document_title: It's a Wonderful Life

question_text: where did its a wonderful life take place

question_tokens: where did its a wonderful life take place

text: It's a Wonderful Life

text: Plot[edit]

text: On Christmas Eve 1945, in Bedford Falls, New York, George Bailey is suicidal. Prayers for him reach Heaven, where Clarence Odbody, Angel 2nd Class, is assigned to save George, in return for which he will earn his angel wings. To prepare him for his mission, Clarence is shown flashbacks of George's life. The first is from 1919, when 12-year-old George saves his younger brother Harry from drowning at a frozen lake; George loses his hearing in one ear as a result. At his after-school job, George realizes that the druggist, Mr. Gower – distraught over his son's death from the flu – has accidentally added poison to a child's prescription, and intervenes to stop it from causing harm.

text: In 1928, George plans to leave on a world tour and then attend college. At Harry's high-school graduation party, he is reintroduced to Mary Hatch, who has had a crush on him from childhood. Their walk home is interrupted by news that George's father, Peter, has died of a stroke. George postpones his travel so he can sort out the family business, Bailey Brothers' Building and Loan. Henry F. Potter, the richest man in town, wishes to dissolve the Building and Loan to eliminate it as a competitor. The board of directors votes to keep the Building and Loan open, on condition that George stay to run it (along with his absent-minded uncle Billy). George gives his college tuition to Harry on the condition that Harry take over the Building and Loan when he returns.

text: Four years later, Harry returns from college with a job offer from his father-in-law. George tells Harry to take the job and he will keep running the Building and Loan. George and Mary get married. On their way to their honeymoon, they witness a run on the bank and use their honeymoon savings to keep the Building and Loan solvent until the bank reopens.

text: Eventually, George establishes Bailey Park, a housing development with small houses financed by the Building and Loan, so that people can own their own homes rather than paying rent to live in Potter's overpriced slums. Potter attempts to lure George into becoming his assistant, offering him $20,000 (equivalent to $270,000 in 2017[9]) a year; George is momentarily tempted, but rebukes him.

text: During World War II, George is ineligible for service because of his bad ear. Harry becomes a Navy pilot and earns the Medal of Honor by shooting down a kamikaze plane headed for a troop transport. On Christmas Eve morning 1945, as the town prepares a hero's welcome for Harry, Uncle Billy manages to misplace $8000 of the Building and Loan's cash (equivalent to $110,000 in 2017[9]). When a bank examiner arrives to review the Building and Loan's records, George realizes that criminal charges are possible; he berates Uncle Billy, then goes home and takes out his frustration on his family. He soon apologizes to his wife and children, then leaves.

text: George desperately appeals to Potter for a loan. When George offers his life insurance policy as collateral, Potter says George is worth more dead than alive and phones the police to have him arrested. George gets drunk at a local bar and is involved in a fight before he leaves and goes to a nearby bridge, thinking of suicide. The film's narrative catches up to the time of the opening scene. Before he can jump, Clarence dives into the river just before George does, causing George to rescue Clarence rather than killing himself. George does not believe Clarence's subsequent claim that he is George's guardian angel.

text: When George says he wishes he had never been born, Clarence decides to grant his wish and show George an alternate timeline in which he never existed. Bedford Falls is named Pottersville and is a less congenial place. Mr. Gower has recently been released from prison for manslaughter, because George was not there to stop him from putting poison in the pills. The Building and Loan has closed down, as George never took over after Peter's passing.

text: George's mother does not recognize him; she reveals that Uncle Billy was institutionalized after the collapse of the Building and Loan. In the cemetery where Bailey Park would have been, George discovers the grave of his brother. Clarence tells him all the soldiers on the transport died, as Harry was never there to save them, because George had never saved Harry from drowning. Mary, who works at the library, never married; when George says he is her husband, she screams for the police, causing George to flee and the local policeman to give chase.

text: George, now convinced that Clarence is really his guardian angel, runs back to the bridge and begs for his life back; the alternate timeline changes back to the original reality. George runs home to await his arrest. Mary and Uncle Billy arrive, having rallied the townspeople, who donate more than enough to cover the missing $8,000 and for Potter's warrant to be torn up. Harry arrives and toasts George calling him "The richest man in town". A bell on the Christmas tree rings, and his daughter recalls a story that says the sound means that an angel has just earned his wings, signifying Clarence's promotion.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Credited cast

James Stewart as George Bailey
Donna Reed as Mary Hatch Bailey
Henry Travers as Clarence Odbody
Lionel Barrymore as Mr. Henry F. Potter
Thomas Mitchell as Uncle Billy Bailey
Beulah Bondi as Ma Bailey
Frank Faylen as Ernie Bishop, the cab driver
Ward Bond as Bert, the cop
Gloria Grahame as Violet Bick
H. B. Warner as Mr. Emil Gower
Todd Karns as Harry Bailey
Samuel S. Hinds as father Peter "Pop" Bailey
Lillian Randolph as Annie, maid
Frank Albertson as Sam Wainwright
Virginia Patton as Ruth Dakin Bailey, Harry's wife
Mary Treen as Cousin Tilly, employee
Charles Williams as Cousin Eustace, employee
Sarah Edwards as Mrs. Hatch, Mary's mother
William Edmunds as Mr. Giuseppe Martini
Argentina Brunetti as Mrs. Martini
Bobby Anderson as Little George Bailey
Ronnie Ralph as Little Sam Wainwright
Jean Gale as Little Mary Hatch
Ray Walker as Joe
Jeanine Ann Roose[11] as Little Violet Bick

George Nokes as Little Harry Bailey
Danny Mummert as Little Marty Hatch
Sheldon Leonard as Nick, the bartender
Frank Hagney as Potter's mute aide
Charles Lane as Potter's rent collector
Larry Simms as Pete Bailey
Carol Coomes (AKA Carol Coombs) as Janie Bailey
Jimmy Hawkins as Tommy Bailey
Karolyn Grimes as Zuzu Bailey

Uncredited cast

Charles Halton as Mr. Carter, bank examiner
J. Farrell MacDonald as the man whose great-grandfather planted the tree that George drives into
Harry Holman as Mr. Partridge, High School principal
Harold Landon as Marty Hatch, Mary's brother
Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer as Freddie (Mary's annoying high school suitor)
Mark Roberts as Mickey (student with the key to open up pool)
Max Wagner as Cashier/Bouncer at Nick's Bar
Dick Elliott as fat man on porch
Tom Fadden as Bridge Caretaker
Stanley Andrews as Mr. Welch, teacher's husband
Al Bridge as Sheriff with arrest warrant
Ellen Corby as Miss Davis
Marian Carr as Jane Wainwright, Sam's wife[12]
Adriana Caselotti as the singer in Martini's Bar[13]
Joseph Granby as Angel Joseph (voice)
Moroni Olsen as the Senior Angel (voice)

text: The contention that James Stewart is often referred to as Capra's only choice to play George Bailey is disputed by film historian Stephen Cox, who indicates that "Henry Fonda was in the running."[14][15] Cary Grant was also considered for the role when RKO still had the rights to the film, before they were sold to Capra.[16]

text: Although it was stated that Jean Arthur, Ann Dvorak and Ginger Rogers were all considered for the role of Mary before Donna Reed won the part, this list is also disputed by Cox as he indicates that Jean Arthur was first offered the part but had to turn it down for a prior commitment on Broadway before Capra turned to Olivia de Havilland, Martha Scott and Ann Dvorak. Ginger Rogers was offered the female lead, but turned it down because she considered it "too bland". In Chapter 26 of her autobiography Ginger: My Story, she questioned her decision by asking her readers: "Foolish, you say?"

text: A long list of actors were considered for the role of Potter (originally named Herbert Potter): Edward Arnold, Charles Bickford, Edgar Buchanan, Louis Calhern, Victor Jory, Raymond Massey, Vincent Price and even Thomas Mitchell.[15] However, Lionel Barrymore, who eventually won the role, was a famous Ebenezer Scrooge in radio dramatizations of A Christmas Carol at the time and was a natural choice for the role. Barrymore had also worked with Capra and Stewart on his 1938 Best Picture Oscar winner, You Can't Take It with You.

text: H.B. Warner, who was cast as the drugstore owner Mr. Gower, actually studied medicine before going into acting. He was also in some of Capra's other films, including Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, Lost Horizon, You Can't Take It with You, and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington.[17] In the silent era, he had played the role of Jesus Christ in Cecil B. DeMille's The King of Kings (1927). The name Gower came from Capra's employer Columbia Pictures, which had been located on Gower Street for many years. Also on Gower Street was a drugstore that was a favorite for the studio's employees.[18]

text: Charles Williams, who was cast as Eustace Bailey, and Mary Treen, who was cast as Matilda "Tilly" Bailey, were both B-list actors, as they both had appeared in 90 films each before filming It's a Wonderful Life.[19]

text: Jimmy the raven (Uncle Billy's pet) appeared in You Can't Take It with You and each subsequent Capra film.[14][20]

text: Production[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: The original story "The Greatest Gift" was written by Philip Van Doren Stern in November 1939. After being unsuccessful in getting the story published, he decided to make it into a Christmas card, and mailed 200 copies to family and friends in December 1943.[21][N 2][23] The story came to the attention of RKO producer David Hempstead, who showed it to Cary Grant's Hollywood agent, and in April 1944, RKO Pictures bought the rights to the story for $10,000, hoping to turn the story into a vehicle for Grant.[24] RKO created three unsatisfactory scripts before shelving the planned movie, and Grant went on to make another Christmas movie staple, The Bishop's Wife.[N 3][26]

text: At the suggestion of RKO studio chief Charles Koerner, Frank Capra read "The Greatest Gift" and immediately saw its potential. RKO, anxious to unload the project, in 1945 sold the rights to Capra's production company, Liberty Films, which had a nine-film distribution agreement with RKO, for $10,000,[N 4] and threw in the three scripts for free.[21] Capra, along with writers Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, with Jo Swerling, Michael Wilson, and Dorothy Parker brought in to "polish" the script,[28] turned the story and what was worth using from the three scripts into a screenplay that Capra would rename It's a Wonderful Life.[21] The script underwent many revisions throughout pre-production and during filming.[29] Final screenplay credit went to Goodrich, Hackett and Capra, with "additional scenes" by Jo Swerling. Capra produced the film with his independent but ephemeral motion picture production company Liberty Films.

text: Seneca Falls, New York claims that when Frank Capra visited their town in 1945, he was inspired to model Bedford Falls after it. The town has an annual "It's a Wonderful Life festival"in December.[30] In mid-2009, The Hotel Clarence opened in Seneca Falls, named for George Bailey's guardian angel. On December 10, 2010, the "It's a Wonderful Life" Museum opened in Seneca Falls, with Karolyn Grimes, who played Zuzu in the movie, cutting the ribbon.[31] Philip Van Doren Stern said in a 1946 interview, "Incidentally, the movie takes place in Westchester County. Actually, the town I had in mind was Califon, N.J. " The historic iron bridge in Califon is similar to the bridge that George Bailey considered jumping from in the movie.[32]

text: Both James Stewart (from Indiana, Pennsylvania) and Donna Reed (from Denison, Iowa) came from small towns. Stewart's father ran a small hardware store where James worked for years. Reed demonstrated her rural roots by winning an impromptu bet with Lionel Barrymore when he challenged her to milk a cow on set.[33]

text: Filming[edit]

text: It's a Wonderful Life was shot at RKO Radio Pictures Studio in Culver City, California, and the 89 acre RKO movie ranch in Encino,[35] where "Bedford Falls" consisted of Art Director Max Ree's Oscar-winning sets originally designed for the 1931 epic film Cimarron that covered 4 acres (1.6 ha), assembled from three separate parts, with a main street stretching 300 yards (three city blocks), with 75 stores and buildings, and a residential neighborhood.[36] For It's a Wonderful Life Capra built a working bank set, added a tree-lined center parkway, and planted 20 full grown oak trees to existing sets.[37]

text: Pigeons, cats, and dogs were allowed to roam the mammoth set to give the "town" a lived-in feel.[20] Due to the requirement to film in an "alternate universe" setting as well as during different seasons, the set was extremely adaptable. RKO created "chemical snow" for the film to avoid the need for dubbed dialogue when actors walked across an earlier movie snow that was made of crushed cornflakes.[38] Filming started on April 15, 1946 and ended on July 27, 1946, exactly on deadline for the 90-day principal photography schedule.[25]

text: RKO's movie ranch in Encino, a filming location of Bedford Falls, was razed in 1954.[N 5] There are only two surviving locations from the film. The first is the swimming pool that was unveiled during the famous dance scene where George courts Mary. It is located in the gymnasium at Beverly Hills High School and is still in operation as of 2013. The second is the "Martini home" in La Cañada Flintridge, California.[40]

text: During filming, in the scene where Uncle Billy gets drunk at Harry and Ruth's welcome home/newlyweds' party, George points him in the right direction home. As the camera focuses on George, smiling at his uncle staggering away, a crash is heard in the distance and Uncle Billy yells, "I'm all right! I'm all right!" Equipment on the set had actually been accidentally knocked over; Capra left in Thomas Mitchell's impromptu ad lib (although the "crashing" noise was augmented with added sound effects).

text: Dimitri Tiomkin had written "Death Telegram" and "Gower's Deliverance" for the drugstore scenes, but in the editing room Capra elected to go with no music for those scenes. Those changes, along with others, led to a falling out between Tiomkin and Capra. Tiomkin had worked on a lot of Capra's previous films, and was saddened that Capra decided to have the music pared or toned down, moved, or cut entirely. He felt as though his work was being seen as a mere suggestion. In his autobiography Please Don't Hate Me, he said of the incident, "an all around scissors job".[41]

text: The products and advertisements featured in Mr. Gower's drugstore include Coca-Cola, Paterson tobacco pipes, La Unica cigars, Camel cigarettes, Lucky Strike cigarettes, Chesterfield cigarettes, Sweet Caporal cigarettes (with a sign that says "Ask Dad he knows" that plays a role in the plot), Vaseline hair tonic, Penetro cough syrup, Pepto-Bismol, Bayer Aspirin ("for colds and influenza"), and The Saturday Evening Post.[42]

text: In an earlier draft of the script, the scene where George saves his brother Harry as a child was different. The scene had the boys playing ice hockey on the river (which is on Potter's property) as Potter watches with disdain. George shoots the puck, but it goes astray and breaks the "No Trespassing" sign and lands in Potter's yard. Potter becomes irate, and the gardener releases the attack dogs, which causes the boys to flee. Harry falls in the ice, and George saves him with the same results.[43]

text: Another scene that was in an earlier version of the script had young George visiting his father at his work. After George tells off Mr. Potter and closes the door, he considers asking Uncle Billy about his drugstore dilemma. Billy is talking on the phone to the bank examiner, and lights his cigar and throws his match in the wastebasket. This scene explains that Tilly (short for Matilda) and Eustace are both his cousins (not Billy's kids though), and Tilly is on the phone with her friend Martha and says, "Potter's here, the bank examiner's coming. It's a day of judgment." As George is about to interrupt Tilly on the phone, Billy cries for help and Tilly runs in and puts the fire out with a pot of coffee. George decides he is probably better off dealing with the situation by himself.[41]

text: Capra had filmed a number of sequences that were subsequently cut, the only remnants remaining being rare stills that have been unearthed.[44] A number of alternative endings were considered, with Capra's first script having Bailey falling to his knees reciting "The Lord's Prayer" (the script also called for an opening scene with the townspeople in prayer). Feeling that an overly religious tone did not have the emotional impact of the family and friends rushing to rescue George Bailey, the closing scenes were rewritten.[45][46][47]

text: Reception[edit]

text: According to a 2006 book, "A spate of movies appeared just after the ending of the Second World War, including It's a Wonderful Life (1946) and Stairway to Heaven (1946), perhaps tapping into so many people's experience of loss of loved ones and offering a kind of consolation."[48] It's a Wonderful Life premiered at the Globe Theatre in New York on December 20, 1946, to mixed reviews.[25] While Capra thought the contemporary critical reviews were either universally negative, or at best dismissive,[49] Time said, "It's a Wonderful Life is a pretty wonderful movie. It has only one formidable rival (Goldwyn's The Best Years of Our Lives) as Hollywood's best picture of the year. Director Capra's inventiveness, humor and affection for human beings keep it glowing with life and excitement."[50]

text: Bosley Crowther, writing for The New York Times, complimented some of the actors, including Stewart and Reed, but concluded that "the weakness of this picture, from this reviewer's point of view, is the sentimentality of it—its illusory concept of life. Mr. Capra's nice people are charming, his small town is a quite beguiling place and his pattern for solving problems is most optimistic and facile. But somehow they all resemble theatrical attitudes rather than average realities."[51]

text: The film, which went into general release on January 7, 1947, placed 26th ($3.3 million) in box office revenues for 1947[2] (out of more than 400 features released),[52] one place ahead of another Christmas film, Miracle on 34th Street. The film was supposed to be released in January 1947, but was moved up to December 1946 to make it eligible for the 1946 Academy Awards. This move was seen as worse for the film, as 1947 did not have quite the stiff competition as 1946. If it had entered the 1947 Awards, its biggest competition would have been Miracle on 34th Street. The number one grossing movie of 1947, The Best Years of Our Lives, made $11.5 million.[2]

text: The film recorded a loss of $525,000 at the box office for RKO.[53]

text: On May 26, 1947, the FBI issued a memo stating, "With regard to the picture 'It's a Wonderful Life,' [redacted] stated in substance that the film represented rather obvious attempts to discredit bankers by casting Lionel Barrymore as a 'scrooge-type' so that he would be the most hated man in the picture. This, according to these sources, is a common trick used by Communists. [In] addition, [redacted] stated that, in his opinion, this picture deliberately maligned the upper class, attempting to show the people who had money were mean and despicable characters."[54] Film historian Andrew Sarris points out as "curious" that "the censors never noticed that the villainous Mr. Potter gets away with robbery without being caught or punished in any way."[55]

text: In 1990, It's a Wonderful Life was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in their National Film Registry.[56]

text: In 2002, Britain's Channel 4 ranked It's a Wonderful Life as the seventh greatest film ever made in its poll "The 100 Greatest Films".[57]

text: In June 2008, AFI revealed its 10 Top 10, the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres, after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. It's a Wonderful Life was acknowledged as the third-best film in the fantasy genre.[58][59]

text: Somewhat more iconoclastic views of the film and its content are occasionally expressed. In 1947, film critic Manny Farber wrote, "To make his points [Capra] always takes an easy, simple-minded path that doesn't give much credit to the intelligence of the audience", and adds that there are only a "few unsentimental moments here and there."[60][N 6] Wendell Jamieson, in a 2008 article for The New York Times which was generally positive in its analysis of the film, noted that far from being simply a sweet sentimental story, it "is a terrifying, asphyxiating story about growing up and relinquishing your dreams, of seeing your father driven to the grave before his time, of living among bitter, small-minded people. It is a story of being trapped, of compromising, of watching others move ahead and away, of becoming so filled with rage that you verbally abuse your children, their teacher and your oppressively perfect wife."[61]

text:
“...one of the most profoundly pessimistic tales of human existence ever to achieve a lasting popularity.”

— Film historian Andrew Sarris in “You Ain’t Heard Nothin’ Yet.”: The American Talking Film History & Memory, 1927-1949.[62]

tag: div

text: In a 2010 Salon.com piece, Richard Cohen described It's a Wonderful Life as "the most terrifying Hollywood film ever made". In the "Pottersville" sequence, he wrote, George is not seeing the world that would exist had he never been born, but rather 'the world as it does exist, in his time and also in our own."[63] Nine years earlier, another Salon writer, Gary Kamiya, had expressed the opposing view that "Pottersville rocks!," adding, "The gauzy, Currier-and-Ives veil Capra drapes over Bedford Falls has prevented viewers from grasping what a tiresome and, frankly, toxic environment it is... We all live in Pottersville now."[64]

text: The film's elevation to the status of a beloved classic came decades after its initial release, when it became a television staple during Christmas season in the late 1970s. This came as a welcome surprise to Frank Capra and others involved with its production. "It's the damnedest thing I've ever seen," Capra told The Wall Street Journal in 1984. "The film has a life of its own now, and I can look at it like I had nothing to do with it. I'm like a parent whose kid grows up to be president. I'm proud... but it's the kid who did the work. I didn't even think of it as a Christmas story when I first ran across it. I just liked the idea."[65] In a 1946 interview, Capra described the film's theme as "the individual's belief in himself" and that he made it "to combat a modern trend toward atheism".[65]

text: The film's positive reception has continued into the present, and review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes currently reports a 94% "Certified Fresh" approval rating. The website's critical consensus reads, "The holiday classic to define all holiday classics, It's a Wonderful Life is one of a handful of films worth an annual viewing."[66]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Prior to the Los Angeles release of It's a Wonderful Life, Liberty Films mounted an extensive promotional campaign that included a daily advertisement highlighting one of the film's players, along with comments from reviewers. Jimmy Starr wrote, "If I were an Oscar, I'd elope with It's a Wonderful Life lock, stock and barrel on the night of the Academy Awards". The New York Daily Times published an editorial that declared the film and James Stewart's performance to be worthy of Academy Award consideration.[67]

text: It's a Wonderful Life received five Academy Award nominations:[68]

text:
Award
Result
Nominee / Winner

Best Picture
Nominated
Frank Capra
Winner was Samuel Goldwyn – The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Director
Nominated
Frank Capra
Winner was William Wyler – The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Actor
Nominated
James Stewart
Winner was Fredric March – The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Film Editing
Nominated
William Hornbeck
Winner was Daniel Mandell – The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Sound Recording
Nominated
John Aalberg
Winner was John P. Livadary – The Jolson Story

Technical Achievement Award
Won
Russell Shearman and RKO Radio Studio Special Effects Dept.
For the development of a new method of simulating falling snow on motion picture sets.

text: It's a Wonderful Life won just the one Academy Award, in the Technical Achievement category for developing a new method of creating artificial snow.[69] Before It's a Wonderful Life, fake movie snow was mostly made from cornflakes painted white. And it was so loud when stepped on that any snow-filled scenes with dialogue had to be re-dubbed afterwards. RKO studio's head of special effects, Russell Shearman, developed a new compound, utilizing water, soap flakes, foamite and sugar.[70]

text: The Best Years of Our Lives, a drama about servicemen attempting to return to their pre-World War II lives, won most of the awards that year, including four of the five for which It's a Wonderful Life was nominated. (The award for "Best Sound Recording" was won by The Jolson Story.) The Best Years of Our Lives was also an outstanding commercial success, ultimately becoming the highest-grossing film of the decade, in contrast to the more modest initial box office returns of It's a Wonderful Life.[71]

text: It's a Wonderful Life received a Golden Globe Award:

text:
Award
Result
Winner

Best Director
Won
Frank Capra

text: Capra won the "Best Motion Picture Director" award from the Golden Globes, and a "CEC Award" from the Cinema Writers Circle in Spain, for Mejor Película Extranjera (Best Foreign Film). Jimmy Hawkins won a "Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award" from the Young Artist Awards in 1994; the award recognized his role as Tommy Bailey as igniting his career, which lasted until the mid-1960s.[72]

text: American Film Institute lists

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – 11
AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – 8
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:

Mr. Potter – No. 6 Villain
George Bailey – No. 9 Hero

AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Buffalo Gal (Won't You Come Out Tonight)" – Nominated[73]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"What is it you want, Mary? What do you want? You want the moon? Just say the word, and I'll throw a lasso around it and pull it down." – Nominated[74]
"To my big brother George, the richest man in town!" – Nominated[74]
"Look, Daddy. Teacher says, 'Every time a bell rings an angel gets his wings.'" – Nominated[74]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – No. 1
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No. 20
AFI's 10 Top 10 – No. 3 Fantasy Film

text: Release[edit]

text: Ownership and copyright issues[edit]

text: Ancillary rights[edit]

text: Liberty Films was purchased by Paramount Pictures, and remained a subsidiary until 1951. In 1955, M. & A. Alexander purchased the movie. This included key rights to the original television syndication, the original nitrate film elements, the music score, and the film rights to the story on which the film is based, "The Greatest Gift".[N 7] National Telefilm Associates (NTA) took over the rights to the film soon thereafter.

text: A clerical error at NTA prevented the copyright from being renewed properly in 1974.[77][78] Despite the lapsed copyright, television stations that aired it still had to pay royalties because—though the film's images had entered the public domain—the film's story was still protected as a derivative work of the published story The Greatest Gift, whose copyright Philip Van Doren Stern had properly renewed in 1971.[79][80][N 8] The film became a perennial holiday favorite in the 1980s, possibly due to its repeated showings each holiday season on hundreds of local television stations. It was mentioned during the deliberations on the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998.[79][81]

text: In 1993, Republic Pictures, which was the successor to NTA, relied on the 1990 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Stewart v. Abend (which involved another Stewart film, Rear Window) to enforce its claim to the copyright. While the film's copyright had not been renewed, Republic still owned the film rights to "The Greatest Gift"; thus the plaintiffs were able to argue its status as a derivative work of a work still under copyright.[79][82] NBC, since 1996, is licensed to show the film on U.S. network television, and traditionally shows it twice during the holidays, with one showing on Christmas Eve. Paramount (via parent company Viacom's 1998 acquisition of Republic's then-parent, Spelling Entertainment) once again has distribution rights for the first time since 1955.[79][83]

text: Due to all the above actions, this is one of the few RKO films not controlled by Turner Entertainment/Warner Bros. in the USA. It is also one of two Capra films Paramount owns despite not having originally released it—the other is Broadway Bill (originally from Columbia, remade by Paramount as Riding High in 1950).[79]

text: Colorization[edit]

text: Director Capra met with Wilson Markle about having Colorization, Inc., colorize It's a Wonderful Life based on an enthusiastic response to the colorization of Topper from actor Cary Grant.[84] The company's art director Brian Holmes prepared 10 minutes of colorized footage from It's a Wonderful Life for Capra to view, which resulted in Capra signing a contract with Colorization, Inc., and his "enthusiastic agree[ment] to pay half the $260,000 cost of colorizing the movie and to share any profits" and giving "preliminary approval to making similar color versions of two of his other black-and-white films, Meet John Doe (1941) and Lady for a Day (1933)".[84] However, the film was believed to be in the public domain at the time, and as a result Markle and Holmes responded by returning Capra's initial investment, eliminating his financial participation, and refusing outright to allow the director to exercise artistic control over the colorization of his films, leading Capra to join in the campaign against the process.[84]

text: Three colorized versions have been produced. The first was released by Hal Roach Studios in 1986. The second was authorized and produced by the film's permanent owner, Republic Pictures, in 1989. Both Capra and Stewart took a critical stand on the colorized editions.[85] The Hal Roach color version was re-released in 1989 to VHS through the cooperation of Video Treasures. A third colorized version was produced by Legend Films and released on DVD in 2007 with the approval of Capra's estate.[citation needed]

text: Home media[edit]

text: VHS[edit]

text: Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, when the film was still under public domain status, It's A Wonderful Life was released on VHS by a variety of home video companies. Among the companies that released the film on home video before Republic Pictures stepped in were Meda Video (which would later become Media Home Entertainment), Kartes Video Communications (under its Video Film Classics label), GoodTimes Home Video and Video Treasures (now Anchor Bay Entertainment). After Republic reclaimed the rights to the film, all unofficial VHS copies of the film in print were destroyed.[82] Artisan Entertainment (under license from Republic) took over home video rights in the mid-1990s. Artisan was later sold to Lions Gate Entertainment, which continued to hold US home video rights until late 2005 when they reverted to Paramount, who also owns video rights throughout Region 4 (Latin America and Australia) and in France. Video rights in the rest of the world are held by different companies; for example, the UK rights are with Universal Studios.

text: Technological first: CD-ROM[edit]

text: In 1993, due in part to the confusion of the ownership and copyright issues, Kinesoft Development, with the support of Republic Pictures, released It's a Wonderful Life as one of the first commercial feature-length films on CD-ROM for the Windows PC (Windows 3.1). Predating commercial DVDs by several years, it included such features as the ability to follow along with the complete shooting script as the film was playing.[86][87][N 9]

text: Given the state of video playback on the PC at the time of its release, It's a Wonderful Life for Windows represented another first, as the longest running video on a computer. Prior to its release, Windows could only play back approx. 32,000 frames of video, or about 35 minutes at 15 frames per second. Working with Microsoft, Kinesoft was able to enhance the video features of Windows to allow for the complete playback of the entire film — all of this on a PC with a 486SX processor and only 8 MB of RAM.[88]

text: Computer Gaming World said in April 1994 that, "The picture quality still has a way to go before it reaches television standards," but was "...a noble effort" that would "please fans of the film."[89]

text: DVD and Blu-ray[edit]

text: The film has seen multiple DVD releases since the availability of the DVD format. In the autumn of 2001, Republic issued the movie twice, once in August, and again with different packaging in September of that same year. On October 31, 2006, Paramount released a newly restored "60th Anniversary Edition". On November 13, 2007, Paramount released a two-disc "special edition" DVD of the film that contained both the original theatrical black-and-white version, and a new, third colorized version, produced by Legend Films using the latest colorization technology. On November 3, 2009, Paramount released a DVD version with a "Collector's Edition" ornament, and a Blu-ray edition.

text: Adaptations in other media[edit]

text: The film was twice adapted for radio in 1947, first on Lux Radio Theater (March 10) and then on The Screen Guild Theater (December 29), then again on the Screen Guild Theater broadcast of March 15, 1951. James Stewart and Donna Reed reprised their roles for all three radio productions. Stewart also starred in the May 8, 1949 radio adaptation presented on the Screen Director's Playhouse.

text: A musical stage adaptation of the film, titled A Wonderful Life, was written by Sheldon Harnick and Joe Raposo. This version was first performed at the University of Michigan in 1986, but a planned professional production was stalled by legal wrangling with the estate of Philip Van Doren Stern. It was eventually performed in Washington, D.C. by Arena Stage in 1991, and had revivals in the 21st century, including a staged concert version in New York City in 2005 and several productions by regional theatres.

text: Another musical stage adaptation of the film, titled It's a Wonderful Life – The Musical, was written by Bruce Greer and Keith Ferguson. This version premiered at the Majestic Theatre, Dallas, Texas in 1998. It was an annual Christmas show at the theatre for five years. It has since been performed at venues all around the United States.[90]

text: The film was also adapted into a play in two acts by James W. Rodgers. It was first performed on December 15, 1993 at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School. The play opens with George Bailey contemplating suicide and then goes back through major moments in his life. Many of the scenes from the movie are only alluded to or mentioned in the play rather than actually dramatized. For example, in the opening scene Clarence just mentions George having saved his brother Harry after the latter had fallen through the ice.[91]

text: It's a Wonderful Life: A Live Radio Play, a stage adaptation presented as a 1940s radio show, was adapted by Joe Landry and has been produced around the United States since 1997. The script is published by Playscripts, Inc.

text: In 1997, PBS aired Merry Christmas, George Bailey, taped from a live performance of the 1947 Lux Radio Theatre script at the Pasadena Playhouse. The presentation, which benefited the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, featured an all-star cast including Bill Pullman as George, Nathan Lane as Clarence, Martin Landau as Mr. Potter, Penelope Ann Miller as Mary, and Sally Field as Mother Bailey.[92]

text: Philip Grecian's 2006 radio play based on the film It's a Wonderful Life is a faithful adaptation, now in its third incarnation, that has been performed numerous times by local theatres in Canada.[93]

text: The Last Temptation of Clarence Odbody is a novel written by John Pierson. The novel imagines the future lives of various characters if George had not survived his jump into the river.[94]

text: Remakes[edit]

text: It Happened One Christmas

text: The film was remade as the 1977 television movie It Happened One Christmas. Lionel Chetwynd based the screenplay on the original Van Doren Stern short story and the 1946 screenplay. This remake employed gender-reversal, with Marlo Thomas as the protagonist Mary Bailey, Wayne Rogers as George Hatch, and Cloris Leachman as the angel Clara Oddbody.[N 10] Leachman received her second Emmy nomination for this role. In a significant departure from his earlier roles, Orson Welles was cast as Mr. Potter.[N 11] Following initial positive reviews, the made-for-television film was rebroadcast twice in 1978 and 1979, but has not been shown since on national re-broadcasts, nor issued in home media.[N 12][95]

text: The Christmas Spirit was a retelling of the movie starring Nicollette Sheridan as . This was a made-for-TV film aired in December 1, 2013 on the Hallmark Channel executive produced by Sheridan under her company, Wyke Lane Productions, and Brad Krevoy Television. The film was directed and written by Jack Angelo. Spirit was set in the present day featuring the Charlotte Hart character, who works to save a "quiet New England town from a ruthless real estate developer." The film was planned to kick off a film series centered around the Hart character.[96] The film had 3.372 million viewers overall.[97]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In 1990, another made-for-television film called Clarence starred Robert Carradine in a new tale of the helpful angel.[98][99]

text: Potential[edit]

text: A purported sequel was in development for a 2015 release, and was to be called It's a Wonderful Life: The Rest of the Story. It was to be written by Bob Farnsworth and Martha Bolton and follow the angel of George Bailey's daughter Zuzu (played once again by Karolyn Grimes), as she teaches Bailey's evil grandson how different the world would have been if he had never been born. Producers were considering directors and hoped to shoot the film with a $25–$35 million budget in Louisiana early in 2014.[100]

text: The film had been announced as being produced by Star Partners and Hummingbird Productions, neither of which are affiliated with Paramount, owners of the original film (Farnsworth claimed that It's a Wonderful Life was in the public domain). Later, a Paramount spokesperson claimed that they were not granting permission to make the film, "To date, these individuals have not obtained any of the necessary rights, and we would take all appropriate steps to protect those rights," the spokesperson said.[101] No further developmental plans have since arisen.

text: Antecedent[edit]

text: In a 1997 review, film historian James Berardinelli commented on the parallels between this film and the classic Charles Dickens tale A Christmas Carol. In both stories, a man revisits his life and potential death (or non-existence) with the help of supernatural agents, culminating in a joyous epiphany and a renewed view of his life.[102]


document_title: List of Cricket World Cup finals

question_text: how many times has australia won the cricket world cup

root

text: List of Cricket World Cup finals

text: History[edit]

text: The inaugural ICC Cricket World Cup final was held on 21 June 1975 at Lord's, contested by Australia and the West Indies. A man of the match performance,[11] including a century from West Indian captain Clive Lloyd coming in to bat at number five with his team 50/3,[12] formed the basis of a 149-run fourth-wicket partnership with Rohan Kanhai.[13] Keith Boyce added a quick 34 and the Australians were set a target of 292 to win in a 60-over encounter. In reply, Alan Turner hit 40 from 54 deliveries and Australian captain Ian Chappell scored 62 from 93 balls. Australia "contributed to their own destruction" in an innings with five run outs, and the West Indies were crowned the first cricket world champions, winning by 17 runs.[14] Four years later, the West Indies qualified for the final, this time facing England, hosted at Lord's for the second consecutive tournament. An unbeaten 138 from Viv Richards, and support from Collis King in a 139-run partnership for the fifth wicket,[15] saw the West Indies set England a target of 287 runs to win in 60 overs.[16] A profitable yet slow opening partnership between Mike Brearley and Geoffrey Boycott (the latter taking 17 overs to reach double figures)[17] saw England to 129. However, following Brearley's dismissal, only Graham Gooch and Derek Randall made a "brief assault" on the West Indian bowling,[17] before a batting collapse, Joel Garner taking five wickets in eleven balls.[18] England ended 194 all out, and presented the West Indies with their second consecutive title, winning by 92 runs.[17]

tag: p

text: Lord's re-hosted the third World Cup final in June 1983, and was West Indies' third consecutive final. On this occasion, they faced India in front of 24,609 spectators.[19] Sunil Gavaskar was dismissed early in the innings for two runs, and only Kris Srikkanth scored more than thirty;[20] Andy Roberts took three wickets for the West Indies leaving India all out for 183.[20] Following the dismissals of Viv Richards, Desmond Haynes and Larry Gomes by Madan Lal for six runs between them, the West Indies collapsed to 140 all out, handing the title to India by 43 runs.[19] India and Pakistan co-hosted the 1987 tournament; the final was held at Eden Gardens in Kolkata between Australia and England, both appearing for the second time and vying for their first title. Australia won the toss and elected to bat first; David Boon scored 75 runs from 125 deliveries, while Mike Veletta made a rapid 45 from 31 deliveries taking Australia to a total of 253/5 by the close of play, this time after 50 overs.[21] In front of around 70,000 spectators, England's middle order of Bill Athey, Mike Gatting and Allan Lamb provided some resistance, but with 17 runs required in the final over to win, England fell short and lost by 7 runs.[22]

text: The 1992 tournament was co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand, with the first ever day/night final being held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Australia between England and Pakistan. In their first final appearance, Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat first. Despite two early wickets from Derek Pringle, Pakistani batsmen Imran Khan and Javed Miandad shared a third-wicket partnership of 139. Both Inzamam-ul-Haq and Wasim Akram added over thirty runs each at more than a run-a-ball, leading Pakistan to a total of 249/6 in 50 overs.[23] A crowd of over 87,000 saw man-of-the-match Wasim Akram take three of England's wickets, including that of all-rounder Ian Botham for a duck, after Graeme Hick was "baffled by the googly".[24] England were bowled out for 227, and Pakistan won by 22 runs.[23] India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka hosted the tournament in 1996. Sri Lanka was making their first appearance in the final, and faced 1987 champions Australia in another day/night contest. After winning the toss, Arjuna Ranatunga sent Australia in to bat at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore. Captain Mark Taylor and Ricky Ponting added 101 in their second-wicket partnership as Australia completed their 50 overs 241/7.[25] Man of the match Aravinda de Silva's century, assisted by partnerships with Asanka Gurusinha and Ranatunga led Sri Lanka to the total with 22 balls and 7 wickets to spare, and their first win in the final. This was the first time a host won the title, though the final was played in Pakistan. It was also the first time that the team batting second emerged victorious.[25]

text: Australia's "12-year era of World Cup dominance" began with the 1999 tournament,[26] hosted for the fourth time by England. In a "one-sided" final,[27] Shane Warne's four wickets helped to restrict Pakistan to 132 runs, all out with 11 overs yet to bat.[28] A rapid fifty from Adam Gilchrist, and support from Mark Waugh, Ponting and Darren Lehmann, saw Australia reach the total in just over 20 overs, winning by eight wickets.[28] The 2003 tournament had three co-hosts: South Africa, Kenya and Zimbabwe, the final being a day/night match contested between Australia and India at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg. Gilchrist and Matthew Hayden opened the batting, making a century partnership before Ponting and Damien Martin went on to score the highest partnership in any World Cup final with an unbeaten 234.[29] Australia batted out their fifty overs, and ended on the highest score in World Cup final history: 359/2.[30] Player of the tournament Sachin Tendulkar was dismissed in the first over of India's reply but Virender Sehwag and Rahul Dravid combined to score 88 in their fourth wicket partnership. However, following Dravid's dismissal, India's batting collapsed, and they finished on 234 all out with nearly eleven overs remaining, handing Australia a 125-run victory.[30]

text: The 2007 final, held at the Kensington Oval in Barbados, was reduced to 38 overs a side following a two-hour rain delay.[31] Australia's Gilchrist hit the fastest century in a World Cup final at a strike rate of over 143 and his opening stand with Hayden became the largest first-wicket partnership in World Cup history.[29] Australia ended on 281/4, an average of 7.39 runs per over.[32] In reply, Sanath Jayasuriya and Kumar Sangakkara accumulated 116 runs for the second wicket, but with Chamara Silva the only other batsman to score over 20, Sri Lanka capitulated. Despite a revised target, due to a further rain break, calculated using the Duckworth–Lewis method, Sri Lanka scored 215–8 from their allotted overs. With a 53-run victory, Australia won their third consecutive World Cup.[32] Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka co-hosted the 2011 tournament,[33] with the latter pair meeting in the final in the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai. Scoring 91 runs in their final 10 overs,[34] Sri Lanka's innings ended on 274/6, Mahela Jayawardene top-scoring with an unbeaten 103.[35] Sehwag was out leg before wicket to Lasith Malinga in the second ball of the Indian innings, Tendulkar soon followed him, but 97 from Gautam Gambhir and an unbeaten 91 from MS Dhoni saw India home with 10 balls to spare. By winning the match, India became the first team to win the finals on home soil.[35]

text: List of finals[edit]

text:
Key to list of finals

The final was played as a day/night game.

The final was decided by the Duckworth–Lewis method.

tag: table

text:
The "Year" column refers to the year the World Cup was held, and links to the article about that tournament.
The links in the "Result" column point to the article about that tournament's final game.
Links in the "Winners" and "Runners-up" columns point to the articles for the national cricket teams of the countries, not the articles for the countries.

tag: ul

text:
List of finals, along with the host nation and location and result of the final

Year
Winner
Result
Runner-up
Final venue
Host nation(s)[2]
Crowd

1975
 West Indies
291/8 (60 overs)
West Indies won by 17 runs[11]
 Australia
274 all out (58.4 overs)
Lord's, London
England
24,000

1979
 West Indies
286/9 (60 overs)
West Indies won by 92 runs[16]
 England
194 all out (51 overs)
Lord's, London
England
32,000

1983
 India
183 all out (54.4 overs)
India won by 43 runs[20]
 West Indies
140 all out (52 overs)
Lord's, London
England
30,000

1987
 Australia
253/5 (50 overs)
Australia won by 7 runs[21]
 England
246/8 (50 overs)
Eden Gardens, Kolkata, India
India, Pakistan
95,000

1992
 Pakistan
249/6 (50 overs)
Pakistan won by 22 runs[23]
 England
227 all out (49.2 overs)
MCG, Melbourne, Australia
Australia, New Zealand
87,182

1996
 Sri Lanka
245/3 (46.2 overs)
Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets[25]
 Australia
241/7 (50 overs)
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore, Pakistan
India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
62,645

1999
 Australia
133/2 (20.1 overs)
Australia won by 8 wickets[28]
 Pakistan
132 all out (39 overs)
Lord's, London
England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Netherlands
30,000

2003
 Australia
359/2 (50 overs)
Australia won by 125 runs[30]
 India
234 all out (39.2 overs)
Wanderers, Johannesburg, South Africa
Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe
32,827

2007
 Australia
281/4 (38 overs)
Australia won by 53 runs [32]
 Sri Lanka
215/8 (36 overs)
Kensington Oval, Bridgetown
West Indies
28,108

2011
 India
277/4 (48.2 overs)
India won by 6 wickets[35]
 Sri Lanka
274/6 (50 overs)
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India
Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka
65,000

2015
 Australia
186/3 (33.1 overs)
Australia won by 7 wickets
 New Zealand
183 all out (45 overs)
MCG, Melbourne, Australia
Australia, New Zealand
93,013

text: Results by country[edit]

text:
National team
Final appearances
Winners
Runners-up
Years won
Years runners-up

 Australia
7
5
2
1987, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2015
1975, 1996

 India
3
2
1
1983, 2011
2003

 West Indies
3
2
1
1975, 1979
1983

 Sri Lanka
3
1
2
1996
2007, 2011

 Pakistan
2
1
1
1992
1999

 England
3
0
3
–
1979, 1987, 1992

 New Zealand
1
0
1
–
2015


document_title: Peripheral nervous system

question_text: what two parts make up the peripheral nervous system

text: Peripheral nervous system

text: Structure[edit]

text: The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system is under voluntary control, and transmits signals from the brain to end organs such as muscles. The sensory nervous system is part of the somatic nervous system and transmits signals from senses such as taste and touch (including fine touch and gross touch) to the spinal cord and brain. The autonomic nervous system is a 'self-regulating' system which influences the function of organs outside voluntary control, such as the  heart rate, or the functions of the digestive system.

text: Somatic nervous system[edit]

text: The somatic system includes the sensory nervous system and the somatosensory system and consists of sensory nerves and somatic nerves, and many nerves which hold both functions.

text: In the head and neck, cranial nerves carry somatosensory data. There are twelve cranial nerves, ten of which originate from the brainstem, and mainly control the functions of the anatomic structures of the head with some exceptions. The nuclei of the olfactory nerve and the optic nerves lie in the forebrain and thalamus, respectively, and are thus not considered to be true cranial nerves. One unique cranial nerve is the vagus nerve, which receives sensory information from organs in the thorax and abdomen. The accessory nerve is responsible for innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, neither of which being exclusively in the head.

text: For the rest of the body, spinal nerves are responsible for somatosensory information. These arise from the spinal cord. Usually these arise as a web ("plexus") of interconnected nerves roots that arrange to form single nerves. These nerves control the functions of the rest of the body. In humans, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. These nerve roots are named according to the spinal vertebrata which they are adjacent to. In the cervical region, the spinal nerve roots come out above the corresponding vertebrae (i.e., nerve root between the skull and 1st cervical vertebrae is called spinal nerve C1). From the thoracic region to the coccygeal region, the spinal nerve roots come out below the corresponding vertebrae. It is important to note that this method creates a problem when naming the spinal nerve root between C7 and T1 (so it is called spinal nerve root C8). In the lumbar and sacral region, the spinal nerve roots travel within the dural sac and they travel below the level of L2 as the cauda equina.

text: Cervical spinal nerves (C1–C4)[edit]

text: The first 4 cervical spinal nerves, C1 through C4, split and recombine to produce a variety of nerves that serve the neck and back of head.

text:
Spinal nerve C1 is called the suboccipital nerve, which provides motor innervation to muscles at the base of the skull.
C2 and C3 form many of the nerves of the neck, providing both sensory and motor control. These include the greater occipital nerve, which provides sensation to the back of the head, the lesser occipital nerve, which provides sensation to the area behind the ears, the greater auricular nerve and the lesser auricular nerve.

text: The phrenic nerve is a nerve essential for our survival which arises from nerve roots C3, C4 and C5. It supplies the thoracic diaphragm, enabling breathing. If the spinal cord is transected above C3, then spontaneous breathing is not possible.

text: Brachial plexus (C5–T1)[edit]

text: The last four cervical spinal nerves, C5 through C8, and the first thoracic spinal nerve, T1, combine to form the brachial plexus, or plexus brachialis, a tangled array of nerves, splitting, combining and recombining, to form the nerves that subserve the upper-limb and upper back. Although the brachial plexus may appear tangled, it is highly organized and predictable, with little variation between people. See brachial plexus injuries.

text: Lumbosacral plexus (L1–Co1)[edit]

text: The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves, sacral nerves, and coccygeal nerve form the lumbosacral plexus, the first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth thoracic. For descriptive purposes this plexus is usually divided into three parts:

text:
lumbar plexus
sacral plexus
pudendal plexus

text: Autonomic nervous system[edit]

text: The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary responses to regulate physiological functions.[5] The brain and spinal cord from the central nervous system are connected with organs that have smooth muscle, such as the heart, bladder, and other cardiac, exocrine, and endocrine related organs, by ganglionic neurons.[5] The most notable physiological effects from autonomic activity are pupil constriction and dilation, and salivation of saliva.[5] The autonomic nervous system is always activated, but is either in the sympathetic or parasympathetic state.[5] Depending on the situation, one state can overshadow the other, resulting in a release of different kinds of neurotransmitters.[5] There is a lesser known division of the autonomic nervous system known as the enteric nervous system.[6] Located only around the digestive tract, this system allows for local control without input from the sympathetic or the parasympathetic branches, though it can still receive and respond to signals from the rest of the body.[6] The enteric system is responsible for various functions related to gastrointestinal system.[6]

text: Sympathetic nervous system[edit]

text: The sympathetic system is activated during a “fight or flight” situation in which great mental stress or physical danger is encountered.[5] Neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, and epinephrine are released,[5] which increases heart rate and blood flow in certain areas like muscle, while simultaneously decreasing activities of non-critical functions for survival, like digestion.[6] The systems are independent to each other, which allows activation of certain parts of the body, while others remain rested.[6]

text: Parasympathetic nervous system[edit]

text: Primarily using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) as a mediator, the parasympathetic system allows the body to function in a “rest and digest” state.[6] Consequently, when the parasympathetic system dominates the body, there are increases in salivation and activities in digestion, while heart rate and other sympathetic response decrease.[6] Unlike the sympathetic system, humans have some voluntary controls in the parasympathetic system. The most prominent examples of this control are urination and defecation.[6]

text: Disease[edit]

text: Diseases of the peripheral nervous system can be specific to one or more nerves, or affect the system as a whole.

text: Any peripheral nerve or nerve root can be damaged, called a mononeuropathy. Such injuries can be because of injury or trauma, or compression. Compression of nerves can occur because of a tumour mass or injury. Alternatively, if a nerve is in an area with a fixed size it may be trapped if the other components increase in size, such as carpal tunnel syndrome and tarsal tunnel syndrome. Common symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include pain and numbness in the thumb, index and middle finger. In peripheral neuropathy, the function one or more nerves are damaged through a variety of means. Toxic damage may occur because of diabetes (diabetic neuropathy), alcohol, heavy metals or other toxins; some infections; autoimmune and inflammatory conditions such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis.[5] Peripheral neuropathy is associated with a sensory loss in a "glove and stocking" distribution that begins at the peripheral and slowly progresses upwards, and may also be associated with acute and chronic pain. Peripheral neuropathy is not just limited to the somatosensory nerves, but the autonomic nervous system too (autonomic neuropathy).[5]


document_title: The Haves and the Have Nots (TV series)

question_text: who plays landon on the haves and have nots

text: The Haves and the Have Nots (TV series)

text: Series overview[edit]

text: The series follows three families and their lifestyles as they intersect with one another in Savannah, Georgia: the rich, powerful, and locally very public Cryer and Harrington families (dubbed "The Haves")[3] and the poor and destitute Young family (dubbed "The Have Nots"). The Young family is headed by Hanna, a single mother who works as the Cryer family's maid and also serves as the best friend and confidante of the lady of the house, Katheryn.[4] Included as part of The Have Nots is another maid of the Cryer family's, Celine Gonzales. While the Young family versus the Cryer and Harrington families lead polar opposite lifestyles in terms of social class, economics, social status, and surroundings, they are each similar in that they lead exceedingly dysfunctional lifestyles.[5]

text: Each of the three families experience similarly overwhelming hardships and plights. Often, the plights, predicaments, and hardships that the three families encounter are of a juicy, scandalous, and controversial nature. Among the serious issues that have been tackled on the program to date have included: infidelity, cancer, substance abuse, homosexuality, suicide, prostitution, poverty, rape, law/crime, abortion, religion/Christianity, politics, and mental health. All of the main characters in the program have proven to be devious, immoral, vile, or at least nasty in their behaviors at one point or another, if not regularly.[citation needed]

text: The show's cast is multiracial: one of the upper class families are Caucasian American and the other is African American; the poor family is also African American; in addition to this, there is a poor maid who's Hispanic. To that end, when Angela Robinson (the actress who plays Veronica Harrington) was interviewed about her new role on the series in late June 2013, she stated, "This is one of the only shows on television with a diverse cast that looks like America: Black, White, Latino, straight, gay, rich, and poor."[6] The characters are filled with experiences, typically of a serious and shocking nature, that they attempt to keep secret from one another; however, their secrets tend to dramatically come to light when all is said and done.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6

Tika Sumpter
Candace Young
Main

Crystal Fox
Hanna Young
Main

Renee Lawless
Katheryn Cryer
Main

Tyler Lepley
Benjamin "Benny" Young
Main

Jaclyn Betham
Amanda Cryer
Main
Does not appear

Aaron O'Connell
Wyatt Cryer
Main

Peter Parros
David Harrington
Main

Angela Robinson
Veronica Harrington
Main

Gavin Houston
Jeffrey Harrington
Main

Eva Tamargo
Celine Gonzales
Main

John Schneider
James "Jim" Cryer
Main

Allison McAtee
Margaret "Maggie" Day
Does not appear
Recurring
Main
Does not appear
Does not appear

Shari Headley
Jennifer Sallison
Does not appear
Recurring
Main
Does not appear
Does not appear

Jon Chaffin
Warlock "War" Lewis
Does not appear
Guest
Recurring
Main
Recurring
Does not appear

Brett Davis
Mitchell "Mitch" Malone
Does not appear
Recurring
Main

Presilah Nunez
Erica
Does not appear
Guest
Main

Danielle Deadwyler
La'Quita "Quita" Maxwell
Does not appear
Guest
Main
Recurring
Guest

Nicholas James
Justin Lewis
Does not appear
Main

Nick Sagar
Charles Frederickson

Main

Antoinette Robertson
Melissa
Does not appear
Recurring
Main

text: The Haves[edit]

text: The Cryer family

text: James "Jim" Cryer (John Schneider):[7] The take-charge but destructively thoughtless patriarch of the Cryer family, and a Savannah criminal courts judge who has his eyes set on becoming Governor of Georgia. A major reason for Jim's rising to where he's at professionally and socioeconomically is because of Katheryn's family. Although a kind-hearted and sensitive man at heart, Jim's urges, vices, greed, and self-preservation often get the better of him and cause him to act rashly, disloyally, destructively inconsiderate, and even abusively as far as his rank and power. Given his position as a wealthy judge in high society, Jim has certain dirty measures at his disposal from which to gain the upper hand on anyone that crosses him. Jim often uses the catchphrase "I'll handle it" as a signal of his taking to such measures. His wife, Katheryn, is all too well aware of his power to gain the upper hand and fight dirty, sometimes even instructing Jim to resort to his foul play tactics by telling him to "handle it."

text: Katheryn Cryer (née Hargrave) (Renee Lawless):[8] Katheryn is Jim's deeply warm, sensitive, caring but highly passive-aggressive wife. Katheryn often displays her anger, hatred, bitterness, and stress in a suppressed but still very detectable fashion. She is filled with melancholy, rancor, and sullen indignation primarily as result of the various trials and tribulations brought upon her as it relates to her family, particularly her husband. Due to Katheryn's overwhelming stress, un-forthcoming nature, and tendency to hold her feelings in, she has been known to express herself in ways that are unhealthy, passive-aggressive, at times even volatile and explosive. Her reputation in the community has been a major reason for her restraint and unhealthy expressions of pent-up rage. A prime example of this is in Katheryn's attempts to keep her bout with breast cancer away from everyone. As a result, she was constantly snapping on her maid, Hanna, but once she finally opened up to Hanna about what was going on, the two developed a close bond.

text: Wyatt Cryer (Aaron O'Connell):[8] Wyatt is the son of Jim and Katheryn. In the first episode, it's learned that Wyatt is so incorrigible in his vices that he's on his third stint in rehab for drug abuse and alcoholism.[5] Wyatt's current rehabilitation program is run by the Harrington family and is on an outpatient basis on the condition that he is monitored 24/7 by Jeffery Harrington.[5]

text: Amanda Cryer (Jaclyn Betham):[8] (Seasons 1–2) Amanda was Jim and Katheryn's naïve college-aged daughter who was friends with her father's mistress, Candace.[5] Until the Season 2 finale, Amanda is unaware that Candace was her father's mistress. Amanda has had issues with self-harm and suicide in the past, having engaged in cutting herself. It has been hinted in the series that the reasons for Amanda's battles with self-harm may stem from some traumatic sex abuse incident from her distant past, involving Wyatt and a priest. Compounded with this, she was raped by Professor Cannon, one of her law school teachers in Season 1's "The Criminal."

text: The Harrington family

text: Veronica Harrington (Angela Robinson):[8] Although refined, composed, and classy on the surface, Veronica (wife of David and mother of Jeffrey) is actually an extremely no-holds-barred, vicious, malicious, cold, calculating, coercive, manipulative, overbearing, antagonistic, and catty snob underneath it all. She's used to delivering zingers in her trademarked cool, calm, collected yet trenchant, stinging, and outwitting fashion. Very obdurate, she has proven to be set in her anti-gay and diabolic ways. Resulting from the character's very one-of-a-kind brand of villainy and vile levels she's proven more than willing to stoop to, Veronica has been advertised by OWN and various media outlets as "The Ice Queen."[9]

text: David Harrington (Peter Parros):[8] David is the level-headed, grim, and gravelly-voiced husband of Veronica and father of Jeffrey who often acts as a voice of reason. He is a judge and is also Jim's business partner and friend. He spends most of his time trying to clean up Jim's messes and cover up for his (Jim's) extramarital affairs as his career path is currently aligned with Jim's. As a result of trying to clean up Jim's messes at every other turn, David has gotten himself into serious plights and predicaments of his own. In an effort to frame Candace to avenge Jim, David unintentionally framed Candace's brother and Hanna's son Benny; consequently, Benny was arrested and incarcerated for drug possession, which resulted in a large, complex mess that David at the center of.

text: Jeffery Harrington (Gavin Houston):[8] Jeffery is David and Veronica's son. He is Wyatt's 24/7 substance abuse counselor in the Harrington family's drug rehab program.[5] Much to Wyatt's displeasure, Jeffery's counseling is full of preachy remarks and frequent urgings for Wyatt to open up about his feelings.

text: The Have Nots[edit]

text: The Young family & Celine Gonzales

text: Candace "Candy" Young (Tika Sumpter):[8] Candace is Hanna's estranged daughter, Benny's older half-sister, and Jim's latest mistress who's less than half his age.[5] She is portrayed as a roguish, crafty jezebel with a very mischievous, flippant, saucy, presumptuous, and extremely nervy attitude.[5] Often, Candace subjugates others through her many forms of manipulation; extortion; low blows; and dirt she's able to obtain on people.[5] Unprincipled and unscrupulous, Candace has pulled many cons; has acted as a prostitute and a mistress; has engaged in elaborate forms of blackmail; etc.

text: Hanna Young (Crystal Fox):[8] Hanna is Benny and Candace's mother, and the Cryer's maid.[5] She raised her two children as a single mother. Hanna is very soulful, religious, nurturing, grandmotherly, persevering, and compassionate, though has a harshly overreactive, draconian, rancorous, virulent, vituperative, and even violent side about her as well.[5] Haggard and long-suffering, she often displays the effects of overwhelming stress, overwork, and worry in her behavior. Still, she is very much a trouper who is uncomplaining, assiduous, and always hard-working. Compounded with this, Hanna is also trustworthy and reliable and can be confided in about anything; this has won her the respect of her superiors and even a close bond with her boss Katheryn.

text: Benjamin "Benny" Young (Tyler Lepley):[8] Benny is Hanna's son and Candace's half-brother. He operates a tow truck company. In comparison to his conniving sister, he is less prone to cause trouble for his mother. Benny is personable, dutiful, and hard-working. He's very tough and overprotective and takes his role as man of the house very seriously, sometimes recklessly and foolhardily so. He has unconditional love and care for his mother and sister and is willing to put his own life on the line to avenge or defend them.

text: Celine Gonzales (Eva Tamargo):[8] (Seasons 1–3) Celine is a former maid in the Cryer home and ex-friend of Hanna.[5] She was originally depicted as a casual, relaxed woman, often fostering a friendly, informal atmosphere. She was also depicted as savvy and well-informed, and gossipy, given to divulging useful inside information about life at the Cryer's to Hanna. However, as time passed on and Hanna appeared to become closer to Katheryn and gain favor within the Cryer household, Celine's demeanor changed: she began to take on more jealous, bullying and antagonistic behaviors, largely towards Hanna and later towards Katheryn as well.

text: Other main characters[edit]

text: These main characters do not appear in the opening sequence like the shows title characters ("The Haves": The Cryers and The Harringtons and "The Have Nots": The Youngs and Celine), but also receive star billing.

text:
D.A. Jennifer Sallison (Shari Headley): (Season 4; recurring seasons 2–3): The district attorney who has been gunning for the Cryers and the Harringtons for some time. After a striking a deal with Wyatt for immunity for both him and Jeffery at the end of Season 3, she finally manages to arrest the Cryer and Harrington families for tampering with evidence and obstruction of justice. She also succeeds in getting Wyatt's inheritance for him, which is sure to anger his parents. In the Season 4 finale, Katheryn pulls out a gun and fatally shoots Jennifer multiple times, thus killing her. It turns out that Jennifer's body was being disposed of by the Malone family, while being wrapped in plastic wrap with a note that says her name and "Cryer Victim". Her body was left at a television system by the Malone's as a way for their head boss and grandmother, Mama Rose, to pressure Jim even harder into tracking down War.
Margaret "Maggie" Day (Allison McAtee): (Season 4; recurring Seasons 2–3) A campaign manager hired by Jim's staff, who has feelings for David. She and her assistant, Landon (whom is attracted to David's son Jeffrey), manage to get David released and he learns of Veronica's infidelity. In the mid-season 4 premiere, she was shot multiple times in the stomach by a gunman, being mistaken as Veronica, whom Jim intended to be killed. David witnesses her and the gunman's bodies covered in sheets at the crime scene of the shooting and mistakes her as Veronica. It was later revealed that Veronica set Maggie up to die herself.
LaQuita "Quita" Maxwell (Danielle Deadwyler): (Season 4; Guest in Season 3; recurring season 5) Quincy's sister who had been watching over Quincy's son before Benny rescued him. She acts as an antagonist throughout the series' run towards several characters, particularly Candace due to the mysterious absence of her brother Quincy.
Justin Lewis (Nicholas James): (Season 4–present) A suspicious officer, who comes to Candace's house, minutes after Quincy had been stabbed, to check out a noise complaint from his mother, Candace's neighbor. At one point, he tries to rape Jeffrey. At another point, he threatens to kill Jeffrey after harassing him. He later becomes more nicer and enters a sexual relationship with Jeffery.
Melissa (Antoinette Robertson): (Season 6-present; recurring, Seasons 2–5) Melissa is a young lady who Veronica set up for Jeffery to date. In season three, she was impregnated by Jeffery after getting him to have sex with her while watching "Gay Porn". In season four, Veronica set up for Jeffery and Melissa to move In together and get married, but Jeffery refused to go along with the plan. In the Season Five Mid-Finale, she attempts suicide in their bed when she learns that her father died from her mother.
Warrick "Warlock/War" Lewis (Jon Chaffin): (Season 4; Guest in Season 2; recurring seasons 3, 5) A friend of Candace, who helps extort money from Jim, but learns that Candace lied about the amount. He becomes the main villain of the show, after Quincy and starts to threaten and verbally and physically abuse Candace, going so far as to threaten to kill Benny and sexually assault Candace against a fence at Benny's tow yard, which Mitch witnesses. Mitch has him thrown in jail, by putting drugs in his car which don't belong to him and he at first thinks it is Candace who set him up. He is unfortunately let of out jail by Jim and on the look out to kill Candace, once again. In the Season 5 mid-finale, it is revealed that he is working with Erica. In the mid-season premiere, Warlock was seen shooting Quincy Jr. in his search for Candace. After Candace learns that War had shot her son, War is found dead by the Malones at their restaurant after Candace had him delivered there.
Mitchell "Mitch" Malone (Brett Davis): (Season 4–present; recurring season 3) A friend of Benny's, who is recruited to work at Benny's new tow truck business. Mitch is later revealed to be related to the Malone crime family, but chooses to live a straight and narrow life. After suspecting War as bad news and witnessing War sexually assault Candace at the tow yard, he protects her and Benny, by throwing War in jail, putting drugs in his car to make it look as if they were his.
Erica (Presilah Nunez): (Season 4–present; guest in season 3) A woman who sold Benny her boyfriend's car after a bad break-up. It turns out that she and Candace are working together. She becomes a love interest to David (originally as a set-up), igniting a feud between her and his wife Veronica. In the Season Five Mid-Finale, it is revealed that she is working with Warlock and hopes for Candace's downfall.
Charles Frederickson (Nick Sager): (Season 5–present) The president-elect and the love interest to Candace, whom she uses to help her get her money back.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text:
Tony Watson (Patrick Faucette): (Seasons 1–2; Guest in season 3) Tony is Benny's estranged father whom he doesn't find out is his father until it is accidentally revealed by his mom. Benny only knew his as "Mr. Watson", before finding out, because he goes to church with him and Hanna. Hanna had a one-night-stand with Tony, which resulted in her pregnancy with Benny. In the second season, Tony tries to get Benny taken off life support, so that he could have his kidneys, not showing any sincere feelings of remorse and compassion for his son's well-being. In the third season, when Hanna reveals to Benny that Tony tried to take him off life support, Benny had Tony to come over and explain why. Tony, feeling guilty, says he didn't want his son to have to worry about not being able to walk and suffering through pain.
Laura (Susie Abromeit): (Season 1) Laura is Wyatt's longtime girlfriend, who he had not seen since rehab. When she and Wyatt reunites, Jeffery becomes jealous and tries to keep her away, and lies to Wyatt, telling him she's dating someone else, whom she hasn't seen since highschool. Once Jeffery is revealed to Wyatt by Laura, Laura calls out Jeffery for his behavior calling him a mean, cruel person.
Quincy Maxwell (Medina Islam): (Seasons 2–3; Guest in Season 4) Quincy is one of the main antagonists of the Young family. He had once had a relationship with Candace, with whom he produced a child, Quincy Daylon "Q" Young. Hanna doesn't like Quincy because he kept her grandson away from her, and Benny doesn't like Quincy for all the trouble he has caused. Quincy was also known for harassing the Harrington family, after Veronica let him out of prison to wreak havoc on Candace. On Veronica's orders, Quincy beats up her son, Jeffery, because he would not tell him where Candace was. In the third mid-season finale, Benny discovers that Quincy had slapped his mother, tracks him down at a strip club, rams his car into Quincy's, and then proceeds to thrash Quincy for his crimes towards his family. Eventually, Benny again does physical damage to Quincy and finally succeeds in getting his nephew away from his degenerate father and brings him to Hanna. Quincy reappears at his sister's apartment clearly injured and is told that not having Quincy is going to effect her welfare benefits. While there the police show up after she is suspected of child abuse and instead leaves the card of the social worker and doesn't properly check to see if there are other children being abused in her custody. Quincy later appears at the hospital after tracking down the social worker and assaults her while young Q looks on terrified. Then he leaves and security is increased for the next time he shows up, he also, runs a car through Hanna's home burning down the place she has worked all her life to be able to afford. He eventually finds Candace's home and attacks her until he is stabbed to death by both her and Jeffrey after he arrives with the latter delivering the final blow. In the second episode of season 4, he awakes briefly, pleading to Candace for help, who refuses and lets him completely die.
Professor Cannon (Robert Pralgo): (Seasons 1–2; Guest in Season 3) Cannon is Candace and Amanda's law professor. In Season 1's "The Criminal," Cannon agrees to give Amanda a makeup exam after seeing her sexy makeover. Later, he comes by her and Candace's apartment and makes unwelcome advances towards Amanda, even threatening to fail her if she doesn't sleep with him. He then proceeds to rape Amanda. Amanda later takes to stalking Cannon, breaking into his house twice and threatening him with a gun. In their final encounter, Amanda stabs Cannon in his shoulder in broad daylight. In Season 3, Jim and Katheryn finally find out that Cannon raped their daughter and confront the professor. Jim brutally assaults his late daughter's rapist until Katheryn tells him to stop. Later on, Jim orders for Cannon to be killed along with Officer Terrell and Veronica.
Landon (Kristian Kordula): (Season 2–present) Landon is a guy who works at the campaign office and has feelings for Jeffery, who also has feelings for him, but still feels something for Wyatt. He and Jeffery met at a gay bar, in the second season. In season three, Landon sleeps with Jeffery, after Jeffery decides he's free to be whoever he wants to be. In season four, after finding out his Friend/Boss Maggie was murdered at Veronica's house, In the twelfth episode, he lashes out at Jeffery and decides to leave town. He returns later in season five working for Charles.
Byron (Leith Burke): (Season 2; Guest in Season 3) Byron is a homicide detective. He meets Hanna in the second season and becomes one of her close friends. When Hanna finds out that he was working with Jim to protect Wyatt, she become furious with him, and when he shows up at the party, in the third-season premiere she orders him to leave.
Darlene (Dasha Chadwick): (Season 2) is an old friend and classmate of Benny's. She works at the county hospital where Benny was placed to by Katheryn.
Michael (Jerome Brooks): (Seasons 2–3; Guest in Season 4) Michael is the grandfather of Lizzie, The girl killed by Wyatt Cryer. He becomes a close friend to Hanna and they both comfort each other dealing with each other their situation. In The third season, he starts having feelings for Hanna and seduces her into having sex with him, in the third episode of the third season, until being interrupted and caught by Benny who is shown to be horrified and disgusted.
Carlos (Gerald Celasco): (Seasons 2–3) Carlos ls Jim Cryer's estranged son whom he shares with Celine. Carlos reveals to Jim that he is his son in the season 2 finale. He tries to convince his mother that Jim doesn't Love or care about her, Jim or his little brother, but she disagrees and claims that he only loves her and not his wife, Katheryn.
Brandon Wallace / "Oscar" (Philip Boyd): (Season 3–present) Oscar is a strange guy who Candace notices spoting her at the sarandon hotel. He shows interest in Candace and wants to get to know her, but she continues to reject him, until he reveals his life story to her, telling her about his wife's death and how after her death, he would sleep with any woman, to keep from mourning. After this, him and Candace have sex and both start to fall in love with each other. When Candace realizes she has no money in her Bank account, she confronts him about it and he shows his true colors and admits that he took the money and only used her for sex, which breaks her heart. As she attempts to right him, Quincy comes in and fights him off of her, and he then runs away.
Pearl (Maree Cheatham): (Season 4–present): Pearl is Justin's mother and Candace's nosy neighbor who lives in front of her and watched everything that goes on. She also revealed that she saw Quincy go into Candace's house and never come out.
Alliyah Delong (Yaani King): (Seasons 3–4) Alliyah Delong is a social worker for Child welfare. She helps Hanna get custody of Quincy Jr. much to Candace's dismay. When Candace suspects Alliyah of working for Oscar, she calls her friend Erica over so that they can both confront her. When Alliyah claims she doesn't know anything about Oscar or about him giving her money, Candace and Erica begin to beat her up, until she tells the truth. She then admits that Oscar gave her 25 Thousand Dollars. Candace orders Alliyah to give her the money back and give her custody of her son Quincy Jr.
Daylon (Quincy Brown): (Season 4) A friend of Quita who helps her try to track down Quincy. He and Quita get arrested after getting caught breaking into Candace's house.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2016)

text: Angela Robinson (Veronica Harrington)[edit]

text: As a central and very one-of-a-kind antagonist in the program, the "Veronica Harrington" character has drawn increasing attention in the media, promoted as "the ice queen with ice water running through her veins." An NBC News article characterized the character as an "insecure woman that everyone loves to hate" and "a bougie buppie, diabolical diva who slept her way to the top of Savannah's high society."[9]

text: In August 2015, the Broadway veteran actress playing the role, Angela Robinson, was dubbed by an NBC News article as "Tyler Perry's breakout star" from her role in The Haves and The Have Nots. Described in her on-air role as a " villainess," she was hailed as "slowly becoming a household name and gaining a cult-like following from the hit series." The actress was reported as becoming choked up in an August 2015 conference call when a journalist asked her: "How does it feel being the most hated (black female character) on prime time television this summer?" The actress was reported as having to take a moment to compose herself before answering the question.[9]

text: Ratings and broadcast history[edit]

text: The Haves and the Have Nots premiered on Tuesday, May 28, 2013, at 9/8c on the Oprah Winfrey Network.[3] The Haves and the Have Nots is the first scripted television series to air on OWN.[10] Both the show's first and second episodes aired back to back on its premiere night. Each episode of the series runs for an hour (42 minutes plus commercials).

text: The Haves and the Have Nots set a record for OWN, scoring the highest ratings ever for a series premiere on the network.[11][12] During the show's first season, The Haves and the Have Nots received numerous widely publicized series highs in ratings, including with its July 30 episode, its August 6 episode,[13][14] its August 13 episode,[15] its August 27 episode, and most notably with its season 1 finale on September 3.[16] The season 1 finale of The Haves And the Have Nots was the third most watched telecast in OWN history, bested only by an interview with Whitney Houston's daughter Bobbi Kristina and episodes of Oprah's Next Chapter featuring Lance Armstrong.[17]

text: Within its first season alone, Variety had recognized The Haves and the Have Nots as "OWN's most popular series to date."[18] Also within only its first season, The Haves and the Have Nots had been critically acclaimed as being "one of OWN's biggest success stories with its weekly dose of soapy fun, filled with the typical betrayals, affairs, manipulations and a bitch slap or two."[19] Recognizing the show's increasing popularity, OWN renewed the drama series for a 2nd season midway into the first season. The 2nd season was originally to consist of 16 episodes and bring the series to 32 in total by the completion of season 2;[20] however on August 21, it was announced that the network had ordered 4 additional episodes for the 2nd season, which will bring the series to 36 episodes in total by season 2's completion.[21]

text: Season 2 of The Haves and the Have Nots premiered on Tuesday, January 7, 2014.[22] Continuing on with its ratings records from season 1, the show debuted its 2nd season with series and network high ratings.[23] Throughout season 2, the soap has achieved several more series highs. On February 4, 2014, for example, the drama series came in as the most watched television program in all of cable television with an estimated 3.4 million viewers.[24] Among all of OWN programming since the network's January 2011 debut, only a March 2012 Oprah's Next Chapter interview with Bobbi Kristina has drawn more viewers (3.5 million) than the February 4, 2014 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots.[25] The Haves and the Have Nots episode in question is "Why Didn't You Tell Me?" On Tuesday, March 11, 2014, however, the mid-season 2 finale of The Haves and the Have Nots set a record for all of OWN programming, scoring the highest ratings in the station's history. The record-breaking episode brought in 3.6 million viewers, surpassing the 3.5 million that tuned in for Oprah Winfrey's interview with Bobbi Kristina.[25] Not only was the episode the most watched broadcast in all of OWN history but it came in at number 1 among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for its airing night.[24] Season 3 premiered on January 6, 2015. Production of season 3 began in August 2014[26] following a 25 episode order[27] which will bring the episode count to 61 through 2015.

text: In May 2015, it was reported that the 3rd season of "The Haves and the Have Nots" was primetime's #1 original cable series among African-American women and total viewers, regularly attracting more than three million viewers.[28]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref

2015

Gracie Awards

Outstanding Female Actor — One to Watch
Angela Robinson
Won

[29]