document_title: American Grit

question_text: where was the first season of american grit filmed

text: American Grit

text: Premise[edit]

text: Competitors are divided into four teams of four, each led by a military veteran who is designated as the team's Cadre[9] and compete in a series of Team Challenges. All members of the winning team are safe from elimination and advance to the next round, while a member of each losing team is chosen to participate in an Elimination Challenge. The elimination continues until one contestant quits, fails the challenge, or becomes physically unable to continue, at which point he or she is eliminated from the competition. Eliminated competitors ring a ship's bell on the site before departing, after the tradition of Navy SEAL trainees "ringing out" if they choose to withdraw from the program. In the finale, the remaining competitors take part in an elimination challenge that concludes with a winner being named and receiving a $250,000 cash prize.

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Filmed at the foothills of Mount Rainier in Eatonville, Washington, the first season focuses on "pushing teams to the brink" and features sixteen contestants with a variety of fitness backgrounds. Competitors who lose during Team Challenges, called "Evolutions", are selected by their own Cadre to participate in the Elimination Challenge. As long as a team has at least two members, a contestant cannot be sent to two consecutive Elimination Challenges. The Elimination Challenge begins with an obstacle course, called "The Circus", followed by an endurance test. The obstacle course remains constant, but the endurance test differs in each episode. The endurance test begins once all three participants have completed the obstacle course, with the first- and second-place finishers receiving an advantage over the third-place finisher, and concludes with the elimination of one competitor. As a team-based competition, all surviving members of the last remaining team are eligible to win. The season was won by Clare Painter and Mark Bouquin of Team Noah.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Taking place in Hampton Island, Georgia in a location referred to as "Camp Grit", the second season focuses on "helping competitors find their grit" and features contestants with various issues "who either have lost their grit or never had it". Seventeen competitors appear at the start of the competition, one of whom is eliminated before the teams are formed. The Cadre of the winning team chooses the members of the losing teams who will be sent to the Elimination Challenge and consecutive appearances are allowed. Only an endurance test is featured in the Elimination Challenge and no advantages are provided to its participants. Depending on the Elimination Challenge, it concludes with one or two contestants being eliminated. The competition eventually becomes contestant-based, with all remaining competitors ultimately competing against each other and only one winner being named. Winning the second season was Gigi Gustin of Team Grady.

text: Cadre[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
Rorke Denver, a US Navy SEAL Commander who led assault teams worldwide. He also starred in Act of Valor.[10]
Noah Galloway, a US Army member of the 502nd Infantry and 101st Airborne Division, awarded the Purple Heart when he lost his left arm and left leg in a roadside bomb attack[10]
Tawanda "Tee" Hanible, a US Marine Corps Gunnery Sergeant[10]
Nicholas "Nick" Irving, a US Army sniper with the 3rd Ranger Battalion with thirty-three confirmed kills, nicknamed "The Reaper"[10]

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
John Burk, a US Army Infantry Drill Sergeant who served in Iraq and Afghanistan and also trained younger soldiers for battle, now an entrepreneur[11]
Riki Long, a US Marine who was in charge of the legal administration at the largest Marine Corps personnel center, now a fitness nutrition specialist and weightlifter[12]
Chloe Mondesir, a US Marine Ammunition Technician, now working with a non-profit organization to raise money for Veteran Affairs programs[13]
Grady Powell, a US Army Green Beret with the 10th Special Forces Group with tours in Iraq and Africa, now runs a firearms training facility.[14] He also won NBC's reality television program Stars Earn Stripes alongside former WWE Divas Champion Eve Torres.

text: Contestants[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: The contestants of Season 1 range in age from 22 to 54.[15]

text:
Team Nick
     Team Noah

     Team Rorke
     Team Tee

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Nickname
Occupation
Placement

Clare Painter
47
Omak, WA
The Fisherman
Horse trainer and fisherman
Winners

Mark Bouquin
26
Colden, NY
The Lumberjack
Timbersports athlete

Tony Simmons
41
Chicago, IL
Touchdown Tony
Sports performance coach and former NFL player
3rd place

Jim Vaglica
54
Billerica, MA
The Boston Cop
Police officer
4th place

Tabatha "Goldie" Chandler
39
Chattanooga, TN
The Roller Girl
Registered nurse
5th place

David Neville
31
Fort Wayne, IN
The Olympian
College track and field head coach and former Olympic medalist
6th place

Ashley "Haze" Hazlett
31
Cincinnati, OH
The Marine's Daughter
Event coordinator
7th place

Mario Robinson
25
Queens, NY
The Triathlete
Personal Trainer
8th place

Cameron "Cam" Zagami
22
Salem, NH
The Wrestler
Professional wrestler
9th place

Kimberly Joy "KJoy" Lipson
38
Houston, TX
The Yogi
Yoga instructor
10th place

Ivette Saucedo
35
Los Angeles, CA
The Equestrian
Model
11th place

Lisa Traugott
42
Austin, TX
The Bikini Bodybuilder
Trainer and author
12th place

Maria Kang
35
Elk Grove, CA
The No Excuses Mom
Nonprofit founder and author
13th place

Marc Lobliner
35
Elgin, IL
The Machine
CEO of nutrition company
14th place

Brooke Van Paris
25
Indianapolis, IN
The Obstacle Course Junkie
Sales rep
15th place

Chris Krueger
32
Los Angeles, CA
The Hollywood Trainer
Strength and performance coach
16th place

text: Season 2[edit]

text: The second season contains 17 contestants,[16] ranging in age from 20 to 48.[17][18]

text:
Team Chloe
     Team Grady

     Team Burk
     Team Riki

     Eliminated before teams chosen

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Placement

Gigi Gustin
20
Glassboro, NJ
Sales associate
Winner

Michael Wilson Morgan
38
Brooklyn, NY
Costume designer
Runner-up

Hannah Koen
23
Newburyport, MA
Housewife
3rd place

Herman Brar
26
Billings, MT
Nurse
4th place

Chris Edom
48
Merrick, NY
Kindergarten teacher
5th place

Alison Kempkey
36
Seattle, WA
Fashion consultant
6th place

George Foreman IV1
28
Houston, TX
Publicist
7th place

Carla Mireles
26
Chino, CA
Account executive
8th place

Richard Mallard
32
Berryville, TX
Vlogger
9th place

Janessa Morgan
36
Los Angeles, CA
Telecommunications manager
10th place

Scarlett Angelina
24
New Brunswick, NJ
Public relations coordinator
11th place

Melanie Mahanna
29
Brooklyn, NY
Tutor
12th place

Shermon Braithwaite
22
Brooklyn, NY
Hotel clerk
13th place

Will Westwater
23
West Hollywood, CA
Swimming instructor
14th place

Gill Morton
36
Vernal, UT
Yoga instructor
15th place

Nathalie Martin
45
Youngsville, LA
Cleaning business owner
16th place

Heather Pincelli
36
Lakeland, FL
Private investigator
17th place

text: ^Note 1 George was originally on Team Grady, but later became a member of Team Burk.

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
WINNER
The player or players were the winner(s) of American Grit.

 WIN
The player was on the winning team in an Evolution and automatically advanced to the next stage of the competition.

 EXEMPT
The player was on a losing team, but was exempt from the Circus due to having been chosen for it in the previous episode.

 SAFE
The player was on a losing team in an Evolution, but was not chosen for the Circus.

 CIRCUS
The player was on a losing team in an Evolution, competed in the Circus, and advanced.

 OUT
The player competed in the Circus and was eliminated.

text:
Contestants
Episodes

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Clare
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
WINNER

Mark
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
WINNER

Tony
SAFE
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
CIRCUS
WIN
WIN
OUT

Jim
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
SAFE
CIRCUS
OUT

Goldie
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
OUT

David
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
SAFE
CIRCUS
OUT

Haze
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Mario
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
OUT

Cam
SAFE
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

KJoy
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
OUT

Ivette
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
OUT

Lisa
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
OUT

Maria
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Marc
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Brooke
SAFE
OUT

Chris
OUT

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
WINNER
The player was the winner of American Grit.

 RUNNER-UP
The player finished in second place and was the runner-up of American Grit.

 WIN
The player was on the winning team in a Team Challenge and automatically advanced to the next stage of the competition.

 SAFE
The player was on a losing team in a Team Challenge, but was not chosen for the Elimination Challenge.

 LOW
The player was on a losing team in a Team Challenge, competed in the Elimination Challenge, and advanced.

 OUT
The player competed in the Elimination Challenge and was eliminated.

 CHOSEN
The player was saved by being chosen to be on a team by one of the Cadre.

 OUT
The player was eliminated before teams were chosen, being the sole contestant to not be chosen for a team.

text:
Contestants
Episodes

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Gigi
CHOSEN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
WINNER

Michael
CHOSEN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

Hannah
CHOSEN
WIN
LOW
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
LOW
SAFE
OUT

Herman
CHOSEN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
LOW
LOW
WIN
LOW
WIN
OUT

Chris
CHOSEN
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
LOW
SAFE
OUT

Alison
CHOSEN
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
LOW
WIN
OUT

George
CHOSEN
LOW
WIN
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Carla
CHOSEN
SAFE
SAFE
LOW
LOW
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Richard
CHOSEN
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Janessa
CHOSEN
SAFE
LOW
SAFE
WIN
OUT

Scarlett
CHOSEN
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Melanie
CHOSEN
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Shermon
CHOSEN
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Will
CHOSEN
WIN
SAFE
OUT

Gill
CHOSEN
LOW
OUT

Nathalie
CHOSEN
OUT

Heather
OUT

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)

1
1
"Ruck Up"
April 14, 2016 (2016-04-14)
2.35[19]

Sixteen competitors are split into teams of four. Led by the Cadre, four retired military members, the teams face the Evolution, which challenges their team skills. Team Noah wins the Evolution, an obstacle course where a log must be carried through holes in walls, carried over three miles, and placed in a locked hole. The other three teams pick Chris (Tee), Goldie (Rorke), and Jim (Nick). The three must hold a rope weighted with a sandbag. Chris drops the bag first, and rings out.

ELIMINATED: Chris Krueger

2
2
"Ice Cubed"
April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)
2.17[20]

After Chris' departure, the members of Team Tee find themselves one person down. The Evolution involves collecting a raft after climbing over a wall. They must row across a cold lake. Once on the other side, the teams must get a paddle back across the lake, either by opening a locked box, or by bringing the 100-pound lockbox. Team Noah wins again, followed by Team Tee. Tee sends Brooke to the Circus competition, Nick send KJoy, and Rorke sends Haze. Haze sets the record for the fastest time in the Circus. The endurance test is to do ten burpees, then submerge themselves in ice water. After many cycles of doing this, Brooke passes out and is eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Brooke Van Paris

3
3
"Moving Camp"
April 28, 2016 (2016-04-28)
2.10[21]

The teams are challenged to move a full camp and set it up exactly the way they found it. Tee's group, being two members down, finds an advantage because they only have to set up two tents, while the other teams set up four. After packing the equipment into big suitcases, the teams must swim across the lake, build a wheelbarrow, and take all the wheelbarrow parts to the new campsite. Team Noah wins, followed by Team Tee, in the closest finish so far in the season. Tee sends Tony to the Circus, Rorke sends Marc, and Nick sends Cam. The endurance test is to stand on a wooden post, then switch to a higher and narrower post fifteen minutes later. Marc falls off while transitioning to the third and final post, and is eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Marc Lobliner

4
4
"Charlie Foxtrot"
May 5, 2016 (2016-05-05)
1.77[22]

The teams must find and remember eight pictures to put on a board. Team Noah wins once again, extending the winning streak to four. In the Circus, Ivette must go because Tony went the previous week. Nick sends Maria, and Rorke sends Haze (who was the only person to previously face the Circus). Ivette arrives first after rolling over and passing Haze. The endurance portion is to hold onto a band of a pole, then switching to a lower band after 20 minutes. Maria is eliminated after slipping while adjusting back to the higher post.

ELIMINATED: Maria Kang

5
5
"Double Time"
May 12, 2016 (2016-05-12)
1.78[23]

The teams must show survival skills by setting up a tent, purifying water, and making fire tall enough to ignite two flares. Cena then reveals there are two paths: a longer one with easier steps, and a shorter one with harder, longer steps. Team Nick breaks Team Noah's winning streak, by finishing first. In the Circus, Tony is forced to enter, Rorke chooses Mario, and Noah chooses Lisa. The endurance portion is to run laps between logs in under twenty seconds. The time shortens to 15 seconds after the fifteenth lap, and 10 seconds after the twentieth lap. After lap 25, Lisa is unable to touch the log in under ten seconds. She rings out and leaves.

ELIMINATED: Lisa Traugott

6
6
"Squat Till You Drop"
May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)
1.88[24]

The Evolution involves the teams using supplies to build bridges across various obstacles strewn across a 60-foot long field without their feet touching the ground. If a member's feet touch the ground, they must restart that portion of the obstacle. Team Noah wins the event and regains their confidence. They win a weightlifting workout with Cena as a reward. For the Circus, Team Tee is forced to send Ivette, Team Rorke sends Goldie, and Team Nick sends Jim. The endurance portion involves squatting to fit inside of a three-foot by five-foot frame while balancing a small cylinder on a plank. The first person to drop the cylinder or leave the frame is eliminated. Eventually, Ivette's cylinder falls, and she rings out and leaves.

ELIMINATED: Ivette Saucedo

7
7
"Dawn Patrol"
May 26, 2016 (2016-05-26)
1.73[25]

All the teams receive land navigation compasses, and most teams struggle to learn to use them, but Mark from Team Noah has land nav experience and teaches the rest of the team how to use the device. Early the next morning, the teams are all blindfolded and taken to an unknown location in the woods. From there, they must use the compass and gear they are supplied to locate a checkpoint, solve a navigation problem at the checkpoint to get a map, then carry their gear to the finish. In a close finish, Team Noah wins again and is rewarded with massages. Rorke gives his team gifts of custom ammo shells to help inspire them. At the Circus, Tony is forced to go, while Rorke sends Mario and Nick sends KJoy. The endurance challenge involves carrying sandbags uphill and over a set of steps, and they must move at a constant pace. If a contestant stops or slows down too much, they will be eliminated. After over an hour of this endurance, KJoy cannot go any further and she quits, ringing out and going home.

ELIMINATED: Kimberly Joy "KJoy" Lipson

8
8
"Barricade the Bunker"
June 2, 2016 (2016-06-02)
1.96[26]

At base camp, the teams are told the winners of the next Evolution will win visits from their loved ones. The Evolution involves one team member building a barricade with various materials in thirty minutes around a bunker with flags inside it. After thirty minutes, another team member must attempt to breach an opponent's bunker with a pair of pliers and retrieve their flag. Tony, on his own, barely beats out Mario and wins immunity and a visit from his family. Cam and Haze have a date and Nick is concerned that Haze is playing with Cam's emotions. Tony surprises Haze by sacrificing his reward so that she can visit her father instead. For the Circus, Nick chooses Cam, Rorke chooses Goldie, and Noah chooses Mark. Cena reveals that for this Circus, the military Cadre cannot assist. The endurance challenge involves stilts held together at the top with chains and three sets of increasingly smaller footholds on them. The contestants must climb the stilts and switch to the higher and narrower footholds at Cena's signal. After 45 minutes of this endurance, Cam slips and falls, and he is forced to ring out and go home.

ELIMINATED: Cameron "Cam" Zagami

9
9
"Tired Out"
June 9, 2016 (2016-06-09)
2.11[27]

The Evolution involves obstacles over a five mile course: a tire shuffle, freeing a tire from a puzzle, crawling through a mud pit, and solving another tire puzzle, while each time grabbing a tire and carrying it back to a post at the start/finish line, and teams with multiple members must travel together. Tony wins his second Evolution in a row, guaranteeing him a spot in the finals. The Cadre each bring in a guest military member to give inspirational stories to their teams. Jim is forced to go to the Circus, while Noah sends Mark and Rorke sends Mario, which means by default that Clare and Haze are automatically in the finals, while Mark and Goldie are also automatically in due to being exempt from the Circus this week. The endurance trial involves a ladder that contestants must constantly climb down, under, up, and over within one minute. At the top of the ladder is a button which must be pressed, and the contestants must wait for all other contestants to press the button before the next cycle begins. In a rain-soaked Circus, Mario finishes the course first, but after over 71 rotations, he forgets to hit the button and is eliminated, ringing out and going home. Cena then reveals that the remaining contestants have only 30 minutes to gear up and get ready for the next challenge.

ELIMINATED: Mario Robinson

10
10
"Over the Falls"
June 9, 2016 (2016-06-09)
2.11[27]

The contestants must cross a suspended traverse line hand-over-hand that spans over a 125-foot high waterfall, and for teams with multiple members, the average time of the team will be what counts, with the winning team earning an advantage in the final Circus. Team Noah wins this challenge. Cena explains that the final Circus has been expanded, and he spends some time thanking the remaining contestants before bringing in their family members for a visit. Cena explains that all seven remaining contestants must run the tougher Circus twice, with a fifteen-minute endurance in between the two runs. The endurance involves a rope suspended from a pole with two knots tied into it. After the first run, contestants must hold on via the top knot, and after the second run, they must hold on via the bottom knot. Contestants will be eliminated one after another until one team remains and the remaining members of that team will be the winners. Team Noah's advantage is a one-minute head start in the first run, which they use to gain the advantage in the first endurance. All teams make it through to the second run, and Tony from Team Tee finishes it first, Jim from Team Nick finishes second, Team Noah is third, and Team Rorke finishes fourth. Haze drops out in seventh place, David finishes in sixth, Goldie drops out in fifth and eliminates Team Rorke. Jim drops out next in fourth and eliminates Team Nick. After over 90 minutes of endurance, Tony drops out in third place eliminating Team Tee, and giving the win and the $250,000 prize to both Clare and Mark from Team Noah.

ELIMINATED: Ashley "Haze" Hazlett, David Neville, Tabatha "Goldie" Chandler, Jim Vaglica, Tony Simmons
WINNERS: Clare Painter and Mark Bouquin

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)

11
1
"Find Your Grit"
June 11, 2017 (2017-06-11)
1.11[28]

At the new location known as Camp Grit, John Cena and the new Cadre meet the 17 new competitors. Cena tells them that there are only 16 beds in the cabin, and that one contestant will go home before the team challenges start. The contestants race around a lake to claim one of the beds. The next day, the contestants are hung upside down over a lake, and the first person to give up will be eliminated. After over 30 minutes of the players being repeatedly dunked in the lake, no one gives up, and Cena ends the contest with no one eliminated. On day three, the contestants must spin a beach ball over their heads until the Cadre pick them for a team and only 16 players will be on the teams. Eventually, Heather is not chosen for a team and she is eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Heather Pincelli

12
2
"Cena Does the Dishes"
June 18, 2017 (2017-06-18)
1.67[29]

The four teams must complete a relay race where they must pass through a gate and get a flag then plant the flags at the finish line. In addition, when a gate is reached, one of the team members must complete a task of either putting on a shock collar, drinking a liquefied alligator tail, or stripping naked. Team Burk wins the race, but Cena tells them they will not be immune unless the fourth member who did not complete a task has their head shaved. Melanie agrees to have her head shaved and thus Team Burk wins immunity and Burk gets to choose one member of the other three teams for the Elimination Challenge. He chooses Nathalie, George, and Gill. The Elimination Challenge has the contestants hold a bar while standing inside a frame suspended over the lake. Every 15 minutes, the frame will be tilted forward. The first person to drop will be eliminated. Nathalie drops out first, ending her day.

ELIMINATED: Nathalie Martin

13
3
"Liar Liar"
June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25)
1.00[30]

The Team Challenge has the four teams blindfolded and in a canoe race where they must navigate a series of gates while being led by one member designated as team captain who is able to see. Team Grady wins the race and Grady chooses the other three team captains, Gill, Janessa, and Hannah, for the Elimination Challenge. In this challenge, the contestants have a set of four wheels slightly separate from one another which they must constantly keep spinning. The first contestant to have a wheel stop spinning is eliminated. After over an hour of endurance, one of Gill's wheels stops turning and she is eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Gill Morton

14
4
"Secrets Are Revealed"
July 2, 2017 (2017-07-02)
1.04[31]

Cena advises the contestants that this week will have a double elimination. The Team Challenge has the members tethered together at the waist by a rope and they must complete a muddy race through a swamp. Team Grady wins the challenge, but Hannah from Team Burke is injured. She receives medical attention and is okay the next day. Grady selects Carla, Shermon, and Will for the Elimination Challenge. This challenge has the contestants balance on a platform while holding a ball over their heads suspended over the lake. When the ball is let go, it will swing into a bell to signal the elimination of that contestant. After an hour, Will loses control of the ball and is eliminated. After three hours, Shermon loses control of the ball and is also eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Will Westwater and Shermon Braithwaite

15
5
"Camp Love"
July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09)
1.10[32]

The Team Challenge has the members releasing triangle-shaped puzzle pieces that must be placed on stakes to spell out the words love, money, or power. If the winning team spells love, they win a visit from their families, while spelling money wins the team $1,000 each, and spelling power gives the team the ability to move members around. Team Chloe wins by spelling out love, and they earn a visit from their families. Chloe chooses Carla, Herman, and Melanie for the Elimination Challenge. In this challenge, there is an hourglass filled with sand which will slowly drain out. The competitors must repeatedly cross a balance beam and refill the sand using either a small bag or a larger bucket with holes in it. They also have one bucket of sand near the hourglass for a single use. The contestant whose hourglass drains out first is eliminated. Eventually, Melanie's hourglass empties and she is sent home.

ELIMINATED: Melanie Mahanna

16
6
"Selfish vs. Selfless"
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
0.95[33]

Cena tells the Cadre that they will not be beside their team for the challenge. The challenge tasks each individual to pick whether they would choose to do something for the team (worth more points) or something personally for themselves (worth less points). Team Burk wins and also gets the reward to steal someone from another team, while Carla secures a safety which grants her next week free of elimination. Chris, having won the reward for his team, takes George from Grady's team. Burk sends Janessa, Scarlett, and Herman to the Elimination Challenge, which is a double elimination this week. The challenge is to hold on to an outcrop on a 45° slope with water running down it. Scarlett slides into the water and has to ring out, while an hour later, Janessa does too. Cena then reveals if all of one Cadre's team has rung out, the Cadre too must ring out.

ELIMINATED: Scarlett Angelina and Janessa Morgan

17
7
"Role Reversal"
July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)
1.14[34]

This week's challenge looks nearly identical to the last Elimination Challenge in that there is a 45° slope with water running down it and a handle at the top, but this time, the Cadre are the ones who will participate. Grady wins the challenge and his team selects Richard, Alison, and Chris for the Elimination Challenge. In this challenge, three floating balls are under ropes, and the contestants must balance on the balls while using the ropes to prevent floating away. The first one to drop will be eliminated. Richard falls quickly and is sent home.

ELIMINATED: Richard Mallard

18
8
"Shady Grady"
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
1.15[35]

For this week's Team Challenge there is a rotating set of four basketball hoops on one end of a court, a pile of colored balls on another, and large bungee cords in the middle. The contestants must run with the bungee attached to them to grab a ball then shoot it into an opponent's colored basket. The first three teams that have five balls in their baskets will go to elimination, which this week is another double elimination. Alison secures the win for Team Chloe. By default, Carla is sent to elimination while Allison selects George and Herman. In this challenge, the competitors are harnessed to an underwater pulley system which supports a box that holds 50% of each competitor's weight. They must hold on to a rope while in the water to support the box. The first two competitors to let go will both be eliminated. Carla drops out first, eliminating Team Riki altogether. After over 50 minutes, George loses his grip and is eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Carla Mireles and George Foreman IV

19
9
"Cena Says"
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
1.01[36]

With Riki's team being eliminated, Riki becomes the first-ever Cadre to ring out. Cena visits the contestants and shares with them a story with details about his life. For the Team Challenge, Cena quizzes the contestants about details of his story, and they must slide down a ramp into a mud pit to grab a tile with the correct answer, then return it to the start. The first team with four correct answers is safe from another double elimination. Team Grady wins the challenge. All members of the other teams must compete in the Elimination Challenge. This challenge has the contestants balance a weighted ball on a shelf while also balancing themselves on an unstable platform. After ten minutes, they must transition to another platform that is more unstable. The first two contestants to drop their balls will be eliminated. After about 36 minutes, Alison drops her ball, thus also eliminating Team Chloe. A few minutes later, Chris drops his ball and is also eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Alison Kempkey and Chris Edom

20
10
"Who's Got Grit?"
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
1.01[36]

Cena tells the remaining contestants that they are now competing as individuals and their Cadre can no longer assist them. In the first challenge, the contestants have a puzzle where every piece is the face of a former contestant, and they must put them in the order that they were eliminated. Michael solves the puzzle first, and he gets to choose two other people to compete with him in the finals. He chooses Hannah and Gigi to move on, thus eliminating Herman.

ELIMINATED: Herman Brar

For the final challenge, the contestants are suspended over the lake while holding on to a crossbar. They will be quizzed on facts that occurred during the course of the season, and must answer them by releasing either their left or right hand. Getting a wrong answer results in a penalty of holding the bar with one hand for three minutes. The last competitor to hold on will be the winner. After over an hour, Hannah loses her grip and is eliminated in third place. After over two hours, Cena runs out of trivia questions and forces the two contestants to hold on with one hand for the remainder. Michael loses his grip and is eliminated, making Gigi the winner of season two of American Grit and the $250,000 prize.

ELIMINATED: Hannah Koen
RUNNER-UP: Michael Wilson Morgan
WINNER: Gigi Gustin

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Ruck Up"
April 14, 2016 (2016-04-14)
0.8/3
2.35[19]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

2
"Ice Cubed"
April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)
0.7/2
2.17[20]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

3
"Moving Camp"
April 28, 2016 (2016-04-28)
0.7/2
2.10[21]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

4
"Charlie Foxtrot"
May 5, 2016 (2016-05-05)
0.6/2
1.77[22]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

5
"Double Time"
May 12, 2016 (2016-05-12)
0.6/2
1.78[23]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
"Squat Till You Drop"
May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)
0.6/2
1.88[24]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"Dawn Patrol"
May 26, 2016 (2016-05-26)
0.5/2
1.73[25]
0.2
0.53
0.7
2.26[37]

8
"Barricade the Bunker"
June 2, 2016 (2016-06-02)
0.6/2
1.96[26]
0.3
0.55
0.9
2.51[38]

9
"Tired Out"
June 9, 2016 (2016-06-09)
0.7/3
2.11[27]
0.2
0.47
0.9
2.58[39]

10
"Over the Falls"
June 9, 2016 (2016-06-09)
0.7/3
2.11[27]
0.2
0.47
0.9
2.58[39]

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Find Your Grit"
June 11, 2017 (2017-06-11)
0.4/2
1.11[28]
0.2
0.47
0.6
1.58[40]

2
"Cena Does the Dishes"
June 18, 2017 (2017-06-18)
0.5/2
1.67[29]
0.2
0.47
0.7
2.14[41]

3
"Liar Liar"
June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25)
0.4/2
1.00[30]
0.1
0.44
0.5
1.43[42]

4
"Secrets Are Revealed"
July 2, 2017 (2017-07-02)
0.4/2
1.04[31]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

5
"Camp Love"
July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09)
0.4/2
1.10[32]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
"Selfish vs. Selfless"
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
0.4/2
0.95[33]
0.1
0.44
0.5
1.39[43]

7
"Role Reversal"
July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)
0.4/2
1.14[34]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

8
"Shady Grady"
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
0.4/2
1.15[35]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

9
"Cena Says"
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
0.4/2
1.01[36]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

10
"Who's Got Grit?"
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
0.4/2
1.01[36]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A


document_title: List of the verified oldest people

question_text: who s the oldest person in the world

question_tokens: who s the oldest person in the world

root

text: List of the verified oldest people

text: This is a list of the 100 verified oldest people. The oldest verified person on record is French woman Jeanne Calment (1875–1997), who lived to the age of 122 years, 164 days. There are eight verified living supercentenarians on this list, the oldest of whom is Jamaican woman Violet Brown, aged 7004429230000000000♠117 years, 189 days.

tag: p

text: 100 verified oldest people[edit]

text:
Deceased   Living
†^ denotes age at death, or, if living, age as of 15 September 2017

text:
Rank
Name
Sex
Birth date
Death date
Age [†]
Place of death or residence

1
Jeanne Calment[1]
F
000000001875-02-21-000021 February 1875
000000001997-08-04-00004 August 1997
122 years, 164 days
France

2
Sarah Knauss[2]
F
000000001880-09-24-000024 September 1880
000000001999-12-30-000030 December 1999
119 years, 97 days
United States

3
Lucy Hannah[3]
F
000000001875-07-16-000016 July 1875
000000001993-03-21-000021 March 1993
117 years, 248 days
United States

4
Marie-Louise Meilleur[4]
F
000000001880-08-29-000029 August 1880
000000001998-04-16-000016 April 1998
117 years, 230 days
Canada

5
Violet Brown
F
000000001900-03-10-000010 March 1900
Living[5]
7004429230000000000♠117 years, 189 days
Jamaica

6
Emma Morano[5][6]
F
000000001899-11-29-000029 November 1899
000000002017-04-15-000015 April 2017
117 years, 137 days
Italy

7
Nabi Tajima
F
000000001900-08-04-00004 August 1900
Living[5]
7004427760000000000♠117 years, 42 days
Japan

8
Misao Okawa[5]
F
000000001898-03-05-00005 March 1898
000000002015-04-01-00001 April 2015
117 years, 27 days
Japan

9
María Capovilla[7]
F
000000001889-09-14-000014 September 1889
000000002006-08-27-000027 August 2006
116 years, 347 days
Ecuador

10
Susannah Mushatt Jones[5]
F
000000001899-07-06-00006 July 1899
000000002016-05-12-000012 May 2016
116 years, 311 days
United States

11
Gertrude Weaver[5]
F
000000001898-07-04-00004 July 1898
000000002015-04-06-00006 April 2015
116 years, 276 days
United States

12
Tane Ikai[8]
F
000000001879-01-18-000018 January 1879
000000001995-07-12-000012 July 1995
116 years, 175 days
Japan

13
Chiyo Miyako[5]
F
000000001901-05-02-00002 May 1901
Living[5]
7004425050000000000♠116 years, 136 days
Japan

14
Elizabeth Bolden[9]
F
000000001890-08-15-000015 August 1890
000000002006-12-11-000011 December 2006
116 years, 118 days
United States

15
Besse Cooper[5]
F
000000001896-08-26-000026 August 1896
000000002012-12-04-00004 December 2012
116 years, 100 days
United States

16
Jiroemon Kimura[5]
M
000000001897-04-19-000019 April 1897
000000002013-06-12-000012 June 2013
116 years, 54 days
Japan

17
Jeralean Talley[5]
F
000000001899-05-23-000023 May 1899
000000002015-06-17-000017 June 2015
116 years, 25 days
United States

18
Ana María Vela Rubio
F
000000001901-10-29-000029 October 1901
Living[5]
7004423250000000000♠115 years, 321 days
Spain

19
Maggie Barnes[10]
F
000000001882-03-06-00006 March 1882
000000001998-01-19-000019 January 1998
115 years, 319 days
United States

20
Dina Manfredini[5]
F
000000001897-04-04-00004 April 1897
000000002012-12-17-000017 December 2012
115 years, 257 days
United States[a]

21
Christian Mortensen
M
000000001882-08-16-000016 August 1882
000000001998-04-25-000025 April 1998
115 years, 252 days
United States[b]

22
Charlotte Hughes[11]
F
000000001877-08-01-00001 August 1877
000000001993-03-17-000017 March 1993
115 years, 228 days
United Kingdom

23
Edna Parker[12]
F
000000001893-04-20-000020 April 1893
000000002008-11-26-000026 November 2008
115 years, 220 days
United States

24
Mary Ann Rhodes[13]
F
000000001882-08-12-000012 August 1882
000000001998-03-03-00003 March 1998
115 years, 203 days
Canada

25
Anonymous of Tokyo[5]
F
000000001900-03-15-000015 March 1900
000000002015-09-27-000027 September 2015
115 years, 196 days
Japan

26
Margaret Skeete[14]
F
000000001878-10-27-000027 October 1878
000000001994-05-07-00007 May 1994
115 years, 192 days
United States

27
Bernice Madigan[15]
F
000000001899-07-24-000024 July 1899
000000002015-01-03-00003 January 2015
115 years, 163 days
United States

28
Gertrude Baines[16]
F
000000001894-04-06-00006 April 1894
000000002009-09-11-000011 September 2009
115 years, 158 days
United States

29
Emiliano Mercado del Toro
M
000000001891-08-21-000021 August 1891
000000002007-01-24-000024 January 2007
115 years, 156 days
Puerto Rico

30
Bettie Wilson[17]
F
000000001890-09-13-000013 September 1890
000000002006-02-13-000013 February 2006
115 years, 153 days
United States

31
Julie Winnefred Bertrand[18]
F
000000001891-09-16-000016 September 1891
000000002007-01-18-000018 January 2007
115 years, 124 days
Canada

32
Maria de Jesus[19]
F
000000001893-09-10-000010 September 1893
000000002009-01-02-00002 January 2009
115 years, 114 days
Portugal

33
Marie Josephine Gaudette[5][20]
F
000000001902-03-25-000025 March 1902
000000002017-07-13-000013 July 2017
115 years, 110 days
Italy[c]

34
Susie Gibson[21]
F
000000001890-10-31-000031 October 1890
000000002006-02-16-000016 February 2006
115 years, 108 days
United States

Giuseppina Projetto[5]
F
000000001902-05-30-000030 May 1902
Living[5]
7004421120000000000♠115 years, 108 days
Italy

36
Augusta Holtz[22]
F
000000001871-08-03-00003 August 1871
000000001986-10-21-000021 October 1986
115 years, 79 days
United States[d]

37
Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper[23]
F
000000001890-06-29-000029 June 1890
000000002005-08-30-000030 August 2005
115 years, 62 days
Netherlands

38
Maude Farris-Luse[24]
F
000000001887-01-21-000021 January 1887
000000002002-03-18-000018 March 2002
115 years, 56 days
United States

39
Marie Brémont[25]
F
000000001886-04-25-000025 April 1886
000000002001-06-06-00006 June 2001
115 years, 42 days
France

40
Koto Okubo[26]
F
000000001897-12-24-000024 December 1897
000000002013-01-12-000012 January 2013
115 years, 19 days
Japan

41
Antonia Gerena Rivera[5]
F
000000001900-05-19-000019 May 1900
000000002015-06-02-00002 June 2015
115 years, 14 days
United States[e]

42
Chiyono Hasegawa[27]
F
000000001896-11-20-000020 November 1896
000000002011-12-02-00002 December 2011
115 years, 12 days
Japan

43
Annie Jennings[28]
F
000000001884-11-12-000012 November 1884
000000001999-11-20-000020 November 1999
115 years, 8 days
United Kingdom

44
Eva Morris[29]
F
000000001885-11-08-00008 November 1885
000000002000-11-02-00002 November 2000
114 years, 360 days
United Kingdom

45
Kama Chinen[30]
F
000000001895-05-10-000010 May 1895
000000002010-05-02-00002 May 2010
114 years, 357 days
Japan

46
Maria Gomes Valentim[31]
F
000000001896-07-09-00009 July 1896
000000002011-06-21-000021 June 2011
114 years, 347 days
Brazil

47
Mary Bidwell[32]
F
000000001881-05-19-000019 May 1881
000000001996-04-25-000025 April 1996
114 years, 342 days
United States

48
Mary Josephine Ray[33]
F
000000001895-05-17-000017 May 1895
000000002010-03-07-00007 March 2010
114 years, 294 days
United States[f]

49
Goldie Steinberg[5][34][35]
F
000000001900-10-30-000030 October 1900
000000002015-08-16-000016 August 2015
114 years, 290 days
United States[g]

50
Kiyoko Ishiguro
F
000000001901-03-04-00004 March 1901
000000002015-12-05-00005 December 2015
114 years, 276 days
Japan

51
Maria do Couto Maia-Lopes
F
000000001890-10-24-000024 October 1890
000000002005-07-25-000025 July 2005
114 years, 274 days
Portugal

Eudoxie Baboul
F
000000001901-10-01-00001 October 1901
000000002016-07-01-00001 July 2016
114 years, 274 days
France (French Guiana)

53
Ramona Trinidad Iglesias-Jordan[36]
F
000000001889-08-31-000031 August 1889
000000002004-05-29-000029 May 2004
114 years, 272 days
Puerto Rico

54
Yukie Hino[5]
F
000000001902-04-17-000017 April 1902
000000002017-01-13-000013 January 2017
114 years, 271 days
Japan

55
Eugénie Blanchard[37]
F
000000001896-02-16-000016 February 1896
000000002010-11-04-00004 November 2010
114 years, 261 days
France (Saint Barthélemy)

56
Kane Tanaka[5]
F
000000001903-01-02-00002 January 1903
Living[5]
7004418950000000000♠114 years, 256 days
Japan

57
Venere Pizzinato-Papo[38]
F
000000001896-11-23-000023 November 1896
000000002011-08-02-00002 August 2011
114 years, 252 days
Italy[h]

58
Neva Morris[39]
F
000000001895-08-03-00003 August 1895
000000002010-04-06-00006 April 2010
114 years, 246 days
United States

59
Hide Ohira
F
000000001880-09-15-000015 September 1880
000000001995-05-09-00009 May 1995
114 years, 236 days
Japan

60
Blanche Cobb[40][41]
F
000000001900-09-08-00008 September 1900
000000002015-05-01-00001 May 2015
114 years, 235 days
United States

61
Ethel Lang
F
000000001900-05-27-000027 May 1900
000000002015-01-15-000015 January 2015
114 years, 233 days
United Kingdom

62
Mathew Beard
M
000000001870-07-09-00009 July 1870
000000001985-02-16-000016 February 1985
114 years, 222 days
United States

63
Yone Minagawa[42]
F
000000001893-01-04-00004 January 1893
000000002007-08-13-000013 August 2007
114 years, 221 days
Japan

64
María Antonia Castro
F
000000001881-06-10-000010 June 1881
000000001996-01-16-000016 January 1996
114 years, 220 days
Spain

65
Ura Koyama[43]
F
000000001890-08-30-000030 August 1890
000000002005-04-05-00005 April 2005
114 years, 218 days
Japan

Carrie Lazenby
F
000000001882-02-09-00009 February 1882
000000001996-09-14-000014 September 1996
114 years, 218 days
United States

67
Myrtle Dorsey[44]
F
000000001885-11-22-000022 November 1885
000000002000-06-25-000025 June 2000
114 years, 216 days
United States

68
Anna Eliza Williams[45]
F
000000001873-06-02-00002 June 1873
000000001987-12-27-000027 December 1987
114 years, 208 days
United Kingdom

69
Walter Breuning
M
000000001896-09-21-000021 September 1896
000000002011-04-14-000014 April 2011
114 years, 205 days
United States

70
Eunice Sanborn[46]
F
000000001896-07-20-000020 July 1896
000000002011-01-31-000031 January 2011
114 years, 195 days
United States

71
Grace Clawson[47]
F
000000001887-11-15-000015 November 1887
000000002002-05-28-000028 May 2002
114 years, 194 days
United States[i]

72
Mitsue Toyoda
F
000000001902-02-15-000015 February 1902
000000002016-08-25-000025 August 2016
114 years, 192 days
Japan

73
Tase Matsunaga[48]
F
000000001884-05-11-000011 May 1884
000000001998-11-18-000018 November 1998
114 years, 191 days
Japan

74
Yukichi Chuganji
M
000000001889-03-23-000023 March 1889
000000002003-09-28-000028 September 2003
114 years, 189 days
Japan

75
Kame Nakamura[49]
F
000000001898-03-08-00008 March 1898
000000002012-09-12-000012 September 2012
114 years, 188 days
Japan

76
Lydie Vellard
F
000000001875-03-18-000018 March 1875
000000001989-09-17-000017 September 1989
114 years, 183 days
France

Wilhelmina Kott[50]
F
000000001880-03-07-00007 March 1880
000000001994-09-06-00006 September 1994
114 years, 183 days
United States

Adelina Domingues[51]
F
000000001888-02-19-000019 February 1888
000000002002-08-21-000021 August 2002
114 years, 183 days
United States[j]

79
Mitoyo Kawate[52]
F
000000001889-05-15-000015 May 1889
000000002003-11-13-000013 November 2003
114 years, 182 days
Japan

80
Charlotte Benkner[53]
F
000000001889-11-16-000016 November 1889
000000002004-05-14-000014 May 2004
114 years, 180 days
United States[k]

Camille Loiseau[54]
F
000000001892-02-13-000013 February 1892
000000002006-08-12-000012 August 2006
114 years, 180 days
France

82
Maria Giuseppa Robucci[5]
F
20 March 1903
Living[5]
7004418180000000000♠114 years, 179 days
Italy

83
Anne Primout[55]
F
000000001890-10-05-00005 October 1890
000000002005-03-26-000026 March 2005
114 years, 172 days
France[l]

84
Ettie Mae Greene[56]
F
000000001877-09-08-00008 September 1877
000000001992-02-26-000026 February 1992
114 years, 171 days
United States

85
Dominga Velasco[5]
F
000000001901-05-12-000012 May 1901
000000002015-10-11-000011 October 2015
114 years, 152 days
United States[m]

86
Toshie Yorimitsu
F
000000001901-09-30-000030 September 1901
000000002016-02-28-000028 February 2016
114 years, 151 days
Japan

87
Irene Frank
F
000000001881-10-01-00001 October 1881
000000001996-02-28-000028 February 1996
114 years, 150 days
United States

88
Christina Cock[57]
F
000000001887-12-25-000025 December 1887
000000002002-05-22-000022 May 2002
114 years, 148 days
Australia[n]

89
Iso Nakamura[5]
F
23 April 1903
Living[5]
7004417840000000000♠114 years, 145 days
Japan

90
Olivia Patricia Thomas[58]
F
000000001895-06-29-000029 June 1895
000000002009-11-16-000016 November 2009
114 years, 140 days
United States

91
Anna Henderson[59]
F
000000001900-03-05-00005 March 1900
000000002014-07-01-00001 July 2014
114 years, 118 days
United States

92
Emma Verona Johnston[60]
F
000000001890-08-06-00006 August 1890
000000002004-12-01-00001 December 2004
114 years, 117 days
United States

Mamie Rearden[61]
F
000000001898-09-07-00007 September 1898
000000002013-01-02-00002 January 2013
114 years, 117 days
United States

94
Bettie Chatmon
F
000000001884-04-30-000030 April 1884
000000001998-08-16-000016 August 1998
114 years, 108 days
United States

95
Odie Matthews
F
000000001878-12-28-000028 December 1878
000000001993-04-14-000014 April 1993
114 years, 107 days
United States

96
Chiyo Shiraishi
F
000000001895-08-06-00006 August 1895
000000002009-11-19-000019 November 2009
114 years, 105 days
Japan

97
Asa Takii[62]
F
000000001884-04-28-000028 April 1884
000000001998-07-31-000031 July 1998
114 years, 94 days
Japan

98
Florence Knapp[63]
F
000000001873-10-10-000010 October 1873
000000001988-01-11-000011 January 1988
114 years, 93 days
United States

Elena Slough[64]
F
000000001889-07-04-00004 July 1889
000000002003-10-05-00005 October 2003
114 years, 93 days
United States

100
Lucy Jane Askew[65]
F
000000001883-09-08-00008 September 1883
000000001997-12-09-00009 December 1997
114 years, 92 days
United Kingdom

Mary Anna Boone
F
000000001887-02-10-000010 February 1887
000000002001-05-13-000013 May 2001
114 years, 92 days
United States

tag: table

text:
a^ Manfredini was born in Italy.
b^ Mortensen was born in Denmark.
c^ Gaudette was born in the United States.
d^ Holtz was born in the German Empire; her birthplace is now in Poland.
e^ Gerena was born in Puerto Rico.
f^ Ray was born in Canada.
g^ Steinberg was born in Kishinev, then part of the Russian Empire. It is now the capital of Moldova.
h^ Pizzinato-Papo was born in Ala, which was then part of Austria-Hungary; it is now located in Italy.
i^ Clawson was born in the United Kingdom.
j^ Domingues was born in Cape Verde, at that time a colony of Portugal.
k^ Benkner was born in Germany.
l^ Primout was born in French Algeria; it is now Algeria.
m^ Velasco was born in Mexico.
n^ Cock was born in the former British colony Victoria, which is now part of Australia.


document_title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

question_text: where was the original creature from the black lagoon filmed

text: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: Plot[edit]

text: A geology expedition in the Amazon uncovers fossilized evidence (a skeletal hand with webbed fingers) from the Devonian period that provides a direct link between land and sea animals. Expedition leader Dr. Carl Maia (Antonio Moreno) orders his two assistants to stay in camp while he visits the marine biology institute.

text: Maia reunites with his friend and former student, ichthyologist Dr. David Reed (Richard Carlson). Dr. Reed works at an aquarium in California, but more recently he has been a guest at Maia's institute in Brazil to study lungfish. Reed persuades his boss, the financially minded Dr. Mark Williams (Richard Denning), to fund a return expedition to the Amazon to look for the remainder of the skeleton.

text: Soon after Dr. Maia leaves camp, a piscine amphibious humanoid, a living member of the same species from which the fossil originated, becomes curious about the expedition's camp. When its sudden appearance frightens the assistants, they panic and attack, and in response the enraged creature kills them both.

text: The group goes aboard the tramp steamer Rita, captained by crusty Lucas (Nestor Paiva). The expedition consists of David, Carl, Mark, as well as Reed's girlfriend and colleague, Kay Lawrence (Julie Adams), and another scientist, Dr. Edwin Thompson (Whit Bissell). When they arrive at the camp, they discover Maia's assistants have been killed while he was away. Lucas suggests it was likely done by a jaguar, but the others are unsure.

text: A further excavation of the area where Carl found the fossil turns up nothing. Mark is ready to give up the search, but David suggests that perhaps thousands of years ago the part of the embankment containing the rest of the skeleton fell into the water and was washed downriver, broken up by the current. Carl says the tributary empties into a lagoon. Lucas calls it the "Black Lagoon", a paradise from which no one has ever returned. The scientists decide to risk it, unaware that the amphibious "Gill-man" that killed Carl's assistants has been watching them. Taking notice of the beautiful Kay, the creature follows the Rita all the way downriver to the Black Lagoon. Once the expedition arrives, David and Mark go diving to collect rock samples from the lagoon floor. After they return, Kay goes swimming and is stalked underwater by the Gill-man, who then gets briefly caught in one of the ship's drag lines. Although it escapes, the creature leaves a claw behind in the net, revealing its existence.

text: Subsequent encounters with the Gill-man claim the lives of Lucas's crew members, before the creature is captured and locked in a cage aboard the Rita. It escapes during the night, attacking Thompson, who was guarding it. Kay smashes the creature with a lantern, driving it off, but Thompson is severely injured. Following this incident, David decides they should return to civilization. Mark, obsessed with capturing (or killing) the creature, objects. As the Rita tries to leave, they find the lagoon's entrance blocked by fallen logs, courtesy of the Gill-man. While the others attempt to remove the logs, Mark is mauled to death while trying to capture the creature single-handedly, underwater. It then abducts Kay and takes her to its cavern lair. David, Lucas and Carl give chase, and Kay is rescued. The creature is riddled with bullets before retreating to the lagoon, where its body sinks into the watery depths.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Richard Carlson as Dr. David Reed
Julie Adams as Kay Lawrence
Richard Denning as Dr. Mark Williams
Antonio Moreno as Dr. Carl Maia
Nestor Paiva as Captain Lucas
Whit Bissell as Dr. Edwin Thompson
Bernie Gozier as Zee
Henry A. Escalante as Chico
Perry Lopez as Tomas
Rodd Redwing as Luis
Sydney Mason as Dr. Matos
Ben Chapman as Gill-man (land)
Ricou Browning as Gill-man (underwater)

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017)

text: Producer William Alland was attending a 1941 dinner party during the filming of Citizen Kane (in which he played the reporter Thompson) when Mexican cinematographer Gabriel Figueroa told him about the myth of a race of half-fish, half-human creatures in the Amazon River. Alland wrote story notes titled "The Sea Monster" 10 years later. His inspiration was Beauty and the Beast. In December 1952, Maurice Zimm expanded this into a treatment, which Harry Essex and Arthur Ross rewrote as The Black Lagoon. Following the success of the 3D film House of Wax in 1953, Jack Arnold was hired to direct the film in the same format.[3]

text: The designer of the approved Gill-man was Disney animator Milicent Patrick, though her role was deliberately downplayed by make-up artist Bud Westmore, who for half a century would receive sole credit for the creature's conception.[4] Jack Kevan, who worked on The Wizard of Oz (1939) and made prosthetics for amputees during World War II, created the bodysuit, while Chris Mueller Jr. sculpted the head.[citation needed]

text: Ben Chapman portrayed the Gill-man for the majority of the scenes shot at Universal City, California. Many of the on-top of the water scenes were filmed at Rice Creek near Palatka, Florida. The costume made it impossible for Chapman to sit for the 14 hours of each day that he wore it, and it overheated easily, so he stayed in the back lot's lake, often requesting to be hosed down. He also could not see very well while wearing the headpiece, which caused him to scrape Julie Adams' head against the wall when carrying her in the grotto scenes. Ricou Browning played the Gill-Man in the underwater shots, which were filmed by the second unit in Wakulla Springs, Florida.[3]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Creature from the Black Lagoon received positive reviews from critics upon its release and is now considered a classic.[citation needed] Leonard Maltin awarded the film three out of a possible four stars, writing, "Archetypal '50s monster movie has been copied so often that some of the edge is gone, but ... is still entertaining, with juicy atmosphere and luminous underwater photography sequences."[5] Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 84%, based on 32 reviews, with an overall rating average of 6.9/10.[6] The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2001: AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated[7]
2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:

Gill-man – Nominated Villain[8]

text: Home media[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1980, Universal released Creature from the Black Lagoon on video cassette in an anaglyph 3D version, using the Deep Vision anaglyph 3D release as its source. Subsequent releases on VHS, Beta and DVD were the 2D version. On October 2, 2012, Universal Studios Home Entertainment released the film on Blu-ray as a 2D / Blu-ray 3D dual format disc as part of the "Universal Classic Monsters: The Essential Collection" box set. On June 4, 2013, the Creature from the Black Lagoon Blu-ray disc was released as a stand-alone title.

text: In other media[edit]

text: Novelization[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Creature from the Black Lagoon was novelized in 1954 by John Russell Fearn under the pseudonym of "Vargo Statten", then later, in 1977, in mass market paperback under the pseudonym of "Carl Dreadstone". This was part of a short-lived series of books based on the classic Universal horror films. The 1977 book was introduced by Ramsey Campbell, but was written by Walter Harris. The 1977 novel offers a completely different Gill-man, who in this version of the story is gigantic, almost as big as the Rita herself, weighing in at 30 tons. It is both coldblooded and warmblooded, is a hermaphrodite, and also possesses a long whip-like tail. The gigantic creature is dubbed "AA", for "Advanced Amphibian", by the expedition team members. After slaying most of the team members, destroying a Sikorsky helicopter, and kidnapping Kay more than once, the creature is killed by the crew of a United States Navy torpedo boat.

text: The 1977 novel also differs greatly with respect to the human characters. Only David Reed and Kay Lawrence remain the same. Mark Williams is a German named "Bruno Gebhardt" and dies not as a result from drowning, but by the monster falling on him. Lucas is named "Jose Goncalves Fonseca de Souza" and is a mostly sympathetic character, until his suggestion of throwing the wounded and unconscious Reed to the monster makes an enraged Gebhardt/Williams throw "him" to the beast instead. Dr. Thompson and Dr. Maia both die grisly deaths, whereas in the movie they survive; Maia is eaten by the monster, and Thompson is impaled on a long tree branch flung at him by the creature like a spear (in an apparent nod to a deleted scene from Revenge of the Creature wherein the Gill-man killed a guard in this fashion).

text: Reboots and remakes[edit]

text: Successful sequels[edit]

text: Creature from the Black Lagoon spawned two sequels: Revenge of the Creature (1955), which was also filmed and released in 3D in hopes of reviving the format, and The Creature Walks Among Us (1956), filmed in 2D. A comedic short TV special was aired prior to the film's release titled Abbott and Costello Meet the Creature from the Black Lagoon.

text: Cancelled remakes[edit]

text: This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (August 2016)

text: In 1982, John Landis wanted Jack Arnold to direct a remake of the film, and Nigel Kneale was commissioned to write the screenplay. Kneale completed the script, which involved a pair of creatures, one destructive and the other calm and sensitive, being persecuted by the United States Navy.[9] A decision to make the film in 3D led to the remake being canceled by producers at Universal, both for budgetary concerns and to avoid a clash with Jaws 3-D.[9] In 1992, John Carpenter was developing the remake at Universal.[10] He originally hired Bill Phillips to write the script while Rick Baker was hired to create the 3D model of the Creature, but the project never got green-lit. Herschel Weingrod and Timothy Harris wrote a new script,[11] and Universal offered Peter Jackson the director's position in 1995, but he chose to work on King Kong instead.[12] In February 1996, Ivan Reitman was planning to direct the remake, but the outing never materialized.[11] With the financial success of The Mummy remake in May 1999, development of the Creature from the Black Lagoon remake was revived.[13]

text: In December 2001, Gary Ross signed on to write and produce the remake with his father, Arthur A. Ross, one of the original's writers. He told The Hollywood Reporter, "The story my father wrote embodies the clash between primitive men and civilized men, and that obviously makes it a fertile area for re-examination."[14] In August 2002, Guillermo del Toro, a fan of the original, was attached as director.[15] He had hoped to do a story focused more on the Creature's perspective and letting him have romantic success, which he would later turn into the 2017 film The Shape of Water, but Universal heads rejected this concept.[16] Because of these creative clashes and his commitments to numerous other projects, Universal was forced to go without del Toro and hired Tedi Sarafian (credited on Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines) to write a script in March 2003.[17]

text: In October 2005, Breck Eisner signed on as director. "As a kid, I remember loving Jack Arnold's original version of this film", he explained. "What I really want to do is update an iconic image from the '50s and bring in more of the sci-fi sensibility of Alien or John Carpenter's The Thing (1982)."[18] Ross said in March 2007 the Gill-man's origin would be reinvented, with him being the result of a pharmaceutical corporation polluting the Amazon. "It's about the rainforest being exploited for profit", he said.[19]

text: However, the production was delayed by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike; as a result, Eisner made The Crazies (2010) the number one on his priority list instead. His new goal was to finish filming The Crazies and then begin filming Creature from the Black Lagoon in Manaus, Brazil and on the Amazon River in Peru. Eisner was inspired to shoot on location by the film Fitzcarraldo, and the boat set had been built. Eisner continued to rewrite the script, which was to be a summer blockbuster full of "action and excitement, but [still] scary". Eisner spent six months designing the new incarnation of the Gill-man with Mark McCreery (Jurassic Park, and Davy Jones' designer). The director said the design was "very faithful to the original, but updated" and that the Gill-man would still be sympathetic.[20]

text: In 2009, it was reported that Carl Erik Rinsch might direct a 2010 remake that would be produced by Marc Abraham, Eric Newman and Gary Ross;[21][22] however, a project featuring this ensemble had been abandoned by 2011.[citation needed]

text: In March 2012, Universal announced that a remake was in production, and would simply be titled The Black Lagoon rather than Creature from the Black Lagoon, in order to distinguish the two versions. In October 2012, the studio hired Dave Kajganich to write the film.[23] The film was expected to hit theaters by May 2014, but was ultimately cancelled.[citation needed]

text: Reboot[edit]

text: Universal Pictures is developing a shared universe of rebooted modern-day versions of their classic Universal Monsters, with various films in different stages of development. The series begins with The Mummy (2017) and will continue with Bride of Frankenstein (2019). The Creature from the Black Lagoon has a story written by Jeff Pinkner and a script written by Will Beall. In June 2017, Kurtzman revealed that the Gill-man will be from the Amazon.[24] But on November 8, 2017, Alex Kurtzman and Chris Morgan moved on to other projects, leaving the future of the Dark Universe in doubt.[25] On January 15, 2018, it was reported by Omega Underground that the production team for the Bride of Frankenstein has reassembled and are now eyeing Gal Gadot for the lead role, so there is still hope for the Dark Universe and the other reboots yet.[26]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The 2017 film The Shape of Water was partly inspired by Guillermo del Toro's childhood memories of Creature from the Black Lagoon; he wished to see Gill-man and the film's co-star Julie Adams succeed in their romance.[27]


document_title: List of countries by proven oil reserves

question_text: who is the richest oil country in the world

text: Countries[edit]

text: Reserves amounts are listed in millions of barrels (MMbbl). The column "Years until exhaustion" uses the daily production figures as of 2016 [1] (multiplied with 365).

text:
Proven reserves (millions of barrels)

U.S. EIA (start of 2017)[2]

OPEC (end of 2015)[3]

BP (end of 2015)[4]

Other

Years until exhaustion

Country

Rank

Reserves

Rank

Reserves

Rank

Reserves

Source/Date

Reserves

Production per year(MMbbl/year, 2016)[1]

Years

 Venezuela (see: Oil reserves in Venezuela)
1
300,878
1
300,878
1
300,900

831.1
362

 Saudi Arabia (see: Oil reserves in Saudi Arabia)
2
266,455
2
266,455
2
266,600

3818.1
69

 Canada (see: Oil reserves in Canada)
3
169,709
26
4,118[5]
3
172,200
Natural Resources Canada, end 2014[6]
171,000
1336.8
126

 Iran (see: Oil reserves in Iran)

4

158,400

3

158,400

4

157,800

1452.9
109

 Iraq (see: Oil reserves in Iraq)
5
142,503
4
142,503
5
143,100

1624.8
88

 Kuwait (see: Oil reserves in Kuwait)
6
101,500
5
101,500
7
101,500

1067.2
95

 UAE (see: Oil reserves in the United Arab Emirates)
7
97,800
6
97,800
8
97,800

1133.7
86

 Russia (see: Oil reserves in Russia)
8
80,000
7
80,000
6
102,400

3851.3
21

 Libya (see: Oil reserves in Libya)
9
48,000
8
74,363
9
78,400

366.1
131

 Nigeria (see: Oil reserves in Nigeria)
10
37,062
9
37,062
11
37,100

730.0
51

 United States (see: Oil reserves in the United States)
11
35,000
10
36,685
10
55,000
ENI, end of 2015[7]
43,629
3239.7
10

 Kazakhstan
12
30,000
11
30,000
12
30,000

582.2
52

 China
13
25,620
13
25,132
14
18,500

1452.9
17

 Qatar
14
25,244
12
25,244
13
25,244

555.9
45

 Brazil
15
12,999
14
16,184
15
13,000
ENI, end of 2015[7]
16,848
918.1
14

 Algeria
16
12,200
15
12,200
17
12,200

492.1
25

 Angola
17 / 18
8,273
17
9,524
16
12,700

645.9
22

 Ecuador
17 / 18
8,273
18
8,273
19 / 20
8,000

200.2
41

 Mexico (see: Oil reserves in Mexico)
19
7,300
16
9,711
18
10,800
PEMEX[8] Start of 2015
9.700
798.2
9

 Azerbaijan
20
7,000
19
7,000
21
7,000

304.2
23

 Norway
21
6,611
33
5,139
19 / 20
8,000

601.5
11

 Oman
22
5,373
21
5,306
23
5,300

367.5
23

 Sudan/South Sudan
23
5,000
32
5,000
24
Sudan 1,500 / S. Sudan 3,500

93.1
53

 India
24
4,600
20
5,680
22
5,680
ENI, end of 2015[7]
5,692
267
17

 Egypt
25 / 26
4,400
24 / 25
4,400
29
3,500

180.4
24

 Vietnam
25 / 26
4,400
24 / 25
4,400
25
4,000

110.2
40

 Indonesia
27 / 28
3,600
29
3,230
27 / 28
3,600
ENI, end of 2015[7]
3,497
304.2
11

 Malaysia
27 / 28
3,600
28
3,750
27 / 28
3,600
ENI, end of 2015[7]
5,542
241.3
15

 Yemen
29
3,000

30
3,000

 United Kingdom
30
2,564
30
2,755
31
2,800
UK Oil & Gas Authority, end 2015[9]
2,618
343.1
7.5

 Syria
31 / 32
2,500
31
2,500
32
2,500

 Uganda
31 / 32
2,500

 Argentina
33
2,185
32
2,380
33
2,400
Argentine Petroleum Institute[10]
2,330

 Colombia
34
2,002
33
2,308
34
2,300

 Gabon
35
2,000
34
2,000
35
2,000

 Australia
36
1,821
27
3,982
26
4,000
Geoscience Australia[11] end of 2014
4,002

 Congo, Republic of the (Brazzaville)
37
1,600

36
1,600

 Chad
38
1,500

37
1,500

 Brunei
39 / 40
1,100
35
1,100
39 / 40
1,100

 Equatorial Guinea
39 / 40
1,100

39 / 40
1,100

 Ghana (see: Oil reserves in Ghana)
41
660

 Romania
42 / 43
600

42 / 46
600

 Turkmenistan
42 / 43
600
36
600
42 / 46
600

 Uzbekistan
44
594
37
594
42 / 46
600

 Italy
45
557

42 / 46
600
ENI, end of 2015[7]
595

 Denmark
46
491
38
511
42 / 46
600
ENI, end of 2015[7]
550

 Peru
47
473

38
1,400
ENI, end of 2015[7]
1,489

 Tunisia
48
425

47 / 48
400

 Thailand
49
396

47 / 48
400

 Ukraine
50
395
39
395

 Pakistan
51
350

ENI, end of 2015[7]
236

 Turkey
52
300

ENI, end of 2015[7]
284

 Trinidad and Tobago
53
243

41
700
ENI, end of 2015[7]
830

 Bolivia
54
211

ENI, end of 2015[7]
210

 Cameroon
55
200

 Belarus
56
198
40
198

 Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Kinshasa)
57
180

 Albania
58
168

 Papua New Guinea
59
159

ENI, end of 2015[7]
158

 Chile
60 / 62
150

 Niger
60 / 62
150

 Spain
60 / 62
150

 Germany
63
145

ENI, end of 2015[7]
229

 Myanmar
64
139

 Philippines
65
139

 Poland
66
138

ENI, end of 2015[7]
151

 Bahrain
67
125

 Cuba (see: Oil reserves in Cuba)
68
124

ENI, end of 2015[7]
124

 Netherlands
69
113

ENI, end of 2015[7]
141

 Ivory Coast
70
100

 Suriname
70
83.9

 Guatemala
71
83.1

 France
72
72.4

 Serbia
73
77.5

 Croatia
74
71.0

 New Zealand
75
56.9

 Japan
76
44.1

 Austria
77
43.0

 Kyrgyzstan
78
40.0

 Georgia
79
35.0

 Bangladesh
80
28.0

 Hungary
81
25.1

ENI, end of 2015[7]
35

 Mauritania
82
20.0

 Bulgaria
83 / 85
15.0

 Czech Republic
83 / 85

15.0

 South Africa
83 / 85

15.0

 Israel
86
12.7

ENI, end of 2015[7]
12

 Lithuania
87 / 88
12.0

 Tajikistan
87 / 88
12.0

 Greece
89
10.0

 Slovakia
90
9.00

 Benin
91
8.00

 Belize
92
6.70

 Taiwan
93
2.38

 Barbados
94
2.08

 Jordan
95
1.00

ENI, end of 2015[7]
1

 Morocco
96
0.68

 Ethiopia
97
0.43

 Afghanistan

0

US Geological Survey[12]
80

World total

1,726,685

1,481,526

1,697,600

29427
59

text: Different sources[edit]

text: Sources sometimes differ on the volume of proven oil reserves. The differences sometimes result from different classes of oil included, and sometimes result from different definitions of proven.

text: Comparison of proven oil reserves from some widely used sources (billions of barrels, as of 31 Dec. 2014/1 Jan. 2015)

text:
Source

Canada

Iran

Russia

Saudi Arabia

United States

Venezuela

BP[13]

172.9

157.8

103.2

267.0

48.5

298.3

OPEC[14]

4.2[4]

157.5

80.0

266.6

36.5

300.0

US Central Intelligence Agency[15]

171.0

157.8

103.2

268.3

36.5

298.4

US Energy Information Administration[16]

172.5

157.8

80.0

268.3

39.9

298.4


document_title: Galadriel

question_text: elf queen in lord of the rings actress

question_tokens: elf queen in lord of the rings actress

text: Galadriel

text: Literature[edit]

text: Internal biography[edit]

text: Stories of Galadriel's life prior to The Lord of the Rings appear in both The Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales. Galadriel was the only daughter and youngest child of Finarfin, prince of the Noldor, and of Eärwen, who was cousin to Lúthien. Her elder brothers were Finrod Felagund, Angrod, and Aegnor. She was born in Valinor during the Years of the Trees.

text: Galadriel is described as having been "blessed with the ability to peer into the minds of others and she judged them so fairly. But in Fëanor, she only sees darkness".[3] As one of the members of the royal house of Finwë and having the blood of the Vanyar from her paternal grandmother, Indis, she was often called the fairest of all Elves, either in Aman or Middle-earth.

text: According to the older account of her story, sketched by Tolkien in The Road Goes Ever On and used in The Silmarillion, Galadriel was an eager participant and leader in the rebellion of the Noldor and their flight from Valinor; in fact, she was the "only female to stand tall in those days". She had, however, long since parted ways with Fëanor and his sons, and did not participate in the Kinslaying at Alqualondë. In Beleriand she lived with her brother Finrod Felagund at Nargothrond and at the court of Thingol and Melian in Doriath. In this account she met Celeborn, a kinsman of Thingol, in Doriath.

text: After the War of Wrath, the Valar prohibited the leaders of the Exiles from returning to the Undying Lands, so as one of those leaders Galadriel remained an Exile in Middle-earth. At the end of the Third Age, when she refused the One Ring, she was finally allowed to return to Valinor.

text: Unfinished Tales gathers many other accounts of Galadriel and Celeborn. One of these highlights a second version of how Galadriel came to Middle-earth. She lived with her mother's kindred in the Telerin port of Alqualondë and there met Celeborn, who would become her husband and co-ruler. Celeborn, by this account, was Olwë's grandson. Galadriel and Celeborn sailed from the West and came to Beleriand separately from the two main hosts of the Noldor (one that Fëanor led in the ships of the Teleri, the other led by Fingolfin and Finrod that crossed the Helcaraxë). Galadriel was thus not directly involved in the revolt of the Noldorin princes in this version, and indeed fought against them at Alqualondë during the kinslaying; but she fell under the Ban of the Valar because she left the Undying Lands without permission. In Beleriand she and Celeborn were welcomed by Thingol and lived in Doriath. When the Noldor arrived in Beleriand, Galadriel re-established contact with her brothers. In this version of the story, she is offered a pardon by the Valar, but refused it out of pride and therefore remained under the Ban. In even later accounts from Unfinished Tales, written not long before Tolkien died, Galadriel was not even subject to the Ban, and remained in Middle-earth of her own volition.

text: In both versions Celeborn and Galadriel play no important role in the Battles of Beleriand, as they judge the War of the Jewels to be hopeless against Morgoth's strength. Little is told of their subsequent activities in the First Age, and they leave Beleriand before the War of Wrath.

text: Second Age[edit]

text: They travelled first to Lindon, where they ruled over a group of Elves, probably as a fiefdom under Gil-galad who was the last High King of the Noldor. According to Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn, they then removed to the shores of Lake Nenuial (Evendim), and were accounted the Lord and Lady of all the Elves of Eriador.

text: Later, around SA 700, they moved eastward and established (or were welcomed into) the realm of Eregion or Hollin. At this time they made contact with a Nandorin settlement in the valley of the Anduin, which later became Lothlórien. At some point Celeborn and Galadriel left Eregion (where Celebrimbor either had been or now became the ruler) and settled in Lothlórien. According to some accounts, they became rulers of Lothlórien for a time during the Second Age; but in all accounts they would return to Lórien to take up its rule after Amroth was lost in the middle of the Third Age.

text: Early in the Second Age, the Númenórean King Tar-Aldarion presented some Mallorn seeds to Gil-galad, High-King of the Noldor in Middle-earth, ruler of the Kingdom of Lindon, the westernmost realm in Middle-earth; but these did not take root in his kingdom, so Gil-galad gave them instead to Galadriel. "Under her power" the mellyrn had sprouted in the land of Lothlórien, but "they did not reach the height or girth of the groves of Númenor."[4]

text: Celeborn and Galadriel had a daughter, Celebrían, who later married Elrond Half-elven of Rivendell, thus making Galadriel and her husband Celeborn the grandparents of the twins Elladan and Elrohir and their younger sister Arwen Undómiel, future Queen of the Reunited Kingdom of Gondor and Arnor.

text: During the Second Age, when the Rings of Power were forged, Galadriel distrusted Annatar, the loremaster who taught the craft of the Rings to Celebrimbor and the other Noldor of Eregion. According to some accounts, Celebrimbor rebelled against her view and seized power in Eregion, so Galadriel departed to Lórien via the gates of Moria, though Celeborn stayed behind as he refused to enter the dwarves' stronghold. Her distrust was justified, for Annatar was revealed as Sauron pretending to be an emissary from the Vala Aulë. When Sauron attacked Eregion, Celebrimbor entrusted Galadriel with one of the Three Rings of the Elves, Nenya, the Ring of Water or the Ring of Adamant. Celeborn joined up with Elrond, whose force was unable to relieve Eregion but managed to escape back to Imladris. Celeborn was reunited with Galadriel after the war ended; according to one text, after some years in Imladris (during which Elrond first saw and fell in love with Celebrían) Galadriel's sea-longing became so strong that the couple removed to Belfalas and lived at the place later called Dol Amroth.[5]

text: With the fall of Gil-galad in the War of the Last Alliance, Galadriel, Elrond, and Círdan became the most prominent of the rulers among the elves in Middle-earth, and Galadriel the foremost of the remaining Exiles.

text: Third Age[edit]

text: Conscious of Sauron's power and wishing to thwart it, she did not use her Ring so long as the One Ring was in Sauron's hands. However, during the Third Age, when the One Ring was lost, she put hers to use in making Lothlórien a fair refuge for the Nandor. In the years after the departure and loss of Amroth and Nimrodel, Galadriel maintained constant vigilance against Sauron and often strove with him in thought. Sauron was said to have great desire to see into her mind, but could not so long as he did not have the One Ring. During the latter part of the Third Age, when Lothlórien was closed to outsiders, the Lord and Lady of the Galadhrim maintained communication with Imladris, but less so with the Silvan Elves of Mirkwood. She was the original convenor of the White Council.

text:
“And now at last it comes. You will give me the Ring freely! In place of the Dark Lord you will set up a Queen. And I shall not be dark, but beautiful and terrible as the Morning and the Night! Fair as the Sea and the Sun and the Snow upon the Mountain! Dreadful as the Storm and the Lightning! Stronger than the foundations of the earth. All shall love me and despair!” [Galadriel] lifted up her hand and from the ring that she wore there issued a great light that illuminated her alone and left all else dark... Then she let her hand fall, and the light faded, and suddenly she laughed again, and lo! she was shrunken: a slender elf-woman, clad in simple white, whose gentle voice was soft and sad. “I pass the test,” she said. “I will diminish, and go into the West and remain Galadriel.”

J.R.R. Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring

tag: div

text: In The Fellowship of the Ring, Galadriel welcomed the Fellowship to Lothlórien after their escape from Moria. When she met the Fellowship in her tree-dwelling in Caras Galadhon, she gave each member a searching look, testing their resolve — though Boromir interpreted this test as a temptation. She was in turn tested when Frodo Baggins offered to place the Ring in her keeping. Knowing that its corrupting influence would make her "great and terrible", and recalling the ambitions that had once brought her to Middle-earth, she refused the Ring. She accepted that her own ring's power would fail and that her people would diminish and fade with the One Ring's destruction, and that her only escape from the fading of the Elves and the dominion of Men was to return at last to Valinor. There is the suggestion in the novel, backed up by other writings,[6] that in acknowledgement of this renunciation of power her personal ban from Valinor was lifted and she was finally given leave to return over the sea.

text: When the Fellowship left Lothlórien, she gave each member a gift and an Elven cloak, and outfitted the party with boats and supplies, both as practical support and as a symbol of faith, hope and goodwill.

text: On the day that the Fellowship left Lórien, Gandalf arrived, carried by the eagle Gwaihir. Galadriel healed his wounds and reclothed him in white, signaling his new status as head of the Istari. During the last battles of the War of the Ring, Lórien was reportedly besieged three times by the armies of Dol Guldur. It was stated that Lórien resisted the attacks due to the bravery of its inhabitants; but also that "the power that dwelt there was too great for any to overcome, unless Sauron had come there himself."[7]

text: After Sauron perished, Celeborn led the host of Lórien across the Anduin and captured Dol Guldur. Galadriel came forth and "threw down its walls and laid bare its pits", recalling the deeds of Lúthien Tinúviel, who did the same at Tol Sirion in the First Age.

text: Galadriel passed over the Great Sea with Elrond, Gandalf, and the Ring-bearers Bilbo and Frodo Baggins, marking the end of the Third Age. Celeborn remained behind, and Tolkien writes that "there is no record of the day when at last he sought the Grey Havens".[8] She is the only one of the leaders of the Noldorin exiles to return. She was well over 7,000 years old at that time.

text: Names and titles[edit]

text: Galadriel was originally named Artanis (Q. 'ar'=noble, 'nis'=woman, a name common to royal women of the Elves, most prominently as in the form Arwen, Galadriel's granddaughter), and Nerwen (Q. 'ner'=man, 'wen'=maiden, hence manly maiden), referring to her height and strength; Galadriel is the Sindarinized version of Telerin Quenya Alatáriel (Q. 'alatá'=radiance, 'riel'=maiden crowned with a garland), a name given her by Celeborn, referring to her silver-golden hair.[citation needed]

text: The name Galadhriel (S. 'galadh'=tree, 'riel'=crowned maiden) was used outside Lórien by the people who did not know the ancient days and Galadriel's history, confusing galad with the Sindarin word galadh and the name of the Galadhrim, the people of Lórien.[9]

text: As the ruler of Lothlórien, she was referred to by a variety of titles, including "Lady of Lórien", "Lady of the Wood", and (by Gimli)[10] "Queen Galadriel"[11] — although, according to Tolkien's account in Unfinished Tales, neither she nor Celeborn took royal titles themselves, as they considered they were but guardians of Lórien.[12] She was also referred to as "Lady of Light" (the translation of Galadriel) or as the "White Lady", as her fair skin and white cloaks made her seem to shine.

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: It was said (by the Dúnedain) that her height was two rangar (Quenya: 'strides'), or "man-high" – about 6 ft. 4 in., or 193 cm.[13] However, Galadriel's most striking feature is her beautiful long silver-golden hair. The Elves of Tirion said it captured the radiance of the Two Trees Laurelin and Telperion themselves.

text: Even among the Eldar she was accounted beautiful, and her hair is held a marvel unmatched. It is golden like the hair of her father and of her foremother Indis, but richer and more radiant, for its gold is touched by some memory of the starlike silver of her mother; and the Eldar say that the light of the Two Trees, Laurelin and Telperion, has been snared in her tresses.[14]

text: It was greatly admired by Fëanor and may have inspired him to create the Silmarilli.

text: Many thought that this saying first gave to Fëanor the thought of imprisoning and blending the light of the Trees that later took shape in his hands as the Silmarils. For Fëanor beheld the hair of Galadriel with wonder and delight.[14]

text: Nevertheless, she never repaid Fëanor's admiration with the generosity she showed to Gimli the Dwarf in The Fellowship of the Ring. Fëanor "had begged her thrice for a tress and thrice she refused to give him even one hair. It is said that these two kinsfolk, being considered the greatest of the Eldar of Valinor, remain unfriends forever."[14]:p. 230

text: Her character was similarly a blend of characteristics of the kindreds of the Eldar from whom she was descended. She had the pride and ambition of the Noldor, but in her they were tempered by the gentleness and insight of the Vanyar. She shared the latter virtues of character with her father Finarfin and her brother Finrod.

text: She was proud, strong, and self-willed, as were all the descendants of Finwë save Finarfin; and like her brother Finrod, of all her kin the nearest to her heart, she had dreams of far lands and dominions that might be her own to order as she would without tutelage. Yet deeper still there dwelt in her the noble and generous spirit of the Vanyar, and a reverence for the Valar that she could not forget. From her earliest years she had a marvellous gift of insight into the minds of others, but judged them with mercy and understanding, and she withheld her goodwill from none save only Fëanor. In him she perceived a darkness that she hated and feared, though she did not perceive that the shadow of the same evil had fallen upon the minds of all the Noldor, and upon her own.[14]

text: Her sympathy for Gimli the Dwarf in Lothlórien, when she rebuked her husband Celeborn for being tempted to regret his decision to admit the Dwarf to that land, won Gimli's heart forever.[15]

text: She was said to be a match for both the loremasters and athletes of the Eldar. She was the mightiest of the women of the Eldar.

text: House of Finarfin[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

The House of Finarfin

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Finwë

Indis

Olwë

Fingolfin

Finarfin

Eärwen

Finrod

Angrod

Eldalótë

Aegnor

Galadriel

Celeborn

Orodreth

Elrond

Celebrían

Gil-galad

Finduilas

Notes:

Orodreth is sometimes described as a son of Finarfin.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Galadriel was voiced by Annette Crosbie in Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated film of The Lord of the Rings, and by Marian Diamond in BBC Radio's 1981 serialisation. While she did not appear in the 1980 animated The Return of the King, she was mentioned by name when Frodo refers to Galadriel's phial.

text: In Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings trilogy and The Hobbit prequel trilogy, Galadriel is played by Cate Blanchett.[16] In the movies, other than possessing the Ring Nenya, Galadriel displays an ability to communicate with others telepathically and to assume a radiant and terrifying appearance.

text: In The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, as she was present at time, Galadriel narrates the events of prologue that explains the creation of the Rings of Power and the War of the Last Alliance. When the Fellowship enters the woods of Lórien, contacting Frodo via telepathy, Galadriel welcomes them to Lothlórien while using her power to tell Boromir that there is still hope despite Gondor's danger. When offered the Ring by Frodo after revealing it would eventually destroy his friends should he remain with them, Galadriel briefly assumed her horrific form before turning down the offer. Galadriel later gives Eärendil's Light to Frodo for his use. The gifts she gives to the rest of the Fellowship differ from the book's account, as is her absence from the coronation of King Elessar at the end of Return of the King.[clarification needed] At the end of The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Galadriel departs with Celeborn accompanying her, Elrond, Gandalf, Frodo, and Bilbo.

text: In The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, taking place sixty years before the events of the Lord of the Rings trilogy, Galadriel attends the White Council meeting at Rivendell with Elrond, Gandalf, and Saruman, to discuss the rising threat of the Necromancer of Dol Guldur. While Galadriel identifies the Morgul-blade that Radagast retrieved from Dol Guldur to belong to the Witch-King of Angmar, she also communicates telepathically with Gandalf during the meeting. After the meeting ends, Galadriel agrees with Gandalf's opinion that Smaug and the Necromancer must be dealt with, sympathetic to the wizard's reason for the presence of Bilbo Baggins. She offers her assistance, promising that if he should ever need her help, she will come. In the second film, The Desolation of Smaug, Galadriel telepathically convinces Gandalf leave the Company to investigate the tomb of the Nazgûl. Gandalf later sends Radagast to Lothlórien to report their findings of Sauron being the Necromancer before he enters Dol Guldur on his own. In the final film, The Battle of the Five Armies, Galadriel rescues Gandalf from captivity in Dol Guldur as he is about to be executed. She is weakened by the sudden appearance of the Nazgûl, but her hidden companions, Elrond and Saruman, engage them in combat. She seemingly uses the last of her strength to secure Gandalf's escape with Radagast. After the Nazgûl are defeated, Sauron himself appears, reviving his servants. Galadriel assumes a terrifying image (similar to her changed appearance when offered the One Ring by Frodo Baggins in Lothlórien) to confront him. Using Eärendil's Light, she banishes Sauron and the Nazgûl to Mordor, though at a great expenditure of power. Afterward, she is taken back to Lothlórien by Elrond to recover.

text: On stage, Galadriel was portrayed by Rebecca Jackson Mendoza in the three-hour-long Toronto stage musical production of The Lord of the Rings, which opened in 2006 and ran several months. The musical was revised and moved to London's Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, opening on 21 June 2007. Matthew Warchus directed Laura Michelle Kelly in the role. Abbie Osmon took over from Kelly on 4 February 2008, and played the role through the show's closing on 19 July 2008.

text: Galadriel appears in the video game The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II and others.

text: Legacy in music[edit]

text: Tolkien wrote a poem "Namárië" that Galadriel sings in farewell to the departing Fellowship, and to Frodo in particular. The song is in Quenya, and "spoke of things little-known in Middle-earth," but Frodo is said to have remembered the words and translated them long afterward. It is a lament in which Galadriel describes her separation from the Blessed Realm and the Valar, her longing to return there, and at the end a wish or hope that even though she herself is forbidden (by the Ban) to return, that Frodo might somehow come in the end to Valinor (the song specifically refers to Valimar, the city of the Valar in Valinor).

text: The poem was set to music by Donald Swann with the help of Tolkien. The sheet music and an audio recording are part of the book The Road Goes Ever On. In a recording Tolkien sings it in a Gregorian manner.[17]

text: On their album Once Again, the band Barclay James Harvest featured a song called "Galadriel". It gained notability because guitarist John Lees played John Lennon's Epiphone Casino guitar on this track,[18] an event later recounted in a song on the band's 1990 album Welcome To The Show titled "John Lennon's Guitar".

text: Songwriter Terry Britten also wrote a song "Galadriel" which was recorded by Cliff Richard.

text: Sally Oldfield's suite "Songs of the Quendi" on her album Water Bearer (1978) describes the return of Galadriel to the Blessed Realm after seven millennia of exile.

text: Sydney-based progressive rock band Galadriel achieved minor success in the early 1970s, and continue to have a cult following around the world due to a revived interest in 1960s and 1970s Australian rock. Rare copies of their first album are much sought-after, particularly in Germany where they were signed to the local Polydor label in 1971. Singer John 'Spider' Sholten later joined the touring company of singer-songwriter Ross Ryan as stage manager and general comic relief for Ross during his performances.

text: In 2003, Fran Walsh, Howard Shore, and Annie Lennox co-wrote the Oscar-winning song "Into the West" for the closing credits of The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. Originally sung by Annie Lennox, the song was conceived as Galadriel's bittersweet lament for those who have sailed across the Sundering Seas. The lyrics include phrases from the final chapter of the original novel. The song has since been covered by Yulia Townsend and Will Martin.


document_title: Mass number

question_text: where is the mass number put with respect to an element symbol

text: Mass number

text:
The mass number (symbol A, from the German word Atomgewichte (atomic weight),[1] also called  atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus. It determines the atomic mass of atoms. Because protons and neutrons both are baryons, the mass number A is identical with the baryon number B as of the nucleus as of the whole atom or ion. The mass number is different for each different isotope of a chemical element.  This is not the same as the atomic number (Z) which denotes the number of protons in a nucleus, and thus uniquely identifies an element. Hence, the difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons (N) in a given nucleus:

N
=
A
−
Z

{\displaystyle N=A-Z}

.[2]

text: The mass number is written either after the element name or as a superscript to the left of an element's symbol. For example, the most common isotope of carbon is carbon-12, or 12C, which has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. The full isotope symbol would also have the atomic number (Z) as a subscript to the left of the element symbol directly below the mass number: 126C.[3]  This is technically redundant, as each element is defined by its atomic number, so it is often omitted.

text: Mass number changes in radioactive decay[edit]

text:
Different types of radioactive decay are characterized by their changes in mass number as well as atomic number, according to the radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy.
For example, uranium-238 usually decays by alpha decay, where the nucleus loses two neutrons and two protons in the form of an alpha particle.  Thus the atomic number and the number of neutrons each decrease by 2 (Z: 92→90, N: 146→144), so that the mass number decreases by 4 (A = 238→234); the result is an atom of thorium-234 and an alpha particle (42He2+):[4]

text:
23892U
→
23490Th
+
42He2+

text: On the other hand, carbon-14 naturally decays by radioactive beta decay, whereby one neutron is transmuted into a proton with the emission of an electron and an anti-neutrino.  Thus the atomic number increases by 1 (Z: 6→7) and the mass number remains the same (A = 14), while the number of neutrons decreases by 1 (N: 8→7).[5]  The resulting atom is nitrogen-14, with seven protons and seven neutrons:

text:
146C
→
147N
+
e−
+
νe

text: Another type of radioactive decay without change in mass number is emission of a gamma ray from a nuclear isomer or metastable excited state of an atomic nucleus. Since all the protons and neutrons remain in the nucleus unchanged in this process, the mass number is also unchanged.

text: Mass number and isotopic mass[edit]

text: The mass number gives an estimate of the isotopic mass measured in atomic mass units (u). For 12C the isotopic mass is exactly 12, since the atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12 of the mass of 12C. For other isotopes, the isotopic mass is usually within 0.1 u of the mass number. For example, 35Cl (17 protons and 18 neutrons) has a mass number of 35 and an isotopic mass of 34.96885. The difference between mass number of an atom and its isotopic mass is known as the mass excess. Mass excess should not be confused with mass defect which is the difference between the mass of an atom and its constituent particles (namely protons, neutrons and electrons).

text: There are two reasons for mass defect/excess:

text:
The neutron is slightly heavier than the proton. This increases the mass of nuclei with more neutrons than protons relative to the atomic mass unit scale based on 12C with equal numbers of protons and neutrons.
The nuclear binding energy varies between nuclei. A nucleus with greater binding energy has a lower total energy, and therefore a lower mass according to Einstein's mass-energy equivalence relation E = mc2. For 35Cl the isotopic mass is less than 35 so this must be the dominant factor.

tag: ol

text: Relative atomic mass of an element[edit]

text: The mass number should also not be confused with the standard atomic weight (also called atomic weight) of an element, which is the ratio of the average atomic mass of the different isotopes of that element (weighted by abundance) to the unified atomic mass unit.[6] The atomic weight is an actual mass (made relative, i.e., a ratio), while the mass number is a counted number (and so an integer).

text: This weighted average can be quite different from the near-integer values for individual isotopic masses. For instance, there are two main isotopes of chlorine: chlorine-35 and chlorine-37. In any given sample of chlorine that has not been subjected to mass separation there will be roughly 75% of chlorine atoms which are chlorine-35 and only 25% of chlorine atoms which are chlorine-37. This gives chlorine a relative atomic mass of 35.5 (actually 35.4527 g/mol).

text: Moreover, the weighted average mass can be near-integer, but at the same time not corresponding to the mass of any natural isotope. For example, bromine has only two stable isotopes, 79Br and 81Br, naturally present in approximately equal fractions, which leads to the standard atomic mass of bromine close to 80 (79.904 g/mol),[7] even though the isotope 80Br with such mass is unstable.