document_title: The War of the Worlds

question_text: when does war of the worlds take place

question_tokens: when does war of the worlds take place

text: The War of the Worlds

text: Plot[edit]

text: Yet across the gulf of space, minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish, intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious eyes, and slowly and surely drew their plans against us.

text: The Coming of the Martians[edit]

text: The narrative opens by stating that as humans on Earth busied themselves with their own endeavors during the 1890s, aliens on Mars began plotting an invasion of Earth to replenish their limited resources. In 1899 the narrator is invited to an astronomical observatory at Ottershaw where explosions are seen on the surface of planet Mars, creating much interest in the scientific community. Later, a "meteor" lands on Horsell Common, near the unnamed narrator's home in Woking, Surrey. He is among the first to discover that the object is an artificial cylinder that opens, disgorging Martians who are "big" and "greyish" with "oily brown skin", "the size, perhaps, of a bear", each with "two large dark-coloured eyes", and lipless "V-shaped mouths" which drip saliva and are surrounded by two "Gorgon groups of tentacles". The narrator finds them "at once vital, intense, inhuman, crippled and monstrous".[7] They briefly emerge, have difficulty in coping with the Earth's atmosphere and gravity, and rapidly retreat into their cylinder. A human deputation (which includes the astronomer Ogilvy) approaches the cylinder with a white flag, but the Martians incinerate them and others nearby with a heat-ray before beginning to assemble their machinery. Military forces arrive that night to surround the common, including Maxim guns. The population of Woking and the surrounding villages are reassured by the presence of the British Army. A tense day begins, with much anticipation of military action by the narrator.

text: After heavy firing from the common and damage to the town from the heat-ray which suddenly erupts in the late afternoon, the narrator takes his wife to safety in nearby Leatherhead, where his cousin lives, using a rented, two-wheeled horse cart; he then returns to Woking to return the cart when in the early morning hours, a violent thunderstorm erupts. On the road during the height of the storm, he has his first terrifying sight of a fast-moving Martian fighting-machine; in panic he crashes the horse cart, barely escaping detection. He discovers the Martians have assembled towering three-legged "fighting-machines" (tripods), each armed with a heat-ray and a chemical weapon: the poisonous "black smoke". These tripods have wiped out the army units positioned around the cylinder and attacked and destroyed most of Woking. Sheltering in his house, the narrator sees a fleeing artilleryman moving through his garden, who later tells the narrator of his experiences and mentions that another cylinder has landed between Woking and Leatherhead, cutting off the narrator from his wife. The two try to escape via Byfleet just after dawn, but are separated at the Shepperton to Weybridge Ferry during a Martian afternoon attack on Shepperton. One of the Martian fighting-machines is brought down in the River Thames by artillery as the narrator and countless others try to cross the river into Middlesex, as the Martians retreat back to their original crater. This gives the authorities precious hours to form a defence-line covering London. After the Martians' temporary repulse, the narrator is able to float down the Thames in a boat toward London, stopping at Walton, where he first encounters the curate, his companion for the coming weeks.

text: Towards dusk, the Martians renew their offensive, breaking through the defence-line of siege guns and field artillery centred on Richmond Hill and Kingston Hill by a widespread bombardment of the black smoke; an exodus of the population of London begins. This includes the narrator's younger brother, a medical student, also unnamed, who flees to the Essex coast after the sudden, panicked, predawn order to evacuate London is given by the authorities, a terrifying and harrowing journey of three days, amongst thousands of similar refugees streaming from London. The brother encounters Mrs. Elphinstone and her younger sister-in-law, just in time to help them fend off three men who are trying to rob them. Since Mrs. Elphinstone's husband is missing, the three continue on together. After a terrifying struggle to cross a streaming mass of refugees on the road at Barnet, they head eastward. Two days later, at Chelmsford, their pony is confiscated for food by the local Committee of Public Supply. They press on to Tillingham and the sea. There they manage to buy passage to the Continent on a small paddle steamer, part of a vast throng of shipping gathered off the Essex coast to evacuate refugees. The torpedo ram HMS Thunder Child destroys two attacking tripods before being destroyed by the Martians, though this allows the evacuation fleet to escape, including the ship carrying the narrator's brother and his two travelling companions. Shortly thereafter, all organised resistance has ceased, and the Martians roam the shattered landscape unhindered.

text: The Earth under the Martians[edit]

text: At the beginning of Book Two the narrator and the curate are plundering houses in search of food. During this excursion the men witness a Martian fighting-machine enter Kew, seizing any person it finds and tossing them into a "great metallic carrier which projected behind him, much as a workman's basket hangs over his shoulder",[8] and the narrator realises that the Martian invaders may have "a purpose other than destruction" for their victims.[8] At a house in Sheen "a blinding glare of green light" and a loud concussion attend the arrival of the fifth Martian cylinder,[8] and both men are trapped beneath the ruins for two weeks. The narrator's relations with the curate deteriorate over time, and he eventually is forced to knock him unconscious to silence his now loud ranting; but the curate is overheard outside by a Martian, who finally removes his unconscious body with one of its handling machine tentacles. The reader is then led to believe the Martians will perform a fatal transfusion of the curate's blood to nourish themselves, as they have done with other captured victims viewed by the narrator through a small slot in the house's ruins. The narrator just barely escapes detection from the returned foraging tentacle by hiding in the adjacent coal-cellar.

text: The Martians eventually abandon the cylinder's crater, and the narrator emerges from the collapsed house where he had observed the Martians up close during his ordeal; he then approaches West London. En route, he finds the Martian red weed everywhere, a prickly vegetation spreading wherever there is abundant water. On Putney Heath, he once again encounters the artilleryman, who briefly persuades him of a grandiose plan to rebuild civilisation by living underground; but, after a few hours, the narrator perceives the laziness of his companion and abandons him. Now in a deserted and silent London, he begins to slowly go mad from his accumulated trauma, finally attempting to end it all by openly approaching a stationary fighting-machine. To his surprise, he quickly discovers that all the Martians have been killed by an onslaught of earthly pathogens, to which they had no immunity: "slain, after all man's devices had failed, by the humblest things that God, in his wisdom, has put upon this earth".[9] The narrator continues on, finally suffering a brief but complete nervous breakdown, which affects him for days; he is finally nursed back to health by a kind family. Eventually, he is able to return by train to Woking via a patchwork of newly repaired tracks. At his home, he discovers that his beloved wife has miraculously survived. The last chapter reflects on the significance of the Martian invasion and the "abiding sense of doubt and insecurity" it has left in the narrator's mind.

text: Style[edit]

text: The War of the Worlds presents itself as a factual account of the Martian invasion. The narrator is a middle-class writer of philosophical papers, somewhat reminiscent of Doctor Kemp in The Invisible Man, with characteristics similar to author Wells at the time of writing. The reader learns very little about the background of the narrator or indeed of anyone else in the novel; characterisation is unimportant. In fact none of the principal characters are named, aside from the astronomer Ogilvy.[10]

text: Scientific setting[edit]

text: Wells trained as a science teacher during the latter half of the 1880s. One of his teachers was T. H. Huxley, famous as a major advocate of Darwinism. He later taught science, and his first book was a biology textbook. He joined the scientific journal Nature as a reviewer in 1894.[11][12] Much of his work is notable for making contemporary ideas of science and technology easily understandable to readers.[13]

text: The scientific fascinations of the novel are established in the opening chapter where the narrator views Mars through a telescope, and Wells offers the image of the superior Martians having observed human affairs, as though watching tiny organisms through a microscope. Ironically it is microscopic Earth lifeforms that finally prove deadly to the Martian invasion force.[14] In 1894 a French astronomer observed a 'strange light' on Mars, and published his findings in the scientific journal Nature on 2 August of that year. Wells used this observation to open the novel, imagining these lights to be the launching of the Martian cylinders toward Earth. American astronomer Percival Lowell published the book Mars in 1895 suggesting features of the planet's surface observed through telescopes might be canals. He speculated that these might be irrigation channels constructed by a sentient life form to support existence on an arid, dying world, similar to that which Wells suggests the Martians have left behind.[10][15] The novel also presents ideas related to Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, both in specific ideas discussed by the narrator, and themes explored by the story.

text: Wells also wrote an essay titled 'Intelligence on Mars', published in 1896 in the Saturday Review, which sets out many of the ideas for the Martians and their planet that are used almost unchanged in The War of the Worlds.[10] In the essay he speculates about the nature of the Martian inhabitants and how their evolutionary progress might compare to humans. He also suggests that Mars, being an older world than the Earth, might have become frozen and desolate, conditions that might encourage the Martians to find another planet on which to settle.[16]

text: Physical location[edit]

text: In 1895 Wells was an established writer and he married his second wife, Catherine Robbins, moving with her to the town of Woking in Surrey. Here he spent his mornings walking or cycling in the surrounding countryside, and his afternoons writing. The original idea for The War of the Worlds came from his brother during one of these walks, pondering on what it might be like if alien beings were suddenly to descend on the scene and start attacking its inhabitants.[17]

text: Much of The War of the Worlds takes place around Woking and the surrounding area. The initial landing site of the Martian invasion force, Horsell Common, was an open area close to Wells's home. In the preface to the Atlantic edition of the novel he wrote of his pleasure in riding a bicycle around the area, imagining the destruction of cottages and houses he saw, by the Martian heat-ray or their red weed.[10] While writing the novel, Wells enjoyed shocking his friends by revealing details of the story, and how it was bringing total destruction to parts of the South London landscape that were familiar to them. The characters of the artilleryman, the curate, and the brother medical student were also based on acquaintances in Woking and Surrey.[18]

text: Wells wrote in a letter to Elizabeth Healey about his choice of locations: "I'm doing the dearest little serial for Pearson's new magazine, in which I completely wreck and sack Woking – killing my neighbours in painful and eccentric ways – then proceed via Kingston and Richmond to London, which I sack, selecting South Kensington for feats of peculiar atrocity."[19]

text: In the present day a 7-metre (23 feet) high sculpture of a tripod fighting machine, entitled 'The Martian', based on the description in The War of the Worlds, stands in Crown Passage close to the local railway station in Woking, designed and constructed by artist Michael Condron.[20]

text: Cultural setting[edit]

text: His depiction of suburban late Victorian culture in the novel was an accurate reflection of his own experiences at the time of writing.[21] In the late 19th Century the British Empire was the predominant colonial and naval power on the globe, making its domestic heart a poignant and terrifying starting point for an invasion by Martians with their own imperialist agenda.[22] He also drew upon a common fear which had emerged in the years approaching the turn of the century, known at the time as fin de siècle or 'end of the age', which anticipated apocalypse at midnight on the last day of 1899.[18]

text: Publication[edit]

text: In the late 1890s it was common for novels, prior to full volume publication, to be serialised in magazines or newspapers, with each part of the serialisation ending upon a cliff hanger to entice audiences to buy the next edition. This is a practice familiar from the first publication of Charles Dickens' novels in the nineteenth century. The War of the Worlds was first published in serial form in Pearson's Magazine in April – December 1897.[23] Wells was paid £200 and Pearsons demanded to know the ending of the piece before committing to publish.[24]

text: The complete volume was published by William Heinemann in 1898 and has been in print ever since.

text: Two unauthorised serialisations of the novel were published in the United States prior to the publication of the novel. The first was published in the New York Evening Journal between December 1897 and January 1898. The story was published as Fighters from Mars or the War of the Worlds. It changed the location of the story to a New York setting.[25] The second version changed the story to have the Martians landing in the area near and around Boston, and was published by the Boston Post in 1898, which Wells protested against. It was called Fighters from Mars, or the War of the Worlds in and near Boston.[11] Both pirated versions of the story were followed by Edison's Conquest of Mars by Garrett P. Serviss. Even though these versions are deemed as unauthorised serialisations of the novel, it is possible that H. G. Wells may have, without realising it, agreed to the serialisation in the New York Evening Journal.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The War of the Worlds was generally received very favourably by both readers and critics upon its publication. There was however some criticism of the brutal nature of the events in the narrative.[27]

text: Relation to invasion literature[edit]

text: Between 1871 and 1914 over 60 works of fiction for adult readers describing invasions of Great Britain were published. The seminal work was The Battle of Dorking (1871) by George Tomkyns Chesney, an army officer. The book portrays a surprise German attack, with a landing on the South coast of England, made possible by the distraction of the Royal Navy in colonial patrols and the army in an Irish insurrection. The German army makes short work of English militia and rapidly marches to London. The story was published in Blackwood's Magazine in May 1871, and so popular that it was reprinted a month later as a pamphlet which sold 80,000 copies.[28][29]

text: The appearance of this literature reflected the increasing feeling of anxiety and insecurity as international tensions between European Imperial powers escalated towards the outbreak of the First World War. Across the decades the nationality of the invaders tended to vary, according to the most acutely perceived threat at the time. In the 1870s the Germans were the most common invaders. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, a period of strain on Anglo-French relations, and the signing of a treaty between France and Russia, the French became the more common menace.[28][29]

text: There are a number of plot similarities between Wells's book and The Battle of Dorking. In both books a ruthless enemy makes a devastating surprise attack, with the British armed forces helpless to stop its relentless advance, and both involve the destruction of the Home Counties of southern England.[29] However The War of the Worlds transcends the typical fascination of Invasion Literature with European politics, the suitability of contemporary military technology to deal with the armed forces of other nations, and international disputes, with its introduction of an alien adversary.[30]

text: Although much of Invasion Literature may have been less sophisticated and visionary than Wells's novel, it was a useful, familiar genre to support the publication success of the piece, attracting readers used to such tales. It may also have proved an important foundation for Wells's ideas as he had never seen or fought in a war.[31]

text: Scientific predictions and accuracy[edit]

text: Mars[edit]

text: Many novels focusing on life on other planets written close to 1900 echo scientific ideas of the time, including Pierre-Simon Laplace's nebular hypothesis, Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, and Gustav Kirchhoff's theory of Spectroscopy. These scientific ideas combined to present the possibility that planets are alike in composition and conditions for the development of species, which would likely lead to the emergence of life at a suitable geological age in a planet's development.[32]

text: By the time Wells wrote The War of the Worlds there had been three centuries of observation of Mars through telescopes. Galileo in 1610 observed the planet's phases, and in 1666 Giovanni Cassini identified the polar ice caps.[15] In 1878 Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli observed geological features which he called canali (Italian for "channels"). This was mistranslated into English as "canals" which, being artificial watercourses, fuelled the belief in intelligent extraterrestrial life on the planet. This further influenced American astronomer Percival Lowell.[33]

text: In 1895 Lowell published a book titled Mars, which speculated about an arid, dying landscape, whose inhabitants built canals to bring water from the polar caps to irrigate the remaining arable land. This formed the most advanced scientific ideas about the conditions on the red planet available to Wells at the time The War of the Worlds was written, but the concept was later proved erroneous by more accurate observation of the planet, and later landings by Russian and American probes such as the two Viking missions, that found a lifeless world too cold for water to exist in its liquid state.[15]

text: Space travel[edit]

text: The Martians travel to the Earth in cylinders, apparently fired from a huge space gun on the surface of Mars. This was a common representation of space travel in the nineteenth century, and had also been used by Jules Verne in From the Earth to the Moon. Modern scientific understanding renders this idea impractical, as it would be difficult to control the trajectory of the gun precisely, and the force of the explosion necessary to propel the cylinder from the Martian surface to the Earth would likely kill the occupants.[34]

text: However, the 16-year-old Robert Goddard was inspired by the story and spent much of his life building rockets.[5][6] The research into rockets begun by Goddard eventually culminated in the Apollo program's manned landing on the Moon, and the landing of robotic probes on Mars.

text: Total war[edit]

text: The Martian invasion's principal weapons are the Heat-Ray and the poisonous Black Smoke. Their strategy includes the destruction of infrastructure such as armament stores, railways, and telegraph lines; it appears to be intended to cause maximum casualties, leaving humans without any will to resist. These tactics became more common as the twentieth century progressed, particularly during the 1930s with the development of mobile weapons and technology capable of surgical strikes on key military and civilian targets.[35]

text: Wells's vision of a war bringing total destruction without moral limitations in The War of the Worlds was not taken seriously by readers at the time of publication. He later expanded these ideas in the novels When the Sleeper Wakes (1899), The War in the Air (1908), and The World Set Free (1914). This kind of total war did not become fully realised until the Second World War.[36]

text: As noted by Howard Black: "(...) In concrete details the Martian Fighting Machines as depicted by Wells have nothing in common with tanks or dive bombers, but the tactical and strategic use made of them is strikingly reminiscent of Blitzkrieg as it would be developed by the German armed forces four decades later. The description of the Martians advancing inexorably, at lightning speed, towards London; the British Army completely unable to put up an effective resistance; the British government disintegrating and evacuating the capital; the mass of terrified refugees clogging the roads, all were to be precisely enacted in real life at 1940 France.(...)" Ironically this 1898 prediction came far closer to the actual land fighting of World War II than Wells did much later, much closer to the actual war, in the 1934 The Shape of Things to Come.[37]

text: Weapons and armour[edit]

text: Wells's description of chemical weapons – the Black Smoke used by the Martian fighting machines to kill human beings in great numbers – was a daily reality less than 17 years later.[23] The comparison between lasers and the Heat-Ray was made as early as the later half of the 1950s when lasers were still in development. Prototypes of mobile laser weapons have been developed and are being researched and tested as a possible future weapon in space.[35]

text: Military theorists of the era, including those of the Royal Navy prior to the First World War, had speculated about building a "fighting-machine" or a "land dreadnought". Wells later further explored the ideas of an armoured fighting vehicle in his short story "The Land Ironclads".[38] There is a high level of science fiction abstraction in Wells's description of Martian automotive technology; he stresses how Martian machinery is devoid of wheels, using the "muscle-like" contractions of metal discs along an axis to produce movement. Electroactive polymers currently being developed for use in sensors and robotic actuators are a close match for Wells' description.[original research?]

text: Interpretations[edit]

text: Natural selection[edit]

text: H. G. Wells was a student of Thomas Henry Huxley, a proponent of the theory of natural selection.[39] In the novel the conflict between mankind and the Martians is portrayed as a survival of the fittest, with the Martians whose longer period of successful evolution on the older Mars has led to them developing a superior intelligence, able to create weapons far in advance of humans on the younger planet Earth, who have not had the opportunity to develop sufficient intelligence to construct similar weapons.[39]

text: Human evolution[edit]

text: The novel also suggests a potential future for human evolution and perhaps a warning against overvaluing intelligence against more human qualities. The Narrator describes the Martians as having evolved an overdeveloped brain, which has left them with cumbersome bodies, with increased intelligence, but a diminished ability to use their emotions, something Wells attributes to bodily function. The Narrator refers to an 1893 publication suggesting that the evolution of the human brain might outstrip the development of the body, and organs such as the stomach, nose, teeth, and hair would wither, leaving humans as thinking machines, needing mechanical devices much like the Tripod fighting machines, to be able to interact with their environment. This publication is probably Wells's own "The Man of the Year Million", first published in the Pall Mall Gazette on 6 November 1893, which suggests similar ideas.[40][41]

text: Colonialism and imperialism[edit]

text: At the time of the novel's publication the British Empire had conquered and colonised dozens of territories in Africa, Australia, North and South America, the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia, and the Atlantic and Pacific islands.

text: While Invasion Literature had provided an imaginative foundation for the idea of the heart of the British Empire being conquered by foreign forces, it was not until The War of the Worlds that the reading public was presented with an adversary completely superior to themselves.[42] A significant motivating force behind the success of the British Empire was its use of sophisticated technology; the Martians, also attempting to establish an empire on Earth, have technology superior to their British adversaries.[43] In The War of the Worlds, Wells depicted an imperial power as the victim of imperial aggression, and thus perhaps encouraging the reader to consider imperialism itself.[42]

text: Wells suggests this idea in the following passage:

text: And before we judge them [the Martians] too harshly, we must remember what ruthless and utter destruction our own species has wrought, not only upon animals, such as the vanished Bison and the Dodo, but upon its own inferior races. The Tasmanians, in spite of their human likeness, were entirely swept out of existence in a war of extermination waged by European immigrants, in the space of fifty years. Are we such apostles of mercy as to complain if the Martians warred in the same spirit?

text: This also challenged the Victorian notion that the British Empire had a right to rule by their own superiority over subject races.[42]

text: Social Darwinism[edit]

text: The novel also dramatises the ideas of race presented in Social Darwinism, in that the Martians exercise over humans their 'rights' as a superior race, more advanced in evolution.[44]

text: Social Darwinism suggested that the success of these different ethnic groups in world affairs, and social classes in a society, were the result of evolutionary struggle in which the group or class more fit to succeed did so; i.e., the ability of an ethnic group to dominate other ethnic groups, or the chance to succeed or rise to the top of society was determined by genetic superiority. In more modern times it is typically seen as dubious and unscientific for its apparent use of Darwin's ideas to justify the position of the rich and powerful, or dominant ethnic groups.[45]

text: Wells himself matured in a society wherein the merit of an individual was not considered as important as their social class of origin. His father was a professional sportsman, which was seen as inferior to 'gentle' status; whereas his mother had been a domestic servant, and Wells himself was, prior to his writing career, apprenticed to a draper. Trained as a scientist, he was able to relate his experiences of struggle to Darwin's idea of a world of struggle; but perceived science as a rational system, which extended beyond traditional ideas of race, class and religious notions, and in fiction challenged the use of science to explain political and social norms of the day.[46]

text: Religion and science[edit]

text: Good and evil appear relative in The War of the Worlds, and the defeat of the Martians has an entirely material cause: the action of microscopic bacteria. An insane clergyman is important in the novel, but his attempts to relate the invasion to Armageddon seem examples of his mental derangement.[41] His death, as a result of his evangelical outbursts and ravings attracting the attention of the Martians, appears an indictment of his obsolete religious attitudes;[47] but the narrator twice prays to God, and suggests that bacteria may have been divinely allowed to exist on Earth for a reason such as this.

text: Influences[edit]

text: Mars and Martians[edit]

text: The novel originated several enduring Martian tropes in science fiction writing. These include Mars being an ancient world, nearing the end of its life, being the home of a superior civilisation capable of advanced feats of science and engineering, and also being a source of invasion forces, keen to conquer the Earth. The first two tropes were prominent in Edgar Rice Burroughs "Barsoom" series beginning with A Princess of Mars in 1912.[15]

text: Influential scientist Freeman Dyson, a key figure in the search for extraterrestrial life, also acknowledges his debt to reading H. G. Wells' fictions as a child.[48]

text: The publication and reception of The War of the Worlds also established the vernacular term of 'martian' as a description for something offworldly or unknown.[49]

text: Aliens and alien invasion[edit]

text: Antecedents[edit]

text: Wells is credited with establishing several extraterrestrial themes which were later greatly expanded by science fiction writers in the 20th Century, including first contact and war between planets and their differing species. There were, however, stories of aliens and alien invasion prior to publication of The War of the Worlds.[50]

text: In 1727 Jonathan Swift published Gulliver's Travels. The tale included a people who are obsessed with mathematics and more advanced than Europeans scientifically. They populate a floating island fortress called Laputa, 4½ miles in diameter, which uses its shadow to prevent sun and rain from reaching earthly nations over which it travels, ensuring they will pay tribute to the Laputians.[51] Voltaire's Micromégas (1752) includes two beings from Saturn and Sirius who, though human in appearance, are of immense size and visit the Earth out of curiosity. At first they think the planet is uninhabited, due to the difference in scale between them and the peoples of Earth. When they discover the haughty Earth-centric views of Earth philosophers, they are greatly amused by how important Earth beings think they are compared to greater beings in the universe such as themselves.[52]

text: In 1892 Robert Potter, an Australian clergyman, published The Germ Growers in London. It describes a covert invasion by aliens who take on the appearance of human beings and attempt to develop a virulent disease to assist in their plans for global conquest. It was not widely read, and consequently Wells's vastly more successful novel is generally credited as the seminal alien invasion story.[50]

text: The first science fiction to be set on Mars may be Across the Zodiac: The Story of a Wrecked Record (1880) by Percy Greg. It was a long-winded book concerned with a civil war on Mars. Another Mars novel, this time dealing with benevolent Martians coming to Earth to give humankind the benefit of their advanced knowledge, was published in 1897 by Kurd Lasswitz – Two Planets (Auf Zwei Planeten). It was not translated until 1971, and thus may not have influenced Wells, although it did depict a Mars influenced by the ideas of Percival Lowell.[53] Other examples are Mr. Stranger's Sealed Packet (1889), which took place on Mars, Gustavus W. Popes's Journey to Mars (1894), and Ellsworth Douglas's Pharaoh's Broker, in which the protagonist encounters an Egyptian civilisation on Mars which, while parallel to that of the Earth, has evolved somehow independently.[54]

text: Early examples of influence on science fiction[edit]

text: Wells had already proposed another outcome for the alien invasion story in The War of the Worlds. When the Narrator meets the artilleryman the second time, the artilleryman imagines a future where humanity, hiding underground in sewers and tunnels, conducts a guerrilla war, fighting against the Martians for generations to come, and eventually, after learning how to duplicate Martian weapon technology, destroys the invaders and takes back the Earth.[47]

text: Six weeks after publication of the novel, the Boston Post newspaper published another alien invasion story, an unauthorised sequel to The War of the Worlds, which turned the tables on the invaders. Edison's Conquest of Mars was written by Garrett P. Serviss, a now little remembered writer, who described the famous inventor Thomas Edison leading a counterattack against the invaders on their home soil.[23] Though this is actually a sequel to 'Fighters from Mars', a revised and unauthorised reprint of The War of the Worlds, they both were first printed in the Boston Post in 1898.[55] Lazar Lagin published "Major Well Andyou" in USSR in 1962, an alternative view of events in The War of the Worlds from the viewpoint of a traitor.

text: The War of the Worlds was reprinted in the United States in 1927, before the Golden Age of science fiction, by Hugo Gernsback in Amazing Stories. John W. Campbell, another key science fiction editor of the era, and periodic short story writer, published several alien invasion stories in the 1930s. Many well known science fiction writers were to follow, including Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke, Clifford Simak and Robert A. Heinlein with The Puppet Masters and John Wyndham with The Kraken Wakes.[25]

text: Later examples[edit]

text: The theme of alien invasion has remained popular to the present day and are frequently used in the plots of all forms of popular entertainment including movies, television, novels, comics and video games. Alan Moore's graphic novel, The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume II, retells the events in The War of the Worlds. In the end of the first issue of Marvel Zombies 5, it is revealed that the main characters will visit a world called "Martian Protectorate" where the events of The War of the Worlds are occurring.

text: Tripods[edit]

text: The Tripods trilogy of books features a central theme of invasion by alien-controlled tripods.

text: Other narratives, in addition to using the alien invasion trope, also involve the appearance of tripod alien fighting machines. The computer game Half-Life 2 makes an apparent homage to The War of the Worlds in the appearance of tripod fighting machines known as "Striders", used by the alien invaders, the Combine.[56] In the video game Unreal Tournament III, one of the vehicles used by the antagonist is a large "Darkwalker" tripod that functions similarly to those in War of the Worlds. In Starcraft 2 the fictional highly advanced race of the Protoss fields a robotic war machine which uses a laser beam much reminiscent of the "heat rays" of H.G. Well's martian tripods.[original research?]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: The War of the Worlds has spawned seven films, as well as various radio dramas, comic-book adaptations, video games, a television series, and sequels or parallel stories by other authors.

text: Among the most famous, or infamous, adaptations is the 1938 radio broadcast that was narrated and directed by Orson Welles. The first two-thirds of the 60-minute broadcast were presented as a news bulletin and is often described as having led to outrage and panic by some listeners who had believed the events described in the program were real.[57] However, later critics point out that the supposed panic seems to have been exaggerated by newspapers of the time seeking to discredit radio as a source of information.[58]

text: In 1953 came the first The War of the Worlds theatrical film produced by George Pal and directed by Byron Haskin, starring Gene Barry. Steven Spielberg directed a 2005 film adaptation starring Tom Cruise, which received generally positive reviews.[59][60]

text: In 1978 a best selling musical album of the story was produced by Jeff Wayne, with the voices of Richard Burton and David Essex.

text: In the 1980s a joint American-Canadian venture produced the television series War of the Worlds that ran for two seasons and was a direct sequel to George Pal's 1953 feature film. Its premise was that the Martians had not died off but were instead stored in suspension by the US government, and that most people had just forgotten the previous invasion; the accidental awakening of the Martians results in another war.

text: A Hey Arnold! Halloween special was aired to parody The War of the Worlds. The costumes that the main characters wore referenced a species from Star Trek.

text: A 2001 animated series of Justice League begins with a three part saga called "Secret Origins" and features tripod machines invading and attacking the city.

text: The Great Martian War 1913–1917 is a 2013 made-for-television science fiction film docudrama that adapts The War of the Worlds and unfolds in the style of an episode of the History TV Channel. The film is an alternate history of World War I in which Europe and its allies, including America, fight the Martian invaders instead of Germany and its allies. The docudrama includes both new and digitally altered film footage shot during the War to End All Wars to establish the scope of the interplanetary conflict. The film's original 2013 UK broadcast was during the first year of the World War I centennial; the first US cable TV broadcast came in 2014, almost 10 months later.

text: In the spring of 2017 the BBC announced that it will be producing in 2018 a Victorian period, three-episode mini-series adaptation of the Wells novel.

text: There is also a novel adaptation, set in Victorian Britain of 1898 about HMS Thunder Child, called The Last Days of Thunder Child by C.A. Powell. ISBN 978-1484088265


question_text: who is the magician in breaking the code

root

text: Cast[edit]

text: The first four specials and the full series featured incognito magician Val Valentino as the Masked Magician performing large-scale illusions and a few smaller-scale close up magic tricks before revealing the secrets of the tricks. The Masked Magician was promoted as a well-known magician who wore a mask to avoid recrimination from fellow magicians. He revealed his identity in the fourth episode. His assistants are also left unidentified. They are Michelle Berube, Denise Holland, Jennifer Lee Keyes, and Sybil Azur, in the first special.[1] The fifth special featured a second unidentified Masked Magician, now sporting a silver and purple mask, a long black wig and a black outfit comprising trenchcoat, suit, and boots. His identity remains a mystery to this day and rumours has it, it may not be Valentino reprising this role. The assistants to this magician were Kelly Cooper, Kimi Bateman, Kadee Sweeney, and Noelle Naone.[citation needed].

tag: p

text: The setting of the show is an abandoned warehouse set up with an eerie atmosphere in an undisclosed location somewhere in the United States. The show features a memorable soundtrack of ominous music.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Production[edit]

text: The series is made by production company Nash Entertainment. The title alluded to the magician's code: the promise by working magicians not to reveal the basis of their tricks, or else risk getting blackballed by fellow magicians. Fox returned on May 15, 2002, with Breaking the Magician's Code: Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed 5. A new magician was wearing a new mask with artificial hair, and a purple glistening outfit. It was never revealed who portrayed the magician in this episode.

text: MyNetworkTV bought thirteen new episodes for broadcast in the U.S. starting in the fall of 2008, with the first episode shown on October 2. They were shot at a secret location somewhere in the U.S. during the summer of 2008. The assistants learned the illusion the same day they shot it and filmed four to six illusions per day. These specials were also shown on TVB Pearl in Hong Kong, with the first episode shown on June 13, 2010.[2] Val Valentino was credited as a producer and Mitch Pileggi returned as narrator, although he did not appear on camera. The show also aired in the UK on ITV4, and in Australia on 7Two with new narration by Grant Denyer. WWE Divas Maria Kanellis and Eve Torres appeared in the first episode as part of a trick.

text: There is an Australian version of the show that first aired at 7:30 Monday, June 14, 2010 on Network Seven and has changed to Sundays at 6:30 on 7Two. This is the same show as the US version with some minor changes. This show also began to air on Australian pay television network Fox8 on Wednesday September 21, 2011. This version is a duplicate of the American version. Since the first run of the series, the shows have been rerun many times on Sundays on Channel 7. The show also had a Portuguese adaptation in the public TV Channel DID, essentially a duplicate of the American version only with a different portuguese narrator


document_title: List of Presidents of India

question_text: who is the longest serving president of india

text: List of Presidents of India

text: Presidents[edit]

text: This list is numbered based on Presidents elected after winning an Indian Presidential election. The terms of Varahagiri Venkata Giri, Mohammad Hidayatullah, and Basappa Danappa Jatti, who served as Acting President, are therefore not numbered. The President of India does not represent any political party. The colours used in the table indicate the following:

text:
№
Name
(birth–death)
Photograph
Elected
Took office
Left office
Term
(in months)
Vice President
Candidate of[12]
Notes

1
Rajendra Prasad
(1884–1963)

1952
1957
26 January 1950
12 May 1962
120
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

Indian National Congress
Prasad, from Bihar, was the first President of independent India and also the longest-serving President, as the only president to serve two terms in office.[6][13][14] He was also a freedom fighter during the Indian independence movement.[15]

2
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
(1888–1975)

1962
13 May 1962
13 May 1967
60
Zakir Husain

Independent
Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher and writer and also held the position of vice-chancellor of the Andhra University and Banaras Hindu University.[16]. He received the Bharat Ratna award in 1954 before becoming the President.[17] He was the first President from South India.[18]

3
Zakir Husain
(1897–1969)

–

1967
13 May 1967
3 May 1969
24
Varahagiri Venkata Giri

Independent
Husain was vice-chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a recipient of Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna.[19] He died in office, the first to do so. He was also the shortest-serving President. He was also the first Muslim President.[20]

–
Varahagiri Venkata Giri*
(1894–1980)

–

–
3 May 1969
20 July 1969
3
–

–
He was elected Vice President of India in 1967. Following the death of President Zakir Husain, Giri was appointed as Acting President.[21] He resigned after a few months to take part in the presidential elections.[8]

–
Mohammad Hidayatullah*
(1905–1992)

–

–
20 July 1969
24 August 1969
1
–

–
Hidayatullah served as the Chief Justice of India and was also a recipient of the Order of the British Empire.[22] He served as Acting President until the election of Giri as the President of India.[23]

4
Varahagiri Venkata Giri
(1894–1980)

–

1969
24 August 1969
24 August 1974
60
Gopal Swarup Pathak

Independent
Giri was the first person to have served as both an acting president and president of India. He was a recipient of the Bharat Ratna, and served as Indian Minister of Labour and High Commissioner to Ceylon (Sri Lanka).[24]

5
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
(1905–1977)

1974
24 August 1974
11 February 1977
36
Gopal Swarup Pathak (1974)

Basappa Danappa Jatti (1974–1977)

Indian National Congress
Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president. He died in 1977 before his term of office ended, and was the second Indian president to die in office.[25] He was also president during Emergency.[26]

–
Basappa Danappa Jatti*
(1912–2002)

–

–
11 February 1977
25 July 1977
6
–

–
Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed's term of office, and was sworn in as Acting President upon Ahmed's death. He earlier served as the Chief Minister for the State of Mysore State.[25][27]

6
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
(1913–1996)

1977
25 July 1977
25 July 1982
60
Basappa Danappa Jatti (1977–1979)

Mohammad Hidayatullah (1979–1982)

Janata Party
Reddy was the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. Reddy was the only Member of Parliament from the Janata Party to get elected from Andhra Pradesh.[28] He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President of India.[23]

7
Zail Singh
(1916–1994)

1982
25 July 1982
25 July 1987
60
Mohammad Hidayatullah (1982–1984)

Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1984–1987)

Indian National Congress
In March 1972, Singh assumed the position of Chief Minister of Punjab, and in 1980, he became Union Home Minister. He was also secretary general to Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) from 1983 to 1986[29]

8
Ramaswamy Venkataraman
(1910–2009)

1987
25 July 1987
25 July 1992
60
Shankar Dayal Sharma

Indian National Congress
In 1942, Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his involvement in the Indian independence movement.[30] After his release, he was elected to independent India’s Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joined the central government, where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of Defence.[31]

9
Shankar Dayal Sharma
(1918–1999)

1992
25 July 1992
25 July 1997
60
Kocheril Raman Narayanan

Indian National Congress
Sharma was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, and the Indian Minister for Communications. He also served as the governor of Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra.[32]

10
Kocheril Raman Narayanan
(1920–2005)

1997
25 July 1997
25 July 2002
60
Krishan Kant

Independent
Narayanan served as India's ambassador to Thailand, Turkey, China and United States of America. He received doctorates in Science and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities.[33] He was also the vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University.[34] He was the first Dalit President.[35]

11
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam
(1931–2015)

2002
25 July 2002
25 July 2007
60
Krishan Kant (2002)

Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (2002–2007)

Independent
Kalam was an educator and engineer who played a leading role in the development of India's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs.[36] He also received the Bharat Ratna. Kalam died following a heart attack while delivering a speech in Shillong.[37][38][39]

12
Pratibha Patil
(1934–)

2007
25 July 2007
25 July 2012
60
Mohammad Hamid Ansari

Indian National Congress
Patil was the first woman to become the President of India. She was also the first female governor of Rajasthan.[40][41]

13
Pranab Mukherjee
(1935–)

2012
25 July 2012
25 July 2017
60
Mohammad Hamid Ansari

Indian National Congress
Mukherjee held various posts in the cabinet ministry for the Government of India such as Finance Minister, Foreign Minister, Defence Minister and Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission.[42]

14
Ram Nath Kovind
(1945–)

2017
25 July 2017
Incumbent

–

Venkaiah Naidu

Bharatiya Janata Party
Kovind was governor of Bihar from 2015 to 2017 and a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2006. He is the second Dalit president after K. R. Narayanan. He originally belongs to BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party) and is an active member of RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) since his youth.[43]

tag: table

text:
-Died in office
-Did not complete assigned term
*-Acting President


document_title: Kim's Convenience (TV series)

question_text: when is season 3 of kim's convenience coming out

question_tokens: when is season 3 of kim 's convenience coming out

text: Kim's Convenience (TV series)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Paul Sun-Hyung Lee as Kim Sang-il ("Mr. Kim"/"Appa") - The family patriarch, Mr. Kim was a teacher in his homeland before immigrating to Canada with his wife where they now own and operate 'Kim's Convenience', a grocery store in Toronto's Moss Park neighbourhood. Mr. Kim is traditional, proud and stubborn, practical and opinionated and blunt. He is estranged from his son Jung, 56 years old at the start of the series.[9]
Jean Yoon as Kim Yong-mi ("Mrs. Kim"/"Umma") - The family matriarch, Mrs. Kim, 54 at the start of the series, was also a teacher in Korea. She is hardworking and kind but also meddles in the lives of her family. Her life revolves around the store, family, and church, where she volunteers.[10]
Simu Liu as Jung Kim, 24 at the start of the series. Mr. and Mrs. Kim's son and Janet's brother. Jung works at Handy Car Rental, where he is promoted to assistant manager at the beginning of the series. He was a rebellious teenager who had engaged in petty street crimes, earning him a brief stint in juvenile detention, but has since cleaned up his act. He was kicked out of the family home by Mr. Kim after stealing from him and remains estranged from his father though he is still in contact with the rest of the family.[11]
Andrea Bang as Janet Kim, 20 at the start of the series, Mr. and Mrs. Kim's daughter and Jung's sister. She is the family member in most frequent contact with Jung. Attending OCAD University, where she studies photography, Janet is a talented artist but is frustrated by her parents' traditionalism, their lack of support for her art, and the fact that they overparent her due to Jung's estrangement from the household.[12]
Andrew Phung as Kimchee, 25 at the start of the series. Jung's best friend, co-worker, roommate, and former partner in crime.[13]
Nicole Power as Shannon Ross, 26. The manager of Handy Car Rental, and Jung and Kimchee's boss, she has a crush on Jung in season 1 and is often awkward in her attempts to appear cool and hip.[14]

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
John Ng as Mr. Chin, Mr. Kim's friend and a successful entrepreneur, owning several businesses. Fastidious, he does not like to do manual labour.
Ben Beauchemin as Gerald, Janet's friend, roommate, and a fellow student at OCAD. He's intimidated by Mr. Kim and has awkward interactions with him.
Michael Musi as Terence, a mild-mannered employee at Handy Car Rental whom Kimchee inexplicably hates.
Getenesh Berhe as Semira, another of Janet's OCAD photography classmates and friends.
Soo-Ram Kim as Nayoung, Janet's cousin who visits from South Korea in season 1. In season 2 she moves to Canada to attend the University of Waterloo.
Michael Xavier as Alex Jackson, a police officer who was Jung's childhood friend and who is getting reacquainted with Janet.
Sabrina Grdevich as Ms Murray, one of Janet's professors at OCAD.
Sugith Varughese as Mr. Mehta, a friend of Mr. Kim's who plays cards with him and owns an Indian restaurant.
Hiro Kanagawa as Pastor Choi, the pastor at Mrs. Kim's church.
Christina Song as Mrs. Lee, Grace Lee's mother and Mrs. Kim's friend.
Uni Park as Mrs. Park, a supercilious and well-to-do parishioner at Mrs. Kim's church who looks down on the Kims.
Amanda Brugel as Pastor Nina Gomez, associate pastor at Mrs. Kim's church.
Rodrigo Fernandez-Stoll as Enrique, a nurse and regular customer.
Tina Jung as Jeanie Park, Mrs. Park's introverted teenage daughter.
Kris Hagen as Sketchy-Looking Dude, a regular customer.
Marco Grazzini as Alejandro, Shannon's new boyfriend at the end of season one, continuing into season two.
Derek McGrath as Frank, a repairman and friend of Mr. Kim's who tells pointless anecdotes.
Ellora Patnaik as Mrs. Mehta, Mr. Mehta's wife and a friend of Mrs. Kim.

text: Production[edit]

text: Shooting locations[edit]

text: Interior scenes at the store, Handy Car Rental and home are shot at Showline Studios at 901 Lake Shore Boulevard East, where an exact replica of Mimi Variety, the model for the store, has been recreated. The studio is also used as the exterior of the car rental business. One episode was shot in Koreatown at Bloor and Christie Streets. The long established "Mimi Variety" store at 252 Queen Street East is used for exterior shots and as the model for the interior set built in the studio. While the signage has been adjusted, the "Kim's Convenience" sign uses the same red and green lettering and all other sections, such as the "7 DAYS A WEEK", are the original signage of Mimi Variety.[15] The producers also painted a mural on an exterior wall, mostly seen in the credit sequence and for stock transitional shots as well as for promotional shots. The owners of the store have retained the new signage although the business has not officially changed its name.[15][16]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Originally set to premiere on October 4, 2016, on CBC, the series premiere was delayed to October 11, 2016, with back-to-back episodes, so it would not conflict with the Toronto Blue Jays' American League Wild Card Game.[17] The first season consists of 13 half-hour episodes.[18]

text: CBC announced on December 20, 2016, that it had renewed Kim's Convenience for a second season of 13 episodes.[7] Season 2 premiered on September 26, 2017.[6]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
#overall

# inseason

Title

Directed by

Written by

Original air date

Canadian viewers(millions)

11"Gay Discount"Peter WellingtonIns Choi & Kevin WhiteOctober 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)0.835[19]
After being accused of homophobia, Appa decides to offer a store discount to gay customers during Toronto Pride Week — but he doesn't seem to be very good at determining who qualifies for it. Meanwhile, Eomma tries to find a "cool Christian Korean boyfriend" for Janet.
22"Janet's Photos"Peter WellingtonIns Choi & Kevin WhiteOctober 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)0.805[19]
When Janet's photos start getting attention from admirers, Appa tries to prove he's a better photographer. Meanwhile, Jung decides to apply for a promotion at the car rental agency, to the dismay of Kimchee and Eomma, though for different reasons.
33"Ddongjeem & Eomma's Picture"Peter WellingtonGarry CampbellOctober 18, 2016 (2016-10-18)0.749[21]
Jung draws the wrong kind of attention from his boss when he gives Kimchee a ddong chim (Korean "wedgie") at work. Mr. Kim commissions Janet's friend, Gerald, to take his photo instead of asking Janet.[20]
44"Frank and Nayoung"Dawn WilkinsonIns Choi & Kevin WhiteOctober 25, 2016 (2016-10-25)0.763[22]
Mr. Kim is frustrated with Frank (Derek McGrath), a repairman who talks too much, while Janet's cousin Nayoung (Soo-Ram Kim) visits from Korea, challenging Janet's sense of what it means to be 'Korean.' Jung and Shannon get tickets to a Toronto Raptors game, but Jung starts to wonder if Shannon thinks it's a date.
55"Wingman"James GennGarry CampbellNovember 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)N/A
Mr. Chin asks Mr. Kim to be his wingman on a date, which is fine until Mrs. Kim tags along. Janet asks Jung to help her fix a dripping pipe at the store, but the repair is interrupted by an intruder. A police officer (Michael Xavier) helps Jung resolve a misunderstanding and Jung recognizes him as his childhood friend Alex, who becomes reacquainted with Janet.
66"Rude Kid"[23]James GennSonja BennettNovember 15, 2016 (2016-11-15)N/A
Mr. Kim scolds Janet's professor's 5 year-old kid, when he misbehaves in the store, with unexpected consequences for Janet; Jung discovers Kimchee is making extra money by moonlighting  for a carsharing company, illicitly using Handy Car Rental cars, and has to decide whether to let Terence get fired when Shannon wrongly suspects him as the culprit.[23]
77"Hapkido"[24]Dawn WilkinsonIns ChoiNovember 22, 2016 (2016-11-22)0.887[25]
Janet takes a Hapkido class but Mr. Kim thinks he knows more than her teacher (Tommy Chang). Jung runs into Grace Lee (Eileen Li), an old flame; they both discover that their meeting was not accidental but part of a plan by their mothers to get them back together.[24]
88"Service"[26]James GennRebecca KohlerNovember 29, 2016 (2016-11-29)0.878[27]
Mr. and Mrs. Kim's relationship is tested when Mr. Kim offers the attractive new female pastor (Amanda Brugel) some free items from the store. Janet dates Jung's friend, Alex, and Jung pretends to be cool with it.[26]
99"Best Before"[28]James GennStory by : Kevin White and Ins Choi Teleplay by : Anita KapilaDecember 6, 2016 (2016-12-06)N/A
Mr. Kim tries to prove that "best before" dates mean nothing when Janet objects to his selling expired ravioli; Mrs. Kim's serving up her homemade galbijjim at the church bazaar when a surprise visit by Jung forces her to admit that she's embarrassed by his troubled past.[28]
1010"Janet's New Job"[29]Dawn WilkinsonAnita KapilaDecember 13, 2016 (2016-12-13)N/A
Janet is sick of working for free and finds a job at Handy Car Rental putting Jung in a difficult position when she notices that Jung and Shannon are attracted to each other; Appa hires Gerald to work in the store but Gerald is nervous and clumsy whenver Appa is around, which is all the time.[29]
1111"Handyman"[30]Dawn WilkinsonKevin WhiteDecember 20, 2016 (2016-12-20)0.690[31]
Mr. Kim fixes a broken toilet for Kimchee; Jung hides out with Shannon; when Edwin Carter (Kevin Bundy), an old acquaintance of Eomma's drops by, Janet believes there's more to his relationship with Mrs. Kim.[30]
1212"Appa's Lump"[32]Peter WellingtonAnita KapilaDecember 27, 2016 (2016-12-27)0.805[33]
Mr. Kim finds a lump on his back and goes in for a biopsy; Janet wins an award at school; Shannon brings Jung to a work event which may also be a date, when he learns of Mr. Kim's surgery and must decide whether or not to ditch Shannon and go to hospital.
1313"Family Singing Contest"[34]Peter WellingtonIns Choi & Kevin WhiteDecember 27, 2016 (2016-12-27)0.938[33]
Janet signs a lease with Gerald and Semira but doesn't know how to break the news to her parents. Mrs Kim really wants her family to beat the Parks at the church's family singing festival, but Jung is reluctant to join them while Janet hopes entering the contest will put Eomma in a good mood to receive her news; Mr. Kim gets attention for his new SUV. Jung is surprised to learn that Shannon has a  new boyfriend, Alejandro, (Marco Grazzini), whom she brings to the church festival, resulting in Jung realising he may have feelings for her.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
#overall

# inseason

Title

Directed by

Written by

Original air date

Canadian viewers(millions)

141"Janet's Roommate"[35]Peter WellingtonIns Choi & Kevin WhiteSeptember 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)0.516[36]
Appa and Umma encourage Janet to stay home when her plans to move in with Gerald and Semira hit a snag. Kimchee tells Jung to make a move on Shannon, but her relationship with Alejandro shows no sign of ending.
152"Business Award"[35]Peter WellingtonMatt KippenOctober 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)N/A
An award comes between Appa and Umma. Shannon begins biking to work. Janet and Gerald have their first argument as roommates.
163"House Guest"[37]Peter WellingtonIns Choi & Kevin WhiteOctober 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)N/A
Pastor Nina stays with the Kims while her apartment is being renovated. After a night with Janet and her college friends, Jung is worried he might not be that bright.
174"Cardboard Jung"[35]Dawn WilkinsonIns Choi & Kevin WhiteOctober 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)N/A
Appa is ambivalent when Umma brings home a lifesized cardboard cutout of Jung made by Handy Car Rental as a promotion. Janet's cousin Nayoung returns.
185"Date Night"[35]Aleysa YoungIns Choi & Kat SandlerOctober 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)N/A
Appa is pressured to make his date night with Umma more special. Jung looks online to replace Kimchee's sneakers.
196"Resting Place"[35]Peter WellingtonAnita KapilaOctober 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)N/A
A money-saving scheme comes back to haunt Appa when Umma discovers that he sold her burial plot 20 years ago; Janet's bedroom habits make Gerald uncomfortable; Jung does damage control after losing a play wrestling match to Kimchee.
207"Sneak Attack"[35]Gary CampbellAnita KapilaNovember 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)N/A
Appa wants in on Umma's side business, while Janet assumes a new identity accidentally on purpose when she tries to get into a film festival after party.  When Umma offers the store's old freezer to Jung and Kimchee, Jung is reluctant to accept it while Kimchee and Janet fight over who will get the freezer for their respective apartment.
218"Silent Auction"[35]Dawn WilkinsonAnita KapilaNovember 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)N/A
Umma has her heart set on a coat at the auction; Jung accuses Shannon of acting unprofessional; Janet's big payday gets foiled.
229"New TV"[35]Renuka JeyapalanNadyia Chettiar &Kevin WhiteNovember 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)N/A
Appa buys a new TV and Umma donates the old one to a newly arrived refugee family; a photography lecturer notices Janet; Kimchee worries about Jung stealing his girlfriend.
2310"Janet's Boyfriend"[38]Renuka JeyapalanMatt KippenNovember 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)N/A
Janet tries to keep her relationship with Raj Mehta (Ishan Dave) from Appa and Umma; Jung and Kimchee can't agree about their house party.
2411"Good Neighbours"[38]Siobhan DevineNadyia Chettiar &Carly StoneDecember 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)N/A
Appa and Umma meet their new neighbour; Jung starts a new work romance; Janet doesn't like how sweet Gerald's new girlfriend is.
2512"Appa's First Text"[38]Peter WellingtonCarly Stone &Kevin WhiteDecember 12, 2017 (2017-12-12)N/A
Appa inherits Janet's smartphone; Umma discovers a pest in the store; Kimchee tries to help Janet with her F.O.M.O.; Jung tries to reconnect with a girl.
2613"Handy Graduation"[39]Peter WellingtonAnita Kapila, Matt Kippen & Kevin WhiteDecember 19, 2017 (2017-12-19)0.722[40]
Umma wants the family to celebrate Jung getting his GED; Shannon organizes a party to celebrate Jung's achievement but is conflicted when their feelings for each other surface. Janet gets tired of being the good one and feels unappreciated when Umma and Appa celebrate Jung's achievement while ignoring hers. Jung struggles to tell Shannon that he's taking a job elsewhere.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: On March 12th, 2018, the cast of Kim's Convenience took to Facebook and Twitter to announce that there would be a Season 3. [41]  Season 3 of the show is scheduled to begin airing in early 2019.[42]

text: Season 4[edit]

text: On May 24, 2018, just 2 months after announcing the season 3 renewal of the show, CBC announced that the show had also been renewed for a season 4.  In this unprecedented move, the show was renewed for a fourth season even before the third season of the show had begun production.[42]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Entertainment One released the first season of Kim's Convenience on Region 1 DVD on March 7, 2017.[43]

text:
Season

Episodes

Release Date

Region 1

1

13

March 7, 2017

2

13

March 6, 2018[44]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The show has received mostly positive reviews.

text: John Doyle of The Globe and Mail wrote that the show "stays away from the pseudo-seriousness that could easily plague a comedy about immigrants and family dynamics." In conclusion, Doyle called it "a clever, generally engaging screwball comedy with an eye on entertainment".[45] The Toronto Star's Tony Wong wrote that "the show is good. Possibly even great. The dialogue is sharp, on point and borderline subversive. It has the potential to be a future classic. It has bite...It’s funny and true, but not a reality we typically see reflected on television."[46]

text: Rick Salutin, also of the Star, was less enthusiastic of the show's portrayal of minorities on television saying "only accents are funny in Kim's Convenience" and that audiences are "laughing at the characters not with them". Salutin concluded by stating "I don't see why supporting Canadian culture means you should be uncritical, as if someone will take it away if you weren't.  You should be most critical about what you care most about like public education or the CBC, you want them to be good not just there".[47]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Midway through its first season, Kim's Convenience was estimated by Numeris to have an average audience of 933,000 per episode, with 39% of viewers between the ages of 25 and 54.[7]

text: Awards[edit]

text: For the 5th Canadian Screen Awards in 2017, Kim's Convenience garnered 11 nominations, including Best Comedy Series, Best Actor in a Comedy Series (Lee), Best Actress in a Comedy Series (Yoon and Bang), and Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (Phung).[48] Lee won the award for best actor in a continuing leading comedic role for his portrayal of Appa,[49] and Phung won Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Kimchee.[50]

text: Kim's Convenience won two awards at the 2017 Toronto ACTRA Awards, Outstanding Performance - Female for actress Jean Yoon and the Members’ Choice Series Ensemble Award for Best Cast.[51][52]

text: The first-season episodes “Ddong Chim” and “Janet’s Photos” are 2017 Writers Guild of Canada's Canadian Screenwriting Awards finalists in the TV comedy category.[53]

text: At the 6th Canadian Screen Awards in 2018, the series received 12 nominations. It won the awards for Best Comedy Series, Best Actor in a Comedy Series (Lee) and Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (Phung).

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref.

2017
 15th ACTRA Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actress
Jean Yoon ("Gay Discount")
Won
[54][55]

Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble

Won

5th Canadian Screen Awards
Best Comedy Series

Nominated
[56]

Best Direction in a Comedy Program or Series
Peter Wellington ("Gay Discount")
Nominated

Best Writing in a Comedy Program or Series
Ins Choi, Kevin White ("Gay Discount")
Nominated

Garry Campbell ("Ddong Chim")
Nominated

Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Comedic Role
Jean Yoon
Nominated

Andrea Bang
Nominated

Best Performance by an Actor in a Continuing Leading Comedic Role
Paul Sun-Hyung Lee
Won

Best Achievement in Casting
Deirdre Bowen, Millie Tom ("Frank & Nayiyng")
Won

Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Supporting Role  or Guest Role in a Comedic Series
Andrew Phung ("Janet's Photos", "Ddong Chim")
Won

Best Photography in a Comedy Program or Series
Fraser Brown ("Frank & Nayiyng")
Nominated

Best Picture Editing in a Comedy Program or Series
Kye Meechan ("Gay Discount")
Won

 21st WGC Screenwriting Awards
TV Comedy
Garry Campbell ("Ddong Chim")
Nominated
[57]

Ins Choi, Kevin White ("Janet's Photos")
Nominated

2018
 16th ACTRA Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor
Paul Sun-Hyung Lee ("Hapkido")
Nominated
[58]

Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble

Nominated

6th Canadian Screen Awards
Best Comedy Series

Won
[59][60]

Best Direction, Comedy
Aleysa Young ("Date Night")
Nominated

Best Photography, Comedy
Fraser Brown ("Cardboard Jung")
Nominated

Best Picture Editing, Comedy
Aren Hansen ("Date Night")
Nominated

Best Writing, Comedy
Anita Kapila ("Resting Place")
Nominated

Matt Kippen ("Business Award")
Nominated

Best Achievement in Casting
Deidre Bowen
Nominated

Best Lead Actor, Comedy
Paul Sun-Hyung Lee
Won

Best Supporting or Guest Actor, Comedy
Andrew Phung ("Cardboard Jung", "Resting Place")
Won

Best Lead Actress, Comedy
Andrea Bang
Nominated

Jean Yoon
Nominated

Best Supporting or Guest Actress, Comedy
Nicole Power
Nominated

 22nd WGC Screenwriting Awards
TV Comedy
Anita Kapila ("Resting Place")
Pending
[61]

Matt Kippen ("Business Award")
Pending