document_title: Irish name

question_text: what does the o in an irish name mean

question_tokens: what does the o in an irish name mean

text: Irish name

text: Epithets[edit]

text: A first name may be modified by an adjective to distinguish its bearer from other people with the same name. Mór ("big") and Óg ("young") are used to distinguish father and son, like English "junior" and "senior", but are placed between the given name and the surname: Seán Óg Ó Súilleabháin corresponds to "John O'Sullivan Jr." (although anglicised versions of the name often drop the "O'" from the name).

text: The word Beag/Beg, meaning "little", can be used in place of Óg. This did not necessarily indicate that the younger person was small in stature, merely younger than his father. Sometimes beag would be used to imply a baby was small at birth, possibly premature.

text: Adjectives denoting hair colour may also be used, especially informally: Pádraig Rua ("red-haired Patrick"), Máire Bhán ("fair-haired Mary").

text: Surnames and prefixes[edit]

text: A male's surname generally takes the form Ó/Ua (meaning "descendant") or Mac ("son") followed by the genitive case of a name, as in Ó Dónaill ("descendant of Dónall") or Mac Lochlainn ("son of Lochlann").

text: A son has the same surname as his father. A female's surname replaces Ó with Ní (reduced from Iníon Uí - "daughter of descendant of") and Mac with Nic (reduced from Iníon Mhic - "daughter of the son of"); in both cases the following name undergoes lenition. However, if the second part of the surname begins with the letter C or G, it is not lenited after Nic. Thus the daughter of a man named Ó Dónaill has the surname Ní Dhónaill; the daughter of a man named Mac Lochlainn has the surname Nic Lochlainn. When anglicised, the name can remain O' or Mac, regardless of gender.

text: If a woman marries, she may choose to take her husband's surname. In this case, Ó is replaced by Bean Uí ("wife of descendant of") and Mac is replaced by Bean Mhic ("wife of the son of"). In both cases bean may be omitted, in which case the woman uses simply Uí or Mhic. Again, the second part of the surname is lenited (unless it begins with C or "G", in which case it is only lenited after Uí). Thus a woman marrying a man named Ó Dónaill may choose to be use Bean Uí Dhónaill (Mrs. O'Donnell in English) or Uí Dhónaill as her surname; a woman marrying a man named Mac Lochlainn may choose to be use Bean Mhic Lochlainn (Mrs. McLaughlin in English) or Mhic Lochlainn as her surname.

text: If the second part of the surname begins with a vowel, the form Ó attaches an h to it, as in Ó hUiginn (O'Higgins) or Ó hAodha (Hughes). The other forms effect no change: Ní Uiginn, (Bean) Uí Uiginn; Mac Aodha, Nic Aodha, Mhic Aodha, and so forth.

text: Mag is often used instead of Mac before a vowel or (sometimes) the silent fh. The single female form of "Mag" is "Nig". Ua is an alternative form of Ó.

text: Some names of Norman origin have the prefix Fitz, from Latin language filius "son", such as Fitzwilliam, Fitzgerald, and so forth. Other Norman surnames may have the prefix "de", such as de Búrca, de Paor, or de Róiste.

text:
Male
Meaning
Anglicised
Daughter
Wife
Examples

Mac
son
Mc/Mac/M'
Nic
Mhic
Seán Mac Mathúna, Máire Mhic Mhathúna (wife of Seán), Aoife Nic Mhathúna (daughter of Seán)

Ó/Ua
descendant
O'
Ní
Uí
Pól Ó Murchú, Mairéad Uí Mhurchú (wife of Pól), Gráinne Ní Mhurchú (daughter of Pól)

text: Patronyms and other additives[edit]

text: Many Irish surnames are concentrated in particular parts of the country and there are areas where a single surname may account for a large proportion of the population. Examples include O'Reilly in County Cavan, Ryan in County Tipperary and East County Limerick, or O'Sullivan in the Beara peninsula of West Cork; or areas, such as Glenullin in the Sperrins, where there are several dominant surnames (in that instance O'Kane, Mullan, McNicholl and some others). In such cases, the surname may also acquire an additive in popular usage to differentiate one group bearing the same surname from another.

text: This sometimes originates as a simple patronym – that is, a James whose father was Harry might be referred to as Harry's James – but may be passed to later generations, so that James' son Pat might be Harry's Pat. This can also occur if a person becomes well known by a nickname: his children may take his nickname as an additive. For example, if Seán O'Brien was often referred to as "Badger", his son Patrick might be referred to orally as Pat Badger and written as Patrick O'Brien (B).[citation needed]

text: In Tipperary, additives are particularly common among those bearing the Ryan surname. Examples include Ryan Lacken, Ryan Luke and Ryan Doc. A man christened Thomas Ryan might be known as Tommy Doc and his family might be referred as the Docs. While the additive is not part of a person's official name, it may be used in a postal address, on an election register or in newspaper reports. In this case, Tommy Doc might be written as Thomas Ryan (D).[citation needed]

text: Traditional Gaeltacht names[edit]

text: In Gaeltacht (Irish-speaking) areas, it remains customary to use a name composed of the first name, followed by the father's name in the genitive case, followed by the name of the paternal grandfather, also in the genitive. Thus Seán Ó Cathasaigh (Seán O'Casey), son of Pól, son of Séamus, would be known to his neighbours as Seán Phóil Shéamuis. Occasionally, if the mother or grandmother was a well-known person locally, her name may be used instead of that of the father or grandfather. If the mother's name is used, then that of the maternal grandfather (or potentially grandmother) follows it, for example, Máire Sally Eoghain.

text: These names are not used for official purposes. Often a nickname or English version of a name is used in their composition where the person would use a standard Irish form in formal circumstances. For example, the prominent sean-nós singer Seán Mac Dhonnchadha is perhaps better known as Johnny Mhairtín Learaí.

text: This naming system also survives to a certain extent in rural areas outside the existing Gaeltacht. The system can be particularly useful for distinguishing individuals who live in the same locale and who share a common surname but are not closely related. For example, two individuals named John McEldowney might be known as "John Patsy Den" and "John Mary Philip" respectively. Even the Irish forms sometimes survive in parts of the Sperrins, so that among the principal families of Glenullin some branches are known by father/grandfather forms such as Pháidí Shéamais or Bhrian Dhónaill.

text: Examples of first names and surnames[edit]

text: Notable examples of first names and surnames[edit]

text: Most Irish people use English (or at least anglicised) forms of their names in English-language contexts and Irish forms in Irish-language contexts. The Irish names of some famous people include:

text:
English/Anglicised name
Irish name
Notes

Bertie Ahern
Parthalán Ó hEachthiarn
Taoiseach from 1997 to 2008.

Thomas Ashe
Tomás Ághas
Gaelic League member

Harry Boland
Éinrí Eoin Ó Beólláin[citation needed]

Moya Brennan
Máire Ní Bhraonáin[1]
Irish-language spelling as birth name

Daniel Buckley
Dainéil Ó Buachalla
Survivor of RMS Titanic

Turlough Carolan
Toirdhealbhach Ó Cearbhalláin
Irish harpist and composer

Erskine Childers
Earchta Ó Slatiascaigh[citation needed]
(Irish author and patriot, also his son - President of Ireland -, and grandson)

Michael Collins
Mícheál Eoin Ó Coileáin
signed Anglo-Irish Treaty with Irish-language name

Michael Corcoran
Mícheál Ó Corcráin
Union Army General

Liam Cosgrave
Liam Mac Cosgair
William(?) Thomas Cosgrave (the son), Taoiseach

W. T. Cosgrave
Liam Tomás Mac Cosgair[2]
William Thomas Cosgrave (the father), President of the Executive Council

Patrick S. Dinneen
Pádraig Ua Duinnín
was an Irish lexicographer and historian, and a leading figure in the Gaelic revival

Michael Joe Costello
Mícheál Seosamh Mac Oisdealb
Irish Army General

Garret FitzGerald
Gearóid Mac Gearailt
twice Taoiseach

John Ford
Seán O'Fearna
Irish American actor and Movie director

James Forrestal
Seamus Ó Fuireastal
Irish American United States Secretary of Defense

Arthur Griffith
Art Ó Gríobhtha
Gaelic League member; Sinn Féin founder and leader; bilingual signature on Anglo-Irish Treaty

Patsy O'Hara
Peatsaí Ó hEadhra[citation needed]

Charles Haughey
Cathal Ó hEochaidh
three times Taoiseach

Michael D. Higgins
Micheál Ó hUiggin
9th President of Ireland

Douglas Hyde
Dubhghlas de hÍde
1st President of Ireland; CnaG founder

George Keller
Seóirse Ó Céilechair
Cork Born American Architect

John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Seán Mac Gearailt Ó Cinnéide[3]
35th President of the United States

Kitty Kiernan
Caitríona Nic Thiarnáin[citation needed]
fiance of Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Jack Lynch
Seán Ó Loingsigh
twice Taoiseach

Mary McAleese
Máire Mhic Ghiolla Íosa
née Mary Leneghan/Máire Ní Lionnacháin

Kevin McCarthy
Caoimhín Mac Cárthaigh
Actor

Liam Mellows
Liam Ó Maoilíosa[4]

Thomas Mooney
Tomás/Tomaltach Seosamh Ó'Maonaigh
Labor Leader

Erin Moran
Éirinn Máire Ó Móráin
Irish-American actress

Dr. Trevor Morrow
Trebhar Mac Murchadha
Former Presbyterian Church in Ireland Moderator

Richard Mulcahy
Risteárd Ó Maolchatha[4]
Old IRA/Irish Army Chief of Staff

Denis O'Brien
Denis Ó Briain[citation needed]

JJ "Ginger" O'Connell
Irimia Seosamh Ó Conaill
Irish Army officer

Kevin O'Higgins
Caoimhín Ó hUiginn[5]
Minister of Justice and Vice-President; not to be confused with the more recent official also in the Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform

Seán T. O'Kelly
Seán T. Ó Ceallaigh[6]
Vice-President, first Tánaiste, President of Ireland

Francis O'Neill
Proinsias Ó Néill

Thomas Francis O'Rahilly
Tomás Phroinsias Ó Rathaille[7]
scholar of Celtic language and culture; sometimes also "Rahilly" or "Rahily"

Joseph O'Sullivan
Seosamh Ó Súilleabháin[citation needed]
(likely very common name)

Patrick Pearse
Pádraig Mac Piarais
CnaG; An Claidheamh Soluis editor; St. Enda's School founder

Joseph Mary Plunkett
Seosamh Máire Pluincéad[citation needed]
Gaelic League member; an Easter Uprising leader

Ronald Reagan
Ránall Ó Riagáin
40th President of the United States

John Edward Redmond
Seán Éamonn Mac Réamainn[8]

Albert Reynolds
Ailbhe Mac Raghnaill
Taoiseach

Mary Robinson
Máire Bean Mhic Róibín
(née Máire de Búrca)

Cornelius Ryan
Cornelius Ó Riagháin
War correspondent and author

Paddy Ryan
Padric Ó Riagháin
Irish American Heavyweight boxer

Robert Gerard Sands
Roibeárd Gearóid Ó Seachnasaigh[citation needed]

Austin Stack
Aibhistín de Staic[citation needed]

John L. Sullivan
Sean Ó Súilleabháin
Irish-American Boxing heavyweight Champion of the World

Gerard Toal
Gearóid Ó Tuathail[9]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Other people are better known by their Irish name than by their English name:

text:
Irish (Gaelic) name
English/Anglicised form
Notes

Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh
Dudley Forbes
though neither Dubhaltach or Fibrisigh correspond to the Anglicised forms

Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh
Roderick O'Flaherty

Flaithrí Ó Maolconaire
Florence Conry
(1560–1629, Archbishop of Tuam)

Gráinne Ní Mháille
Grace O'Malley
many other Irish-language and English-language respellings of her name also exist

Seán Bán Breathnach
"White" John Walsh

Séamus Ó Grianna
James Greene
though Grianna does not correspond etymologically to the English name "Green" or "Greene"

Gráinne Seoige
Grace Joyce

Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin
Ellen Cullen

Antoine Ó Raifteiri
Anthony Raftery

Proinsias De Rossa
Frank Ross

Pádraig Harrington
Patrick Harrington

Pádraig Ó Riain
Patrick Ryan

Pádraig Ó Siochfhradha
Patrick O'Sugrue

Padraig Ó Síocháin
P. A. Sheehan

Pádraig Ó Fiannachta
Patrick Finnerty

Lorcan Ua Tuathail
Laurence O'Toole

Dara Ó Briain
Darragh O'Brien

Doireann Ní Bhriain
Doreen O'Brien

Cathal Brugha
Charles William St. John Burgess

Éamon de Valera
Edward De Valero


document_title: FIFA World Cup top goalscorers

question_text: who scored the most goals in world cup history

root

text: FIFA World Cup top goalscorers

text: Overall top goalscorers[edit]

text:
Table key

♦

Denotes national top scorers at the World Cup

#

Denotes players who played for their national teams at the most recent tournament in 2018

[ ]

Denotes tournaments where the player was part of the squad, but did not play in a match

( )

Denotes tournaments where the player played in a match, but did not score a goal

tag: table

text:
Players with at least 5 goals at the FIFA World Cup tournaments[6][7]

Rank

Player

Team

Goalsscored

Matchesplayed

Goalsper game[nb 1]

Tournaments

Notes

1

Miroslav Klose♦

 Germany

16

24

0.67

2002, 2006, 2010, 2014

list[9]

2

Ronaldo♦

 Brazil

15

19

0.79

[1994], 1998, 2002, 2006

list[10]

3

Gerd Müller

 West Germany

14

13

1.08

1970, 1974

list[11]

4

Just Fontaine♦

 France

13

6

2.17

1958

list[12]

5

Pelé

 Brazil

12

14

0.86

1958, 1962, 1966, 1970

list[13]

6

Sándor Kocsis♦

 Hungary

11

5

2.20

1954

list[14]

Jürgen Klinsmann

 West Germany Germany

17

0.65

1990,1994, 1998

list[15]

8

Helmut Rahn

 West Germany

10

10

1.00

1954, 1958

list[16]

Gary Lineker♦

 England

12

0.83

1986, 1990

list[17]

Gabriel Batistuta♦

 Argentina

12

0.83

1994, 1998, 2002

list[18]

Teófilo Cubillas♦

 Peru

13

0.77

1970, 1978, (1982)

list[19]

Thomas Müller#

 Germany

16

0.63

2010, 2014, (2018)

list[20][21]

Grzegorz Lato♦

 Poland

20

0.50

1974, 1978, 1982

list[22]

14

Eusébio♦

 Portugal

9

6

1.50

1966

list[23]

Christian Vieri♦

 Italy

9

1.00

1998, 2002

list[24]

Vavá

 Brazil

10

0.90

1958, 1962

[25]

David Villa♦

 Spain

12

0.75

2006, 2010, 2014

list[26]

Paolo Rossi♦

 Italy

14

0.64

1978, 1982, [1986]

list[27]

Jairzinho

 Brazil

16

0.56

(1966), 1970, 1974

list[28]

Roberto Baggio♦

 Italy

16

0.56

1990, 1994, 1998

list[29]

Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

 West Germany

19

0.47

1978, 1982, 1986

list[30]

Uwe Seeler

 West Germany

21

0.43

1958, 1962, 1966, 1970

[31]

23

Guillermo Stábile

 Argentina

8

4

2.00

1930

list[32]

Leônidas

 Brazil

5

1.60

1934, 1938

list[nb 2][34]

Ademir

 Brazil

6

1.33

1950

list[nb 3][37]

Óscar Míguez♦

 Uruguay

7

1.14

1950, 1954

[38]

Rivaldo

 Brazil

14

0.57

1998, 2002

list[39]

Rudi Völler

 West Germany Germany

15

0.53

1986, 1990,1994

list[40]

Diego Maradona

 Argentina

21

0.38

1982, 1986, (1990), 1994

list[41]

30

Oldřich Nejedlý♦

 Czechoslovakia

7

6

1.17

1934, 1938

[nb 4][42]

Lajos Tichy

 Hungary

8

0.88

1958, 1962, [1966]

list[43]

Careca

 Brazil

9

0.78

1986, 1990

[44]

Johnny Rep♦

 Netherlands

13

0.54

1974, 1978

[45]

Andrzej Szarmach

 Poland

13

0.54

1974, 1978, 1982

[46]

Luis Suárez#

 Uruguay

13

0.54

2010, 2014, 2018

list[47][48]

Hans Schäfer

 West Germany

15

0.47

1954, 1958, (1962)

[49]

Cristiano Ronaldo#

 Portugal

17

0.41

2006, 2010, 2014, 2018

list[48][50]

38

Josef Hügi♦

  Switzerland

6

3

2.00

1954

[51]

Oleg Salenko♦

 Russia

3

2.00

1994

list[52]

György Sárosi

 Hungary

5

1.20

1934, 1938

[53]

Max Morlock

 West Germany

5

1.20

1954

[54]

Erich Probst♦

 Austria

5

1.20

1954

[55]

Harry Kane#

 England

6

1.00

2018

list[56]

Salvatore Schillaci

 Italy

7

0.86

1990

list[57]

Davor Šuker♦

 Yugoslavia Croatia

8

0.75

[1990],1998, (2002)

list[nb 5][58]

James Rodríguez♦#

 Colombia

8

0.75

2014, (2018)

list[59][60]

Helmut Haller

 West Germany

9

0.67

(1962), 1966, (1970)

[61]

Hristo Stoichkov♦

 Bulgaria

10

0.60

1994, (1998)

list[62]

Diego Forlán

 Uruguay

10

0.60

2002, 2010, (2014)

list[63]

Neymar#

 Brazil

10

0.60

2014, 2018

list[48][64]

Asamoah Gyan♦

 Ghana

11

0.55

2006, 2010, 2014

list[65]

Dennis Bergkamp

 Netherlands

12

0.50

1994, 1998

list[66]

Rob Rensenbrink

 Netherlands

13

0.46

1974, 1978

[67]

Rivellino

 Brazil

15

0.40

1970, 1974, (1978)

[68]

Bebeto

 Brazil

15

0.40

(1990), 1994, 1998

list[69]

Arjen Robben

 Netherlands

15

0.40

2006, 2010, 2014

list[70]

Zbigniew Boniek

 Poland

16

0.38

1978, 1982, (1986)

list[71]

Thierry Henry

 France

17

0.35

1998, (2002), 2006, (2010)

list[72]

Wesley Sneijder

 Netherlands

17

0.35

(2006), 2010, 2014

list[73]

Robin van Persie

 Netherlands

17

0.35

2006, 2010, 2014

list[74]

Mario Kempes

 Argentina

18

0.33

(1974), 1978, (1982)

list[75]

Lionel Messi#

 Argentina

19

0.32

2006, (2010), 2014, 2018

list[48][76]

Lothar Matthäus

 West Germany Germany

25

0.24

(1982), 1986, 1990, 1994, (1998)

[77]

64

Pedro Cea

 Uruguay

5

4

1.25

1930

list[78]

Silvio Piola

 Italy

4

1.25

1938

[79]

Gyula Zsengellér

 Hungary

4

1.25

1938

[80]

Peter McParland♦

 Northern Ireland

5

1.00

1958

list[81]

Tomáš Skuhravý

 Czechoslovakia

5

1.00

1990

[82]

Juan Alberto Schiaffino

 Uruguay

6

0.83

1950, 1954

[83]

Geoff Hurst

 England

6

0.83

1966, 1970

list[84]

Jon Dahl Tomasson♦

 Denmark

6

0.83

2002, 2010

list[85]

Alessandro Altobelli

 Italy

7

0.71

1982, 1986

[86]

Kennet Andersson♦

 Sweden

7

0.71

1994

list[87]

Fernando Morientes

 Spain

7

0.71

1998, 2002

list[88]

Romário

 Brazil

8

0.63

(1990), 1994

list[89]

Marc Wilmots♦

 Belgium

8

0.63

[1990], (1994), 1998, 2002

list[90]

Mario Mandžukić#

 Croatia

8

0.63

2014, 2018

list[48][91]

Valentin Ivanov

 Soviet Union

9

0.56

1958, 1962

list[92]

Emilio Butragueño

 Spain

9

0.56

1986, (1990)

list[93]

Roger Milla♦

 Cameroon

9

0.56

(1982), 1990, 1994

[94]

Tim Cahill♦#

 Australia

9

0.56

2006, 2010, 2014, (2018)

list[95][96]

Hans Krankl

 Austria

10

0.50

1978, 1982

list[97]

Romelu Lukaku♦#

 Belgium

10

0.50

2014, 2018

list[98]

Ivan Perišić#

 Croatia

10

0.50

2014, 2018

list[48][99]

Raúl

 Spain

11

0.45

1998, 2002, 2006

list[100]

Garrincha

 Brazil

12

0.42

(1958), 1962, 1966

[101]

Johan Neeskens

 Netherlands

12

0.42

1974, (1978)

[102]

Fernando Hierro

 Spain

12

0.42

[1990], 1994, 1998, 2002

list[103]

Zinedine Zidane

 France

12

0.42

1998, (2002), 2006

[104]

Landon Donovan♦

 United States

12

0.42

2002, (2006), 2010

list[105]

Henrik Larsson♦

 Sweden

13

0.38

1994, 2002, 2006

list[106]

Michel Platini

 France

14

0.36

1978, 1982, 1986

[107]

Zico

 Brazil

14

0.36

1978, 1982, (1986)

[108]

Gonzalo Higuaín#

 Argentina

14

0.36

2010, 2014, (2018)

list[109][110]

Edinson Cavani#

 Uruguay

14

0.36

2010, 2014, 2018

list[48][111]

Lukas Podolski

 Germany

15

0.33

2006, 2010, (2014)

list[112]

Franz Beckenbauer

 West Germany

18

0.28

1966, 1970, (1974)

list[113]

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
Progressive list of footballers that have held the record for most goals scored at the FIFA World Cup final tournaments

Goals

Date

Player

Team

Match

Opponent

Previous goals

Ref

1

July 13, 1930

Lucien Laurent

 France

 1930 – Group stage

 Mexico

N/A

[nb 6]

Bart McGhee

 United States

 1930 – Group stage

 Belgium

Marcel Langiller

 France

 1930 – Group stage

 Mexico

André Maschinot

 France

 Mexico

Tom Florie

 United States

 1930 – Group stage

 Belgium

Bert Patenaude

 United States

 Belgium

Juan Carreño

 Mexico

 1930 – Group stage

 France

2

André Maschinot

 France

 Mexico

1930 vs Mexico

July 16, 1930

Carlos Vidal

 Chile

 1930 – Group stage

 Mexico

1930 vs Mexico

[116]

July 17, 1930

Ivan Bek

 Yugoslavia

 1930 – Group stage

 Bolivia

1930 vs Brazil

[117]

3

Bert Patenaude

 United States

 1930 – Group stage

 Paraguay

1930 vs Belgium, Paraguay

[118]

4

July 22, 1930

Guillermo Stábile

 Argentina

 1930 – Group stage

 Chile

1930 vs Mexico (3)

[119]

5

6

July 26, 1930

 1930 – Semi-final

 United States

7

8

July 30, 1930

 1930 – Final

 Uruguay

June 19, 1938

Leônidas

 Brazil

 1938 – 3rd place

 Sweden

1934 vs Spain1938 vs Poland (3), Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovakia, Sweden (2)

[120]

July 13, 1950

Ademir

 Brazil

 1950 – Final round

 Spain

1950 vs Mexico (2), Yugoslavia, Sweden (3), Spain

[37]

June 27, 1954

Sándor Kocsis

 Hungary

 1954 – Quarter-final

 Brazil

1954 vs South Korea (3), West Germany (4)

[121]

9

10

June 30, 1954

 1954 – Semi-final

 Uruguay

11

June 28, 1958

Just Fontaine

 France

 1958 – 3rd place

 West Germany

1958 vs Paraguay (3), Yugoslavia (2), Scotland, Northern Ireland (2), Brazil, West Germany

[122]

12

13

July 3, 1974

Gerd Müller

 West Germany

 1974 – Second round

 Poland

1970 vs Morocco, Bulgaria (3), Peru (3), England, Italy (2) 1974 vs Australia, Yugoslavia

[11]

14

July 7, 1974

 1974 – Final

 Netherlands

June 22, 2006

Ronaldo

 Brazil

 2006 – Group stage

 Japan

1998 vs Morocco, Chile (2), Netherlands  2002 vs Turkey, China, Costa Rica (2), Belgium, Turkey, Germany (2)  2006 vs Japan

[123]

15

June 27, 2006

 2006 – Round of 16

 Ghana

June 21, 2014

Miroslav Klose

 Germany

 2014 – Group stage

 Ghana

2002 vs Saudi Arabia (3), Ireland, Cameroon  2006 vs Costa Rica (2), Ecuador (2), Argentina  2010 vs Australia, England, Argentina (2)

[124]

16

July 8, 2014

 2014 – Semi-final

 Brazil

text: Top goalscorers for each tournament[edit]

text:
Top goalscorers at each FIFA World Cup final tournament[125][126][127]

World Cup

Player

Team

Goals scored

Matches played

Golden Boot

Other FIFA Awards

 Uruguay 1930

Guillermo Stábile

 Argentina

8

4

Silver Ball

 Italy 1934

Oldřich Nejedlý

 Czechoslovakia

5

4

Bronze Ball

 France 1938

Leônidas

 Brazil

7

5

Golden Ball

 Brazil 1950

Ademir

 Brazil

8

6

Bronze Ball

  Switzerland 1954

Sándor Kocsis

 Hungary

11

5

Silver Ball

 Sweden 1958

Just Fontaine

 France

13

6

Bronze Ball

 Chile 1962

Garrincha

 Brazil

4

6

Golden Ball

Vavá

 Brazil

6

Leonel Sánchez

 Chile

6

Bronze Ball

Flórián Albert

 Hungary

4

Best Young Player

Valentin Ivanov

 Soviet Union

4

Dražan Jerković

 Yugoslavia

6

 England 1966

Eusébio

 Portugal

9

6

Bronze Ball

 Mexico 1970

Gerd Müller

 West Germany

10

6

Best Young Player, Bronze Ball

 West Germany 1974

Grzegorz Lato

 Poland

7

7

 Argentina 1978

Mario Kempes

 Argentina

6

7

Golden Ball

 Spain 1982

Paolo Rossi

 Italy

6

7

Golden Ball

 Mexico 1986

Gary Lineker

 England

6

5

 Italy 1990

Salvatore Schillaci

 Italy

6

7

Golden Ball

 USA 1994

Hristo Stoichkov

 Bulgaria

6

7

Bronze Ball

Oleg Salenko

 Russia

3

 France 1998

Davor Šuker

 Croatia

6

7

Silver Ball

 South Korea and Japan 2002

Ronaldo

 Brazil

8

7

Silver Ball

 Germany 2006

Miroslav Klose

 Germany

5

7

 South Africa 2010

Thomas Müller

 Germany

5

6

Best Young Player

David Villa

 Spain

7

Silver Boot, Bronze Ball

Wesley Sneijder

 Netherlands

7

Bronze Boot, Silver Ball

Diego Forlán

 Uruguay

7

Golden Ball

 Brazil 2014

James Rodríguez

 Colombia

6

5

 Russia 2018

Harry Kane

 England

6

6


document_title: Sodium thiosulfate

question_text: why sodium thiosulphate is known as hypo solution

text: Sodium thiosulfate

text: Uses[edit]

text: Medical uses[edit]

text:
It is used as an antidote to cyanide poisoning.[5][6] Thiosulfate serves as a sulfur donor for the conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate (which can then be safely excreted in the urine), catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanase. For this purpose it is used together with sodium nitrite.[2]
It has been used as treatment of calciphylaxis in hemodialysis people with end-stage kidney disease.[7] There is apparently an incompletely understood phenomenon whereby this causes severe metabolic acidosis in some patients.[8][9]
In foot baths for prophylaxis of ringworm, and as a topical antifungal agent for tinea versicolor.
It is used in the management of extravasations during chemotherapy. Sodium thiosulfate prevents alkylation and tissue destruction by providing a substrate for the alkylating agents that have invaded the subcutaneous tissues. The dose may be 2 ml of 0.17 M (a solution of 4 ml 10% sodium thiosulfate and 6 ml sterile water for injection). It may be instilled subcutaneously into multiple sites using a small-gauge needle. Data are limited on this method with few recommendations.[citation needed]
In measuring the volume of extracellular body fluid and the renal glomerular filtration rate.[10]
Sodium Thiosulfate can be used to neutralize and ameliorate renal toxicity of the chemotherapeutic agent Cisplatin [11]

tag: ul

text: Iodometry[edit]

text: In analytical chemistry, the most important use comes because the thiosulfate anion reacts stoichiometrically with iodine in aqueous solution, reducing it to iodide as it is oxidized to tetrathionate:

tag: p

text: Due to the quantitative nature of this reaction, as well as because Na2S2O3·5H2O has an excellent shelf-life, it is used as a titrant in iodometry. Na2S2O3·5H2O is also a component of iodine clock experiments.

text: This particular use can be set up to measure the oxygen content of water through a long series of reactions in the Winkler test for dissolved oxygen. It is also used in estimating volumetrically the concentrations of certain compounds in solution (hydrogen peroxide, for instance) and in estimating the chlorine content in commercial bleaching powder and water.

text: Photographic processing[edit]

text: Silver halides, e.g., AgBr, typical components of photographic emulsions, dissolve upon treatment with aqueous thiosulfate:

text: This application as a photographic fixer was discovered by John Herschel. It is used for both film and photographic paper processing; the sodium thiosulfate is known as a photographic fixer, and is often referred to as 'hypo', from the original chemical name, hyposulphite of soda.[12]

text: Gold extraction[edit]

text: Sodium thiosulfate is a component of an alternative lixiviant to cyanide for extraction of gold.[13] However, it forms a strong soluble complex with gold(I) ions, [Au(S2O3)2]3−. The advantage of this approach is that thiosulfate is essentially not toxic and that ore types that are refractory to gold cyanidation (e.g. carbonaceous or Carlin-type ores) can be leached by thiosulfate. Some problems with this alternative process include the high consumption of thiosulfate, and the lack of a suitable recovery technique, since [Au(S2O3)2]3− does not adsorb to activated carbon, which is the standard technique used in gold cyanidation to separate the gold complex from the ore slurry.

text: Neutralizing chlorinated water[edit]

text: It is used to dechlorinate tap water including lowering chlorine levels for use in aquaria and swimming pools and spas (e.g., following superchlorination) and within water treatment plants to treat settled backwash water prior to release into rivers.[3] The reduction reaction is analogous to the iodine reduction reaction.

text: In pH testing of bleach substances, sodium thiosulfate neutralizes the color-removing effects of bleach and allows one to test the pH of bleach solutions with liquid indicators. The relevant reaction is akin to the iodine reaction: thiosulfate reduces the hypochlorite (active ingredient in bleach) and in so doing becomes oxidized to sulfate. The complete reaction is:

text: Similarly, sodium thiosulfate reacts with bromine, removing the free bromine from solution. Solutions of sodium thiosulfate are commonly used as a precaution in chemistry laboratories when working with bromine and for the safe disposal of bromine, iodine, or other strong oxidizers.

text: Other[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Sodium thiosulfate is also used:

text:
As a component in hand warmers and other chemical heating pads that produce heat by exothermic crystallization of a supercooled solution.
In bacteriological water assessment, as it promotes the survival of coliform organisms by neutralizing residual chlorine.[14]:249[15]:572
In the tanning of leather
To demonstrate the concept of supercooling in physics classes: Sodium thiosulfate, when heated, dissolves in its own water of crystallisation. This solution can be cooled to room temperature without recrystallisation. When crystallisation is induced by the addition of a small seed crystal, the sudden temperature rise can be experienced by touch.
As part of patina recipes for copper alloys
Often used in pharmaceutical preparations as an anionic surfactant to aid in dispersion

text: Structure[edit]

text: Two polymorphs are known of the pentahydrate. The anhydrous salt exists in several polymorphs.[3] In the solid state, the thiosulfate anion is tetrahedral in shape and is notionally derived by replacing one of the oxygen atoms by a sulfur atom in a sulfate anion. The S-S distance indicates a single bond, implying that the terminal sulfur bears significant negative charge and the S-O interactions have more double-bond character.

text: Production[edit]

text: On an industrial scale, sodium thiosulfate is produced chiefly from liquid waste products of sodium sulfide or sulfur dye manufacture.[16]

text: In the laboratory, this salt can be prepared by heating an aqueous solution of sodium sulfite with sulfur or by boiling aqueous sodium hydroxide and sulfur according to this equation:[17]

text: Principal reactions[edit]

text: Upon heating to 300 °C, it decomposes to sodium sulfate and sodium polysulfide:

text: Thiosulfate salts characteristically decompose upon treatment with acids. Initial protonation occurs at sulfur. When the protonation is conducted in diethyl ether at −78 °C, H2S2O3 (thiosulfuric acid) can be obtained. It is a somewhat strong acid with pKas of 0.6 and 1.7 for the first and second dissociations, respectively.

text: Under normal conditions, acidification of solutions of this salt excess with even dilute acids results in complete decomposition to sulfur, sulfur dioxide, and water:[16]

text: This reaction is known as a "clock reaction", because when the sulfur reaches a certain concentration, the solution turns from colourless to a pale yellow. This reaction has been employed to generate colloidal sulfur. This process is used to demonstrate the concept of reaction rate in chemistry classes.

text: Aluminium cation reaction[edit]

text: Sodium thiosulfate is also used in analytical chemistry.[citation needed] It can, when heated with a sample containing aluminium cations, produce a white precipitate:

text: Organic chemistry[edit]

text: Alkylation of sodium thiosulfate gives S-alkylthiosulfates, which are called Bunte salts. This reaction is employed in one synthesis of the industrial reagent thioglycolic acid:


document_title: The World's Billionaires

question_text: who is d richest man in d world 2018

question_tokens: who is d richest man in d world 2018

text: The World's Billionaires

text: Methodology[edit]

text: Each year, Forbes employs a team of more than 50 reporters from a variety of countries to track the activity of the world's wealthiest individuals.[11] Preliminary surveys are sent to those who may qualify for the list. According to Forbes, they received three types of responses – some people try to inflate their wealth, others cooperate but leave out details, and some refuse to answer any questions.[12] Business deals are then scrutinized and estimates of valuable assets – land, homes, vehicles, artwork, etc. – are made. Interviews are conducted to vet the figures and improve the estimate of an individual's holdings. Finally, positions in a publicly traded stock are priced to market on a date roughly a month before publication. Privately held companies are priced by the prevailing price-to-sales or price-to-earnings ratios. Known debt is subtracted from assets to get a final estimate of an individual's estimated worth in United States dollars. Since stock prices fluctuate rapidly, an individual's true wealth and ranking at the time of publication may vary from their situation when the list was compiled.[11]

text: Family fortunes dispersed over a large number of relatives are included only if those individuals' holdings are worth more than a billion dollars. However, when a living individual has dispersed his or her wealth to immediate family members, it is included under a single listing provided that individual is still living.[11] Royal families and dictators that have their wealth contingent on a position are always excluded from these lists.[13]

text: Annual rankings[edit]

text: The rankings are published annually in March, so the net worth listed are snapshots taken at that time. These lists only show the top 10 wealthiest billionaires for each year.

text: In the 32nd annual Forbes list of the world's billionaires, the gap between the top one percent and the rest of the billionaires continued to widen with the 20 richest people on the planet worth $1.2 trillion that amounts to 13 percent of all billionaires' fortunes combined.[2] A record of 2,208 billionaires were in the ranking and the total wealth was $9.1 trillion, up 18% since 2017. For the first time, Jeff Bezos was listed as the top billionaire due to Amazon's rising stock price that resulted in one person's biggest one year gain in wealth ($35 billion) since Forbes started tracking in 1987.[2] The U.S. continued to have the most billionaires in the world, with a record of 585, while China is catching up with 476 (when including Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan).

text:
No.
Name
Net worth (USD)
(March 2018)

Age
Nationality
Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Bezos, JeffJeff Bezos
$112.0 billion
54
 United States
Amazon

7000200000000000000♠2
Gates, BillBill Gates
$90.0 billion
62
 United States
Microsoft

7000300000000000000♠3
Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett
$84.0 billion
87
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000400000000000000♠4
Arnault, BernardBernard Arnault
$72.0 billion
69
 France
LVMH

7000500000000000000♠5
Zuckerberg, MarkMark Zuckerberg
$71.0 billion
33
 United States
Facebook

7000600000000000000♠6
Ortega, AmancioAmancio Ortega
$70.0 billion
81
 Spain
Inditex, Zara

7000700000000000000♠7
Slim, CarlosCarlos Slim
$67.1 billion
78
 Mexico
América Móvil, Grupo Carso

7000800000000000000♠8
Koch, CharlesCharles Koch
$60.0 billion
82
 United States
Koch Industries

7000800000000000000♠8
Koch, DavidDavid Koch
$60.0 billion
77
 United States
Koch Industries

7001100000000000000♠10
Ellison, LarryLarry Ellison
$58.5 billion
73
 United States
Oracle Corporation

text: On the 30th anniversary of the Forbes' list of the world's billionaires, for the fourth year in a row, Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world.[5] In 2017, there was a record of 2,043 people on the list, which is the first time over 2,000 people were listed, that included 195 newcomers that included 76 from China and 25 from the U.S.; there were 56 people under 40 and it had a record of 227 women.[14] The number of billionaires increased 13% to 2,043 from 1,810 in 2016; this is the biggest change in over 30 years of tracking billionaires globally.[5] Added together, the total net worth for 2017's billionaires was US$7.67 trillion, up from US$7.1 trillion in 2015.[5][6] This is the first time after 12 years that Carlos Slim was not within the top five. The U.S. had the most billionaires in the world, with a record of 565. China has 319 (not including Hong Kong or Macau), Germany has 114, and India has the fourth most with 101; India has reached over 100 billionaires for its first time.

text:
No.
Name
Net worth (USD)
Age
Nationality
Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Gates, BillBill Gates
$86.0 billion
61
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett
$75.6 billion
86
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000300000000000000♠3
Bezos, JeffJeff Bezos
$72.8 billion
53
 United States
Amazon

7000400000000000000♠4
Ortega, AmancioAmancio Ortega
$71.3 billion
80
 Spain
Inditex, Zara

7000500000000000000♠5
Zuckerberg, MarkMark Zuckerberg
$56.0 billion
32
 United States
Facebook

7000600000000000000♠6
Slim, CarlosCarlos Slim
$54.5 billion
77
 Mexico
América Móvil, Grupo Carso

7000700000000000000♠7
Ellison, LarryLarry Ellison
$52.2 billion
72
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000800000000000000♠8
Koch, CharlesCharles Koch
$48.3 billion
81
 United States
Koch Industries

7000800000000000000♠8
Koch, DavidDavid Koch
$48.3 billion
76
 United States
Koch Industries

7001100000000000000♠10
Bloomberg, MichaelMichael Bloomberg
$47.5 billion
75
 United States
Bloomberg L.P.

text: For the third year in a row, Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes's 2016 list of the world's billionaires.[15] This is the 17th time that the founder of Microsoft has claimed the top spot. Amancio Ortega rose from last year's position of number four to second.[16] Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway came in third for the second consecutive time,[17] while Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim slipped down from last year's second position to fourth. Jeff Bezos of Amazon,[18] Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook[19] and Michael Bloomberg of Bloomberg L.P.,[20] appear for the first time on the Forbes top 10 billionaires list, coming at fifth, sixth and eighth position, respectively. Zuckerberg became the youngest top 10 billionaire this year at the age of 31. Larry Ellison, Charles Koch and David Koch also slipped down from their last year's positions, with Ellison dropping to seventh from fifth and the Kochs falling to ninth position from sixth, respectively.

text:
No.
Name
Net worth (USD)
Age
Nationality
Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Gates, BillBill Gates
$75.0 billion
60
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Ortega, AmancioAmancio Ortega
$67.0 billion
79
 Spain
Inditex

7000300000000000000♠3
Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett
$60.8 billion
85
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000400000000000000♠4
Slim, CarlosCarlos Slim
$50.0 billion
76
 Mexico
América Móvil, Grupo Carso

7000500000000000000♠5
Bezos, JeffJeff Bezos
$45.2 billion
52
 United States
Amazon

7000600000000000000♠6
Zuckerberg, MarkMark Zuckerberg
$44.6 billion
31
 United States
Facebook

7000700000000000000♠7
Ellison, LarryLarry Ellison
$43.6 billion
71
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000800000000000000♠8
Bloomberg, MichaelMichael Bloomberg
$40.0 billion
74
 United States
Bloomberg L.P.

7000900000000000000♠9
Koch, CharlesCharles Koch
$39.6 billion
80
 United States
Koch Industries

7000900000000000000♠9
Koch, DavidDavid Koch
$39.6 billion
75
 United States
Koch Industries

text: In the 29th annual Forbes list of global billionaires, a record 1,826 billionaires were named with an aggregated net worth of $7.1 trillion compared to $6.4 trillion last year. 46 of the billionaires in this list are under the age of 40. A record number of 290 people joined the list for the first time, of whom 25 percent hail from China, which produced a world-leading 71 newcomers. The United States came in second, with 57, followed by India, with 28, and Germany, with 23.[21] The United States has the largest number of billionaires with 526. Russia went down to 88 from 111 in 2014. Russia was placed behind China, Germany and India by the number of billionaires. Self-made billionaires made up the largest number of people on the list with 1,191 positions (over 65 percent) while just 230 (under 13 percent) have wealth through inheritance. The number of billionaires who inherited a portion but are still working to increase their fortunes is 405.[22]

text: Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes's annual list of the world's billionaires. This was the 16th time that the founder of Microsoft claimed the top spot. Carlos Slim came in second for the second consecutive time. Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway was placed third, while Amancio Ortega of Spain, slipped down a position from last year to number four. Larry Ellison, the founder of Oracle rounded off the top five. Christy Walton was the highest-ranking female at number eight. America's Evan Spiegel, co-founder of photo messaging app Snapchat became the youngest billionaire this year at the age of 24. At age 99, David Rockefeller maintained his position as the oldest billionaire to be included in the list.[23] Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of Facebook, rose to number 16 with $33.4 billion. Iceland had a billionaire, Thor Bjorgolfsson, in the list after a gap of five years. Guatemala had a billionaire, Mario Lopez Estrada, for the first time in its history.[24]

text:
No.
Name
Net worth (USD)
Age
Nationality
Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Gates, BillBill Gates
$79.2 billion
59
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Slim, CarlosCarlos Slim
$77.1 billion
75
 Mexico
América Móvil, Telmex, Grupo Carso

7000300000000000000♠3
Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett
$72.7 billion
84
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000400000000000000♠4
Ortega, AmancioAmancio Ortega
$64.5 billion
78
 Spain
Inditex

7000500000000000000♠5
Ellison, LarryLarry Ellison
$54.3 billion
70
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000600000000000000♠6
Koch, CharlesCharles Koch
$42.9 billion
79
 United States
Koch Industries

7000600000000000000♠6
Koch, DavidDavid Koch
$42.9 billion
74
 United States
Koch Industries

7000800000000000000♠8
Walton, ChristyChristy Walton
$41.7 billion
66
 United States
Walmart

7000900000000000000♠9
Walton, JimJim Walton
$40.6 billion
66
 United States
Walmart

7001100000000000000♠10
Bettencourt, LilianeLiliane Bettencourt
$40.1 billion
92
 France
L'Oreal

text: Bill Gates added $9 billion to his fortune since 2013 and topped the Forbes 2014 billionaire list. He has topped the list 15 of the previous 20 years, but his previous number one ranking was in 2009.[25] Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim came in second place after being number one the previous four years. Zara founder Amancio Ortega placed third for the second consecutive year. American investor Warren Buffett was in the top five for the 20th consecutive year, placing fourth.[26] America's Christy Walton was the highest ranking woman, placing ninth overall.[1] Aliko Dangote of Nigeria became the first African ever to enter the top 25, with an estimated net worth of $25 billion.[3]

text: A total of 1,645 people made the 2014 billionaire list, representing combined wealth of $6.4 trillion.[26] Of those, a record 268 were newcomers, surpassing 2008's 226 newcomers.[1] One hundred people listed in 2013 failed to make the list.[26] The number of women on the list rose to a record 172 in 2014.[1] Approximately 66 percent of the list was self-made, 13 percent achieved their wealth through inheritance alone, and 21 percent through a mixture of the two.[3]

text: The United States had 492 billionaires on the list, the most of any country.[26] The country also had the most newcomers with 50, and women with 54.[1] China had the second most billionaires with 152, while Russia was third with 111.[26] Algeria, Lithuania, Tanzania, and Uganda were all represented on the list for the first time. Turkey saw the most people drop off the list, 19, due to a period of high inflation in the country.[3]

text:
No.
Name
Net worth (USD)
Age
Nationality
Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Gates, BillBill Gates
$76.0 billion
58
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Slim, CarlosCarlos Slim & family
$72.0 billion
74
 Mexico
Telmex, América Móvil, Grupo Carso

7000300000000000000♠3
Ortega, AmancioAmancio Ortega
$64.0 billion
77
 Spain
Inditex

7000400000000000000♠4
Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett
$58.2 billion
83
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000500000000000000♠5
Ellison, LarryLarry Ellison
$48.0 billion
70
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000600000000000000♠6
Koch, CharlesCharles Koch
$40.0 billion
78
 United States
Koch Industries

7000600000000000000♠6
Koch, DavidDavid Koch
$40.0 billion
73
 United States
Koch Industries

7000800000000000000♠8
Adelson, SheldonSheldon Adelson
$38.0 billion
80
 United States
Las Vegas Sands

7000900000000000000♠9
Walton, ChristyChristy Walton & family
$36.7 billion
65
 United States
Walmart

7001100000000000000♠10
Walton, JimJim Walton
$34.7 billion
65
 United States
Walmart

text: Carlos Slim topped the 2013 billionaire list, marking his fourth consecutive year at the top. Bill Gates remained in second, while Amancio Ortega moved up to third. Ortega's gain of $19.5 billion was the largest of anyone on the list.[27] Warren Buffett failed to make the top three for the first time since 2000, placing fourth. Diesel founder Renzo Rosso was among the top newcomers, debuting with an estimate net worth of $3 billion.[28]

text: A global rise in asset prices, led Forbes editor Randall Lane to declare "It [was] a very good year to be a billionaire". However, it was not a good year to be Eike Batista who fell from seventh to 100th, suffering the largest net loss of anyone on the list.[27] Overall, net gainers outnumbered net losers by 4:1.[28]

text: A record total of 1,426 people made the 2013 list, representing $5.4 trillion of assets.[29] Of those, 442 billionaires hailed from the United States.[27] The Asian-Pacific region had 386 billionaires and Europe 366. The list also featured a record number of newcomers, 210, representing 42 different countries. Sixty people from the 2012 list fell below a billion dollar of assets in 2013 and eight others from the 2012 list died. The Asia-Pacific region had the most drop-offs, with 29, followed by the United States with 16. The 2013 list featured 138 women, of which 50 came from the United States. A majority of the list (961 individuals, 67 percent) was entirely self-made; 184 (13 percent) inherited their wealth, and 281 (20 percent) achieved their fortune through a combination of inheritance and business acumen.[29]

text:
No.
Name
Net worth (USD)
Age
Nationality
Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Slim, CarlosCarlos Slim & family
$73.0 billion
73
 Mexico
Telmex, América Móvil, Grupo Carso

7000200000000000000♠2
Gates, BillBill Gates
$67.0 billion
57
 United States
Microsoft

7000300000000000000♠3
Ortega, AmancioAmancio Ortega
$57.0 billion
76
 Spain
Inditex Group

7000400000000000000♠4
Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett
$53.5 billion
82
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000500000000000000♠5
Ellison, LarryLarry Ellison
$43.0 billion
68
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000600000000000000♠6
Koch, CharlesCharles Koch
$34.0 billion
77
 United States
Koch Industries

7000600000000000000♠6
Koch, DavidDavid Koch
$34.0 billion
72
 United States
Koch Industries

7000800000000000000♠8
Ka-shing, LiLi Ka-shing
$31.0 billion
84
 Hong Kong
Cheung Kong Holdings

7000900000000000000♠9
Bettencourt, LilianeLiliane Bettencourt & family
$30.0 billion
90
 France
L'Oréal

7001100000000000000♠10
Arnault, BernardBernard Arnault
$29.0 billion
63
 France
LVMH

text: Carlos Slim topped the 2012 list, marking this third consecutive year at the top. Bill Gates placed second, but narrowed the gap from 2011 as Slim's fortune fell $5 billion while Gates' rose $5 billion. Warren Buffett remained in third place. Bernard Arnault of France was the top-ranking European on the list, placing fourth.[30] Ricardo Salinas Pliego was the greatest gainer in terms of dollars, adding $9.2 billion to his fortune and moving up to number 37 overall.[30] Making her debut on the list at age 27, Spanx founder Sara Blakely became the youngest self-made female billionaire ever.[31] Colombia's Alejandro Santo Domingo was the highest-ranked newcomer, inheriting a $9.5 billion stake in Santo Domingo Group from his father.[30] India's Lakshmi Mittal was the largest loser as his fortune dropped from $31.1 billion to $20.7 billion as the price of steel maker ArcelorMittal fell sharply.[30] As a result, he failed to make the top 10 for the first time since 2004 and lost his title of richest Asian to Hong Kong’s Li Ka-shing.[32]

text: A record total of 1,226 people made the 2012 list, representing 58 different countries. Of those, 126 were newcomers to the list and 104 were women. The United States had the greatest number of billionaires with 425. Russia had 96 people on the list, while China had 95.[30] Georgia, Morocco, and Peru were newly represented on the list. Falling stock prices in Asia contributed to 117 former billionaires falling from the list worldwide. Twelve others listed in 2011 died. Overall, net gainers (460) barely outnumbered net losers (441).[32]

text: To coincide with the release of the 2012 list, Forbes announced a new "Billionaire Real-Time Ticker" updating the wealth of the world's top fifty billionaires in real time.[30]

text:
No.
Name
Net worth (USD)
Age
Nationality
Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Slim, CarlosCarlos Slim & family
$69.0 billion
72
 Mexico
Telmex, América Móvil, Grupo Carso

7000200000000000000♠2
Gates, BillBill Gates
$61.0 billion
56
 United States
Microsoft

7000300000000000000♠3
Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett
$44.0 billion
81
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000400000000000000♠4
Arnault, BernardBernard Arnault
$41.0 billion
63
 France
LVMH Moët Hennessy • Louis Vuitton

7000500000000000000♠5
Ortega, AmancioAmancio Ortega
$37.5 billion
75
 Spain
Inditex Group

7000600000000000000♠6
Ellison, LarryLarry Ellison
$36.0 billion
67
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000700000000000000♠7
Batista, EikeEike Batista
$30.0 billion
55
 Brazil
EBX Group

7000800000000000000♠8
Stefan Persson
$26.0 billion
64
 Sweden
H&M

7000900000000000000♠9
Ka-shing, LiLi Ka-shing
$25.5 billion
83
 Hong Kong
Cheung Kong Holdings

7001100000000000000♠10
Albrecht, KarlKarl Albrecht
$25.4 billion
92
 Germany
Aldi

text: In the 25th annual Forbes list of global billionaires, Carlos Slim added $20.5 billion to his fortune, the most of anyone, and retained his number one ranking with a total fortune of $74 billion. Bill Gates remained in second place with $56 billion, while Warren Buffett was third with $50 billion. The top 10 had a combined wealth of $406 billion, up from $342 billion in 2010.[33] According to Forbes editor Kerry Dolan, "media and technology billionaires definitely benefited from a stronger stock market and a growing enthusiasm for all things social" since the 2010 list.[34] However, Nigerian commodity mogul Aliko Dangote was the greatest gainer on a percentage basis as his fortune increased 557 percent to $13.5 billion. Mark Zuckerberg was one of seven Facebook-related billionaires on the list, as he $9.5 billion to his fortune to move up to 52nd. Facebook co-founder Dustin Moskovitz was the youngest person on the list. Aged 26, eight days younger than Zuckerberg, he debuted at number 420 with an estimated fortune of $2.7 billion. IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad was the largest loser as he saw his fortune plummet from $23 billion to $6 billion, dropping him from 11th to 162nd overall.[33]

text: A record 1,210 billionaires made the 2011 list, representing a combined wealth of $4.5 trillion, up from $3.6 trillion the previous year.[35] One third of the world's billionaires, 413, came from the United States. China had the second most billionaires with 115, while Russia was third with 101. Asia moved up to 332 billionaires, passing Europe as a region for the first time since the 1990s.[33] The 2011 list included 214 newcomers and the average net worth of those on it increased to $3.7 billion.[34]

text:
No.
Name
Net worth (USD)
Age
Nationality
Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Slim, CarlosCarlos Slim & family
$74.0 billion
71
 Mexico
Telmex, América Móvil, Grupo Carso

7000200000000000000♠2
Gates, BillBill Gates
$56.0 billion
55
 United States
Microsoft

7000300000000000000♠3
Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett
$50.0 billion
80
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000400000000000000♠4
Arnault, BernardBernard Arnault
$41.0 billion
62
 France
LVMH Moët Hennessy • Louis Vuitton

7000500000000000000♠5
Ellison, LarryLarry Ellison
$39.5 billion
66
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000600000000000000♠6
Mittal, LakshmiLakshmi Mittal
$31.1 billion
60
 India
Arcelor Mittal

7000700000000000000♠7
Ortega, AmancioAmancio Ortega
$31.0 billion
74
 Spain
Inditex Group

7000800000000000000♠8
Batista, EikeEike Batista
$30.0 billion
53
 Brazil
EBX Group

7000900000000000000♠9
Ambani, MukeshMukesh Ambani
$27.0 billion
54
 India
Reliance Industries

7001100000000000000♠10
Walton, ChristyChristy Walton & family
$26.5 billion
62
 United States
Walmart

text: Carlos Slim narrowly eclipsed Bill Gates to top the billionaire list for the first time. Slim saw his estimated worth surge $18.5 billion to $53.5 billion as shares of America Movil rose 35 percent. Gates' estimated wealth rose $13 billion to $53 billion, placing him second. Warren Buffett was third with $47 billion.[36] Christy Walton was the highest-ranking woman, placing 12th overall, with an inherited fortune of $22.5 billion.[37] At age 25, Mark Zuckerberg continued to be the world's youngest self-made billionaire.[12] American Isaac Perlmutter was among the newcomers with an estimated fortune of $4 billion largely acquired in his sale of Marvel Entertainment to Disney.[36]

text: A total of 1,011 people made the 2010 list. The United States accounted for 403 billionaires, followed by China with 89 and Russia with 62.[37] It was the first time China, while including Hong Kong, placed second.[36] A total of 55 countries were represented on the 2010 list, including Finland and Pakistan which claimed their first billionaires.[37] Eighty-nine women made the list, but only 14 of them were self-made.[37] The combined net worth of the list was $3.6 trillion, up 50 percent from 2009's $2.4 trillion, while the average net worth was $3.5 billion.[12]

text: The 2010 list featured 164 re-entries and 97 true newcomers.[12] Asia accounted for more than 100 of the new entrants. Overall, just 12 percent of the list lost wealth since 2009, and 30 people fell off the list. Thirteen others died.[36] Of the 89 women, 12 were newcomers in 2010. Steve Forbes said the growing number of billionaires was clear sign that the world's economy was recovering from 2009's global financial crisis.[12]

text: In June 2010, Warren Buffett and Bill Gates announce The Giving Pledge that is a promise to give the majority of their wealth to philanthropy. As of 2017, the pledge has 158 signatories, but some of the signatories have since died. Most of the signers of the pledge are billionaires, and their pledges total to over $365 billion.[38]

text:
No.
Name
Net worth (USD)
Age
Nationality
Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Slim, CarlosCarlos Slim & family
$53.5 billion
70
 Mexico
Telmex, América Móvil, Grupo Carso

7000200000000000000♠2
Gates, BillBill Gates
$53.0 billion
54
 United States
Microsoft

7000300000000000000♠3
Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett
$47.0 billion
79
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000400000000000000♠4
Ambani, MukeshMukesh Ambani
$29.0 billion
53
 India
Reliance Industries

7000500000000000000♠5
Mittal, LakshmiLakshmi Mittal
$28.7 billion
60
 India
Arcelor Mittal

7000600000000000000♠6
Ellison, LarryLarry Ellison
$28.0 billion
66
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000700000000000000♠7
Arnault, BernardBernard Arnault
$27.5 billion
61
 France
LVMH Moët Hennessy • Louis Vuitton

7000800000000000000♠8
Batista, EikeEike Batista
$27.0 billion
53
 Brazil
EBX Group

7000900000000000000♠9
Ortega, AmancioAmancio Ortega
$25.0 billion
74
 Spain
Inditex Group

7001100000000000000♠10
Albrecht, KarlKarl Albrecht
$23.5 billion
90
 Germany
Aldi Süd

text: In the wake of the Financial crisis of 2007–2008, the world's billionaires lose $2 trillion in net worth and the list becomes 30% smaller than the previous year's list.[39]

text:
No.
Name
Net worth (USD)
Age
Nationality
Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Gates, BillBill Gates
$40.0 billion
53
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett
$37.0 billion
78
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000300000000000000♠3
Slim, CarlosCarlos Slim
$35.0 billion
69
 Mexico
Telmex, América Móvil

7000400000000000000♠4
Ellison, LarryLarry Ellison
$22.5 billion
64
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000500000000000000♠5
Kamprad, IngvarIngvar Kamprad
$22.0 billion
83
 Sweden
IKEA

7000600000000000000♠6
Albrecht, KarlKarl Albrecht
$21.5 billion
89
 Germany
Aldi Süd

7000700000000000000♠7
Ambani, MukeshMukesh Ambani
$19.5 billion
52
 India
Reliance Industries

7000800000000000000♠8
Mittal, LakshmiLakshmi Mittal
$19.3 billion
58
 India
Arcelor Mittal

7000900000000000000♠9
Albrecht, TheoTheo Albrecht
$18.8 billion
87
 Germany
Aldi Nord, Trader Joe's

7001100000000000000♠10
Ortega, AmancioAmancio Ortega
$18.3 billion
73
 Spain
Inditex Group

text: Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, four years after starting the company, joins the list at 23 to become the youngest self-made billionaire.

text:
No.
Name
Net worth (USD)
Age
Nationality
Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett
$62.0 billion
77
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000200000000000000♠2
Slim, CarlosCarlos Slim
$60.0 billion
68
 Mexico
Telmex, América Móvil

7000300000000000000♠3
Gates, BillBill Gates
$58.0 billion
52
 United States
Microsoft

7000400000000000000♠4
Mittal, LakshmiLakshmi Mittal
$45.0 billion
57
 India
Arcelor Mittal

7000500000000000000♠5
Ambani, MukeshMukesh Ambani
$43.0 billion
51
 India
Reliance Industries

7000600000000000000♠6
Ambani, AnilAnil Ambani
$42.0 billion
48
 India
Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group

7000700000000000000♠7
Kamprad, IngvarIngvar Kamprad
$31.0 billion
81
 Sweden
IKEA

7000800000000000000♠8
Pal Singh, KushalKushal Pal Singh
$30.0 billion
76
 India
DLF Group

7000900000000000000♠9
Deripaska, OlegOleg Deripaska
$28.0 billion
40
 Russia
Rusal

7001100000000000000♠10
Albrecht, Karl Karl Albrecht
$27.0 billion
88
 Germany
Aldi Süd

text:
No.
Name
Net worth (USD)
Age
Nationality
Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Gates, BillBill Gates
$56.0 billion
51
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett
$52.0 billion
76
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000300000000000000♠3
Slim, CarlosCarlos Slim
$49.0 billion
67
 Mexico
Telmex, América Móvil, Grupo Carso

7000400000000000000♠4
Ingvar Kamprad
$33.0 billion
80
 Sweden
IKEA

7000500000000000000♠5
Mittal, LakshmiLakshmi Mittal
$32.0 billion
56
 India
Arcelor Mittal

7000600000000000000♠6
Adelson, SheldonSheldon Adelson
$26.5 billion
73
 United States
Las Vegas Sands

7000700000000000000♠7
Arnault, BernardBernard Arnault
$26.0 billion
58
 France
LVMH

7000800000000000000♠8
Ortega, AmancioAmancio Ortega
$24.0 billion
71
 Spain
Inditex Group

7000900000000000000♠9
Ka-shing, LiLi Ka-shing
$23.0 billion
78
 Hong Kong
Cheung Kong Holdings, Hutchison Whampoa

7001100000000000000♠10
David Thomson
$22.0 billion
49
 Canada
Thomson Corporation

text: Free cash used by consumers from home equity extraction, known as the real estate bubble created a total of nearly $5 trillion in 2005, contributing to economic growth worldwide.[40]

text:
No.
Name
Net worth (USD)
Age
Nationality
Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Gates, BillBill Gates
$52.0 billion
50
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett
$42.0 billion
75
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000300000000000000♠3
Slim, CarlosCarlos Slim
$30.0 billion
66
 Mexico
Telmex

7000400000000000000♠4
Kamprad, IngvarIngvar Kamprad
$28.0 billion
79
 Sweden
IKEA

7000500000000000000♠5
Mittal, LakshmiLakshmi Mittal
$23.5 billion
55
 India
Mittal Steel Company

7000600000000000000♠6
Allen, PaulPaul Allen
$22.0 billion
53
 United States
Microsoft

7000700000000000000♠7
Arnault, BernardBernard Arnault
$21.5 billion
57
 France
LVMH Moët Hennessy • Louis Vuitton

7000800000000000000♠8
Al-Waleed, PrincePrince Al-Waleed
$20.0 billion
49
 Saudi Arabia
Kingdom Holding Company

7000900000000000000♠9
Thomson, KennethKenneth Thomson
$19.6 billion
82
 Canada
The Thomson Corporation

7001100000000000000♠10
Shing, Li KaLi Ka Shing
$18.8 billion
77
 Hong Kong
 Canada
Cheung Kong Group, Hutchison Whampoa

text:
No.
Name
Net worth (USD)
Age
Nationality
Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Gates, BillBill Gates
$46.5 billion
49
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett
$44.0 billion
74
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000300000000000000♠3
Mittal, LakshmiLakshmi Mittal
$25.0 billion
54
 India
Mittal Steel Company

7000400000000000000♠4
Slim, CarlosCarlos Slim
$23.8 billion
65
 Mexico
Telmex

7000500000000000000♠5
Al-Waleed, PrincePrince Al-Waleed
$23.7 billion
49
 Saudi Arabia
Kingdom Holding Company

7000600000000000000♠6
Kamprad, IngvarIngvar Kamprad
$23.0 billion
79
 Sweden
IKEA

7000700000000000000♠7
Allen, PaulPaul Allen
$21.0 billion
52
 United States
Microsoft

7000800000000000000♠8
Albrecht, KarlKarl Albrecht
$18.5 billion
85
 Germany
Aldi Süd

7000900000000000000♠9
Ellison, LarryLarry Ellison
$18.4 billion
60
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7001100000000000000♠10
Walton, S. RobsonS. Robson Walton
$18.3 billion
61
 United States
Walmart

text: The founders of Google, Sergey Brin and Larry Page, become billionaires at age 30.

text:
No.
Name
Net worth (USD)
Age
Nationality
Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Gates, BillBill Gates
$46.6 billion
48
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett
$42.9 billion
73
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000300000000000000♠3
Albrecht, KarlKarl Albrecht
$23.0 billion
84
 Germany
Aldi Süd

7000400000000000000♠4
Al-Waleed, PrincePrince Al-Waleed
$21.5 billion
47
 Saudi Arabia
Kingdom Holding Company

7000500000000000000♠5
Allen, PaulPaul Allen
$21.0 billion
51
 United States
Microsoft

7000600000000000000♠6
Walton, AliceAlice Walton*
$20.0 billion
55
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000600000000000000♠6
Walton, HelenHelen Walton*
$20.0 billion
84
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000600000000000000♠6
Walton, JimJim Walton*
$20.0 billion
56
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000600000000000000♠6
Walton, JohnJohn Walton*
$20.0 billion
58
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000600000000000000♠6
Walton, S. RobsonS. Robson Walton*
$20.0 billion
60
 United States
Wal-Mart

text: Oprah Winfrey becomes the first female African American billionaire.

text:
No.
Name
Net worth (USD)
Age
Nationality
Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Gates, BillBill Gates
$40.7 billion
47
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett
$30.5 billion
72
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000300000000000000♠3
Karl and Theo Albrecht
$25.6 billion
83
 Germany
Aldi Süd

7000400000000000000♠4
Allen, PaulPaul Allen
$20.1 billion
50
 United States
Microsoft

7000500000000000000♠5
Al-Waleed, PrincePrince Al-Waleed
$17.7 billion
46
 Saudi Arabia
Kingdom Holding Company

7000600000000000000♠6
Ellison, LarryLarry Ellison
$16.6 billion
58
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000700000000000000♠7
Walton, AliceAlice Walton*
$16.5 billion
54
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000700000000000000♠7
Walton, HelenHelen Walton*
$16.5 billion
83
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000700000000000000♠7
Walton, JimJim Walton*
$16.5 billion
55
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000700000000000000♠7
Walton, JohnJohn Walton*
$16.5 billion
57
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000700000000000000♠7
Walton, S. RobsonS. Robson Walton*
$16.5 billion
59
 United States
Wal-Mart

text: As a result of the market crash caused by the Dot-com bubble, 83 billionaires drop off the list from the previous year.

text:
No.
Name
Net worth (USD)
Age
Nationality
Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Gates, BillBill Gates
$52.8 billion
46
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett
$35.0 billion
71
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000300000000000000♠3
Karl and Theo Albrecht
$26.8 billion
82
 Germany
Aldi Süd

7000400000000000000♠4
Allen, PaulPaul Allen
$25.2 billion
49
 United States
Microsoft

7000500000000000000♠5
Ellison, LarryLarry Ellison
$23.5 billion
57
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000600000000000000♠6
Walton, JimJim Walton*
$20.8 billion
54
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000700000000000000♠7
Walton, JohnJohn Walton*
$20.7 billion
56
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000800000000000000♠8
Walton, AliceAlice Walton*
$20.5 billion
53
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000800000000000000♠8
Walton, S. RobsonS. Robson Walton*
$20.5 billion
58
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000800000000000000♠8
Walton, HelenHelen Walton*
$20.5 billion
82
 United States
Wal-Mart

text: In 2001, BET founder Robert L. Johnson became the first ever African-American billionaire.[41]

text:
No.
Name
Net worth (USD)
Age
Nationality
Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Gates, BillBill Gates
$58.7 billion
45
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett
$32.3 billion
70
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000300000000000000♠3
Allen, PaulPaul Allen
$30.4 billion
48
 United States
Microsoft

7000400000000000000♠4
Ellison, LarryLarry Ellison
$26.0 billion
56
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000500000000000000♠5
Karl and Theo Albrecht
$25.0 billion
81
 Germany
Aldi

7000600000000000000♠6
Al-Waleed, PrincePrince Al-Waleed
$20.0 billion
44
 Saudi Arabia
Kingdom Holding Company

7000700000000000000♠7
Walton, JimJim Walton*
$18.8 billion
53
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000800000000000000♠8
Walton, JohnJohn Walton*
$18.7 billion
55
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000900000000000000♠9
Walton, S. RobsonS. Robson Walton*
$18.6 billion
57
 United States
Wal-Mart

7001100000000000000♠10
Walton, AliceAlice Walton*
$18.5 billion
52
 United States
Wal-Mart

7001100000000000000♠10
Walton, HelenHelen Walton*
$18.5 billion
81
 United States
Wal-Mart

text: Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal-Mart. Had he been alive in 2001, Sam Walton would have been the world's wealthiest person.

text: Bill Gates became the first American to take the top spot of the World's Billionaires in 1995 with a net worth of $12.5 billion and he remained there during the Dot-com bubble's height in 1999 when Gates' fortune peaked at $90 billion. After the dot-com bubble started to collapse in 2000, his wealth dropped to $60 billion although he remained at the top of the list.

text:
No.
Name
Net worth (USD)
Age
Nationality
Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Gates, BillBill Gates
$60.0 billion
44
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Ellison, LarryLarry Ellison
$47.0 billion
55
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000300000000000000♠3
Allen, PaulPaul Allen
$28.0 billion
47
 United States
Microsoft

7000400000000000000♠4
Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett
$25.6 billion
69
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000500000000000000♠5
Karl and Theo Albrecht
$20.0 billion
80
 Germany
Aldi Süd

7000600000000000000♠6
Al-Waleed, PrincePrince Al-Waleed
$20.0 billion
43
 Saudi Arabia
Kingdom Holding Company

7000700000000000000♠7
Walton, S. RobsonS. Robson Walton
$20.0 billion
57
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000800000000000000♠8
Son, MasayoshiMasayoshi Son
$19.4 billion
43
 Japan
Softbank Capital, SoftBank Mobile

7000900000000000000♠9
Dell, MichaelMichael Dell
$19.1 billion
35
 United States
Dell

7001100000000000000♠10
Thomson, KennethKenneth Thomson
$16.1 billion
77
 Canada
The Thomson Corporation

text: Legend[edit]

text:
Icon
Description

Has not changed from the previous ranking.

Has increased from the previous ranking.

Has decreased from the previous ranking.

text: Statistics[edit]

text: The dot-com bubble created the most paper wealth for some billionaires. However, once the dotcom bubble burst the new rich saw their fortunes disappear.[42] Billionaires' fortunes were hit even harder by the global financial crisis; 2009 was the first time in five years that the world had a net loss in the number of billionaires.[43] The strong performance of the financial markets and global economic recovery have erased financial assets losses. Most of the richest people in the world have seen their fortunes soar in the early 2010s.[44][45]

text:
Number and combined net worth of billionaires by year[46]

Year
Number of billionaires
Group's combined net worth

2018
2,208
$9.1 trillion

2017
2,043
$7.7 trillion

2016
1,810
$6.5 trillion

2015[6]
1,826
$7.1 trillion

2014[47]
1,645
$6.4 trillion

2013[48]
1,426
$5.4 trillion

2012
1,226
$4.6 trillion

2011
1,210
$4.5 trillion

2010
1,011
$3.6 trillion

2009
793
$2.4 trillion

2008
1,125
$4.4 trillion

2007
946
$3.5 trillion

2006
793
$2.6 trillion

2005
691
$2.2 trillion

2004
587
$1.9 trillion

2003
476
$1.4 trillion

2002
497
$1.5 trillion

2001
538
$1.8 trillion

2000
470
$0.9 trillion$898 billion

text: Source: Forbes.[6][47][46][48]


document_title: Pledge of Allegiance (United States)

question_text: when did we start saying the pledge of allegiance in schools

text: Pledge of Allegiance (United States)

text: Recital[edit]

text: Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge, as do many government meetings at local levels, and meetings held by many private organizations. All states except Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly-scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools, although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students cannot be compelled to recite the Pledge, nor can they be punished for not doing so.[8] A number of states state flag pledges of allegiance to be recited after this.[9]

text: The United States Flag Code says:

text: The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag—"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."[10]—should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute. Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform.[2]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Balch and Bellamy pledges[edit]

text: The Pledge of Allegiance, as it exists in its current form, was composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy (1855–1931), who was a Baptist minister, a Christian socialist,[11][12] and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy (1850–1898). There did exist a previous version created by Rear Admiral George Balch, a veteran of the Civil War, who later become auditor of the New York Board of Education. Balch's pledge, which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference, read:

text: We give our heads and hearts to God and our country; one country, one language, one flag![3]

text: Balch was a proponent of teaching children, especially those of immigrants, loyalty to the United States, even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school.[3][13] Balch's pledge, which predates Bellamy's by 5 years and was embraced by many schools, by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s, and by the Grand Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference, is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge.[14] Bellamy, however, did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it, referring to the text as "too juvenile and lacking in dignity."[15] The Bellamy "Pledge of Allegiance" was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular children's magazine The Youth's Companion as part of the National Public-School Celebration of Columbus Day, a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham, a marketer for the magazine, as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to sell flags to public schools.[16] According to author Margarette S. Miller, this campaign was in line both with Upham's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest. According to Miller, Upham "would often say to his wife: 'Mary, if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded, and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into The Constitution, I shall not have lived in vain.'"[17]

text: Bellamy's original Pledge read:

text: I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.[1][18]

text: The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point. Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds. As a socialist, he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity[16] but decided against it, knowing that the state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans.[19]

text: Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag. By June 29, 1892, Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations. This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335. Subsequently, the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12, 1892, during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World's Columbian Exposition (the Chicago World's Fair), Illinois.[20]

text: Matt Bellamy's account[edit]

text: In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge Francis Bellamy said, "At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was (sic) at a low ebb. The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools."[15] James Upham "felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse,"[15] so his publication "fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost, which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year (1892-93).[15]

text: As the World's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas, Upham sought to link the publication's flag drive to the event, "so that every school in the land ... would have a flag raising, under the most impressive conditions."[15] Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying "not only the superintendents of education in all the States, but [he] also worked with governors, Congressmen, and even the President of the United States."[15] The publication's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12, 1892, to be Columbus Day for which The Youth's Companion made "an official program for universal use in all the schools."[15] Bellamy recalled that the event "had to be more than a list of exercises. The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity."[15]

text: Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event, and "There was also an oration suitable for declamation."[15] Bellamy held that "Of course, the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag, with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison."[15] He found "There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute. The Balch salute, which ran, "I give my heart and my hand to my country, one country, one language, one flag," seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity."[15] After working on the idea with Upham, Bellamy concluded, "It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea. I especially stressed the word 'allegiance'. ... Beginning with the new word allegiance, I first decided that 'pledge' was a better school word than 'vow' or 'swear'; and that the first person singular should be used, and that 'my' flag was preferable to 'the.'"[15] Bellamy considered the words "country, nation, or Republic," choosing the last as "it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution. The true reason for allegiance to the flag is the Republic for which it stands."[15] Bellamy then reflected on the sayings of Revolutionary and Civil War figures, and concluded "all that pictured struggle reduced itself to three words, one Nation indivisible."[15]

text: Bellamy considered the slogan of the French Revolution, Liberté, égalité, fraternité ("liberty, equality, fraternity"), but held that "fraternity was too remote of realization, and … [that] equality was a dubious word."[15] Concluding "Liberty and justice were surely basic, were undebatable, and were all that any one Nation could handle. If they were exercised for all. they involved the spirit of equality and fraternity."[15]

text: After being reviewed by Upham and other members of The Youth's Companion, the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Day program. Bellamy noted that, "In later years the words 'to my flag' were changed to 'to the flag of the United States of America' because of the large number of foreign children in the schools."[15] Bellamy disliked the change, as "it did injure the rhythmic balance of the original composition."[15]

text: Changes[edit]

text: In 1906, The Daughters of the American Revolution's magazine, The American Monthly, listed the "formula of allegiance" as being the Balch Pledge of Allegiance, which reads:[14]

text: I pledge allegiance to my flag, and the republic for which it stands. I pledge my head and my heart to God and my country. One country, one language and one flag.

text: In subsequent publications of the Daughters of the American Revolution, such as in 1915's "Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution" and 1916's annual "National Report," the Balch Pledge, listed as official in 1906, is now categorized as "Old Pledge" with Bellamy's version under the heading "New Pledge."[21][22] However, the "Old Pledge" continued to be used by other organizations until the National Flag Conference established uniform flag procedures in 1923.

text: In 1923, the National Flag Conference called for the words "my Flag" to be changed to "the Flag of the United States," so that new immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US. The words "of America" were added a year later. Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time, in the following form, on June 22, 1942:[23]

text: I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.

text: Addition of "under God"[edit]

text: Louis Albert Bowman, an attorney from Illinois, was the first to suggest the addition of "under God" to the pledge. The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea.[24][25] He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. At a meeting on February 12, 1948,[24] he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words "under God" added. He said that the words came from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words "under God", all the reporters' transcripts of the speech as delivered do, as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said "that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom." Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings.[24]

text: In 1951, the Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization, also began including the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance.[26] In New York City, on April 30, 1951, the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words "under God" after the words "one nation." Over the next two years, the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide. On August 21, 1952, the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual meeting adopted a resolution urging that the change be made universal, and copies of this resolution were sent to the President, the Vice President (as Presiding Officer of the Senate), and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24, 1952, adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president, Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart. Several State Fraternal Congresses acted likewise almost immediately thereafter. This campaign led to several official attempts to prompt Congress to adopt the Knights of Columbus policy for the entire nation. These attempts were eventually a success.[27]

text: In 1952, Holger Christian Langmack suggested in a letter to President Truman adding "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance. Langmack was a Danish philosopher and educator who came to the US in 1911. He was one of the originators of the National Prayer Breakfast and a religious leader in Washington, D.C. Truman met with Langmack and with several others to discuss the addition.[citation needed] At the suggestion of a correspondent, Representative Louis C. Rabaut (D-Mich.), of Michigan sponsored a resolution to add the words "under God" to the Pledge in 1953.[citation needed]

text: Before February 1954, no endeavor to get the pledge officially amended had succeeded. The final successful push came from George MacPherson Docherty. Some American presidents honored Lincoln's birthday by attending services at the church Lincoln attended, New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by sitting in Lincoln's pew on the Sunday nearest February 12. On February 7, 1954, with President Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln's pew, the church's pastor, George MacPherson Docherty, delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled "A New Birth of Freedom." He argued that the nation's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and higher purpose. He noted that the Pledge's sentiments could be those of any nation: "There was something missing in the pledge, and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive factor in the American way of life." He cited Lincoln's words "under God" as defining words that set the US apart from other nations.[citation needed]

text: President Eisenhower had been baptized a Presbyterian very recently, just a year before. He responded enthusiastically to Docherty in a conversation following the service. Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on February 8, 1954, Rep. Charles Oakman (R-Mich.), introduced a bill to that effect. Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the bill into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[28] Eisenhower said:[29]

text: From this day forward, the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town, every village and rural school house, the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty.... In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America's heritage and future; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country's most powerful resource, in peace or in war.

text: The phrase "under God" was incorporated into the Pledge of Allegiance on June 14, 1954, by a Joint Resolution of Congress amending § 4 of the Flag Code enacted in 1942.[28]

text: On October 6, 1954, the National Executive Committee of the American Legion adopted a resolution, first approved by the Illinois American Legion Convention in August 1954, which formally recognized the Knights of Columbus for having initiated and brought forward the amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance.[27]

text: Even though the movement behind inserting "under God" into the pledge might have been initiated by a private religious fraternity and even though references to God appear in previous versions of the pledge, author Kevin Kruse asserts that this movement was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that capitalism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed. Kruse acknowledges the insertion of the phrase was influenced by the push-back against atheistic communism during the Cold War, but argues the longer arc of history shows the conflation of Christianity and capitalism as a challenge to the New Deal played the larger role.[30]

text: Salute[edit]

text: Swearing of the Pledge is accompanied by a salute. An early version of the salute, adopted in 1887, known as the Balch Salute, which accompanied the Balch pledge, instructed students to stand with their right hand outstretched toward the flag, the fingers of which are then brought to the forehead, followed by being placed flat over the heart, and finally falling to the side.[3]

text: In 1892, Francis Bellamy created what was known as the Bellamy salute. It started with the hand outstretched toward the flag, palm down, and ended with the palm up. Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute, which was adopted in Germany later, the US Congress stipulated that the hand-over-the-heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the US would be the salute to replace the Bellamy salute. Removal of the Bellamy salute occurred on December 22, 1942, when Congress amended the Flag Code language first passed into law on June 22, 1942.[31] Attached to bills passed in Congress in 2008 and then in 2009 (Section 301(b)(1)of title 36, United States Code), language was included which authorized all active duty military personnel and all veterans in civilian clothes to render a proper hand salute during the raising and lowering of the flag, when the colors are presented, and during the National Anthem.[32]

text: Music[edit]

text: A musical setting for "The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag" was created by Irving Caesar, at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase "under God" was signed into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[33]

text: The composer, Irving Caesar, wrote and published over 700 songs in his lifetime. Dedicated to social issues, he donated all rights of the musical setting to the U.S. government, so that anyone can perform the piece without owing royalties.[34][35]

text: It was sung for the first time on the floor of the House of Representatives on Flag Day, June 14, 1955 by the official Air Force choral group the "Singing Sergeants". A July 29, 1955 House and Senate resolution authorized the U.S. Government Printing Office to print and distribute the song sheet together with a history of the pledge.[36]

text: Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted, including by Beck (2003), Lovrekovich (2002 and 2001), Roton (1991), Fijol (1986), and Girardet (1983).[37]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In 1940, the Supreme Court, in Minersville School District v. Gobitis, ruled that students in public schools, including the respondents in that case—Jehovah's Witnesses who considered the flag salute to be idolatry—could be compelled to swear the Pledge. In 1943, in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, the Supreme Court reversed its decision. Justice Robert H. Jackson, writing for the 6 to 3 majority, went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds, and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country, concluding with:[38]

text: If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein. If there are any circumstances which permit an exception, they do not now occur to us.

text: In a later case, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge.[39]

text: Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds.

text: One objection is that a democratic republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it, and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing, which itself is also a form of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging allegiance.[40][39] Another objection is that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day, small children in schools, cannot really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making.[41] Another criticism is that a government requiring or promoting this phrase violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.[42]

text: In 2004, linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, but to Lincoln and his contemporaries, "under God" meant "God willing", so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd.[43][44]

text: Legal challenges[edit]

text: Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah's Witnesses, a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God, and who objected to policies in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag.[45] They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. The first case was in 1935, when two children, Lillian and William Gobitas, ages ten and twelve, were expelled from the Minersville, Pennsylvania, public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance.[46][47]

text: In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow, whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase "under God" an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism when the Pledge was promoted in public school. In 2004, the Supreme Court heard Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, an appeal of the ruling, and rejected Newdow's claim on the grounds that he was not the custodial parent, and therefore lacked standing, thus avoiding ruling on the merits of whether the phrase was constitutional in a school-sponsored recitation. On January 3, 2005, a new suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California on behalf of three unnamed families. On September 14, 2005, District Court Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor. Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Judge Karlton issued an Order stating that, upon proper motion, he would enjoin the school district defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging allegiance to "one Nation under God."[48]

text: A 2005 Bill, H.R. 2389, to prohibit the Supreme Court's and most federal courts from considering any legal challenges to the government's requiring or promoting of the Pledge of Allegiance, died in the Senate after having passed in the House. This action is viewed[by whom?] in general as court stripping by Congress of the constitutional power of the Judiciary. Even if a similar bill is enacted, its practical effect may not be clear:[opinion] proponents of the bill have said that it is a valid exercise of Congress's power to regulate the jurisdiction of the federal courts under Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution, but opponents say Congress does not have the authority to prevent the Supreme Court from hearing claims based on the Bill of Rights, since amendments postdate the original text of the Constitution and may thus implicitly limit the scope of Article III, Section 2. Judges and legal analysts have said that if Congress can remove from the judicial branch the ability to determine if legislation is constitutional, the US separation of powers would be disturbed, or rendered non-functional.[49]

text: Mark J. Pelavin, former Associate Director of the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, said of court stripping in regard to the Pledge of Allegiance that:[50][51]

text: Today's House adoption of the so-called "Pledge Protection Act" is a shameful effort to strip our federal courts of their ability to uphold the rights of all Americans. By removing the jurisdiction of federal courts, including the Supreme Court, from cases involving the Pledge, this legislation sets a dangerous precedent: threatening religious liberty, compromising the vital system of checks and balances upon which our government was founded, and granting Congress the authority to strip the courts' jurisdiction on any issue it wishes. Today, the issue was the Pledge of Allegiance, but tomorrow it could be reproductive rights, civil rights, or any other fundamental concern.

text: In 2006, in the Florida case Frazier v. Alexandre, a federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution.[52] As a result of that decision, a Florida school district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called "unpatriotic" by a teacher.[53]

text: In 2009, a Montgomery County, Maryland, teacher berated and had school police remove a 13-year-old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom. The student's mother, assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland, sought and received an apology from the teacher, as state law and the school's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge.[54]

text: On March 11, 2010, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District.[55][56] In a 2–1 decision, the appellate court ruled that the words were of a "ceremonial and patriotic nature" and did not constitute an establishment of religion.[55] Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented, writing that "the state-directed, teacher-led daily recitation in public schools of the amended 'under God' version of the Pledge of Allegiance... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution."[57]

text: On November 12, 2010, in a unanimous decision, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge's reference to God does not violate non-pledging students' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary.[58][59] A United States Supreme Court appeal of this decision was denied on June 13, 2011.[60][61]

text: In September 2013, a case was brought before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, arguing that the pledge violates the Equal Rights Amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts.[62] In May 2014, Massachusetts' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists, saying that the words "under God" represent a patriotic, not a religious, exercise.[63]

text: In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit, ruling that "… the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who don't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message."[64] The case against the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase "under God"in the pledge created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers "second-class citizens."In a twenty-one page decision, Bauman wrote, "Under [the association members'] reasoning, the very constitution under which [the members] seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional, an absurd proposition which [association members] do not and cannot advance here."[64] Bauman said the student could skip the pledge, but upheld a New Jersey law that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have "conscientious scruples"that do not allow it.[65][66] He noted, "As a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787.”