document_title: Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom

question_text: what is the code for uk mobile numbers

question_tokens: what is the code for uk mobile numbers

root

text: Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom

text: Structure[edit]

text: Since 28 April 2001, almost all geographic numbers and most non-geographic numbers have 9 or 10 national (significant) numbers after the "0" trunk code. All mobile telephone numbers have 10 national (significant) numbers after the "0" trunk code. The overall structure of the UK's National Numbering Plan is:[1]

tag: p

text:
Prefix
Service type

01
Geographic area codes.

02
Geographic area codes (introduced in 2000).

03
Non-geographic numbers charged at standard geographic area code rates (introduced 2007).

04
Reserved.

05
Corporate numbering and VoIP services (some VoIP services use 08 or geographic numbers). Freephone (toll free) on 0500 until June 2017.

06
Was reserved for possible use by personal numbering (PNS) instead of 070 following consumer confusion with mobile phones.

07
Mostly for mobile phones on 071xx, 072xx, 073xx, 074xx, 075xx, 07624, 077xx, 078xx, and 079xx. Personal numbering on 070. Pagers on 076xx.

08
Freephone (toll free) on 080, and Special Services (formerly known as local and national rate) on 084 and 087.

09
Premium Rate services (PRS).

tag: table

text: A short sample of geographic numbers, set out in the officially approved (Ofcom) number groups:

text:
Number
Location

(020) xxxx xxxx
London

(024) 7xxx xxxx
Coventry

(029) xxxx xxxx
Cardiff

(0113) xxx xxxx
Leeds

(0114) xxx xxxx
Sheffield

(0121) xxx xxxx
Birmingham

(0117) xxx xxxx
Bristol

(0131) xxx xxxx
Edinburgh

(0141) xxx xxxx
Glasgow

(0151) xxx xxxx
Merseyside

(0161) xxx xxxx
Greater Manchester

(01642)  xxxxxx
Teesside

(01223)  xxxxxx
Cambridge

(01257)  xxxxxx
Chorley

(01382)  xxxxxx
Dundee

(01386)  xxxxxx
Evesham

(01935)  xxxxxx
Yeovil

(01865)  xxxxxx
Oxford

(01772)  xxxxxx
Preston

(01792)  xxxxxx
Swansea

(01204)  xxxxx
Bolton

(0153 96) xxxxx
Sedbergh

(0169 77) xxxx
Brampton

text: In the United Kingdom, area codes are two, three, four, or, rarely, five digits long (after the initial zero). Regions with shorter area codes, typically large cities, permit the allocation of more telephone numbers as the local number portion has more digits. Local customer numbers are four to eight figures long. The total number of digits is ten, but in a very few areas the total may be nine digits (after the initial zero). The "area code" is also referred to as an "STD (code)" (subscriber trunk dialling) or a "dialling code" in the UK.

text: The code allocated to the largest population is (020) for London. The code allocated to the largest area is (028) for all of Northern Ireland. The UK Numbering Plan also applies to three British Crown dependencies—Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man—even though they are not part of the UK itself.

text: Format[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Possible number formats for UK telephone numbers are as follows:

text:
Number length
10 digits
9 digits
7 digits
4 digits
3 digits

Number formats
(01xx xx) xxxxx
(01xxx) xxxxxx
(01x1) xxx xxxx
(011x) xxx xxxx
(02x) xxxx xxxx
03xx xxx xxxx
055 xxxx xxxx
056 xxxx xxxx
070 xxxx xxxx
07624 xxxxxx
076 xxxx xxxx
07xxx xxxxxx
0800 xxx xxxx
08xx xxx xxxx
09xx xxx xxxx
(0169 77) xxxx
(01xxx) xxxxx
0500 xxxxxx
0800 xxxxxx
0800 1111
0845 46 4x
1470 1471
1475
1477
1571

999
112
111
123
101
118
105

text: Number ranges starting 01 can have National Significant Number (NSN) length as 10 or 9 digits. The 0800 range can have NSN length as 10, 9 or 7 digits. The 0845 range can have NSN length as 10 or 7 digits. The 0500 range has NSN length as 9 digits only. There are no telephone numbers in the UK with an NSN length of 8 digits.

text: Geographic numbering[edit]

text: Standard geographic numbers[edit]

text: Geographic telephone numbers in the UK always have nine or ten digits.

text: Four-digit area codes[edit]

text: Four-digit area codes have either six-digit subscriber numbers or a mix of five- and six-digit subscriber numbers.

text: (01xxx) xxxxxx

tag: ul

text: This is the format used by most areas. It has a four-digit area code (after the initial zero) and a six digit subscriber number, and is known as 4+6 format. These area codes were changed by adding a "1" directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995. Just short of 581 areas use this format, and the area codes range from 01200 to 01998. Almost all (01xxx) area codes now have only six digit subscriber numbers, but a small number of these areas also have some subscriber numbers only five digits in length (see next section).

text:
01224
Aberdeen
22 = AB

01244
Chester
24 = CH

01382
Dundee
38 = DU

01387
Dumfries (mixed)
38 = DU
local numbers cannot begin with 3

01452
Gloucester
45 = GL

01472
Grimsby
47 = GR

01473
Ipswich
47 = IP

01429
Hartlepool
42 = HA

01482
Hull
48 = HU

01539
Kendal (mixed)
53 = KE
local numbers cannot begin with 4, 5 or 6

01582
Luton
58 = LU

01670
Morpeth
67 = MP

01697
Brampton, North West (mixed)
69 = NW
local numbers cannot begin with 3, 4 or 7

01730
Petersfield
73 = PE

01736
Penzance
73 = PE

01772
Preston
77 = PR

01792
Swansea
79 = SW

01793
Swindon
79 = SW

01854
Ullapool
85 = UL

01947
Whitby
94 = WH

text: Six of the four-digit area codes are known as "mixed" areas as they share those four digits with the twelve five-digit area codes. This leads to a restriction as to which initial digits can be used for subscriber numbers within those four-digit area codes, e.g. in the 01387 four-digit area code, subscriber numbers cannot begin with a 3 because 013873 is a separate five-digit area code; likewise in the 01946 four-digit area code, subscriber numbers cannot begin with a 7 because 019467 is a separate five-digit area code.

text: (01xxx) xxxxx

text: This is used for forty smaller towns where some subscriber numbers within the area code have only five digits and is known as 4+5 format. The numbers therefore have only nine digits after the initial zero trunk code. These area codes were changed by adding a "1" directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995. These towns always have a mixture of six and five digit local numbers, each type allocated in specific DE blocks; e.g. in the 01647 area code numbers beginning 24xxx and 61xxx have five digits whereas all other DE blocks within that area code are allocated as six digit numbers. The number of places with five digit subscriber numbers and an 01xxx area code has declined rapidly in recent decades. There were 511 ranges allocated across 56 different area codes in January 1998. The Big Number Change removed many, especially in Northern Ireland, and by July 2005 there were only 329 ranges in 42 codes. By April 2010 this had reduced to 324 ranges in 40 codes, with the same number still in November 2012. The 40 area codes are listed in the table below.

text:
01204
Bolton
20 = BO
61-64

01208
Bodmin
20 = BO
72-79

01254
Blackburn
25 = BL
51-57, 59

01276
Camberley
27 = CR
20-29, 31-38, 61-66

01297
Axminster
29 = AX
20-24, 32-35

01298
Buxton
29 = BX
22-28, 70-74, 77-79, 83-85

01363
Crediton
36 = CN
82-85

01364
Ashburton, Devon
36 = DN
72, 73

01384
Dudley
38 = DU
70, 74-79

01386
Evesham
38 = EV
40, 41, 45, 47-49

01404
Honiton
40 = HO
41-47

01420
Alton, Hampshire
42 = HA
22, 23, 80-89

01460
Chard, Ilminster
46 = IM
30, 52-55, 57, 61-68, 72-78

01461
Gretna
46 = GN
40

01480
Huntingdon
48 = HU
52

01488
Hungerford
48 = HU
71-73

01524
Lancaster (mixed)
52 = LA
32-37, 39, 60-69
local numbers cannot begin with 2

01527
Redditch

60-69

01562
Kidderminster
56 = KM
60, 66-69

01566
Launceston
56 = LN
86

01595
Lerwick
56 = LW
86
-
01606
Northwich, Winsford
60 = NO
40-49, 74-77, 79

01629
Matlock
62 = MA
55-57

01635
Newbury
63 = NE
30-39, 40-49

01647
Moretonhampstead
64 = MH
24, 61

01659
Sanquhar, Nithsdale
65 = NL
50, 58, 66, 67, 74

01695
Skelmersdale/Ormskirk

50-54

01726
St Austell
72 = SA
61, 63-69, 70-77

01744
St Helens
74 = SH
20-29

01750
Selkirk
75 = SK
20-23, 32, 42, 52, 62, 76, 82

01768
Penrith (mixed)
76 = PN
882, 883, 884, 886, 887, 888
local numbers cannot begin with 3, 4 or 7

01827
Tamworth
82 = TA
50-59, 60-69

01837
Okehampton

52-55, 82, 83, 89

01884
Tiverton
88 = TV
32-35, 38

01900
Workington
90 = WO
61-68, 85

01905
Worcester
90 = WO
20-29

01935
Yeovil
93 = YE
83

01946
Whitehaven (mixed)
94 = WH
61-68
local numbers cannot begin with 7

01949
Whatton
94 = WH
20, 21, 81

01963
Wincanton
96 = WN
23, 31-34

01995
Garstang, Wyre
99 = WY
61

text: Three-digit area codes[edit]

text: Three-digit area codes always have seven-digit subscriber numbers and always begin 011x or 01x1.

text: (01x1) xxx xxxx

text: This is the geographic number format for the first round of five large cities moved to all figure dialling in the 1960s, and subsequently also used in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, eastern County Durham and south-eastern Northumberland from the 1980s onwards. These six areas have a three-digit area code matching the pattern 1x1 (after the initial zero) and a seven digit subscriber number, and this is known as 3+7 format. These area codes were changed by adding a "1" directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995.

text:
0121
Birmingham
formerly 021 (2 = B)

0131
Edinburgh
formerly 031 (3 = E)

0141
Glasgow
formerly 041 (4 = G)

0151
Liverpool
formerly 051 (5 = L)

0161
Manchester
formerly 061 (6 = M)

0171
Used for Inner London from 1990 until 2000

0181
Used for Outer London from 1990 until 2000

0191
County of Tyne and Wear, eastern County Durham,
south-eastern Northumberland
formerly 091 (9 = tYne)

text: (011x) xxx xxxx

text: This is the geographic number format for the second round of large cities and towns moved to brand-new three-digit area codes. Five of these were moved in 1995 as a part of PhONEday, with Reading then following a year later. At the time of the change, an extra digit was added to the subscriber number. These six areas have a three-digit area code matching the pattern 11x, with a seven-digit subscriber number, and this is known as 3+7 format. The first three digits of the local number identifies a small area within the town or city. The former Reading area code had already been changed once, by adding a "1" directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995.

text:
0113
Leeds
formerly 0532 (53 = LE)

0114
Sheffield
formerly 0742 (74 = SH)

0115
Nottingham
formerly 0602 (60 = NO)

0116
Leicester
formerly 0533 (53 = LE)

0117
Bristol
formerly 0272 (27 = BR)

0118
Reading
formerly 0734, then 01734 (73 = RE)

text: Two-digit area codes[edit]

text: Two-digit area codes always have eight-digit subscriber numbers and always begin 02.

text: (02x) xxxx xxxx

text: This is the newest geographic number format. It is used for the third tier of large cities and for Northern Ireland, and was formed as a part of the Big Number Change in 2000. The new area code is much shorter than the old one, and begins 02 unlike the previous 01 area codes. Numbers in these five areas are commonly misquoted, e.g. London as 0207 or Cardiff as 02920. The numbers consist of a two-digit area code matching the pattern 02x, and an eight-digit subscriber number, and this is known as 2+8 format.

text: The first four digits of the local number identifies a small area within the town or city. At the time of the change, the subscriber part of the number gained an extra digit in London, those in Northern Ireland gained two or three digits, and the subscriber part of the number in the other areas gained two digits. All of these areas were also subject to a previous code change, one that added a "1" directly after the initial zero, as a part of PhONEday in 1995.

text:
020
London
(020) 3xxx xxxx new since 2005.
(020) 7xxx xxxx formerly 0171 and
(020) 8xxx xxxx formerly 0181 (both 1995–2000),
071 and 081 (1990–1995), 01 (1960s-1990)

023
Southampton
(023) 8xxx xxxx formerly 01703 (70 = SO)

Portsmouth
(023) 9xxx xxxx formerly 01705 (70 = PO)

024
Coventry
(024) 7xxx xxxx formerly 01203 (20 = CO)

028
Northern Ireland
(028) 25xx xxxx Ballymena formerly (01266) xxxxxx

(028) 28xx xxxx Larne formerly (01574) xxxxxx

(028) 37xx xxxx Armagh formerly (01861) xxxxxx

(028) 71xx xxxx Derry[2][3] formerly (01504) xxxxxx

(028) 82xx xxxx Omagh formerly (01662) xxxxxx

(028) 90xx xxxx Belfast formerly (01232) xxxxxx

(028) 92xx xxxx Lisburn formerly (01846) xxxxxx

(028) 95xx xxxx Belfast new number range

029
Cardiff
(029) 2xxx xxxx formerly 01222 (22 = CA)

text: Five-digit area codes[edit]

text: Five-digit area codes have either five-digit subscriber numbers or a mix of four- and five-digit subscriber numbers. Five-digit area codes always share their first four digits with four-digit area codes.

text: (01xx xx) xxxxx and (01xx xx) xxxx

text: This is the oldest geographic number format and is used for twelve smaller towns and villages where the subscriber number is either five or (in one area code) four digits long. These are known as 5+5 and 5+4 format. Therefore, the STD code and the subscriber number does not always total ten digits after the initial zero trunk code. These area codes were changed by adding a "1" directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995. The number of places using these two formats has declined rapidly in recent decades and Brampton is the last place in the UK with four-digit local numbers.

text:
0138 73
Langholm

0152 42
Hornby

0153 94
Hawkshead

0153 95
Grange-over-Sands

0153 96
Sedbergh

0169 73
Wigton

0169 74
Raughton Head

0169 77
Brampton[4][5]

0176 83
Appleby

0176 84
Pooley Bridge

0176 87
Keswick

0194 67
Gosforth

text: The above twelve area codes and their six 'parent' area codes (01387, 01524, 01539, 01697, 01768 and 01946) are known as 'Mixed' areas due to multiple area codes sharing the same SABC digits.

text: National dialling only ranges[edit]

text: These ranges have subscriber numbers beginning with the digits "0" or "1", e.g.:

text:
0169 77 0xxxx
Brampton

01332 050xxx
Derby

01382 006xxx
Dundee

0141 005 xxxx
Glasgow

0117 101 xxxx
Bristol

0118 00x xxxx
Reading

020 0003 xxxx
London

text: Currently, these numbers are mostly used as the termination points for non-geographic numbers, and by some automated systems such as alarms. As such they are not usually meant to be directly dialled. These numbers have been problematic as some mobile phone operators in the UK do not allow access to these ranges,[6] and there may also be difficulty accessing these numbers from outside the UK. Regulator Ofcom proposes that in future these numbers be released for wider, general-purpose use in up to 70 area codes facing number shortage.[7] In order to avoid confusion with codes beginning with these digits, the area code must always be dialled, even from within the same geographic exchange. Accordingly, if these numbers are eventually released for general use, Ofcom proposes completely removing the ability to dial locally without the area code in areas affected. This occurred on 1 November 2012 for the 01202 area code, which covers Bournemouth.[8]

text: Recently, the carrier TalkTalk have inadvertently released parts of the 020 0011 range to the general public,[9] with these numbers currently being in use. For example, the charity Give a Car used the number 020 0011 1664 for a while, but recently switched to a proper London number.

text: Mobile telephones[edit]

text: 07xxx xxxxxx—mobile phones and WiFi numbers.

text: Individual mobile phone companies are allocated different ranges within the 073xx, 074xx, 075xx, 07624, 077xx, 078xx and 079xx area codes. Changes to mobile phone numbers in the Big Number Change were mostly straight replacements, such as Vodafone customers on the 0378 block became 07778.

text:
073xx xxxxxx
Mobile phones (in use since November 2014)

074xx xxxxxx
Mobile phones (in use since November 2009)

075xx xxxxxx
Mobile phones (in use since May 2007)

07624 xxxxxx
Mobile phones on the Isle of Man

077xx xxxxxx
Mobile phones (former 03xx and 04xx—mostly Vodafone and O2 (formerly Cellnet))

078xx xxxxxx
Mobile phones (former 05xx, 06xx and 08xx—mostly Vodafone and O2 (formerly Cellnet))

079xx xxxxxx
Mobile phones (former 09xx—mostly EE (formerly Orange and one2one))

07911 2xxxxx
07911 8xxxxx
WiFi numbers (e.g. 3G/LTE-enabled tablet computers)

text: Since the advent of Mobile number portability, mobile phone number prefixes can no longer be relied on to determine the current operator of a particular mobile phone – only the original operator.

text: Pagers and personal numbering[edit]

text: 07x xxxx xxxx—pagers and personal numbering (PNS).

text: 070 and 076 numbers are often charged at a much higher rate than calling the similar-looking 07xxx mobile telephone numbers.

text:
070 xxxx xxxx
Personal numbering

076 xxxx xxxx
Pagers (excluding 07624, used for mobile phones on the Isle of Man)

text: Personal numbers beginning 070 are regulated by Phone-paid Services Authority.

text: Non-geographic numbering[edit]

text: Non-geographic numbers charged at geographic rate[edit]

text: 03xx xxx xxxx—"UK-wide" numbering.

text: On 27 July 2006, Ofcom announced that companies will soon be able to use an "03" non-geographic number, in place of other non-geographic numbers (such as 0870 or 0845 numbers). Callers would be charged at the same rate as if they were calling a geographic number (01 or 02).[10] This means that customers who are benefiting from inclusive minutes on mobile phone or landline calling plans would also be able to call these numbers using their inclusive minutes.[11] On 13 February 2007, Ofcom released more details on their plans for the 03 range and announced that allocations of 03 numbers to providers would begin in March 2007. Whilst 01, 02 and 07 numbers can receive text messages, currently the majority of cellular network providers do not support the sending of text messages to 03 numbers. Three different ranges of numbers were announced; those beginning 030x are reserved for qualifying public bodies and non-profit organisations, those beginning 033x, which are available for allocation to anyone, and those beginning 034x and 037x which will be used for migration from the matching 084x and 087x number ranges respectively. Ofcom itself began using 03 numbers on 13 November 2007 for public use.[12]

text:
030x xxx xxxx
For qualifying public bodies and non-profit organisations as defined by Ofcom

033x xxx xxxx
For any end user

034x xxx xxxx
Migration range for operators who have 084x numbers

037x xxx xxxx
Migration range for operators who have 087x numbers

text: Corporate and VoIP numbering[edit]

text: 05x xxxx xxxx—Corporate and VoIP numbering.

text: Unlike 03 numbers there is no uniform pricing for 05 numbers; BT charge a number of different rates depending on the number dialled.[13] Some are charged at geographic rate, others not. Other operators are not required to charge the same rates as BT for calling 05 numbers.

text:
055 xxxx xxxx
Corporate Numbering (but also used by BT for its Broadband Voice service)

056 xxxx xxxx
Allocated by Ofcom for LIECS (Location Independent Electronic Communications Services), e.g. VoIP services

text: Freephone numbers[edit]

text: 0500 xxxxxx—Freephone services allocated before 1999.

text: Until July 2017, the 0500 range was used for some freephone services which were originally provided by Mercury Communications Ltd (now Cable & Wireless Worldwide). These numbers were different from the rest of the 05 range in that they are only 9 digits in length after the 0 trunk code, e.g. 0500 007 007 (National Savings and Investments), 0500 2 88 2 91 (BBC Radio 2, 88 to 91 FM), 0500 600 600 (Crimewatch), 0500 600 700 (Watchdog[clarification needed]), and 0500 909 693 (BBC Radio 5 Live, 909 and 693 kHz). Numerous universities, government departments, airlines, banks and businesses also used these numbers. They were allocated before the general trend of using longer numbers started in 1997 and long before the rest of the 05 range was assigned to corporate and VoIP numbering after 2000.

text:
0500 xxxxxx[notes 2]
Special Services - No charge to Customer a.k.a. "Freephone"
Free to call from landline, up to 40p per minute from mobile.

text: The range was withdrawn by Ofcom in July 2017[14] as a result of a series of consultations starting from 2012[15]

text: 0800 xxxxxx, 0800 xxx xxxx and 0808 xxx xxxx—Freephone services.

text:
0800 xxxxxx[notes 3]
Special Services - No charge to Customer a.k.a. "Freephone"
Free to call from landline, and was up to 40p per minute from mobile, until July 2015 when calls to 080 numbers from mobiles became free. Calls to certain charity and similar services were always free from most mobiles.
0808 9xx xxxx numbers are used by freephone internet services.

0800 xxx xxxx

0808 xxx xxxx

text: There is one short "special" number in this range, 0800 1111 for Childline.

text: Additionally, numbers in the range 0808 80x xxxx are reserved for not-for-profit helplines and as such are usually free to call from most mobile telephones. A number of other numbers can also called for free from mobiles,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] but this varies by network.

text: Fixed-rate or special-rate services[edit]

text: 084x xxx xxxx and 087x xxx xxxx—Non-geographic fixed-rate, or special-rate services.

text: With the exception of 080x freephone numbers, 08xx numbers are charged above geographic rates, with some of the extra revenue going to the terminating telco. This additional revenue may be shared with the subscriber, but is often used instead to subsidise additional network services, such as fax-to-email, virtual office applications, call queuing, voicemail and easy number redirection. None of these call management services is exclusive to 08xx numbers, and they could be provided on any number range.

text:
0845 xxx xxxx
Special Services basic rate
Up to 5p a minute, varies daytime/evening/weekend, from BT landline, other providers may charge more; up to 42p a minute from mobiles.

0844 00x xxxx
Special Services basic rate
Non-BT Discount Scheme—Internet Services incorporating unmetered access up to and including 5p for BT customers

0844 01x xxxx
to
0844 09x xxxx
currently unused

0844 1xx xxxx
currently unused

0844 2xx xxxx
to
0844 9xx xxxx
Up to 4.26p a minute (plus VAT), varies daytime/evening/weekend, from BT landline, other providers may charge more; up to 42p a minute from mobiles.

0843 xxx xxxx
Up to 4.26p a minute (plus VAT), but fixed (e.g. always 3p/minute or always 4p/minute) from BT landline, other providers may charge more; up to 42p a minute from mobiles.

0842 xxx xxxx
Up to 4.26p a minute (plus VAT), but fixed (e.g. always 3p/minute or always 4p/minute) from BT landline, other providers may charge more; up to 42p a minute from mobiles.

text: There were a few short "special" number in this range, such as 0845 46 47 for NHS Direct; this was closed in 2014 and replaced by NHS 111 except in Wales, where the transition took place in 2015.

text:
0870 xxx xxxx
Non-Geographic Number
Up to 8p a minute (plus VAT), varies daytime/evening/weekend (charged at no more than the caller would pay for a call to a Geographic Number) from landline; up to 42p a minute from mobiles.

0871 0xx xxxx
Special Services higher rate
Internet Services metered access, up to and including 10p/minute for BT customers.

0871 1xx xxxx
currently unused

0871 2xx xxxx
to
0871 9xx xxxx
Up to 8.5p a minute (plus VAT) but fixed (e.g. always 6p/minute or always 8.5p/minute) from BT landline, other providers may charge more; up to 50p a minute from mobiles.

0872 xxx xxxx
Up to 8.5p a minute (plus VAT) but fixed (e.g. always 6p/minute or always 8.5p/minute) from BT landline, other providers may charge more; up to 50p a minute from mobiles.

0873 xxx xxxx
Up to 8.5p a minute (plus VAT) but fixed (e.g. always 6p/minute or always 8.5p/minute) from BT landline, other providers may charge more; up to 50p a minute from mobiles.

text: The usage of 0871, 0872 and 0873 numbers is regulated by PhonepayPlus.[24]

text: There is widespread confusion about the cost of calling 084 and 087 numbers. They often do not qualify for discounts and bundled minutes, and can be prohibitively expensive when called from mobiles and payphones. Many major companies persist in misdescribing them as "Local Rate", "Lo Call" (often as 'locall rate' which can be easily misread as 'local rate') or "National Rate" for which the Advertising Standards Authority can take action.[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] [36][37][37][38]

text: In the future, it is likely[clarification needed] that users of 084 and 087 numbers will have to declare the service charge element of the call cost when advertising their phone number, whilst telecoms companies will need to inform their customers about their access charge for calling each number range. Additionally, the EU Consumer Rights Directive requires that many entities that held 084 and 087 numbers will no longer be allowed to use them. The directive bans the usage of numbers that cost more than calling a geographic number for customer service and complaints lines, and other such purposes.[39][40]

text: From 1 July 2015, the charge for calls to 084, 087, 09 and 118 numbers will be split into two parts: An access charge (payable to the company you make your phone calls with - e.g. BT, EE, Sky, etc.) and a service charge (the part of the call that goes to the company offering the service). A list of these new access charges can be found here, which is updated regularly with new information when available. Source: [1]

text: Other 08xx number ranges[edit]

text: 08xx xxx xxxx—Internet for schools and Inbound routing codes.

text:
0820 xxx xxxx
Special Services: Internet for schools

0899 9xx xxxx
Inbound routing codes

text: Premium rate content services (PRS and SES)[edit]

text: 09xx xxx xxxx—Premium Rate Content Services

text: Numbers in the 09xx range are charged at the highest rates of any calls within the United Kingdom, and are controlled by various regulations regarding their use. The regulator is Phone-paid Service Authority formally known as PhonepayPlus,[24] formerly known as ICSTIS (and they also cover 070 (PNS), 0871, 0872, 0873 and 118xxx (DQ) services). There are a large number of charge bands, some with high pence-per-minute rates, others with a high fixed-price for the entire call.

text:
090x xxx xxxx
Premium rate content services (PRS)

0908 xxx xxxx
0909 xxx xxxx
Sexual entertainment services (SES) (not available for new allocations)

091x xxx xxxx
Premium rate non-content services (PRS)

098x xxx xxxx
Sexual entertainment services (SES)

text: The earlier unused 092x xxx xxxx - 099x xxx xxxx allocation for "Broadband Internet Services" no longer exists and was removed from the number plan in 2005.

text: Crown dependencies[edit]

text: Although calls from UK landlines to landlines in the islands are charged at the same rate as those to other UK landlines (i.e. they are not treated as international calls), calls may be excluded from calling plans offering unlimited UK fixed line calls.

text: Mobile operators may also charge more for calls to the islands and these calls are usually excluded from calling plans. Calls and SMS messages sent to island mobile phone numbers are not charged at the same rate as calls to UK mobile phone numbers.

text: Guernsey[edit]

text:
(01481) xxxxxx
Fixed line
48 = GU

(01481) 832xxx
Fixed line (Sark)

(01481) 833xxx

07781 xxxxxx
Sure mobile phones and pagers

07839 xxxxxx
Airtel Vodafone mobile phones

07911 xxxxxx
Wave Telecom mobile phones, not for UK

text: This area code is also used for Alderney and Sark.

text: Jersey[edit]

text:
(01534) xxxxxx
Fixed line
53 = JE

07509 xxxxxx
Jersey Telecom mobile phones and pagers

07797 xxxxxx

07937 xxxxxx

07700 xxxxxx
Sure mobile network

07829 xxxxxx
Airtel Vodafone mobile network

text: Several Jersey companies also have non-geographic numbers allocated.[41]

text: Isle of Man[edit]

text:
(01624) xxxxxx
Fixed line
62 = MA

07624 xxxxxx
Mobile phones and paging services

07524 xxxxxx
Mobile phones additional capacity

07924 xxxxxx

text: On the Isle of Man, both fixed (01624) and mobile phone (07624) numbers can be dialled locally in the six-digit format.

text: Fictitious numbers[edit]

text: Ofcom has also reserved certain number ranges for use in television dramas and films, so as to avoid the risk of people having their telephone numbers displayed, and receiving unwanted calls. This is similar to the use of fictitious telephone numbers in the United States and Canada starting with the digits 555.

text: In most of the large cities with three-digit area codes a range of numbers is reserved, usually all the numbers starting with the digits 496. For fictitious numbers in other areas the area code 01632 is reserved; this code is not in use, although 0632 was used for Newcastle upon Tyne until the late 1980s (63 = NE) and briefly reallocated for use by premium rate services in the 1990s. There are also reserved ranges for fictitious mobile, freephone, and premium rate numbers.[42][43]

text: The Post Office even produced dial centre labels for use in advertisements and film/TV with a mythical exchange called VINcent plus four digits. The numerical equivalent of VIN was 846 and all the caller got was the speaking clock (i.e. 846 is also numerical equivalent of TIM) in the big city "Director" areas.[44]

text: At around the same time as the other Big Number Change changes, Ofcom revised their recommendations to update the prefixes, add additional areas, and increase the size of the allocation from 10 to 1000 numbers per block. Those changes are listed in the Big Number Change article.

text: In Coronation Street, the fictional Manchester suburb of Weatherfield uses the unallocated range (0161) 715 xxxx.[45]

text: Special service numbers[edit]

text: Emergency services and helplines[edit]

text: The UK has two free emergency numbers—the traditional 999, which is still widely used, and the EU standard 112, which can be used in all member states of the European Union. Both 999 and 112 are used to contact all emergency services: Police, Fire Service, Ambulance Service, and Coastguard. (Standard advice for Mountain Rescue or Cave Rescue is to ask the emergency operator for the police, who oversee the communication with these two services.[46][47][48])

text: Both numbers can be called from mobile phones with the keylock on, or without entering the PIN where that would otherwise be required. Although some mobile phones allow emergency calls to be attempted without a SIM card, at present the UK networks reject such calls. Since November 2009, an emergency call can be made through any UK mobile network as long as there is a SIM for any valid UK network in the handset. Although UK VOIP phone providers are required to offer 999 / 112 service this is subject to a registration for the service and with a verified service address and users need to be aware such service may not work in a power blackout; However International VOIP providers may not provide this service.

text: The chargeable number 101 was introduced for non-urgent crime and community safety calls on a trial basis in 2006. In Wales, the scheme was taken forward by all four police forces, who adopted the number for non-emergency calls on a permanent basis in early 2009. In England the scheme was on trial until 2012, when it was adopted nationwide and the cost to call changed from 10p per call to 15p per call. In Northern Ireland, the number was introduced by the Police Service of Northern Ireland in March 2014.[49]

text: The operator is obtained via 100 from landlines, while directory enquiries, formerly 192, is now provided in the 118xxx range, e.g. 118 212, 118 800, 118 500, 118 118, by different companies. International Operator assistance is reached through 155.

text: From early 2010, the pan-European 116 number range came into use for social helplines. The first three numbers allocated were Missing People using 116 000 for a missing children helpline, the NSPCC ChildLine on 116 111, and Samaritans using 116 123 for an emotional support helpline. A recent consultation for the numbers 116 106 and 116 117 has yet to see any result.

text: The National Health Service (NHS) can be reached on 111 for non-emergency calls (from landlines and mobiles only). In other European countries the number 116 117 is used for a similar purpose.

text: Local electricity network operators can be reached on 105 to report power cuts.[50]

text: Two telephone helplines within the regular code space have only eight digits, namely 0800 1111 for ChildLine and 0845 4647 for NHS Direct in Wales.

text: Speaking clock[edit]

text: Since the mid-1990s speaking clock services have been available throughout Britain using the number 123. Before this, exchanges in "Director" areas (Birmingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, London and Manchester) dialled 846 (TIM), later changing to 123, and main exchanges in "non-Director" areas originally used "952", later changing to "80" with the introduction of STD and eventually to "8081" as other recorded services were introduced on 80X1 codes. Some mobile operators allocate other services to 123—such as customer services or voicemail etc.

text: Automated services and access codes[edit]

text: Short codes beginning with 1 are reserved for telecom service providers' own functionality; some of the most well-known are codes for use with Caller Display:

text:
141
Withhold number
when normally released

1470
Release number
when normally withheld

1471
Call return
caller may press 3 to return call on most networks

1475
1471 erasure
removes details of last call from 1471 service. May need to be prefixed with 1470 if number is normally withheld

1477
Automatic Call Trace
Stores number (even if withheld) of nuisance caller at terminating exchange for subsequent investigation and enforcement,
but service is seldom enabled by default

1571
Voicemail service
For people who do not have answering machines.
If there is a new message, the dial tone will be stuttered.

#31#
Withhold number
141 equivalent for use on mobile networks

text: Many fixed line telephone subscribers, e.g. BT,[51] Virgin Media,[52] SkyTalk Sky, TalkTalk and PlusNet have the opportunity to use an automated messaging service which takes messages when the called number is either engaged ("busy") or not answered within a given time. This can be accessed by calling 1571.

text: For fixed line users, it is possible to override the carrier pre-selection (CPS) on a per-call basis, dialling a special code before the number, e.g. 1280 for BT, 1664 for LowerCall, or 1844 for Daisy. Ofcom defines the range for these as: "124 to 140, 143 to 146, 148 to 149, 160 to 169, and 181 to 189 inclusive. Numbers of up to 5-digits used to access an Indirect Access Provider (‘Type B Access Codes’)".[53]

text: History[edit]

text: Telephone numbers in Overseas Territories[edit]

text: Telephone numbers in British Overseas Territories do not come under the UK telephone numbering plan. These calls are treated as international calls. Below are the access codes for the overseas territories:

text: North American Numbering Plan[edit]

text:
Anguilla +1-264
Bermuda +1-441
British Virgin Islands +1-284
Cayman Islands +1-345
Montserrat +1-664
Turks and Caicos Islands +1-649

text: Others[edit]

text:
British Antarctic Territory +44 (Shared with the UK)
British Indian Ocean Territory +246
Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands +500
Gibraltar +350
Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha +290
Ascension Island +247
Akrotiri and Dhekelia +357 (Shared with Cyprus)
Pitcairn Islands +64 (Shared with New Zealand)


document_title: Black Panther (comics)

question_text: when did black panther become a comic book

question_tokens: when did black panther become a comic book

text: Black Panther (comics)

text: Concept and creation[edit]

text: Name[edit]

text: The Black Panther's name predates the October 1966 founding of the Black Panther Party, though not the black panther logo of the party's predecessor, the Lowndes County Freedom Organization (LCFO), nor the segregated World War II Black Panthers Tank Battalion.[2][3] Stan Lee, co-creator of the comic, denied that the comic was named after any of the political uses of the term "black panther", including the LCFO, citing "a strange coincidence".[4] He is the first black superhero in American mainstream comic books; very few black heroes were created before him, and none with actual superpowers. These included the characters in the single-issue, low-distribution All-Negro Comics #1 (1947); Waku, Prince of the Bantu, who starred in his own feature in the omnibus title Jungle Tales, from Marvel's 1950s predecessor, Atlas Comics; and the Dell Comics Western character Lobo, the first black person to star in his own comic book. Previous non-caricatured black supporting characters in comics include U.S. Army infantry private Gabriel Jones of Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos.

text: In a guest appearance in Fantastic Four #119 (Feb. 1972), the Black Panther briefly tried using the name Black Leopard to avoid connotations with the Party, but the new name did not last.[5] The character's name was changed back to Black Panther in Avengers #105, with T'Challa explaining that renaming himself made as much sense as altering the Scarlet Witch's name, and he is not a stereotype.[6]

text: Co-creator Stan Lee recounted that the name was inspired by a pulp adventure hero who has a black panther as a helper.[7] Jack Kirby's original concept art for Black Panther used the concept name Coal Tiger.[8]

text: Publication history[edit]

text: Following his debut in Fantastic Four #52–53 (July–Aug. 1966) and subsequent guest appearance in Fantastic Four Annual #5 (1967) and with Captain America in Tales of Suspense #97–100 (Jan.– April 1968), the Black Panther journeyed from the fictional African nation of Wakanda to New York City to join the titular American superhero team in The Avengers #52 (May 1968), appearing in that comic for the next few years. During his time with the Avengers, he made solo guest-appearances in three issues of Daredevil, and fought Doctor Doom in Astonishing Tales #6–7 (June & Aug. 1971), in that supervillain's short-lived starring feature.

text: He received his first starring feature with Jungle Action #5 (July 1973), a reprint of the Panther-centric story in The Avengers #62 (March 1969). A new series began running the following issue, written by Don McGregor, with art by pencilers Rich Buckler, Gil Kane, and Billy Graham, and which gave inkers Klaus Janson and Bob McLeod some of their first professional exposure. The critically acclaimed[9] series ran in Jungle Action #6–24 (Sept. 1973 – Nov. 1976).[10]

text: One now-common format McGregor pioneered was that of the self-contained, multi-issue story arc.[11] The first, "Panther's Rage", ran through the first 13 issues. Critic Jason Sacks has called the arc "Marvel's first graphic novel":

text: [T]here were real character arcs in Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four [comics] over time. But ... "Panther's Rage" is the first comic that was created from start to finish as a complete novel. Running in two years' issues of Jungle Action (#s 6 through 18), "Panther's Rage" is a 200-page novel that journeys to the heart of the African nation of Wakanda, a nation ravaged by a revolution against its king, T'Challa, the Black Panther.[11]

text: The second and final arc, "Panther vs. the Klan", ran as mostly 17-page stories in Jungle Action #19–24 (Jan.–Nov. 1976), except for issue #23, a reprint of Daredevil #69 (Oct. 1970), in which the Black Panther guest-starred.[10] The subject matter of the Ku Klux Klan was considered controversial in the Marvel offices at the time, creating difficulties for the creative team.[12]

text: African-American writer-editor Dwayne McDuffie said of the Jungle Action "Black Panther" feature:

text: This overlooked and underrated classic is arguably the most tightly written multi-part superhero epic ever. If you can get your hands on it ... sit down and read the whole thing. It's damn-near flawless, every issue, every scene, a functional, necessary part of the whole. Okay, now go back and read any individual issue. You'll find seamlessly integrated words and pictures; clearly introduced characters and situations; a concise (sometimes even transparent) recap; beautifully developed character relationships; at least one cool new villain; a stunning action set piece to test our hero's skills and resolve; and a story that is always moving forward towards a definite and satisfying conclusion. That's what we should all be delivering, every single month. Don [McGregor] and company did it in only 17 story pages per issue.[9]

text: Though popular with college students, the overall sales of Jungle Action were low,[13] and Marvel relaunched the Black Panther in a self-titled series, bringing in the character's co-creator Jack Kirby—newly returned to Marvel after having decamped to rival DC Comics for a time—as writer, penciler, and editor. However, Kirby wanted to work on new characters and was unhappy at being assigned a series starring a character he had already worked with extensively.[14] He left the series after only 12 issues and was replaced by Ed Hannigan (writer), Jerry Bingham (penciler), and Roger Stern (editor). Black Panther ran 15 issues (Jan. 1977 – May 1979).[15] Due to the series's cancellation, the contents of what would have been Black Panther #16–18 were published in Marvel Premiere #51–53.

text: A four-issue miniseries, Black Panther vol. 2,[16] (July–Oct. 1988) was written by Peter B. Gillis and penciled by Denys Cowan.[17] McGregor revisited his Panther saga with Gene Colan in "Panther's Quest", published as 25 eight-page installments within the bi-weekly anthology series Marvel Comics Presents (issues #13–37, Feb.–Dec. 1989).[18] He later teamed with artist Dwayne Turner in the square-bound miniseries Black Panther: Panther's Prey (Sept. 1990 – March 1991).[19] McGregor conceived a fifth arc in his Black Panther saga, titled "Panther's Vows", but it failed to get off the ground.[13]

text: Writer Christopher Priest's and penciller Mark Texeira's 1998 series The Black Panther vol. 3 used Erik Killmonger, Venomm, and other characters introduced in "Panther's Rage", together with new characters such as State Department attorney Everett Ross; the Black Panther's adopted brother, Hunter; and the Panther's protégé, Queen Divine Justice. The Priest-Texeira series was under the Marvel Knights imprint in its first year. Priest said the creation of character Ross contributed heavily to his decision to write the series. "I realized I could use Ross to bridge the gap between the African culture that the Black Panther mythos is steeped in and the predominantly white readership that Marvel sells to," adding that in his opinion, the Black Panther had been misused in the years after his creation.[20]

text: The last 13 issues (#50–62) saw the main character replaced by a multiracial New York City police officer named Kasper Cole, with T'Challa relegated to a supporting character. This Black Panther, who became the White Tiger, was placed in the series The Crew, running concurrently with the final few Black Panther issues. The Crew was canceled with issue #7.

text: In 2005, Marvel began publishing Black Panther vol. 4,[21] which ran 41 issues (April 2005 – Nov. 2008).[22] It was initially written by filmmaker Reginald Hudlin (through issue #38) and penciled by John Romita, Jr. (through #6). Hudlin said he wanted to add "street cred" to the title, although he noted that the book was not necessarily or primarily geared toward an African-American readership.[23] As influences for his characterization of the character, Hudlin has cited comic character Batman, film director Spike Lee, and music artist Sean Combs.[23] Other influences include historical figures such as 14th-century Mali Empire sultan Mansa Musa and 20th-century Jamaican activist Marcus Garvey, as well as Biblical figures such as Ham and Canaan.[24]

text: Black Panther vol. 5[25] launched in February 2009, with Hudlin, again scripting, introducing a successor Black Panther, T'Challa's sister Shuri.[26][27][28] Hudlin co-wrote issue #7 with Jonathan Maberry, who then became the new writer,[29] joined by artist Will Conrad.[30] The Panther was also a featured player, with members of the Fantastic Four and the X-Men, in the Doctor Doom-based, six-issue miniseries Doomwar (April–Sept. 2010).[31]

text: T'Challa then accepted an invitation from Matt Murdock, the superhero Daredevil, to become the new protector of New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood. He became the lead character in Daredevil beginning with issue #513 (Feb. 2011), when that series was retitled Black Panther: The Man Without Fear.[32] Under writer David Liss and artist Francesco Francavilla, he took on the identity of Mr. Okonkwo, an immigrant from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and becomes the owner of a small diner in order to be close to the people.[33]

text: A new Black Panther series written by Ta-Nehisi Coates and drawn by Brian Stelfreeze was launched in 2016 and continues to be published with Coates as the head writer.[34][35][36]

text: In 2017, the afrofuturist writer Nnedi Okorafor wrote the series Black Panther: Long Live the King.[37]

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Early life and background[edit]

text: The Black Panther is the ceremonial title given to the chief of the Panther Tribe of the advanced African nation of Wakanda. In addition to ruling the country, he is also chief of its various tribes (collectively referred to as the Wakandas). The Panther habit is a symbol of office (head of state) and is used even during diplomatic missions. The Panther is a hereditary title, but one must still earn it.

text: In the distant past, a meteorite made of the (fictional) vibration-absorbing mineral vibranium crashed in Wakanda, and was unearthed. Reasoning that outsiders would exploit Wakanda for this valuable resource, the ruler, King T'Chaka, like his father and other Panthers before him, concealed his country from the outside world. T'Chaka's first wife N'Yami died while in labor with T'Challa, and his second wife Ramonda was taken prisoner by Anton Pretorius during a visit to her homeland of South Africa, so for most of his childhood T'Challa was raised by his father alone.[38] T'Chaka was murdered by the adventurer Ulysses Klaw in an attempt to seize the vibranium mound. With his people still in danger, a young T'Challa used Klaw's sound weapon on Klaw and his men, shattering Klaw's right hand and forcing him to flee.[39]

text: T'Challa was next in line to be the king of Wakanda and Black Panther, but until he was ready to become the leader of the nation, his uncle S'yan (T'Chaka's younger brother) successfully passed the trials to become the Black Panther. While on his Wakandan walkabout rite of passage, T'Challa met and fell in love with apparent orphaned teen Ororo Munroe, who would grow up to become the X-Men member Storm.[40] The two broke off their relationship due to his desire to avenge his father's death and to become the type of man who could suitably lead Wakanda, but they would see each other over the years when they could.

text: T'Challa earned the title and attributes of the Black Panther by defeating the various champions of the Wakandan tribes. One of his first acts was to disband and exile the Hatut Zeraze—the Wakandan secret police—and its leader, his adopted brother Hunter the White Wolf.[41] He sold off small portions of vibranium to scientific institutions around the world, amassing a fortune which he used to arm himself with advanced technology.[39] Later, to keep peace, he picked dora milaje ("adored ones") from rival tribes to serve as his personal guard and ceremonial wives-in-training. He then studied abroad for a time before returning to his kingship.

text: In his first published appearance, the now-adult T'Challa invites the American superhero team the Fantastic Four to Wakanda, then attacks and attempts to neutralize them individually in order to test himself to see if he is ready to battle Klaw, who had replaced his shattered right hand with a sonic weapon.[42][43] For their part, the Four manage to rally and stymie T'Challa in a team counter-attack, enabling the impressed King to stand down and explain himself to the team's satisfaction. After the ruler makes proper amends to the Four, they befriend and help T'Challa, and he in turn aids them against the supervillain the Psycho-Man.[44] T'Challa later joins the Avengers,[45] beginning a long association with that superhero team. He first battles the Man-Ape while with the group,[46] and then meets the American singer Monica Lynne,[47] with whom he becomes romantically involved. He helps the Avengers defeat the second Sons of the Serpent, and then reveals his true identity on American television.[48] He encounters Daredevil, and reveals to him that he had deduced Daredevil's true identity.[49]

text: Return to Wakanda[edit]

text: After receiving numerous urgent official letters requesting him to return to his increasingly troubled homeland,[50] the Panther eventually leaves his active Avengers membership to return to a Wakanda on the brink of civil war, bringing Lynne with him. After defeating would-be usurper Erik Killmonger and his minions,[51] the Panther ventures to the American South to battle the Ku Klux Klan.[52] He later gains possession of the mystical time-shifting artifacts known as King Solomon's Frogs.[53] These produce an alternate version of T'Challa from a future 10 years hence, a merry, telepathic Panther with a terminal brain aneurysm, whom T'Challa places in cryogenic stasis.

text: Later, while searching for and finding his stepmother Ramonda, the Panther contends with South African authorities during Apartheid.[54] T'Challa eventually proposes and becomes engaged to Monica Lynne,[55] though the couple never marry.

text: Years later, the Panther accepts a Washington, D.C. envoy, Everett K. Ross, and faces multiple threats to Wakanda's sovereignty. Ross assists him in many of these threats. In gratitude, the Panther often risks much for Ross in return. The first threat he and Ross encounter is "Xcon", an alliance of rogue intelligence agents backing a coup led by the Reverend Achebe.[56] Afterward, Killmonger resurfaces with a plot to destroy Wakanda's economy. This forces T'Challa to nationalize foreign companies.[57] Killmonger then defeats him in ritual combat, thus inheriting the role of Black Panther,[58] but falls into a coma upon eating the heart-shaped herb—poisonous to anyone outside the royal bloodline, which had a hereditary immunity to its toxic effects.[59] T'Challa preserves his rival's life rather than allowing him to die.

text: Later, T'Challa finds he has a brain aneurysm like his alternate future self, and succumbs to instability and hallucinations. After his mental state almost causes tribal warfare, the Panther hands power to his council[60] and hides in New York City. There he mentors police officer Kasper Cole (who had adopted an abandoned Panther costume), an experience that gives T'Challa the strength to face his illness, reclaim his position, and return to active membership in the Avengers, whom he helps secure special United Nations status.

text: Marriage and passing the mantle[edit]

text: T'Challa recounts the story of his ascension as the Black Panther in the fourth volume of his eponymous comic book series. He defeated his uncle during the Black Panther celebration,[61] and during his walkabout when he met and fell in love with a street urchin named Ororo in Cairo, Egypt.[62] Unbeknownst to him the US government is planning a coup in order to get access to the vibranium. They allow Klaw to recruit a team of villains in order to support his totalitarian neighbor, Niganda. Klaw recruits Rhino, Black Knight, Batroc the Leaper, and Radioactive Man to lead the invasion. The US government then deploys an army of Deathloks to "support" T'Challa and justify an invasion, but T'Challa kills Klaw and Storm wipes out the Deathlok army in a hurricane.[63]

text: T'Challa then helps his old flame Ororo Munroe reunite with her surviving family members in Africa and the U.S.[64] He shortly afterward proposes,[volume & issue needed] and the two are married in a large Wakandan ceremony attended by many superheroes.[65] One of the couple's first tasks is to embark on a diplomatic tour, in which they visit the Inhumans, Doctor Doom, the President of the United States, and Namor, with only the last one ending well.[66] After the death of Bill Foster, the Black Panther and Storm side with Captain America's anti-registration forces.[67] During the end battle between both sides, the Wakandan embassy in Manhattan is heavily damaged, though no Wakandans are hurt.[68] After the confrontation, the Panther and Storm briefly fill in for vacationing Fantastic Four members Reed and Sue Richards before returning to Wakanda.[69]

text: Upon returning to Wakanda alone, leaving Storm in New York to aid the X-Men, Black Panther faces Erik Killmonger, defeating him with assistance from Monica Rambeau (a.k.a. Pulsar).[70] Afterward, Wakanda fends off the alien shapeshifters the Skrulls, who had infiltrated as part of their "Secret Invasion" plan to conquer Earth.[71] Prince Namor attempts to recruit T'Challa for the Cabal, a secret council of supervillains. Attacked by the forces of fellow Cabal member Doctor Doom, T'Challa is left comatose.[72] His sister Shuri is trained as the next Panther, with the mantle passing onto her officially after T'Challa awakens from his coma and attempts to recover from his injuries.[73]

text: In the aftermath, T'Challa loses all of his enhanced attributes given to him by being the panther totem. As a result, he works with his sorcerer, Zawavari, to accumulate a replacement.[74] He has since made a pact with another unknown Panther deity, returning his attributes to an even higher level as well as placing incantations on his body, making himself highly resistant to most magic and mystic assaults. This has all been done in preparation for the imminent battle with Doctor Doom,[75] which culminated in T'Challa rendering all of the processed vibranium inert to give his people a chance to rebuild without their dependence on the element.[76]

text: The Man Without Fear[edit]

text: After the events of "Shadowland", Matt Murdock (the superhero Daredevil) asks T'Challa to replace him as guardian of Hell's Kitchen, which gives T'Challa a chance to discover himself. With the help of Foggy Nelson, T'Challa assumes the identity of Mr. Okonkwo, an immigrant from the Congo and manager of a diner called Devil's Kitchen, so that he can blend in and learn about the denizens as an ordinary man. He gets on well with two of the Kitchen's staff: Sofija, a migrant from Serbia who was formerly involved in violent Serbian nationalism, and the busboy, Brian. He also gets to know some of the neighbors from his apartment block: Mr. Nantakarn and his son Alec, as well as Iris, a social worker assigned to handle cases of child abuse.[77]

text: T'Challa finds himself up against an ambitious new crime lord, Vlad Dinu, who styles himself "The Impaler". He also seeks an understanding with the police through Detective Alex Kurtz. During an attempt by Vlad to terminate the Panther, Brian from the Devil's Kitchen is seriously injured by an energy blast from Vlad, and is reported dead. The conflict between Vlad and the Panther becomes more personal, especially after Vlad discovers the Panther over his wife Angela dead from a gunshot wound.[77]

text: T'Challa learns that Iris was the serial shooter who killed abusers of children—Gabe was abused secretly by Angela. Brian was kidnapped by his doctor, Dr. Holman, at the behest of Nicolae who wanted to use someone who received a dose of Vlad's power. After being subjected to torturous experiments, Brian lost the ability to think for himself but was rescued by Gabe who also stole the serum produced from the experiment meant to endow the recipient with Vlad's powers. The Panther obtains evidence of Vlad Dinu's crimes as well as clues to Iris as the serial shooter, and turns the evidence over to Kurtz. Vlad kills his own son Nicolae before being subdued by the Panther. Gabe is arrested for attempting to take Iris' life. Before being taken away, Gabe reveals to the Panther Brian's fate. Though aware of the Panther's identity as Mr. Okonkwo, both Iris and Sofija promise to keep silent.[77]

text: Wakanda again[edit]

text: Shortly after Daredevil returns to Hell's Kitchen, T'Challa returns to Wakanda, serving as a second to his sister, Shuri. In preparation for an upcoming attack on Wakanda as part of the Avengers vs. X-Men storyline, the Panther God returns T'Challa's abilities.[78] Empowered by the Phoenix, Namor destroys Wakanda with a massive tidal wave.[79] Returning to help, Storm is stunned when the Panther informs her that their marriage has been annulled.[80]

text: Incursions[edit]

text: After witnessing an alternate Earth over Wakanda being destroyed by the Black Swan, T'Challa reforms the Illuminati—with Beast replacing the now-deceased Charles Xavier—to confront the threat of the Incursions, parallel universes colliding with each other to the destruction of both. Although able to avert one Incursion with the Infinity Gauntlet, the subsequent destruction of the Infinity Gems forces the group to decide to resort to more questionable measures to protect Earth from future Incursions, wiping Captain America's mind so that he will not remember these events, allowing them to do "what needs to be done".[81] Although equipped with planet-destroying weapons to protect Earth, the Illuminati mostly become disgusted with the wholesale slaughter, until Namor breaks off from the group to form a new Cabal of villains to do what the heroes will not. Despite Namor's Cabal achieving legitimacy as Earth's protectors, Namor grew weary of the wholesale slaughter they carried out in the name of preserving their universe. Although he collaborated with the Illuminati in a plan to destroy the Cabal by trapping them on the next Earth to be destroyed, Black Panther and Black Bolt left him behind to die with the Cabal, disgusted at his earlier actions,[82] although Namor and the Cabal escape to the Ultimate universe when the other Earth has a simultaneous Incursion.[83]

text: Secret Wars[edit]

text: When the final Incursion occurs during the Secret Wars storyline, resulting in all realities collapsing into one Earth, Black Panther is one of the few heroes to survive the Incursion in a specially-designed "life pod"—other survivors including Mister Fantastic, Star-Lord, Spider-Man, the new Thor, Captain Marvel and a Phoenix-enhanced Cyclops—although they are only released into the new world after an eight-year stasis. Retrieved by Doctor Strange, they learn that Strange has assumed a role of "sheriff" to Doctor Doom, who has appointed himself the god of the new "Battleworld" created from the multiple realities.[84] Although Doom effortlessly kills Cyclops, Strange protects the other heroes by dispersing them across Battleworld,[85] with T'Challa and Namor eventually discovering a new version of the Infinity Gauntlet that Strange collected, ensuring that the Gems he found would work in the location where Doom built his main fortress.[86] Recruiting the residents of the deadlands as an army, T'Challa marches on Doom at the same time as multiple other areas rebel against him through the encouragement of the heroes,[87] but admits when Doom confronts him that he was only intended as a distraction while Reed targets Doom's power source. As Reed takes Doom's power and sets out to rebuild the multiverse, T'Challa uses the Time Gem to take himself back to Wakanda before the Incursions, proclaiming to his people that they will lead the way to the stars and explore new ideas.[88]

text: All-New, All-Different Marvel[edit]

text: As part of the All-New, All-Different Marvel, Black Panther is a member of the Ultimates.[89]

text: During the Civil War II storyline, Black Panther represents Wakanda on the Alpha Flight Space Program's Board of Governors.[90] He sides with Captain Marvel on needing help from an Inhuman who can predict the possible future named Ulysses Kain.[volume & issue needed] Black Panther and Shuri take part in the fight against the Leviathon Tide.[91]

text: During Hydra's reign over the world led by Arnim Zola, Baron Zemo and Steve Rogers, Panther is captured for opposing this regime, and brought into a containing room. Once Panther and Zemo are alone, Winter Soldier rescues Panther. Panther entrusts the unconscious Zemo to Winter Soldier, while trailing Rogers and Zola into the secret lab. Panther finds out that Zola infused a brainwashed Captain America with a Cosmic Cube using a stolen Stark tech modified by Zola himself, and warns his allies to retreat from a Cosmic Cube-powered Steve Rogers, but is too late.[92] Even though one of the heroes knows they cannot defeat a Cosmic Cube-powered Supreme Hydra Rogers, Winter Soldier, Captain America (Sam Wilson) and Ant-Man (Scott Lang) trick Rogers by surrendering the last fragment of the cube to him. Winter Soldier and Ant-Man steal the cube from Rogers before he uses its full potential, and bring back Kobik and the real Steve Rogers.[93][94] After the defeat of Supreme Hydra Steve Rogers, Black Panther establishes his quest to go across the universe with his people, and found an Intergalactic Empire of Wakanda on Planet Bast, located in the Benhazin Star System.[95]

text: Powers and abilities[edit]

text: The title "Black Panther" is a rank of office, chieftain of the Wakandan Panther Clan. As chieftain, the Panther is entitled to eat a special heart-shaped herb which, in addition to his mystical, shamanistic connection with the Wakandan Panther God Bast, grants him superhumanly acute senses, enhanced strength, speed, agility, stamina, durability, healing, and reflexes.[96][97]

text: He has since lost this connection and forged a new one with another unknown Panther deity, granting him augmented physical attributes as well as a resistance to magic.[75] His senses are so powerful that he can pick up a prey's scent and memorize tens of thousands of individual ones. Following his war with Doom, T'Challa loses his enhanced abilities only to once again establish a connection with the Panther God.[78] In addition to the resurgence of his now superhuman abilities, he is anointed "King of the Dead", granting him the power and knowledge of all the past Black Panthers as well as the ability to control the Undead.[98] After Battleworld and the resurgence of the Multiverse T'challa eventually showcased new powers in regards to his King of the Dead status, for not only could he reanimate the dead but summon departed spirits into the physical world with tangible form as well. Using these spiritual energies also enables him to conjure a mythical mystical spear of glowing blue energy to his hand.[99]

text: T'Challa worked with his sorcerer, Zawavari, to endow T'Challa with immunity to mystical attacks and detection in order to defeat Dr. Doom. When T'Challa's alchemical upgrade was tested by means of Wakanda's most powerful acolytes attacking T'Challa in unison, each mystical attack was absorbed and only served to strengthen T'Challa. During these preparations, T'Challa invented a potent mystical-scientific hybrid art called "shadow physics" and was able to use it to craft shadow weapons and to track vibranium on a quantum level.[75]

text: As king of Wakanda, the Panther has access to a vast collection of magical artifacts, advanced Wakandan technological and military hardware, and the support of his nation's wide array of scientists, warriors, and mystics. The Wakandan military has been described as one of the most powerful on Earth. His attire is the sacred vibranium costume of the Wakandan Panther Cult.

text: He is a skilled hunter, tracker, strategist, politician, inventor, and scientist. He has a PhD in physics from Oxford University. He is proficient in physics and advanced technology, and is also an inventor. T'Challa has been granted the strength and knowledge of every past Black Panther.[78]

text: T'Challa is rigorously trained in acrobatics and hand-to-hand combat. He is skilled in various forms of unarmed combat, with a unique hybrid fighting style that incorporates acrobatics and aspects of animal mimicry.[100]

text: The chieftain of the Wakandan Panther Clan is one of the wealthiest people in the world, although financial estimates are difficult given Wakanda's isolation from the world's economy and the uncertain value of Wakanda's vast vibranium reserves and extremely advanced technologies.[101]

text: In Black Panther volume 3, writer Christopher Priest expanded the Panther's day-to-day arsenal to include equipment such as an "energy dagger", a vibranium-weave suit, and a portable supercomputer, the "Kimoyo card".[102] In Black Panther volume 4, writer Reginald Hudlin introduced such specialized equipment as "thrice-blessed armor" and "light armor" for specific tasks,[103] and for a short while outfitted him with the Ebony Blade of the Black Knight.[104]

text: Other Black Panthers[edit]

text: The mantle of the Black Panther is passed down from generation to generation among the rulers of Wakanda[105] although it must still be deserved through a severe selection involving the best warriors of the nation.

text: Bashenga[edit]

text: Bashenga appeared for the first time in Black Panther Vol. 1 #7 (January 1978) by Jack Kirby (scripts and drawings). Wise warrior at the head of the Panther Tribe, according to legends, during the tumult where the vibranium meteorite fell on the soil of the village, then composed of various warring clans, he gathered all the aforementioned under his guide to defeating the inhabitants transformed by the impact into fierce "demonic spirits", a company which has unified the nation by founding Wakanda and becoming its first ruler[106] and the first to obtain the title of "Black Panther" as it tells of his "spiritual connection" with the Goddess Pantera Bast that led to the foundation of the Cult of the Panther.[105]

text: Chanda[edit]

text: Chanda appeared for the first time in Fantastic Four Unlimited Vol. 1 #1 (March 1993) by Roy Thomas (scripts) and Herb Trimpe (drawings). Black Panther and ruler of Wakanda during the Second World War, Chanda is the husband of Nanali and father of T'Chaka and S'Yan; distinguished by an excessively good and compassionate nature, he welcomed the Nazi colonel Fritz Klaue after he crashed into his reign due to a plane crash. Over time, the two make a kind of friendship and Klaue develops a strong obsession with the culture of Wakanda coming to try to convince them to make their religion deist rather than spiritist, which causes a strong friction between him and Chanda culminating in the death of Nanali by the Nazi and in its subsequent expulsion from the country.[107]

text: In several subsequent stories, T'Chaka's father (and husband of Nanali) is called Azzuri the Wise and is presented in a completely different way from Chanda,[108][109] leaving the doubt if it is only a sort of nickname or another character.

text: T'Chaka[edit]

text: T'Chaka appeared for the first time in Fantastic Four Vol. 1 #53 (August 1966) by Stan Lee (script) and Jack Kirby (art). The eldest son of King Azzuri and Queen Nanali, T'Chaka inherits the throne and the title of the Black Panther on his father's death by being helped in his monarch duties by his younger brother and trusted adviser S'Yan.[110] After having married a woman named N'Yami, believing she can not have children, she adopts a child with her, Hunter, however, she later becomes pregnant and dies giving birth to her first child, T'Challa; from the relationship with a woman of another tribe T'Chaka then has a second son, Jakarra, and finally remarries with Ramonda, a woman who grows her children as her own and from whom she has her only daughter, Shuri,[110] but which subsequently disappears into nothingness, leading him to believe that he has abandoned it.[38] To protect the kingdom, T'Chaka instituted a policy of strong isolationism,[111] but in the course of his life he often collaborated with agents of the US government.[109][112] He is killed by Ulysses Klaw after having surprised him to illegally extract vibranium in his kingdom.[113]

text: Erik Killmonger/ N'Jadaka[edit]

text: In Black Panther Vol. 3 #15 (February 2000), Erik Killmonger challenges and bests T'Challa in a duel for the throne, overthrowing him as king of Wakanda and taking on the role as the Black Panther.[114] He becomes comatose after attempting to ingest the Heart-shaped Herb to acquire the Black Panther's powers, as he is not of royal blood. Killmonger's time as king is short-lived however, as he is killed by Monica Rambeau during T'Challa's attack to reclaim Wakanda.[115]

text: S'Yan[edit]

text: S'Yan The Fast, appeared for the first time in Black Panther Vol. 4 #2 (May, 2005) by Reginald Hudlin (scripts) and John Romita Jr. (drawings). The second son of King Azzuri and Queen Nanali, S'Yan is T'Chaka's younger and trusted advisor, after whose death, although he has no desire to reign, he agrees to ascend the throne until his nephew became an adult.[110] Ironically, S'Yan, who has never wanted to be king, becomes one of the most beloved monarchs in the history of Wakanda but, nevertheless, when T'Challa returns home and obtains the title of Black Panther, he leaves with joy, returning to play the role of royal adviser.[110] He died during the war with Latveria to defend Ramonda from the soldiers of Doctor Doom.

text: Shuri[edit]

text: When T'Challa ends up in a coma because of Doctor Doom,[116] Shuri becomes his substitute as Black Panther and queen of Wakanda which, after the rise of her half-brother to "king of the dead", creates for the first time in history two avatars of the Panther Goddess.

text: Enemies[edit]

text: Erik Killmonger - Erik Killmonger, born as N'Jadaka, first appeared in Jungle Action Vol 2 #6 (September, 1973). He is a Wakandan native who is exiled from the kingdom after his father N'Jobu was killed by Klaw. N'Jadaka relocates to Harlem, New York, where he takes the name Erik Killmonger, and obtains an Engineering PhD at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[117] Killmonger applies Wakandan technology, tactical knowledge, and combat experience in his pursuit of vengeance on T’Challa for his exile, and on Klaw, for the murder of his father.

text: Man-Ape - First appearing in Avengers Vol 1 #62 (March, 1969), M'Baku is the leader of the Jabari people, one of several tribes in Wakanda. With the help of his White Gorilla Cult he plans to overthrow T'Challa and ban the use of all advanced technology in Wakanda, reverting the kingdom to a traditional and archaic age. He has hand-to-hand combat abilities, and acquires superhuman strength and durability, after performing a mystic ritual that involves killing and consuming the flesh of a white gorilla.[118]

text: Klaw - Ulysses Klaue, also known as Klaw, first appeared in Fantastic Four Vol 1 #53. A physicist with a deep desire to obtain Vibranium, Klaw is responsible for the murders of T'Challa's father, T'Chaka, and Killmonger's father, N'Jobu. He is capable of transforming his body into a solid construct of living sound, thanks to a Vibranium device. He has a powerful sound-emitting device in place of his right hand, which was severed by T'Challa after witnessing his fathers death. His powers, technology, and genius-level intellect make him a formidable adversary to the Black Panther.[119]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Black Panther was ranked the 79th greatest comic book character by Wizard magazine.[120] IGN ranked the character the 51st greatest comic book hero, stating that Black Panther could be considered Marvel's equivalent to Batman;[121] he was also ranked tenth in their list of "The Top 50 Avengers".[122] In 2013, ComicsAlliance ranked the Black Panther as #33 on their list of the "50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics".[123]

text: Volume 3[edit]

text: Journalist Joe Gross praised Christopher Priest for his characterization of the Black Panther, stating, that the writer "turned an underused icon into the locus of a complicated high adventure by taking the Black Panther to his logical conclusion. T'Challa (the title character) is the enigmatic ruler of a technologically advanced, slightly xenophobic African nation, so he acts like it". Gross applauded the title's "endless wit, sharp characterization, narrative sophistication and explosive splash panels".[124]

text: Comics reviewer and journalist Mike Sangiacomo, however, criticized the narrative structure. "Christopher Priest's fractured writing is getting on my nerves. Like the Spider-Man comics, I want to like Black Panther, but Priest's deliberately jumbled approach to writing is simply silly. I know it's a style, but does he have to do it every issue?"[125]

text: Reporter Bill Radford cited similar concerns when the title had just launched. "I appreciate the notion of seeing the Black Panther through the eyes of an Everyman, but the Panther is almost relegated to secondary status in his own book. And Ross' narration jumps around in time so much that I feel like his boss, who, in trying to get Ross to tell her what has happened, complains: 'This is like watching "Pulp Fiction" in rewind. My head is exploding.'"[126]

text: Volume 4[edit]

text: Publishers Weekly gave a negative review to the first arc, "Who Is the Black Panther?", a modern retelling of the character's origin, saying, "Hudlin's take is caught between a rock and a hard place. His over-the-top narrative is not likely to appeal to fans of the most recent version of the character, but it's too mired in obscure Marvel continuity to attract the more general reader. The plot manages to be convoluted without ever becoming absorbing".[127]

text: Journalist Shawn Jeffords, citing the lack of appearances of the title character in the first issue, called the new series a "fairly unimpressive launch". Jeffords also said general-audience unfamiliarity was a hindrance. "He's never been a marquee character and to make him one will be tough".[128]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: T'Challa is Coal Tiger, Sersi kills the Avengers and Coal Tiger is the only survivor.[129]

text: Age of Ultron[edit]

text: In the Age of Ultron story, Black Panther contacts the Fantastic Four and informs them that Ultron has invaded Earth with an army of Ultron Sentinels.[130] Black Panther was later seen with Red Hulk and Taskmaster in Chicago spying on some Ultron Sentinels. When Taskmaster takes out a Sentinel that was sneaking up on him, alerting the other Sentinels, Red Hulk holds off the Sentinels while Black Panther and Taskmaster flee. During the mayhem, Black Panther falls several stories and breaks his neck, killing him instantly.[131]

text: Amalgam Comics[edit]

text: Bronze Tiger is the ruler of Wakanda and is named B'Nchalla; an amalgamation of the Bronze Tiger (DC) and the Black Panther (Marvel).

text: Avengers Forever[edit]

text: In Avengers Forever, Captain America and Goliath visit an alternate future timeline where Martian invaders have ravaged the Earth. An aged Black Panther leads this reality's version of the Avengers, who consist of Jocasta, Living Lightning, Killraven, Crimson Dynamo and Thundra.[132]

text: Civil War[edit]

text: In an alternate reality where the Civil War between Iron Man and Captain America never ended, Black Panther was killed alongside Maria Hill after activating Prison 42's self-destruct mechanism.[133] He is succeeded by his son, Azari, who takes on the Black Panther name.[134] It is later revealed that the Black Panther who destroyed Prison 42 was actually Queen Veranke of the shape-shifting alien Skrull race, who had stolen T'Challa's identity in order to manipulate and prolong the Civil War to suit her own needs.[135]

text: T'Challa is Chieftain Justice, a Captain Britain Corps member, in Excalibur #44 (1991).[136]

text: Earth X[edit]

text: In the alternate universe of Earth X, T'Challa has been affected by the mutative event that drives the plot. Like most of humanity, he is mutated; in this case to become a humanoid black panther. He is entrusted with the Cosmic Cube by Captain America, who knows that T'Challa would be the only one to resist using it and to never give it back if asked. In fact, Captain America does ask for it back and T'Challa is forced to refuse.[137]

text: Exiles[edit]

text: An alternate version of Black Panther, called simply "Panther", is drafted onto the interdimensional superhero team the Exiles.[138] The Panther is the son of T'Challa and Storm and named T'Chaka, after his grandfather. Originating from Earth-1119, he was ambushed by Klaw while examining some ruins. Caught in Klaw's blast, the Panther was plucked out of time and placed on the team.[138] Unlike the stoic 616-Black Panther, The Panther is a wisecracking flirt.[138] After his assumed death on Earth-1119, his sister took up the mantle of Black Panther.[139]

text: Fox Kids[edit]

text: The Black Panther appears in issues #1 and #6–7 of Marvel Comics/Fox Kids comic book series based on the TV show The Avengers: United They Stand.

text: Mangaverse[edit]

text: T'Challa appears in Marvel Mangaverse Volume 2 as a man with a pet panther. When summoning the spirits, T'Challa and his panther combine to become the Black Panther. He also became The Falcon. This Black Panther was romantically attracted to Tigra. T'Challa's sister, T'Chana, reveals herself to be this universe's Doctor Doom.[140]

text: Marvel 2099[edit]

text: In the Marvel 2099 continuity, a greatly weakened Wakanda is soon to be governed by its princess, Okusana. Fearing that she is not ready, she requests Doom's help in resurrecting Thandaza, her grandfather and a former Black Panther. Doom (who claims to have agreed to the proposal out of respect for T'Challa) and the Wakandan scientists revive Thandaza in a cyberbetic body made from vibranium, but the plan goes awry when Mkhalali, the current Panther Guard, opens fire on Thandaza, believing his resurrection to be an abomination. The attack throws off the calibrations and leaves Thandaza in a maddened state and constant pain, causing him to go on a bloody rampage. Doom is ultimately forced to kill Thandaza, who thanks him for ending his suffering.[141]

text: Marvel Knights 2099[edit]

text: Black Panther was featured in the Marvel Knights 2099 one shots, which were not tied to the main 2099 continuity. A new Black Panther, K'Shamba, rose to fight and thwart the mounting invasions by the successor of Doom. While the victory over the new Doom appeared triumphant, the new Wakandan king was ultimately revealed to be a puppet of Doom.[142]

text: Marvel Zombies[edit]

text: Black Panther is, for the most part, one of the few uninfected superheroes in the alternate-universe series Marvel Zombies, where he is kept as a food supply for the Zombie Giant-Man, who keeps the Panther imprisoned and cuts off various limbs so that he can maintain his intelligence via a ready access to fresh meat without infecting Panther with the zombie "virus".[143] Despite having lost half of his right arm and his left foot, the Panther escapes—with the severed head of zombified superheroine the Wasp in tow[144]—and joins forces with the mutant group the Acolytes.[145] While with the Acolytes, T'Challa briefly talks with his Earth-616 counterpart, where he expresses surprise at his marriage to Storm but offers him all the information he can provide about the zombie plague.[146] Decades later, T'Challa has married one of the Acolytes, Lisa Hendricks, and they have a son, with Forge having provided T'Challa with artificial limbs to compensate for his injuries.[147] Facing retirement, the Panther is stabbed and critically wounded by an agent of an Acolyte splinter group, and the Wasp— now a willing ally after having lost her zombie hunger— zombifies the Panther in order to grant him continued existence. With the Wasp's help, he survives to the post-hunger stage himself and continues to lead his people, despite his status.[148] Further internal betrayal lead the Black Panther and many of his allies to be tossed through the dimensions.[149] He ends up involved with another Earth that is threatened by the zombie virus. His attempts to save this new planet fail and he is destroyed, leaving only one hand displayed as a trophy by his enemies.[150]

text: In the MC2 universe, Black Panther has a son named T'Chaka II, who joined the A-Next as the Coal Tiger.[151]

text: Mutant X[edit]

text: In the Mutant X reality, Black Panther had the appearance of a humanoid black panther. He is among the second wave of heroes who died fighting the Beyonder.[152]

text: Ultimate Marvel[edit]

text: In the alternate-reality Ultimate Marvel imprint, the Black Panther is T'Challa Udaku, a young man who is experimented on in the Weapon X program before being liberated by Nick Fury.[153]

text: T'Challa, the younger son of King T'Chaka of Wakanda, is severely injured during the "Trial of the Panther" from which the protector of the nation is selected. His older brother M'Baku finds T'Challa bloodied, mute, and near death but derisively calls him a fool for attempting the trial. Later, M'Baku adds that he, not T'Challa, should have taken the trial. Angry that his father has decided to share Wakanda's technology in exchange for America's help in saving T'Challa's life, M'Baku leaves the kingdom.

text: To save T'Challa, T'Chaka turns him over to the Weapon X program. Over a year later, a healthy T'Challa, in his full Black Panther garb, has enhanced speed, strength, night vision, and healing ability. Additionally, he can summon short, cat-like Adamantium claws from his knuckles by balling his hands into fists. T'Chaka becomes outraged upon learning that S.H.I.E.L.D. (who had shut down Weapon X and freed T'Challa) now considers his son an asset of the U.S. and S.H.I.E.L.D. He subsequently sends M'Baku a letter, claiming that M'Baku, not T'Challa, is the titular "favorite son", and he implores M'Baku to return.

text: Fury has Captain America train and mentor the Panther, who reveals his damaged throat. Captain America, sympathizing for the Panther's plight, encourages Fury to place the Panther in the superhero team the Ultimates. This turns out to be a ruse in which Captain America impersonates the Panther, allowing T'Challa to escape and return home to Wakanda.[154]

text: Captain America later impersonates Black Panther during an Ultimates confrontation with the Juggernaut.[155]

text: After Ultimatum, Black Panther joins the New Ultimates.[156]

text: In other media[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: Marvel Animation and BET began producing a primetime animated series called "Black Panther". Djimon Hounsou was cast as the voice of T'Challa / Black Panther.[157][158] The series is produced in motion comic style.[159] The world premiere of the show was in Australia, on ABC 3 on January 16, 2010. The series premiered online in the US on June 23, 2010,[160] and was released on DVD in the US in January 2011.

text:
Black Panther appeared in the "Prey of the Black Panther" episode of the 1994 Fantastic Four animated TV series, voiced by Keith David.[161] He enlists the Fantastic Four to help him save Wakanda from the invasion of Klaw. He makes a cameo appearance in later episode "Hopelessly Impossible".
The Black Panther had a non-speaking cameo in the X-Men TV series.[162]
In The Avengers: United They Stand, a portrait of the Black Panther hangs in Avengers Mansion in Episode 1. While the Black Panther does not appear in the animated series, he does appear in the comic book series based on the show.[163]
T'Challa / Black Panther appears in Iron Man: Armored Adventures, voiced by Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman.[164] As seen in "Panther's Prey", he wears panther-like armor and his father was killed by Moses Magnum. He returns in the episode "Line of Fire" and the series finale "The Makluan Invasion" Parts I and II.
T'Challa / Black Panther appears in The Super Hero Squad Show, voiced by Taye Diggs.[165] As seen in the episode "Tremble at the Might of MODOK", he is in a relationship with Storm.
Black Panther appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by James C. Mathis III.[166] His origin is told in the episode "The Man in the Ant Hill" where he becomes Black Panther after Man-Ape killed T'Chaka in combat with some unseen help from Klaw. In the episode "Panther's Quest", he made himself known to the Avengers and joins them. However, in the episode "Who Do You Trust?", he leaves the team due to his uncertainty of his teammates and his need to protect Wakanda from the Skrulls. He rejoins the team in the episode "Behold...The Vision!" after a battle with Vision. He was thought dead in the episode "Operation Galactic Storm" when he drove a Kree ship into the sun. However, just as the ship is about to crash, Panther uses its teleporter to take him to a Kree ship on the other side of the wormhole. On the Kree ship, he steals a smaller ship, and follows the Avengers down to Hala. Panther rescued Iron Man, Vision, Hawkeye, and Thor from a monster, and helped them free the others. He then travels back to Earth with them.
T'Challa / Black Panther appears in episode 29 of the Japanese anime series Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers, voiced by Mahito Ōba. He appears in subsequent episodes as Jessica's "second hero".
Black Panther appears in the Avengers Assemble animated series,[167] with James C. Mathis III reprising the role.[168] Introduced in the show's third season Avengers: Ultron Revolution, T'Challa was first seen speaking before an assembly about Wakanda when Crossbones attacks in order to take out T'Challa. After becoming Black Panther and helping Captain America to take out Crossbones, T'Challa makes off with Captain America's shield claiming that it was stolen property. This leads Captain America to bring Iron Man, Hawkeye, and Thor to Wakanda in order to reclaim it. During the confrontation, Black Panther claims that Howard Stark stole vibranium in order to make Captain America's shield. To make matters worse, Ulysses Klaue appears where he makes off with Captain America's shield upon using a sound attack on the group. Both sides work to find Klaue as Captain America states to Black Panther that T'Chaka gave the vibranium for Stark to make into Captain America's shield. Tracking him to a hideout in the Himalayas, the Avengers and Black Panther engage Klaue in an armor made out of vibranium. With a special tactic, the Avengers and Black Panther were able to knock Klaue out of the armor as Black Panther plans to make Ulysses Klaue answer for his crimes. With Klaue's vibranium armor in Wakandan custody, Black Panther changes his opinion of the Avengers and is offered reserve membership into the group. In the show's fourth season Avengers: Secret Wars, Black Panther becomes the new leader of the All-New, All-Different Avengers (consisting of himself, Captain Marvel, Ant-Man, Wasp, Vision, and Ms. Marvel) after the original team disappears. On July 22, 2017, Marvel renewed Avengers Assemble for a fifth season titled Avengers: Black Panther's Quest centering around T'Challa.[169]

text: Film[edit]

text: Live-action[edit]

text: Chadwick Boseman portrays T'Challa within the Marvel Cinematic Universe, first appearing in Captain America: Civil War (2016).[170][171] In the film, he is shown displaying enhanced speed, agility, strength, and durability, which he gains from ingesting the heart-shaped herb, as in the comics.[172] His suit has retractable claws and is made of a vibranium weave, which can deflect heavy machine gun fire. As of the 2018 film Black Panther, he wears a new variant of the suit that can absorb kinetic energy (represented as purple highlights) and release it as a purple shockwave after enough has been amassed. It can also fold into a silver necklace.

text:
During the events of Civil War, motivated by revenge for his father's death during the UN signing of the Sokovian Accords in the aftermath of Avengers: Age of Ultron, T'Challa joins Iron Man's faction to oppose Captain America as he is protecting the Winter Soldier who was implicated for the attack. But T'Challa learns the bombing attack was actually arranged by Helmut Zemo to orchestrate his own revenge on the Avengers for inadvertently creating the Sokovia crisis which killed his family. After hearing Zemo's confession as he succeeded in turning Stark and Rogers against each other, T'Challa renounces his revenge while preventing Zemo's suicide and handing him over to Everett K. Ross. T'Challa grants Rogers and Barnes sanctuary in Wakanda while also aiding in the latter's recovery from his Hydra brainwashing.
Boseman reprises the role in Black Panther (2018).[170][171] By October 2015, Joe Robert Cole was in final negotiations to write the film's script.[173] In January 2016, it was announced that Ryan Coogler had been hired to direct the film,[174] and was later revealed to be co-writing the script with Cole.[175] Filming began in January 2017 at Pinewood Studios in Atlanta, Georgia.[176] The film was released on February 16, 2018.[177] During the film's storyline, after completing the ritual of succession, T'Challa finds himself dealing with opposition to his new position from various fronts.
Boseman appears as Black Panther again in Avengers: Infinity War (2018).[178] In the film, T'Challa, Steve Rogers, Bucky, and the rest of the Avengers try to defend Wakanda from the oncoming onslaught of Thanos, who seeks to claim all the Infinity Stones to destroy half of the sentient universe. When his plan succeeds, many of Earth's citizens and the Avengers start to disintegrate, with T'Challa being among them.

text: Animation[edit]

text:
Black Panther appears in the direct-to-DVD animated feature Ultimate Avengers 2 (2006) as a central character, voiced by Jeffrey D. Sams.
In the direct-to-DVD film, Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow, T'Challa has a son with Storm named Azari. Black Panther was called one last time to fight with the Avengers against the robot Ultron....but Black Panther did not survive. It is unknown what happened to Storm, for after the Battle with Ultron, Tony Stark (Iron Man) raised Azari along with the children of the fallen members of the Avengers.[179]
Black Panther appears in the 2014 animated motion comic movie Marvel Knights: Wolverine vs. Sabretooth. When Wolverine winds up in Africa, Black Panther and Storm assist him.[180]
On October 9, 2017, Black Panther: Trouble in Wakanda was announced.[181]

text: Web[edit]

text: In 2016, Disney XD launched on its YouTube channel the motion comic "Black Panther in ... The Visitor".[182]

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, voiced by Phil LaMarr.[183]
Black Panther is an NPC in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2, voiced by Tim Russ.[184] He is playable in Vicarious Visions (Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, later also PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PC) versions and originally as a downloadable character for PS3 and Xbox 360.[185]
Black Panther appears as an NPC in Storm's ending for Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds.
Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online.
Black Panther is a playable character in the Facebook game Marvel: Avengers Alliance.
Black Panther is a playable character in the MMORPG Marvel Heroes,[186] voiced by James C. Mathis III.
Black Panther appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by John Eric Bentley.
Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Avengers Alliance Tactics.
Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions.[187]
Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Mighty Heroes.[188]
Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Future Fight.[189]
Black Panther is a playable character in Disney Infinity 3.0.[190]
The MCU version of Black Panther is a playable character in Lego Marvel's Avengers.[191] He is a DLC character available in the "Civil War" pack. A DLC pack based on Classic Black Panther was later released for the game. Classic Black Panther appears as the main playable character of the pack along with several other supporting characters and villains and his Skybike.[192]
Black Panther appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2.[193]
Black Panther appears as a downloadable character in Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite, with James C. Mathis III reprising his role.[194]
Black Panther appears as a playable character in Marvel Strike Force.[195]

text: Role-playing games[edit]

text: Black Panther appears in the 1984 role-playing game based on Marvel characters, Marvel Super Heroes. He also appears in all subsequent updates and versions.[196]

text: Collected editions[edit]

text: Marvel Masterworks[edit]

text:
Title
Material collected
Year
ISBN

Marvel Masterworks: Black Panther Volume 1
Jungle Action #6–24
2010
ISBN 978-0785141990

Marvel Masterworks: Black Panther Volume 2
Black Panther #1–15, Marvel Premiere #51–53, back-up story from Marvel Team-Up #100
2016
ISBN 978-1302900205

text: Epic Collections[edit]

text:
Title
Material collected
Year
ISBN

Black Panther Epic Collection Volume 1: Panther's Rage
Fantastic Four #52–53, Jungle Action #6–24
2016
ISBN 978-1302901905

text: Volume 1[edit]

text:
Title
Material collected
Year
ISBN

Black Panther by Jack Kirby Volume 1
Black Panther #1–7
2005
ISBN 978-0785116875

Black Panther by Jack Kirby Volume 2
Black Panther #8–13
2006
ISBN 978-0785120698

text: Volume 3[edit]

text:
Title
Material collected
Year
ISBN

Black Panther Vol. 1: The Client
Black Panther Volume 2 #1–6
2001
978-0785107897

Black Panther Vol. 2: Enemy of the State
Black Panther Volume 3 #7–12
2002
978-0785108290

Black Panther by Christopher Priest: The Complete Collection Volume 1
Black Panther vol. 3 #1–17
2015
978-0785192671

Black Panther by Christopher Priest: The Complete Collection Volume 2
Black Panther vol. 3 #18–35, Deadpool Vol. 3 #44
2015
978-0785198116

Black Panther by Christopher Priest: The Complete Collection Volume 3
Black Panther vol. 3 #36–49, #57–58; Incredible Hulk vol. 3 #33; Thor vol. 1 #370
material from Marvel Double-Shot 2
2016
978-0785195085

Black Panther by Christopher Priest: The Complete Collection Volume 4
Black Panther vol. 3 #50–56, #59–62; The Crew 1–7
2016
978-1302900588

text: Volume 4[edit]

text:
Title
Material collected
Year
ISBN

Black Panther: Who is the Black Panther?
Black Panther vol. 3 #1–6
2006
978-0785120483

Black Panther by Reginald Hudlin: The Complete Collection Vol. 1
Black Panther vol. 4 #1–18, X-Men Vol. 2 #175–176
2017
978-1302907716

House of M: World of M Featuring Wolverine
Wolverine vol. 3 #33–35, Black Panther vol. 4 #7,
Captain America vol. 5 #10, The Pulse #10.
2006
978-0785119227

X-Men/Black Panther: Wild Kingdom
Black Panther vol. 4 #8–9, X-Men vol. 2 #175–176
2006
978-0785117896

Black Panther: Bad Mutha
Black Panther vol. 4 #10–13
2006
978-0785117506

Black Panther: The Bride
Black Panther vol. 4 #14–18
2006
978-0785121077

Black Panther: Civil War
Black Panther vol. 4 #19–25
2007
978-0785122357

Black Panther by Reginald Hudlin: The Complete Collection Vol. 2
Black Panther vol. 4 #19–34, Annual Vol. 4 #1
2018
978-1302909475

Black Panther: Four the Hard Way
Black Panther vol. 4 #26–30
2007
978-0785126553

Black Panther: Little Green Men
Black Panther vol. 4 #31–34
2008
978-0785126577

Black Panther: Back To Africa
Black Panther vol. 4 #35–38, Annual #1)
2008
978-0785124528

Black Panther by Reginald Hudlin: The Complete Collection Vol. 3
Black Panther vol. 4 #35–41, Black PantherVol. 5 #1–6, Black Panther/Captain America: Flags of Our Fathers 1–4, Black Panther Saga
2018
978-1302910358

Black Panther: Secret Invasion
Black Panther vol. 3 #39–41
2008
978-0785133971

text: Volume 5[edit]

text:
Title
Material collected
Year
ISBN

Black Panther: The Deadliest of the Species
Black Panther vol. 5, #1–6
2009
978-0785133421

Black Panther: Power
Black Panther vol. 5, #7–12
2010
978-0785138617

Doomwar
Doomwar #1–6
2011
978-0785147152

Black Panther: Doomwar
Black Panther vol. 5, #7–12, Doomwar #1–6, Klaws of the Panther #1–4, Material from Age of Heroes #4
2017
978-1302904166

text: The Man Without Fear/The Most Dangerous Man Alive[edit]

text:
Title
Material collected
Year
ISBN

Black Panther: The Man Without Fear: Urban Jungle
Black Panther: The Man Without Fear #513–518
material from the X-Men Curse of the Mutants Spotlight
2011
978-0785145233

Black Panther: The Man Without Fear: Fear Itself
Black Panther: The Man Without Fear #519–523, Black Panther: The Most Dangerous Man Alive #524
2012
978-0785152064

Black Panther – The Most Dangerous Man Alive: The Kingpin of Wakanda
Black Panther: The Most Dangerous Man Alive #523.1, 525–529
2012
978-0785160373

Black Panther: The Man Without Fear – The Complete Collection
Black Panther: The Man Without Fear #513–523, Black Panther: The Most Dangerous Man Alive #523.1, 524–529
2018
978-1302907723

text: Volume 6[edit]

text:
Title
Material collected
Year
ISBN

Black Panther: A Nation Under Our Feet Book 1
Black Panther' Vol. 6 #1–4, Fantastic Four Vol. 1 #52
2016
978-1302900533

Black Panther: A Nation Under Our Feet Book 2
Black Panther Vol. 6 #5–8
2017
978-1302900540

Black Panther: A Nation Under Our Feet Book 3
Black Panther Vol. 6 #9–12
2017
978-1302901912

Black Panther Book 4: Avengers of the New World Book 1
Black Panther Vol. 6 #13–18
2017
978-1302906498

Black Panther Vol 1
Black Panther Vol. 6 #1–12
2017
978-1302904159

Black Panther: World of Wakanda
Black Panther: World of Wakanda #1–6
2017
978-1302906504

Black Panther & the Crew: We Are the Streets
Black Panther & the Crew #1–6
2017
978-1302908324