document_title: Spyro

question_text: when did the first spyro game come out

question_tokens: when did the first spyro game come out

text: Spyro

text: Games[edit]

text: Timeline of release years1998Spyro the Dragon1999Ripto's Rage!2000Year of the Dragon2001Season of Ice2002Season of FlameEnter the Dragonfly2003Attack of the Rhynocs2004Orange: The Cortex ConspiracyA Hero's Tail2005Shadow Legacy2006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018Reignited Trilogy

text: Original PlayStation trilogy (1998–2000)[edit]

text: Spyro the Dragon was released in North America on September 10, 1998 and Europe on October 1998 for the PlayStation. It is a platform game that placed the player as Spyro, a small purple dragon set with the task of freeing his fellow dragons from crystal prisons, which are scattered around their world. Each level is accessed through 'portals' from a main world. The game concludes with a fight between Spyro and the primary antagonist, Gnasty Gnorc. The game sold well, with a total of 5 million copies being sold world wide.[2] The game also received favorable reviews from IGN giving Spyro a 9 out of 10.[3] It also received acclaim for its musical score by Stewart Copeland.[by whom?]

text: Ripto's Rage! (also known Gateway to Glimmer in Europe and Australia) followed on from the success of the first title, making its release on November 2, 1999 in North America and November 5, 1999 in Europe for the PlayStation. The game introduced new characters including Hunter, a cheetah; Elora, a faun; The Professor, a mole; and Zoe, a fairy. The structure of the game is similar to the first, with levels being accessed from the three main home worlds: Summer Forest, Autumn Plains, and Winter Tundra. The game concludes with a fight between Spyro and the primary antagonist, Ripto. The game introduces some abilities for Spyro, including hovering after a glide, swimming underwater, climbing ladders, head-bashing, and the ability to use power-ups. Like its predecessor, it was critically acclaimed.[4]

text: Year of the Dragon was released in North America on October 24, 2000 and Europe on November 10, 2000 for the PlayStation, and it was the last Spyro game to be created by Insomniac Games.[5] In the game, the dragons are celebrating the Year of the Dragon, an event every twelve years in which new dragon eggs arrive in the dragon worlds. Bianca, an anthropomorphic rabbit, steals the eggs, and Spyro follows her down a rabbit hole. The rabbit hole leads to the Forgotten Realms, which are under the rule of the game's primary antagonist, The Sorceress, to whom Bianca is apprenticed. As in the previous games, levels are accessed from a central home world, of which there are four: Sunrise Spring, Midday Gardens, Evening Lake, and Midnight Mountain. The game also features levels in which the player controls Sparx in a bird's eye view shooting game as well as four new playable characters: Sheila the Kangaroo, Sgt. Byrd, Bentley the Yeti, and Agent 9.

text: Multiplatform and handhelds (2001–2005)[edit]

text: Season of Ice was the first Spyro game not to be developed by Insomniac Games or be on a Sony console, released exclusively on the Game Boy Advance and developed by Digital Eclipse. It is known as Spyro Advance in Japan. Spyro must use his fire breath to rescue the fairies in the various Fairy Realms after they are frozen by an evil monster named Grendor.

text: Season of Flame, was the second Digital Eclipse title and was released for the Game Boy Advance. It is the sequel to Season of Ice, and introduces new features, such as the ability to breathe other elements besides fire. In the game, Spyro must recover the stolen fireflies scattered across the Dragon Realms and unfoil an evil plot by Ripto and his minions.

text: Enter the Dragonfly is available for the PlayStation 2 and Nintendo GameCube and was developed by Equinox Digital Entertainment and Check Six Studios. It had mixed to negative responses from reviewers, referring to the numerous glitches, lack of storyline, originality, and long load times.[citation needed] The story begins with the baby dragons preparing to receive their dragonflies and celebrating. Ripto captures the dragonflies, making the dragons helpless, and accidentally scatters the dragonflies across the world with a spell. Spyro must recover the dragonflies.

text: Attack of the Rhynocs, also known as Spyro Adventure in Europe and Australia, is the third and final game to be developed by Digital Eclipse and the final portable Spyro title to be an isometric platformer. This time, Spyro is tasked with collecting the "Heart" of each land in order to stop Ripto's latest evil scheme after a machine malfunctions opening a portal bringing Ripto back into the dragon realms following the events of Enter The Dragonfly.

text: Orange: The Cortex Conspiracy (known as Spyro Fusion in Europe and Australia, and Spyro Advance Wakuwaku Tomodachi Daisakusen! in Japan) was the first to introduce multiple game screening. It was a crossover game between Spyro the Dragon and Crash Bandicoot. In the game, Spyro travels through Crash's universe in a side-scroller, rather than the traditional isometric, top-down view.

text: A Hero's Tail is available for the PlayStation 2, Xbox and Nintendo GameCube, and was created by Eurocom. The game revolves around an evil plot by villain Red, a former Dragon Elder, who begins to plant Dark Gems around the Dragon Realms, sucking the life out of these worlds. He also works alongside Gnasty Gnorc and Ineptune. Spyro then begins his journey to destroy all the Dark Gems, alongside Sparx, Hunter, Sgt. Byrd, and Blink.

text: Shadow Legacy acts as a sequel to Spyro: A Hero's Tail and was released only on the Nintendo DS. This is the first and only Spyro game that plays as a role-playing game as opposed to a platformer and the game allows Spyro to gain experience, level up and learn new spells and combat moves. Spyro must use his new skills to save his allies when they are trapped in the "Shadow Realm" which features returning levels from the Dragon Kingdom, Avalar, and the Forgotten Realms.

text: Spyro Reignited Trilogy (2018)[edit]

text: Discussion around the relaunch of Spyro began as early as 2014. In a July 2014 interview with The Daily Telegraph, Sony Computer Entertainment CEO, Andrew House stated that his team was considering bringing Spyro. House stated that he believed video gamers would be interested in revisiting a character from their youth. [6] Later that same year, Insomniac Games CEO Ted Price also stated that making a new Spyro game was a possibility.[7] In 2017, developer Vicarious Visions stated that they were aware of how high the popular demand was for a relaunch of the classic Spyro. In a statement they said, "just keep asking".[8] The Spyro Reignited Trilogy was officially announced on 5 April 2018 and was to be released on 21 September 2018 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, before being delayed to November 13, 2018. The game was being developed by Skylanders developer Toys for Bob.[9]

text: Cancelled games[edit]

text: Spyro Ever After was going to be the first Spyro educational game where Spyro meets famous fairy tale characters like The Three Little Pigs, Little Red Riding Hood, Puss in Boots, Goldilocks and the Three Bears and The Golden Goose. However, the game never passed the storyboard, and was cancelled.[10]

text: Agent 9 was a James Bond-like parody spin-off game starring Agent 9 as the main character as he does spy missions. It was set to be developed by Blue Tongue Entertainment and Backbone Entertainment and be published by Universal Interactive. The game's production was cancelled for undisclosed reasons.[11]

text: After the cancellation of Agent 9, Digital Eclipse reworked the game into a proper Spyro the Dragon title featuring Spyro that took place in a large desert environment. The title was scrapped for unknown reasons.[12]

text: Common elements[edit]

text: Characters[edit]

text: The main character of the series is Spyro the Dragon, a young purple dragon. In the original series, he is accompanied by Sparx, a dragonfly that performs many functions such as helping protect Spyro from damage and collecting gems. Most of the games before the Legend of Spyro series include Hunter the cheetah, a loyal friend of Spyro's who sometimes helps him on quests; Moneybags, a money-obsessed bear who in some games is needed to make pathways for Spyro for a small fee; and Zoe, a fairy who serves as checkpoints in each land that Spyro visits.

text: Locations[edit]

text: The Dragon Realms are the main setting of the series where most of the dragons including Spyro live. Avalar is a separate world that was being threatened by Ripto in Spyro: Ripto's Rage. The Forgotten Realms are the ancient home of the dragons before being driven out by the Sorceress and serve as the setting for Spyro: Year of the Dragon. The Fairy Realms are a separate series of realms that are inhabited by fairies and only appear in Spyro: Season of Ice. After collecting enough orbs in Spyro 2: Riptos Rage, the Dragon Shores can be accessed, which has games and a special power-up for Spyro.

text: Collectibles[edit]

text: A large part of the original series revolves around item collection. When the player collects a certain amount of items, they can move on to the next area. The most common of these are gems, which is often used not only for collecting, but also for buying skills, passageways, items, and more. In A Hero's Tail there were special dark gems, which the player had to destroy to proceed to new areas within the game, while collecting light gems allowed use of some of the professor's inventions and opened certain doors.

text: Freeing dragons is the main goal in Spyro the Dragon, while retrieving dragon eggs is the main goal in Spyro: Year of the Dragon. In Spyro the Dragon, dragon eggs are also collected by chasing down thieves (but their color designs are different from those of the third installment). They also appear in Spyro: A Hero's Tail, and collecting them will unlock concept art. Collecting Talismans and Orbs are the primary goal in Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage!, as the devices are used in a portal to get Spyro back to his home. Dragonflies are the primary collectibles in Spyro: Enter the Dragonfly where Spyro catches them using his bubble breath. In Spyro: Season of Ice freeing fairies is the main goal, and in Spyro 2: Season of Flame collecting fireflies is the goal.

text: Music[edit]

text: Stewart Copeland composed the soundtracks for the first four Spyro games. Copeland made music for each world in the games as well as music devoted to each level, often playing each level so he could tailor the mood of the music to the level.[13] As with the voice cast in A Hero's Tail, Stewart Copeland was replaced and the soundtrack was composed by Steve Duckworth and Paul Lawler. Rebecca Kneubuhl and Gabriel Mann of the a capella band Spiralmouth composed the music for The Legend of Spyro trilogy. Finally, for Reignited Trilogy, Copeland's music will be remixed in house by the developer and will remain mostly faithful to the original scores composed by Copeland.

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Aggregate review scoresAs of 1 October 2013.

Game

Metacritic

Spyro the Dragon

(PS1) 85%[14][a]

Ripto's Rage!

(PS1) 87%[15][b]

Year of the Dragon

(PS1) 91[16]

Season of Ice

(GBA) 74[17]

Season of Flame

(GBA) 76[18]

Enter the Dragonfly

(PS2) 56[19](GC) 48[20]

Attack of the Rhynocs

(GBA) 72[21]

Orange: The Cortex Conspiracy

(GBA) 60[22]

A Hero's Tail

(Xbox) 64[23](GC) 62[24](PS2) 60[25]

Shadow Legacy

(NDS) 50[26]

text: The Spyro The Dragon series has earned modest success compared to its sister franchise, Crash Bandicoot over the years. As of 2007, the series altogether has sold over 20 million units worldwide.[27] According to the Los Angeles Times, the first Spyro game has sold 4.8 million units as of November 2007,[28] making it the seventeenth best-selling PlayStation game of all time. Ripto's Rage! sold 3.45 million units in the U.S.,[28] while Year of the Dragon sold 3.28 million.

text: Compared to the Crash Bandicoot series, Spyro The Dragon  has received overwhelming negative reception in Japan, citing poorer gameplay in the Japanese versions of the first two games. This led to all major entries in the franchise not receiving Japanese releases until Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure, which released in Japan.

text: Notes and References[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ GameRankings score

Jump up ^ GameRankings score

text:
Jump up ^ Dornbush, Jonathon (5 April 2018). "Spyro Reignited Trilogy Announced, Release Date Revealed". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 6 April 2018.

Jump up ^ "Spyro the Dragon". IGN (Press release). Sony Computer Entertainment. 9 September 1998. Retrieved 30 September 2016.

Jump up ^ "Spyro the Dragon (PlayStation)". IGN. Retrieved 26 October 2017.

Jump up ^ "Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage" (Press release). Sony Computer Entertainment. 18 November 1999. Retrieved 5 December 2008.

Jump up ^ "Spyro 3" (Press release). Insomniac/Sierra entertainment. 12 January 2003. Retrieved 30 September 2016.

Jump up ^ "'Bring back Crash Bandicoot? I definitely wouldn't close the door on that'". telegraph.co.uk. 14 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.

Jump up ^ "Insomniac Boss on the future of Spyro the Dragon". ign.com. 26 September 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.

Jump up ^ "Crash Bandcoot N.Sane Trilogy did the business for Activision - and now everyone wants a Spyro remaster next". Eurogamer. 4 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.

Jump up ^ Dornbush, Jonathon (5 April 2018). "Spyro Reignited Trilogy Announced, Release Date Revealed". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 6 April 2018.

Jump up ^ Knowledge Adventure game artwork

Jump up ^ https://www.unseen64.net/2009/06/16/agent-9-prime-8-ps2-cancelled/

Jump up ^ "cancelledxboxspyro". ticgn. Retrieved 6 April 2018.

Jump up ^ https://www.gamestm.co.uk/interviews/talking-spyro-with-the-polices-stewart-copeland/

Jump up ^ "Spyro the Dragon Reviews". GameRankings. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

Jump up ^ "Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage! Reviews". GameRankings. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

Jump up ^ "Spyro: Year of the Dragon Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

Jump up ^ "Spyro: Season of Ice Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

Jump up ^ "Spyro 2: Season of Flame Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

Jump up ^ "Spyro: Enter the Dragonfly Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

Jump up ^ "Spyro: Enter the Dragonfly Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

Jump up ^ "Spyro: Attack of the Rhynocs Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

Jump up ^ "Spyro Orange: The Cortex Conspiracy Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

Jump up ^ "Spyro: A Hero's Tail Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

Jump up ^ "Spyro: A Hero's Tail Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

Jump up ^ "Spyro: A Hero's Tail Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

Jump up ^ "Spyro: Shadow Legacy Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

Jump up ^ "Spyro the Dragon to Scorch Wendy's Restaurants This Fall" (Press release). Sierra Entertainment. 12 October 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2009.

^ Jump up to: a b Pham, Alex (26 November 2007). "The independent imagination". Los Angeles Times. Tronc. Retrieved 2 May 2017.


document_title: Land's End to John o' Groats

question_text: lands end to john o'groats cycle record 2018

question_tokens: lands end to john o'groats cycle record 2018

root

text: Land's End to John o' Groats

text: Methods[edit]

text: There are many ways to go from Land's End to John o' Groats. Traditionally considered to be a walk, the route is now traversed in a number of ways, with cycling and multi-modal expeditions being particularly popular in recent years.

tag: p

text: Most trips are done by individuals or small groups for personal fulfilment. Some expeditions are organised as charity fundraisers, sometimes involving celebrities: examples include cricketer Ian Botham's 1985 walk and athlete Jane Tomlinson in 2003. In recent history the route has been used as a rite of passage by cyclists taking on the most iconic cycling challenge in Britain.

text: Walking[edit]

text: The first recorded end-to-end walk (actually from John o' Groats to Land's End) was undertaken by the brothers John and Robert Naylor in 1871.[4]  Since then the walk has been undertaken many times, more particularly since 1960, after a well-publicised road walk by Dr Barbara Moore.  In 1960 the entrepreneur Billy Butlin organised a road walking race, which gave further impetus to the idea.

text: Since the 1960s, walkers have mostly chosen off-road routes, using the growing network of long-distance footpaths.  A classic account is from 1966 by the travel writer John Hillaby.[5] Off-road walkers usually complete the journey in two to three months. There is a considerable choice of off-road routes, but all are much longer than the shortest road distance, usually 1,200 miles (1,900 km) or more.  The walk is still undertaken by road walkers, often doing the walk, like Sir Ian Botham, for charity, or as a "challenge walk".  They typically take a month or even less.

text: Some walkers aim to complete the route piecemeal, perhaps over several years, to achieve the walk within the time constraints of a working life and before the possible health problems of retirement.[6]

text: Routes[edit]

text: There is no continuous long-distance path from Land's End to John o' Groats.  There are long-distance paths for substantial sections of the route, and where they do not exist walkers connect them by rights of way and minor roads. Most walkers broadly follow these routes:[7]

text:
from Land's End to Exmoor by the South West Coast Path; or by a shorter inland route through Cornwall and Devon by minor roads and paths, the Two Castles Trail and the towpath of the Grand Western Canal
across Somerset by parts of the Macmillan Way West, the Samaritans Way South West or the Limestone Link
to the Peak District either by
an eastern route using the Cotswold Way, the Heart of England Way (or the Severn Way), the Staffordshire Way and the Limestone Way; or
a western route across the Severn Bridge then by the Offa's Dyke Path, the Maelor Way and the South Cheshire Way
to the Scottish Borders by the Pennine Way
by St. Cuthbert's Way and a section of the Southern Upland Way to the Pentland Hills, then by
a western route using the towpaths of the Union Canal and the Forth and Clyde Canal, then by the West Highland Way and the Great Glen Way to Inverness; or
an eastern route across the Forth Road Bridge to Perth and Pitlochry, then by Glen Tilt and the Lairig Ghru to Speyside and the old Wade road to Inverness.
from Inverness to John o' Groats, a long distance footpath along cliff tops and shorelines with access to accommodation, known as the John o' Groats Trail, is currently under development.  Previously the route was mostly on roads with a few stretches of coast walking; to avoid road walking, some walkers head north west from the end of the West Highland Way at Fort William using parts of the Cape Wrath Trail, then head northeast through the Flow Country of Caithness.  However, this route is through remote country and requires wild camping.

tag: ul

text: Cycling[edit]

text: There are several annual mass participation cycle rides that go from Land's End to John o' Groats, the biggest of which is the Deloitte Ride Across Britain,[8] run by Threshold Sports. The Ride Across Britain takes over 800 riders the full length of Britain, taking nine days and covering 969 miles (1,559 km), with each rider covering an average of 107 miles (172 km) per day. Overnight accommodation is provided in large, tented base camps, and all aspects of the ride are fully supported. Previous celebrity participants include GB rower and Olympic gold medallist James Cracknell and former England Rugby captain Lewis Moody.

text: The official Road Records Association record for a rider on a conventional bicycle is 43 hours, 25 minutes and 13 seconds, set by 40 year old Michael Broadwith on 17 June 2018.[9] Michael is a maths teacher who lives in the south of England. He studied mathematics at St Edmund Hall, Oxford University, representing the university in the reserve’s boat race in 2000. He won the UK national 24 hour cycling road race (Mersey roads) in 2015, 2016 and 2017 in the lead up to his record breaking ride.

text: The record for cycling from Land's End to John o' Groats is held by Andy Wilkinson, who completed the journey in 41 hours, 4 minutes and 22 seconds on a Windcheetah recumbent tricycle.[10] A typical cycling time when not attempting shortest time is 10 to 14 days. James MacDonald set a record in September 2017 for cycling from John o' Groats to Land's End and back again in five days, 18 hours and 3 minutes.[11] From 1 to 4 March 2010, David Walliams, Jimmy Carr, Fearne Cotton, Miranda Hart, Patrick Kielty, Davina McCall and Russell Howard cycled in a team relay from John o' Groats to Land's End to raise money for Sport Relief.[12]

text: Men's tandem bicycle. 5–7 May 2015 Riders: Dominic Irvine and Charlie Mitchell. Time: 1 day 21 hours 11 minutes.[13] The previous record held for 49 years.

text: The first tricyclist to complete the route was Mr. Alfred Nixon, champion of the London Tricycle Club, who in 1882 made “the first, and at present only, tricycle journey from John o’ Groats to Land’s End, a distance of 1007 miles, in a fortnight”.[14]

text: Men's quadricycle. In the summer of 2012. Riders: Hugo Catchpole, George Unwin, Tom Bethell and Richard Nicholls. Time 10 days 15 hours. On a four-man recumbent bike weighing 114 kg.

text: There have been several unicycle completions of the journey. The Guinness World Record for the fastest completion by unicycle is held by Roger Davies and Sam Wakeling, who rode 862 miles (1,387 km) (Land’s End to John o' Groats) from 12 September to 18 September 2009 in 6 days, 8 hours and 43 minutes.[15]  They rode large 36-inch-wheeled (910 mm) unicycles equipped with two-speed Schlumpf geared hubs.[16]

text: The oldest person to cycle from Land's End to John o' Groats is Tony Rathbone (UK, b. 10 December 1932) who was aged 81 years and 162 days when he completed the journey on 21 May 2014. Roger Anthony "Tony" Rathbone started his journey from Land's End to John o' Groats on 7 May 2014 with his friend, William "Billy" Skipper. They cycled a total of 1,526.46 km (948.5 miles) and were riding for a total of 79 hours 34 minutes. Guinness World Record[17]

text: In 2017 Amelia Sampson aged 22 months completed John o' Groats to Land's End in 14 days in her trailer towed by her parents riding a tandem.[18]

text: On 3 August 2018, Joshua Moisey, aged 7 years and 2 months, became the youngest ever Land's End - John o' Groats cyclist, riding his own bike alongside brother Reuben (10) and parents Alvin and Hiroko, and raising money for Alzheimer's Society.[19][20]

text: Running[edit]

text: The record time for a runner to complete the route, as reported by the Land's End John o' Groats Club, is nine days and 2 hours, by Andi Rivett.[21] In July 2008, Dan Driver became the first to run the route solo, meaning he carried all his equipment with him whilst he ran it.  He completed the run in just over 17 days.[22]

text: Fred Hicks was an early record holder. He ran the journey between the 20th and 30th of May, 1977 in 10 days 3 hours and 30 minutes. He ran this for charity, not aiming to set any records, and it was only later, when he was approached by the Road Running association asking if they could pursue the record with Guinness, that he became aware he had set a new record.[citation needed]

text: On 12 July 2009 British ultramarathon runner Kevin Carr successfully completed the first ever attempt to run the route off-road, becoming the first athlete to run the length of the UK as a fell/trail run. Like Driver, Carr ran unsupported and solo—a format commonly known amongst fell runners as a mountain marathon. Carr ran the challenge as part of an event organised by Benumber1, an event that saw several top-level British athletes (mainly Olympians) completing the challenge. The event was designed to encourage school students to participate in sport and to realise the benefits of a healthy lifestyle, whilst raising funds for the British Heart Foundation. The run covered 1,254 miles (2,018 km) over footpaths, bridleways, canal paths, river banks, national trails, fields, moorland and mountains. Over 80% of the route was off-road, the route resorting to tarmac only when necessary to link two trails, or where a trail passed through a village/town. The run took 6 weeks 3 days and 17 hours (including three rest days). Factoring in the rest days, this run called for an average effort of just under 30 miles (50 km) a day, every day, for more than six weeks.[citation needed]

text: In July 2011, a team of runners from Calday Grange Grammar School, Wirral completed a relay from Land's End to John o' Groats, becoming the first school to do so.[23] They raised £200,000[24] for Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool.

text: In mid summer of 2011 Anthony Band from Surrey ran 1000 miles barefoot, all in aid for Help for heroes. Band took 29 days, running on average 36 miles per day.[citation needed]

text: On 3 August 2014, Marie-Claire Oziem became the first female runner to complete the distance unsupported and solo.[25] She pushed all her provisions in a pram and camped along the way. Her route consisted of both on and off-road sections. Oziem ran for the charity Mind, based in Taunton for its project Go Wild, Stay Well, which aims to support those with mental illness through the use of various green therapy schemes. She started her run on 23 June and finished on 3 August 2014, regularly running distances of over 32 miles daily.[better source needed]

text: By horse[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The journey with a horse is generally completed north to south, starting in April to avoid the midges in the Highlands but also to benefit from warmer weather.[citation needed]

text: Evelyn Burnaby was the younger brother of the famous English Long Rider Colonel Frederick Burnaby. Whereas the elder brother was famous for having ridden across Central Asia and the Ottoman Empire, Evelyn decided to keep his equestrian adventures closer to home. He set off in 1892 to ride from Land’s End, Cornwall to John o’ Groats, Scotland. Evelyn’s journey was soon serialised in a popular publication, The Country Gentleman, and was published in book form the following year as A Ride from Land's End to John O' Groats.[26]

text: Communist John Richard Penistan rode his horse, Billy-a-Journey from Land’s End to John o’ Groats in 1948 (or 1930[27]) taking him 56 days. He was the first person to do the journey with just one horse.

text: Arthur Elliott, a veteran of the Great War, rode his horse, Goldflake, from Land’s End to John o’ Groats in 1955.[28]

text: In 2006 the mother and daughter team of Vyv and Elsie Wood-Gee rode from John o' Groats to Land's End. Elsie was 13 at the time.

text: Former army officer Grant Nicolle continued the tradition by travelling from John o' Groats to Land's End in 2007 with Marv (solo and unsupported), taking 11 and a half weeks. Grant has published a book called 'Long Trot' through Amazon, documenting the trip.[29]

text: Swimming[edit]

text: Sean Conway swam the complete route from 30 June 2013 to 11 November 2013 (135 days). On 31 August 2018 this time was bested by British endurance athlete Ross Edgely, who swam the complete route from Land's End to John o' Groats in just 62 days as part of his effort to swim around the entirety of mainland Britain[30].

text: Wheelchair[edit]

text: The fastest time in a wheelchair was achieved in August 2009 by US Navy Pilot Rick Ryan: eight days, 10 hours and 9 minutes.[31]

text: Skateboard[edit]

text: The record time to complete the 980-mile (1,580 km) journey on a skateboard is 21 days, achieved by Matt Elver, Charlie Mason and Lee Renshaw, who travelled around 50 miles (80 km) per day to raise money for charity.[32]

text: Motoring[edit]

text: Motoring events between the two extremities have been held since the first decade of the 20th century, when the Auto-Cycle Union organised a series of runs for motorcycles.  In 1911, Ivan B. Hart-Davies became the holder of the final Land's End to John o' Groats record for solo motorcycles. Riding his 3.5 hp single-speed Triumph, he covered the 886 miles (1,426 km) in 29 hours, 12 minutes. As his average speed exceeded the then-maximum of 20 mph, further official record attempts were banned by the A. C. U.

text: The Motor Cycling Club (which had been running the London to Land's End Trial since 1908, still held today, at least in name) put on an annual Land's End to John o' Groats Run from 1923 to 1928 which included cars as well as motorcycles.  These events were also known as the End to End. In 2006, BBC Television ran a series of three programmes called The Lost World of Friese-Greene covering Claude Friese-Greene's 1920s-era road trip from Land's End to John o' Groats.  The trip had originally been filmed using the Biocolour process, developed by Claude's father William Friese-Greene and the film had degraded. The original print of Claude's film was subjected to computer enhancement by the British Film Institute to remove the flickering problem inherent in the Biocolour process.

text:
In 1984, Neal Champion covered 884 miles (1,423 km) from John o' Groats to Land's End in 11 hours, 14 minutes, on a Kawasaki GPZ750 Turbo.[33]
in 1984, Christian Conzendorf-Mattner, covered the route from Land's End to John o' Groats—there and back non-stop other than for fuel—in 21 hours 22 mins in a 1941 BMW 327.
The record run was monitored by a team of journalists from a motoring magazine and is the current record for prewar classic cars end to end, non-stop, one driver. The end to end club awards this trophy to new record holders.

text: On 17 September 1988, Andrew Frankel and Mark Connaughton drove from Land's End to John o' Groats in a standard production Alfa Romeo 164 in 12 hours 30 minutes, including stops for refuelling.

text: In 1993, John Brown initiated the Land's End to John o' Groats Historic Reliability Trial, a race for vintage road vehicles.[34]  The race is held each December and is a tough, three-day rally for old and classic cars, built between the 1920s and 1970s.  The route takes a long 1,400-mile (2,300 km) route, using remote upland roads of the west of England, Wales (during the night), the Pennines and Scotland.  Medals are awarded in gold, silver and bronze categories.[35]

text: On 15–16 April 1997, Hugh Edeleanu drove the route in a JCB excavator in a time of 22 hours, 10 minutes and 30 seconds.[36]

text: In June 2001, Wayne Booth became the first person to do the journey by motorcycle without stopping; the 37-year-old completed the historic trip in 14 hours and 52 minutes, averaging 57 mph, on a modified 1,000cc Honda Varedero, complete with additional 74-litre petrol tank. The meticulously researched route of 854 miles (1,374 km) passed through just two sets of traffic lights and was completed within all highway regulations, law and speed limits.[37][38] Booth and the dozen strong support team raised over £1,000 for The National Childbirth Trust and Macmillan Cancer Relief.

text: On 22 May 2011, Kevin Sharpe and David Peilow completed the first end-to-end run from John o' Groats to Land's End in an electric car over two days, using only charging stations available to the general public, in a Tesla Roadster sports car.[39]

text: On 7 August 2011, Darren Whitehead & Tony Dwight travelled 1,071 miles (1,724 km) from John o' Groats to Land's End (including crossing the Welsh border) in 5 days using two ride-on Wheel Horse lawn mowers.[40] They also raised money for charity during the trip which was named The Lawn Way Down.

text: On 30 November 2013, Lucy Grogan, travelling on a BMW GS R1200 motorbike, and her father Martin Grogan, travelling in a Mini Cooper Works, travelled from Land's End to John o' Groats in 19 hours, leaving Land's End at 4:30am and arriving at John o' Groats at 11:30pm same day. This was in aid of Safe Haven Children's Trust and raised £3,000 for the non-governmental organisation.[41]

text: In September 2015, Jonathan Porterfield and Chris Ramsey beat the record in a Nissan Leaf electric car, using the existing public rapid charger infrastructure to travel there and back. The route south took 28 hours and 38 minutes, and the return trip 27 hours and 46 minutes. They submitted an application to Guinness World Records to have the quicker time recognised as a record.[42]

text: On 7 October 2015, Jeff Allan and his son, Ben Cottam-Allan, beat the electric car record in a Tesla Model S completing the northbound route in 19 hours 45 minutes and the southbound route in 18 hours 53 minutes. Jeff prepared the route by cycling in May 2015. They hold the Guinness World Record for shortest charging time from John o' Groats to Land's End of 3 hours  44 minutes 33 seconds.[43][44][45]

text: On 21 August 2017, John Chivers completed the first journey by electric motorcycle (a Zero DSR) from Land's End to John o' Groats, then continued his journey to Orkney and finally to Skaw, on the island of Unst, Shetland. The journey from Land's End to John o' Groats took him four days to complete, breaking the journey up into ten parts, each stop requiring a charge of at least three hours.[46]

text: On 30 July 2017 Andy Maxfield from Inskip near Preston completed the journey from John O'Groats to Land's End on an unmodified John Deere X750 ride on lawn tractor. The 874 mile journey was completed in a Guinness World Record time[47] of 5 days 8 hours 36 mins with an average speed of around 9mph. This journey was inspired by his father James Maxfield who suffered from Alzheimer's for 13 years with the challenge raising around £9,000 for The Alzheimer's Society. The journey was completed with a support team from John Deere and his two daughters Kathryn and Kaitlyn Maxfield.[48][49]

text: In September 2017, Tommy Davies and Tom Harvey completed the 841 mile journey in 9 hours and 36 minutes, the fastest time ever recorded between the two points on land, with an overall average of 86.7 mph. They used a specially adapted Audi S5 with an additional fuel tank and an array of equipment to avoid detection from the police and speed cameras. The trip was allegedly tracked via a GPS tracker and filmed, although the footage and data has not been publicly released, presumably in an effort to avoid possible prosecution due to the excessive speed involved.[50][51]

text: Public transport[edit]

text: The current fastest journey by bus and coach was set by John and Kirsty Boyd from Runcorn, Cheshire , who travelled from Land's End to John O' Groats in August 2017 using 20 buses/coaches, in three days, 2 hours and 47 minutes.[52]

text: The current fastest journey by local bus (defined as in section 3 of the Transport Act 1980 to be a stage carriage service with stops within 30 miles)[53]  was set by Clive Burgess in September 2016. He travelled from Lands End to John O'Groats using 31 buses, in 3 days, 8 hours and 55 minutes.[54]

text: In June 2014, to celebrate completing his GCSE exams, 16-year-old Adam Mugliston travelled from Land's End to John o' Groats on 36 buses in four days, 10 hours and 44 minutes.[55]

text: In August 2011, James Aukett travelled from Land's End to John o' Groats on 31 buses in five days, 7 hours and 25 minutes. James undertook the trip to raise money for children's charity, The Children's Society.[56]

text: In 2008, Richard Elloway of Somerset claims to be the first person to complete the journey from Land's End to John o' Groats and back free of charge by local buses, using the English National Concessionary Pass (a free bus pass for people over 60, allowing free off-peak travel on local bus services throughout England) introduced on 1 April 2008, and the pre-existing equivalent concession for pensioners in Scotland. He completed the first leg of the trip in one week and six hours.[57] The entire journey was completed in two weeks, 8 hours and 30 minutes.[58]

text: In 1954, Gertrude Leather travelled by 17 local buses from Land's End to London, at a cost of £1 19s 6d (£1.97½), and the following year travelled from London to John o' Groats by 25 local buses at a cost of £4 5s 9½d (£4.29).[59]

text: The current fastest route on land public transport takes a timetabled 22 hours 45 minutes, departing Land's End car park at 14:35 on day 1 and arriving at John o' Groats ferry terminal car park at 13:20 on day 2. This involves a bus to Penzance, trains to Crewe to meet the London–Inverness sleeper train, then the following morning buses via Wick to John o' Groats. As of  January 2011[update], an ordinary one-way railway fare for the rail section of the journey cost £216.[60]

text: Hitchhiking[edit]

text: M. Clark and G. Beynon are the last hitchhikers recorded in the Guinness Book of Records for the Land's End to John o' Groats trip (17 hours 8 minutes).

text: Paramotor (motorised paraglider)[edit]

text: The first recorded journey by paramotor was by Andy Phillips, supported by a team of British Royal Marines in September 2000. The trip took a little over six days and was completed from south to north.[61]

text: The first recorded trip from north to south was by John Caston, Brian Pushman, Alex Heron and Henry Glasse in September 2009 and took five days.

text: In July 2016 a group of four pilots completed the trip from north to south in 6.5 days. This included double amputee Cayle Royce, who became the first person to fly the route in a ParaTrike.

text: Golf[edit]

text: In 2005 Surrey-based golfer and member of the Kent Golf Society David Sullivan walked from John o' Groats to Land's End hitting golf balls all the way. He travelled the 1,100 miles (1,800 km) in seven weeks to be eligible for the Guinness Book of Records as the longest golf hole. He raised money for the Variety Club, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami Appeal, and the Orpheus Centre, a residential arts and learning facility for the young and disabled in Surrey.

text: Aeroplane[edit]

text: The fastest passage between the two points was made in 1988 by a McDonnell Douglas F-4K Phantom in a time of 46 minutes 44 seconds [62]

text: In a straight line[edit]

text: On 17 May 2014 a team of four set off to complete Beeline Britain - a journey from Land's End to John o' Groats in a straight line.  This never before attempted route was completed in 28 days and required the two biggest sea kayak crossings ever completed in UK waters.

text:
The first crossing went direct from Land's End to Pembrokeshire - a distance of over 200 km which took 34.5 hours to complete.
The second crossing went direct from Pembrokeshire to Anglesey - around 170 km and taking 24.5 hours to complete.

text:
The team then kayaked, biked and hiked the remainder of the route which went via:
Isle of Man - Dalmellington - Glasgow - Creiff - traversing Ben Macdui the second highest mountain in the UK - Lossiemouth - across the Moray Firth - Lybster - John o' Groats.

text: The project was devised and managed by Ian O'Grady.  He recruited the Team GB Paralympian Nick Beighton, Adam Harmer, a professional kayak coach and University Lecturer, Tori James who was the first Welsh woman to stand on the summit of Mount Everest.  Beeline Britain's aim was to raise funds and awareness for Blesma, the limbless veterans charity.  The project gained full royal endorsement from the Royal Foundation of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry, and has to date raised over £20,000 for Blesma.

text: The whole journey was captured by filmmaker Ian Burton for the feature documentary As The Crow Flies [63]

text: Youngest and oldest[edit]

text: The Land's End–John o' Groats Association presents the Jack Adams/Richard Elloway Trophy annually to the youngest person to have completed the journey other than as a passenger in a motor vehicle. Henry Cole completed the journey in June 2006, he was aged four. He cycled over 31 days.  He started school in the following September, and was presented with the Jack Adams/Richard Elloway Trophy in January 2007. Sophie George is currently the youngest recipient of the Jack Adams/Richard Elloway Trophy. She completed the journey by bus and train in August 2016 at the age of two years and 10 months and was awarded the trophy in January 2017.[64]

text: Reg Savill is oldest person to complete the journey on foot (although in the reverse direction from John o' Groats to Land's End), at the age of 74.[65]

text: Organisations[edit]

text: There are three organisations supporting people undertaking the journey.

text:
The Land's End–John o' Groats Association is a non-commercial organisation established in 1983 for "those who have completed the epic journey from Land’s End to John o' Groats, or vice versa, by any means in a single trip".[66]
The Land's End John o' Groats Club, which is sponsored by the company that operates facilities at Land's End and John o' Groats, the end points.[67] It holds an annual awards ceremony to select the most notable 'end-to-enders' each year.
Bike the UK for MS is a charity raising awareness for multiple sclerosis research and patients by running supported cycling trips including from Land's End to John o' Groats. They combine an important cause with an incredible experience to help fund treatment and research for a cure whilst addressing the challenges for those affected by MS.[68]

text: Scottish equivalent[edit]

text: Until Union with England in 1707, Scotland's equivalent of the phrase was often "John o' Groats to Maidenkirk", as Maidenkirk (Kirkmaiden) was traditionally considered Scotland's southernmost point, a 388-mile (624 km) trip. This can be found in Robert Burns' poem On Captain Grose's Peregrinations thro' Scotland[69] and the song, The Lady of Kenmure:

text: The southernmost village in Scotland is actually nearby Drummore, which has grown to a latitude several metres south of Kirkmaiden.

text: English equivalent[edit]

text: The length of the English mainland is delineated by the distance between Land's End and Marshall Meadows Bay in Northumberland. The distance is 556 miles (895 km) by road or 426 miles (686 km) as the crow flies. The traversal of the length of England is sometimes used to define charity events such as walks and cycle-rides.


document_title: Time Person of the Year

question_text: who won time's person of the year award in 1970

question_tokens: who won time 's person of the year award in 1970

text: Time Person of the Year

text: Background[edit]

text: The tradition of selecting a "Man of the Year" began in 1927, with Time editors contemplating the news makers of the years. The idea was also an attempt to remedy the editorial embarrassment earlier that year of not having aviator Charles Lindbergh on its cover following his historic trans-Atlantic flight. By the end of the year, it was decided that a cover story featuring Lindbergh as the Man of the Year would serve both purposes.[3]

text: Selection[edit]

text: U.S. Presidents[edit]

text: Since the list began, every serving President of the United States has been a Man or Person of the Year at least once with the exceptions of Calvin Coolidge, in office at time of the first issue, Herbert Hoover, the next U.S. president, and Gerald Ford. Most were named Man or Person of the Year either the year they were elected or while they were in office; the only one to be given the title before being elected is Dwight D. Eisenhower, in 1944 as Supreme Commander of the Allied Invasion Force, eight years before his election. He subsequently received the title again in 1959, while in office. Franklin D. Roosevelt is the only person to have received the title three times, first as president-elect (1932) and later as the incumbent president (1934 and 1941).

text: Women[edit]

text: In 1999, the title was changed to Person of the Year.[4] Women who have been selected for recognition after the renaming include "The Whistleblowers" (Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley, and Sherron Watkins in 2002), Melinda Gates (jointly with Bill Gates and Bono, in 2005), Angela Merkel in 2015 and "The Silence Breakers" (Isabel Pascual, Adama Iwu, Ashley Judd, Susan Fowler and Taylor Swift in 2017). Prior to 1999, four women were granted the title as individuals: three as "Woman of the Year"—Wallis Simpson (1936),  Queen Elizabeth II (1952), and Corazon Aquino (1986)–and one as half of the "Man and Wife of the Year", Soong Mei-ling (1937).[5] "American Women" were recognized as a group in 1975. Other classes of people recognized comprise both men and women, such as "Hungarian Freedom Fighters" (1956), "U.S. Scientists" (1960), "The Inheritors" (1966), "The Middle Americans" (1969), "The American Soldier" (2003), "You" (2006), "The Protester" (2011) represented on the cover by a woman, and "Ebola fighters" (2014). Although the title on the magazine remained "Man of The Year" for both the 1956 "Hungarian Freedom Fighter" and the 1966 "Twenty-five and Under" editions which both featured a woman standing behind a man, and "Men of the Year" on the 1960 "U.S. Scientists" edition which exclusively featured men on its cover. It wasn't until the 1969 edition on "The Middle Americans" did the title embrace "Man and Woman of the Year".

text: Groups and non-humans[edit]

text: Despite the name, the title is not just granted to individuals. Pairs of people such as married couples and political opponents, classes of people, and inanimate objects have all been selected for the special year-end issue.

text:
Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling, President and First Lady of China (1937)
William Anders, Frank Borman and Jim Lovell, crew of Apollo 8 (1968)
Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger, political allies (1972)
Ronald Reagan and Yuri Andropov, Cold War rivals (1983)
Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk; Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin, political leaders leading peace negotiations (1993)
Bill Clinton and Ken Starr, key figures in the Clinton impeachment (1998)
Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley and Sherron Watkins, whistleblowers (2002)
Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Bono, philanthropists (2005)

text:
The American fighting-man (1950)
The Hungarian freedom fighter (1956)
U.S. Scientists (1960)
The Inheritor (1966)
Middle Americans (1969)
American women (1975)
The American soldier (2003)
You (2006)
The Protester (2011)
Ebola fighters (2014)
The Silence Breakers (2017)

text:
The Computer (Machine of the Year, 1982)
The Endangered Earth (Planet of the Year, 1988)

text: Special awards[edit]

text: In 1949, Winston Churchill was named "Man of the Half-Century", and the last issue of 1989 named Mikhail Gorbachev as "Man of the Decade". The December 31, 1999 issue of Time named Albert Einstein the "Person of the Century". Franklin D. Roosevelt and Mahatma Gandhi were chosen as runners-up.[6]

text: Controversial choices[edit]

text: Despite the magazine's frequent statements to the contrary, the designation is often regarded as an honor, and spoken of as an award or prize, simply based on many previous selections of admirable people.[7] However, Time magazine points out that controversial figures such as Adolf Hitler (1938), Joseph Stalin (1939 and 1942), Nikita Khrushchev (1957) and Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) have also been granted the title for their impacts.[8]

text: As a result of the public backlash it received from the United States for naming Khomeini as Man of the Year in 1979, Time has since shied away from using figures who are controversial in the United States for commercial reasons, fearing reductions in sales or advertising revenue.[9]

text: Time's Person of the Year 2001, immediately following the September 11, 2001 attacks, was New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani. The stated rules of selection, the individual or group of individuals who have had the biggest effect on the year's news, made Osama bin Laden a more likely choice that year. The issue that declared Giuliani the Person of the Year included an article that mentioned Time's earlier decision to select the Ayatollah Khomeini and the 1999 rejection of Hitler as "Person of the Century". The article seemed to imply that Osama bin Laden was a stronger candidate than Giuliani, as Adolf Hitler was a stronger candidate than Albert Einstein. The selections were ultimately based on what the magazine describes as who they believed had a stronger influence on history and who represented either the year or the century the most. According to Time, Rudolph Giuliani was selected for symbolizing the American response to the September 11th attacks, and Albert Einstein selected for representing a century of scientific exploration and wonder.

text: Another controversial choice was the 2006 selection of "You", representing most if not all people for advancing the information age by using the Internet (via e.g. blogs, MySpace, YouTube, and Wikipedia).[10]

text: Withdrawn selections[edit]

text: In 1941, the fictional elephant Dumbo from the Disney movie of the same name was selected to be "Mammal of the Year", and a cover was created showing Dumbo in a formal portrait style. However, the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 pre-empted the cover. The U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt was named Man of the Year for a record third time, although Dumbo's Mammal of the Year profile still appeared on the inside pages of the magazine.[11]

text: Film-maker Michael Moore claims that director Mel Gibson cost him the opportunity to be Person of the Year alongside Gibson in 2004. Moore's controversial political documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 became the highest-grossing documentary of all time the same year Gibson's The Passion of the Christ became a box-office success and also caused significant controversy. Moore said in an interview "I got a call right after the '04 election from an editor from Time Magazine. He said,' Time Magazine has picked you and Mel Gibson to be Time's Person of the Year to put on the cover, Right and Left, Mel and Mike. The only thing you have to do is pose for a picture with each other. And do an interview together.' I said 'OK.' They call Mel up, he agrees. They set the date and time in LA. I'm to fly there. He's flying from Australia. Something happens when he gets home... Next thing, Mel calls up and says, 'I'm not doing it. I've thought it over and it is not the right thing to do.' So they put Bush on the cover."[12]

text: On November 24, 2017, U.S. president Donald Trump posted on the social media network Twitter that Time editors had told him he would "probably" be named Person of the Year for a second time, conditional on an interview and photo shoot which he had refused. Time denied that they had made any such promises or conditions to Trump, who was named a runner-up.[13]

text: Online poll[edit]

text: Time magazine also holds an online poll for the readers to vote for who they believe to be the Person of the Year. While many mistakenly believe the winner of the poll to be the Person of the Year, the title, as mentioned above, is decided by the editors of Time. In the first online poll held in 1998, wrestler and activist Mick Foley won with over 50% of the votes.[14][15] Foley was removed from the poll, and the title was given to Bill Clinton and Ken Starr, which led to outrage from the fans of Foley who mistakenly believed the winner of the poll would be the winner of the title. In 2006, the poll winner by a wide margin was Hugo Chávez, with 35% of the votes. The president of Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, came in second. Time again ignored those results, not mentioning them in the announcement of the Person of the Year.[16] Time continues to annually run an online poll for the "People's Choice", but stresses the decision on whom the magazine recognizes is not made by the poll, but by the magazine's editors.[17]

text: Persons of the Year[edit]

text:
Year

Image

Choice

Lifetime

Notes

Runners-up

1927

Charles Lindbergh

1902–1974

In 1927, Lindbergh became the first person to fly a plane solo non-stop across the Atlantic, from New York to Paris.

1928

Walter Chrysler

1875–1940

In 1928, Chrysler oversaw a merger of his Chrysler Corporation with Dodge before beginning work on the Chrysler Building.

1929

Owen D. Young

1874–1962

Young chaired a committee which authored 1929's Young Plan, a program for settlement of German reparations after World War I.

1930

Mahatma Gandhi

1869–1948

Gandhi was the leader of the India's independence movement. In 1930, he led the Salt Satyagraha, a 240-mile march to protest the imposition of taxes on salt by the British Raj.

1931

Pierre Laval

1883–1945

Laval was first elected Prime Minister of France in 1931. Laval was popular in the American press at the time for opposing the Hoover Moratorium, a temporary freeze on World War I debt payments that was disliked in both France and the US.[18]

1932

Franklin D. Roosevelt

1882–1945

Roosevelt won the 1932 US Presidential election by a landslide, defeating the incumbent, Herbert Hoover.

1933

Hugh S. Johnson

1882–1942

In 1933, Johnson was appointed director of the National Recovery Administration, tasked by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt to bring industry, labor and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices.

1934

Franklin D. Roosevelt (2)

1882–1945

Roosevelt was President of the United States from 1933 to 1945. In 1934, Roosevelt's New Deal reforms were beginning to bear fruit.

1935

Haile Selassie

1892–1975

Selassie was Emperor of Ethiopia in 1935, when Italian forces invaded Ethiopia, starting the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.

1936

Wallis Simpson

1896–1986

In 1936, Simpson's relationship with King Edward VIII led the king to abdicate his throne in order to marry her.

1937

Chiang Kai-shek

1887–1975

Chiang was Premier of the Republic of China at the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937.

Soong Mei-ling

1898–2003

Soong was wife of Chiang Kai-shek from 1927 until his death in 1975. Addressed as Madame Chiang Kai-Shek by the magazine, she was recognized together with her husband as "Man & Wife of the Year".[5]

1938

Adolf Hitler

1889–1945

As German Chancellor, Hitler oversaw the unification of Germany with Austria and the Sudetenland in 1938, after the Anschluss and Munich Agreement respectively.

1939

Joseph Stalin

1878–1953

In 1939, Stalin was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and de facto leader of the Soviet Union. He oversaw the signing of a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany before invading eastern Poland.

1940

Winston Churchill

1874–1965

Churchill was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the 1940 Dunkirk evacuation and the Battle of Britain.

1941

Franklin D. Roosevelt (3)

1882–1945

Roosevelt was President of the United States in 1941 during the attack on Pearl Harbor, declaration of war against Japan and resulting entry of the United States into World War II. The editors had already chosen Dumbo as their "Mammal of the Year" before the Pearl Harbor attack, but quickly changed it to Roosevelt.[11]

1942

Joseph Stalin (2)

1878–1953

By 1942, Stalin was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Premier of the Soviet Union, overseeing the Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943).

1943

George Marshall

1880–1959

As United States Army Chief of Staff in 1943, General Marshall was instrumental in organizing US actions in World War II.

1944

Dwight D. Eisenhower

1890–1969

General Eisenhower was Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during 1944's Operation Overlord.

1945

Harry S. Truman

1884–1972

Truman became President of the United States after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945, authorizing the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

1946

James F. Byrnes

1879–1972

In 1946, Byrnes was United States Secretary of State during the Iran crisis of 1946, taking an increasingly hardline position in opposition to Stalin. His speech, "Restatement of Policy on Germany", set the tone of future US policy, repudiating the Morgenthau Plan economic policies and giving Germans hope for the future.

1947

George Marshall (2)

1880–1959

Appointed United States Secretary of State in 1947, Marshall was the architect of the Marshall Plan.

1948

Harry S. Truman (2)

1884–1972

Truman was elected in his own right as President of the United States in 1948, considered to be one of the greatest election upsets in American history.[19][20][21]

1949

Winston Churchill (2)

1874–1965

Proclaimed as the "Man of the half-century", Churchill had led Britain and the Allies to victory in WWII. In 1949, Churchill was Leader of the Opposition.

1950

The American fighting-man

Representing U.S. troops involved in the Korean War (1950–1953).

1951

Mohammad Mossadegh

1882–1967

In 1951, Mossadegh was elected as Prime Minister of Iran and expelled western oil companies, starting the Abadan Crisis

1952

Elizabeth II

Born in 1926

In 1952, Elizabeth acceded to the throne of the United Kingdom[a] upon the death of her father, King George VI

1953

Konrad Adenauer

1876–1967

In 1953, Adenauer was re-elected as Chancellor of West Germany.

1954

John Foster Dulles

1888–1959

As United States Secretary of State in 1954, Dulles was architect of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.

1955

Harlow Curtice

1893–1962

Curtice was President of General Motors (GM) from 1953 to 1958. In 1955, GM sold five million vehicles and became the first corporation to earn US$1 billion in a single year.[22]

1956

The Hungarian freedom fighter

Representing Hungarian revolutionaries involved in the failed 1956 uprising.

1957

Nikita Khrushchev

1894–1971

In 1957, Khrushchev consolidated his leadership of the Soviet Union, surviving a plot to dismiss him by members of the Presidium, and leading the Soviet Union into the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1.

1958

Charles de Gaulle

1890–1970

De Gaulle was appointed Prime Minister of France in May 1958 and, following the collapse of the Fourth Republic and establishment of the Fifth Republic, was then elected President of France in December.

1959

Dwight D. Eisenhower (2)

1890–1969

Eisenhower was President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.

1960

U.S. Scientists

Represented by George Beadle, Charles Draper, John Enders, Donald A. Glaser, Joshua Lederberg, Willard Libby, Linus Pauling, Edward Purcell, Isidor Rabi, Emilio Segrè, William Shockley, Edward Teller, Charles Townes, James Van Allen and Robert Woodward.

1961

John F. Kennedy

1917–1963

Kennedy was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1961, ordering the failed invasion of Cuba by U.S.-trained Cuban exiles.

1962

Pope John XXIII

1881–1963

John XXIII was head of the Roman Catholic Church from 1958 to 1963. In 1962, he volunteered as a mediator in the Cuban Missile Crisis, gaining praise from both sides. He also initiated the Second Vatican Council that same year.

1963

Martin Luther King Jr.

1929–1968

A leader of the Civil Rights Movement, King delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963.

1964

Lyndon B. Johnson

1908–1973

Johnson was elected in his own right as President of the United States in 1964, before securing the passage of the Civil Rights Act, declaring a War on Poverty and escalating U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

1965

William Westmoreland

1914–2005

General Westmoreland was commander of U.S. forces in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

1966

The Inheritor

Representing a generation of American men and women, aged 25 and under.

1967

Lyndon B. Johnson (2)

1908–1973

Johnson was President of the United States from 1963 to 1969.

1968

The Apollo 8 astronauts

In 1968, the crew of Apollo 8 (William Anders, Frank Borman and Jim Lovell) became the first humans to travel beyond low Earth orbit, orbiting the Moon and paving the way for the first manned Moon landings in 1969.

1969

The Middle Americans

Also referred to as the silent majority.[23]

1970

Willy Brandt

1913–1992

As Chancellor of West Germany, Brandt was acknowledged for "seeking to bring about a fresh relationship between East and West" through his "bold approach to the Soviet Union and the East Bloc".[24]

1971

Richard Nixon

1913–1994

Nixon was President of the United States from 1969 to 1974.

1972

Richard Nixon (2)

1913–1994

As President of the United States, Nixon visited China in 1972, the first U.S. President to do so. Nixon later secured the SALT I pact with the Soviet Union before being re-elected in one of the largest landslide election victories in American history

Henry Kissinger

Born in 1923

Kissinger, as Nixon's National Security Advisor, travelled with the President to China in 1972.

1973

John Sirica

1904–1992

In 1973, as Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Sirica ordered President Nixon to turn over Watergate-related recordings of White House conversations.

1974

King Faisal

1906–1975

Faisal, King of Saudi Arabia, was acknowledged in the wake of the oil crisis of 1973–1974, caused by Saudi Arabia withdrawing its oil from world markets in protest at Western support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War.

1975

American women

Represented by Susan Brownmiller, Kathleen Byerly, Alison Cheek, Jill Conway, Betty Ford, Ella Grasso, Carla Hills, Barbara Jordan, Billie Jean King, Carol Sutton, Susie Sharp, and Addie Wyatt.

1976

Jimmy Carter

Born in 1924

In 1976, Carter was elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford.

1977

Anwar Sadat

1918–1981

Sadat, as President of Egypt, traveled to Israel in 1977—the first Arab leader to do so—to discuss normalization of Egypt-Israel relations.

1978

Deng Xiaoping

1904–1997

China's Vice Premier. Deng overthrew Hua Guofeng to assume de facto control over China in 1978, as Paramount Leader.

1979

Ruhollah Khomeini

1902–1989

Khomeini led the 1979 Iranian Revolution, establishing himself as Supreme Leader.

1980

Ronald Reagan

1911–2004

Reagan was elected President of the United States in 1980, defeating incumbent President Jimmy Carter.

1981

Lech Wałęsa

Born in 1943

Leader of the Polish Solidarity trade union and architect of the Gdańsk Agreement until his arrest and the imposition of martial law in December 1981.

1982

The Computer

Denoted "Machine of the Year" to herald the dawn of the Information Age.

1983

Ronald Reagan (2)

1911–2004

In 1983, as President of the United States, Reagan ordered the invasion of Grenada and championed the Strategic Defense Initiative.

Yuri Andropov

1914–1984

Andropov, as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, was a strong critic of the Strategic Defense Initiative. Andropov was hospitalized in August 1983 and subsequently died in 1984.

1984

Peter Ueberroth

Born in 1937

Ueberroth orchestrated the organization of the 1984 Summer Olympics, which involved a Soviet-led boycott.

1985

Deng Xiaoping (2)

1904–1997

As Paramount Leader of China, Deng was acknowledged for "sweeping economic reforms that have challenged Marxist orthodoxies".[25]

1986

Corazon Aquino

1933–2009

Aquino was a prominent figure in 1986's People Power Revolution, being elected President of the Philippines.

1987

Mikhail Gorbachev

Born in 1931

As General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and leader of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev oversaw Perestroika political reforms in 1987.

1988

The Endangered Earth

Planet of the Year, involving an aspect of Mother Nature.

1989

Mikhail Gorbachev (2)

Born in 1931

Acknowledged as "Man of the Decade". Gorbachev, as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Soviet leader), oversaw 1989's first free Soviet elections before the fragmentation of the Eastern Bloc.

1990

George H. W. Bush

Born in 1924

As President of the United States, Bush oversaw U.S. involvement in the Gulf War (1990–1991).

1991

Ted Turner

Born in 1938

Founder of CNN. The piece particularly highlighted CNN's coverage of Operation Desert Storm and the Gulf War, proclaiming it "History as it happens".

1992

Bill Clinton

Born in 1946

Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent President George H. W. Bush.

1993

The Peacemakers

Represented by Yasser Arafat, F. W. de Klerk, Nelson Mandela, and Yitzhak Rabin.De Klerk, as State President of South Africa, oversaw Mandela's release from prison in 1990. The pair worked together to end the Apartheid system.Arafat, as President of the Palestinian National Authority, and Rabin, as Prime Minister of Israel, signed the 1993 Oslo Accord, the first face-to-face agreement between Palestinian and Israeli authorities.

1994

Pope John Paul II

1920–2005

Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005.

1995

Newt Gingrich

Born in 1943

Leader of the "Republican Revolution", a Republican party election landslide, which led to Gingrich being elected Speaker of the House.

1996

David Ho

Born in 1952

Ho, a scientist, pioneered much AIDS research.

1997

Andrew Grove

1936–2016

In 1997, Grove was Chairman and CEO of Intel, recognized as a pioneer in the semiconductor industry.

1998

Bill Clinton (2)

Born in 1946

As President of the United States, Clinton was impeached in 1998 following the Lewinsky scandal. The Senate acquitted him of the charges.

Ken Starr

Born in 1946

Starr, a lawyer investigating various figures within the Clinton administration, published his Starr Report in 1998, opening the door for the impeachment of Bill Clinton.

1999

Jeff Bezos

Born in 1964

Bezos is founder and CEO of Amazon.com.

2000

George W. Bush

Born in 1946

In 2000, Bush was elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent Vice President Al Gore.

2001

Rudy Giuliani

Born in 1944

Giuliani was Mayor of New York City at the time of the September 11 attacks in 2001, was selected as a symbol of America's response to the attacks.

2002

The Whistleblowers

Represented by Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley and Sherron Watkins.In 2001, Watkins uncovered accounting irregularities in the financial reports of Enron, testifying before Congressional committees the following year. In 2002, Cooper exposed a $3.8 billion fraud at WorldCom. At the time, this was the largest incident of accounting fraud in U.S. history. In 2002, Rowley, an FBI agent, gave testimony about the FBI's mishandling of information related to the September 11 attacks of 2001.

2003

The American soldier (2)

Representing U.S. forces around the world, especially in the Iraq War (2003–2011).

2004

George W. Bush (2)

Born in 1946

In 2004, Bush was re-elected President of the United States, overseeing U.S. involvement in the Iraq War.

2005

The Good Samaritans

Represented by Bono, Bill Gates and Melinda Gates.Bono, philanthropist and member of the rock band U2, helped to organise the 2005 Live 8 concerts. Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft and richest person in the world, and his wife Melinda, founded the philanthropic Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

2006

You[10]

Representing individual content creators on the World Wide Web.

4 runners-up[show]
 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
 Hu Jintao
 Kim Jong-il
 James Baker[26]

2007

Vladimir Putin[27]

Born in 1952

In 2007, Putin was serving as President of Russia.

4 runners-up[show]
 Al Gore
 J. K. Rowling
 Hu Jintao
 David Petraeus
[28]

2008

Barack Obama[29]

Born in 1961

In 2008, Obama was elected President of the United States, defeating John McCain.

4 runners-up[show]
 Henry Paulson
 Nicolas Sarkozy
 Sarah Palin
 Zhang Yimou[30]

2009

Ben Bernanke[31]

Born in 1953

Chairman of the Federal Reserve during the Financial crisis of 2007–08.

4 runners-up[show]
 Stanley McChrystal
 The Chinese Worker
  Nancy Pelosi
 Usain Bolt[32]

2010

Mark Zuckerberg[33]

Born in 1984

Founder of social-networking website Facebook.

4 runners-up[show]
 The Tea Party
 Hamid Karzai
 Julian Assange
 The Chilean Miners
[34]

2011

The Protester[35]

Representing many global protest movements — for example, the Arab Spring, the Indignants Movement, the Occupy Movement and the Tea Party movement — as well as protests in Chile, Greece, India and Russia among others.

4 runners-up[show]
 William McRaven
 Ai Weiwei
 Paul Ryan
 Kate Middleton[36]

2012

Barack Obama (2)[37]

Born in 1961

In 2012, Obama was re-elected President of the United States, defeating Mitt Romney.

8 runners-up[show]
 Marissa Mayer
 Mohammed Morsi
 Undocumented Americans
 Bill and Hillary Clinton
 Malala Yousafzai
 Tim Cook
 The Higgs boson
 Fabiola Gianotti[38]

2013

Pope Francis[39]

Born in 1936

Elected head of the Roman Catholic Church in 2013, following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI.

9 runners-up[show]
 Bashar Assad
 Jeff Bezos
 Ted Cruz
 Miley Cyrus
 Barack Obama
 Hassan Rouhani
 Kathleen Sebelius
 Edward Snowden
 Edith Windsor
[40]

2014

Ebola fighters[41]

"Ebola fighters" refers to health care workers who helped stop the spread of Ebola virus disease during the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa, including not only doctors and nurses, but also ambulance attendants, burial parties and others.[42]
Represented on the covers by Dr. Jerry Brown, the medical director at the Eternal Love Winning Africa Hospital in Monrovia, Liberia,[43][44] Dr. Kent Brantly, a physician with Samaritan's Purse and the first American to be infected in the 2014 outbreak,[44][45]  Ella Watson-Stryker, a health promoter for Doctors Without Borders who is originally from the United States,[44][46] Foday Gallah, an ambulance supervisor and Ebola survivor from Monrovia, Liberia,[44][47] and Salome Karwah, a trainee nurse and counselor from Liberia whose parents died of Ebola,[44][48] as well as others mentioned in the article itself, such as Dr. Pardis Sabeti from the Broad Institute.

7 runners-up[show]
 The Ferguson protesters
 Vladimir Putin
 Taylor Swift
 Jack Ma
 Tim Cook
 Masoud Barzani
 Roger Goodell
[49]

2015

Angela Merkel

Born in 1954

Chancellor of Germany since 2005, recognized for leadership in the Greek debt crisis and European migrant crisis.[50]

7 runners-up[show]
 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
 Black Lives Matter activists
  Caitlyn Jenner
 Travis Kalanick
 Vladimir Putin
 Hassan Rouhani
 Donald Trump
[51]

2016

Donald Trump

Born in 1946

In 2016, Trump was elected President of the United States, defeating Hillary Clinton.

10 runners-up[show]
 Simone Biles
 Hillary Clinton
 CRISPR scientists
  Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
 Nigel Farage
 The Flint Whistleblowers
 Beyoncé Knowles
 Narendra Modi
 Vladimir Putin
 Mark Zuckerberg
[52]

2017

The Silence Breakers

The people who spoke out against sexual abuse and harassment, including the figureheads of the Me Too movement. Represented on the cover by strawberry picker Isabel Pascual (pseudonym), lobbyist Adama Iwu, actress Ashley Judd, software engineer Susan Fowler, singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, and a sixth woman, a hospital worker who wished to remain anonymous and whose face cannot be seen. The feature also specifically spotlights, in order, actress Alyssa Milano, activist Tarana Burke, actress Selma Blair, the seven plaintiffs in a lawsuit against the Plaza Hotel, politician Sara Gelser, entrepreneur Lindsay Meyer, dishwasher Sandra Pezqueda, actress Rose McGowan, psychotherapist and writer Wendy Walsh, blogger Lindsey Reynolds, housekeeper Juana Melara, journalist Sandra Muller, actor Terry Crews, University of Rochester professors Celeste Kidd and Jessica Cantlon, journalist Megyn Kelly, journalist Jane Merrick, producer Zelda Perkins, European Parliament member Terry Reintke, charity worker Bex Bailey, art curator Amanda Schmitt, filmmaker Blaise Godbe Lipman, and an anonymous former office assistant. [53][54]

6 runners-up[show]
 Donald Trump[b]
 Xi Jinping
 Robert Mueller
 Kim Jong-un
 Colin Kaepernick
 Patty Jenkins
[56]