document_title: American Woman (TV series)

question_text: when is american woman going to be on

question_tokens: when is american woman going to be on

text: American Woman (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: American Woman follows "Bonnie, an unconventional mother struggling to raise her two daughters after leaving her husband amid the rise of second-wave feminism in the 1970s. With the help of her two best friends, Kathleen and Diana, these three women each discover their own brand of independence in a glamorous and ever-changing world reluctant to give it."[2]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Alicia Silverstone as Bonnie Nolan
Mena Suvari as Kathleen
Jennifer Bartels as Diana
Makenna James as Becca Nolan
Lia McHugh as Jessica Nolan

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Cheyenne Jackson as Greg
James Tupper as Steve
Diandra Lyle as Louise
Sam Morgan as Adam

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Sam Anderson as Raymond Turner ("Changes and The New Normal")
Elizabeth Bogush as Sherry ("Changes and The New Normal")
Audrey Wasilewski as Anne ("Changes and The New Normal")
Patrick Bristow as Randall ("Changes and The New Normal")
Kate Butler as Greer ("Changes and The New Normal")

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title [3]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [3]
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Liberation"
Alex Hardcastle
John Riggi
June 7, 2018 (2018-06-07)
U11.10047
0.595[4]

2
"Changes and The New Normal"
Iain B. MacDonald
John Riggi & Becky Hartman Edwards
June 14, 2018 (2018-06-14)
U13.12702
0.357[5]

3
"The Party"
TBA
TBA
June 21, 2018 (2018-06-21)
TBA
TBD

4
"The Cost of Living"
TBA
TBA
June 28, 2018 (2018-06-28)
TBA
TBD

5
"Adam"
TBA
TBA
July 12, 2018 (2018-07-12)
TBA
TBD

6
"The Heat Wave"
TBA
TBA
July 19, 2018 (2018-07-19)
TBA
TBD

7
"The Agreement"
TBA
TBA
July 26, 2018 (2018-07-26)
TBA
TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On June 2, 2015, it was announced that TV Land was developing a television pilot based on the life of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills star Kyle Richards. The pilot was set to be produced by John Wells Productions in association with Warner Horizon Television. Executive producers included John Wells and John Riggi, who wrote the pilot script.[6]

text: In November 2016, American Woman received a series order from TV Land for a first season consisting of 12 episodes, but a premiere date had not been set.[7][8]

text: In March 2017, it was revealed that the series had been shifted from TV Land to the newly rebranded Paramount Network.[9] On August 14, 2017, it was announced that John Riggi had departed the series citing creative differences. Replacing him in the role of showrunner is fellow executive producer John Wells.[10] It was announced at the annual Television Critics Association's winter press tour that the series is set to premiere on June 7, 2018.[11]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In July 2016, it was announced that Alicia Silverstone had been cast in the series lead role.[12] On August 11, 2016, Mena Suvari joined the pilot in another lead role.[13] Later that month, it was reported that Cheyenne Jackson and Jennifer Bartels had also joined the cast.[14] In May 2017, Diandra Lyle was cast as Louise, a recurring role.[15] On June 13, 2017, it was announced that Sam Morgan had joined the cast in a recurring capacity.[16]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for the first season of the series began in April 2017 in Los Angeles, California.[17]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On March 27, 2018, Paramount Network released six "first look" images from the series.[18] On May 3, 2018, the first official trailer for the series was released.[19]

text: Premiere[edit]

text: On April 29, 2018, the series held its official world premiere during the Series Mania Festival in Lille, France in which the first three episodes of the first season were screened. It competed against nine other international television programs in the festival's "official competition" series of shows.[20][21][22]

text: On June 7, 2018, the series held a screening at the annual ATX Television Festival in Austin, Texas. A question-and-answer panel followed, featuring executive producer Josh Wells, cast members Alicia Silverstone, Mena Suvari, Jennifer Bartels, and co-executive producer Kyle Richards.[23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The series has received a mixed reception from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a 42% approval rating with an average rating of 5.93 out of 10 based on 12 reviews.[24] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the series a score of 48 out of 100 based on 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[25]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)

1
"Liberation"
June 7, 2018
0.21[4]
0.595

2
"Changes and The New Normal"
June 14, 2018
0.1[5]
0.357


document_title: Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

question_text: what event triggered the push for civil service reform of the 1880s

root

text: Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

text: History[edit]

text: In 1877, there was growing interest in the United States concerning the effects of the spoils system on the American political system.[2] New York City established the Civil Service Reform Association to help address the issues, which would lead to several other organizations like it appearing in other cities.[2] The presence of these organizations was one of the first steps in trying to up end the spoils system in America.

tag: p

text: The assassination of President James A. Garfield moved the Civil Service Reform from city organizations to a leading topic in the political realm.[2] President Garfield was shot in July 1881 by Charles Guiteau, because Guiteau believed the president owed him a patronage position for his "vital assistance" in securing Garfield's election the previous year.[4] Garfield died two months later, and Vice President Chester A. Arthur acceded to the presidency.[5] Once in office, President Arthur pushed through legislation for civil reform.[5]

text: On January 16, 1883 Congress passed the Civil Service Act, which is sometimes referred to as the Pendleton Act after Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio,[2] one of the primary sponsors. The Act was written by Dorman Bridgman Eaton, a staunch opponent of the patronage system who was later first chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission. However, the law would also prove to be a major political liability for Arthur.[1] The law offended machine politicians, or politicians who belong to a small clique that controls a political party.[6] These politicians realized that with the Pendleton Act in place they would have to find a new means of income, since they could no longer count on donations from the wealthy hoping to receive jobs.[5]

text: The Act initially covered only about 10% of the U.S. government's civilian employees.[1] However, there was a provision that allowed outgoing presidents to lock in their own appointees by converting jobs to civil service. After a series of party reversals at the presidential level (1884, 1888, 1892, 1896), the result was that most federal jobs were under civil service.


document_title: Bristol Motor Speedway

question_text: who has the most wins at bristol speedway

text: Bristol Motor Speedway

text: Overview[edit]

text: Bristol Motor Speedway is the fourth largest sports venue in America and the eighth largest in the world, housing up to 162,000 people. The track is so short that speeds here are far lower than is typical on most NASCAR oval tracks, but they are very fast compared to other short tracks due to the high banking. These features make for a considerable amount of "paint swapping" at the NASCAR races where the initial starting grid of 40 vehicles each in the Monster Energy Cup Series & the Xfinity Series, and 32 in the Truck Series, extends almost halfway around the track, meaning that slower qualifiers begin the race almost half a lap down. The congestion inherent in this facility and the power of the cars and trucks has been likened to "flying fighter jets in a gymnasium". The track is one that tends to be either loved or hated by the fans and the drivers. Purists who grew up driving or attending races at older short tracks located at fairgrounds and similar places tend to love Bristol, while those raised on superspeedway racing tend to chafe at the lower speeds.

text: Bristol races are often the scene of the highest number of yellow-flag caution laps in the NASCAR season; with so many cars in such a small space, contact is almost inevitable. Until the Beneficiary Rule was instituted in 2004 (the rule was instituted after the races at Bristol in 2003), the short lap length and the unpredictable nature of the racing meant that this was one of the few remaining NASCAR tracks at which it was feasible for a driver to come back to win a race from several laps down; at most modern tracks, especially superspeedways, that was almost impossible. The short lap length also cuts the other way; any unscheduled pit stop for reasons such as a cut tire will result in the driver going two or more laps down as it is almost impossible to get anything done to a car during the time taken to complete one circuit, especially under green-flag conditions (approximately 15 seconds). Thus, the disadvantage of losing laps means the chances of earning a free pass under the Beneficiary Rule is harder, since a driver losing two laps under a green-flag pit stop would have to race their way past the leader before the caution waved to regain one of their laps back, unless there are no cars one lap behind.

text: The drag strip at this facility has long been nicknamed Thunder Valley. Both current Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races held at Bristol are for 500 laps; the spring race (historically a day race; however, the 2006 race ended under nighttime conditions because of Standard Time and the late afternoon start) is sponsored by area grocery chain Food City, and considered one of NASCAR's top ten annual races.[3] The late summer race (the popular night-time race, considered "the toughest ticket in NASCAR" to obtain) has rotated among several sponsors. From 2001 to 2015, Newell Rubbermaid sponsored this race, first under its Sharpie brand (2001–2009) and then its Irwin Tools brand (2010–2015). Starting in 2016, Bass Pro Shops will be primary sponsor of the summer race, with the National Rifle Association as a secondary sponsor.

text: Bristol is a very fertile ground for other levels and types of racing; Xfinity Series races here often draw over 100,000 spectators, making it one of the best-drawing Xfinity venues, and resulted in the Fox network televising the race nationally from 2004 to 2006 and ABC doing the same in 2007 and 2008.

text: In 2004, it was the first Xfinity Series race of the season televised on broadcast network television, and the race, which had been 150 laps in 1982, 200 laps in 1984, and 250 laps since 1990, was a 300-lap race in 2006.

text: The NASCAR Camping World Truck Series ran a stand-alone race in June from 1995 to 1999 with the NASCAR Autozone Elite Division, Southeast Series. Since 2003, the race has been a midweek (Wednesday) night race as part of the August night race weekend. In 2009, the NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour and the NASCAR Whelen Southern Modified Tour ran a combined race prior to the truck race. In 2017, the race was for the NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour after NASCAR absorbed the NASCAR Whelen Southern Modified Tour into the NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour prior to the 2017 season.

text: Many of the fans come from the East Tennessee area, but thousands more come from all parts of the country to experience Bristol's unique brand of racing. Even in the off-season, the complex attracts fans during the Christmas season by facilitating a miles-long holiday lights display that culminates with a lap on the actual speedway track itself.

text: Angle of banking[edit]

text: The track long advertised its banking as 36 degrees, which at one time made it the most steeply banked track used by NASCAR. However, BMS now lists its banking at 24 to 30 degrees, reflecting the results of the track's most recent resurfacing in 2007.

text: Even before the resurfacing, there was some dispute as to the accuracy of the measurement. In the 1980s, ESPN often claimed the turns were banked at 35 degrees during television telecast of events at the track. In an interview with Stock Car Racing's Larry Cothren, driver Ryan Newman openly disputed the measurement of the banking of Bristol Motor Speedway's turns. Newman's crew measured the banking during a test session to aid with setups, and found that the turns were banked 26 degrees, rather than the advertised 36 degrees. A Camping World Truck Series open test noted the banking had dropped following resurfacing, to 22–27 degrees, in a variable banking configuration.[4]

text: Pit roads[edit]

text: Another anomaly is that the short overall length means that there are two sets of pits, which also prevents a garage from being built due to limited space. Until 2002, slower starters were relegated to those on the backstretch. That year, the rules were changed to form essentially one long pit road. Thus, Bristol has unique rules about pit road — during caution, drivers who are wanting to pit must enter pit road in turn 2, drive all the way down the back stretch through the apron of turns 3 and 4 and down the front stretch, exiting pit road in turn 1. This rule eliminated the inherent disadvantage of pitting on the back stretch. During green flag pit stops, cars with pit stalls on the back stretch enter the pits in turn 2 and exit in turn 3; those with pits on the front stretch enter in turn 4 and exit in turn 1. Since the new pit rules were instituted, several drivers (most notably Jeff Gordon)[5] have made major mistakes during green flag pit stops by driving through both pit roads when only one is necessary for green flag pit stops.

text: Track history[edit]

text: Bristol Motor Speedway could very easily have opened in 1961 under a different name. The first proposed site for the speedway was in Piney Flats, Tennessee, but, according to Carl Moore, who built the track along with Larry Carrier and R. G. Pope, the idea met local opposition. So the track that could have been called Piney Flats International Speedway was built 5 miles (8.0 km) up the road on U.S. Highway 11-E in Bristol. The land upon which Bristol Motor Speedway is built was formerly part of Gray's Dairy, at one point one of the largest dairies in the eastern half of the United States. Larry Carrier and Carl Moore traveled to Charlotte Motor Speedway in 1960 to watch a race and it was then that they decided to build a speedway in northeast Tennessee. However, they wanted a smaller model of CMS, something with a more intimate setting and opted to erect a .5-mile (800 m) facility instead of mirroring the 1.5-mile (2.4 km) track in Charlotte.

text: Work began on what was then called Bristol International Speedway in 1960 and it took approximately one year to finish. Carrier, Moore and Pope scratched many ideas for the track on envelopes and brown paper bags.

text: Purchase of the land on which BMS now sits, as well as initial construction of the track, cost approximately $600,000. The entire layout for BMS covered 100 acres (0.40 km2) and provided parking for more than 12,000 cars. The track itself was a perfect .5 miles (800 m), measuring 60 feet (18 m) wide on the straightaways, 75 feet (23 m) wide in the turns, and the turns were banked at 22 degrees. Seating capacity for the very first NASCAR race at BMS – held on July 30, 1961 – was 18,000. Prior to this race the speedway hosted weekly races. The first driver on the track for practice on July 27, 1961 was Tiny Lund in his Pontiac. The second driver out was David Pearson. Fred Lorenzen won the pole for the first race at BMS with a speed of 79.225 mph (127.500 km/h). Atlanta's Jack Smith won the inaugural event – the Volunteer 500 – at BMS. However, Smith was not in the driver's seat of the Pontiac when the race ended. Smith drove the first 290 laps then had to have Johnny Allen, also of Atlanta, take over as his relief driver. The two shared the $3,225 purse. The total purse for the race was $16,625. Country music star Brenda Lee, who was 17 at the time, sang the national anthem for the first race at BMS. A total of 42 cars started the first race at BMS but only 19 finished.

text: In the fall of 1969, BMS was reshaped and re-measured. The turns were banked at 36 degrees and it became a 0.533-mile (858 m) oval.

text: The speedway was sold after the 1976 season to Lanny Hester and Gary Baker. In the spring of 1978, the track name was changed to Bristol International Raceway. In August that year, the first night race was held on the oval, one that would become one of the most popular and highly anticipated events on the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series calendar.

text: On April 1, 1982, Lanny Hester sold his half of the speedway to Warner Hodgdon. On July 6, 1983, Hodgdon completed a 100 percent purchase of Bristol Motor Speedway, as well as Nashville Speedway, in a buy-sell agreement with Baker. Hodgdon named Larry Carrier as the track's general manager. On January 11, 1985, Hodgdon filed for bankruptcy. Afterwards, Larry Carrier formally took possession of the speedway and covered all outstanding debts.

text: For many years, teams were unable to park their transporters inside the infield, nor did the track have any significant garage area. Team transporters were parked in a lot outside of the track. During racing periods, crews and participants were landlocked by the track, and thus, unable to return to the transporters for spare parts, repairs, or rest. In the early 1990s, the infield was reconfigured and completely paved. Teams began parking the transporters in an orchestrated, extremely tight arrangement that takes several hours, and highly skilled drivers, to accomplish. Teams are now able to work out of their transporters in the same fashion as other facilities.

text: In 1992, the speedway abandoned the asphalt surface that it had used since its inception, switching to the concrete surface it is now famous for.

text: On January 22, 1996, Larry Carrier sold the speedway to Bruton Smith's Speedway Motorsports, Inc. (SMI), at a purchase price of $26 million. At the time of the sale, the facility seated 71,000. On May 28 of the same year, the track's name was officially changed to Bristol Motor Speedway. By August, 15,000 seats had been added bringing the seating capacity to 86,000.

text: BMS continued to grow and by April 1997, it was the largest sports arena in Tennessee and one of the largest in the country, seating 118,000. The speedway also boasted 22 new skyboxes. For the 1998 Goody's 500, the speedway featured more than 131,000 grandstand seats and 100 skyboxes. Improvements to the speedway since Smith took possession are in excess of $50 million. Under Smith's ownership, all seating sections have been renamed for past race winners and NASCAR champions.

text: The capacity for the 2000 Food City 500 was 147,000 as the Kulwicki Terrace and Kulwicki Tower were completed. Both were named after NASCAR star Alan Kulwicki, who was the reigning Cup Series champion when he died in a plane crash in 1993 while on his way to the spring race at Bristol, which he won the previous year. As a tribute to retiring star Darrell Waltrip, the entire Turn 3 and 4 sections were renamed in his honor in 2000, including a section of seats in Turn 4 near the start-finish line marked as alcohol free. (Waltrip refused to drive for a team in 1987 because its sponsor was associated with alcoholic beverages.) Sections were also named in honor of the Allison family and David Pearson as part of the renaming of grandstands.

text: In both 2000 and 2001, the track was temporarily converted to a dirt track to host the World of Outlaws' Channellock Challenge. The conversion involved moving 8,000 cubic feet (230 m3) of red clay onto the track's surface.[6] 700 cubic yards (540 m3) of sawdust were laid down first to cover the paved surface. The track was widened by 12 feet (3.7 m) to 14 feet (4.3 m) and the banking was reduced from 36° to somewhere between 22° to 24°.[7] While the races proved to be very popular, the process of installing and removing a temporary surface required 14,000 truckloads of material to be shipped in and out of the track which wore heavily on the roads around the track.[8]

text: As has been the case since the SMI purchase of BMS, improvements continued in and around the Speedway in 2002. The season saw the addition of a long-awaited infield pedestrian tunnel, allowing access into and out of the infield during on-track activity. Also in 2002, a new building was constructed in the infield to house driver meetings. That same year also witnessed the christening of a new BMS Victory Lane atop the newly constructed building. Kurt Busch won the 2002 Food City 500 on March 24 and became the first Cup winner in the new BMS winner's circle. Additional improvements in 2002 included new scoreboards located on the facing of the suites in Turns 2 and 3. On Monday, August 26, 2002, work began on the most ambitious construction project since SMI's purchase of BMS in 1996. The entire backstretch, including the Speedway's last remaining concrete seats, was demolished. The new backstretch increased the venue’s seating capacity to more than 160,000. The new backstretch includes three levels of seating and is topped with 52 luxury skybox suites. These seats are also named for leading NASCAR figures, with Richard Petty, Cale Yarborough and Junior Johnson each having a section of the new seats named for them; Dale Earnhardt was given a section on top in his memory.

text: A 5,000 seat section of the turn 1 and 2 grandstand, on top of the Alan Kulwicki Grandstand, is now named the Rusty Wallace Tower. Additional improvements included a scoring pylon with a four-sided video screen akin to those in sports arenas hanging from their ceilings; after the 2007 Food City 500, a resurfacing of the entire concrete track along with widening the track 3 feet (0.91 m) and reshaping the turns with variable banking, which was completed for the 2007 Sharpie 500 in August and their support events in the Busch (now Xfinity Series) and Craftsman Truck Series (now Camping World Truck series).

text: The 2006 Pixar film Cars used Bristol Motor Speedway as the inspiration for the fictional Motor Speedway of the South, featured in the film's opening scene. Cars director and NASCAR fan John Lasseter made it a 1-mile track, compared with Bristol's half-mile, to make the straightaways little longer for some of the scenes and allow for fans in the infield.[9]

text: A Guinness World Record was set in August 2008 when the sell-out crowd completed the largest crowd-wave in history.[10]

text: Another world record was set in August 2009 for the largest karaoke with a sold out crowd. Later, when the race was red flagged, the crowd performed the wave again, apparently tying the world record.

text: On Saturday, March 20, 2010, during the NASCAR "Saturday Night Showdown", where retired NASCAR drivers drove in a 35-lap race for charity, a terrifying crash involving Larry Pearson and Charlie Glotzbach ended up in a near-tragedy. The race was put under immediate red flag. Pearson spun out in turn 2, and as his car was sliding down the track, Glotzbach exited turn 2 and rammed into the driver's door of Pearson's car. As Glotzbach climbed out of his car and went to the infield care center, Pearson was unconscious in his car while rescue workers sawed off the roof of the car to get him out. After they got Pearson out, he regained consciousness, as reported by his brothers who talked to him. They also reported that Larry was able to move his arms around. Pearson was air lifted to a nearby hospital. Later, Glotzbach was driven to the same hospital. Before the race started back up, NASCAR legend David Pearson (Larry's father), who was also racing that day, withdrew from the race and went down to the hospital to see his son.

text: On the week ending August 21, 2010, Kyle Busch became the first driver ever to win races in all three NASCAR national series during a single race meeting.[11] He began the historic week by winning the Truck race on Wednesday.[11] Two days later, he won the Nationwide race following an incident with Brad Keselowski. Late in the race, the two raced for the lead side-by-side before Keselowski bumped Busch during a pass. Busch responded with a harder bump to Keselowski, spinning the latter out. After the race, the two took verbal potshots at one another. Then, during driver introductions immediately before the Cup series race, Keselowski introduced himself and then shouted "Kyle Busch is an ass!"[12] Ultimately, there were no on-track incidents between the two in the Cup race.[11] Busch also exchanged words with David Reutimann after the Cup race.

text: Busch would repeat this feat at Bristol in 2017, again winning all 3 races during a single race weekend.

text: In 2016 the scoring pylon was replaced by a large 4-sided display hung by cables over the center of the infield. Named "Colossus TV", the track claims it is the largest outdoor-hung display of its kind in the world, with each screen measuring 30 feet (9.1 m) by 63 feet (19 m).[13]

text: BMS has announced a new event called the Short Track U.S. Nationals in May 2017.[14] The event will feature five classes of cars that are featured at local weekly tracks: Super Late Models, Pro (Crate) Late Models, Southern Modifieds, Late Model Stock, Street Stocks, and Compact (4 cylinder) cars.[14] Champion Racing Association will be the lead sanctioning body of the event. The Super Late Model class is co-sanctioned with CRA Super Series, CARS Super Late Model Tour, and Southern Super Series cars.[14]

text: In 2016, 2017, and 2018, PJ1 TrackBite was applied on the bottom of the track in an attempt to restore racing in the bottom groove that has been lost with changes to the banking in 2007 and 2012.[15]

text: Bristol Dragway[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: In addition to the speedway, there is a .25-mile (0.40 km) dragstrip that hosts an annual NHRA event each year, the NHRA Thunder Valley Nationals. Prior to its status as an NHRA national event track, the Bristol Dragway was the flagship strip of the rival IHRA organization; the strip's owner Larry Carrier formed the IHRA at the Bristol Dragway in November 1970. The relationship ended when Bruton Smith took over its ownership. The dragstrip has long been nicknamed Thunder Valley due to its location and surrounding scenery.

text: Bristol Dragway hosts all 3 nationally touring NHRA series, plus the NHRA Summit Racing Equipment Racing Series, NHRA Jr. Drag Racing League, AHDRA, and the Super Chevy Show.

text: Non-motorsports usage[edit]

text: In the fall of 2002, students from Sullivan East High School in Bluff City, Tennessee attended the skyboxes at the Speedway as temporary school facilities, due to an outbreak of black mold that closed the school for nearly 6 weeks.[16]

text: In October 2010, Remote Area Medical held a health clinic on the infield of the track, providing free vision, dental and general-medical care to people who do not have medical insurance.[17] The free clinic at Bristol Motor Speedway has become an annual event with Tri-Cities Remote Area Medical continuing the service on the speedway's infield in the Spring of 2012 and again in Spring 2013.[18][19]

text: During the holiday season, Bristol Motor Speedway hosts Pinnacle Speedway in Lights, an event featuring christmas light displays along a 5-mile route around the Speedway and its grounds, as well as other activities. The event benefits various local charities.[20]

text: Football[edit]

text: In 1961, the track hosted a National Football League preseason game between the Philadelphia Eagles and Washington Redskins.[21]

text: In 2005, track owner Bruton Smith made a public offer of $20 million apiece to the University of Tennessee (UT) and Virginia Tech to schedule a non-conference college football game between the Tennessee Volunteers and Virginia Tech Hokies. Smith suggested that grass could be grown in the infield section of the racetrack. Virginia Tech showed much interest and nearly agreed to the proposal, but UT, on the other hand, showed little or no interest and in fact avoided the offer which made this possibility ultimately fall by the wayside.[22]

text: On October 14, 2013, after years of attempts to schedule a game, Virginia Tech, UT, and Bristol Motor Speedway announced plans for the game to be held on Saturday, September 10, 2016. Organizers envisioned attendance for the non-conference game, dubbed the Battle at Bristol, to draw 150,000 spectators, which would surpass the current NCAA record for highest single-game attendance of 115,109 then held by Michigan.[23] Bristol Motor Speedway's location near the Virginia/Tennessee state line placed the game about 125 miles (201 km) from the Virginia Tech campus in Blacksburg, Virginia and about 110 miles (180 km) from the UT campus in Knoxville. The game, won 45–24 by the Volunteers, drew an announced crowd of 156,990, breaking the previous record by more than 40,000.[24]

text: The football field remained in place for one week after the Tennessee–Virginia Tech game. On September 17, the local East Tennessee State Buccaneers played their scheduled Southern Conference home game against the Western Carolina Catamounts at BMS, an event billed as Bucs at Bristol.[25] This was ETSU's first Southern Conference home game since dropping football after the 2003 season, not reinstating the sport until 2015.[26] The Buccaneers came back from a 21–3 second-quarter deficit to win 34–31.[27]

text: Races[edit]

text: Current[edit]

text: Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series

text: NASCAR Xfinity Series

text: NASCAR Camping World Truck Series

text: NASCAR K&N Pro Series East

text: NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour/Whelen Southern Modified Tour

text: NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series

text: Former[edit]

text: ASA National Tour (1982–1983)

text: ARTGO Challenge Series (1987)

text: ASA Late Model Series (2007–2008)

text: ARCA Racing Series presented by Menards

text: CARS Rev-Oil Pro Cup Series

text: Frank Kimmel Street Stock Nationals (2008)[28]

text: INEX raceCeiver Legends Car Series/Bandoleros

text: Must See Racing Xtreme Sprint Car Series (2011)

text: NASCAR All Pro Series (1982–1983, 1994–1997, 1999–2002)

text: NASCAR Goody's Dash Series (1975, 1978–1981, 1986–1987, 1994–2003)

text: NASCAR Grand Touring (1968)

text: NASCAR Late Model Sportsman National Championship (1972, 1977–1978)

text: Red Bull Global Rallycross Championship (2013)

text: Red Bull Global Rallycross Championship Lites (2013)

text: Rolling Thunder Modifieds (2011)[30]

text: UARA-STARS Late Model Series (2004–2005, 2007–2009)

text: World of Outlaws Sprint Cars

text: Records[edit]

text:
Overall fastest lap: Brian Gerster, 12.742 s [150.585 miles per hour (242.343 km/h)] October 1, 2011
Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Qualifying: Denny Hamlin, 14.573 s [131.668 miles per hour (211.899 km/h)], August 19, 2016
Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Race (500 laps): Charlie Glotzbach, 2 h 38 min 12 s [101.074 miles per hour (162.663 km/h)], July 11, 1971
NASCAR Xfinity Series Qualifying: Kyle Larson, 14.992 s [127.988 miles per hour (205.977 km/h)], April 22, 2017
NASCAR Xfinity Series Race (300 laps): Kyle Busch, 2:13:59 [71.606 miles per hour (115.239 km/h)], March 25, 2006
NASCAR Xfinity Series Race (250 laps): Harry Gant, 1 h 26 min 2 s [92.929 miles per hour (149.555 km/h)], April 4, 1992
NASCAR Camping World Truck Series Qualifying: Kyle Busch, 14.827 s [129.413 miles per hour (208.270 km/h)], August 16, 2017
NASCAR Camping World Truck Series Race (200 laps): Travis Kvapil, 1 h 12 min 1 s [88.813 miles per hour (142.931 km/h)], August 20, 2003
NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour Qualifying: Woody Pitkat, 14.654 s [130.940 miles per hour (210.728 km/h)], 2015
ASA Late Model Series Qualifying: Justin Larson, 15.147 s [126.678 miles per hour (203.868 km/h)], 2008
On March 25, 2007, the first race featuring NASCAR's new car design, the "Car of Tomorrow" (COT) was run at Bristol Motor Speedway. Jeff Gordon won the first ever pole award in a Car of Tomorrow, and Kyle Busch won the race, becoming the first winner in the COT.
On August 25, 2008 at the Sharpie 500, Bristol Motor Speedway set the Guinness World Record for the Largest Card Stunt performed at one time. The stunt was performed by the NASCAR fans who attended the event during the National Anthem. The stunt started with an American Flag that covered the entire stands during the National Anthem and was then followed by another stunt which was an advertisement for a Sprint Nextel Fan Sweepstakes.
Bristol Motor Speedway is a true amphitheatre, being completely enclosed by seating, and holds 165,000 people, making it the largest in the world. In comparison, the Roman Colosseum's seating capacity was 50,000 people and the Circus Maximus, a hippodrome, could accommodate an estimated 150,000 spectators.

tag: ul

text: Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series records[edit]

text: (As of 8/17/17)

text:
Most Wins
12
Darrell Waltrip

Most Top 5s
26
Richard Petty, Darrell Waltrip

Most Top 10s
37
Richard Petty

Starts
60
Richard Petty

Poles
9
Mark Martin, Cale Yarborough

Most Laps Completed
26026
Terry Labonte

Most Laps Led
4305
Cale Yarborough

Avg. Start*
3.2
Fred Lorenzen

Avg. Finish
2.4
Dick Hutcherson

Miles Completed
13871.67
Terry Labonte

text: Most wins by an active driver [7] [Kyle Busch]

text: * from minimum 5 starts


document_title: Pumpkin

question_text: which state grows 95 of all pumpkins in the usa

text: Pumpkin

text: Description

text: Pumpkins, like other squash, are thought to have originated in North America. The oldest evidence, pumpkin-related seeds dating between 7000 and 5500 BC, was found in Mexico.[3][4]

text: Since some squash share the same botanical classifications as pumpkins, the names are frequently used interchangeably. One often-used botanical classification relies on the characteristics of the stems: pumpkin stems are more rigid, prickly, and angular (with an approximate five-degree angle) than squash stems, which are generally softer, more rounded, and more flared where joined to the fruit.[5][6] Pumpkin fruits are a type of botanical berry known as a pepo.[7][8]

text: Traditional C. pepo pumpkins generally weigh between 3 and 8 kilograms (6 and 18 lb), though the largest cultivars (of the species C. maxima) regularly reach weights of over 34 kg (75 lb).[9]

text: The color of pumpkins derives from orange carotenoid pigments, including beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha and beta carotene, all of which are provitamin A compounds converted to vitamin A in the body.[10]

text: Etymology

text: The word pumpkin originates from the word pepon (πέπων), which is Greek for "large melon", something round and large.[11] The French adapted this word to pompon, which the British changed to pumpion and to the later American colonists became known as pumpkin.[3]

text: Terminology

text: The term pumpkin has no agreed upon botanical or scientific meaning,[12] and is used interchangeably with "squash" and "winter squash" in some areas. In many areas, including North America and the United Kingdom, pumpkin traditionally refers to only certain round, orange varieties of winter squash, predominantly derived from Cucurbita pepo, while in Australian English, pumpkin can refer to winter squash of any appearance.[1]

text: Taxonomy

text: All pumpkins are winter squash: mature fruit of certain species in the genus Cucurbita. Characteristics commonly used to define "pumpkin" include smooth and slightly ribbed skin,[13] and deep yellow to orange[13] color. Circa 2005, white pumpkins had become increasingly popular in the United States.[14] Other colors, including dark green (as with some oilseed pumpkins), also exist.

text: Cultivation

text: Pumpkins are grown all around the world for a variety of reasons ranging from agricultural purposes (such as animal feed) to commercial and ornamental sales.[15] Of the seven continents, only Antarctica is unable to produce pumpkins; the biggest international producers of pumpkins include the United States, Canada, Mexico, India, and China.[3][16] The traditional American pumpkin used for jack-o-lanterns is the Connecticut Field variety.[15][17][18][19]

text: In the United States

text: As one of the most popular crops in the United States, 680,000,000 kilograms (1.5 billion pounds) of pumpkins are produced each year.[20] The top pumpkin-producing states include Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and California.[15]

text: According to the Illinois Department of Agriculture, 95% of the U.S. crop intended for processing is grown in Illinois.[21] Nestlé, operating under the brand name Libby's, produces 85% of the processed pumpkin in the United States, at their plant in Morton, Illinois. In the fall of 2009, rain in Illinois devastated the Nestlé crop, resulting in a shortage affecting the entire country during the Thanksgiving holiday season.[22]

text: Pumpkins are a warm-weather crop that is usually planted in early July. The specific conditions necessary for growing pumpkins require that soil temperatures 8 centimetres (3 in) deep are at least 15.5 °C (60 °F) and soil that holds water well. Pumpkin crops may suffer if there is a lack of water or because of cold temperatures (in this case, below 18 °C or 65 °F; frost can be detrimental), and sandy soil with poor water retention or poorly drained soils that become waterlogged after heavy rain. Pumpkins are, however, rather hardy, and even if many leaves and portions of the vine are removed or damaged, the plant can very quickly re-grow secondary vines to replace what was removed.[20]

text: Pumpkins produce both a male and female flower; honeybees play a significant role in fertilization.[20] Pumpkins have historically been pollinated by the native squash bee Peponapis pruinosa, but this bee has declined, probably at least in part to pesticide sensitivity,[23] and today most commercial plantings are pollinated by honeybees. One hive per acre (4,000 m2 per hive, or 5 hives per 2 hectares) is recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. If there are inadequate bees for pollination, gardeners often have to hand pollinate. Inadequately pollinated pumpkins usually start growing but abort before full development.

text: Giant pumpkins

text: "Giant pumpkins" are a large squash (within the group of common squash Cucurbita maxima) that can exceed 1 tonne in weight.[24][25] The variety arose from the large squash of South America through the efforts of botanical societies and enthusiast farmers.[24]

text: See #Pumpkin festivals and competitions below.

text: Nutrition

text:
Pumpkin, raw

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy
109 kJ (26 kcal)

Carbohydrates

6.5 g

Sugars
2.76 g

Dietary fiber
0.5 g

Fat

0.1 g

Protein

1 g

Vitamins

Vitamin A equiv.
beta-Carotene
lutein zeaxanthin

(53%)
426 μg

(29%)
3100 μg
1500 μg

Thiamine (B1)

(4%)
0.05 mg

Riboflavin (B2)

(9%)
0.11 mg

Niacin (B3)

(4%)
0.6 mg

Pantothenic acid (B5)

(6%)
0.298 mg

Vitamin B6

(5%)
0.061 mg

Folate (B9)

(4%)
16 μg

Vitamin C

(11%)
9 mg

Vitamin E

(3%)
0.44 mg

Vitamin K

(1%)
1.1 μg

Minerals

Calcium

(2%)
21 mg

Iron

(6%)
0.8 mg

Magnesium

(3%)
12 mg

Manganese

(6%)
0.125 mg

Phosphorus

(6%)
44 mg

Potassium

(7%)
340 mg

Sodium

(0%)
1 mg

Zinc

(3%)
0.32 mg

Other constituents

Water
91.6 g

Full Link to USDA Database entry

Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.

text: In a 100-gram amount, raw pumpkin provides 110 kilojoules (26 kilocalories) of food energy and is an excellent source (20% or more the Daily Value, DV) of provitamin A beta-carotene and vitamin A (53% DV) (table). Vitamin C is present in moderate content (11% DV), but no other nutrients are in significant amounts (less than 10% DV, table). Pumpkin is 92% water, 6.5% carbohydrate, 0.1% fat and 1% protein (table).

text: Uses

text: Cooking

text: Pumpkins are very versatile in their uses for cooking. Most parts of the pumpkin are edible, including the fleshy shell, the seeds, the leaves, and even the flowers. In the United States and Canada, pumpkin is a popular Halloween and Thanksgiving staple.[26] Pumpkin purée is sometimes prepared and frozen for later use.[27]

text: When ripe, the pumpkin can be boiled, steamed, or roasted. In its native North America, it is a very important, traditional part of the autumn harvest, eaten mashed[28] and making its way into soups and purees. Often, it is made into pie, various kinds of which are a traditional staple of the Canadian and American Thanksgiving holidays. In Canada, Mexico, the United States, Europe and China, the seeds are often roasted and eaten as a snack.

text: Pumpkins that are still small and green may be eaten in the same way as squash or zucchini. In the Middle East, pumpkin is used for sweet dishes; a well-known sweet delicacy is called halawa yaqtin. In South Asian countries such as India, pumpkin is cooked with butter, sugar, and spices in a dish called kadu ka halwa. Pumpkin is used to make sambar in Udupi cuisine. In Guangxi province, China, the leaves of the pumpkin plant are consumed as a cooked vegetable or in soups. In Australia and New Zealand, pumpkin is often roasted in conjunction with other vegetables. In Japan, small pumpkins are served in savory dishes, including tempura. In Myanmar, pumpkins are used in both cooking and desserts (candied). The seeds are a popular sunflower seed substitute. In Thailand, small pumpkins are steamed with custard inside and served as a dessert. In Vietnam, pumpkins are commonly cooked in soups with pork or shrimp. In Italy, it can be used with cheeses as a savory stuffing for ravioli. Also, pumpkin can be used to flavor both alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages.

text: In the southwestern United States and Mexico, pumpkin and squash flowers are a popular and widely available food item. They may be used to garnish dishes, and they may be dredged in a batter then fried in oil. Pumpkin leaves are a popular vegetable in the Western and central regions of Kenya; they are called seveve, and are an ingredient of mukimo,[29] respectively, whereas the pumpkin itself is usually boiled or steamed. The seeds are popular with children who roast them on a pan before eating them. Pumpkin leaves are also eaten in Zambia, where they are called chibwabwa and are boiled and cooked with groundnut paste as a side dish.[30]

text: Other than the traditionally defined pumpkin, commercially canned "pumpkin" puree and pumpkin pie fillings may contain other winter squashes, such as butternut squash.

text: Leaves

text: Pumpkin leaves, usually of C. moschata varieties, are eaten as a vegetable in Korean cuisine.

text: Seeds

text: Pumpkin seeds, also known as pepitas, are edible and nutrient-rich. They are about 1.5 cm (0.5 in) long, flat, asymmetrically oval, light green in color and usually covered by a white husk, although some pumpkin varieties produce seeds without them. Pumpkin seeds are a popular snack that can be found hulled or semi-hulled at most grocery stores. Per ounce serving, pumpkin seeds are a good source of protein, magnesium, copper and zinc.[31]

text: Pumpkin seed oil

text: Pumpkin seed oil, a thick oil pressed from roasted pumpkin seeds, appears red or green in color depending on the oil layer thickness, container properties and hue shift of the observer's vision.[32][33] When used for cooking or as a salad dressing, pumpkin seed oil is generally mixed with other oils because of its robust flavor.[34] Used in cooking in central and eastern Europe, it is considered a delicacy in traditional local cuisines such as for pumpkin soup, potato salad or even vanilla ice cream.[citation needed] Pumpkin seed oil contains fatty acids, such as oleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.[35]

text: Other uses

text: Canned pumpkin is often recommended by veterinarians as a dietary supplement for dogs and cats that are experiencing certain digestive ailments such as constipation, diarrhea, or hairballs. The high fiber content aids proper digestion.[36]

text: Raw pumpkin can be fed to poultry, as a supplement to regular feed, during the winter to help maintain egg production, which usually drops off during the cold months.[37]

text: Pumpkins have been used as folk medicine by Native Americans to treat intestinal worms and urinary ailments, and this Native American remedy was adopted by American doctors in the early nineteenth century as an anthelmintic for the expulsion of worms.[38][qualify evidence] In Germany and southeastern Europe, seeds of C. pepo were also used as folk remedies to treat irritable bladder and benign prostatic hyperplasia.[39][40][qualify evidence] In China, C. moschata seeds were also used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis[41] and for the expulsion of tape worms.[42][qualify evidence] Chinese studies have found that a combination of pumpkin seed and areca nut extracts was effective in the expulsion of Taenia spp. tapeworms in over 89% of cases.[43][44][45]

text: Culture

text: Halloween

text: Pumpkins are commonly carved into decorative lanterns called jack-o'-lanterns for the Halloween season in North America. Throughout Britain and Ireland, there is a long tradition of carving lanterns from vegetables, particularly the turnip, mangelwurzel, or swede.[46][47] The practice of carving pumpkins for Halloween originated from an Irish myth about a man named "Stingy Jack".[15] The turnip has traditionally been used in Ireland and Scotland at Halloween,[48] but immigrants to North America used the native pumpkin, which are both readily available and much larger – making them easier to carve than turnips.[48] Not until 1837, does jack-o'-lantern appear as a term for a carved vegetable lantern,[49] and the carved pumpkin lantern association with Halloween is recorded in 1866.[50]

text: In the United States, the carved pumpkin was first associated with the harvest season in general, long before it became an emblem of Halloween.[51] In 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o'-lantern as part of the festivities that encourage kids and families to join together to make their own jack-o'-lanterns.[51]

text: Association of pumpkins with harvest time and pumpkin pie at Canadian and American Thanksgiving reinforce its iconic role. Starbucks turned this association into marketing with its pumpkin spice latte, introduced in 2003.[52] This has led to a notable trend in pumpkin and spice flavored food products in North America.[53] This is despite the fact that North Americans rarely buy whole pumpkins to eat other than when carving jack-o'-lanterns.

text: Chunking

text: Pumpkin chunking is a competitive activity in which teams build various mechanical devices designed to throw a pumpkin as far as possible. Catapults, trebuchets, ballistas and air cannons are the most common mechanisms. Some pumpkin chunkers breed and grow special varieties of pumpkin under specialized conditions to improve the pumpkin's chances of surviving a throw.

text: Pumpkin festivals and competitions

text: "Giant pumpkins" are orange variants of the giant squash, Cucurbita maxima. Growers of these "pumpkins" often compete to see whose pumpkins are the most massive. Festivals are often dedicated to the pumpkin and these competitions.

text: The record for the world's heaviest pumpkin, 1,190.5 kg (2,624.6 lb), was established in Belgium in 2016.[25]

text: In the United States, the town of Half Moon Bay, California, holds an annual Art and Pumpkin Festival, including the World Champion Pumpkin Weigh-Off.[54]

text: Folklore and fiction

text: There is a strong connection in folklore and popular culture between pumpkins and the supernatural. Famous examples include the following:

text: Folklore

text:
A commonplace motif of people being turned into pumpkins by witches.
The jack-o-lantern custom discussed above, which connects to Halloween lore about warding off demons.
In the folk tale Cinderella, the fairy godmother turns a pumpkin into a carriage, but at midnight it reverts to a pumpkin.

text: Fiction

text:
Linus' belief in the Great Pumpkin in Charles M. Schulz's comic strip Peanuts.
Juice from a pumpkin has magical effects in the short story "Pumpkin Juice" by R. L. Stine.
In the Harry Potter novels, pumpkin juice, a favorite drink of the students of Hogwart's School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, is a recurring element.
The pumpkin hurled by the "Headless Horseman" in Washington Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.
Jack Pumpkinhead, a character in the Oz books of L. Frank Baum, with a pumpkin for a head on a wooden body, brought to life in the second book.
In Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas, the main character, Jack Skellington, is "the Pumpkin King."
Precious Ramotswe, the fictional detective from Botswana in The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency series of novels by Scottish author Alexander McCall Smith, often cooks and eats pumpkin.
In a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Feathertop from 1852, a witch turns a scarecrow with a "pumpkinhead" into a man.
The Spider-Man villains the Green Goblin and Hobgoblin use small, handheld "pumpkin bombs" as a signature weapon.


document_title: Shaka era

question_text: who started the saka era which is still used by the government of india

text: Shaka era

text: History[edit]

text: The origin of the Shaka era is highly controversial.[1] There are two Shaka era system in scholarly use, one is called Old Shaka Era, whose epoch is uncertain, probably sometime in the 1st millennium BCE because ancient Buddhist, Jaina and Hindu inscriptions and texts use it, but this a subject of dispute among scholars. The other is called Saka Era of 78 AD, or simply Saka Era, a system that is common in epigraphic evidence from southern India. A parallel northern India system is the Vikrama Era, which is related to the Bikrami calendar linked to Vikramaditya.[2]

text: The beginning of the Shaka era is now widely equated to the ascension of king Chashtana in 78 CE.[3] His inscriptions, dated to the years 11 and 52, have been found at Andhau in Kutch region. These years are interpreted as Shaka years 11 (89 CE) and 52 (130 CE).[4]

text: A previously more common view was that the beginning of the Shaka era corresponds to the ascension of Kanishka I in 78 CE.[1] However, the latest research by Henry Falk indicates that Kanishka ascended the throne in 127 CE.[5] Moreover, Kanishka was not a Shaka, but a Kushana ruler.[6] Other historical candidates have included rulers such as Vima Kadphises, Vonones, and Nahapana.[6]

text: According to historian Dineshchandra Sircar, the historically inaccurate notion of "Shalivahana era" appears to be based on the victory of the Satavahana ruler Gautamiputra Satakarni over some Shaka (Western Kshatrapa) kings. Sircar also suggests that the association of the northern king Vikramaditya with Vikrama era (also historically inaccurate) might have led the southern scholars to fabricate a similar legend of their own.[7] Another similar account claims that the legendary emperor Vikramaditya defeated the Shakas in 78 CE, and the Shaka era marks the day of this conquest. This legend has been mentioned in the writings of Brahmagupta (7th century CE), Al-Biruni (973-1048 CE), and others. However, this is an obvious fabrication.[1] Over time, the word "Shaka" became generic, and came to be mean "an era"; the era thus came to be known as "Shalivahana Shaka".[8]

text: Usage[edit]

text: The earliest known users of the era are the Western Satraps, the Shaka (Indo-Scythian) rulers of Ujjain. From the reign of Rudrasimha I (178–197), they recorded the date of minting of their coins in the Shaka era, usually written on the obverse behind the king's head in Brahmi numerals.[9]

text: The use of the calendar era survived into the Gupta period and became part of Hindu tradition following the decline of Buddhism in India. It was in widespread use by the 6th to 7th centuries, e.g. in the works of Varāhamihira and Brahmagupta, and by the 7th century also appears in epigraphy in Hindu Southeast Asia.

text: The calendar era remained in use in India and Southeast Asia throughout the medieval period, the main alternative era in traditional Hindu timekeeping being the Vikram Samvat era (56 BC). It was used by Javanese courts until 1633, when it was replaced by Anno Javanico, a hybrid Javanese-Islamic system.[10] It was adopted as the era of the Indian national calendar (also known as "Śaka calendar") in 1957.

text: The Shaka era is the vernal equinox of the year AD 78. The year of the modern Shaka Calendar is tied to the Gregorian date of 22 March every year, except in Gregorian leap years when it starts on 21 March.

text: In literature[edit]

text: According to Vicarasreni of Merutunga, Saka era began in 78 AD.[11]


document_title: Cherry hemangioma

question_text: what causes red blood filled spots on skin

text: Cherry hemangioma

text: Signs and symptoms[edit]

text: Cherry angiomas are made up of clusters of capillaries at the surface of the skin, forming a small round dome ("papule")[citation needed], which may be flat topped[citation needed]. They range in colour from bright red to purple. When they first develop, they may be only a tenth of a millimeter in diameter and almost flat, appearing as small red dots. However, they then usually grow to about one or two millimeters across, and sometimes to a centimeter or more in diameter[citation needed]. As they grow larger, they tend to expand in thickness, and may take on the raised and rounded shape of a dome. Multiple adjoining angiomas are said to form a polypoid angioma. Because the blood vessels comprising an angioma are so close to the skin's surface, cherry angiomas may bleed profusely if they are injured.[citation needed]

text: One study found that the majority of capillaries in cherry hemangiomas are fenestrated because of staining for carbonic anhydrase activity.[3]

text: Cause[edit]

text: Cherry angiomas appear spontaneously in many people in middle age but can also, less commonly, occur in young people. They can also occur in an aggressive eruptive manner in any age. The underlying cause for the development of cherry angiomas is not understood.

text: Findings suggest that cherry angioma may occur through two different mechanisms: angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels), and vasculogenesis (the formation of totally new vessels, which usually occurs during embryonic and fetal development).[4]

text: The first study trying to bring light to the molecular and genetic mechanisms behind cherry/senile hemangioma was published in 2010.[5] The study found that the level of microRNA 424 is significantly reduced in senile hemangiomas compared to normal skin resulting in increased protein expression of MEK1 and cyclin E1. By inhibiting mir-424 in normal endothelial cells they could observe the same increased protein expression of MEK1 and cyclin E1 which, important for the development of senile hemangioma, induced cell proliferation of the endothelial cells. They also found that targeting MEK1 and cyclin E1 with small interfering RNA decreased the number of endothelial cells.

text: Chemicals and compounds that have been seen to cause cherry angiomas are mustard gas,[6][7][8][9] 2-butoxyethanol,[10] bromides,[11] and cyclosporine.[12]

text: A significant increase in the density of mast cells has been seen in cherry hemangiomas compared with normal skin.[13]

text: Diagnosis[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (April 2017)

text: Treatment[edit]

text: These lesions generally do not require treatment. If they are cosmetically unappealing or are subject to bleeding angiomas may be removed by electrocautery, a process of destroying the tissue by use of a small probe with an electric current running through it.[14] Removal may cause scarring. More recently pulsed dye laser or intense pulsed light (IPL) treatment has also been used.[15][16]

text: Future treatment based on a locally acting inhibitor of MEK1 and Cyclin E1 could possibly be an option. A natural MEK1 inhibitor is myricetin[17][18]

text: Prognosis[edit]

text: In most patients, the number and size of cherry angiomas increases with advancing age. They are harmless, having no relation to cancer at all.[19]

text: Epidemiology[edit]

text: Cherry angiomas occur in all races, ethnic backgrounds, and sexes.