document_title: Honda Civic

question_text: when did the new honda civic come out

question_tokens: when did the new honda civic come out

text: Honda Civic

text: Background[edit]

text: After a period of developing idiosyncratic automobiles such as the lukewarmly received domestic Honda 1300, Honda considered pulling out of automobile manufacturing altogether by the early 1970s. However, the more conventional Civic's release in 1972 immediately changed things, thanks to its economy, reliability and low cost in an era of rising fuel prices. Honda's CVCC technology helped it make it affordable, meeting 1970s and early 1980s emission standards without an expensive catalytic converter.[7]

text: First generation (1972–1979) – SB1, SG, SH, SE, VB[edit]

text: The first generation Honda Civic was introduced on 11 July 1972, but sold as a 1973 model in Japan. It was equipped with a 1,169 cc (71.3 cu in) four-cylinder water-cooled engine and featured front power disc brakes, reclining vinyl bucket seats, simulated wood trim on the dashboard, as well as optional air conditioning and an AM/FM radio. The Civic was available as a coupe, both a three- and a five-door hatchback, as well as a five-door station wagon. Due to the 1973 oil crisis, consumer demand for fuel efficient vehicles was high, and due to the engine being able to run on either leaded or unleaded fuel, it gave drivers fuel choice flexibility over other vehicles. The CVCC engine debuted in 1975 and had a head design that allowed for more efficient combustion, and as a benefit the CVCC system did not require a catalytic converter or unleaded fuel to meet 1975 Environmental Protection Agency emissions standards for hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. The Civic was joined by a platform expansion of the three-door hatchback, called the Honda Accord in 1976.

text: Second generation (1979–1983) – SL, SS, SR, ST, VC, WD[edit]

text: The second generation Honda Civic was introduced in June 1979 as a 1980 model. It was larger, had a more angular shape, and came with increased engine power. All Civic engines now used the CVCC design, which added a 3rd valve per cylinder; this introduced lean burn swirl technology. The base 1335 cc ("1300") engine made 55 hp (41 kW; 56 PS), with an optional 1488 cc ("1500") engine producing 67 hp (50 kW; 68 PS). Three transmissions were offered: a four-speed manual (on base models), a five-speed manual, and a two-speed semi-automatic Honda had previously called the "Hondamatic". The second generation Civic was offered as a three-door hatchback, a four-door sedan, a five-door hatchback and a five-door wagon.

text: Third generation (1983–1987) – SB3, SB4, AG, AH, AJ, AK, AT, EC[edit]

text: The third generation was released in September 1983 for the 1984 model year. The separate five-door hatchback and wagon models were merged into a four-door "shuttle wagon" or "wagovan" sometimes referred to colloquially as a "breadbox" due to its appearance, called the Honda Civic Shuttle. An additional two-seat coupe style—labeled CRX—was introduced, noted for its compact dimensions and light weight. The third generation Civic saw the introduction of the long running four-cylinder D series engine including a new 1.5 L (91.5 cu in) CVCC engine. 1984 also saw the release of a high-performance Si model for the Japanese market, featuring upgraded suspension and the 1.6 L (97.6 cu in) DOHC ZC engine which was rated at 130 PS (118 HP). Si models were offered in the US as a 3-door Civic Si hatchback and the CRX Si variant with a 91 horsepower (68 kW) fuel-injected SOHC 12-valve engine. A 4WD engine with different transmission mounts was introduced for the first time in 1984, and later upgraded in 1987. It delivered a fuel economy of around 28 mpg highway. The 4WD system was push-button operated until improved in 1987 when the rear wheels would engage automatically once the front wheels lost traction. This new system was called "Realtime" which used a "viscous coupler" connecting two propeller shafts between the front and rear axles. The manual transmission featured a synchronized 6th gear, called "SL", or "Super-Low", which was used for high torque at very low speeds. The "Realtime" idea is still utilized to this day but includes technological improvements since the first system. Starting with 1985, Japanese Civics were now exclusive to Honda Primo, with variants sold at Honda Verno and Honda Clio. A four-door version called the Ballade was built, under agreement, by Mercedes Benz South Africa, models were 1300, 1500, 1500i, and 1600i DOHC 1.6 injection.

text: Fourth generation (1987–1991) – ED, EE, EF, SH[edit]

text: In September 1987, a redesigned Civic was introduced with increased dimensions and a lower hood line. A wide range of models and trim levels were offered for various markets around the world. The most notable of which was the Japanese market SiR (featuring the B16A DOHC VTEC engine). All U.S. models featured electronic fuel injection, but carbureted models were still available elsewhere. The fourth generation saw the introduction of a fully independent rear suspension across the entire model range.[8] In addition, the Honda CRX continued to be part of the Civic family which included the HF, DX, and Si model in the U.S.A / four door version called the Ballade was built, under agreement, by Mercedes Benz South Africa / models were 1500 16v, 1600i 16v, and 1600i 16v DOHC. The first 800 cars produced at the then brand new Honda Plant in Aliston Ontario Canada were SE model cars. These Special Edition models included all white side molding that matched the white body and color matched dual mirrors. In the body molding was a wrap around blue stripe. Each car had interior upgrades as well as a chrome tipped exhaust.

text: Fifth generation (1992–1995) – EG3, EG4, EG5, EG6, EG7, EG8, EG9, EH1, EH2, EH3, EH9, EJ1, EJ2, EJ3,[edit]

text: Introduced in September 1991 for the 1992 model year, the redesigned Civic featured increased dimensions, as well as more aerodynamic styling. The wagon variant was now only available in the Japanese market where the previous generation wagon was carried over until 1995. The efficiency of the previous HF model was replaced by the VX hatchback which, with an EPA rating of 48/55 MPG, was Honda's most fuel efficient model sold at the time. In North America the Si featured a SOHC VTEC valve train, whereas the VX featured the VTEC-E. The Japanese Si featured a DOHC non-VTEC valve train D16A9. Continuing in the sporty tradition of the original Civic SiR, Honda sold several similarly equipped variants of the fifth generation car, still referred to as the Civic SiR, in Japan, Asia, and Europe. In South Africa, MBSA (Mercedes Benz of SA) built the Civic as the Ballade only in 4dr. A special model was the 180i with the B18B4, that was fitted to Ballade models. A new bodystyle was introduced with this generation called the Civic Coupe, based from the Civic Ferio sedan, and was sold in North America, Europe and Japan. The fifth generation remains popular among tuners and racers alike.

text: Sixth generation (1996-2000) – EK2, EK3, EK4, EK5, EK9, EJ6, EJ7, EJ8, EJ9, EM1[edit]

text: Introduced in September 1995 for the 1996 model year, the sixth generation featured updated styling although less radical than previous redesigns. Suspension and engine options were available along with their first Natural Gas Powered Civic, the GX. In the US, model year 1996 to 2000 the Civic was sold under the CX, DX, EX, EXR, HX, LX, and for Canada, SE, and Si trims; all base models were made with 1.6-liter engines. The EX-CX are all SOHC (Honda D engine). The CX, DX, and LX all have D16Y7 non-VTEC engines; whereas the EX has a D16Y8 VTEC, and the HX has D16Y5 VTEC-E. The USDM Si and Canadian SiR came with a DOHC (B16A2 VTEC). The first Civic Si coupe EM1 was introduced in 1999 until 2000. Europe saw a DOHC 1.6 VTi hatch and sedan and a DOHC 1.8L engine was available for the Domani related five-door liftback and estate.

text: Seventh generation (2000–2005) – EM2, ES1, ES2, EP1, EP2, EP3, EP4, EV1, EU1, EU2, EU3, EU4[edit]

text: The seventh generation was released in September 2000, for the 2001 model year. While the redesign retained the previous generation's exterior dimensions, interior space was improved in part by using a flat rear floor thus bumping up Civic to a compact car size segment. The front suspension was changed from that of a double wishbone to a MacPherson strut, in order to lower costs, as well as allow more engine bay room for the newly introduced Honda K-series engine. Power was also increased on some trim levels. The four main trim levels were DX, LX, EX, and HX. The Civic Coupe was no longer sold in Japan starting with this generation.

text: In North America, coupe and sedan body styles were available, except for the Si (SiR in Canada) which was offered only as a three-door hatchback.[9] The rest of the world received three and five-door hatchbacks. The Type R was redesigned as well this time using a more powerful i-VTEC motor and using the three-door hatchback body style. This generation saw Honda introduce their first Civic Hybrid, powered by a 1.3-liter engine.[10]

text: Eighth generation (2005–2011) – FD1 FD2, FD7, FA1, FG1, FG2, FA5, FN2, MK8[edit]

text: The eighth generation was released in September 2005, for the 2006 model year. For the eighth generation, Honda split the model into two different platforms, one for sedan and coupe, and one for a hatchback designed primarily for the European market using a simpler rear suspension from the Honda Fit and more aggressive styling. As of 2006, a total of 16.5 million Civics had been sold worldwide, with 7.3 million of them in the United States.[11] Although the North American and the home market model differ externally, they are mechanically identical. The hatchback is available as a three and five-door. Both Si and Type R trim levels continued although the Japanese and European Type R, while sharing the same engine size, are mechanically different. In the US, an improved, sportier version of the Civic Si 4-door tuned by tuner Mugen was offered, featuring cosmetic alterations and changes to the suspension, wheels, slight exterior differences, and exhaust system. A Canadian only Acura model received a new nameplate, changing from the Acura EL to the Acura CSX. The end of this model generation also marked a hiatus of the Civic Type R in Japan, with no successor model until the later tenth generation, going on sale mid-2017[12].

text: Ninth generation (2011–2016) – FB4, FG3, FB2, FG4, FB6, FK2[edit]

text: North American market[edit]

text: On 13 December 2010, Honda unveiled a sketch of the new ninth-generation Civic which was described as "energetic, sleek and aerodynamic." Both coupe and sedan concepts were shown on 10 January 2011 at the 2011 North American International Auto Show. The production version of the ninth-generation Civic (previewed by the concept) went on sale in the U.S. on 20 April 2011.[13] In late 2012, Honda updated its Civic model with new exterior and interior trims for the 2013 year.[14]

text: Honda's Eco Assist technology is added to most models, and became the first gasoline-only powered Honda to employ such technology in North America. It is an information system to help the driver adopt a more fuel-efficient driving style,[15] and is proven to improve fuel economy by about 10% for Honda's hybrid vehicle in Japan.[16]

text: All models now come standard with ABS (Anti-Lock Brake Systems), VSA (Vehicle Stability Assistance) and EBD (Electronic Brake Distribution). Further improvements include a new multilink rear suspension to further reduce road feel on particularly battered roads and highways.

text: Following its launch, the new model was widely panned by the automotive press due to the poor quality of its interior and ride, and for the first time, it failed to earn a Consumer Reports recommendation. In an unprecedented move, Honda made significant interior and exterior redesigns the following year to address these issues, but market share in the compact car segment showed a marked decline from the previous generation.[17]

text: Tenth generation (2016–present) – FC1, FC2, FC3, FC4, FC5, FK4, FK7, FK8[edit]

text: The Civic is based on an all-new Honda compact global platform.[18]

text: The tenth-generation Civic features a new fastback exterior design, with the rear C-pillar flowing into the tailgate. The front of the car features a new chrome wing design that flows across the top of the headlamps.

text: The interior of the new Civic likewise features major design changes. Unlike the split bi-level speedometer and tachometer of its predecessor, the tenth generation Civic consolidates these instruments into a fully customisable, all digital interface incorporating a 7-inch LCD screen positioned directly behind the steering wheel and in the driver's line of sight.[19]

text: Civic variants include sedan, coupe, five-door hatchback, Si trims, and Type-R models.

text: International marketing and platform derivatives[edit]

text: While the Civic is sold in largely the same form worldwide, differences in the name of the models exist between markets. In Japan, the hatchback Civic is just called "Civic" while the sedan model was called the Civic Ferio (Japanese: シビックフェリオ) during the fifth to seventh generations. The sixth-generation sedan was also sold as the Integra SJ. In Europe and the United States, "Civic" generically refers to any model, though in Europe the coupe is branded the "Civic Coupe". A four-door station wagon model called the Civic Shuttle (also Civic Pro in Japan) was available from 1984 until 1991 (this brand name would later be revived for the mid-1990s Honda Shuttle people carrier, known in some markets as the Honda Stream). In South Africa, the sedan (the only model sold there until the 1996 launch of the sixth generation sedan and hatch) was known as the Ballade.

text: Other models have been built on the Civic platform, including Prelude, Ballade, CR-X, Quint, Concerto, Domani, CR-X Del Sol, Integra, and CR-V.

text: Also, at various times, the Civic or Civic-derived models have been sold by marques other than Honda – for example, Rover sold the 200, 400 and 45, each of which were Civic-based at some point (first 200s were the second generation Ballade; from 1990 the 200 and 400 were based on the Concerto; the 400 was the 1995 Domani), as was their predecessor, the Triumph Acclaim, based on the first Honda Ballade. The Honda Domani, an upscale model based on the Civic, was sold as the Isuzu Gemini in Japan (1992–2000), and confusingly the 5-door Domani was sold as the Honda Civic (along with the "real" hatchback and sedan Civics) in Europe from 1995 to 2000. In Thailand, the sixth generation Civic was available as the four-door Isuzu Vertex. The sixth-generation station wagon was sold as the Honda Orthia, with the Partner as the downmarket commercial variant. The seventh generation minivan model is called the Honda Stream. In Canada, the sixth and seventh generation Civics were mildly redesigned to create the Acura EL until the advent of the eight generation Civic, which was used to create the Acura CSX, which was designed in Canada. Honda Japan adopted the CSX styling for the Civic in its home country.

text: The three-door hatchback body style has been somewhat unpopular in the United States, but has achieved wide acceptance in Canada, as well as popularity in Japan and European markets, helping cement Honda's reputation as a maker of sporty compact models. Starting in 2002, the Civic three-door hatchback has been built exclusively at Honda's manufacturing plant in Swindon, England[20] – previously the five-door Civic/Domani and the Civic Aerodeck (based on the Japanese Orthia) were built in this plant for sale in Europe along with the Japanese Civics. Accordingly, all instances of the current model (left or right hand drive, anywhere in the world) are British-made cars designed with Japanese engineering, except for the US-built two-door coupe and the sedan version built in Brazil for the Latin American market.

text: In North America, the Civic hatchback was dropped for 2006. The 2006 model year standard Civics for North America are manufactured in Alliston, Ontario, Canada (sedans, coupes and Si Coupes) and East Liberty, Ohio (sedans), while the Hybrid version is manufactured in Japan.

text: In Brazil, although being considered for local manufacturing since the early 1980s (it was illegal to import cars in Brazil from 1973 until 1990), the Civic wasn't available until 1992, via official importing. In 1997, production of the sixth generation Civic sedan started in the Sumaré (a city near Campinas, in the state of São Paulo) factory. The only differences between the Japanese model and the Brazilian model were a slightly higher ground clearance, due to the country's road conditions and adaptations to make the engine suitable to Brazilian commercial gasoline, which contains about 25% ethanol (E25). The seventh generation production started in 2001, displacing the Chevrolet Vectra from the top sales record for the mid-size sedan segment, however it lost that position to the Toyota Corolla the following year. In 2006, the eighth generation was released and regained the sales leadership. Identical to the North American version, it lacks options such a moonroof, and standard security equipment like VSA and side and curtain airbags were removed due to lack of car safety laws in the Mercosur. Furthermore, the Brazilian subsidiary began producing flex-fuel versions for the Civic and the Fit models, capable of running on any blend of gasoline (E20 to E25 blend in Brazil) and ethanol up to E100.[21]

text: Safety[edit]

text: USA[edit]

text: The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in the USA has determined frontal crash test ratings of Honda Civics of different model years.[22][23]

text:
[show]Model year
Make
Model
Type
Curb weight (lb)
Front driver
Front passenger
Side driver
passenger
Side rear
passenger

1979
Honda
Civic
2-DR
2,166

1980
Honda
Civic
2-DR HBK
2,298

1981
Honda
Civic
2-DR HBK
2,160

1981
Honda
Civic
4-DR HBK
2,456

1984–1987
Honda
Civic
2-DR
2,311

1984–1987
Honda
Civic
4-DR wagon
2,510

1988–1989?
Honda
Civic
2-DR
2,542

1990?–1991
Honda
Civic
4-DR
2,252

1992–1993
Honda
Civic
2/4-DR
2,348

1994–1995
Honda
Civic
2-DR
2,498?

1994–1995
Honda
Civic
4-DR
2,317

1996–1997
Honda
Civic
2-DR
2,337

1996–1997
Honda
Civic
4-DR
2,313

1998–2000
Honda
Civic
2-DR
2,313

1998–2000
Honda
Civic
4-DR
2,379

2001–2005
Honda
Civic
4-DR w/+w/o SAB
2,522

2001–2005
Honda
Civic
2-DR w/o SAB
2,502

2001–2005
Honda
Civic
2-DR w/SAB
2,502

2002–2005
Honda
Civic
2-DR HBK w/o SAB
2,502

2006–2011
Honda
Civic
2-DR w/SAB
2,640

2006–2011
Honda
Civic
4-DR w/SAB
2,749

2012
Honda
Civic
4-DR w/SAB
2,672

2013
Honda
Civic
4-DR w/SAB
2,815

text: The eighth-generation Civic sedan's crash test performance has been rated highly by both the US government's NHTSA[24] and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. The IIHS awarded the Civic sedan with a rating of "good" on both frontal and side impact crash tests[25] and lists the Civic as the second-best 2007 small car in overall crashworthiness.[26] The Civic coupe is rated "acceptable" in the side impact test.[27]

text: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) crash test ratings[24]

text: Frontal impact:

text: Side impact front seat:

text: Side impact rear seat:

text: Rollover:

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, 1984–2005 Civics were assessed in the Used Car Safety Ratings 2006 on their level of occupant protection regardless of size or era.[28]

text:
(1984–1987) – "significantly worse than average"
(1988–1991) – "average"
(1992–1995) – "average"
(1996–2000) – "better than average"
(2001–2005) – "average"

text: Modifications and the enthusiast community[edit]

text: Despite being a modest car, the Civic is popular as a platform for modification and customization by the enthusiast community. Starting with the fourth generation and continuing through the 2000 model year, Civics had front double wishbone suspension and rear semi-trailing arm suspension. Ready parts interchangeability allows easy engine swaps (primarily with more powerful B16A (Civic SI), B18C (Acura Integra GSR), and various K20 Civic motors) and many other upgrades.[29]

text: More recent seventh and eighth generation Civics, now rated as compacts rather than subcompacts, remain generally attractive as tuner projects in spite of added weight (mostly due to U.S. government safety mandates, such as airbags and ABS) and higher centers of gravity. Particularly unwelcome among the tuner community[30] was the replacement of the front double-wishbone suspension with MacPherson struts, which provide inferior handling primarily due to limited dynamic camber angle control.[31][32]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Honda Civic EX was International Car of the Year in 2005. From 1972 to 1974, the Civic was awarded Car of the Year Japan. In 1973, the Civic ranked third in the European Car of the Year awards, the highest ranking for a Japanese vehicle at that time. It also was awarded the U.S. Road Test magazine's "1974 Car of the Year."[33] The Civic was the Motor Trend Import Car of the Year for 1980[34] as well as its 2006 Car of the Year. In 2006, the Civic earned the 2007 "Semperit Irish Car of the Year" title. In 1996, Automobile Magazine honored the Civic as its Automobile of the Year. The Civic has been on Car and Driver magazine's yearly Ten Best list six times, in 1985, 1988–91, and 1996. The Civic Si was named "Best New Sport Car" and the sedan was named "Best New Economy Car" in the 2006 Canadian Car of the Year awards. The Civic also won the North American Car of the Year and the North American International Auto Show (NAIAS) Car of the Year awards for 2006. In November 2006, the Civic received the prestigious "Car of The Year" award from Brazilian magazine Auto Esporte. The four-door Civic VXi sedan won the South African Car of the Year award for 2007.

text: Racing[edit]

text: Touring car racing[edit]

text: Civics have been used for racing ever since their introduction.

text: Civics contested the Up to 1300cc class in the Bathurst 1000 touring car race at Bathurst in Australia each year from 1973 to 1976, with a best placing of second in class in both 1974 and 1976.[35]

text: In recent years the Civic has been used in a wide variety of racing series, particularly in Japan. It is also used in touring car races in Europe and the United States. The Civic has been used in the UK in endurance series by teams such as Barwell Motorsport and Cartek Motorsport.

text: In 2002 JAS Motorsport entered the European Touring Car Championship (ETCC) with a Super 2000 spec Civic and was used until restart season of the World Touring Car Championship (WTCC) in 2005.

text: In December 2005, on the date of the new 2006 Civic Si's launch in the USA, Honda's R&D Engineering Team completed 645 laps in an eighth generation Civic Si coupe (FG2) to place first in the E1 class of the famous '25 Hours of Thunderhill' marathon race. The drivers on Honda's team were Road & Track journalist Kim Wolfkill, Lee Niffenegger, Chad Gilsinger, Sage Marie, John Sherk, Rich Hays, Andrew Frame, Matt Staal and Car and Driver journalist Tony Swan.[36]

text: BTCC[edit]

text: In the UK, the Civic has been used in the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC) for several years and is still highly competitive. The Civic Type R made its debut in the 2002 season with the 'Works' team run by Arena Motorsport. Built to BTC-T specifications, it gained the team third in the manufacturers championship. In the same year Synchro Motorsport won the BTCC Production Teams Championship with a pair of Civic Type Rs.

text: The 2003 season saw the 'works' team Civics secure an impressive second in the manufacturers championship. The 2003 BTCC Production Teams Championship also went to the Civic again, this time in the hands of Barwell Motorsport.

text: Such was the competitiveness of the Civic in its first two-season, 2004 saw five teams enter Civics, allowing the model to secure second in the manufacturers championship.

text: Although manufacturer support from Honda for the BTCC ended in 2005, several teams still found success running the Civic in 2005 and 2006.

text: For the 2007 BTCC season, Team Halfords ran the new eighth-generation Honda Civics, built to the latest S2000 regulations, for Matt Neal and Gordon Shedden with limited success and continued to use the Civic into the 2008 and 2009 season. In both 2007 and 2008, the Civic allowed the team to finish 3rd in the Teams championship, behind the two manufacturer backed teams.

text: In 2010 Honda returned to the BTCC as a 'works' team with Team Dynamics using Civics to win the 2010 manufacturers championship.[37]

text: In 2011 the team returns with its Civic to defend its Team and Manufacturers championship again with the Neil and Shedden pairing.

text: Honda Racing Team swapped to the brand new ninth generation Honda Civic, built fully to NGTC rules, for the 2012 BTCC season. They are the first manufacturer backed team to announce their intention to run fully to the NGTC specification.[38][39] The drivers continue to be Matt Neal and Gordon Shedden, who are the 2011 and 2012 BTCC driver champions respectively.[40][41] Andrew Jordan, driving for his family-run Eurotech Racing team, won the BTCC title in 2013 in their NGTC Civic, whilst Honda retained the manufacturer's championship.[42] However, in 2014, Honda were unable to retain their title, which was won instead by MG.[43]

text: WTCC[edit]

text: Honda announced plans to enter the 2012 World Touring Car Championship (WTCC) with a racer built on the 2012 Euro Civic five-door hatchback. The car is powered by a 1.6-liter turbocharged engine, developed by Honda R&D, and would later race in Japan, China and Macau before a two car team joined the 2013 championship racing.[44] Honda won the 2013 Manufacturers' Championship in their first full season in the series, six races before the end of the season.[45] However, Honda was unsuccessful in defending their title in 2014, as Citroën dominated the series in their first season.[46][47]

text: Others[edit]

text: The car has also been used in the Japanese Touring Car Championship, and won the 2011 Asian Touring Car Series. It also competed in both the Touring and Super-production classes of the Russian Touring Car Championship.

text: Sales[edit]

text: As of February 2015, 18.5 million Civics had been sold worldwide.[48] With 7.3 million bought in the United States,[11] it has been a top seller both there[49][50][51] and in Canada, where it had placed No. 1 for 14 years through 2012.[52] Recent studies indicate that the Honda Civic is the most popular car among millennial car shoppers,[53] credited for its low price and small size.

text:
[show]Calendar year
US sales[54]

1973
32,575

1974
43,119

1975
102,389

1976
132,286

1977
147,638

1978
154,035

1979
155,541

1980
138,740

1981
154,698

1982
132,469

1983
137,747

1984
184,846

1985
208,031

1986
235,801

1987
221,252

1988
225,543

1989
235,452

1990
261,502

1991
232,690

1992
219,228

1993
255,579

1994
267,023

1995
289,435

1996
286,350

1997
321,144

1998
335,110

1999
318,309

2000
324,528

2001
331,780

2002
313,159

2003
299,672

2004
309,196

2005
308,415

2006
316,638

2007
331,095

2008
339,289

2009
259,722

2010
260,218

2011
221,235

2012
317,909

2013
336,180

2014
325,981

2015
335,384[55]

2016
366,927[56]


document_title: Chevrolet Cruze

question_text: who makes the diesel in the chevy cruze

question_tokens: who makes the diesel in the chevy cruze

root

text: Chevrolet Cruze

text: Nameplate disambiguation[edit]

text: Before the release of the global Chevrolet Cruze compact sedan in 2008, General Motors made use of the name "Cruze" between 2001 and 2008 in Japan. Announced as the Chevrolet YGM1 concept car at the Tokyo Motor Show in 1999, the original Cruze was derived from the subcompact Suzuki Ignis five-door hatchback (known as the Suzuki Swift in Japan).[1][2] Despite the Chevrolet branding, the YGM1, like the production car, was the work of GM's Australian arm, Holden.[3][4] Along with the styling, Holden executed most of the engineering work and were responsible for devising the "Cruze" nameplate.[1] The Cruze came either with a 1.3- or 1.5-liter engine coupled to either five-speed manual or four-speed automatic transmissions.

tag: p

text: Manufactured by Suzuki in Japan,[5] GM revealed the production Chevrolet Cruze in October 2001, with Japanese sales commencing the following month.[6] This version of the Cruze was also sold in Australia and in New Zealand from 2002 through to 2006 as the Holden Cruze.[7]

text: The production Cruze had standard front-wheel drive, with all-wheel drive optional.[6][8] Chevrolet pursued a marketing strategy that positioned the high-riding Cruze as a light-duty sport utility vehicle (SUV).[9] This contrasted with Suzuki's approach with the Ignis marketed as a conventional passenger model.[8] From 2003, Suzuki of Europe began manufacturing the Cruze as the Suzuki Ignis—representing a facelift of the original Ignis, but only for European markets.[10]

text: First generation (J300; 2008–2016)[edit]

text:
First generation (J300)

Overview

Also called
Daewoo Lacetti Premiere
Holden Cruze

Production
2008–2016
Extended production continues for some markets

Assembly
Australia: Elizabeth, South Australia (Holden; 2011–2016)
Brazil: São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo (GM Brazil)
China: Shenyang, Liaoning (Shanghai GM)
Colombia: Bogota (GM Colmotores, 2011-2015)
India: Halol, Gujarat (GM India; 2009-2017)
Kazakhstan: Ust-Kamenogorsk
Russia: Saint Petersburg
South Korea: Gunsan, Jeonbuk (GM Korea; 2008–2016)
Thailand: Rayong
United States: Lordstown, Ohio (Lordstown Assembly; 2011–2016)
Vietnam: Hanoi (GM Vietnam; 2010–2016)

Designer
David Lyon

Body and chassis

Body style
4-door sedan
5-door hatchback
5-door station wagon

Platform
Delta II platform

Related
Opel Astra

Powertrain

Engine

1.4 L LUJ I4 (t/c gasoline)
1.4 L LUV I4 (t/c gasoline)
1.6 L LDE I4 (gasoline)
1.6 L Ecotec I4 (t/c gasoline)
1.8 L LUW I4 (gasoline)
1.8 L LWE I4 (gasoline)
1.8 L 2H0 I4 (gasoline)
1.7 L VCDi (GM) I4 (t/c diesel)
2.0 L LUZ (GM/Fiat) I4 (t/c diesel)[11]
2.0 L VCDi (VM Motori) I4 (t/c diesel)
2.0 L VCDi (GM) I4 (t/c diesel)

Transmission

5-speed manual
6-speed M32 manual
6-speed F40 manual
6-speed GM 6T30 automatic
6-speed GM 6T40 automatic
6-speed Aisin-Warner AF40-6 automatic[11]

Dimensions

Wheelbase
2,685 mm (105.7 in)

Length
Sedan: 4,597 mm (181.0 in)
Hatchback: 4,510 mm (177.6 in)
Wagon: 4,681 mm (184.3 in)

Width
1,788–1,797 mm (70.4–70.7 in)

Height
1,477 mm (58.1 in)

Curb weight
1,366–1,576 kg (3,011–3,475 lb)

tag: table

text: In 2008, GM introduced the Cruze compact car, carrying the "J300" internal designation.[12] This J300 iteration serves as a replacement for the Chevrolet Cobalt, Daewoo Lacetti and Holden Astra—all unrelated cars. GM phased out production of the Cobalt and its badge engineered counterpart, the Pontiac G5 in 2010, just prior to the manufacturing of the Chevrolet Cruze was to commence. The first renderings of the Cruze were revealed by GM at a press conference on July 15, 2008,[13] with the first official images released on August 21, 2008.[14]

text: Cruze production sites include Gunsan, Jeonbuk, South Korea;[15] Saint Petersburg, Russia;[16] Shenyang, China;[17] and Halol, India;[18] Hanoi, Vietnam since April 2010 in complete knock-down (CKD) form,[19][20] Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan from May 2010;[21] Rayong, Thailand after December 2010,[22] and São Caetano do Sul, Brazil from 2011.[23] Holden's localized hatchback version of the Cruze built at the Elizabeth, South Australia factory from late 2011 joined the Cruze sedan manufactured there since March 2011.[15] GM in the United States has upgraded the existing plant in Lordstown, Ohio to manufacture the Cruze, investing more than US$350 million.[24] At the ceremony of the start of production of Cruze at Ohio, Mark Reuss, the president of GM's North American operations said, "This is everything for us". It is described as GM's most significant new vehicle introduction into North America since the Chapter 11 reorganization in 2009, and is GM's latest attempt to build a small size car that North American consumers would "buy because they like it – not simply because it is cheap".[25]

text: Underpinned by the front-wheel drive GM Delta II platform, GM has confirmed the Cruze development program occurred under a global design and engineering team.[26] GM Daewoo in South Korea played a leading role in the design and engineering of the Cruze, along with GM's German-based Opel division.[27][28][29] This development program spanned over 27 months at a cost of US$4 billion. A total of 221 prototypes were tested in Australia, Canada, China, South Korea, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.[30]

text: According to GM, the Cruze's body structure is 65 percent high-strength steel.[31] MacPherson struts are utilized in the front suspension with a solid torsion beam axle for the rear, avoiding the cost and complexity needed for a modern multi-link independent rear suspension used by some more expensive rivals.[30][32]

text: According to GM's global product development chief Mark Reuss, the North America version Cruze is modified from the global platform as it requires reinforcements to the engine compartment because it offers a bigger engine than in other markets and uses torsion beam suspension.[33]

text: Hydraulically-assisted (electric for North American market) rack and pinion steering gives for a 10.9-meter (36 ft) turning circle. Braking-wise, ventilated front, and solid rear disc brakes are employed, both using piston steel calipers.[30] To counteract noise, vibration, and harshness, engineers have designed the Cruze with an isolated four-point engine mount and implemented sound damping material in areas including the front-of-dashboard panel, luggage compartment, decklid internals, doors, carpet and headlining. Further noise suppression through the use of a triple-layer sealing system in the doors has also been employed.[30]

text: A five-door Cruze hatchback was unveiled as a concept car at the 2010 Paris Motor Show on October 1, 2010. Cruze hatchback sales began in Europe in mid-2011.[34][35] Holden in Australia were responsible for the design and development of the hatchback body variant.[36]

text: GM unveiled the Chevrolet Cruze station wagon in February 2012 at the Geneva Motor Show. Load space ranges from about 500 litres (20 cu ft) up to the window line in the rear, to nearly 1,500 litres (50 cu ft) up to the roof top with the rear seats folded down.[37]

text: Safety[edit]

text: The Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP) announced in May 2009 that it has awarded the Cruze a full five stars in their independent crash safety test, with 35.04 out of a possible 37 points.[38] The following July, the China New Car Assessment Program (C-NCAP) awarded the Cruze a maximum five stars in their independent crash safety test. The Cruze SE 1.6-liter tested scored a maximum of 16 points in side-impact collision, 14.44 in front-end collision, and 15.73 in the 40 percent frontal offset collision.[39] Euro NCAP released its rating in November, with the Chevrolet Cruze again receiving the full five-star grading. While the Cruze scored 96 percent for adult protection, and 84 percent for child occupant protection, Euro NCAP's figure for pedestrian protection is quoted at significantly lower 34 percent.[40] In December 2009, the South Korean-specification Cruze—the Daewoo Lacetti Premiere—received the top rating of five stars from the Korean New Car Assessment Program (KNCAP). According to KNCAP, the Lacetti Premiere received the five-star rating in the frontal, offset frontal, side, and whiplash tests.[41]

text: In the United States, the Cruze received the highest possible ratings of "good" in front, side, rear and rollover crash protection tests by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), which has recognized the Cruze as a 2011 Top Safety Pick.[42] Moreover, The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has awarded the Cruze its highest five-star rating for safety. The score is broken down into maximum five-star results for frontal impact (driver and passenger), side impact (driver and passenger), and for the side pole test (driver). The NHTSA certified the Cruze's rollover rating at four out of five stars.[43]

text: Recalls[edit]

text: GM announced in April 2011 that 2,100 North American-market Cruze models would be recalled following a report of the steering wheel breaking away from the steering column during motion.[44] According to Consumer Reports, during its first year, the Cruze scored the lowest in reliability among compact sedans.[45]

text: General Motors ordered a recall on June 22, 2012, for 413,418 Cruze models, manufactured at the Lordstown, Ohio plant United States, due to a risk of engine compartment fires. The recall covered 2011 and 2012 model year Cruze sedans from September 2010 through May 2012 and affected vehicles sold in the United States, Canada and Israel.[46] The problem can result when liquids become trapped near the engine and catch fire. In Australia 9,547 Australian-built Cruzes were also recalled but there were no cases of engine fires reported in Australia.[47]

text: General Motors (GM) ordered a recall on August 16, 2013, for 292,879 model year 2011 and 2012 Cruze models, manufactured at the Lordstown, Ohio plant United States. General Motors told the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration the recall was due to a potential intermittent loss of brake assist in Cruze models featuring the combination of the 1.4-liter dual overhead cam gasoline turbo engine and the 6T40 FWD automatic transmission. GM said it was aware of 27 alleged low-speed crashes due to brake issues that may include this particular issue, but it reported no injuries. To address the issue, GM said dealers will replace a micro-switch in the power brake vacuum pipe assembly.[48]

text: As of March 28, 2014, GM has halted the sale of 2013 and 2014 Chevrolet Cruze compacts with 1.4-liter engines—models that account for about 60% of Cruze sales—but GM originally didn't say why it issued the order.[49] GM later announced that the cars were being recalled due to a faulty right-side axle shaft.[50]

text: 2012 update[edit]

text: The Cruze was given a mild facelift for 2013 and unveiled by GM at the 2012 Busan Motor Show, South Korea. The Cruze received an updated front fascia, with the air vents around the foglamps being redesigned entirely, and the grille and headlights also receiving minor updates. New alloy wheels have also been designed for the Cruze. GM's optional MyLink entertainment system is now offered as well. This model was first sold in Korea, then Malaysia. It will be later sold in other markets.[51][52]

text:
2012 facelift (sedan)

2012 facelift (sedan)

2012 facelift (wagon)

2012 facelift (hatch)

tag: ul

text: 2014 update[edit]

text: On April 12, 2014, Chevrolet announced that it would unveil a refreshed Chevrolet Cruze at the 2014 New York Auto Show as a 2015 model, with an updated grille and a more angular shape from the Malibu.[53]

text:
2014 facelift (sedan)

2014 facelift (sedan)

2014 facelift (hatch)

text: Powertrain[edit]

text: Engines fitted to the Cruze are the 1.6-liter Family 1 inline-four, a 1.8-liter version of the same, and a 2.0-liter VM Motori RA 420 SOHC turbocharged common rail diesel, marketed as VCDi.[54] All three engines are coupled to a five-speed manual or optional six-speed automatic transmission featuring Active Select.[55][56] When the Cruze launched in the United States in 2010, a new 1.4-liter Family 0 turbocharged gasoline engine was introduced.[57][58] North American models fitted with the 1.8-liter gasoline engine have also been upgraded to a standard six-speed manual.[57]

text: In 2011, a new 2.0-liter Family Z diesel engine marketed as VCDi replaced the previous VM Motori VCDi unit of equal displacement.[59]

text: Since late 2011, Chinese market models have been available with a turbocharged 1.6-liter engine with a six-speed manual transmission.

text:
Gasoline

Engine
Power
Torque
Transmission
Years

1.4 L (1,364 cc) Ecotec I4 (t/c)
103 kW (138 hp)
200 N⋅m (148 lb⋅ft) (AU/EU)

6-speed manual
6-speed GM 6T40 automatic

2010–

201 N⋅m (148 lb⋅ft) (NA)
2010–

1.6 L (1,598 cc) Ecotec I4
83 kW (111 hp)
153 N⋅m (113 lb⋅ft)

5-speed manual
6-speed GM 6T40 automatic

2008–

1.6 L (1,598 cc) Ecotec I4 (t/c)
135 kW (181 hp)
235 N⋅m (173 lb⋅ft)

6-speed manual

2011–

1.8 L (1,796 cc) Ecotec I4
104 kW (139 hp) (AU/EU)
176 N⋅m (130 lb⋅ft) (AU/EU)

5-speed manual
6-speed manual
6-speed GM 6T30 automatic
6-speed GM 6T40 automatic

2008–

101 kW (136 hp) (NA)
167 N⋅m (123 lb⋅ft) (NA)
2010–

Diesel

Engine
Power
Torque
Transmission
Years

1.7 L (1,686 cc) VCDi (GM) I4 (t/c)
96 kW (129 hp) (EU)
300 N⋅m (221 lb⋅ft) (EU)

6-speed manual

2012–

2.0 L (1,991 cc) VCDi (VM Motori) I4 (t/c)
110 kW (148 hp)
320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft)

5-speed manual
6-speed M32 manual
6-speed GM F40 manual
6-speed GM 6T45 automatic

2008–2011

2.0 L (1,998 cc) VCDi (GM) I4 (t/c)
120 kW (161 hp) (AU/EU)
360 N⋅m (266 lb⋅ft) (AU/EU)
2011–

2.0 L (1,956 cc) LUZ (GM/Fiat) I4 (t/c)[11]
113 kW (151 hp) (NA)[11]
339 N⋅m (250 lb⋅ft) (NA)[11]

6-speed Aisin-Warner AF40-6 automatic[11]

2014–

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The Chevrolet Cruze was launched in the Egyptian market during mid-2009.[60] South African sales of the Cruze commenced in September 2009.[61]

text: South Korean-market versions of the Cruze entered production there in 2008 as the "Daewoo Lacetti Premiere".[12] The Lacetti debuted on October 30, 2008, featuring the 1.6-liter naturally aspirated engine.[62] On January 30, 2009, GM Daewoo introduced the turbodiesel engine variant.[63] Inline with the February 2011 renaming of "GM Daewoo" to "GM Korea", the Lacetti Premiere adopted the international "Chevrolet Cruze" name from March 2, 2011.[64][65] For the owners of the previous model, Lacetti, GM Korea decided to replace the old emblem to that of Chevrolet for free.[66]

text: The Chevrolet Cruze was launched in the Chinese market on April 18, 2009 as a sedan[67] manufactured at GM India's Halol factory.[18] Transmission choices were a five-speed manual or a six-speed automatic along with 1.6- or 1.8-liter engines. The sedan range consisted of the 1.6 SL, 1.6 SE, 1.8 SE (automatic only) and 1.8 SX (automatic only). Hatchback models were introduced in 2013 available with the 1.6-liter or 1.6-liter turbo engines.

text: The Chevrolet Cruze was released in India on October 12, 2009.[68] It was offered in only two versions: LT and LTZ in diesel form only (VCDi).[69]

text: During 2009, there were reports that the Cruze was to become available in Malaysia with the 1.6 and a 1.8-liter engines.[70] The Naza automotive group in Malaysia has announced that it's expecting to launch the Cruze in the Malaysian market for the first time in the second quarter of 2010 and they are expecting to sell 1,200 to 1,500 units in 2010.[71]

text: In Thailand, the car launch in December 2010, built at GM's Rayong facility. Specification levels comprised: Base (1.6-liter), LS (1.6- and 1.8-liter), LT and LTZ (1.8-liter), 6-speed automatic are standard in all models except 1.6 Base used 5-speed manual, with an optional 2.0-liter VCDi available on LTZ variant with 6-speed automatic.

text: The Australian arm of GM, Holden, announced at the Melbourne International Motor Show on February 27, 2009 that sales of the South Korean-produced Cruze would begin under the Holden brand.[72] Replacing the Holden Viva, the Cruze reached dealerships on June 1.[73] The Cruze also became the replacement for the Holden Astra, dropped from the Holden lineup the following August.[74][75]

text: Given the model designation JG, the Holden Cruze was launched with the 1.8-liter petrol engine and optional 2.0-liter turbodiesel. Both engines are mated to the five-speed manual transmission or optional six-speed automatic. Electronic stability control (ESC), seat belt pretensioners and six airbags were standard fitment across the range.[31] Specification-wise, the "CD" opened up the range, finished off with a more upmarket "CDX". The "CD" equipment list comprised 16-inch steel wheels, air conditioning, cruise control, a trip computer, power windows and automatic headlamps.[76] "CDX" versions add 17-inch alloy wheels, front fog lamps, a leather-wrapped steering wheel and upholstery, heated front seats and rear parking sensors.[77] Initially a petrol-only model, diesel availability was expanded to the "CDX" trim in early 2010.[78][79]

text: On March 18, 2010, Holden issued a recall for 9,098 petrol-engined 2010 model year Cruzes in Australia and a further 485 in New Zealand over a faulty fuel hose. According to Holden, some hoses on 1.8-liter cars had developed a leakage, although no accidents or injuries had been reported prior to the recall.[80] The recall followed a stop-delivery notice issued by Holden to its dealers on March 3 while the automaker conducted an investigation into the matter.[81]

text: Holden announced on December 22, 2008 that its Elizabeth, South Australia production line would be split to commence local production of the Cruze sedan and the Australian-developed hatchback.[82] Production was originally scheduled to start by September 2010.[83] However, it was confirmed in January 2010 that production would in fact begin in March 2011.[84] The announcement to assemble the car came as a response to the slowing sales of the larger, locally produced Holden Commodore range.[82] The Australian Government committed A$149 million to the program from its $6.2 billion Green Car Innovation Fund, with a further $30 million given by the State Government of South Australia.[82] GM Holden matched both amounts, but the then chairman and managing director Mark Reuss would not reveal Holden's total investment.[82] Reuss announced his firm would be considering the utilization of liquid petroleum gas (LPG), compressed natural gas (CNG), ethanol (E85) flexible-fuel and petrol/electric hybrid start-stop system powertrain technologies.[82][85] These technologies, if materialized, would supplement the four-cylinder petrol and diesel powertrain offerings already confirmed by Holden at the time of the announcement.[86]

text: At a media event on February 28, 2011, Holden unveiled the Australian assembled Cruze sedan in facelifted "Series II" guise,[87] otherwise known as the JH series.[88] Prime Minister Julia Gillard attended the February launch to drive the first example off Holden's production line before full-scale production commenced in March.[15] Holden has confirmed an initial local content level of between 40 and 50 percent if assessed by retail value, with an aim of increasing Cruze localization over time.[89][90] Series II styling revisions to the grille, lower air intake, and bumper have softened the front-end to bear a closer resemblance to Holden's larger VE II Commodore.[87] Further differentiation from the original has been achieved via the fitment of amber front indicator lights, jewelled bezel headlamps, remodelled wheel trims, and through adjustments to the lower portion of the rear bumper.[87][91] Carrying over largely unchanged is the 1.8-liter petrol inline-four, tweaked to yield slight enhancements in drivability.[92] When automatic transmission is specified, the 1.8-liter is now teamed with GM's six-speed 6T30 unit, lighter and more compact than the previous 6T40.[88] Diesel remains optional for "CD" and "CDX" specifications over the standard 1.8-liter petrol.[92] Alterations to the 2.0-liter turbodiesel have resulted in an additional 10 kilowatts (13 hp) and 40 newton metres (30 lb⋅ft) and a slight reduction in fuel consumption for the manual variant, now a six-speed unit.[91] However, the headline change is the release of the turbocharged 1.4-liter engine, dubbed iTi by Holden for intelligent turbo induction.[91] The inclusion of the 1.4 also brings an upgrade to electric (as opposed to hydraulic) power steering and affixes a Watt's linkage to the torsion beam rear suspension.[15] Linked with six-speed manual or automatic transmissions, the 1.4 is fitted as standard to the new "SRi" and "SRi-V" sports-oriented trims, but is available at extra cost on the base "CD".[91] The new "SRi" and "SRi-V" models have their respective badges embossed onto the grille insert, are fitted with their own front bumper design, and feature side skirts, chrome exterior door handles, a rear lip spoiler, and five-spoke 17-inch alloy wheels.[87][93] Over the "CD", "SRi" gains a leather-covered steering wheel rim and shift lever, with the "SRi-V" extending this upholstering to the seating.[93] A heat function for the front seats, keyless entry with push-button engine start, reversing sensors, and seven-inch LCD multimedia unit are also part of the "SRi-V" equipment list.[93] This multimedia system integrates satellite navigation, the CD and DVD players, and a 10 GB internal hard disk drive.[93] In mid-November 2011, Holden released the MY12 update to the Series II Cruze. This update coincided with the release of the hatchback body variant and saw Bluetooth telephone connectivity standard across the range.[94]

text: In April 2013 the Series II Cruze received an update and price drops. The update included rear-parking sensors, a 7-inch touch-screen, suspension adjustments and improved automatic gearboxes across the range along with many other new extras such as a larger 1.6-liter turbocharged engine as standard on the SRi and SRi-V, replacing the 1.4-liter turbo.

text: Holden ended manufacturing of the Cruze at its Elizabeth plant on October 7, 2016, replaced by the Astra hatchback and new generation Cruze sedan—both imported.[95]

text: European specification variants of the Cruze are offered with 1.6- and 1.8-litre petrol engines, and 2.0-litre and (from 2012) 1.7-litre diesel engines. In mid-2011, with the arrival of the five-door hatchback variant, the 1.6-litre petrol engine received an upgrade from 113 bhp to 122 bhp. Exports from the South Korean factory began on February 24, 2009.[96][97]

text: Mexico became the first North American country to receive the car, going on sale for the 2010 model year in late 2009. Imported from South Korea, the Chevrolet Cruze in Mexico replaces both the Chevrolet Astra (last sold in 2008) and Optra as the compact offering there.[98][99]

text: The US and Canadian version of the Chevrolet Cruze entered limited production at Lordstown, Ohio, in July 2010 as a 2011 model, replacing the Chevrolet Cobalt.[100] Full production began September 8, 2010.[101] For these markets, the Cruze utilizes a more advanced Watts Z-link rear suspension from the Opel Astra (J).[102] Offered in LS, LT, LTZ, and Eco trim lines,[103] both the 1.8-liter and the turbocharged 1.4-liter engines are offered, coupled with either a six-speed manual or automatic transmission.[103] With a starting price slightly higher than most compact competitors, the base model Cruze LS is equipped with the 1.8-liter gasoline engine and comes with air-conditioning and power locks, the higher-level LT and LTZ models is fitted with the 1.4-liter turbocharged gasoline engine.[25][104] For the Eco model, aerodynamic improvements have been made such as an electronically controlled air shutter that adjusts air flow to the engine depending on the temperature, wind speed and tow weight.[105] To save weight, Chevrolet replaces the space saving spare tire and jack on the Eco model with a tire inflator kit, reducing weight by 12 kilograms (26 lb).[106]

text: Standard safety equipment includes electronic stability control and ten airbags, including side rear-seat and front knee airbags not fitted on models produced in the original South Korea facility.[107] The Cobalt's badge engineered twin, the Pontiac G5, has not been replaced by a Cruze-based equivalent, due to the Pontiac brand being phased out during 2010.[108] The Cruze is built on the production lines that were used to build the Cobalt and Pontiac G5 in Lordstown, Ohio.[109] Cobalt production ended in June 2010 and the Cruze started production in July 2010. GM has allocated three shifts to produce the Cruze and it arrived to dealers in September 2010, giving all dealers time to deplete their inventories of Cobalts.[110]

text: Changes to the North American-built Cruze for model year 2012 include the availability of the six-speed manual transmission for the 1.4-litre turbocharged engine, plus models not equipped with power front seats no longer have the front seat cushion tilt option.[111]

text: Starting with the 2014 model year, Chevrolet offered the Cruze with the clean diesel engine option for North America. With a starting price of $25,695, the Cruze diesel 2.0-liter Multijet engine got 44 mpg on the highway and 27 mpg in the city, while producing 148 hp (110 kW) and 258 lb⋅ft (350 N⋅m), mated to a six-speed automatic transmission.[112] The 2014 Chevy Cruze Clean Turbo Diesel, direct from the factory, will be rated for up to B20 (blend of 20% biodiesel / 80% regular diesel) biodiesel compatibility.[113]

text: The Cruze diesel was the first GM passenger car in the US equipped with a diesel engine in 28 years, however sales were weaker than expected with 2% of US models.[114]

text: For 2016, the first generation Cruze continued as a fleet and rental exclusive model in the United States, billed as Cruze Limited. The diesel model was discontinued, but a new chrome appearance package was offered.[115]

text: The car was launched and began production for South America in 2011.

text: Second generation (2016–present)[edit]

text:
Second generation

Overview

Also called
Holden Astra Sedan (Australia)

Production
2014[116]–2016 (Chinese version)
2016–present (International version)

Assembly
China: Shenyang, Liaoning (Shanghai GM)
United States: Lordstown, Ohio (Lordstown Assembly)
Mexico: Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila (Ramos Arizpe Assembly)[117]
Argentina: Rosario, Santa Fe[118]
South Korea: Gunsan, Jeonbuk (GM Korea

Designer
Stuart Cooper[119]

Body and chassis

Body style
4-door sedan
5-door hatchback

Platform
D2XX platform[120]

Related
Opel Astra

Powertrain

Engine
1.4 L LE2 I4 (t/c gasoline)
1.6 L MDE I4 (t/c diesel)

Transmission

6-speed M32 manual
6-speed GM 6T35 automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase
2,700 mm (106.3 in) (US)[121]
2,662 mm (104.8 in) (China)

Length
Sedan
4,666 mm (183.7 in) (US)[121]
4,567 mm (179.8 in) (China)
Hatchback
4,453 mm (175.3 in) (US)

Width
1,795 mm (70.7 in) (US)[121]
1,786 mm (70.3 in) (China)

Height
Sedan
1,458 mm (57.4 in) (US)[121]
1,455 mm (57.3 in) (China)
Hatchback
1,465 mm (57.7 in) (US)

Curb weight
1,195–1,300 kg (2,635–2,866 lb) (China)

text: In 2013, Chevrolet had announced a launch for the second generation Cruze in late 2015, after originally being scheduled to debut in late 2014.[122] The delay is reportedly caused by engineering modifications.[122] The model had been spotted covered in camouflage while being tested in February,[123] and October 2013.[124] Its supposed interior was also spotted,[125] while graphical renders were presented by the Carscoops website.[126] The model will be slightly longer than the first generation.[127]

text: Chinese version (2014–2016)[edit]

text: The new model was first announced for the Chinese market on the 2014 Beijing Auto Show and went on sale in August 2014. The four-door sedan has a fastback-like sloping roofline and a low drag coefficient of 0.28 comes with a choice of a 1.4 L (1,399 cc) turbocharged direct injection engine with a power of 110 kW (150 hp) @ 5600 RPM and torque of 235 N⋅m (173 lb⋅ft) @1600–4000 RPM, which can be mated with a six-speed manual transmission or seven-speed Start/Stop enabled dual-clutch gearbox, or a 1.5 L (1,490 cc) direct injection engine with a power of 84 kW (113 hp) @ 5600 RPM and torque of 146 N⋅m (108 lb⋅ft) @ 6000 RPM mated to a six-speed Start/Stop-capable automatic transmission. Both engines come from the new GM Small Gasoline Engine family. Weight reduction of 10% is achieved by using very high-strength steels and aluminum alloys. Watt's link torsion beam rear suspension, first used on the Opel Astra (J), comes as standard. The car comes equipped with a 4.2" color screen radio or MyLink 2.0 infotainment system with a 8" screen, and can be configured with OnStar Gen10 offering 4G LTE Internet connection with a built-in Wi-Fi hotspot.[128]

text: International version (2016–present)[edit]

text: The 2016 North American-market Cruze has a new external design with a new split grille front and a fastback-like sloping roofline from the Chinese version of the fastback. This second generation Cruze has a slightly longer length and wheelbase than the one designed for the Chinese market, with different styling cues. The North American Cruze is also powered by the 1.4-liter turbocharged four-cylinder engine producing 153 hp (114 kW) and 177 lb⋅ft (240 N⋅m) torque.

text: The 2016 Cruze comes equipped with both Apple CarPlay and Android Auto Capability features. However, only one of their phone brands at any one time can be used.[129][130]

text: In January 2016, Chevrolet unveiled the five-door hatchback version of the North American Cruze, it will go on sale in late 2016 as a 2017 model.[131][132]

text: Trim levels continue to be L, LS, LT (now combined into one trim level, as opposed to the previous 1LT and 2LT designations), and Premier (replacing the previous LTZ trim level as the top-of-the-line Cruze trim level). Discontinued are the Eco and Diesel trim levels (at least for the time being).

text: All trim levels include a seven-inch MyLink touch-screen infotainment system with A/M-F/M radio, USB integration, a 3.5-millimeter auxiliary audio input jack, optional SiriusXM satellite radio, voice control, and CarPlay and Android Auto capabilities, keyless entry, power windows, power door locks, OnStar with 4G/LTE/Wi-Fi Hotspot connectivity for multiple devices and RemoteLink via an app on the consumer's smartphone, air conditioning, and a 1.4-liter EcoTec inline-four engine.

text: Higher trim levels (LT and Premier) also offer features such as the "RS Sport Package", alloy wheels, remote start, keyless access with push-button ignition, a premium sound system by Bose with external amplifier and subwoofer, an eight-inch MyLink infotainment system with GPS navigation, a power tilt-and-sliding sunroof, and power seats. However, only the top-of-the-line Premier trim level offers heated leather seating surfaces, premium alloy wheels, and other luxury features.

text: The base L only offers a six-speed manual transmission, while the Premier, on the other end of the spectrum, offers only a six-speed automatic transmission. The LS and LT trim levels offer either a six-speed manual transmission, or a six-speed automatic transmission.

text: A new diesel-powered Cruze will be available in 2017.[133] It will have the 1.6L turbodiesel also found in the 2018 Equinox, paired to either a nine-speed automatic or six-speed manual transmission.[134]

text: Motorsport[edit]

text: The Chevrolet Cruze first entered the World Touring Car Championship in 2009 with a 2.0-litre naturally aspirated engine, taking six wins in its debut season.[135] The car has proved successful since its entry, with Yvan Muller winning the championship in 2010 and again in 2011 using the new 1.6-litre turbocharged engine. Chevrolet placed first, second and third in 2011, with Muller finishing ahead of teammates Rob Huff and Alain Menu. Chevrolet finished 1–2–3 again in 2012, this time, Huff becoming champion ahead of Menu and Muller.

text: The Cruze also entered the British Touring Car Championship for 2010 and 2011. Jason Plato won the championship for Chevrolet in 2010 and finished 3rd in 2011.[136] The BTCC Cruze used the 2.0-liter naturally aspirated engine found in the original variant of the WTCC Cruze.[137]

text: The Cruze won the Scandinavian Touring Car Championship in 2011, being run by NIKA Racing under the banner of 'Chevrolet Motorsport Sweden' with Rickard Rydell driving. Rydell and teammate Michel Nykjær finished second and third in 2012.

text: Chevrolet pulled their sponsorship at the end of 2011 from the BTCC to support the Chevrolet team in the World Touring Car Championship for 2012.[citation needed] Chevrolet then announced they would not enter a works team for the 2013 WTCC season. For 2013 RML, the original builders of the Cruzes, continued to compete without the support of Chevrolet. Cars were also entered by Bamboo Engineering, NIKA Racing and Tuenti Racing Team. Despite no funding from the manufacturer, the Cruze remained the car to beat, even against works teams from Honda and Lada. Muller won his fourth WTCC title, his third in a Cruze and James Nash won the Yokohama Drivers' Trophy for independent entries, ahead of fellow Cruze drivers Alex MacDowall and Michel Nykjær.

text: RML have confirmed they will build Cruzes to the new set of WTCC regulations for 2014, which sees the cars increase in power and feature greater aerodynamics. RML aim to build up to six cars. Confirmed recipients include Tom Chilton who has yet to announce a team to run his car, Bamboo Engineering who will run two cars and Campos Racing who will enter a car for Hugo Valente.

text: The Cruze returned to the BTCC in 2013 in the hands of Joe Girling and Tech-Speed Motorsport, who loaned the car from Finesse Motorsport. The increase in performance of the Next Generation Touring Car entries meant the older Super 2000 specification cars like the Cruze were now too uncompetitive to compete for wins but were provided with their own category. Now running a 2.0-litre turbocharged NGTC-specification engine, Girling took one class win at Donington Park but missed the second half of the season. The car returned to Finesse Motorsport who entered the Knockhill round of the championship with Aiden Moffat driving. At sixteen years old, Moffat became the BTCC's youngest driver at 16 years, 10 months and 28 days. This was to be the S2000 Cruze's final appearance in the BTCC, as S2000 cars are to be abolished from 2014. Andy Neate entered the 2013 season with a new NGTC-specification Cruze, built by his own team, IP Tech Race Engineering and used an engine built by RML. The car made its debut at Snetterton and competed at several rounds towards the end of the season. The car has since been sold to Aiden Moffat, who will run the car with his own team for 2014. BTC Racing will enter a hatchback variant of the Cruze for 2014, driven by Chris Stockton. The car was originally intended to be used by Jason Plato in 2012 but RML and Chevrolet withdrew from the BTCC and mothballed the shell. BTC Racing acquired it and were initially included on the entry list for 2013 but the car was not finished in time and never appeared all season.

text: The first-generation Chevrolet Cruze debuted in the Argentine TC 2000 in 2011, and the second-generation in 2016. Agustín Canapino won the 2016 championship.

text: Sales[edit]

text:
Year
Australia
China
United States
Brazil[138]

2009
12,590[139]
92,190[140]

2010
28,334[141]
187,737[142]
24,495[143]

2011
33,784[144]
221,196[145]
231,732[146]
9,402

2012
29,161[147]
232,592[148]
237,758[149]
52,696

2013
24,421[150]
246,890[151]
248,224[152]
48,995

2014

265,993[153]
273,060[154]
41,557

2015

226,602[154]
20,601

2016

188,876[155]
15,651

text: The Cruze diesel was the first GM passenger car equipped with a diesel engine in the American market in 28 years; however, sales were weaker than expected with 2% of U.S. models.[114]

text: In August 2014, Cruze sales reached the milestone of 3 million units sold worldwide, 16 months after passing the 2 million mark. The following table shows the top selling markets as of August 2014[update].[156]

text:
Top 10 Markets for the Cruze as of August 2014[update][156]

Ranking
Country
Cumulative
sales
 % Global
sales
Ranking
Country
Cumulative
sales
 % Global
sales

1
 China
1,300,000
43.3
6
 South Korea
73,000
2.4

2
 United States
900,000
30.0
7
 Mexico
50,000
1.7

3
 Russia
195,000
6.5
8
 Turkey
30,000
1.0

4
 Brazil
134,000
4.5
9
 India
28,000
0.9

5
 Canada
123,000
4.1
10
 South Africa
27,000
0.9


document_title: The Adventures of Milo and Otis

question_text: where was the movie milo and otis filmed

text: The Adventures of Milo and Otis

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film opens in 1986 on Nippon Farm with a mother cat named Moth Ari who has given birth to kittens. One of the kittens is named Milo ("Chatran" (チャトラン, Chatoran) in the Japanese version), and has a habit of being too curious and getting himself into trouble. He finds a pug-nosed pug puppy named Otis ("Poosky" (プー助, Pūsuke) in the Japanese version), and they soon become friends. When Milo is playing inside a box floating in the river, he accidentally drifts downstream. Otis runs after Milo. Milo goes on many adventures, escaping one incident after another.

text: He encounters Bear, escapes from Raven that infested Deadwood Swamp, steals a dead muskrat from Fox, follows a train-track of a train named Nippon Bearway to the home of Deer, who shelters him, sleeps in the nest with Owl, stays for a while with Pig and her piglets, catches a fish, only to have it stolen by Racoon, is mobbed by the Seagulls, and evades Bear, then Snake, then falls into an old pit.

text: Otis, for his part, follows Milo throughout, usually only an hour behind and less than a mile out of range. Finally, the two catch up with one another. While Milo is in the hole, Otis pulls him out by means of a rope. Milo and Otis are reunited, and soon find mates of their own: Joyce, a white cat, for Milo, and Sondra, a French pug, for Otis. After this, they separate and raise puppies and kittens of their own. Milo, Otis, Joyce, and Sondra find their way back together through the forest to their barn and the credits roll.

text: Production[edit]

text: Director Masanori Hata and associate director Kon Ichikawa edited the film together from 74 hours of footage (400,000 ft or 120,000 m of film), shot over a period of three years.[4]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The original Japanese soundtrack, released as The Adventures of Chatran: Original Soundtrack, was composed by Ryuichi Sakamoto and included "Koneko Monogatari" (子猫物語), a theme song performed by Keiko Yoshinaga. During the promotion of the film in Japan, the song "Neko Jita Gokoro mo Koi no Uchi" (猫舌ごころも恋のうち, lit. "My Heart Has a Dislike for Love"), originally recorded by Ushiroyubi Sasaregumi for the Fuji TV anime series High School Kimengumi, was used in commercials for the film.[5]

text: The musical score for the English-language version was composed by Michael Boddicker. Music was borrowed from Elmer Bernstein's score to To Kill a Mockingbird (specifically the two cues, "Roll in the Tire" and "Peek-a-boo" with minor changes in the music), and John Williams' score to The Witches of Eastwick (using these cues "The Township of Eastwick" and "Have Another Cherry!", again with minor changes in the music).[citation needed] The song "Walk Outside", written by Dick Tarrier, is performed by Dan Crow in the opening shots and end credits.

text: The English-language version of the film also contained music by classical composers including:

text:
"Soldier's Dance" from William Tell by Gioachino Rossini
"Serenade" by Franz Schubert
Appalachian Spring by Aaron Copland
"Of Foreign Lands and People" from Scenes from Childhood by Robert Schumann
King Cotton by John Philip Sousa
"Auf dem Wasser zu singen", D 774 by Franz Schubert
"The Elephant" from The Carnival of the Animals by Camille Saint-Saens
"People with Long Ears" from The Carnival of the Animals by Camille Saint-Saëns
"Dialogue Between the Wind and the Waves" from La Mer by Claude Debussy
Perpetuum Mobile, Op. 257 by Johann Strauss II
"How Beautifully Blue the Sky" by Gilbert and Sullivan
Waltz No. 16 in A-flat Major, Op. posth. by Frédéric Chopin
Impromptu in B-flat by Franz Schubert
"Berceuse" from Dolly Suite, Op. 56 by Gabriel Fauré
"Bourrée" from Terpsichore by Michael Praetorius
Piano Concerto in A minor, Op. 54 by Edvard Grieg
"Symphony in D Minor" by Cesar Franck

text: Video game adaptation[edit]

text: In 1986, to tie in with the original Japanese version of the film, a video game was released for the Japan-exclusive Famicom Disk System in 1986.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Adventures of Milo and Otis was the number one Japanese film on the domestic market in 1986, earning ¥5.4 billion in distribution income.[6] At the time, it was the third highest grossing film ever in Japan, beaten only by E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) and Antarctica (1983).

text: Reviews for the US version were positive, with an 80% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 10 reviews.[7]

text: Alleged animal cruelty[edit]

text: When the film was first released, several Australian animal rights organizations raised allegations of animal cruelty during filming and called for a boycott. The Sunday Mail reported at the time that Animal Liberation Queensland founder Jacqui Kent alleged the killing of more than 20 kittens during production and added that she was disturbed by reports from Europe which alleged other animals had been injured, as in one case where a producer allegedly had broken a cat's paw to make it appear unsteady on its feet. Other scenes that were the source of controversy were the scene of a kitten falling off a cliff and a scene of a pug fighting a bear. Kent said her organization had a number of complaints from people who had seen the film and were concerned that it could not have been made without cruelty.[8] The Tasmanian and Victorian branches of the RSPCA also alleged abuses.[9][10]

text: The film was reported to have the approval of the American Humane Society, despite not having their officers present during filming.[8]

text: The American Humane Association attempted to investigate cruelty rumors through "contacts in Europe who normally have information on movies throughout the world". While noting that the contacts had also heard the allegations, they were unable to verify them. The organization also reported, "we have tried through humane people in Japan, and through another Japanese producer to determine if these rumors are true, but everything has led to a dead end." The same report noted that several Japanese Humane Societies allowed their names to be used in connection with the film and that the film "shows no animals being injured or harmed".[4]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
The Japanese Academy (1987)

Won: Popularity Award - Most Popular Film
Nominated: Award of the Japanese Academy - Best Music Score (Ryuichi Sakamoto)

Young Artist Awards (1990)

Nominated: Young Artist Award - Best Family Motion Picture – Adventure

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The Adventures of Milo and Otis at Box Office Mojo Retrieved 3 June 2013
Jump up ^ "子猫物語(1986)" [Koneko Monogatari (1986)] (in Japanese). AllCinema. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097050/combined
^ Jump up to: a b Milo and Otis, American Humane Association; archived version
Jump up ^ 子猫物語 [Koneko Monogatari] (in Japanese). Fujisankei. June 27, 1986.  From the film credits.
Jump up ^ "Kako haikyū shūnyū jōi sakuhin 1986-nen" (in Japanese). Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Adventures of Milo and Otis". Rotten Tomatoes/Flixster. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Gillespie, P. (April 15, 1990). "Cat Cruelty Claim Over Kids' Movie". The Sunday Mail.
Jump up ^ Teale, Brandt (September 18, 1990). "RSPCA raises Milo and Otis fears". Hobart Mercury.
Jump up ^ Faraci, Devin (2010-04-21). "It's News to You: Milo & Otis Is Torture Porn". CHUD.com. Retrieved 2013-09-01.

tag: ol


document_title: The Night of the Hunter (film)

question_text: who played pearl in night of the hunter

question_tokens: who played pearl in night of the hunter

text: The Night of the Hunter (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In West Virginia in the 1930s, along the Ohio River, Reverend Harry Powell, a serial killer, flees the scene of his latest murder. Powell is a self-anointed preacher with a penchant for switchblade knives, a misogynist who is both attracted to and repulsed by women. He travels rural roads, preaching in small towns, and rationalizes his murders by telling himself that he is punishing sinful women and gaining money to preach God's word. The letters "L-O-V-E" are tattooed on the fingers of his right hand, and the letters "H-A-T-E" on those of his left hand. Powell uses them as symbols in impromptu sermons. In one small town, police arrest Powell for driving a stolen car and he is sentenced to jail.

text: Meanwhile, a local family man named Ben Harper kills two people in a bank robbery. He arrives home and hides the money he has stolen inside his daughter's rag doll. He convinces his two young children, John and Pearl, to keep the hiding place secret. The police arrive and arrest Ben, while John is shocked by the way the police roughly overpower his father.

text: Harper and Powell share a cell where Powell, soon to be released, tries without success to learn the location of the stolen money. Harper lets slip enough information to allow Powell to determine that Harper's children must know where the money is. Harper is executed for his crimes, while Powell is released from jail, and then woos and marries Harper's widow, Willa.

text: Powell charms most of the townsfolk, but John remains distrustful. John does not share the money's hiding place with Powell and must constantly remind his younger and more trusting sister Pearl to maintain the secret. Willa eventually discovers that Powell is searching for the money, though he has earlier denied this to her. Still, the pious Willa believes he married her to show her God's light rather than to gain access to the money. Powell murders her, dumps her body in the river, and covers up her disappearance by claiming she has abandoned him and the children for a life of sin.

text: With this cover story Powell retains the trust and sympathy of the townsfolk. His position in the town becomes even more secure. Willa's drowned body is discovered by Birdie Steptoe, an elderly man who spends his days drinking on his riverboat and is friendly with John. Birdie keeps his discovery a secret out of fear the town will blame him for her death. Nobody else in town is willing to take John's side against Powell.

text: Left to care for John and Pearl, Powell threatens their lives and learns the money is hidden inside the doll. The children flee down the river with the doll and take sanctuary with Rachel Cooper, a tough old woman who looks after stray children. Powell tracks them down, but Rachel sees through him and runs him off her property. Powell returns after dark, as he had threatened, and in the ensuing all-night standoff he is wounded by a shot. The police, by now having discovered Willa's body, arrive to arrest Powell. John breaks down as he witnesses the arrest of Powell as a parallel to the arrest of his real father. John takes the doll and beats it against the handcuffed Powell. As the money spills out, he insists that Powell can have the cash if he wants it.

text: Powell is tried, convicted, and sentenced for his crimes. Several of the townsfolk previously depicted as his staunchest defenders sit in the public gallery drinking and shouting abuse at him. A lynch mob tries to take Powell from the police station but the police retreat with him out the back of the building as the professional executioner promises to see Powell again soon. Finally, John and Pearl have their first Christmas together with Rachel and their new family.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Robert Mitchum as Reverend Harry Powell
Shelley Winters as Willa Harper
Lillian Gish as Rachel Cooper
Billy Chapin as John Harper
Sally Jane Bruce as Pearl Harper
James Gleason as Uncle "Birdie" Steptoe
Evelyn Varden as Icey Spoon, Willa's employer
Don Beddoe as Walt Spoon, Icey's husband
Peter Graves as Ben Harper
Gloria Castillo as Ruby, one of Rachel's girls
Paul Bryar as Bart the Hangman

text: Production[edit]

text: This was the only film directed by the actor Charles Laughton.[3] Laughton had directed plays on Broadway, most produced by his friend Paul Gregory. Gregory read the 1953 novel The Night of the Hunter by Davis Grubb and decided to produce a film from it, with James Agee as screenwriter and Laughton as director. Laughton drew on the harsh, angular look of German expressionist films of the 1920s.[4] Laughton's directing style was supportive and respectful of the actors' input and several of the actors have said it was among their favorite professional experiences.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Laughton considered casting Gary Cooper as Harry Powell, but Cooper did not accept the role as it might be detrimental to his career.[5] Laurence Olivier and John Carradine expressed interest in the role of the reverend.

text: Robert Mitchum was eager for the part of the preacher. When he auditioned, a moment that particularly impressed Charles Laughton was when Laughton described the character as "a diabolical shit" and Mitchum promptly answered, "Present!"

text: Shelley Winters was cast as Willa Harper, the woman who is killed by Powell. Winters said that this was "the most thoughtful and reserved performance I ever gave."

text: Laughton envisioned his wife Elsa Lanchester to play the role of Rachel Cooper. Jane Darwell, Helen Hayes, Agnes Moorehead and Louise Fazenda were also considered. Lanchester, for reasons unknown to Laughton, turned down the role, suggesting silent movie legend Lillian Gish for the role instead. A doubtful Laughton went to New York for the purpose of watching films that Gish starred in. These included the shorts and feature films she made with pioneer D.W. Griffith. When Gish asked Laughton[clarification needed] he replied, "When I first went to the movies, they sat in their seats straight and leaned forward. Now they slump down, with their heads back, and eat candy and popcorn. I want them to sit up straight again."[6]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography of The Night of the Hunter began on August 15 and ended on October 7, 1954. Mitchum originally suggested Laughton to shoot the film in authentic Appalachian locations but the director couldn't afford the budget to do on-location shooting. Besides, he wanted to create the film's unique look on Hollywood sound stages and found what he was looking for at Pathé, Republic Studios, and the Rowland V. Lee ranch in the San Fernando Valley.

text: The director of photography was Stanley Cortez, who also shot Orson Welles' 1942 film The Magnificent Ambersons.

text: Score[edit]

text: The film's score, composed and arranged by Walter Schumann in close association with Laughton, features a combination of nostalgic and expressionistic orchestral passages. The film has two original songs by Schumann, "Lullaby" (sung by Kitty White, whom Schumann discovered in a nightclub) and "Pretty Fly" (originally sung by Sally Jane Bruce as Pearl, but later dubbed by an actress named Betty Benson). A recurring musical device involves the preacher making his presence known by singing the traditional hymn "Leaning on the Everlasting Arms." Mitchum also recorded the soundtrack version of the hymn.

text: Documentary[edit]

text: In 1974, film archivists Robert Gitt and Anthony Slide retrieved several boxes of photographs, sketches, memos, and letters relating to the film from Laughton's widow Elsa Lanchester for the American Film Institute. Lanchester also gave the Institute over 80,000 feet of rushes and outtakes from the filming.[7] In 1981, this material was sent to the UCLA Film and Television Archive where, for the next 20 years, they were edited into a two-and-half hour documentary that premiered in 2002, at UCLA's Festival of Preservation.[8]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2016)

text: The Night of the Hunter was not a success with either audiences or critics at its initial release, and Laughton never directed another film.[3] Nevertheless, the film has found a wider audience over the years, and Mitchum's performance, in particular, has been praised.

text: The film was shot in black and white in the styles and motifs of German Expressionism (bizarre shadows, stylized dialogue, distorted perspectives, surrealistic sets, odd camera angles) to create a simplified and disturbing mood that reflects the sinister character of Powell, the nightmarish fears of the children, and the sweetness of their savior Rachel. Due to the film's visual style and themes, it is also often categorized as a film noir.

text: Roger Ebert wrote, "It is one of the most frightening of movies, with one of the most unforgettable of villains, and on both of those scores it holds up ... well after four decades."[9]

text: The Night of the Hunter was rated No. 90 on Bravo's 100 Scariest Movie Moments. In a 2007 listing of the 100 Most Beautiful Films, Cahiers du cinéma ranked The Night of the Hunter No. 2.[10] It is among the top ten in the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14.

text: In 2008, it was ranked as the 71st greatest movie of all time by Empire magazine in its issue of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time.[11]

text: In 1992, the United States Library of Congress deemed The Night of the Hunter to be "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and selected the film for preservation in its National Film Registry.

text: In the 1997 documentary series Dope Sheet, John Kricfalusi, creator of The Ren & Stimpy Show, considers The Night of the Hunter as his all-time favourite film; he has praised it for its direction, art direction, and acting.[citation needed]

text: American Film Institute recognition

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – No. 34
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:

Reverend Harry Powell – Villain No. 29

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes

"Would you like me to tell you the little story of right hand, left hand? H-A-T-E. It was with this left hand that old brother Cain struck the blow that laid his brother low. L-O-V-E. You see these fingers, dear hearts? These fingers has veins that run straight to the soul of man – the right hand, friends, the hand of love." – Nominated

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated

text: Remakes[edit]

text: The film was remade in 1991 as a TV movie starring Richard Chamberlain.[12]