document_title: Cigarette filter

question_text: when did they start putting filters on cigarettes

root

text: Cigarette filter

text: History[edit]

text: In 1925, Hungarian inventor Boris Aivaz patented the process of making a cigarette filter from crepe paper.[5]

tag: p

text: From 1935, a British company began to develop a machine that made cigarettes incorporating the tipped filter. It was considered a speciality item until 1954, when manufacturers introduced the machine more broadly, following a spate of speculative announcements from doctors and researchers concerning a possible link between lung diseases and smoking. Since filtered cigarettes were considered "safer", by the 1960s, they dominated the market. Production of filter cigarettes rose from 0.5 percent in 1950 to 87.7 percent by 1975.[6]

text: Between the 1930s and the 1950s, most cigarettes were 70 mm (~2 3/4 in) long. The modern cigarette market includes mainly filter cigarettes that are 80 mm (in boxes; ~3 1/8 in), 85 mm (in softpack; ~3 3/8 in), 100 mm (~3 15/16 in), or even 120 mm (~4 3/4 in) long.[7]

text: Manufacture[edit]

text: Cellulose acetate is made by esterifying bleached cotton or wood pulp with acetic acid. Of the three cellulose hydroxy groups available for esterification, between two and three are esterified by controlling the amount of acid (degree of substitution (DS) 2.35-2.55). The ester is spun into fibers and formed into bundles called filter tow. Flavors (menthol), sweeteners, softeners (triacetin), flame retardants (sodium tungstate), breakable capsules releasing flavors on demand, and additives colouring the tobacco smoke may be added to cigarette filters.[8][9] The five largest manufactures of filter tow are Hoechst-Celanese and Eastman Chemicals in the United States, Solvay (Rhodia Acetow) in Germany, Daicel and Mitsubishi Rayon in Japan.

text: Starch glues or emulsion-based adhesives are used for gluing cigarette seams. Hot-melt and emulsion-based adhesives are used for filter seams. Emulsion-based adhesives are used for bonding the filters to the cigarettes.[10] The tip paper may be coated with polyvinyl alcohol.[11]

text: Health risks[edit]

text: In the 1970s epidemiologic evidence relative to tobacco-related cancers and data for coronary heart disease indicated a reduced risk among filter smokers for these diseases.[12] Between 1970 and 1980 some studies showed a 20-50% reduction in risk of lung cancer for long-term smokers of filtered cigarettes as compared to smokers of non-filtered cigarettes (IARC, 1986) but later studies indicated a similar risk for lung cancer in smokers of filtered and non-filtered cigarettes.[13]

text: Various add-on cigarette filters ("Water Pik", "Venturi", "David Ross") are sold as stop-smoking or tar-reduction devices. The idea is that filters reduce tar-nicotine levels permitting the smoker to be weaned away from cigarettes.[14]

text: Light cigarettes[edit]

text: The tobacco industry has reduced tar and nicotine yields in cigarette smoke since the 1960s. This has been achieved in a variety of ways including use of selected strains of tobacco plant, changes in agricultural and curing procedures, use of reconstituted sheets (reprocessed tobacco leaf wastes), incorporation of tobacco stalks, reduction of the amount of tobacco needed to fill a cigarette by expanding it (like puffed wheat) to increase its "filling power", and by the use of filters and high-porosity wrapping papers. However, just as a drinker tends to drink a larger volume of beer than of wine or spirits, so many smokers tend to modify their smoking pattern inversely according to the strength of the cigarette being smoked. In contrast to the standardized puffing of the smoking machines on which the tar and nicotine yields are based, when a smoker switches to a low-tar, low nicotine cigarette, they smoke more cigarettes, take more puffs and inhale more deeply. Conversely, when smoking a high-tar, high-nicotine cigarette there is a tendency to smoke and inhale less.[15]

text: In spite of the changes in cigarette design and manufacturing over the last 50 years, the use of filters and "light" cigarettes neither decreased the nicotine intake per cigarette, nor lowered the incidence of lung cancers (NCI, 2001; IARC 83, 2004; U.S. Surgeon General, 2004).[16] The shift over the years from higher- to lower-yield cigarettes may explain the change in the pathology of lung cancer. That is, the percentage of lung cancers that are adenocarcinomas has increased, while the percentage of squamous cell cancers has decreased. The change in tumor type is believed to reflect the higher nitrosamine delivery of lower-yield cigarettes and the increased depth or volume of inhalation of lower-yield cigarettes to compensate for lower level concentrations of nicotine in the smoke.[17]

text: Safety[edit]

text: Cellulose acetate is non-toxic, odorless, tasteless, and weakly flammable. It is resistant to weak acids and is largely stable to mineral and fatty oils as well as petroleum. It is biodegradable and the raw material is a renewable natural polymer expected to find application for other uses in the future.[18] Smoked cigarette butts contain 5–7 mg (~ 0.08-0.11 gr) nicotine (about 25% of the total cigarette nicotine content), children ingesting >2 whole cigarettes, 6 cigarette butts or a total of 0.5 mg/kg (~ 0,0035 gr/lbs) of nicotine should be admitted to a hospital.[19] Cellulose acetate is hydrophilic and retains the water-soluble smoke constituents, of which many are irritating (acids, alkali, aldehydes, and phenols), while letting through the lipophilic aromatic compounds.

text: Smoked cigarette butts and cigarette tobacco are toxic to water organisms such as the marine topsmelt (Atherinops affinis) and the freshwater fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas).[20]

text: Atmospheric moisture, gastric acid, light, and enzymes hydrolyze cellulose acetate to acetic acid and cellulose. Cellulose may be further hydrolyzed to cellobiose or glucose in an acidic medium, and eventually form valuable humus. Humans cannot digest cellulose and excrete the fibers in feces, because, unlike ruminant animals, termites, and some bacteria and fungi, they lack cellulolytic enzymes such as cellulase. Like wood, paper and cotton, cigarette filters in soil rot slowly over months to years.

text: Litter[edit]

text: Cigarette butts are the most common form of anthropogenic (man-made) litter in the world, as approximately 5.6 trillion cigarettes are smoked every year worldwide.[21] Of those it is estimated that 4.5 trillion cigarette butts become litter every year.[22] The cellulose acetate fibers used as the predominant filter material do not readily biodegrade because of the acetyl groups on the cellulose backbone which in itself can quickly be degraded by various microorganisms employing cellulases.[23] A normal life span of a discarded filter is thought to be up to 15 years.[24]

text: Many governments have sanctioned stiff penalties for littering of cigarette filters; for example Washington state imposes a penalty of $1,025 for littering cigarette filters.[25] Another option is developing better biodegradable filters, much of this work lies heavily on the research in the secondary mechanism for photodegradation as stated above. The next option is using cigarette packs with a compartment to discard cigarette butts in, implementing monetary deposits on filters, increasing the availability of butt receptacles, and expanding public education. It may even be possible to ban the sale of filtered cigarettes altogether on the basis of their adverse environmental impact.[21] Recent research has been put into finding ways to utilizes the filter waste, to develop a desired product. One research group in South Korea have developed a simple one-step process that converts the cellulose acetate in discarded cigarette filters into a high-performing material that could be integrated into computers, handheld devices, electrical vehicle and wind turbines to store energy. These materials have demonstrated superior performance as compared to commercially available carbon, graphene and carbon nano tubes. The product is showing high promise as a green alternative for the waste problem.[26] Another group of researchers has proposed adding tablets of food grade acid inside the filters. Once wet enough the tablets will release acid that accelerates degradation to around two weeks (instead of using cellulose triacetate and besides of cigarette smoke being quite acidic).[27] A Dutch startup is training crows to recognize and pick up cigarette butts in exchange for treats.[28]


document_title: Delta State

question_text: how many local government are there in delta state nigeria

text: Delta State

text: Geography[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The state covers a landmass of about 18,050 km², of which more than 60% is land. The state lies approximately between Longitude 5°00 and 6°.45' East and Latitude 5°00 and 6°.30' North. It is bounded in the north and west by Edo State, the east by Anambra, Imo, and Rivers States, southeast by Bayelsa State, and on the southern flank is the Bight of Benin which covers about 160 kilometres of the state's coastline. Delta State is generally low-lying without remarkable hills. The state has a wide coastal belt inter-lace with rivulets and streams, which form part of the Niger Delta.

text: History[edit]

text: Delta State was carved out of the former Bendel State on August 27, 1991. The state was created following agitations for the creation of a separate distinct state by the peoples of the old Delta Province: the Urhobos, Ijaw Izon, Isoko, Itsekiri and Ukwuani (later joined Anioma). There was yet another state creation movement designated as "Niger State" comprising the old midwestern Igbo-speaking Asaba divisions and Ukwuani-speaking Aboh division of the old Midwest region. This was transformed into "Anioma" following the creation of Niger State from the old Northwestern State by the Murtala Muhammed's administration in 1976. The then Military President, Gen Ibrahim Babangida (Rtd) created the state using the name "Delta" advanced by Niger Delta region and "Asaba" a prominent town within the "Anioma" axis as capital. Asaba was designated as capital of the proposed Anioma State. The proposed capital was a virgin land or "Anioma city" in the heart of the two constituent divisions that had evolved to become the Anioma area. Delta state was once integrated in the Mid Western state from 1963 to 1976 and later Bendel state, from 1976 to 1991. The name "Bendel" (Ben-Del) coined from the old Benin and Delta Provinces of Western Region-Delta to reflect the integration of Benin and Delta provinces.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: Delta State is ethnically diverse, with various linguistic stocks.

text: The first region is made up of three linguistic groupings, collectively referred to as Anioma. They are of Igboid stock and composed of three main groups namely Enuani, who inhabit the Aniocha and Oshimili Local Government Areas; Ika; and Ndokwa/Ukwuani. All three inhabit the Delta North senatorial district.

text: The second region consists of the other three main linguistic groups: Edoid, comprising the Isoko and Urhobo; Yoruboid, Itsekiri; and Ijoid, Izon. The Itsekiri speak a language very closely related to Yoruba but have been culturally influenced by the Edo ethnic group from neighbouring Edo state, as well as the Urhobo, Ijaw and Portuguese. The Izon are a branch of their kith and kin, in neighbouring Bayelsa State.

text: The vast majority of inhabitants are Christian, with very few practicing Traditional Religion.

text: Administration[edit]

text: Arthur Okowa Ifeanyi, a member of the People's Democratic Party, was elected Governor and chief executive of Delta State in April 2015. His deputy is Barr. Kingsley Otuaro. The state has three National Senatorial Districts (South, North and Central). In 2011 and 2013, the elected senators were James Manager, Arthur Okowa Ifeanyi and Emmanuel Aguariavwodo who replaced Pius Ewherido who died in 2013 at National Hospital, Abuja. In 2015, Chief Ighoyeta Amori was elected Senator of Delta Central but his election was annulled and Senator Ovie Omo-Agege sworn in as Senator of Delta Central, James Manager retained his position and Chief Peter Nwaoboshi was elected Senator of Delta North. The Executive, Legislative and Judicial Chambers are housed in Asaba with a government house annex in Warri.

text: Local government areas[edit]

text: Delta State consists of 25 Local Government Areas (shown with 2006 population figures):

text:
Delta Central Senatorial District
1,575,738

Delta North Senatorial District
1,293,074

Delta South Senatorial District
1,229,282

Ethiope East
200,942

Aniocha North
104,062

Bomadi
86,016

Ethiope West
202,712

Aniocha South
142,045

Burutu
207,977

Okpe
128,398

Ika North East
182,819

Isoko North
143,559

Sapele
174,273

Ika South
167,060

Isoko South
235,147

Udu
142,480

Ndokwa East
103,224

Patani
67,391

Ughelli North
320,687

Ndokwa West
150,024

Warri North
136,149

Ughelli South
212,638

Oshimili North
118,540

Warri South
311,970

Uvwie
188,728

Oshimili South
150,032

Warri South West
116,538

Ukwuani
119,034

text: Natural resources[edit]

text: There are various solid mineral deposits within state - industrial clay, silica, lignite, kaolin, tar sand, decorative rocks, limestone, etc. These are raw materials for industries such as brick making, ceramics, bottle manufacturing, glass manufacturing, chemical/insulators production, chalk manufacturing and sanitary wares, decorative stone cutting and quarrying.

text: Delta state also has huge deposits of crude oil and is also one the largest producers of petroleum products in Nigeria

text: Higher education[edit]

text: Delta state has one of the highest numbers of tertiary institutions in any Nigerian state. This is a product of the people's thirst for knowledge and academic work. Some of these institutions are:

text:
Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun
Delta State University (Abraka Campus, Oleh Campus, Asaba Campus)
Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-Uku
Delta State Polytechnic, Otefe-Oghara
Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro
College of Education, Agbor
College of Education, Warri
Federal College of Education Technical, Asaba
College of Physical Education, Mosogar
School of Health Technology, Ughelli
Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun[4]
Western Delta University, Oghara
Novena University, Ogume-Amai
National Open University of Nigeria, Asaba Study Center, Asaba
Delta State School of Marine Technology, Burutu
Nigerian Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Warri
Conarina School of Maritime & Transport Technology, Oria-Abraka
University of Information and Communication Technology, Agbor
State School of Midwifery, Asaba
School of Nursing, Agbor
School of Nursing, Warri
Baptist School of Nursing, Eku
Edwin Clark University, Kiagbodo
Eagle Heights University, Omadino, Warri
Nigerian Naval School, Sapele
Nigerian Navy Maritime University, Ibusa

tag: ul

text: Tourist attractions[edit]

text: Delta State has some historical, cultural and socio-political tourist centers that attract visitors from around the globe. Some of these sites of tourism include:

text:
The Nana's Palace built by Chief Nana Olomu of Ebrohim. He was a powerful 19th century indigenous entrepreneur who traded with the British. The relationship eventually turned sour. Later, he surrendered (not without putting up a fight) and was exiled to Ghana. His personal effects are housed in this grand palace.
The River Ethiope which is reputed to be the deepest inland waterway in Africa (at 176 km). Its source is at the foot of a giant silk-cotton tree at Umuaja in Ukwuani Local Government Area of the state and flows through seven Local Government Areas in the State. It is a place of worship for Olokun traditional religion and also a common site for faithfuls of the Igbe Religious Movement.
The Araya Bible Site which houses a copy of the Holy Bible. It is believed that the bible descended to this spot miraculously from heaven around August, 1914. The bible dropped on rain-soaked yam and it didn't get wet. The site now attracts thousands of Christians yearly.
Demas Nwoko Edifice which was built using traditional materials, designs and construction techniques of the Igbo civilization and the Benin Empire by Demas Nwoko, an architect, builder and artist of international repute from Idumuje-Ugboko, in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State.
The Mungo Park House which is now the site of the National Museum, Asaba. The house was constructed by the Royal Niger Company (RNC) in 1886 and was used as a colonial administrative headquarters, a military house, the colonial administrative divisional headquarters, the RNC Constabulary building, and the seat of the Urban District Council at different times.
The Niger Bridge which connects Delta State (by extension, western Nigeria) to the Eastern part of Nigeria. It is a beauty to behold. It was completed in 1965 and cost £5 million. It was damaged during the civil war, but later repaired.
Lander Brothers Anchorage, Asaba which was built in memory of early British explorers. The complex has a museum, a graveyard, and many artworks and writings. It houses a replica of one of the boats that was used by the brothers.
Falcorp Mangrove Park
Warri Kingdom Royal Cemetery which is 512 years old and serves as the resting place of past rulers of Warri kingdom. A tree is planted on each grave.

text: Sports[edit]

text: Delta State is known to have produced several sportsmen and women, notably Stephen Okechukwu Keshi, Sunday Oliseh, Austin Jay-Jay Okocha, Wilson Oruma, Efetobore Sodje and Jonathan Akpoborie, Cindy Ofili.

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Michael Ashikodi Agbamuche Former Attorney General & Minister for Justice of Nigeria
Bovi, popular Nigerian comedian
John Pepper Clark, first Professor of English in Africa, poet and writer
David Ejoor
Chris Ekiyor, former Commissioner of Culture and Tourism of Delta state during Emmanuel Uduaghan's tenure.
Olorogun O'tega Emerhor, Nigerian financial industry leader and politician.
Jeremiah Omoto Fufeyin, founder of Christ Mercyland Deliverance Ministry
I Go Dye, popular comedian across Africa who is among United Nations' Millennium Development Goals Ambassadors
James Ibori, former Governor of Delta State
Michael Ibru, business leader
Tanure Ojaide, Professor of English and renowned writer
Blessing Okagbare, athlete, Olympic and World Championships medalist in the long jump, and a world medallist in the 200 metres
Sunny Ofehe, International Human & Environmental Rights Activist.
Okocha, former Super Eagles Captain
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
Ben Okri, writer
Omawumi, popular Nigeria entertainer.
Bruce Onobrakpeya, 2006 UNESCO Living Human Treasure Award, Trustee of Western Niger Delta University
Gamaliel Onosode
Ayo Oritsejafor, founder of Word of Life Bible Church
Amaju Pinnick
Emmanuel Uduaghan
Abel Ubeku, first black Managing Director of Guinness Nigeria Plc.


document_title: Speed limits in the United States

question_text: when did speed limits start in the us

question_tokens: when did speed limits start in the us

text: Speed limits in the United States

text: Overview[edit]

text: Speed limits[edit]

text: This table contains the most usual posted daytime speed limits, in miles per hour, on typical roads in each category. The values shown are not necessarily the fastest or slowest. They usually indicate, but not always, statutory speed limits. Some states and territories have lower truck speed limits applicable to heavy trucks. If present, they are usually only on freeways or other high-speed roadways. Washington allows for speeds up to 75 miles per hour (121 km/h), but the highest posted signs are 70 miles per hour (110 km/h). Mississippi allows speeds up to 80 mph (130 km/h) on toll roads, but no such roads exist. Oklahoma removed the maximum speed of 75 from its laws, though no road been posted higher than 75.

text:
[show]Legend:

Freeway: Interstate Highway or other state or U.S. Route built to Interstate standards.
Divided rural: State or U.S. route, generally with four or more lanes, not built to Interstate standards, but with a median or other divider separating directions of travel.
Undivided rural: County, State, or U.S. route, generally with two to four lanes, with no separator between directions of travel.
Residential Street/residential: Residential streets, business districts, or School zones.

5 miles per hour (8.0 km/h)
10 miles per hour (16 km/h)
15 miles per hour (24 km/h)
20 miles per hour (32 km/h)
25 miles per hour (40 km/h)

30 miles per hour (48 km/h)
35 miles per hour (56 km/h).
40 miles per hour (64 km/h)
45 miles per hour (72 km/h)
50 miles per hour (80 km/h)
55 miles per hour (89 km/h)

60 miles per hour (97 km/h)
65 miles per hour (105 km/h)
70 miles per hour (110 km/h)
75 miles per hour (121 km/h)
80 miles per hour (130 km/h)
85 miles per hour (137 km/h)

text:
State or territory
Freeway (rural)
Freeway (trucks)
Freeway (urban)
Divided (rural)
Undivided (rural)
Residential

 Alabama[4][5]
70 mph (113 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
65 mph (105 km/h)
45–55 mph (72–89 km/h)
20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)

 Alaska
65 mph (105 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
45–65 mph (72–105 km/h)
20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)

 American Samoa[6]
–
–
45 mph (72 km/h)
25–45 mph (40–72 km/h)
20 mph (32 km/h)

 Arizona[7]
65–75 mph (105–121 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
45–65 mph (72–105 km/h)
20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)

 Arkansas
70–75 mph (113–121 km/h)
70 mph (110 km/h)
60–65 mph (97–105 km/h)
65 mph (105 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
30 mph (48 km/h)

 California
65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)
55 mph (89 km/h)
50–65 mph (80–105 km/h)
65 mph (105 km/h)[8]
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
25–30 mph (40–48 km/h)

 Colorado
65–75 mph (105–121 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)

 Connecticut
65 mph (105 km/h)
45–55 mph (72–89 km/h)
55 mph (89 km/h)
45–55 mph (72–89 km/h)
20–40 mph (32–64 km/h)

 Delaware[9]
65 mph (105 km/h)
50–65 mph (80–105 km/h)
45–60[10] mph (72–97 km/h)
35–50 mph (56–80 km/h)
20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)

 District of Columbia[11]
–
55 mph (89 km/h)
–
–
25 mph (40 km/h)

 Florida[12]
70 mph (113 km/h)
45–70 mph (72–113 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
55–60 mph (89–97 km/h)
20–50 mph (32–80 km/h)

 Georgia[13]
70 mph (113 km/h)
55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)
65 mph (105 km/h)
55 mph (89 km/h)
25–45 mph (40–72 km/h)

 Guam[14][15][16]
–
–
45 mph (72 km/h)
35–45 mph (56–72 km/h)
35 mph (56 km/h)

 Hawaii
55–60 mph (89–97 km/h)
35–50 mph (56–80 km/h)
45–55 mph (72–89 km/h)
45–60 mph (72–97 km/h)
25 mph (40 km/h)

 Idaho
70–80 mph (110–130 km/h)
70 mph (113 km/h)
60–65 mph (97–105 km/h)
65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)
55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)
25–30 mph (40–48 km/h)

 Illinois
70 mph (113 km/h)
45–70 mph (72–113 km/h)
65 mph (105 km/h)
55 mph (89 km/h)
20–30 mph (32–48 km/h)

 Indiana
70 mph (113 km/h)
65 mph (105 km/h)
50–70 mph (80–113 km/h)
55–60 mph (89–97 km/h)
50–55 mph (80–89 km/h)
20–30 mph (32–48 km/h)

 Iowa
70 mph (113 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
65 mph (105 km/h)
45–55 mph (72–89 km/h)
25 mph (40 km/h)

 Kansas
75 mph (121 km/h)
60–75 mph (97–121 km/h)
65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
20–30 mph (32–48 km/h)

 Kentucky[17]
70 mph (113 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
65 mph (105 km/h)
55 mph (89 km/h)
25–45 mph (40–72 km/h)

 Louisiana[18]
70–75 mph (113–121 km/h)
50–70 mph (80–113 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
45–55 mph (72–89 km/h)
20–45 mph (32–72 km/h)

 Maine
70–75 mph (113–121 km/h)
50–65 mph (80–105 km/h)
45–55 mph (72–89 km/h)
45–55 mph (72–89 km/h)
25 mph (40 km/h)

 Maryland
65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)
40–65 mph (64–105 km/h)
55 mph (89 km/h)
50–55 mph (80–89 km/h)
20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)

 Massachusetts
65 mph (105 km/h)
45–65 mph (72–105 km/h)
45–55 mph (72–89 km/h)
45–55 mph (72–89 km/h)
20–30 mph (32–48 km/h)

 Michigan[19]
70–75 mph (113–121 km/h)[20]
65 mph (105 km/h)
55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)[20]
25 mph (40 km/h)

 Minnesota[21][22]
65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)
45–60 mph (72–97 km/h)
60–65 mph (97–105 km/h)
55–60 mph (89–97 km/h)
30 mph (48 km/h)

 Mississippi
70 mph (113 km/h)
60 mph (97 km/h)
65 mph (105 km/h)
55 mph (89 km/h)
25 mph (40 km/h)

 Missouri
70 mph (113 km/h)
45–70 mph (72–113 km/h)
60–70 mph (97–113 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
25–40 mph (40–64 km/h)

 Montana
75–80 mph (121–129 km/h)
65 mph (105 km/h)
65 mph (105 km/h)
65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)
55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)
20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)

 Nebraska[23]
75 mph (121 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
65 mph (105 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
25 mph (40 km/h)

 Nevada
70–80 mph (113–129 km/h)[24][25][26]
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
65–75 mph (105–121 km/h)
55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)
20–30 mph (32–48 km/h)

 New Hampshire
65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)
50–65 mph (80–105 km/h)
55 mph (89 km/h)
35–55 mph (56–89 km/h)
20–30 mph (32–48 km/h)

 New Jersey[27][28]
65 mph (105 km/h)
50–65 mph (80–105 km/h)
55 mph (89 km/h)
30–55 mph (48–89 km/h)
20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)

 New Mexico[29]
75 mph (121 km/h)
55–75 mph (89–121 km/h)
55–75 mph (89–121 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
20–55 mph (32–89 km/h)

 New York[30]
65 mph (105 km/h)
35–55 mph (56–89 km/h)
45–55 mph (72–89 km/h)
35–55 mph (56–89 km/h)
20–45 mph (32–72 km/h)

 North Carolina[31][32]
65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)
50–60 mph (80–97 km/h)
55–60 mph (89–97 km/h)[33]
55 mph (89 km/h)
20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)

 North Dakota[34][35]
75 mph (121 km/h)
55–75 mph (89–121 km/h)
70 mph (113 km/h)
55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)
20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)

 Northern Mariana Islands[36]
–
45 mph (72 km/h)

 Ohio[37][38]
70 mph (113 km/h)
50–70 mph (80–113 km/h)
55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)[39][40]
45–70 mph (72–113 km/h)
20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)

 Oklahoma
70 mph (113 km/h) (75 mph (121 km/h) turnpikes)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
25 mph (40 km/h)

 Oregon
65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
50–60 mph (80–97 km/h)
55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)
55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)
20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)

 Pennsylvania
65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)
50–65 mph (80–105 km/h)
55 mph (89 km/h)
40–55 mph (64–89 km/h)
20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)

 Puerto Rico[41]
65 mph (105 km/h)
55 mph (89 km/h)
-
-
35–55 mph (56–89 km/h)
35 mph (56 km/h)

 Rhode Island[42]
65 mph (105 km/h)
50–55 mph (80–89 km/h)
55 mph (89 km/h)
50 mph (80 km/h)
20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)

 South Carolina[43]
70 mph (113 km/h)
55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
45–55 mph (72–89 km/h)
20–30 mph (32–48 km/h)

 South Dakota[44][45]
75–80 mph (121–129 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
20–45 mph (32–72 km/h)

 Tennessee
70 mph (113 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
35–55 mph (56–89 km/h)
30 mph (48 km/h)

 Texas
75–85 mph (121–137 km/h)
55–75 mph (89–121 km/h)
75 mph (121 km/h)
55–75 mph (89–121 km/h)
25–30 mph (40–48 km/h)

 U.S. Virgin Islands[46]
–
–
55 mph (89 km/h)
25–45 mph (40–72 km/h)
20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)

 Utah[47][48]
75–80 mph (121–129 km/h)
55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)[49]
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)[50]
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)

 Vermont
65 mph (105 km/h)
55 mph (89 km/h)
55 mph (89 km/h)
50–55 mph (80–89 km/h)

 Virginia[51]
65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
55–60 mph (89–97 km/h)
55 mph (89 km/h)
20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)

 Washington
70–75 mph (113–121 km/h)[52]
60 mph (97 km/h)
55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)
65–70 mph (105–113 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
20–50 mph (32–80 km/h)

 West Virginia
70 mph (113 km/h)
55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)
65 mph (105 km/h)
55 mph (89 km/h)
20–55 mph (32–89 km/h)

 Wisconsin[53]
70 mph (113 km/h)
50–65 mph (80–105 km/h)
65 mph (105 km/h)
55 mph (89 km/h)
20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)

 Wyoming[54]
75–80 mph (121–129 km/h)
65 mph (105 km/h)
70 mph (113 km/h)
55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)
30 mph (48 km/h)

text:
[show]legend:

Freeway: Interstate Highway or other state- or federally numbered road built to Interstate standards.
Divided: State- or federally numbered road, generally with four or more lanes, not built to Interstate standards, but with a median or other divider separating directions of travel.
Undivided rural: County, State, or U.S. route, generally with two to four lanes, with no separator between directions of travel.
Residential Street/residential: Residential streets, business districts, or School zones.

5 miles per hour (8 km/h)
10 miles per hour (16 km/h)
15 miles per hour (24 km/h)
20 miles per hour (32 km/h)
25 miles per hour (40 km/h)

30 miles per hour (48 km/h)
35 miles per hour (56 km/h)
40 miles per hour (64 km/h)
45 miles per hour (72 km/h)
50 miles per hour (80 km/h)
55 miles per hour (89 km/h)

60 miles per hour (97 km/h)
65 miles per hour (105 km/h)
70 miles per hour (113 km/h)
75 miles per hour (121 km/h)
80 miles per hour (129 km/h)
85 miles per hour (137 km/h)

text: Examples of related laws[edit]

text:
State
Typical fine
Recklessness threshold or enhanced penalty
Absolute/prima facie
Ticket dismissal options
Point system

 Arizona

Over 35 mph (56 km/h) in a school zone, over 20 mph (32 km/h) above the posted speed limit, or over 85 mph (137 km/h) regardless of the posted speed limit.[55]
Prima facie (Absolute above 85 mph (137 km/h))
Defensive driving school (requires court approval for criminal speeding tickets).
Point system leading to fines, potential license suspension, increased insurance rates, and potential jail time (if criminal).

 North Carolina
$10–$50 plus court costs.[56] Speeding fines in work zones and school zones are $250 plus court costs.
Over 15 mph (24 km/h) over limit at a travelled speed of greater than 55 mph (89 km/h) or over 80 mph (130 km/h)
Absolute
Prayer for judgment continued (PJC) available depending on the court and subject to their discretion, but not available for charges of exceeding a speed limit by more than 25 mph (40 km/h).
Point system may lead to license suspension. Exceeding the speed limit by more than 15 mph (24 km/h) with a speed of greater than 55 mph (89 km/h) or travelling faster than 80 mph (130 km/h) results in a minimum 30-day license suspension.[57]

 Pennsylvania
$35[58] plus court and other costs. All fines doubled in active work zones.
Over 30 mph (48 km/h) over limit
Absolute
None
Point system leads to mandatory driver education and possible license suspension.

 Texas
$1–$20[59] plus court fees. Doubled in active school zones when children are present or construction zones when workers are present.[60] Various additional "fees" assessed by the state essentially increase the fine by around $100 on all tickets.
None[61]
Prima facie[62]
Defensive driving[63] (once per year) or deferred disposition[64] (restrictions vary, but generally at least 4 per year), but only valid if:

Texas resident,
Speed under 25 mph (40 km/h) above limit and under 95 mph (153 km/h), and
Not in construction zone where workers are present or active school zone.
Not a Commercial Driver License (CDL) holder.

Point system is annual surcharge only. No provision for license suspension if surcharges are paid.[65]

 Rhode Island

Prima facie
One dismissal every 3 years for speed 14 mph (23 km/h) or less over limit.[66]

 Virginia

Up to $250[67]
School zone: up to $250 additional[68]
Work zone: up to $500[69]
$200 civil penalty in certain towns[70]

20 mph (32 km/h) over limit or over 80 mph (130 km/h).[71][72]
Absolute[73]

Point system[74] leading to fines, suspension, and mandatory driver education.[75]

text: History[edit]

text: One of the first speed limits in what would become the United States (at the time, still a British colony) was set in Boston in 1701 by the board of selectmen (similar to a city council):

text: Ordered, That no person whatsoever Shall at any time hereafter ride or drive a gallop or other extream pace within any of the Streets, lanes, or alleys in this Town on penalty of forfeiting three Shillings for every such offence, and it may be lawfull for any of the Inhabitants of this Town to make Stop of such horse or Rider untill the name of the offender be known in order to prosecution[76]

text: Federal speed controls[edit]

text: In response to the 1973 oil crisis, Congress enacted the National Maximum Speed Law that created the universal 55 miles per hour (89 km/h) speed limit.[citation needed] Whether this reduced gasoline consumption is debated and the impact on safety is unclear; studies and opinions of safety advocates are mixed.

text: The law was widely disregarded by motorists, even after the national maximum was increased to 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) on certain roads in 1987 and 1988. In 1995, the law was repealed, returning the choice of speed limit to each state.

text: Upon that repeal, there was effectively no speed limit on Montana's interstates for daytime driving (the nighttime limit was set at 65 mph) from 1995 to 1999, when the state Supreme Court threw out the law as "unconstitutionally vague."[77] The state legislature enacted a 75 mph daytime limit in May of 1999.[78]

text: As of May 15, 2017, 41 states have maximum speed limits of 70 mph or higher. 18 of those states have 75 mph speed limits or higher, while 7 states of that same portion have 80 mph speed limits.

text: Minimum speed limits[edit]

text: In addition to the legally defined maximum speed, minimum speed limits may be applicable. Occasionally, there are default minimum speed limits for certain types of roads, generally freeways.

text: Comparable to the common basic speed rule, most jurisdictions also have laws prohibiting speeds so low they are dangerous or impede the normal and reasonable flow of traffic.

text: Truck speed limits[edit]

text: Some jurisdictions set lower speed limits that are applicable only to large commercial vehicles like heavy trucks and buses. While they are called "truck speed limits", they generally do not apply to light trucks.

text: Theory[edit]

text: The research record is mixed. A 1987 study finds that crash involvement significantly increases when trucks drive much slower than passenger vehicles,[79] suggesting that the difference in speed between passenger vehicles and slower trucks could cause crashes that otherwise may not happen. Furthermore, in a review of available research, the Transportation Research Board (part of the United States National Research Council) states "[no] conclusive evidence could be found to support or reject the use of differential speed limits for passenger cars and heavy trucks" (page 11) and "a strong case cannot be made on empirical grounds in support of or in opposition to differential speed limits" (page 109).[80]

text: One study has claimed that two thirds (67%) of truck/passenger car crashes are the fault of the passenger vehicle.[81]

text: Night speed limits[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The basic speed rule requires drivers adjust speeds to the conditions. This is usually relied upon to regulate proper night speed reductions, if required. Numeric night speed limits, which generally begin 30 minutes after sunset and end 30 minutes before sunrise, are occasionally used where, in theory, safety problems require a speed lower than what is self-selected by drivers.

text: Examples include:[citation needed]

text:
Some streets in Tucson, Arizona without street lights.
Some Florida roads near Southwest Florida International Airport near Cape Coral/Fort Myers. (Most of these roads are labeled as "Panther Zones" or "Panther X-ing" areas.)
Daniels Parkway Ext., a four-lane divided highway near SW Florida International Airport with a 50 mph (80 km/h) daytime limit, and a night speed limit of 45 miles per hour (72 km/h) is considered by many to be a speed trap.[citation needed] This road joins neighboring SR 82, a two-lane road with a 60 mph (97 km/h) speed limit.
Colorado Highway 13, with a 65 mph (105 km/h) day/55 mph (89 km/h) night speed limit beginning 7.1 miles north of I-70 from north of Rifle to Colorado Highway 64 south of Meeker. Rural Colorado Highway 13 is 55 miles per hour (89 km/h) at night north of Meeker all the way to the Wyoming state line.
Highway 20 in Washington state between Twisp and Pateros has a 45mph speed limit due to high amounts of deer (and other wildlife) activity. Deer carcasses can be seen along the road all throughout summer

text: Some states create arbitrary night speed limits applicable to entire classes of roads. Until September 2011, Texas had a statutory 65 mph (105 km/h) night speed limit for all roads with a higher limit. Montana has a statutory 65 mph (105 km/h) night speed limit on all federal, state, and secondary roads except for Interstates.[citation needed]

text: Political considerations[edit]

text: Financial concerns[edit]

text: Traffic violations can be a lucrative income source for jurisdictions and insurance companies. For example:

text:
Westlake, TX took in $42,000 per citizen over nine years for its speed traps.[82]
Insurance companies may receive several billions of dollars annually in traffic ticket surcharges.[83]
A study by the Federal Reserve of St. Louis found that traffic ticket writing increases when government revenue decreases.[84]
2008 debates over traffic enforcement in Dallas County, TX involved concerns of lost profits if ticketwriting decreased.[85][86][87]
In Massachusetts, half of the ticket money goes to the police department that writes the speeding ticket, the other half goes to fund the court that convicts the speeder or collects the fine from them.

text: Thus, an authority that sets and enforces speed limits, such as a state government, regulates and taxes insurance companies, who also gain revenue from speeding enforcement. Furthermore, such an authority often requires "all" drivers to have policies with those same companies, solidifying the association between the state and auto insurers. If a driver cannot be covered under an insurance policy because of high risk, the state will assume that high risk for a greater monetary amount; thus resulting in even more revenue generation for the state.[88]

text: When a speed limit is used to generate revenue but has no safety justification, it is called a speed trap. The town of New Rome, Ohio was such a speed trap, where speeding tickets raised up to $400,000 per year to fund the police department of a 12-acre village with 60 residents.[89]

text: Environmental concerns[edit]

text: Reduced speed limits are sometimes enacted for air quality reasons. The most prominent example includes Texas' environmental speed limits.

text: Metric speed limits[edit]

text: Though not common in the United States, a speed limit may be defined in kilometers per hour (km/h) as well as miles per hour (mph). The Federal Highway Administration's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, which provides guidelines for speed limit signage, states that "speed limits shown shall be in multiples of 10 km/h or 5 mph."[90] If a speed limit sign indicates km/h, the number is circumscribed and "km/h" is written below. Prior to 2003, metric speed limits were designated using the standard speed limit sign, usually with yellow supplemental "METRIC" and "km/h" plaques above it and below it, respectively.[91][92]

text: In 1995, the National Highway System Designation Act prohibited use of federal funds to finance new metric signage.

text: Definition of speeding[edit]

text: Either of the following qualifies a crash as speed-related in accordance with U.S. government rules:[93]

text:
Exceeding speed limits.
Driving too fast for conditions.

tag: ol

text: Speeds in excess of speed limits account for most speed-related traffic citations; generally, "driving too fast for conditions" tickets are issued only after an incident where the ticket issuer found tangible evidence of unreasonable speed, such as a crash.

text: A criticism of the "exceeding speed limits" definition of speeding is twofold:

text:
When speed limits are arbitrary, such as when set through political rather than empirical processes, the speed limit's relationship to the maximum safe speed is weakened or intentionally eliminated. Therefore, a crash can be counted as speed-related even if it occurs at a safe speed, simply because the speed was in excess of a politically determined limit.
The effective limit may still be too fast for certain conditions, such as limited visibility or reduced road traction[94] or even low-speed truck rollovers on exit ramps.[95]

text: Variable speed limits offer some potential to reduce speed-related crashes. However, due to the high cost of implementation, they exist primarily on freeways. Furthermore, most speed-related crashes occur on local and collector roads, which generally have far lower speed limits and prevailing speeds than freeways.[96]

text: Prima facie[edit]

text: Most states have absolute speed limits, meaning that a speed in excess of the limit is illegal per se. However, some states have prima facie speed limits.[97] This allows motorists to defend against a speeding charge if it can be proven that the speed was in fact reasonable and prudent.

text: Speed limits in Texas,[98] Utah,[99] and Rhode Island are prima facie. Some other states have a hybrid system: speed limits may be prima facie up to a certain speed or only on certain roads. For example, speed limits in California up to 55 mph, or 65 mph on highways, are prima facie, and those at or above those speeds are absolute.[100]

text: A successful prima facie defense is rare. Not only does the burden of proof rest upon the accused, a successful defense may involve expenses well in excess of the cost of a ticket, such as an expert witness. Furthermore, because prima facie defenses must be presented in a court, such a defense is difficult for out-of-town motorists.


document_title: Aaja Nachle

question_text: who played the role of dia in aaja nachle

text: Aaja Nachle

text: Plot[edit]

text: Dia (Madhuri Dixit) is a choreographer who lives in New York with her daughter Radha. One day she receives word that her old dance teacher, Makarand, is dying. She returns to her hometown Shamli with Radha, to find that he has already died and left her the responsibility of saving the deserted dance theatre, Ajanta, which is to be demolished to make way for a shopping mall.

text: Shamli has changed a great deal since Dia left. Her parents left the town in shame a decade ago, after she eloped with an American photographer, and their house is now owned by the strict Mr Chojar and his wife. Her childhood friend Najma is married to Farooque, a successful businessman. Both of them greet Dia coldly. The only ally she has left is her old friend Doctor Saab. To save Ajanta, Dia goes to petition the local MP Raja Uday Singh. He issues her a challenge; if she can put on a successful performance using only people from Shamli, he will cancel the demolition.

text: That night Dia dances in Ajanta and afterwards calls on the people to help her put up a performance of the famous Laila-Majnu play. Jeering at her, they leave the theatre one by one, but Raja remains behind, reminding her of the challenge. Refusing to accept defeat, Dia goes out into the street the next day to scout for talent. When she returns to the theatre she finds that a group of thugs are burning the set, after being ordered by a local election candidate, Chaudhary Om Singh. Instead of being angry, she is intrigued by the ring-leader, Imran, and makes a deal with Chaudhary - she will help him win the next election, if he will support Ajanta and if Imran plays Majnu. He agrees and Imran is forced to take on the role. After finding out about the casting of Imran, many girls flock to the theatre for the part of Laila. Among them is Anokhi, a tomboy who is in love with Imran. She begs Dia, who is reluctant because of her rough appearance and lack of talent, but agrees in the end, thinking that her love for Imran will make her the ideal Laila. Other parts in the play go to Mr Chojar, who wants to prove to his wife that he is not boring, Chaudhary who plays Laila’s father and Dia’s former fiancé Mohan, who is able to overcome his bitterness towards her.

text: With one month to put the show together, Dia struggles to get Imran and Anokhi to work together. With Dia’s support, Anokhi changes her attitude and appearance to get Imran to take her seriously and soon their relationship deepens. A few days before the show, Farooque pays Chaudhary to abandon Ajanta and makes Najma spread hurtful stories about Dia. Chaudhary tries to get Imran to give up his part, but Imran is aware of Chaudhary’s political intentions and refuses, leading him to be attacked by Chaudhary’s men while Anokhi tries to protect him. With the whole town against her, Dia loses hope until Najma arrives to apologise and asks to be in the show.

text: On the night of the show, Dia is amazed to find that the entire town has come to Ajanta. The troupe put on a performance that amazes and excites the audience, including Chaudhary who is moved to tears. Farooque is stunned to see his wife playing the part of Laila’s mother and Mrs Chojar is shocked and thrilled when her husband appears singing and dancing on stage. At the end, the audience cheers loudly as the cast return to the stage for an encore. The night is a success and Ajanta is saved.

text: After Dia says her farewells to Shamli, she and Radha leave to find her parents in another part of India. Imran and Anokhi go on to teach dance classes at Ajanta with Doctor Saab’s help and dance becomes an inherent part of Shamli once again. Raja is seen watching Dia dance and it is implied that they develop a romance.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Madhuri Dixit as Dia Srivastav
Akshaye Khanna as MP Raja Uday Singh
Konkona Sen Sharma as Anokhi as Laila
Jugal Hansraj as Sanjay Mehra as Laila's brother
Kunal Kapoor as Imran Pathan as Majnu
Divya Dutta as Najma, Dia's best friend as Laila's mother
Felix D'Alviella as Steve
Dalai as Radha, Dia's daughter
Raghubir Yadav as Doctor Saab
Vinay Pathak as Mr. Chojar
Akhilendra Mishra as Chaudhary Om Singh
Nowaz as Dhan Kuber
Darshan Jariwala as Makarand
Sushmita Mukherjee as Mrs. Chojar
Irrfan Khan as Farooque, Najma's husband
Uttara Baokar as Mrs. Srivastav
Yashpal Sharma as Inspector Sahib as Laila's father
Ranvir Shorey as Mohan
PAYEL as P
Nawazuddin Siddiqui as Farooque's servant

text: Crew[edit]

text:
Director: Anil Mehta
Producer: Aditya Chopra
Story: Aditya Chopra
Dialogue: Jaideep Sahni
Music Director: Salim-Sulaiman
Lyrics: Jaideep Sahni & Piyush Mishra
Editing: Ritesh Soni
Cinematographer: Mohanan
Choreography: Vaibhavi Merchant
Costumes: Mandira Shukla, Dolly Ahluwalia Tewari & Manish Malhotra

text: Production[edit]

text: Shooting began on 15 January 2007 at Film City in Mumbai and ended in March 2007.[4] Madhuri Dixit told that during the shoot of Aaja Nachle, she was given special attention by the crew. Madhuri’s favourite chocolates were brought everyday on the shoot.[5]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Aaja Nachle

Studio album by Salim-Sulaiman

Released

18 October 2007 (India)

Genre
Film soundtrack

Length
38:45

Label

Yash Raj Music

Producer
Aditya Chopra

Salim-Sulaiman chronology

Chak De India
(2007)Chak De India2007
Aaja Nachle
(2007)
Roadside Romeo
(2008)Roadside Romeo2008

text: The film's soundtrack was released on 18 October 2007 composed by Salim-Sulaiman and lyrics by Jaideep Sahni and Piyush Mishra. A few songs from the final sequence of the movie have not been included on the soundtrack including "Yeh Ishq".

text: The film's music was well received. This soundtrack debuted at number 9 for the first week.[6] The song "O Re Piya" was later used in the 2009 Malaysian movie Talentime.

text:
Track #
Song
Singer(s)
Duration
Picturised on

1
"Aaja Nachle"
Sunidhi Chauhan
5:04
Madhuri Dixit

2
"Ishq Hua"
Sonu Nigam, Shreya Ghoshal
4:24
Madhuri Dixit, Kunal Kapoor, Konkona Sen Sharma, Ranvir Shorey

3
"Show Me Your Jalwa"
Kailash Kher, Richa Sharma , Salim Merchant
4:13
Madhuri Dixit and other cast members

4
"O Re Piya"
Rahat Fateh Ali Khan
6:19
Madhuri Dixit Divya Dutta
and other dance classmates with Steve taking pictures

5
"Soniye Mil Ja"
Sukhwinder Singh, Sunidhi Chauhan, Madhuri Dixit
3:37
Madhuri Dixit, Vinay Pathak

6
"Is Pal"
Sonu Nigam, Shreya Ghoshal
3:59
Kunal Kapoor, Konkona Sen Sharma

7
"Koi Patthar Se Na Maare"
Sonu Nigam, Shreya Ghoshal, Sunidhi Chauhan
4:04
Madhuri Dixit, Kunal Kapoor, Konkona Sen Sharma

8
"Dance With Me"
Sonia Saigal
3:39
Madhuri Dixit

9
"Aaja Nachle (Reprise)"
Sunidhi Chauhan, Marianne D'Cruz
3:28
All the cast members

text: Response[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Aaja Nachle opened to a poor response due to controversy. The domestic performance of the film was below average mostly everywhere. Overseas the response was lukewarm as well. Movie managed to collect Rs 207.5 million and was declared a flop by Box Office India.[7]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: The film was received with mixed reception from both critics and audiences. The lead performances received mixed reviews. Khalid Mohammed from the Hindustan Times wrote, "Madhuri Dixit has a cool time. Konkona is overacting while Kunal Kapoor is flustered",[8] while Rajeev Masand from CNN-IBN noted, "Madhuri is the one and only star of the film. Konkona Sen Sharma is nothing short of fantastic. Her greatest strength is that she isn't afraid of making a fool of herself and she doesn't worry about being laughed at. As a result, her performance in Aaja Nachle is fearless and uninhibited."[9] Madhuri was nominated for the best actress award at the 54th Filmfare awards in 2008.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Madhuri Dixit
Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Playback singer (Female) - Sunidhi Chauhan

text:
Won - IIFA Award for Best Choreography - Vaibhavi Merchant for "Aaja Nachle"
Nominated - IIFA Award for Best Female Playback – Sunidhi Chauhan for "Aaja Nachle"

text: Nominated - Star of the Year – Female - Madhuri Dixit

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The movie was banned in Uttar Pradesh, Harayana, Punjab on the 1st three days of its release over alleged casteist remarks. It majorly affected the its Box office Rating[10] Dia, the character played by Madhuri Dixit, sings the lines Mohalle mein kaisi maara-mar hai; bole mochi bhi khud ko sunar hai (translated "There is chaos in the neighborhood, even the Mochi (Cobbler) calls himself a Sunar (Goldsmith)". Dalit groups said the line implied that Mochis (the Jatav caste – a caste of cobblers) were inferior to Sunars (goldsmiths).[11]

text: Punjab and Haryana followed suit, banning the film the next day. However the ban was later lifted in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana, after a written apology from the producers and the removal of the disputed lyrics (bole mochi bhi khud ko sunar hai) in the title song. The lyrics were replaced by other words mere dar pe deewano ki bahaar hai(translated "there is a parade of lovers at my doorstep"). However, a ban was imposed in the city of Patna on 2 December 2007. The issue was also raised in the Indian Parliament (Lok Sabha) by RPI member Ramdas Athawale who sought a ban by the government for hurting Dalit sentiments, but Information and Broadcasting Minister Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi said that it was the responsibility of state governments to take any such action.[12]


document_title: College World Series

question_text: who won the college world series baseball last year

text: College World Series

text: History[edit]

text: Since 1950, the College World Series (CWS) has been held in Omaha, Nebraska.[1][2] It was held at Rosenblatt Stadium from 1950 through 2010; starting in 2011, it has been held at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha. Earlier tournaments were held at Hyames Field in Kalamazoo, Michigan (1947–48) and Wichita, Kansas (1949). The name "College World Series" is derived from that of the Major League Baseball World Series championship; it is currently an MLB trademark licensed to the NCAA.[3]

text: Contract extension[edit]

text: On June 10, 2009, the NCAA and College World Series of Omaha, Inc., which is the non-profit group that organizes the event, announced a new 25-year contract extension, keeping the CWS in Omaha through 2035.[4] A memorandum of understanding had been reached by all parties on April 30.[5]

text: The currently binding contract began in 2011, the same year the tournament moved from Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium to TD Ameritrade Park Omaha, a new ballpark across from CenturyLink Center Omaha.

text: Format history and changes[edit]

text:
1947 – Eight teams were divided into two, four-team, single-elimination playoffs. The two winners then met in a best-of-three final in Kalamazoo, Michigan.
1948 – Similar to 1947, but the two, four-team playoffs were changed to double-elimination tournaments. Again in the finals, the two winners met in a best-of-three format in Kalamazoo.
1949 – The final was expanded to a four-team, double-elimination format and the site changed to Wichita, Kansas. Eight teams began the playoffs with the four finalists decided by a best-of-three district format.
1950–1987 – An eight-team, double-elimination format for the College World Series coincided with the move to Omaha in 1950. From 1950 to 1953, a baseball committee chose one team from each of the eight NCAA districts to compete at the CWS, which constituted the entire Division I tournament, as there were no preliminary rounds. (In 1948 and 1949, a selection committee in each of the eight districts chose its district representative based on the committee's own criteria, which might or might not include committee selections, conference champions, and district playoffs.) Through 1987 the College World Series was a pure double-elimination event. That ended with the 1987 College World Series. In 1954, the Division I tournament began having preliminary rounds to determine the eight CWS teams. From 1954 to 1975, the number of teams in the first round of the overall tournament ranged from 21 to 32. The number of first-round teams was increased to 34 in 1976, 36 in 1982, 38 in 1985, 40 in 1986, and 48 in 1987.
1988–1998 – The format was changed beginning with the 1988 College World Series, when the tournament was divided into 2 four-team double-elimination brackets, with the survivors of each bracket playing in a single championship game. The single-game championship was designed for network television, with the final game on CBS on a Saturday afternoon.

text:
1999–2002 – With some 293 Division I teams playing, the NCAA expanded the overall tournament to a 64-team Regional field in 1999—with 8 National Seed teams (the top 8 seeds)—divided into 16 four-team regionals (each region seeded 1 to 4). The winners of the 16 "Regionals" advance to a second round, consisting of 8 two-team, best-of-three-format "Super Regionals". (The National Seed teams that win their regional bracket are placed in different Super Regionals, so that no National Seed teams meet each other in a Super Regional.) The 8 Super Regional winners advance to the CWS in Omaha. While the CWS format remained the same, the expanded field meant that the eight CWS teams now are determined by the second-round Super Regionals. The 64-team bracket is set at the beginning of the championship and teams are not reseeded for the CWS. Since the 1999 College World Series, the four-team brackets in the CWS have been determined by the results of super-regional play, much like the NCAA basketball tournament. Prior to 1999, the four-team brackets were determined by the regional tournaments.
2003–present – The championship final became a best-of-three series between the 2 four-team bracket winners, with games scheduled for Saturday, Sunday, and Monday evenings. In the results shown below, Score indicates the score of the championship game(s) only. In 2008, the start of the CWS was moved back one day, and an extra day of rest was added in between bracket play and the championship series.

text: Division I champions by year[edit]

text:
Year
Champion
Coach
Score
Runner-Up
Most Outstanding Player

1947
California
Clint Evans
17–8, 8–7
Yale

1948
Southern California
Sam Barry
3–1, 3–8, 9–2
Yale

1949
Texas
Bibb Falk
10–3
Wake Forest
Tom Hamilton, Texas

1950
Texas
Bibb Falk
3–0
Washington State
Ray VanCleef, Rutgers

1951
Oklahoma
Jack Baer
3–2
Tennessee
Sidney Hatfield, Tennessee

1952
Holy Cross
Jack Barry
8–4
Missouri
James O'Neill, Holy Cross

1953
Michigan
Ray Fisher
7–5
Texas
J.L. Smith, Texas

1954
Missouri
Hi Simmons
4–1
Rollins
Tom Yewcic, Michigan State

1955
Wake Forest
Taylor Sanford
7–6
Western Michigan
Tom Borland, Oklahoma A&M

1956
Minnesota
Dick Siebert
12–1
Arizona
Jerry Thomas, Minnesota

1957
California
George Wolfman
1–0
Penn State
Cal Emery, Penn State

1958
Southern California
Rod Dedeaux
8–7
Missouri
Bill Thom, Southern California

1959
Oklahoma State
Toby Greene
5–3
Arizona
Jim Dobson, Oklahoma State

1960
Minnesota
Dick Siebert
2–1
Southern California
John Erickson, Minnesota

1961
Southern California
Rod Dedeaux
1–0
Oklahoma State
Littleton Fowler, Oklahoma State

1962
Michigan
Don Lund
5–4
Santa Clara
Bob Garibaldi, Santa Clara

1963
Southern California
Rod Dedeaux
5–2
Arizona
Bud Hollowell, Southern California

1964
Minnesota
Dick Siebert
5–1
Missouri
Joe Ferris, Maine

1965
Arizona State
Bobby Winkles
2–1
Ohio State
Sal Bando, Arizona State

1966
Ohio State
Marty Karow
8–2
Oklahoma State
Steve Arlin, Ohio State

1967
Arizona State
Bobby Winkles
11–2
Houston
Ron Davini, Arizona State

1968
Southern California
Rod Dedeaux
4–3
Southern Illinois
Bill Seinsoth, Southern California

1969
Arizona State
Bobby Winkles
10–1
Tulsa
John Dolinsek, Arizona State

1970
Southern California
Rod Dedeaux
2–1
Florida State
Gene Ammann, Florida State

1971
Southern California
Rod Dedeaux
7–2
Southern Illinois
Jerry Tabb, Tulsa

1972
Southern California
Rod Dedeaux
1–0
Arizona State
Russ McQueen, Southern California

1973
Southern California
Rod Dedeaux
4–3
Arizona State
Dave Winfield, Minnesota

1974
Southern California
Rod Dedeaux
7–3
Miami (FL)
George Milke, Southern California

1975
Texas
Cliff Gustafson
5–1
South Carolina
Mickey Reichenbach, Texas

1976
Arizona
Jerry Kindall
7–1
Eastern Michigan
Steve Powers, Arizona

1977
Arizona State
Jim Brock
2–1
South Carolina
Bob Horner, Arizona State

1978
Southern California
Rod Dedeaux
10–3
Arizona State
Rod Boxberger, Southern California

1979
Cal State Fullerton
Augie Garrido
2–1
Arkansas
Tony Hudson, Cal State Fullerton

1980
Arizona
Jerry Kindall
5–3
Hawaii
Terry Francona, Arizona

1981
Arizona State
Jim Brock
7–4
Oklahoma State
Stan Holmes, Arizona State

1982
Miami (FL)
Ron Fraser
9–3
Wichita State
Dan Smith, Miami (FL)

1983
Texas
Cliff Gustafson
4–3
Alabama
Calvin Schiraldi, Texas

1984
Cal State Fullerton
Augie Garrido
3–1
Texas
John Fishel, Cal State Fullerton

1985
Miami (FL)
Ron Fraser
10–6
Texas
Greg Ellena, Miami (FL)

1986
Arizona
Jerry Kindall
10–2
Florida State
Mike Senne, Arizona

1987
Stanford
Mark Marquess
9–5
Oklahoma State
Paul Carey, Stanford

1988
Stanford
Mark Marquess
9–4
Arizona State
Lee Plemel, Stanford

1989
Wichita State
Gene Stephenson
5–3
Texas
Greg Brummett, Wichita State

1990
Georgia
Steve Webber
2–1
Oklahoma State
Mike Rebhan, Georgia

1991
LSU
Skip Bertman
6–3
Wichita State
Gary Hymel, LSU

1992
Pepperdine
Andy Lopez
3–2
Cal State Fullerton
Phil Nevin, Cal State Fullerton

1993
LSU
Skip Bertman
8–0
Wichita State
Todd Walker, LSU

1994
Oklahoma
Larry Cochell
13–5
Georgia Tech
Chip Glass, Oklahoma

1995
Cal State Fullerton
Augie Garrido
11–5
Southern California
Mark Kotsay, Cal State Fullerton

1996
LSU
Skip Bertman
9–8
Miami (FL)
Pat Burrell, Miami (FL)

1997
LSU
Skip Bertman
13–6
Alabama
Brandon Larson, LSU

1998
Southern California
Mike Gillespie
21–14
Arizona State
Wes Rachels, Southern California

1999
Miami (FL)
Jim Morris
6–5
Florida State
Marshall McDougall, Florida State

2000
LSU
Skip Bertman
6–5
Stanford
Trey Hodges, LSU

2001
Miami (FL)
Jim Morris
12–1
Stanford
Charlton Jimerson, Miami (FL)

2002
Texas
Augie Garrido
12–6
South Carolina
Huston Street, Texas

2003
Rice
Wayne Graham
4–310, 3–8, 14–2
Stanford
John Hudgins, Stanford

2004
Cal State Fullerton
George Horton
6–4, 3–2
Texas
Jason Windsor, Cal State Fullerton

2005
Texas
Augie Garrido
4–2, 6–2
Florida
David Maroul, Texas

2006
Oregon State
Pat Casey
3–4, 11–7, 3–2
North Carolina
Jonah Nickerson, Oregon State

2007
Oregon State
Pat Casey
11–4, 9–3
North Carolina
Jorge Luis Reyes, Oregon State

2008
Fresno State
Mike Batesole
6–7, 19–10, 6–1
Georgia
Tommy Mendonca, Fresno State

2009
LSU
Paul Mainieri
7–6, 1–5, 11–4
Texas
Jared Mitchell, LSU

2010
South Carolina
Ray Tanner
7–1, 2–111
UCLA
Jackie Bradley, Jr., South Carolina

2011
South Carolina
Ray Tanner
2–111, 5–2
Florida
Scott Wingo, South Carolina

2012
Arizona
Andy Lopez
5–1, 4–1
South Carolina
Rob Refsnyder, Arizona

2013
UCLA
John Savage
3–1, 8–0
Mississippi State
Adam Plutko, UCLA

2014
Vanderbilt
Tim Corbin
9–8, 2–7, 3–2
Virginia
Dansby Swanson, Vanderbilt

2015
Virginia
Brian O'Connor
1–5, 3–0, 4–2
Vanderbilt
Josh Sborz, Virginia

2016
Coastal Carolina
Gary Gilmore
0–3, 5–4, 4–3
Arizona
Andrew Beckwith, Coastal Carolina

2017
Florida
Kevin O'Sullivan
4–3, 6–1
LSU
Alex Faedo, Florida

text: Team appearances[edit]

text:
School
Appearances
Titles
Years

Alabama
5
0
1950, 1983, 1996, 1997, 1999

Arizona
17
4
1954, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1966, 1970, 1976, 1979, 1980, 1985, 1986, 2004, 2012, 2016

Arizona State
22
5
1964, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1993, 1994, 1998, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010

Arkansas
9
0
1979, 1985, 1987, 1989, 2004, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018

Auburn
4
0
1967, 1976, 1994, 1997

Baylor
3
0
1977, 1978, 2005

Boston College
4
0
1953, 1960, 1961, 1967

Bradley
2
0
1950, 1956

BYU
2
0
1968, 1971

California
6
2
1947, 1957, 1980, 1988, 1992, 2011

Cal State Fullerton
18
4
1975, 1979, 1982, 1984, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2015, 2017

Cal State
Los Angeles
1
0
1977

The Citadel
1
0
1990

Clemson
12
0
1958, 1959, 1976, 1977, 1980, 1991, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2006, 2010

Coastal Carolina
1
1
2016

Colgate
1
0
1955

Colorado State[a]
1
0
1950

Connecticut
5
0
1957, 1959, 1965, 1972, 1979

Creighton
1
0
1991

Dartmouth
1
0
1970

Delaware
1
0
1970

Duke
3
0
1952, 1953, 1961

Eastern Michigan
2
0
1975, 1976

Florida
12
1
1988, 1991, 1996, 1998, 2005, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018

Florida State
22
0
1957, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2017

Fresno State
4
1
1959, 1988, 1991, 2008

Georgia
6
1
1987, 1990, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008

Georgia Southern
2
0
1973, 1990

Georgia Tech
3
0
1994, 2002, 2006

Harvard
4
0
1968, 1971, 1973, 1974

Hawaii
1
0
1980

Holy Cross
4
1
1952, 1958, 1962, 1963

Houston
2
0
1953, 1967

Indiana
1
0
2013

Indiana State
1
0
1986

Iowa
1
0
1972

Iowa State
2
0
1957, 1970

Ithaca
1
0
1962

James Madison
1
0
1983

Kansas
1
0
1993

Kent State
1
0
2012

Lafayette
4
0
1953, 1954, 1958, 1965

Long Beach State
4
0
1989, 1991, 1993, 1998

Louisiana-Lafayette
1
0
2000

Louisville
4
0
2007, 2013, 2014, 2017

Loyola Marymount
1
0
1986

LSU
18
6
1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2013, 2015, 2017

Maine
7
0
1964, 1976, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986

Massachusetts
2
0
1954, 1969

Miami (FL)
25
4
1974, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015, 2016

Michigan
7
2
1953, 1962, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1984

Michigan State
1
0
1954

Minnesota
5
3
1956, 1960, 1964, 1973, 1977

Mississippi State
10
0
1971, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1990, 1997, 1998, 2007, 2013, 2018

Missouri
6
1
1952, 1954, 1958, 1962, 1963, 1964

Missouri State
1
0
2003

Nebraska
3
0
2001, 2002, 2005

New Hampshire
1
0
1956

New Orleans
1
0
1984

NYU
2
0
1956, 1969

North Carolina
11
0
1960, 1966, 1978, 1989, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2018

NC State
2
0
1968, 2013

Northeastern
1
0
1966

Northern Colorado[b]
10
0
1952, 1953, 1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1974

Notre Dame
2
0
1957, 2002

Ohio
1
0
1970

Ohio State
4
1
1951, 1965, 1966, 1967

Oklahoma
10
2
1951, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1992, 1994, 1995, 2010

Oklahoma State
20
1
1954, 1955, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1993, 1996, 1999, 2016

Ole Miss
5
0
1956, 1964, 1969, 1972, 2014

Oral Roberts
1
0
1978

Oregon
1
0
1954

Oregon State
7
2
1952, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2013, 2017, 2018

Penn State
5
0
1952, 1957, 1959, 1963, 1973

Pepperdine
2
1
1979, 1992

Princeton
1
0
1951

Rice
7
1
1997, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008

Rider
1
0
1967

Rollins
1
0
1954

Rutgers
1
0
1950

St. John's (NY)
6
0
1949, 1960, 1966, 1968, 1978, 1980

St. Louis
1
0
1965

San Jose State
1
0
2000

Santa Clara
1
0
1962

Seton Hall
4
0
1964, 1971, 1974, 1975

South Carolina
11
2
1975, 1977, 1981, 1982, 1985, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2010, 2011, 2012

Southern California
21
12
1948, 1949, 1951, 1955, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2001

Southern Illinois
5
0
1968, 1969, 1971, 1974, 1977

Southern Miss
1
0
2009

Springfield
2
0
1951, 1955

Stanford
16
2
1953, 1967, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2008

Stony Brook
1
0
2012

Syracuse
1
0
1961

TCU
5
0
2010, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017

Temple
2
0
1972, 1977

Tennessee
4
0
1951, 1995, 2001, 2005

Texas
36
6
1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1957, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1993, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2011, 2014, 2018

Texas A&M
6
0
1951, 1964, 1993, 1999, 2011, 2017

Texas Tech
3
0
2014, 2016, 2018

Texas–Rio Grande Valley[c]
1
0
1971

Tufts
1
0
1950

Tulane
2
0
2001, 2005

Tulsa
2
0
1969, 1971

UC Irvine
2
0
2007, 2014

UCLA
5
1
1969, 1997, 2010, 2012, 2013

UC Santa Barbara
1
0
2016

Utah
1
0
1951

Vanderbilt
3
1
2011, 2014, 2015

Virginia
4
1
2009, 2011, 2014, 2015

Wake Forest
2
1
1949, 1955

Washington
1
0
2018

Washington State
4
0
1950, 1956, 1965, 1976

Western Michigan
6
0
1952, 1955, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1963

Wichita State
7
1
1982, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996

Wisconsin
1
0
1950

Wyoming
1
0
1956

Yale
2
0
1947, 1948

text: Most CWS wins[edit]

text:
Rank
School
Wins
CWS Winning %
Appearances
Wins per appearance

1
Texas
85
.590
35
2.43

2
Southern California
74
.740
21
3.52

3
Arizona State
61
.616
22
2.77

4
Miami (FL)
48
.533
25
1.92

5
Arizona
43
.589
17
2.53

6
LSU
40
.597
18
2.22

6
Oklahoma State
40
.513
20
2.00

6
Stanford
40
.580
16
2.50

9
Cal State Fullerton
34
.523
18
1.89

10
South Carolina
32
.615
11
2.91

text: [6] [7]

text: Most CWS Finals appearances[edit]

text:
Bold indicates team won the CWS that year
Regular indicates team was Runner-up that year

text:
Rank
School
Champion
Runner-up
Total
Years

1
Southern California
12
2
14
1948, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1995, 1998

2
Texas
6
6
12
1949, 1950, 1953, 1975, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1989, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2009

3
Arizona State
5
5
10
1965, 1967, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1988, 1998

4
Arizona
4
4
8
1956, 1959, 1963, 1976, 1980, 1986, 2012, 2016

5
LSU
6
1
7
1991, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2009, 2017

6
Miami (FL)
4
2
6
1974, 1982, 1985, 1996, 1999, 2001

6
South Carolina
2
4
6
1975, 1977, 2002, 2010, 2011, 2012

6
Oklahoma State
1
5
6
1959, 1961, 1966, 1981, 1987, 1990

9
Cal State Fullerton
4
1
5
1979, 1984, 1992, 1995, 2004

9
Stanford
2
3
5
1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2003

text: Most appearances without a CWS championship[edit]

text:
Top 10

Rank
School
Appearances
CWS Winning %
Runner-up
Wins Per Appearance

1
Florida State
22
.397
3
1.33

2
Clemson
12
.333
0
1.00

3
North Carolina
11
.447
2
1.70

4
Northern Colorado
10
.130
0
0.30

4
Mississippi State
10
.357
1
1.11

6
Arkansas
9
.407
1
1.37

7
Maine
7
.333
0
1.00

8
Western Michigan
6
.429
1
1.50

8
St. John's (NY)
6
.333
0
1.00

8
Texas A&M
6
.143
0
0.33

text: Most CWS participants by one conference in a year[edit]

text:
Minimum three participants

Number
Year
Conference
Programs
CWS Winner

4
1997
SEC
Alabama, Auburn, LSU, Mississippi State
LSU

4
2004
SEC
Arkansas, Georgia, LSU, South Carolina
Cal State Fullerton

4
2006
ACC
Clemson, Georgia Tech, Miami (FL), North Carolina
Oregon State

4
2015
SEC
Arkansas, Florida, LSU, Vanderbilt
Virginia

3
1988
Pac-10
Arizona State, California, Stanford
Stanford

3
1990
SEC
Georgia, LSU, Mississippi State
Georgia

3
1996
SEC
Alabama, Florida, LSU
LSU

3
1998
SEC
Florida, LSU, Mississippi State
Southern California

3
2005
Big 12
Baylor, Nebraska, Texas
Texas

3
2008
ACC
Florida State, Miami (FL), North Carolina
Fresno State

3
2011
SEC
Florida, South Carolina, Vanderbilt
South Carolina

3
2012
SEC
Arkansas, Florida, South Carolina
Arizona

3
2014
Big 12
TCU, Texas, Texas Tech
Vanderbilt

3
2016
Big 12
Oklahoma State, TCU, Texas Tech
Coastal Carolina

3
2017
SEC
Florida, LSU, Texas A&M
Florida

3
2018
SEC
Arkansas, Florida, Mississippi State
TBD

text: Championships by conference[edit]

text:
Rank
Conference
Titles

1
Pac-12
17

2
Southeastern (SEC)
11

3
Western Athletic (WAC)
7

4
Big Ten
6

4
PCC-CIBA
6

6
Independents
5

7
Big Eight
4

7
Southwest
4

9
Atlantic Coast (ACC)
2

9
Big 12
2

9
Big West (BWC)
2

9
Big West (SCBA)
2

13
Big South (BSC)
1

13
Missouri Valley (MVC)
1

13
West Coast (WCC)
1

text:
CIBA was California Intercollegiate Baseball Association that competed as a division under the Pacific Coast Conference which operated under its own Charter.[8]
Independents = Miami Hurricanes (4) and Holy Cross Crusaders (1)
SCBA was Southern California Baseball Association (1977–84).
The Big 12 does not claim any national championships, including baseball, that were won as members of the Big Eight and makes no claim to the history or records of the Big Eight.[9][10]
The Western Athletic Conference claims 7 national championships in baseball by former members.[11] There are no gaps in its existence. The Conference has existed continuously since its inception.[12][13]
Coastal Carolina won the 2016 CWS as a member of the Big South Conference less than 24 hours before officially joining the Sun Belt Conference.[14]


document_title: List of Chief Justices of the Bombay High Court

question_text: first indian chief justice of bombay high court

text: This is a list of chief justices of the Bombay High Court. See List of Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of Bombay for previous chief justices.

text:
Chief Justice
Term
Notes

Sir Mathew Richard Sausse
1862-1866

Sir Richard Couch
1866-1870

Sir Michael Roberts Westropp
1870-1882

Sir Charles Sargent
1882-1895

Sir Charles Frederick Farran
1895-1898

Sir Louis Addin Kershaw
1898-1899

Sir Lawrence Hugh Jenkins
1899-1908

Sir Basil Scott
1908-1919

Sir Norman Cranstoun Macleod
1919-1926

Sir Amberson Barrington Marten
1926-1930

Sir John William Fisher Beaumont
1930-1943

Sir Leonard Stone
1943-1948

Mahommedali Currim Chagla
1948-1958

Hashmatrai Khubchand Chainani
1958-1965

Yeshwant Shripad Tambe
1965-1966

Sohrab Peshotan Kotval
1966-1972

K. Kalyandas Desai
1972

Ramanlal Maneklal Kantawala
1972-1978

B. N. Deshmukh
1978-1980

Venkat Shrinivas Deshpande
1980-1982

Dinshah Pirosha Madon
1982-1983

Madhukar Narhar Chandurkar
1983-1984

Konda Madhava Reddy
1984-1985

Madhukar Hiralal Kania
1985-1987

Chittatosh Mookerjee
1987-1991

Prabodh Dinkarrao Desai
1991-1992

Manoj Kumar Mukherjee
1993

Sujata Vasant Manohar
1994

Anandamoy Bhattacharjee
1994-1995

Manharlal Bhikhalal Shah
1995-1998

Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal
1999-2000

Bisheshwar Prasad Singh
2000-2001

Chunilal Karsandas Thakker
2001-2004

Dalveer Bhandari
24 July 2004 - 27 October 2005
Elevated to the Supreme Court of India

Kshitij R. Vyas
2006-2006

Harjit Singh Bedi
2006-2007

Swatanter Kumar
2007-2009

Anil R. Dave
11 February 2010 - 29 April 2010
Elevated to the Supreme Court of India

Mohit Shantilal Shah
2010 - 8 September 2015

Vijaya Kamlesh Tahilramani
2015-2016

Dhirendra Hiralal Waghela
15 February 2016 - 10 August 2016

Manjula Chellur
22 August 2016 -5 December 2017
Vijaya Kamlesh Tahilramani Acting CJ
6 December 2017

text: India law-related listsJudges of the Mumbai High CourtMaharashtra-related lists

text: Use Indian English from August 2015All Wikipedia articles written in Indian EnglishUse dmy dates from August 2015


document_title: List of tallest buildings in San Francisco

question_text: what is the tallest building in san fransisco

text: History[edit]

text:
[Full screen]

10 tallest buildings in San Francisco
 300–349m
 250–299m
 200–249m
 150–199m
1 Salesforce Tower (2017)2 Transamerica Pyramid (1972)3 181 Fremont (2017)4 555 California (1969)5 345 California (1986)6 Millennium Tower (2009)7 One Rincon Hill South (2008)8 50 Fremont (1982)9 101 California (1982)10 Market Center (1975)

text: San Francisco's first skyscraper was the 218-foot (66 m) Chronicle Building, which was completed in 1890.  M. H. de Young, owner of the San Francisco Chronicle, commissioned Burnham and Root to design a signature tower to convey the power of his newspaper.[4]  Not to be outdone, de Young's rival, industrialist Claus Spreckels, purchased the San Francisco Call in 1895 and commissioned a tower of his own that would dwarf the Chronicle Building.[5]  The 315-foot (96 m) Call Building was completed in 1898 and stood across Market Street from the Chronicle Building.  The Call Building (later named the Spreckels Building, and Central Tower today) would remain the city's tallest for nearly a quarter century.

text: Both steel-framed structures survived the 1906 earthquake, demonstrating that tall buildings could be safely constructed in earthquake country.[6][7]  Other early twentieth-century skyscrapers above 200 feet (61 m) include the Merchants Exchange Building (1903), Humboldt Bank Building (1908), Hobart Building (1914), and Southern Pacific Building (1916).  Another skyscraper boom took hold during the 1920s, when several Neo-Gothic and Art Deco high rises, reaching three to four hundred feet (90 to 120 m) in height, were constructed, including the Standard Oil Building (1922), Pacific Telephone Building (1925), Russ Building (1927), Hunter-Dulin Building (1927), 450 Sutter Medical Building (1929), Shell Building (1929), and McAllister Tower (1930).[8]

text: The Great Depression and World War II halted any further skyscraper construction until the 1950s when the Equitable Life Building (1955) and Crown-Zellerbach Building (1959) were completed. Many of San Francisco's tallest buildings, particularly its office skyscrapers,[9] were completed in a building boom from the late 1960s until the late 1980s.[10] During the 1960s, at least 40 new skyscrapers were built,[11] and the Hartford Building (1965), 44 Montgomery (1967), Bank of America Center (1969), and Transamerica Pyramid (1972) each, in turn, took the title of tallest building in California upon completion.  At 853 feet (260 m) tall, the Transamerica Pyramid was one of the most controversial, with critics suggesting that it be torn down even before it was completed.[11]

text: This surge of construction was dubbed "Manhattanization" by opponents and led to local legislation that set some of the strictest building height limits and regulations in the country.[12]  In 1985, San Francisco adopted the Downtown Plan, which slowed development in the Financial District north of Market Street and directed it to the area South of Market around the Transbay Terminal.[13] Over 250 historic buildings were protected from development and developers were required to set aside open space for new projects.[14] To prevent excessive growth and smooth the boom-and-bust building cycle, the Plan included an annual limit of 950,000 square feet (88,000 m2) for new office development, although it grandfathered millions of square feet of proposals already in the development pipeline.  In response, voters approved Proposition M in November 1986 that reduced the annual limit to 475,000 square feet (44,100 m2) until the grandfathered square footage was accounted for, which occurred in 1999.[15][16]

text: These limits, combined with the early 1990s recession, led to a significant slowdown of skyscraper construction during the late 1980s and 1990s.  To guide new development, the city passed several neighborhood plans, such as the Rincon Hill Plan in 2005 and Transit Center District Plan in 2012, which allow taller skyscrapers in certain specific locations in the South of Market area.[17]  Since the early 2000s, the city has been undergoing another building boom, with numerous buildings over 400 feet (122 m) proposed, approved, or under construction; some, such as the two-towered One Rincon Hill and mixed-use 181 Fremont, have been completed. Multiple skyscrapers have been constructed near the new Transbay Transit Center, including Salesforce Tower, which topped-out in 2017 at a height of 1,070 feet (330 m).[18][19] This building is the first supertall skyscraper in San Francisco and among the tallest in the United States.

text: Cityscape[edit]

text: Tallest buildings[edit]

text: This list ranks San Francisco skyscrapers that stand at least 400 feet (122 m) tall, based on standard height measurement. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. The "Year" column indicates the year in which a building was completed.

text:
Rank

Name

Image

Heightft (m)

Floors

Use

Year

Coordinates

Notes

1

Salesforce Tower

1,070 (326)

61

Office

2017

37°47′24″N 122°23′49″W / 37.7899°N 122.3969°W / 37.7899; -122.3969 (Salesforce Tower)

11th-tallest building in the United States
2nd-tallest building in California
Tallest building in San Francisco since 2017
Tallest building constructed in San Francisco in the 2010s

2

Transamerica Pyramid

853 (260)

48

Office

1972

37°47′42.72″N 122°24′10.08″W / 37.7952000°N 122.4028000°W / 37.7952000; -122.4028000 (Transamerica Pyramid)

41st-tallest building in the United States
5th-tallest building in California
Tallest building in San Francisco from 1972 until 2017, when Salesforce Tower was topped-off.[20]
Tallest building on the West Coast from 1972 until 1974
Tallest building constructed in San Francisco in the 1970s[3][21][22]

3

181 Fremont

802 (245)

56

Office, Residential

2017

37°47′23″N 122°23′43″W / 37.78970°N 122.39535°W / 37.78970; -122.39535 (181 Freemont)

2nd-tallest mixed-use residential building west of the Mississippi River.[23][24]

4

555 California Street

779 (237)

52

Office

1969

37°47′30.84″N 122°24′13.68″W / 37.7919000°N 122.4038000°W / 37.7919000; -122.4038000 (555 California Street)

Tallest building on the West Coast from 1969 to 1972
Tallest building constructed in the city in the 1960s
Formerly known as Bank of America Center[25][26][27]
Largest office building in San Francisco by floor area.

5

345 California Center

721 (220)

48

Hotel, Office

1986

37°47′33.00″N 122°24′1.80″W / 37.7925000°N 122.4005000°W / 37.7925000; -122.4005000 (345 California Center)

Tallest mid-block skyscraper in San Francisco
Tallest building constructed in the city in the 1980s[28][29]
The height shown includes flagpoles.

6

Millennium Tower

645 (197)

58

Hotel, Residential

2009

37°47′25.44″N 122°23′45.96″W / 37.7904000°N 122.3961000°W / 37.7904000; -122.3961000 (Millennium Tower)

Tallest building constructed in the city in the 2000s[30]
Fact: The Millenium Tower tilts 2 inches a year and shrinks 3 inches per year

7

One Rincon Hill South Tower

641 (195)

60

Residential

2008

37°47′8.8″N 122°23′31.7″W / 37.785778°N 122.392139°W / 37.785778; -122.392139 (One Rincon Hill South Tower)

Tallest all-residential building in the city.[31][32][33][34]

8

Park Tower at Transbay

605 (184)

43

Office

2018

37°47′25″N 122°23′39″W / 37.79028°N 122.39417°W / 37.79028; -122.39417 (Park Tower at Transbay)

[35][36][37]

9

50 Fremont Center

600 (183)

43

Office

1985

37°47′25.7″N 122°23′50.1″W / 37.790472°N 122.397250°W / 37.790472; -122.397250 (50 Fremont Center)

[38][39]

101 California Street

600 (183)

48

Office

1982

37°47′34.26″N 122°23′52.55″W / 37.7928500°N 122.3979306°W / 37.7928500; -122.3979306 (101 California Street)

[40][41]

11

The Avery (Transbay Block 8)*

575 (175)

56

Residential

2019

37°47′16″N 122°23′39″W / 37.78778°N 122.39417°W / 37.78778; -122.39417 (The Avert (Transbay Block 8))

[42][43][44]

12

Market Center

573 (175)

40

Office

1975

37°47′22.38″N 122°24′1.08″W / 37.7895500°N 122.4003000°W / 37.7895500; -122.4003000 (Chevron Tower)

Also known as Chevron Tower[45][46]

13

Four Embarcadero Center

571 (174)

45

Office

1982

37°47′42.72″N 122°23′45.96″W / 37.7952000°N 122.3961000°W / 37.7952000; -122.3961000 (Four Embarcadero Center)

[47][48]

14

One Embarcadero Center

568 (173)

45

Office

1971

37°47′40.2″N 122°23′58.92″W / 37.794500°N 122.3997000°W / 37.794500; -122.3997000 (One Embarcadero Center)

[49][50]

15

44 Montgomery Street

565 (172)

43

Office

1967

37°47′23.28″N 122°24′6.48″W / 37.7898000°N 122.4018000°W / 37.7898000; -122.4018000 (44 Montgomery Street)

Tallest building in California from 1967 to 1969[51][52]

16

Spear Tower

564 (172)

43

Office

1976

37°47′35.84″N 122°23′40.27″W / 37.7932889°N 122.3945194°W / 37.7932889; -122.3945194 (One Market Plaza, Spear Tower)

[53][54]

17

One Sansome Street

550 (168)

41

Office

1984

37°47′25.5″N 122°24′4.6″W / 37.790417°N 122.401278°W / 37.790417; -122.401278 (One Sansome Street)

Also known as the Citigroup Center[55][56]

18

One Rincon Hill North Tower

541 (165)

49

Residential

2014

37°47′11.04″N 122°23′31.44″W / 37.7864000°N 122.3920667°W / 37.7864000; -122.3920667 (One Rincon Hill North Tower)

Also known as The Harrison[57][58]

19

One Front Street

538 (164)

38

Office

1979

37°47′30.5″N 122°23′55.7″W / 37.791806°N 122.398806°W / 37.791806; -122.398806 (One Front Street)

Also known as Shaklee Terraces and 444 Market Street[59][60]

20

First Market Tower

528 (161)

39

Office

1973

37°47′25.80″N 122°23′56.76″W / 37.7905000°N 122.3991000°W / 37.7905000; -122.3991000 (First Market Tower)

[61][62]

McKesson Plaza

528 (161)

38

Office

1969

37°47′19.32″N 122°24′9.36″W / 37.7887000°N 122.4026000°W / 37.7887000; -122.4026000 (McKesson Plaza)

[63][64]

22

425 Market Street

525 (160)

38

Office

1973

37°47′27.96″N 122°23′53.16″W / 37.7911000°N 122.3981000°W / 37.7911000; -122.3981000 (425 Market Street)

[65][66]

23

One Montgomery Tower

500 (152)

38

Office

1982

37°47′20.76″N 122°24′11.88″W / 37.7891000°N 122.4033000°W / 37.7891000; -122.4033000 (Post Montgomery Center)

[67][68]

24

333 Bush Street

495 (151)

43

Office, Residential

1986

37°47′26.16″N 122°24′10.80″W / 37.7906000°N 122.4030000°W / 37.7906000; -122.4030000 (333 Bush Street)

[69][70]

25

Hilton San Francisco Tower I

493 (150)

46

Hotel

1971

37°47′7.08″N 122°24′39.24″W / 37.7853000°N 122.4109000°W / 37.7853000; -122.4109000 (Hilton San Francisco Tower I)

Tallest building used exclusively as a hotel in the city[71][72]

26

Pacific Gas & Electric Building

493 (150)

34

Office

1971

37°47′29.76″N 122°23′44.88″W / 37.7916000°N 122.3958000°W / 37.7916000; -122.3958000 (Pacific Gas & Electric Building)

[73][74]

27

50 California Street

487 (148)

37

Office

1972

37°47′38.40″N 122°23′50.64″W / 37.7940000°N 122.3974000°W / 37.7940000; -122.3974000 (50 California Street)

[75][76]

555 Mission Street

487 (148)

33

Office

2008

37°47′18.60″N 122°23′54.96″W / 37.7885000°N 122.3986000°W / 37.7885000; -122.3986000 (555 Mission Street)

Tallest office building constructed in the 2000s[77][78][79][80][81][82]

29

St. Regis Museum Tower

484 (148)

42

Hotel, Residential

2005

37°47′10.68″N 122°24′4.68″W / 37.7863000°N 122.4013000°W / 37.7863000; -122.4013000 (St. Regis Museum Tower)

[83][84]

30

100 Pine Center

476 (145)

33

Office

1972

37°47′33.32″N 122°23′56.21″W / 37.7925889°N 122.3989472°W / 37.7925889; -122.3989472 (100 Pine Center)

[85][86]

45 Fremont Street

476 (145)

34

Office

1978

37°47′28.32″N 122°23′49.56″W / 37.7912000°N 122.3971000°W / 37.7912000; -122.3971000 (45 Fremont Street)

Also known as the Bechtel Building[87][88]

32

333 Market Street

472 (144)

33

Office

1979

37°47′30.98″N 122°23′51.00″W / 37.7919389°N 122.3975000°W / 37.7919389; -122.3975000 (333 Market Street)

[89][90]

33

650 California Street

466 (142)

34

Office

1964

37°47′34.2″N 122°24′18.7″W / 37.792833°N 122.405194°W / 37.792833; -122.405194 (650 California Street)

Tallest building in California from 1965 to 1967
Also known as the Hartford Building[91][92]

34

LUMINA I

450 (137)

43

Residential

2015

37°47′19.30″N 122°23′31.99″W / 37.7886944°N 122.3922194°W / 37.7886944; -122.3922194 (LUMINA I)

[93][94]

35

100 First Plaza

447 (136)

27

Office

1988

37°47′21.0″N 122°23′51.0″W / 37.789167°N 122.397500°W / 37.789167; -122.397500 (100 First Plaza)

[95][96]

36

340 Fremont Street

440 (134)

40

Residential

2016

37°47′13.23″N 122°23′33.86″W / 37.7870083°N 122.3927389°W / 37.7870083; -122.3927389 (340 Fremont Street)

[97]

399 Fremont Street

440 (134)

42

Residential

2016

37°47′13.94″N 122°23′31.34″W / 37.7872056°N 122.3920389°W / 37.7872056; -122.3920389 (399 Fremont Street)

[98][99]

38

One California

438 (134)

32

Office

1969

37°47′35.52″N 122°23′49.92″W / 37.7932000°N 122.3972000°W / 37.7932000; -122.3972000 (One California)

[100][101]

39

San Francisco Marriott Marquis

436 (133)

39

Hotel

1989

37°47′5.64″N 122°24′15.48″W / 37.7849000°N 122.4043000°W / 37.7849000; -122.4043000 (San Francisco Marriott Marquis)

[102][103]

40

Russ Building

435 (133)

32

Office

1927

37°47′28.32″N 122°24′10.08″W / 37.7912000°N 122.4028000°W / 37.7912000; -122.4028000 (Russ Building)

Tied as the tallest building constructed in the city in the 1920s[104][105]

140 New Montgomery

435 (133)

26

Office

1925

37°47′13.20″N 122°24′0.00″W / 37.7870000°N 122.4000000°W / 37.7870000; -122.4000000 (140 New Montgomery)

Tied as the tallest building constructed in the city in the 1920s
Originally called the Pacific Telephone Building upon completion[106][107]

42

Jasper

430 (131)

39

Residential

2015

37°47′9.19″N 122°23′37.61″W / 37.7858861°N 122.3937806°W / 37.7858861; -122.3937806 (45 Lansing Street)

[108][109]

43

The Infinity II

420 (128)

41

Residential

2009

37°47′21.76″N 122°23′26.39″W / 37.7893778°N 122.3906639°W / 37.7893778; -122.3906639 (The Infinity II)

[110]

JPMorgan Chase Building

420 (128)

31

Office

2002

37°47′19.6″N 122°23′58.0″W / 37.788778°N 122.399444°W / 37.788778; -122.399444 (JPMorgan Chase Building, San Francisco)

[111][112]

The Paramount

420 (128)

40

Residential

2002

37°47′12.0″N 122°24′7.0″W / 37.786667°N 122.401944°W / 37.786667; -122.401944 (Paramount, San Francisco)

[113][114]

46

Providian Financial Building

417 (127)

30

Office

1981

37°47′28.40″N 122°23′42.16″W / 37.7912222°N 122.3950444°W / 37.7912222; -122.3950444 (Providian Financial Building)

[115][116]

47

Three Embarcadero Center

413 (126)

31

Office

1977

37°47′42.5″N 122°23′50.5″W / 37.795139°N 122.397361°W / 37.795139; -122.397361 (Three Embarcadero Center)

[117][118]

Two Embarcadero Center

413 (126)

30

Office

1974

37°47′41.8″N 122°23′54.5″W / 37.794944°N 122.398472°W / 37.794944; -122.398472 (Two Embarcadero Center)

[119][120]

350 Mission Street

413 (126)

27

Office

2015

37°47′27.31″N 122°23′48.25″W / 37.7909194°N 122.3967361°W / 37.7909194; -122.3967361 (350 Mission Street)

[121][122]

50

595 Market Street

410 (125)

30

Office

1979

37°47′21.31″N 122°24′2.92″W / 37.7892528°N 122.4008111°W / 37.7892528; -122.4008111 (595 Market Street)

[123][124]

51

123 Mission Street

407 (124)

29

Office

1986

37°47′30.84″N 122°23′40.20″W / 37.7919000°N 122.3945000°W / 37.7919000; -122.3945000 (123 Mission Street)

[125][126]

52

101 Montgomery

404 (123)

28

Office

1984

37°47′25.44″N 122°24′8.64″W / 37.7904000°N 122.4024000°W / 37.7904000; -122.4024000 (101 Montgomery)

[127][128]

Embarcadero West

404 (123)

34

Office

1989

37°47′37.9″N 122°24′1.6″W / 37.793861°N 122.400444°W / 37.793861; -122.400444 (Embarcadero West)

[129][130]

54

100 Van Ness Avenue

400 (122)

29

Residential

1974

37°46′36.2″N 122°25′09.1″W / 37.776722°N 122.419194°W / 37.776722; -122.419194 (100 Van Ness Avenue)

Originally completed as an office tower in 1974 before residential conversion in 2014
Also known as the California Automobile Association Building[131][132][133]

LUMINA II

400 (122)

38

Residential

2015

37°47′19.47″N 122°23′29.41″W / 37.7887417°N 122.3915028°W / 37.7887417; -122.3915028 (LUMINA II)

[134]

text: * indicates still under construction, but has been topped out

text: Tallest under construction, approved and proposed[edit]

text: Under construction[edit]

text: This lists buildings that are under construction in San Francisco and are planned to rise at least 100 meters (328 ft). Under construction buildings that have already been topped out are also included.

text:
Name

Heightft (m)

Floors

Use

Year(est.)

Coordinates

Notes

Oceanwide Center, Tower 1

910 (278)

61

Office, Residential

2021

37°47′24″N 122°23′53″W / 37.79000°N 122.39806°W / 37.79000; -122.39806 (Oceanwide Center Tower 1)

Will be the second tallest building in San Francisco once completed, only behind the Salesforce Tower.
Construction started December 2016.[135][136][137]

Oceanwide Center, Tower 2

625 (191)

54

Hotel, Residential

2021

37°47′22.24″N 122°23′53.71″W / 37.7895111°N 122.3982528°W / 37.7895111; -122.3982528 (50 First Street Tower 2)

This project contains a 169-room Waldorf Astoria San Francisco hotel on the first 21 floors and approximately 154 residential units on the upper 33 floors.[135][136]

Park Tower at Transbay

605 (184)

43

Office

2018

37°47′25″N 122°23′39″W / 37.79028°N 122.39417°W / 37.79028; -122.39417 (Transbay Block 5)

Project will be commercial office tower at Transbay Block 5.[138][139]
Project broke ground in October 2015.[140]

Transbay Block 8

575 (175)

56

Residential

2019

37°47′16″N 122°23′39″W / 37.78778°N 122.39417°W / 37.78778; -122.39417 (Transbay Block 8)

This project contains approximately 554 units from developer Related California and architecture firm OMA.[141][142][143]

706 Mission Street

510 (155)

43

Museum, Residential

2020

37°47′10″N 122°24′9″W / 37.78611°N 122.40250°W / 37.78611; -122.40250 (706 Mission Street)

This project will contain 190 condominiums and an expanded Mexican Museum.
Construction began in February 2016.[144][145]

Transbay Block 9

440 (134)

43

Residential

2019

37°47′14″N 122°23′43″W / 37.78722°N 122.39528°W / 37.78722; -122.39528 (Transbay Block 9)

This project will contain 563 residential units on Folsom Street between First and Essex streets.[146]
Construction started in March 2016.[147][148]
It is also known as 500 Folsom Street.[149][150]

Folsom Bay Tower

422 (129)

39

Residential

2020

37°47′23.9″N 122°23′30.0″W / 37.789972°N 122.391667°W / 37.789972; -122.391667 (160 Folsom Street)

This project contains 391 condominiums from developer Tishman Speyer and Studio Gang Architects.[151][152][153]
Construction started mid-2017.[154]
It is also known as 160 Folsom Street and Transbay Block 1.[155][156]

1500 Mission Street

416 (127)

39

Office, Residential

2020

37°46′26″N 122°25′06″W / 37.7738°N 122.4184°W / 37.7738; -122.4184 (1500 Mission Street)

This project consists of a 550-unit residential tower and a shorter office tower for the City of San Francisco.[157][158][159]

33 Tehama Street

380 (116)

35

Residential

2018

37°47′14″N 122°23′46″W / 37.78722°N 122.39611°W / 37.78722; -122.39611 (41 Tehama Street)

This building is entitled for 403 dwelling units.[160][161]

text: Approved[edit]

text: This lists buildings that are approved for construction in San Francisco and are planned to rise at least 100 meters (328 ft).

text:
Name

Heightft (m)

Floors

Year(est.)

Coordinates

Notes

524 Howard Street

515 (157)

48

—

37°47′17.67″N 122°23′49.33″W / 37.7882417°N 122.3970361°W / 37.7882417; -122.3970361 (524 Howard Street)

This project contains 334 residential units from developer Crescent Heights.[162][163][164][165]

5M Project Residential Tower

470 (143)

40

—

37°46′52.34″N 122°24′25.23″W / 37.7812056°N 122.4070083°W / 37.7812056; -122.4070083 (5M Project)

This project contains office and residential on 4 acres (1.6 ha) at Fifth and Mission.[166][167][168]

One Oak

426 (130)

40

2021

37°46′30.37″N 122°25′12.04″W / 37.7751028°N 122.4200111°W / 37.7751028; -122.4200111 (One Oak)

This project would contain 304 condominiums.[169][170][171]

555 Howard Street

405 (123)

36

2020

37°47′15″N 122°23′49″W / 37.787424°N 122.396911°W / 37.787424; -122.396911 (555 Howard Street)

This project includes 69 condominiums over a 255-room hotel.[172][173][174]

5M Project Office Tower

395 (120)

23

—

37°46′52.34″N 122°24′25.23″W / 37.7812056°N 122.4070083°W / 37.7812056; -122.4070083 (5M Project)

This project contains office and residential on 4 acres (1.6 ha) at Fifth and Mission.[166][175][168]

text: Proposed[edit]

text: This lists buildings that are proposed in San Francisco and are planned to rise at least 100 meters (328 ft).

text:
Name

Heightft (m)

Floors*

Year*(est.)

Coordinates

Notes

Transbay Parcel F

806 (246)

64

—

37°47′17″N 122°23′50″W / 37.7880°N 122.3973°W / 37.7880; -122.3973 (Parcel F)

[176][177]

Palace Hotel Residential Tower

669 (204)

60

—

37°47′15.93″N 122°24′6.08″W / 37.7877583°N 122.4016889°W / 37.7877583; -122.4016889 (Palace Hotel Residential Tower)

This project is also known as Two New Montgomery.[178][179]

One Montgomery Street

500 (152)

33

—

37°47′21″N 122°24′09″W / 37.789203°N 122.402618°W / 37.789203; -122.402618 (One Montgomery Street)

[180]

Sun Tower[note 2]

450 (137)

—

—

37°49′10.66″N 122°22′19.20″W / 37.8196278°N 122.3720000°W / 37.8196278; -122.3720000 (Sun Tower, Treasure Island)

This project is also referred to as Treasure Island Tower. It would stand as the tallest building on Treasure Island.[181][182][183][184][185]

1481 Post Street

410 (125)

36

—

37°47′8.65″N 122°25′34.08″W / 37.7857361°N 122.4261333°W / 37.7857361; -122.4261333 (1481 Post Street)

This project is also referred to as Cathedral Hill Plaza II and Post Street Tower.[186][187][188]

30 Van Ness

400 (122)

42

—

[189]

655 4th Street

400 (122)

40

—

[190]

10 South Van Ness

400 (122)

38

—

37°46′27.45″N 122°25′10.46″W / 37.7742917°N 122.4195722°W / 37.7742917; -122.4195722 (10 South Van Ness)

[191]

10 South Van Ness Tower B

400 (122)

38

—

[192]

48 Tehama Street

366 (112)

30

—

[193]

Central SOMA Tower

350 (107)

37

—

This project is also known as 636-648 4th Street.[194][195][196]

98 Franklin Street

332 (101)

31

—

[197]

text: * Table entries with dashes (—) indicate that information regarding building floor counts or dates of completion has not yet been released.

text: Timeline of tallest buildings[edit]

text: This lists buildings that once held the title of tallest building in San Francisco as well as the current titleholder, the currently under construction Salesforce Tower.

text:
Name

Street address

Years as tallest

Heightft (m)

Floors

Notes / Reference

Montgomery Block

628 Montgomery Street

1853–1854

~50 (15)

4

[198][199][200]

Old Saint Mary's Cathedral

660 California Street

1854–1875

90 (27)

1

[201][202][203][204]

Palace Hotel

2 New Montgomery Street

1875–1890

120 (37)

7

[note 3][205][206]

Chronicle Building

690 Market Street

1890–1898

218 (66)

10

[207]

Call Building

703 Market Street

1898–1922

315 (96)

15

[note 4][208]

Standard Oil Building

225 Bush Street

1922–1925

328 (100)

22

[209]

Pacific Telephone Building

140 New Montgomery Street

1925–1965

435 (133)

26

[note 5][106]

Russ Building

235 Montgomery Street

1927–1965

435 (133)

31

[note 5][104]

Hartford Building

650 California Street

1965–1967

466 (142)

33

[note 6][91]

44 Montgomery Street

44 Montgomery Street

1967–1969

565 (172)

43

[51]

Bank of America Center

555 California Street

1969–1972

779 (237)

52

[note 7][26]

Transamerica Pyramid

600 Montgomery Street

1972–2017

853 (260)

48

[21]

Salesforce Tower

415 Mission Street

2017–present

1,070 (326)

61

[210]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Based on existing and under construction buildings over 150 meters tall. New York has 320 existing and under construction buildings at least 492 feet (150 m); Chicago has 134; Miami has 57; Houston has 36; Los Angeles has 34; Dallas has 20; San Francisco has 28. Source of Skyline ranking information: SkyscraperPage.com diagrams: New York City, Chicago, Miami, Houston, Los Angeles, Dallas, San Francisco (as of September 2018).

Jump up ^ Building is said to be somewhere between 450 feet (137 m) and 650 feet (198 m). "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2010-09-01.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)

Jump up ^ The original Palace Hotel burned down in 1906.

Jump up ^ The Call Building was renamed the Spreckels Building in 1913 and was heavily modified in 1938, lowering its height to 299 feet (91 m).

^ Jump up to: a b The Russ Building, completed in 1927, tied the height of the Pacific Telephone Building. The city therefore had two tallest buildings for a period of 38 years, until the Hartford Building was completed in 1965.

Jump up ^ This building was constructed as the Hartford Building, but is now more commonly known as 650 California Street.

Jump up ^ This building was constructed as the Bank of America Center, but was renamed to 555 California Street in 2005.