that whoever does what God wills would constitute his mother and adelphoi. According to Kilgallen, Jesus' answer was a way of underlining that his life had changed to the degree that his family were far less important than those that he teaches about the Kingdom of God. The Gospel of John states that Jesus' adelphoi did not believe in him, because he would not perform miracles with them at the Feast of Tabernacles.

text: Some scholars have suggested that the portrayal in the Gospel of Mark of the initial rejection of Jesus by his family may be related to the tension between Paul of Tarsus and Jewish Christians, who – according to them – held Jesus' family in high regard, for example at the Council of Jerusalem.[61][62][63][64][page needed][65][page needed]

text: Karl Keating says that in Jewish culture younger brothers (blood siblings) never rebuked, or even advised, their elders, for it was considered great disrespect to do so;[66] but in Mark 3:21, also in John 7:3–4, Jesus' brothers are shown doing that.

text: Absence of Jesus' brothers[edit]

text: There are some events in scripture where brothers or sisters of Jesus are not shown, e.g. when Jesus was lost in the Temple and during his crucifixion. This is argued to support the view that "brothers" of Jesus are not blood brothers or siblings, although some reject this.

text: Luke 2:41–51 reports the visit of Mary, Joseph, and Jesus to the Temple in Jerusalem when Jesus was 12 years old but does not mention any siblings. Robert Eisenman is of the belief that Luke sought to minimise the importance of Jesus' family by whatever means possible, editing James and Jesus' brothers out of the Gospel record.[67] Keating argues that Mary and Joseph rushed without hesitation straight back to Jerusalem when they realized Jesus was lost, which they would surely have thought twice about doing if there were other children (Jesus' blood brothers or sisters) to look after.[66]

text: The Gospel of John records the sayings of Jesus on the cross, i.e. the pair of commands "Woman, behold your son!" and "Behold, thy mother!" (John 19:26–27), then states that "from that hour the disciple took her unto his own home". Since the era of the Church Fathers this statement has been used to reason that after the death of Jesus there was no other biological children to look after Mary, and she had to be entrusted to the disciple.[68][69][70] Constantine Zalalas argues that it would have been against Jewish custom for Jesus to give his mother to the care of the disciple if Mary had other living sons, because the eldest son would always take responsibility for his mother.[71] Karl Keating says "It is hard to imagine why Jesus would have disregarded family ties and made this provision for his Mother if these four [James, Joseph/Joses, Simon, Jude] were also her sons".[66] Pope John Paul II also says that the command "Behold your son!" was the entrustment of the disciple to Mary in order to fill the maternal gap left by the death of her only son on the cross.[72] Vincent Taylor points out difficulties in this interpretation of the text: it ignores both the fact that Jesus' brothers opposed his claims, and the position of honour of John, the beloved disciple.[73]


document_title: Aston Villa F.C.

question_text: when did aston villa win the fa cup

question_tokens: when did aston villa win the fa cup

root

text: Aston Villa F.C.

text: History

text: Aston Villa Football Club were formed in March 1874, by members of the Villa Cross Wesleyan Chapel in Handsworth which is now part of Birmingham. The four founders of Aston Villa were Jack Hughes, Frederick Matthews, Walter Price and William Scattergood.[8] Aston Villa's first match was against the local Aston Brook St Mary's Rugby team. As a condition of the match, the Villa side had to agree to play the first half under Rugby rules and the second half under Association rules.[9] After moving to the Wellington Road ground in 1876, Villa soon established themselves as one of the best teams in the Midlands, winning their first honour, the Birmingham Senior Cup in 1880, under the captaincy of Scotsman George Ramsay.[10]

tag: p

text: The club won their first FA Cup in 1887 with captain Archie Hunter becoming one of the game's first household names. Aston Villa were one of the dozen teams that competed in the inaugural Football League in 1888 with one of the club's directors, William McGregor being the league's founder. Aston Villa emerged as the most successful English club of the Victorian era, winning no fewer than five League titles and three FA Cups by the end of Queen Victoria's reign.[11] In 1897, the year Villa won The Double, they moved into their present home, the Aston Lower Grounds.[12] Supporters coined the name "Villa Park"; no official declaration listed the ground as Villa Park.[13]

text: Aston Villa won their sixth FA Cup in 1920, soon after though the club began a slow decline that led to Villa, at the time one of the most famous and successful clubs in world football, being relegated in 1936 for the first time to the Second Division. This was largely the result of a dismal defensive record: they conceded 110 goals in 42 games, 7 of them coming from Arsenal's Ted Drake in an infamous 1–7 defeat at Villa Park.[14] Like all English clubs, Villa lost seven seasons to the Second World War, and that conflict brought several careers to a premature end.[15] The team was rebuilt under the guidance of former player Alex Massie for the remainder of the 1940s. Aston Villa's first trophy for 37 years came in the 1956–57 season when another former Villa player, Eric Houghton led the club to a then record seventh FA Cup Final win, defeating the 'Busby Babes' of Manchester United in the final.[16] The team struggled in the league though and were relegated two seasons later, due in large part to complacency. However, under the stewardship of manager Joe Mercer Villa returned to the top-flight in 1960 as Second Division Champions. The following season Aston Villa became the first team to win the Football League Cup.[17]

text: Mercer's forced retirement from the club in 1964 signalled a period of deep turmoil. The most successful club in England was struggling to keep pace with changes in the modern game, with Villa being relegated for the third time, under manager Dick Taylor in 1967. The following season the fans called for the board to resign as Villa finished 16th in the Second Division. With mounting debts and Villa lying at the bottom of Division Two, the board sacked Tommy Cummings (the manager brought in to replace Taylor), and within weeks the entire board resigned under overwhelming pressure from fans.[18] After much speculation, control of the club was bought by London financier Pat Matthews, who also brought in Doug Ellis as chairman.[18] However, new ownership could not prevent Villa being relegated to the Third Division for the first time at the end of the 1969–70 season. However, Villa gradually began to recover under the management of former club captain Vic Crowe. In the 1971–72 season they returned to the Second Division as Champions with a record 70 points.[19] In 1974, Ron Saunders was appointed manager. His brand of no-nonsense man-management proved effective, with the club winning the League Cup the following season and, at the end of season 1974–75, he had taken them back into the First Division and into Europe.[20]

text: Villa were back among the elite as Saunders continued to mould a winning team. This culminated in a seventh top-flight league title in 1980–81. To the surprise of commentators and fans, Saunders quit halfway through the 1981–82 season, after falling out with the chairman, with Villa in the quarter final of the European Cup. He was replaced by his softly-spoken assistant manager Tony Barton who guided the club to a 1–0 victory over Bayern Munich in the European Cup final in Rotterdam courtesy of a Peter Withe goal. The following season Villa were crowned European Super Cup winners, beating Barcelona in the final. This marked a pinnacle though and Villa's fortunes declined sharply for most of the 1980s, culminating in relegation in 1987.[21] This was followed by promotion the following year under Graham Taylor and a runners-up position in the First Division in the 1989–90 season.[22]

text: Villa were one of the founding members of the Premier League in 1992, and finished runners-up to Manchester United in the inaugural season. For the rest of the Nineties however Villa went through three different managers and their league positions were inconsistent, although they did win two League Cups and regularly achieved UEFA Cup qualification. Villa reached the FA Cup final in 2000 but lost 1–0 to Chelsea in the last game to be played at the old Wembley Stadium.[23][24] Again Villa's league position continued to fluctuate under several different managers and things came to a head in the summer of 2006 when David O'Leary left in acrimony.[25] After 23 years as chairman and single biggest shareholder (approximately 38%), Doug Ellis finally decided to sell his stake in Aston Villa due to ill-health. After much speculation it was announced the club was to be bought by American businessman Randy Lerner, owner of NFL franchise the Cleveland Browns.[26]

text: The arrival of a new owner in Lerner and of manager Martin O'Neill marked the start of a new period of optimism at Villa Park and sweeping changes occurred throughout the club including a new badge, a new kit sponsor and team changes in the summer of 2007.[27][28] The first Cup final of the Lerner era came in 2010 when Villa were beaten 2–1 in the League Cup Final.[29] Villa made a second trip to Wembley in that season losing 3–0 to Chelsea in the FA Cup semifinal. Just five days before the opening day of the 2010–11 season, O'Neill resigned as manager,[30] and after one year with Gérard Houllier in charge, Birmingham City manager Alex McLeish, despite numerous protests from fans against his appointment; this was the first time that a manager had moved directly between the two rivals.[31] McLeish's contract was terminated at the end of the 2011–12 season after Villa finished in 16th place,[32] and he was replaced by Paul Lambert.[33] In February 2012, the club announced a financial loss of £53.9 million,[34] and Lerner put the club up for sale three months later, with an estimated value of £200 million.[35] With Lerner still on board, in the 2014–15 season Aston Villa scored just 12 goals in 25 league games, the lowest in Premier League history, and Lambert was sacked in February 2015.[36] Tim Sherwood succeeded him,[37] and steered the club away from relegation while also leading them to the 2015 FA Cup Final, but he was sacked in the 2015–16 season,[38] as was his successor Rémi Garde, in a campaign ended with Villa relegated for the first time since 1987.[39]

text: In June 2016, Chinese businessman Tony Xia bought the club for £76 million.[40] Roberto Di Matteo was appointed as the club's new manager before the new season, and was sacked after 12 games,[41] to be replaced by former Birmingham manager Steve Bruce.[42]

text: Colours and badge

text: The club colours are a claret shirt with sky blue sleeves, white shorts with claret and blue trim, and sky blue socks with claret and white trim. They were the original wearers of the claret and blue. Villa's colours at the outset generally comprised plain shirts (white, grey or a shade of blue), with either white or black shorts. For a few years after that (1877–79) the team wore several different kits from all white, blue and black, red and blue to plain green. By 1880, black jerseys with a red lion embroidered on the chest were introduced by William McGregor. This remained the first choice strip for six years. On Monday, 8 November 1886, an entry in the club's official minute book states:

text: (i) Proposed and seconded that the colours be chocolate and sky blue shirts and that we order two dozen.

text: (ii) Proposed and seconded that Mr McGregor be requested to supply them at the lowest quotation.

text: The chocolate colour later became claret.[43] Nobody is quite sure why claret and blue became the club's adopted colours.[43] Several other English football teams adopted their colours; clubs that wear claret and blue include West Ham United and Burnley.[44][45]

text: A new badge was revealed in May 2007, for the 2007–08 season and beyond. The new badge includes a star to represent the European Cup win in 1982, and has a light blue background behind Villa's 'lion rampant'. The traditional motto "Prepared" remains in the badge, and the name Aston Villa has been shortened to AVFC, FC having been omitted from the previous badge. The lion is now unified as opposed to fragmented lions of the past. Randy Lerner petitioned fans to help with the design of the new badge.[27]

text: On 6 April 2016, the club confirmed that it would be using a new badge from the 2016–17 season after consulting fan groups for suggestions. The lion in the new badge has claws added to it, and the word "Prepared" was removed to increase the size of the lion and club initials in the badge.[7]

text: Kit sponsorship

text: Aston Villa forwent commercial kit sponsorship for the 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons; instead advertising the charity Acorns Children's Hospice, the first deal of its kind in Premier league history.[46] The partnership continued until 2010 when a commercial sponsor replaced Acorns, with the hospice becoming the club's Official Charity Partner.[47] In 2014–15, the Acorns name returned to Aston Villa's home and away shirts, but only for children's shirts re-affirming the club's support for the children's charity.

text: Since 2017 Villa's shirt sponsors have been Unibet. Previous commercial sponsors have been Davenports (1982–83), Mita (1983–93), Müller (1993–95), AST Computer (1995–98), LDV (1998–2000), NTL (2000–02), Rover (2002–04), DWS Investments (2004–06), 32Red.com (2006–08), FxPro (2010–11), Genting Casinos (2011–13), Dafabet (2013–2015), and Intuit QuickBooks (2015–2017). Since 2016, kit has been manufactured by Under Armour. Previous manufacturers have been Umbro (1972–81, 1990–93), le Coq Sportif (1981–83), Henson (1983–87), Hummel (1987–90, 2004–07), Asics (1993–95), Reebok (1995–2000), Diadora (2000–04), Nike (2007–12) and Macron (2012–16).

text: Stadium

text: Aston Villa's current home venue is Villa Park, which is a UEFA 5-star rated stadium, having previously played at Aston Park (1874–1876) and Wellington Road (1876–1897). Villa Park is the largest football stadium in the English Midlands, and the eighth largest stadium in England. It has hosted 16 England internationals at senior level, the first in 1899, and the most recent in 2005. Thus, it was the first English ground to stage international football in three different centuries.[48] Villa Park is the most used stadium in FA Cup semi-final history, having hosted 55 semi-finals. The club have planning permission to extend the North Stand; this will involve the 'filling in' of the corners to either side of the North Stand. If completed, the capacity of Villa Park will be increased to approximately 51,000.

text: The current training ground is located at Bodymoor Heath near Kingsbury in north Warwickshire, the site for which was purchased by former chairman Doug Ellis in the early 1970s from a local farmer. Although Bodymoor Heath was state-of-the-art in the 1970s, by the late 1990s the facilities had started to look dated. In November 2005, Ellis and Aston Villa plc announced a state of the art GB£13 million redevelopment of Bodymoor in two phases. However, work on Bodymoor was suspended by Ellis due to financial problems, and was left in an unfinished state until new owner Randy Lerner made it one of his priorities to make the site one of the best in world football. The new training ground was officially unveiled on 6 May 2007, by then manager Martin O'Neill, then team captain Gareth Barry and 1982 European Cup winning team captain Dennis Mortimer, with the Aston Villa squad moving in for the 2007–08 season.[49]

text: It was announced on 6 August 2014, that Villa Park would appear in the FIFA video game from FIFA 15 onwards, with all other Premier League stadiums also fully licensed from this game onwards.[50]

text: Ownership

text: The first shares in the club were issued towards the end of the 19th century as a result of legislation that was intended to codify the growing numbers of professional teams and players in the Association Football leagues. FA teams were required to distribute shares to investors as a way of facilitating trading among the teams without implicating the FA itself. This trading continued for much of the 20th century until Ellis started buying up many of the shares in the 1960s. He was chairman and substantial shareholder of "Aston Villa F.C." from 1968 to 1975 and the majority shareholder from 1982 to 2006. The club were floated on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) in 1996, and the share price fluctuated in the ten years after the flotation.[51] In 2006 it was announced that several consortia and individuals were considering bids for Aston Villa.[52]

text: On 14 August 2006, it was confirmed that Randy Lerner, then owner of the National Football League's Cleveland Browns, had reached an agreement of £62.6 million with Aston Villa for a takeover of the club. A statement released on 25 August to the LSE announced that Lerner had secured 59.69% of Villa shares, making him the majority shareholder. He also appointed himself Chairman of the club.[53] In Ellis's last year in charge Villa lost £8.2m before tax, compared with a £3m profit the previous year, and income had fallen from £51.6m to £49m.[52] Lerner took full control on 18 September, as he had 89.69% of the shares. On 19 September 2006, Ellis and his board resigned to be replaced with a new board headed by Lerner.[52] Lerner installed Charles Krulak as a non-executive director and Ellis was awarded the honorary position of Chairman Emeritus.

text: Lerner put the club up for sale in May 2014, valuing it at an estimated £200 million.[54]

text: On 18 May 2016, Randy Lerner agreed the sale of Aston Villa to Recon Group, owned by Chinese businessman Xia Jiantong. The sale was completed on 14 June 2016 for a reported £76 million after being approved by the Football League, with the club becoming part of Recon Group's Sport, Leisure and Tourism division.[55][56][57] Recon Group were selected to take over Aston Villa following a selection process by the club.[58][59]

text: Social responsibility

text: Aston Villa have a unique relationship with the Acorns Children's Hospice charity that is groundbreaking in English football.[60] In a first for the Premier League, Aston Villa donated the front of the shirt on their kit, usually reserved for high-paying sponsorships, to Acorns Hospice so that the charity would gain significant additional visibility and greater fund raising capabilities.[61] Outside of the shirt sponsorship the club have paid for hospice care for the charity as well as regularly providing player visits to hospice locations.[62][63]

text: In September 2010, Aston Villa launched an initiative at Villa Park called Villa Midlands Food (VMF) where the club will spend two years training students with Aston Villa Hospitality and Events in association with Birmingham City Council. The club will open a restaurant in the Trinity Road Stand staffed with 12 students recruited from within a ten-mile (16 km) radius of Villa Park with the majority of the food served in the restaurant sourced locally.[64]

text: Supporters and rivalries

text: Aston Villa have a large fanbase and draw support from all over the Midlands and beyond, with supporters' clubs all across the world. Former Villa chief executive Richard Fitzgerald has stated that the ethnicity of the supporters is currently 98% white. When Randy Lerner's regime took over at Villa Park, they aimed to improve their support from ethnic minorities. A number of organisations have been set up to support the local community, including Aston Pride.[65] A Villa in the Community programme has also been set up to encourage support among young people in the region.[66] The new owners have also initiated several surveys aimed at gaining the opinions of Villa fans and to involve them in the decision making process. Meetings also occur every three months where supporters are invited by ballot and are invited to ask questions to the Board.[67] In 2011, the club supported a supporter-based initiative for an official anthem to boost the atmosphere at Villa Park. The song "The Bells Are Ringing" is to be played before games.[68]

text: Like many English football clubs, Aston Villa have had several hooligan firms associated with them: Villa Youth, Steamers, Villa Hardcore and the C-Crew, the last mentioned being very active during the 1970s and 1980s. As can be seen across the whole of English football, the hooligan groups have now been marginalised.[69] In 2004, several Villa firms were involved in a fight with QPR fans outside Villa Park in which a steward died.[70] The main groupings of supporters can now be found in a number of domestic and international supporters' clubs. This includes the Official Aston Villa Supporters Club which also has many smaller regional and international sections.[71] There were several independent supporters clubs during the reign of Doug Ellis but most of these disbanded after his retirement.[53] The supporter group My Old Man Said formed to stand up for Villa supporters' rights, as a direct result of Villa supporters' protest against the club's appointment of Alex McLeish. The club's supporters also publish fanzines such as Heroes and Villains and The Holy Trinity.

text: Aston Villa's arch-rivals are Birmingham City, with games between the two clubs known as the Second City Derby.[5] Historically though, West Bromwich Albion have arguably been Villa's greatest rivals, a view highlighted in a fan survey, conducted in 2003.[72] The two teams contested three FA Cup finals in the late 19th century. Villa also enjoy less heated local rivalries with Wolverhampton Wanderers and Coventry City. Through the relegation of West Brom and Birmingham City, to the Football League Championship, in the 2005–06 season, at the start of 2006–07 Premiership season, Villa were the only Midlands club in that League. The nearest opposing team Villa faced during that season was Sheffield United, who played 62 miles (100 km) away in South Yorkshire.[73] For the 2010–11 season, West Bromwich Albion were promoted and joined Aston Villa, Wolverhampton Wanderers, and Birmingham City in the Premier League. This marked the first time that the "West Midlands' Big Four" clubs have been in the Premier League at the same time, and the first time together in the top flight since the 1983–84 season. Birmingham were relegated at the end of the 2010–11 season, ending this period.[74]

text: Statistics

text: At the end of the 2015–16 season Aston Villa had spent 105 seasons in the top tier of English football; the only club to have spent longer in the top flight are Everton, with 114 seasons,[75] making Aston Villa versus Everton the most-played fixture in English top-flight football. Aston Villa were relegated in from the top tier of English football in 2016, having played in every Premier League season since its establishment in 1992–93. They are seventh in the All-time FA Premier League table, and have the fifth highest total of major honours won by an English club with 21 wins.[76]

text: Aston Villa currently hold the record number of league goals scored by any team in the English top flight; 128 goals were scored in the 1930–31 season, one more than Arsenal who won the league that season for the very first time, with Villa runners-up.[77] Villa legend Archie Hunter became the first player to score in every round of the FA Cup in Villa's victorious 1887 campaign. Villa's longest unbeaten home run in the FA Cup spanned 13 years and 19 games, from 1888 to 1901.[78]

text: Aston Villa are one of five English teams to have won the European Cup. They did so on 26 May 1982 in Rotterdam, beating Bayern Munich 1–0 thanks to Peter Withe's goal.[79]

text: Club honours

text: Aston Villa have won European and domestic league honours. The club's last major honour was in 1996 when they won the League Cup.

text: Domestic

text:
First Division (7)[B]: 1893–94, 1895–96, 1896–97, 1898–99, 1899–1900, 1909–10, 1980–81
Second Division (2)[B]: 1937–38, 1959–60
Third Division (1)[B]: 1971–72

tag: ul

text:
FA Cup (7): 1886–87, 1894–95, 1896–97, 1904–05, 1912–13, 1919–20, 1956–57
League Cup (5): 1960–61, 1974–75, 1976–77, 1993–94, 1995–96
FA Charity Shield (1): 1981
Sheriff of London Charity Shield (2): 1899, 1901
Football League War Cup (1): 1944 (shared)

text: European

text:
European Cup (1): 1981–82
European Super Cup (1): 1982
Intertoto Cup (1): 2001[80][A]

text: Players

text: First team squad

text: Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

text:
No.

Position
Player

1

GK
Sam Johnstone (on loan from Manchester United)

2

DF
Ritchie De Laet

3

DF
Neil Taylor

4

DF
Christopher Samba

5

DF
James Chester

6

MF
Glenn Whelan

7

MF
Robert Snodgrass (on loan from West Ham)

8

MF
Henri Lansbury

9

FW
Scott Hogan

10

MF
Jack Grealish

11

FW
Gabby Agbonlahor

13

GK
Jed Steer

14

MF
Conor Hourihane

15

MF
Mile Jedinak

16

DF
James Bree

No.

Position
Player

17

DF
Micah Richards

18

MF
Josh Onomah (on loan from Tottenham Hotspur)

19

MF
André Green

20

MF
Birkir Bjarnason

21

DF
Alan Hutton

22

FW
Jonathan Kodjia

24

DF
Tommy Elphick

26

DF
John Terry (captain)

27

DF
Ahmed Elmohamady

29

FW
Rushian Hepburn-Murphy

31

GK
Mark Bunn

36

FW
Callum O'Hare

37

MF
Albert Adomah

39

FW
Keinan Davis

tag: table

text: Out on loan

text:
No.

Position
Player

—

GK
Pierluigi Gollini (on loan at Atalanta until 30 June 2018)

—

DF
Jordan Amavi (on loan at Marseille until 30 June 2018)

—

DF
Kevin Toner (on loan at Stevenage until 30 June 2018)

—

MF
Aaron Tshibola (on loan at Milton Keynes Dons until 30 June 2018)

—

MF
Carles Gil (on loan at Deportivo La Coruña until 30 June 2018)

—

MF
Gary Gardner (on loan at Barnsley until 30 June 2018)

—

FW
Ross McCormack (on loan at Melbourne City until 1 April 2018)

text: Under 23s and Academy

text: Under 23s

text: These players can also play with the senior squad.

text:
No.

Position
Player

GK
Viktor Johansson

33

GK
Matija Šarkić

DF
Jacob Bedeau

42

DF
Oscar Borg

35

DF
Mitchell Clark

DF
Jack Coates

DF
James Finnerty

DF
Liam Hailey

DF
Louis Hall

34

DF
Easah Suliman

30

MF
Khalid Abdo

43

MF
Corey Blackett-Taylor

No.

Position
Player

MF
Jack Clarke

40

MF
Jordan Cox

32

MF
Jake Doyle-Hayes

38

MF
Jordan Lyden

MF
Józef Pastorek

MF
Alex Prosser

29

FW
Rushian Hepburn-Murphy

FW
Harvey Knibbs

FW
Harry McKirdy

FW
Kelsey Mooney

36

FW
Callum O'Hare

text: Under 18s

text: These players can also play with the Under 23s and the senior squad.

text:
No.

Position
Player

GK
Kieran Boucher

GK
Emmanuel Idem

DF
Isiah Bazeley-Graham

DF
Charlie Farr

DF
Charlie McConnachie

DF
Ethan Patterson

DF
Dominic Revan

DF
Callum Stretch

DF
Jake Walker

DF
Josh Williams

MF
Jack Birch

No.

Position
Player

MF
Mason Birch

MF
Lewis Brunt

MF
Luke Ige

MF
Callum Rowe

FW
Mungo Bridge

FW
Ben Guy

FW
Anton Hooper

FW
Aaron Pressley

FW
Jacob Ramsey

FW
Michael Tait

text: Notable players

text: There have been many players who can be called notable throughout Aston Villa's history. These can be classified and recorded in several forms. The Halls of Fame and PFA Players of the Year are noted below. As of 2014[update], Aston Villa, jointly with Tottenham Hotspur, hold the record for providing the most England internationals with 73.[84] Aston Villa have had several players who were one-club men, including inaugural club Hall of Fame inductee Billy Walker. In 1998, to celebrate the 100th season of League football, The Football League released a list entitled the Football League 100 Legends that consisted of "100 legendary football players." There were seven players included on the list who had formerly played for Villa: Danny Blanchflower, Trevor Ford, Archie Hunter, Sam Hardy, Paul McGrath, Peter Schmeichel and Clem Stephenson.[85]

text: Three Aston Villa players have won the PFA Players' Player of the Year award. In 1977 Andy Gray won the award. In 1990 it was awarded to David Platt, whilst Paul McGrath won it in 1993. The PFA Young Player of the Year, which is awarded to players under the age of 23, has been awarded to four players from Aston Villa: Andy Gray in 1977; Gary Shaw in 1981; Ashley Young in 2009 and James Milner in 2010. The National Football Museum in Preston, Lancashire administers the English Football Hall of Fame which currently contains two Villa teams, two Villa players and one manager. The 1890s team and 1982 team were inducted into the Hall of Fame in July 2009. Joe Mercer was inducted into the Hall of Fame at the same time for his career as a manager including his time at Aston Villa.[86] The only two Villa players in the Hall of Fame are Danny Blanchflower and Peter Schmeichel.

text: In 2006 the club announced the creation of an "Aston Villa Hall of Fame." This was voted for by fans and the inaugural induction saw 12 former players, managers and directors named.[10] Stiliyan Petrov was added to the list in May 2013.[87]

text:
Gordon Cowans
 Eric Houghton
 Brian Little
 Dennis Mortimer
 Stiliyan Petrov

 Ron Saunders[C]
 Peter Withe
 Paul McGrath
 Peter McParland

 Charlie Aitken
 William McGregor
 George Ramsay
 Billy Walker[88]

text: Non-playing staff

text: Corporate hierarchy

text:
Position
Name

Chairman
Tony Xia

Chief Executive Officer
Keith Wyness

Board Advisor
Brian Little

Director
Tracy Gu

Board Member
Rongtian He

President Emeritus
Doug Ellis

text: Management hierarchy

text:
Position
Name

Technical Director
Steve Round

Manager
Steve Bruce

Assistant Manager
Colin Calderwood

First Team Coach
Stephen Clemence

First Team Coach
Richard Hill

Goalkeeping Coach
Gary Walsh

Fitness Coach
Massimiliano Marchesi

Physiotherapist
Alan Smith

Head of Medicine and Sports Science
Danny Donachie

Head of Performance Psychology & Culture
Tom Bates

Performance Analyst
Phil Truran

Under-23 Manager
Kevin MacDonald

Under-23 Assistant Manager
Mark Delaney

Under-18 Manager
David Hughes

Under-18 Assistant Manager
Sean Verity

Academy Director
Sean Kimberley

Chief Scout
Ian Atkins

Community Coach
Simone Farina

text: Notable managers

text: The following managers have all won at least one trophy when in charge or have been notable for Villa in the context of the League, for example Jozef Vengloš who holds a League record.

text:
Name
Period
Played
Win
Draw
Lose
Win%[D]
Honours

From
To

George Ramsay
1 August 1884
31 May 1926
7003132700000000000♠1,327
7002658000000000000♠658
7002414000000000000♠414
7002255000000000000♠255
07001495900000000000♠49.59
6 FA Cups, 6 Division One championships. Also in 2006 was inducted into the Aston Villa Hall of Fame.

Jimmy Hogan
1 November 1936
1 September 1939
7002124000000000000♠124
7001570000000000000♠57
7001260000000000000♠26
7001410000000000000♠41
07001459700000000000♠45.97
Division Two Champions

Eric Houghton
1 September 1953
30 November 1958
7002250000000000000♠250
7001880000000000000♠88
7001650000000000000♠65
7001970000000000000♠97
07001352000000000000♠35.20
FA Cup winner. Also in 2006 was inducted into the Aston Villa Hall of Fame.

Joe Mercer
1 December 1958
31 July 1964
7002282000000000000♠282
7002120000000000000♠120
7001630000000000000♠63
7001990000000000000♠99
07001425509999900000♠42.55
Division Two Champions, League Cup winner
Inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame

Ron Saunders
4 June 1974
9 February 1982
7002353000000000000♠353
7002157000000000000♠157
7001980000000000000♠98
7001980000000000000♠98
07001444800000099999♠44.48
2 League Cups, Division One champions. Also in 2006 was inducted into the Aston Villa Hall of Fame.

Tony Barton
9 February 1982
18 June 1984
7002130000000000000♠130
7001580000000000000♠58
7001240000000000000♠24
7001480000000000000♠48
07001446200000000000♠44.62
European Cup, European Super Cup

Jozef Vengloš
22 July 1990
28 May 1991
7001490000000000000♠49
7001160000000000000♠16
7001150000000000000♠15
7001180000000000000♠18
07001326500000000000♠32.65
First manager not from Britain or Ireland to take charge of a top-flight club in England.[90]

Ron Atkinson
7 July 1991
10 November 1994
7002178000000000000♠178
7001770000000000000♠77
7001450000000000000♠45
7001560000000000000♠56
07001432600000000000♠43.26
League Cup winner

Brian Little
25 November 1994
24 February 1998
7002164000000000000♠164
7001680000000000000♠68
7001450000000000000♠45
7001510000000000000♠51
07001414600000000000♠41.46
League Cup winner. Also in 2006 was inducted into the Aston Villa Hall of Fame.

John Gregory
25 February 1998
24 January 2002
7002190000000000000♠190
7001820000000000000♠82
7001520000000000000♠52
7001560000000000000♠56
07001431600000099999♠43.16
Intertoto Cup winner

text: In popular culture

text: A number of television programmes have included references to Aston Villa over the past few decades. In the sitcom Porridge, the character Lennie Godber is a Villa supporter.[91] When filming began on Dad's Army, Villa fan Ian Lavender was allowed to choose Frank Pike's scarf from an array in the BBC wardrobe; he chose a claret and blue one—Aston Villa's colours.[92] The character Nessa in the BBC sitcom Gavin & Stacey was revealed as an Aston Villa fan in an episode screened in December 2009.[93]

text: In the 1952 film The Card, the main character Denry Machin becomes a town councillor and purchases the rights to locally born Aston Villa player 'Callear', the "greatest centre-forward in England", for the failing local football club. Villa have also featured on several occasions in prose. Stanley Woolley, a character in Derek Robinson's Booker shortlisted novel Goshawk Squadron is an Aston Villa fan and names a pre-war starting eleven Villa side. Together with The Oval, Villa Park is referenced by the poet Philip Larkin in his poem about the First World War, MCMXIV.[94] Aston Villa are also mentioned in Harold Pinter's play The Dumb Waiter.[95]

text: Footnotes


document_title: Megalopolis

question_text: where is the largest megalopolis in the us located

text: Megalopolis

text: History of term megalopolis[edit]

text: The term was used by Patrick Geddes in his 1915 book Cities in Evolution,[2][verification needed] by Oswald Spengler in his 1918 book The Decline of the West, and Lewis Mumford in his 1938 book The Culture of Cities, which described it as the first stage in urban overdevelopment and social decline. Later, it was used by Jean Gottmann in his landmark 1961 study, Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States, to describe the chain of metropolitan areas along the northeastern seaboard of the U.S. extending from Boston, Massachusetts, through New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and ending in Washington, D.C. and Northern Virginia.[3][4][5] The latter is sometimes called the "BosWash megalopolis".

text: Definitions[edit]

text: Megalopolis is a Western deformation of the Greek word that derived from Greek: μέγας (mégas) meaning 'great' and Greek: πόλις (pólis) meaning 'city', therefore literally a 'great city'. This term is closer in meaning to megacity. Because in Greek, πόλις is feminine, the correct term is megalopolis. The Ancient Greek city of Megalopolis was formed by the Arcadian League by bringing together smaller communities.

text: A megalopolis, also known as a megaregion, is a clustered network of cities. Gottmann defined its population as 25 million.[6] Doxiadis defined a small megalopolis a similar cluster with a population of about 10 million.[7][8][9] America 2050,[10] a program of the Regional Plan Association, lists 11 megaregions in the United States and Canada.[7] Literally, megalopolis in Greek means a city of exaggerated size where the prefix megalo- represents a quantity of exaggerated size.[11] Megapolitan areas were explored in a July 2005 report by Robert E. Lang and Dawn Dhavale of the Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech.[12] A later 2007 article by Lang and Nelson uses 20 megapolitan areas grouped into 10 megaregions.[13] The concept is based on the original Megalopolis model.[9]

text: Modern interlinked ground transportation corridors, such as rail and highway, often aid in the development of megalopolises. Using these commuter passageways to travel throughout the megalopolis is informally called megaloping. This term was coined by Davide Gadren and Stefan Berteau.[14]

text: In Brazil, the similar sounding terms to megaregion (megarregião when translated to English, are actually legally distinct and take on quite different meaning: Mesoregions of Brazil (mesorregião) and Microregions of Brazil (microrregião).

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Cairo–Giza–Qalyubia–Helwan–6th of October City (Greater Cairo), Egypt (16 million) The area around the Nile is also very densely populated.
Nile River Delta Governorates (Alexandria, Beheira, Kafr el-Sheikh, Gharbia, Monufia, Qalyubia, Dakahlia, Damietta, Al Sharqia, and Port Said) have a combined population of 41,045,135. The total area of these Governorates is 18,199 square miles making the population density 2,255.4 per square mile.
The Gauteng City Region (PWV) in South Africa, which includes the urbanised portion of Gauteng Province (Pretoria, Centurion, Midrand, Johannesburg and the Vaal Triangle, with a population of over 10 million)[15][16][17]
The region in Morocco including El Jadida-Casablanca-Rabat-Salé-Kenitra, concentrating in the long coastal belt, on around 250 km with a depth of 40 to 50 km, more than 11 million inhabitants.[citation needed]
The Nairobi Metropolitan Region consisting of the counties of (Kajiado-Kiambu-Nairobi-Machakos-Murang'a) in Kenya, which have a combined population of 8 million people.[18]

text: Americas[edit]

text: Transnational[edit]

text:
Megalopolis name
Population
in millions
2011
Population
in millions
2025 (projected)
Population
percent growth 2011 - 2025 (projected)
Major cities

Cascadia
8.4
8.8
5.0%

 Canada: Abbotsford, Vancouver (BC), Victoria
 United States: Boise, Eugene, Portland (OR), Salem, Seattle, Tacoma, Spokane, Tri-Cities, Vancouver (WA)

Great Lakes
55.5
60.7
9.4%

 Canada: Hamilton, London, Montreal, Niagara Falls, Oshawa, Ottawa, Quebec City, Toronto, Vaughan, Windsor
 United States: Akron, Ann Arbor, Buffalo, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton, Des Moines, Detroit, Duluth, Erie, Flint, Fort Wayne, Green Bay, Grand Rapids, Indianapolis, Kalamazoo, Kansas City, Lansing, Louisville, Madison, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Omaha, Pittsburgh, Quad Cities, Rochester (NY), Rochester (MN), Rockford, Traverse City, Saginaw, St. Louis, Saint Paul, South Bend, Toledo

Southern California
24.4
29
18.9%

 Mexico: Tijuana
 United States: Anaheim, Bakersfield, Las Vegas, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego

text: Argentina[edit]

text:
Megalopolis Name
Population
in
2013
Major cities
Other cities

Greater Buenos Aires
13,641,973
Buenos Aires; Merlo, Buenos Aires; Quilmes; Banfield, Buenos Aires
Lanús; Hurlingham, Buenos Aires; and Avellaneda

text: Brazil[edit]

text:
Megalopolis Name
Population
in
2015[19]
Major cities
Other cities

São Paulo Macrometropolis
+32,200,000
São Paulo and Campinas
Sorocaba, Jundiaí, São José dos Campos, Piracicaba and Santos

Greater Rio de Janeiro
+12,000,000
Rio de Janeiro and São Gonçalo
Nova Iguaçu, Duque de Caxias, Niterói, Belford Roxo and São João de Meriti

Greater Belo Horizonte
+5,800,000
Belo Horizonte and Contagem
Betim, Nova Lima and Sete Lagoas

Greater Porto Alegre
+4,200,000
Porto Alegre and Canoas
São Leopoldo, Novo Hamburgo and Gravataí

Recife metropolitan area
+3,900,000
Recife and Jaboatão dos Guararapes
Olinda, Paulista, Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Camaragibe, Igarassu, São Lourenço da Mata, Abreu e Lima, Ipojuca, Moreno, Itapissuma, Ilha de Itamaracá and Araçoiaba

Greater Curitiba
+ 3,500,000
Curitiba and São José dos Pinhais
Araucária, Colombo, Fazenda Rio Grande, Lapa and Pinhais

text: Canada[edit]

text:
Megalopolis name
Population
in millions
2011
Population
in millions
2025 (projected)
Population
percent growth 2011 - 2025 (projected)
Major cities
Related articles

Quebec City–Windsor Corridor
18.4
21
14.1%
Hamilton, Kingston, Kitchener, London, Mississauga, Montreal, Oshawa, Ottawa, Peterborough, Quebec City, Toronto, Trois-Rivières, Vaughan, Windsor
Southern Ontario

Calgary–Edmonton Corridor
2.7
4
48.1%
Calgary, Edmonton, Red Deer, St. Albert, Airdrie
Calgary Region, Edmonton Capital Region, Central Alberta

text: Colombia[edit]

text: The following megaregions in Colombia are expected to have nearly 93% (55 Million people) of its population by 2030, up from the current 72%. There are currently 4 major megaregions in Colombia.

text:
Megalopolis name
Population in 2015
Population in 2030 (projected)
Major cities

Bogota National Capital Metropolis
17,000,000
26,500,000
Bogotá, Soacha, Facatativá, Chía, Tunja, Fusagasugá, Zipaquirá, Madrid, Funza, Cajicá, Ubaté, Sibaté, Guaduas, Villa de Leyva and Tocancipá

Pacific Belt
9,000,000
14,000,000
Medellín, Cali, Bello, Pereira, Manizales, Armenia, Itagüí, Yumbo, and Palmira

Northeast Atlantic Region
6,000,000
10,500,000
Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Ciénaga, Malambo, Baranoa and Turbaco

Santander Belt
3,000,000
5,200,000
Bucaramanga, Cúcuta, Ocaña, and Pamplona

text: Other sources[20] show that another megaregion may be considered:

text:
Megalopolis name
Population in 2015
Population in 2030 (projected)
Major cities

Golden Triangle
29,500,000
41,000,000
Bogotá, Soacha, Medellín, Cali, Bello, Manizales, Armenia

text: Mexico[edit]

text:
Megalopolis name
Population
in millions
2015
Population
in millions
2025 (projected)
Population
percent growth 2000 - 2025 (projected)
Major cities
Related articles

Bajío
11
?
?%
León, Querétaro, Aguascalientes, Celaya, Irapuato, San Juan del Río, Salamanca
Bajío

Mexico City megalopolis
28
?
?%
Mexico City, Puebla, Cuernavaca, Toluca, Pachuca, Tula, Tlaxcala, Cuautla, Tulancingo

text: Peru[edit]

text:
Megalopolis name
Population
in
2013
Major cities
Other cities

Lima-Callao Megalopolis
10,523,796
Lima and Callao
Cono Norte, Cono Sur, and Cono Este

text: United States[edit]

text: Constituent urban areas of each megalopolis are based on reckoning by a single American organization, the Regional Plan Association (RPA). The RPA definition of the Great Lakes Megalopolis includes some Canadian metropolitan areas with the United States, including some but not all major urban centres in the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor. Note that one city, Houston, is listed in two different Megalopolis regions as defined by the RPA, (the Gulf Coast and Texas Triangle).[7][21]

text:
Megalopolis name
Population
in millions
2010
Percent of U.S. Population (2010)
Population
in millions
2025 (projected)
Population
percent growth 2010 - 2025 (projected)
Major cities

Arizona Sun Corridor[22][23]
5.6
2%
7.8
39.3%
Mesa, Phoenix, Tucson, Prescott, Scottsdale

Florida
17.3
6%
21.5
24.3%
Fort Lauderdale, Jacksonville, Miami, Orlando, St. Petersburg, Tampa, Sarasota, Fort Myers, Gainesville, Palm Bay, Pensacola

Front Range
5.5
2%
6.9
26%
Albuquerque, Cheyenne, Colorado Springs, Denver, Pueblo, Rio Rancho, Santa Fe, Taos

Gulf Coast
13.4
4%
16.3
21.6%
Baton Rouge, Corpus Christi, Houston, Mobile, Gulfport, Biloxi, New Orleans, Pensacola

Northeast
52.3
17%
58.4
11.7%
Allentown-Bethlehem, Atlantic City, Baltimore, Boston, Harrisburg, Hazleton, Nashua, Newark, New York, Norfolk, Ocean City, Philadelphia, Portland (ME), Pottsville, Providence, Richmond, Scranton/Wilkes-Barre, Knowledge Corridor (Springfield and Hartford), Trenton, Virginia Beach, Washington, Wilmington, Worcester

Northern California
14
5%
16.4
17.1%
Fresno, Modesto, Oakland, San Francisco, San Jose, Stockton, Berkeley, Cupertino, Fremont, Reno, Sacramento

Southern California
24.4
8%
29
18.9%
Los Angeles, San Diego, Santa Barbara, San Bernardino, Riverside, Bakersfield, Las Vegas, Long Beach, Tijuana

Piedmont Atlantic
17.6
6%
21.7
23.3%
Atlanta, Birmingham, Charlotte, Durham, Chapel Hill, Greensboro, Greenville, Huntsville, Chattanooga, Knoxville, Memphis, Montgomery, Nashville, Raleigh, Winston-Salem

Texas Triangle
19.7
6%
24.8
25.9%
Austin, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, San Antonio

Great Lakes
59.1
18%
65.7
10%
Buffalo, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Detroit, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Louisville, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Montreal, Ottawa, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Toronto

text: Venezuela[edit]

text:
Megalopolis name
Population
in
2013
Major cities
Other cities

Caracas-Valencia Megalopolis
+9,000,000
Caracas, Valencia, and Maracay
Cagua, Maiquetía, and Guatire

text: Asia[edit]

text: East Asia[edit]

text: China[edit]

text:
Pearl River Delta Megalopolis (珠江三角洲): (Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Dongguan, Guangzhou, Foshan, Jiangmen, Zhongshan, Zhuhai, Macau, Huizhou) (55,000,000),[24][25] if Shantou/Quanzhou added (Guangdong Megalopolis) 70,000,000. If other areas added, 120,000,000.[26]
Yangtze River Delta Megalopolis (長江三角洲): (Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou, Jingjiang, Wuxi, Changzhou, Zhenjiang, Yangzhou, Taizhou, Nantong, Huzhou, Jiaxing, Shaoxing, Jiangyin, Haimen, Zhangjiagang, Zhoushan, Ma'anshan) (88,000,000)[26]
Bohai Economic Rim (环渤海经济圈): Beijing, Shenyang, Tianjin, Dalian, Anshan, Fushun, Dandong, Sinuiju, Tangshan, Yantai, Jinan, Qinhuangdao, Qingdao, Weihai (66,400,000)[27]
South China Coast : Xiamen, Fuzhou, Wenzhou, Shantou, Jieyang, Chaozhou (25,000,000)
Central Plain (中原): Kaifeng, Xinxiang, Zhengzhou, Luoyang (14,170,000)
The central Liaoning city cluster in China. Within 150 km from its center Shenyang (7.2 million), it has Fushun (3 million), Anshan City (3.6 million), Benxi (1.5 million), Liaoyang (1.8 million), Yingkou (2.2 million), Panjin (1.2 million), and Tieling (3.4 million), with a total population of 23 million. And it can be further extended to Dalian (6.2 million), Fuxin (2 million) and Dandong (2.4 million). This area used to be the most industrialized region in China. It declined during 1980s-1990s, but in recent years, it has rapidly revived.
Northeastern Cities or the Harbin–Changchun Area (哈尔滨长春地区): Harbin, Qiqihar, Daqing, Changchun, Jilin City, Siping including Rason in North Korea and Vladivostok in Russia (21,832,000)
Sichuan basin (四川盆地) or the Chengyu Megalopolis (成渝都市圈): Chengdu, Chongqing, Zigong, Luzhou (20,878,000)
Greater Wuhan Megalopolis (大武汉都市圈): Wuhan, Huangshi, Xinyang, Jiujiang, Yueyang (20,000,000)
Guanzhong (关中): Xi'an, Xianyang, Baoji, Weinan (16,722,000)
Chang-Zhu-Tan (长株潭) a.k.a. Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region (长株潭城市群): Changsha, Zhuzhou, Xiangtan (12,994,400 in 2000)

text: In July 2012, the Economist Intelligence Unit brought out a report entitled; Supersized cities: China’s 13 megalopolises, which pinpoints the 13 emerging megalopolises in China, and highlights the demographic and income trends that are shaping their development.

text: Japan[edit]

text: Taiheiyō Belt – Ibaraki, Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Shizuoka, Aichi, Gifu, Mie, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyōgo, Wakayama, Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Fukuoka, and Ōita in Japan. (81,859,345)[28][29][citation needed]

text: South Korea[edit]

text: Seoul National Capital Area - Seoul, Incheon, Suwon, Goyang, Yongin, Seongnam, and the rest of Gyeonggi-do: (25,000,000)[30]

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: West Coast of Taiwan - Taipei, New Taipei, Keelung, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Taichung, Chiayi, Tainan, and Kaohsiung: (18,000,000)

text: South Asia[edit]

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text: Western Region Supercity of Colombo (Megapolis) with 3,687 km2 land area and currently over 7 million population comprising several municipal, urban, and town councils politically. This is planned to be spacious and modern megacity with dedicated core zones for financial, trade, industrial, educational, logistic, transport, health, sports, recreational activities and services in par with the international level. Once completed it would be one of the most livable and favored cities in the world.

text: India[edit]

text: Maharashtra - 1.Mumbai (also includes Thane, Navi Mumbai (including Panvel), Kalyan-Dombivali, Ulhasnagar, Vasai-Virar, Ambernath and Badlapur, 2.Pune (also includes Pimpri-Chinchwad), Aurangabad, Solapur, Nashik , (also includes Nashik Road) Ahmednagar, Alibag (39,500,000)

text: Tamil Nadu - Chennai , Kanchipuram, Thiruvallur, Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Puducherry, Erode, Salem, Tiruchirapalli, Madurai and Hosur

text:
Chennai , Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Kochi, Mysuru, Coimbatore, Visakhapatnam, Tiruchirapalli, Madurai and Thiruvananthapuram (38,000,000) (Although widely separated geographically)

A view of the NH 47 Expressway between Coimbatore and Salem in Tamil Nadu

text:
Delhi National Capital Region and Jaipur (35,000,000)
Kolkata Belt

The Maidan is the largest urban park in this megalopolis (Kolkata)

- Kolkata (Also includes the suburban areas of Kolkata Barrackpore, Dum Dum, Bidhannagar, Naihati, Kanchrapara, Kankinara, kalyani, Rajarhat, Ichapore, Halisahar and Howrah), Dankuni
Gujarat - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Surat, Vadodara, Rajkot, Anand, Nadiad, Bharuch, Ankleshwar (19,200,000)

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text:
Dhaka (Greater Dhaka Megalopolis consists four city Corporations: Dhaka South, Dhaka North, Gazipur, and Narayanganj and five municipals: Savar Upazila (A class), Dohar Upazila (A class), Dhamrai Upazila (A class), Tongi (Special Class), Sonargaon (B class) (17,000,000)
Chittagong (4,009,423)

tag: ol

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: Karachi comprises six district municipal corporations. The total population is 24 million according to the 2011 census.

text: Nepal[edit]

text: Kathmandu valley, which consists of 5 municipalities namely Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur and Madhyapur Thimi, along with the peripheral cities of Banepa, Panauti and Dhulikhel.

text: Southeast Asia[edit]

text:
Rank
Megalopolis Name
Country
Population
in millions
Major cities

1
Java
 Indonesia
145[31]
Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Bekasi, Bogor, Depok, Malang, Semarang, Tasikmalaya, Tangerang, Cirebon

2
Mega Manila
 Philippines
40+
Manila, Calamba, Angeles, Baguio, Batangas, Dagupan, Olongapo, Bacoor

3
Central Thailand
 Thailand
25+
Bangkok, Ayuthaya, Pattaya

4
Southeast Economic Zone
 Vietnam
16+
Đồng Nai, Bình Dương, Ho Chi Minh City, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu Province, Long An, Tiền Giang

text: Philippines[edit]

text: Mega Manila is made up of 4 Regions:

text:
Central Luzon (11,218,117)
Metro Manila (12,877,253)
Calabarzon (14,414,774)
Mimaropa excluding Palawan (2,113,891)

text: (Regional Centers) San Fernando-Manila-Calamba-Calapan

text: Total Population of Mega Manila as of 2015: (40,624,035)[32]

text: Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam[edit]

text:
Bay of Bangkok Economic Rim: Bangkok–Ayutthaya–Pattaya (16,000,000)
KUL-Bagan Multinational Area: Kuala Lumpur–Selangor (8,000,000)
Sijori: Kulai-Johor Bahru–Singapore–Batam–Bintan (9,000,000)
Red River Delta in Vietnam (Hanoi, Hai Phong, Nam Định, & Hải Dương) (10,000,000)[33][34]

text: Southwest Asia[edit]

text: Iran[edit]

text: Greater Tehran: A region located in Iranian Tehran and Alborz Province in central Northern Iran with its influence expanding in Qom Province, Qazvin Province and Mazandaran Province, home for at least 15 million people, it is one of the most populous urban areas in the Greater Middle East and the surrounding regions. Tehran was a small village 200 years ago when it was first chosen as the Capital city and it has been growing at a very fast rate.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: (all figures extrapolated from end of 2014 and end of 2015 figures of,[35] to middle of year 2016)

text:
Greater Istanbul: Includes Istanbul city proper, with continuous urbanization spilling over to neighboring provinces, as well as nearby dense population and highly industrialized areas. Istanbul, eastern counties of Tekirdağ province, entire coast of Izmit bay, and Adapazarı add up to 17.5 million population.
Other major cities: Ankara (5 million), Izmir (includes satellites Torbalı-Aliağa-Urla-Manisa to add up to 4 million), Adana-Tarsus-Mersin (3 million), Bursa (2.1 million)

text: Europe[edit]

text:
The Blue Banana

The Golden Banana

The Green Banana

text: Transnational (Europe)[edit]

text:
Rank
Megalopolis Name
Population in millions
Countries & Respective Cities

1
Blue Banana
110–130[36]
 United Kingdom: Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield, Birmingham, London
 Belgium: Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Bruges, Liege
 Netherlands: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht
 Luxembourg: Luxembourg
 Germany: Rhine-Ruhr, Frankfurt am Main, Munich, Stuttgart, Nuremberg
 France: Strasbourg, Lille
  Switzerland: Zürich, Basel
 Italy: Turin, Milan, Genoa

2
Golden Banana
40–45[37]
 Italy: Turin, Genoa
 France: Lyon, Nice, Toulon, Marseille, Nîmes, Montpellier, Narbonne, Perpignan, Toulouse
 Monaco: Monaco
 Andorra: Andorra
 Spain: Manresa, Girona, Vic, Barcelona, Tarragona, Castellón de la Plana, Sagunt, Valencia, Alicante, Murcia, Cartagena

3
Green Banana
40[citation needed]
 Poland: Gdańsk, Warsaw, Kraków, Katowice
 Czech Republic: Ostrava, Prague, Olomouc, Brno
 Austria: Vienna
 Slovakia: Bratislava, Žilina
 Hungary: Budapest, Győr
 Slovenia: Ljubljana, Koper
 Croatia: Zagreb
 Italy: Trieste

4
STRING
11.5[38]
 Germany: Hamburg
 Denmark: Copenhagen
 Sweden: Malmö, Gothenburg
 Norway: Oslo

5
Gulf of Finland
9[citation needed]
 Russia: Gatchina, Saint Petersburg, Vyborg
 Finland: Lappeenranta, Kotka, Kouvola, Lahti, Vantaa, Helsinki, Espoo, Hämeenlinna, Tampere, Turku
 Estonia: Tallinn

6
Atlantic Axis
4[39][better source needed]
 Portugal: Setúbal, Lisbon, Santarém, Leiria, Coimbra, Viseu, Aveiro, Porto, Braga, Viana do Castelo
 Spain: Vigo, Ourense, Pontevedra, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña

text: Scandinavia[edit]

text:
Rank
Megalopolis Name
Population
in millions
Major cities

1
Greater Copenhagen
4[40][41]
Copenhagen, Malmö, Helsingborg, Lund, and Roskilde

text: France[edit]

text:
Rank
Megalopolis Name
Population
in millions
Major cities

1
Paris metropolitan area
12.3[42]
Paris & Île-de-France

2
Lyon economic region
5.5[37]
Lyon & Rhône-Alpes river area

3
Marseille metropolitan region
1.8[37]
Marseille, Aix-en-Provence

4
Toulouse economic region
1.5[37]
Toulouse, Andorra (independent state, not a part of France)

5
Nice economic region
1.1[37]
Nice, Monaco (independent city-state, not a part of France)

text: Germany[edit]

text:
Rank
Megalopolis name
Population
in millions
Major cities

1
Rhine-Ruhr
13.5
Cologne, Düsseldorf, Dortmund, Essen

2
Berlin-Brandenburg
5.95
Berlin, Potsdam

3
Frankfurt Rhine-Main
5.52
Frankfurt, Wiesbaden, Mainz

4
Stuttgart Metropolitan Region
5.29[37]
Stuttgart

5
Munich Metropolitan Region
5.2[37]
Munich

6
Hamburg Metropolitan Region
5.0
Hamburg

7
Central German Metropolitan Region (Saxon triangle)
4.36[37]
Leipzig, Halle, Dresden

8
Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region
3.91[37]
Hanover, Braunschweig, Göttingen, Wolfsburg

9
Nuremberg Metropolitan Region
3.5[37]
Nuremberg

10
Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region
2.37[37]
Bremen, Oldenburg

text: Italy[edit]

text:
Rank
Megalopolis name
Population
in millions
Major cities

1
Grande Milano
8.2
Milan

2
Naples metropolitan area
4.46
Naples

3
Rome metropolitan area
4.3
Rome

4
Turin economic region
4.1
Turin & Piedmont centre and south area

5
Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area
2.6
Venice & Padua & Treviso central-eastern Veneto region

6
Genoa metropolitan region
1.5
Genoa

7
Conca d'Oro
1.1
Palermo and neighboring cities

text: Benelux[edit]

text: Netherlands, Belgium & Luxembourg:[37]

text:
Rank
Megalopolis Name
Population
in millions
Major cities

1
Randstad
7.5
Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht

2
Flemish Diamond
5.5
Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Leuven

3
Brabantse Stedenrij
2.0
Eindhoven, Tilburg, Breda, 's-Hertogenbosch, Helmond

text: Poland and Czechia[edit]

text:
Rank
Megalopolis Name
Population
in millions
Major cities

1
Silesian Metropolis
5.3
Katowice, Ostrava

text: Spain[edit]

text:
Rank
Megalopolis Name
Population
in millions
Major cities

1
Madrid region
6.3
Madrid, Alcalá de Henares, Fuenlabrada, Getafe, Alcobendas, Alcorcón, Leganés, Móstoles

2
Barcelona
5
Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Badalona, Terrassa, Sabadell, Mataró, Santa Coloma

3
Valencia
3
Valencia, Alicante, Elche, Benidorm, Sagunto, Gandia, Castellón, Vinaròs, Burriana, Alcoy, Dénia

4
Sevilla
1.3
Sevilla, Dos Hermanas, Utrera

5
Bilbao
0.9
Greater Bilbao, Getxo, Portugalete

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
Rank
Megalopolis Name
Population
in millions
Major cities

1
London commuter belt
14.0[45]
London, Medway, Southend-on-Sea, Chelmsford, Basildon, Luton, Reading

2
Northern England
9.4[37][46]
Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Sheffield, Warrington, Bradford, Birkenhead, Preston, Blackburn, Blackpool

3
English midlands
6.3[37][46]
Birmingham, Nottingham, Coventry, Leicester, Wolverhampton, Derby, Stoke-on-Trent

4
Central Belt
3.6[46]
Glasgow, Edinburgh

5
South Hampshire-Brighton
2.8[37][46]
Southampton, Portsmouth, Brighton, Worthing, Littlehampton, Bournemouth

6
Tyne & Wear Region
2.2[37][46]
Newcastle, Sunderland, Middlesbrough

7
Cardiff-Bristol-Swansea
2.2[37][46]
Cardiff, Bristol, Swansea, Newport

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text:
Megalopolis Name
Population
in millions
Major cities

Sydney Region[citation needed]
5.77[47]
Greater Sydney (including Central Coast and Blue Mountains) (4.97 million), Newcastle and Lake Macquarie (501,000), Illawarra (300,000)

Port Phillip Bay Area[citation needed]
4.98[47]
Greater Melbourne (including Mornington Peninsula (4.7 million), Greater Geelong (233,429), Melton, Victoria (54,455)

South East Queensland
3.45[47]
Greater Brisbane (2.3 million), Gold Coast-Tweed Heads (662,000), Sunshine Coast (341,000), Toowoomba (152,000)


document_title: Three wise monkeys

question_text: where does see no evil hear no evil speak no evil come from

text: Three wise monkeys

text: Origin[edit]

text: The source that popularized this pictorial maxim is a 17th-century carving over a door of the famous Tōshō-gū shrine in Nikkō, Japan. The carvings at Toshogu Shrine were carved by Hidari Jingoro, and believed to have incorporated Confucius’s Code of Conduct, using the monkey as a way to depict man’s life cycle. There are a total of eight panels, and the iconic three wise monkeys picture comes from panel 2. The philosophy, however, probably originally came to Japan with a Tendai-Buddhist legend, from China in the 8th century (Nara Period). It has been suggested that the figures represent the three dogmas of the so-called middle school of the sect.

text: In Chinese, a similar phrase exists in the Analects of Confucius from 2nd to 4th century B.C.: "Look not at what is contrary to propriety; listen not to what is contrary to propriety; speak not what is contrary to propriety; make no movement which is contrary to propriety" (非禮勿視，非禮勿聽，非禮勿言，非禮勿動).[9] It may be that this phrase was shortened and simplified after it was brought into Japan.

text: It is through the Kōshin rite of folk religion that the most significant examples are presented. The Kōshin belief or practice is a Japanese folk religion with Chinese Taoism origins and ancient Shinto influence. It was founded by Tendai Buddhist monks in the late 10th century. A considerable number of stone monuments can be found all over the eastern part of Japan around Tokyo. During the later part of the Muromachi period, it was customary to display stone pillars depicting the three monkeys during the observance of Kōshin.

text: Though the teaching had nothing to do with monkeys, the concept of the three monkeys originated from a simple play on words. The saying in Japanese is mizaru, kikazaru, iwazaru (見ざる, 聞かざる, 言わざる) "see not, hear not, speak not", where the -zaru is a negative conjugation on the three verbs, matching zaru, the modified form of saru (猿) "monkey" used in compounds. Thus the saying (which does not include any specific reference to "evil") can also be interpreted as referring to three monkeys.

text: The shrine at Nikko is a Shinto shrine, and the monkey is an extremely important being in the Shinto religion. The monkey is believed to be the messenger of the Hie Shinto shrines, which also have connections with Tendai Buddhism. There are even important festivals that are celebrated during the year of the Monkey (occurring every twelve years) and a special festival is celebrated every sixteenth year of the Kōshin.

text: "The Three Mystic Apes" (Sambiki Saru) were described as "the attendants of Saruta Hito no Mikoto or Kōshin, the God of the Roads".[10] The Kōshin festival was held on the 60th day of the calendar. It has been suggested that during the Kōshin festival, according to old beliefs, one’s bad deeds might be reported to heaven "unless avoidance actions were taken…". It has been theorized that the three Mystic Apes, Not Seeing, Hearing, or Speaking, may have been the "things that one has done wrong in the last 59 days".

text: According to other accounts, the monkeys caused the Sanshi and Ten-Tei not to see, say or hear the bad deeds of a person. The Sanshi (三尸) are the Three Corpses living in everyone's body. The Sanshi keep track of the good deeds and particularly the bad deeds of the person they inhabit. Every 60 days, on the night called Kōshin-Machi (庚申待), if the person sleeps, the Sanshi will leave the body and go to Ten-Tei (天帝), the Heavenly God, to report about the deeds of that person. Ten-Tei will then decide to punish bad people, making them ill, shortening their time alive, and in extreme cases putting an end to their lives. Those believers of Kōshin who have reason to fear will try to stay awake during Kōshin nights. This is the only way to prevent the Sanshi from leaving their body and reporting to Ten-Tei.

text: An ancient representation of the "no see, no hear, no say, no do" can be found in four golden figurines in the Zelnik Istvan Southeast Asian Gold Museum. These golden statues date from the 6th to 8th century. The figures look like tribal human people with not very precise body carvings and strong phallic symbols.[11] This set indicates that the philosophy comes from very ancient roots.

text: It is not clear how or when the saying travelled; in Ethiopia the Ge'ez language has the saying "Let the eye fast, let the mouth fast, let the ears fast."[12]

text: Meaning of the proverb[edit]

text: Just as there is disagreement about the origin of the phrase, there are differing explanations of the meaning of "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil".

text:
In Buddhist tradition, the tenets of the proverb are about not dwelling on evil thoughts.
In the Western world both the proverb and the image are often used to refer to a lack of moral responsibility on the part of people who refuse to acknowledge impropriety, looking the other way or feigning ignorance.[13]
It may also signify a code of silence in gangs, or organized crime.

text: Variations[edit]

text: Sometimes there is a fourth monkey depicted, Shizaru, who symbolizes the principle of "do no evil". He may be shown crossing his arms or covering his genitals. In another variation, a fourth monkey is depicted with a sulking posture and the caption "have no fun".[citation needed] Yet another variation has the fourth monkey hold its nose to avoid a stench and has been dubbed "smell no evil" accordingly.[4]

text: According to Osho Rajneesh, the monkey symbolism originated in ancient Hindu tradition and Buddhist monks spread this symbolism across Asia. The original Hindu and Buddhist version contains 4 monkeys and the fourth monkey covers his genitals.The Buddhist version means this as "Don't do anything evil".

text: In Hindu original version the meaning of the fourth monkey is totally different from the popular Buddhist version. It means, "Hide your pleasures. Hide your enjoyment, don't show it to anybody."[citation needed]

text: Osho Rajneesh gave his own meaning regarding this. The first monkey denotes 'Don't listen to the truth because it will disturb all your consoling lies'. The second monkey denotes 'Don't look at the truth; otherwise your God will be dead and your heaven and hell will disappear'. The third monkey denotes 'Don't speak the truth, otherwise you will be condemned, crucified, poisoned, tortured by the whole crowd, the unconscious people. You will be condemned, don't speak the truth!' The fourth monkey denotes "Keep your pleasures, your joys, hidden. Don't let anybody know that you are a cheerful man, a blissful man, an ecstatic man, because that will destroy your very life. It is dangerous".[14]

text: Cultural influences[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The three wise monkeys, and the associated proverb, are known throughout Asia and in the Western world. They have been a motif in pictures, such as the ukiyo-e (Japanese woodblock printings) by Keisai Eisen, and are frequently represented in modern culture.

text: Mahatma Gandhi's one notable exception to his lifestyle of non-possession was a small statue of the three monkeys. Today, a larger representation of the three monkeys is prominently displayed at the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, where Gandhi lived from 1915 to 1930 and from where he departed on his famous salt march. Gandhi's statue also inspired a 2008 artwork by Subodh Gupta, Gandhi's Three Monkeys.[15]

text: The maxim inspired an award-winning 2008 Turkish film by director Nuri Bilge Ceylan called Three Monkeys (Üç Maymun).

text: Unicode characters[edit]

text: Unicode provides emoji representations of the monkeys in the Emoticons block as follows:[16]

text:
Mizaru: U+1F648 🙈 SEE-NO-EVIL MONKEY
Kikazaru: U+1F649 🙉 HEAR-NO-EVIL MONKEY
Iwazaru: U+1F64A 🙊 SPEAK-NO-EVIL MONKEY