document_title: List of presidents of the United States by age

question_text: who was the youngest us president to die in office

text: Age of U.S. presidents

text: The median age upon accession to the presidency is roughly 55 years and 6 months. This is about how old Benjamin Harrison was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president at the age of 42 years, 322 days, following William McKinley's assassination; the oldest was Donald Trump, who was 70 years, 220 days old at his inauguration. The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy, at 43 years, 163 days of age on election day; the oldest was Ronald Reagan, who was 73 years, 274 days old at the time of his election to a second term.

text: Assassinated three years into his term, John F. Kennedy was the youngest at the time of leaving office (46 years, 177 days); the youngest president to leave office at the conclusion of a normal transition was Theodore Roosevelt (50 years, 128 days). The oldest at the time of leaving office was Ronald Reagan (77 years, 349 days).

text: Born on May 29, 1917, John F. Kennedy was younger than four of his successors, the greatest number to date: Lyndon Johnson (8 years, 9 months, and 2 days); Ronald Reagan (6 years, 3 months, and 23 days); Richard Nixon (4 years, 4 months, and 16 days); and Gerald Ford (3 years, 10 months, and 15 days).

text: Born on February 11, 1911, Ronald Reagan was older than four of his predecessors, the greatest number to date: Richard Nixon (1 year, 11 months, and 7 days); Gerald Ford (2 years, 5 months, and 8 days); John F. Kennedy (6 years, 3 months, and 23 days); and Jimmy Carter (13 years, 7 months, and 25 days).

text: Three presidents—Donald Trump, George W. Bush, and Bill Clinton—were born in 1946 (all within the span of 9 weeks). This is the only calendar year in which three presidents have been born. Two presidents—James K. Polk and Warren G. Harding—were born on November 2 (70 years apart). This is the only day of the year having the birthday of multiple presidents.[1]

text: The oldest living U.S. president is George H. W. Bush, born June 12, 1924 (age 93 years, 261 days). On November 25, 2017, he also became the longest-lived president, surpassing the lifespan of Gerald Ford, who died at the age of 93 years, 165 days. The second oldest living president, Jimmy Carter, has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history, currently at 37 years, 39 days. He surpassed the previous record, held by Herbert Hoover (31 years, 230 days) on September 7, 2012. The youngest living president is Barack Obama, born August 4, 1961 (age 56 years, 208 days).

text: The shortest-lived president to have died by natural causes (thereby excluding John F. Kennedy and James A. Garfield, who were both assassinated) was James K. Polk, who died of cholera at the age of 53 years, 225 days; only 103 days after leaving office.

text: Six U.S. presidents have lived into their 90s. They are (in order of birth):

text:
John Adams
(1735–1826)

Herbert Hoover
(1874–1964)

Ronald Reagan
(1911–2004)

Gerald Ford
(1913–2006)

George H. W. Bush
(born 1924)

Jimmy Carter
(born 1924)

text:
#
President
Birth date
Presidency
start date
Age at
start date
Presidency
end date
Age at
end date
Post-presidency
timespan
Death date
Lifespan

1
Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington
000000001732-02-22-0000Feb 22, 1732[a]
000000001789-04-30-0000Apr 30, 1789
7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days
000000001797-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1797
7004237520000000000♠65 years, 10 days
01,0151,015 days
(7003101500000000000♠2 years, 285 days)
000000001799-12-14-0000Dec 14, 1799
7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days
(24,767 days)

2
Adams, John A.John Adams
000000001735-10-30-0000Oct 30, 1735[a]
000000001797-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1797
7004224060000000000♠61 years, 125 days
000000001801-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1801
7004238660000000000♠65 years, 125 days
09,2539,253 days
(7003925300000000000♠25 years, 122 days)
000000001826-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1826
7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days
(33,119 days)

3
Jefferson, ThomasThomas Jefferson
000000001743-04-13-0000Apr 13, 1743[a]
000000001801-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1801
7004211440000000000♠57 years, 325 days
000000001809-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1809
7004240660000000000♠65 years, 325 days
06,3316,331 days
(7003633100000000000♠17 years, 122 days)
000000001826-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1826
7004303970000000000♠83 years, 82 days
(30,397 days)

4
Madison, JamesJames Madison
000000001751-03-16-0000Mar 16, 1751[a]
000000001809-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1809
7004211720000000000♠57 years, 353 days
000000001817-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1817
7004240940000000000♠65 years, 353 days
07,0567,056 days
(7003705600000000000♠19 years, 116 days)
000000001836-06-28-0000Jun 28, 1836
7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days
(31,150 days)

5
Monroe, JamesJames Monroe
000000001758-04-28-0000Apr 28, 1758
000000001817-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1817
7004214940000000000♠58 years, 310 days
000000001825-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1825
7004244160000000000♠66 years, 310 days
02,3132,313 days
(7003231300000000000♠6 years, 122 days)
000000001831-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1831
7004267290000000000♠73 years, 67 days
(26,729 days)

6
Adams, John Q. John Q. Adams
000000001767-07-11-0000Jul 11, 1767
000000001825-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1825
7004210550000000000♠57 years, 236 days
000000001829-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1829
7004225160000000000♠61 years, 236 days
06,9306,930 days
(7003693000000000000♠18 years, 356 days)
000000001848-02-23-0000Feb 23, 1848
7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days
(29,446 days)

7
Jackson, AndrewAndrew Jackson
000000001767-03-15-0000Mar 15, 1767
000000001829-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1829
7004226340000000000♠61 years, 354 days
000000001837-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1837
7004255560000000000♠69 years, 354 days
03,0183,018 days
(7003301800000000000♠8 years, 96 days)
000000001845-06-08-0000Jun 8, 1845
7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days
(28,574 days)

8
Van Buren, MartinMartin Van Buren
000000001782-12-05-0000Dec 5, 1782
000000001837-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1837
7004198120000000000♠54 years, 89 days
000000001841-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1841
7004212730000000000♠58 years, 89 days
07,8127,812 days
(7003781200000000000♠21 years, 142 days)
000000001862-07-24-0000Jul 24, 1862
7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days
(29,085 days)

9
Harrison, William H.William H. Harrison
000000001773-02-09-0000Feb 9, 1773
000000001841-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1841
7004248590000000000♠68 years, 23 days
000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841[b]
7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days
00,0000 days
000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841
7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days
(24,890 days)

10
Tyler, JohnJohn Tyler
000000001790-03-29-0000Mar 29, 1790
000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841
7004186330000000000♠51 years, 6 days
000000001845-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1845
7004200630000000000♠54 years, 340 days
06,1646,164 days
(7003616400000000000♠16 years, 320 days)
000000001862-01-18-0000Jan 18, 1862
7004262270000000000♠71 years, 295 days
(26,227 days)

11
Polk, James K.James K. Polk
000000001795-11-02-0000Nov 2, 1795
000000001845-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1845
7004180190000000000♠49 years, 122 days
000000001849-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1849
7004194800000000000♠53 years, 122 days
00,103103 days
000000001849-06-15-0000Jun 15, 1849
7004195830000000000♠53 years, 225 days
(19,583 days)

12
Taylor, ZacharyZachary Taylor
000000001784-11-24-0000Nov 24, 1784
000000001849-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1849
7004234750000000000♠64 years, 100 days
000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850[b]
7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days
00,0000 days
000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850
7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days
(23,967 days)

13
Fillmore, MillardMillard Fillmore
000000001800-01-07-0000Jan 7, 1800
000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850
7004184450000000000♠50 years, 183 days
000000001853-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1853
7004194140000000000♠53 years, 56 days
07,6747,674 days
(7003767400000000000♠21 years, 4 days)
000000001874-03-08-0000Mar 8, 1874
7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days
(27,088 days)

14
Pierce, FranklinFranklin Pierce
000000001804-11-23-0000Nov 23, 1804
000000001853-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1853
7004176330000000000♠48 years, 101 days
000000001857-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1857
7004190940000000000♠52 years, 101 days
04,6014,601 days
(7003460100000000000♠12 years, 218 days)
000000001869-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1869
7004236950000000000♠64 years, 319 days
(23,695 days)

15
Buchanan, JamesJames Buchanan
000000001791-04-23-0000Apr 23, 1791
000000001857-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1857
7004240560000000000♠65 years, 315 days
000000001861-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1861
7004255170000000000♠69 years, 315 days
02,6462,646 days
(7003264600000000000♠7 years, 89 days)
000000001868-06-01-0000Jun 1, 1868
7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days
(28,163 days)

16
Lincoln, AbrahamAbraham Lincoln
000000001809-02-12-0000Feb 12, 1809
000000001861-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1861
7004190130000000000♠52 years, 20 days
000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865[b]
7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days
00,0000 days
000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865
7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days
(20,516 days)

17
Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
000000001808-12-29-0000Dec 29, 1808
000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865
7004205610000000000♠56 years, 107 days
000000001869-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1869
7004219800000000000♠60 years, 65 days
02,3402,340 days
(7003234000000000000♠6 years, 149 days)
000000001875-07-31-0000Jul 31, 1875
7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days
(24,320 days)

18
Grant, Ulysses S.Ulysses S. Grant
000000001822-04-27-0000Apr 27, 1822
000000001869-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1869
7004171130000000000♠46 years, 311 days
000000001877-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1877
7004200350000000000♠54 years, 311 days
03,0633,063 days
(7003306300000000000♠8 years, 141 days)
000000001885-07-23-0000Jul 23, 1885
7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days
(23,098 days)

19
Hayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes
000000001822-10-04-0000Oct 4, 1822
000000001877-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1877
7004198750000000000♠54 years, 151 days
000000001881-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1881
7004213360000000000♠58 years, 151 days
04,3374,337 days
(7003433700000000000♠11 years, 319 days)
000000001893-01-17-0000Jan 17, 1893
7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days
(25,673 days)

20
Garfield, James A.James A. Garfield
000000001831-11-19-0000Nov 19, 1831
000000001881-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1881
7004180030000000000♠49 years, 105 days
000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881[b]
7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days
00,0000 days
000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881
7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days
(18,202 days)

21
Arthur, Chester A.Chester A. Arthur
000000001829-10-05-0000Oct 5, 1829
000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881
7004189770000000000♠51 years, 349 days
000000001885-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1885
7004202390000000000♠55 years, 150 days
00,624624 days
(7002624000000000000♠1 year, 259 days)
000000001886-11-18-0000Nov 18, 1886
7004208630000000000♠57 years, 44 days
(20,863 days)

22
Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
000000001837-03-18-0000Mar 18, 1837
000000001885-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1885
7004175180000000000♠47 years, 351 days
000000001889-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1889
7004189790000000000♠51 years, 351 days
05,5905,590 days[c]
(15 years, 112 days)
000000001908-06-24-0000Jun 24, 1908
7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
(26,030 days)

23
Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison
000000001833-08-20-0000Aug 20, 1833
000000001889-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1889
7004202850000000000♠55 years, 196 days
000000001893-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1893
7004217460000000000♠59 years, 196 days
02,9302,930 days
(7003293000000000000♠8 years, 9 days)
000000001901-03-13-0000Mar 13, 1901
7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days
(24,676 days)

24
Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
000000001837-03-18-0000Mar 18, 1837
000000001893-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1893
7004204400000000000♠55 years, 351 days
000000001897-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1897
7004219010000000000♠59 years, 351 days
05,5905,590 days[c]
(15 years, 112 days)
000000001908-06-24-0000Jun 24, 1908
7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
(26,030 days)

25
McKinley, WilliamWilliam McKinley
000000001843-01-29-0000Jan 29, 1843
000000001897-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1897
7004197580000000000♠54 years, 34 days
000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901[b]
7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days
00,0000 days
000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901
7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days
(21,412 days)

26
Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt
000000001858-10-27-0000Oct 27, 1858
000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901
7004156620000000000♠42 years, 322 days
000000001909-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1909
7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days
03,5953,595 days
(7003359500000000000♠9 years, 308 days)
000000001919-01-06-0000Jan 6, 1919
7004219850000000000♠60 years, 71 days
(21,985 days)

27
Taft, William H.William H. Taft
000000001857-09-15-0000Sep 15, 1857
000000001909-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1909
7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days
000000001913-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1913
7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days
06,2136,213 days
(7003621300000000000♠17 years, 4 days)
000000001930-03-08-0000Mar 8, 1930
7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days
(26,471 days)

28
Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson
000000001856-12-28-0000Dec 28, 1856
000000001913-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1913
7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days
000000001921-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1921
7004234410000000000♠64 years, 66 days
01,0661,066 days
(7003106600000000000♠2 years, 336 days)
000000001924-02-03-0000Feb 3, 1924
7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days
(24,507 days)

29
Harding, Warren G.Warren G. Harding
000000001865-11-02-0000Nov 2, 1865
000000001921-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1921
7004202100000000000♠55 years, 122 days
000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923[b]
7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days
00,0000 days
000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923
7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days
(21,091 days)

30
Coolidge, CalvinCalvin Coolidge
000000001872-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1872
000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923
7004186550000000000♠51 years, 29 days
000000001929-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1929
7004206960000000000♠56 years, 243 days
01,4031,403 days
(7003140300000000000♠3 years, 307 days)
000000001933-01-05-0000Jan 5, 1933
7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days
(22,099 days)

31
Hoover, HerbertHerbert Hoover
000000001874-08-10-0000Aug 10, 1874
000000001929-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1929
7004199290000000000♠54 years, 206 days
000000001933-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1933
7004213900000000000♠58 years, 206 days
11,55311,553 days
(7004115530000000000♠31 years, 230 days)
000000001964-10-20-0000Oct 20, 1964
7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days
(32,943 days)

32
Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt
000000001882-01-30-0000Jan 30, 1882
000000001933-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1933
7004186600000000000♠51 years, 33 days
000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945[b]
7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days
00,0000 days
000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945
7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days
(23,082 days)

33
Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman
000000001884-05-08-0000May 8, 1884
000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945
7004222530000000000♠60 years, 339 days
000000001953-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1953
7004250930000000000♠68 years, 257 days
07,2807,280 days
(7003728000000000000♠19 years, 341 days)
000000001972-12-26-0000Dec 26, 1972
7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days
(32,373 days)

34
Eisenhower, Dwight D.Dwight D. Eisenhower
000000001890-10-14-0000Oct 14, 1890
000000001953-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1953
7004227430000000000♠62 years, 98 days
000000001961-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1961
7004256650000000000♠70 years, 98 days
02,9892,989 days
(7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days)
000000001969-03-28-0000Mar 28, 1969
7004286540000000000♠78 years, 165 days
(28,654 days)

35
Kennedy, John F.John F. Kennedy
000000001917-05-29-0000May 29, 1917
000000001961-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1961
7004159420000000000♠43 years, 236 days
000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963[b]
7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days
00,0000 days
000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963
7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days
(16,978 days)

36
Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson
000000001908-08-27-0000Aug 27, 1908
000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963
7004201750000000000♠55 years, 87 days
000000001969-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1969
7004220610000000000♠60 years, 146 days
01,4631,463 days
(7003146300000000000♠4 years, 2 days)
000000001973-01-22-0000Jan 22, 1973
7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days
(23,524 days)

37
Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon
000000001913-01-09-0000Jan 9, 1913
000000001969-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1969
7004204650000000000♠56 years, 11 days
000000001974-08-09-0000Aug 9, 1974[d]
7004224920000000000♠61 years, 212 days
07,1967,196 days
(7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days)
000000001994-04-22-0000Apr 22, 1994
7004296880000000000♠81 years, 103 days
(29,688 days)

38
Ford, GeraldGerald Ford
000000001913-07-14-0000Jul 14, 1913
000000001974-08-09-0000Aug 9, 1974
7004223060000000000♠61 years, 26 days
000000001977-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1977
7004232010000000000♠63 years, 190 days
10,93210,932 days
(7004109320000000000♠29 years, 340 days)
000000002006-12-26-0000Dec 26, 2006
7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days
(34,133 days)

39
Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter
000000001924-10-01-0000Oct 1, 1924
000000001977-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1977
7004191040000000000♠52 years, 111 days
000000001981-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1981
7004205650000000000♠56 years, 111 days
13,55313,553 days[e]
(7004135530000000000♠37 years, 39 days)
2018-02-28
7004341180000000000♠93 years, 150 days(34,118 days)

40
Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan
000000001911-02-06-0000Feb 6, 1911
000000001981-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1981
7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days
000000001989-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1989
7004284730000000000♠77 years, 349 days
05,6155,615 days
(7003561500000000000♠15 years, 137 days)
000000002004-06-05-0000Jun 5, 2004
7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days
(34,088 days)

41
Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush
000000001924-06-12-0000Jun 12, 1924
000000001989-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1989
7004235980000000000♠64 years, 222 days
000000001993-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1993
7004250590000000000♠68 years, 222 days
09,1709,170 days[e]
(7003917000000000000♠25 years, 39 days)
2018-02-28
7004342290000000000♠93 years, 261 days(34,229 days)

42
Clinton, BillBill Clinton
000000001946-08-19-0000Aug 19, 1946
000000001993-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1993
7004169560000000000♠46 years, 154 days
000000002001-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2001
7004198780000000000♠54 years, 154 days
06,2486,248 days[e]
(7003624800000000000♠17 years, 39 days)
2018-02-28
7004261260000000000♠71 years, 193 days(26,126 days)

43
Bush, George W.George W. Bush
000000001946-07-06-0000Jul 6, 1946
000000002001-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2001
7004199220000000000♠54 years, 198 days
000000002009-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2009
7004228440000000000♠62 years, 198 days
03,3263,326 days[e]
(7003332600000000000♠9 years, 39 days)
2018-02-28
7004261700000000000♠71 years, 237 days(26,170 days)

44
Obama, BarackBarack Obama
000000001961-08-04-0000Aug 4, 1961
000000002009-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2009
7004173360000000000♠47 years, 169 days
000000002017-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2017
7004202580000000000♠55 years, 169 days
00,134404404 days[e]
(7002404000000000000♠1 year, 39 days)
2018-02-28
7004206620000000000♠56 years, 208 days(20,662 days)

45
Trump, DonaldDonald Trump
000000001946-06-14-0000Jun 14, 1946
000000002017-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2017
7004257880000000000♠70 years, 220 days
2018-02-28
7004288540000000000♠78 years, 364 days
24,895
2018-02-28
7004261920000000000♠71 years, 259 days(26,192 days)

#
President
Birth date
Presidency
start date
Age at
start date
Presidency
end date
Age at
end date
Post-presidency
timespan
Death date
Lifespan

text: Notes

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d Birthdate as changed to New Style.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Died in office.
^ Jump up to: a b Cleveland was retired for 1,461 days between his two terms (1889–1893), and then another 4,129 days from the end of his 2nd term (1897) until his death (1908).
Jump up ^ Resigned from office.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e As of February 28, 2018.

tag: ol

text: Oldest living U.S. presidents

text: Of the 44 persons who have served as president, 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time. Herbert Hoover held this distinction for the longest period of any, from the death of Calvin Coolidge in January 1933 until his own death 31 years later. Lyndon B. Johnson held it for the shortest, from the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972 until his own death only 27 days later.

text: On three occasions the oldest living president lost this distinction not by his death, but by the inauguration of a president who was older. Theodore Roosevelt (born 1858) lost this distinction when William Taft (born 1857) was inaugurated, then four years later Taft lost it when Woodrow Wilson (born 1856) was inaugurated. More recently, Richard Nixon (born 1913) ceased being the oldest living president when Ronald Reagan (born 1911) was inaugurated. Furthermore, although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to become both the oldest living president (at age 49) and a former president (at age 50), he was the only living president or former president by the end of his term. Consequently, Taft was the oldest living president twice: first during his presidency (having succeeded the younger Roosevelt), and a second time after Wilson (his successor as president but an older man) died. Gerald Ford was the oldest individual to acquire this distinction, at the age of 90.

text: On seven occasions, the oldest living president has acquired this distinction during his term in office. In the cases of John Adams, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon, this happened at the same time as their becoming the only living president; in the cases of Andrew Jackson and Benjamin Harrison, the only other living president at the time was a younger predecessor (John Quincy Adams and Grover Cleveland respectively).

text:
President
Dates
Age at
start date
Age at
end date
Length

Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington
000000001789-04-30-0000April 30, 1789 – December 14, 1799
7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days
7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days
7003388000000000000♠10 years, 228 days

Adams, JohnJohn Adams
000000001799-12-14-0000December 14, 1799 – July 4, 1826
7004234210000000000♠64 years, 45 days
7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days
7003969800000000000♠26 years, 202 days

Madison, JamesJames Madison
000000001826-07-04-0000July 4, 1826 – June 28, 1836
7004275030000000000♠75 years, 110 days
7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days
7003364700000000000♠9 years, 360 days

Jackson, AndrewAndrew Jackson
000000001836-06-28-0000June 28, 1836 – June 8, 1845
7004253070000000000♠69 years, 105 days
7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days
7003326700000000000♠8 years, 345 days

Adams, John QuincyJohn Quincy Adams
000000001845-06-08-0000June 8, 1845 – February 23, 1848
7004284560000000000♠77 years, 332 days
7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days
7002990000000000000♠2 years, 260 days

Van Buren, MartinMartin Van Buren
000000001848-02-23-0000February 23, 1848 – July 24, 1862
7004238200000000000♠65 years, 80 days
7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days
7003526500000000000♠14 years, 151 days

Buchanan, JamesJames Buchanan
000000001862-07-24-0000July 24, 1862 – June 1, 1868
7004260240000000000♠71 years, 92 days
7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days
7003213900000000000♠5 years, 313 days

Fillmore, MillardMillard Fillmore
000000001868-06-01-0000June 1, 1868 – March 8, 1874
7004249820000000000♠68 years, 146 days
7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days
7003210600000000000♠5 years, 280 days

Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
000000001874-03-08-0000March 8, 1874 – July 31, 1875
7004238100000000000♠65 years, 69 days
7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days
7002510000000000000♠1 year, 145 days

Grant, Ulysses S.Ulysses S. Grant
000000001875-07-31-0000July 31, 1875 – July 23, 1885
7004194530000000000♠53 years, 95 days
7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days
7003364500000000000♠9 years, 357 days

Hayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes
000000001885-07-23-0000July 23, 1885 – January 17, 1893
7004229380000000000♠62 years, 292 days
7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days
7003273500000000000♠7 years, 178 days

Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison
000000001893-01-17-0000January 17, 1893 – March 13, 1901
7004217000000000000♠59 years, 150 days
7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days
7003297600000000000♠8 years, 55 days

Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
000000001901-03-13-0000March 13, 1901 – June 24, 1908
7004233700000000000♠63 years, 360 days
7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
7003266000000000000♠7 years, 103 days

Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt
000000001908-06-24-0000June 24, 1908 – March 4, 1909
7004181370000000000♠49 years, 241 days
7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days
7002253000000000000♠253 days

Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft
000000001909-03-04-0000March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913
7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days
7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days
7003146100000000000♠4 years, 0 days

Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson
000000001913-03-04-0000March 4, 1913 – February 3, 1924
7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days
7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days
7003398800000000000♠10 years, 336 days

Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft
000000001924-02-03-0000February 3, 1924 – March 8, 1930
7004242460000000000♠66 years, 141 days
7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days
7003222500000000000♠6 years, 33 days

Coolidge, CalvinCalvin Coolidge
000000001930-03-08-0000March 8, 1930 – January 5, 1933
7004210650000000000♠57 years, 247 days
7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days
7003103400000000000♠2 years, 303 days

Hoover, HerbertHerbert Hoover
000000001933-01-05-0000January 5, 1933 – October 20, 1964
7004213320000000000♠58 years, 148 days
7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days
7004116110000000000♠31 years, 289 days

Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman
000000001964-10-20-0000October 20, 1964 – December 26, 1972
7004293840000000000♠80 years, 165 days
7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days
7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days

Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson
000000001972-12-26-0000December 26, 1972 – January 22, 1973
7004234970000000000♠64 years, 121 days
7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days
7001270000000000000♠27 days

Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon
000000001973-01-22-0000January 22, 1973 – January 20, 1981
7004219280000000000♠60 years, 13 days
7004248480000000000♠68 years, 11 days
7003292000000000000♠7 years, 364 days

Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan
000000001981-01-20-0000January 20, 1981 – June 5, 2004
7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days
7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days
7003853700000000000♠23 years, 137 days

Ford, GeraldGerald Ford
000000002004-06-05-0000June 5, 2004 – December 26, 2006
7004331990000000000♠90 years, 327 days
7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days
7002934000000000000♠2 years, 204 days

Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush
000000002006-12-26-0000December 26, 2006 – present
7004301470000000000♠82 years, 197 days
Current
7003408200000000000♠11 years, 64 days

President
Dates
Age at
start date
Age at
end date
Length


document_title: Indian Home Rule movement

question_text: who initiated the home rule movement in india

root

text: Indian Home Rule movement

text: Background[edit]

text: Indian home rule movement began in India in the background of World War I. The Government of India Act (1909) failed to satisfy the demands of the national leaders. However, the split in the congress and the absence of leaders like Tilak, who was imprisoned in Mandalay meant that nationalistic response was tepid.

tag: p

text: By 1915, many factors set the stage for a new phase of nationalist movement. The rise in stature of Annie Besant (who was of Irish origin and a firm supporter of Irish home rule movement), the return of Tilak from exile and the growing calls for solving the split in congress began to stir the political scene in India. The Ghadar Mutiny and its suppression led to an atmosphere of resentment against British rule.

text: In context of World War I[edit]

text: Most Indians and Indian political leaders had been divided in their response to World War I and the Indian soldiers fighting on behalf of the British Empire against Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The latter's involvement irked India's Muslims, who saw the Sultan as the Caliph of Islam.

text: Many Indian revolutionaries opposed the war, while moderates and liberals backed the war. The issue divided India's political classes and left the increasing demand for self-government going nowhere. Besant however declared, "England's need is India's opportunity". As editor of the New India newspaper, she attacked the colonial government of India and called for clear and decisive moves towards self-rule. As with Ireland, the government refused to discuss any changes while the war lasted. This set the stage for the movement.

text: Foundation[edit]

text: Between 1916 and 1918, when the war was beginning, prominent Indians like Joseph Baptista, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, G. S. Khaparde, Sir S. Subramania Iyer and the leader of the Theosophical Society, Annie Besant, decided to organise a national alliance of leagues across India, specifically to demand Home Rule, or self-government within the British Empire for all of India. Tilak founded the first home rule league at the Bombay provincial congress at Belgaum in April,1916.[1] then after this Annie Besant founded second league at Adyar Madras in September 1916. While Tilak's league worked in areas like Maharashtra (excluding Bombay city), Karnataka, Central provinces and Berar, Annie Besant's league worked in the rest of India.

text: The move created considerable excitement at the time, and attracted many members of the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League, who had been allied since the 1916 Lucknow Pact. The leaders of the League gave fiery speeches, and petitions with hundreds of thousands of Indians as signatories were submitted to British authorities. Unification of moderates and radicals as well as unity between Muslim League and Indian National Congress was a remarkable achievement of Annie Besant.

text: The government arrested Annie Besant in 1917 and this led to nationwide protests. The movement actually spread out and made its impact in the interior villages of India. Many moderate leaders like Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined the movement. The League spread political awareness in new areas like Sindh, Punjab, Gujarat, United Provinces, Central provinces, Bihar, Orissa and Madras, which all sought an active political movement.

text: The pressure of the movement, especially after Annie Besant's arrest, led to the Montague's declaration on 20 August 1917 which stated that "progressive realization of responsible government in India" was the policy of the British government.[2]

text: Decline[edit]

text: The Movement was also left leaderless once Tilak left for England to pursue a libel case he had filed and Annie Besant was largely satisfied by the promise of Reforms.

text: Its further growth and activity were stalled by the rise of Mahatma Gandhi and his Satyagraha art of revolution: non-violent, but mass-based civil disobedience. Gandhi's Hindu lifestyle, mannerisms and immense respect for Indian culture and the common people of India made him immensely popular with India's common people. His victories in leading the farmers of Champaran, Bihar and Kheda, Gujarat against the British authorities on tax revolts made him a national hero.

text: After the Montagu Declaration the league agreed to suspend its expansion of the movement. After this the all moderate candidate gave up the membership of league. The league believed that the British government will gradually reform the administration and local representative system by ushering participation of local Indians.

text: Dissolution[edit]

text: In 1920, the All India Home Rule League elected Mahatma Gandhi as its President. In a year, the body merged into the Indian National Congress to form a united Indian political front.


document_title: Chuck (season 5)

question_text: what episode does chuck get the intersect 3.0

text: Chuck (season 5)

text: Production[edit]

text: Series co-creators Josh Schwartz and Chris Fedak expressed a desire to produce a fifth season of Chuck as early as March 2011, when it was revealed that the fourth season finale would be titled "Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger".[1] Fedak later confirmed that the episode, as the title suggests, would have a cliffhanger ending leading into the fifth season.[2] Despite a drastic decline in viewership, the series was renewed for a fifth and final season of 13 episodes on May 13, 2011.[3] The season was scheduled to premiere October 21, 2011[4] and mark the transition of the series' timeslot from Monday nights to Friday nights at 8/7c,[5] before being rescheduled to one week later, October 28.[6] It was announced on September 8, 2011, that series star Zachary Levi would direct the fifth episode of the season. Levi had previously directed an episode each in the third and fourth seasons.[7]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Series stars Zachary Levi, Yvonne Strahovski, and Adam Baldwin all expressed an interest to reprise their roles of former Special Agents Charles "Chuck" and Sarah Bartowski, and Colonel John Casey,[9] and an interview with Ryan McPartlin about the future of the series suggested he would also return as Dr. Devon "Captain Awesome" Woodcomb.[10] Chris Fedak later confirmed that Joshua Gomez would reprise his role of Morgan Grimes. The big-box store Buy More, which Chuck purchased in the fourth-season finale, is also featured in the fifth season, with Mark Christopher Lawrence, Scott Krinsky, and Vik Sahay reprising their roles as Michael "Big Mike" Tucker, Jeffrey "Jeff" Barnes, and Lester Patel, respectively.[8][11] It was confirmed at the 2011 San Diego Comic-Con International that Sarah Lancaster would also reprise her role as Dr. Eleanor "Ellie" Bartowski Woodcomb.[11]

text: John Casey was given a romantic interest in Gertrude Verbanski, the head of Carmichael Industries' biggest spy competition, Verbanski Corp., said by Fedak to be "the best spy company in the world".[11] It was later announced that The Matrix actress Carrie-Anne Moss would play Verbanski.[12] At Comic-Con, Fedak revealed his desire for Linda Hamilton to return as Mary Elizabeth Bartowski.[11] It was later confirmed that she would appear in the final episode.[13] Brandon Routh returned to the series as Daniel Shaw, a villain that the team had previously defeated.[14] Angus Macfadyen appeared in the final four episodes as the series' final recurring villain, Nicholas Quinn.[15] Other recurring cast members include Bonita Friedericy as Brigadier General Diane Beckman, the head of the NSA and an ally to Carmichael Industries,[8] Mekenna Melvin as Alex McHugh, Casey's daughter and Morgan's girlfriend, and Richard Burgi as Clyde Decker, a CIA agent involved in a rogue operation to take down Chuck.

text: It was confirmed at the Comic-Con panel that Star Wars actor Mark Hamill would play a villain in the fifth-season premiere.[11] Comedian Craig Kilborn also appeared in the season premiere as Roger Bale, a dangerous man who steals money from other dangerous villains.[16] Lost's Jeff Fahey and Smallville's Justin Hartley guest starred in the season's second episode, as Karl Sneijder, "the president and CEO of diamond giant Natal Jewelers," and his kidnapped brother Wesley, respectively.[17] The fourth episode featured The Office's David Koechner and The Shield's Catherine Dent as Crazy Bob, "a jolly Buy More manager," and Jane Robertson, another Buy More manager and "a close friend of Bob's," respectively. The two cross paths with Chuck and Sarah at the company’s Employee of the Year Convention.[18] The fifth episode featured cameo appearances by  Community's Danny Pudi[19] and Yvette Nicole Brown.[20] The sixth episode featured Rebecca Romijn as Robyn Cunnings, a cold, cunning CIA agent known for her abrasive interrogation technique who is a member of a rogue group which tries to frame Chuck.[21] Stan Lee portrayed himself in the seventh episode, encountering Chuck "in the most unexpected of places."[22] The eighth episode featured Cheryl Ladd as Emma, Sarah's mother,[23] and Tim DeKay as Kieran Ryker, Sarah's former handler.[24] The tenth episode featured Bo Derek as herself.[25] Mark Pellegrino returned in the final episode as a FULCRUM agent.[26]  Fedak has stated that the writers intended to include various guest stars from past episodes in cameo appearances in the finale, but that it was not possible to include them all.[26]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Zachary Levi as Agent Charles "Chuck" Bartowski (13 episodes)
Yvonne Strahovski as Agent Sarah Walker (later Bartowski) (13 episodes)
Joshua Gomez as Morgan Grimes (13 episodes)
Ryan McPartlin as Dr. Devon "Captain Awesome" Woodcomb (10 episodes)
Mark Christopher Lawrence as Michael "Big Mike" Tucker (9 episodes)
Scott Krinsky as Jeffrey "Jeff" Barnes (11 episodes)
Vik Sahay as Lester Patel (11 episodes)
Sarah Lancaster as Dr. Eleanor "Ellie" Bartowski Woodcomb (10 episodes)
Adam Baldwin as Colonel John Casey (13 episodes)

tag: ul

text: Supporting cast[edit]

text:
Mekenna Melvin as Alex McHugh (9 episodes)
Bonita Friedericy as Brigadier General Diane Beckman (7 episodes)
Carrie-Anne Moss as Gertrude Verbanski (4 episodes)
Angus Macfadyen as Nicholas Quinn (4 episodes)
Richard Burgi as CIA Agent Clyde Decker (3 episodes)
Brandon Routh as Daniel Shaw (1 episode)
Linda Hamilton as Mary Elizabeth Bartowski (1 episode)
Bo Derek as herself (1 episode)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)791"Chuck Versus the Zoom"Robert Duncan McNeillChris Fedak & Nicholas WoottonOctober 28, 2011 (2011-10-28)3X67513.42[27]
After Carmichael Industries' first mission–to recover a stolen vase from a vicious thief (Mark Hamill)–goes slightly awry, Chuck and the team go up against Roger Bale (Craig Kilborn), a man who steals secrets from other villains.  Meanwhile, Chuck attempts to buy a new house for Sarah, and Decker (Richard Burgi) continues to hunt the team.
802"Chuck Versus the Bearded Bandit"Patrick NorrisLauren LeFranc & Rafe JudkinsNovember 4, 2011 (2011-11-04)3X67523.08[28]
Chuck and the team take the case of a man (Jeff Fahey) whose brother (Justin Hartley) has been kidnapped, but soon realize that things may not exactly be as they seem.  Meanwhile, Gertrude Verbanski (Carrie-Anne Moss), a rival spy, attempts to woo Sarah away from Carmichael Industries.
813"Chuck Versus the Frosted Tips"Paul MarksPhil KlemmerNovember 11, 2011 (2011-11-11)3X67533.13[29]
Carmichael Industries attempts to track down a wanted fugitive while Casey reunites once again with Verbanski (Carrie-Anne Moss). Captain Awesome begins paternity leave with Baby Clara and, when it’s not quite as exciting as he expected, he is led to the Buy More.
824"Chuck Versus the Business Trip"Allan KroekerKristin NewmanNovember 18, 2011 (2011-11-18)3X67543.11[30]
At the Buy More Employee of the Year Convention, Chuck and Sarah cross paths with two Buy More managers (David Koechner and Catherine Dent).  Meanwhile, Chuck pretends to be Morgan in order to catch an assassin code-named Viper tasked with destroying the new Intersect.
835"Chuck Versus the Hack Off"Zachary LeviCraig DiGregorioDecember 9, 2011 (2011-12-09)3X67553.66[31]
The team must turn to Verbanski (Carrie-Anne Moss) when they need help tracking a virus, forcing Casey to confront her once again.  Meanwhile, Lester and Jeff's relationship is threatened by the arrival of a new employee (Danny Pudi) at the Buy More. Chuck revisits his past as a computer hacker.
846"Chuck Versus the Curse"Michael SchultzAlex KatsnelsonDecember 16, 2011 (2011-12-16)3X67563.22[32]
Chuck is framed for the crime of the century by a group of rogue CIA agents.  One such agent is the cold and calculating Robin Cunnings (Rebecca Romijn), who is widely known for her torture techniques.  Ellie and Awesome go on a date that quickly turns into a night full of action after a case of mistaken-identity.
857"Chuck Versus the Santa Suit"Peter LauerAmanda Kate ShumanDecember 23, 2011 (2011-12-23)3X67573.42[33]
Chuck and Sarah discover that the identity of the person trying to take down Carmichael Industries is Daniel Shaw (Brandon Routh). He escapes from prison, kidnaps Sarah, and holds her hostage in Castle in order to force Chuck to steal the Intersect 3.0 from the CIA. Chuck must face Shaw alone without the aid of the intersect.
868"Chuck Versus the Baby"Matt BarberRafe Judkins & Lauren LeFrancDecember 30, 2011 (2011-12-30)3X67583.18[34]
A chilling message from Shaw forces Sarah to revisit her past in Budapest when she fears her original handler (Tim DeKay) will try to harm her mother (Cheryl Ladd).
879"Chuck Versus the Kept Man"Fred ToyeCraig DiGregorio & Phil KlemmerJanuary 6, 2012 (2012-01-06)3X67593.26[35]
Chuck and Sarah try to determine the future of Carmichael Industries. Verbanski hires  Casey and the team to go on a mission in South Beach. After an armament deal goes astray, can Carmichael Industries save their client? Jeff and Lester investigate an irregularity at the Buy More.
8810"Chuck Versus Bo"Jeremiah ChechikKristin NewmanJanuary 13, 2012 (2012-01-13)3X67603.17[36]
Morgan's intersect past causes Chuck and team run into Bo Derek on their final mission in Vail before leaving the spy business. However, former CIA agent Nicholas Quinn (Angus Macfadyen) has other plans. Jeff and Lester continue their investigation at the Buy More. Quinn captures Chuck and set a trap for Sarah and Casey.
8911"Chuck Versus the Bullet Train"Buzz Feitshans IVNicholas WoottonJanuary 20, 2012 (2012-01-20)3X67613.84[37]
Quinn smuggles the captured Chuck to Japan. Casey must make a difficult decision while Chuck and Sarah encounter Quinn on a Japanese bullet train. Sarah tells Chuck that she is the intersect, Chuck realizes Sarah's version is as defective as Morgan's was. Quinn's agents take Alex hostage but can Jeff and Lester save the day?
9012"Chuck Versus Sarah"Jay ChandrasekharRafe Judkins & Lauren LeFrancJanuary 27, 2012 (2012-01-27)3X67624.10[38]
Sarah, who's under the control of Quinn, is allowed to return, but with a secret. Ellie and Awesome get the opportunity of a lifetime by being offered jobs in Chicago. Chuck decides the Intersect must be destroyed and leads his team to the Government building. Sarah goes rogue and strands the team inside before blowing the building.  Realizing Chuck switched glasses, Sarah threatens Ellie's life.
9113"Chuck Versus the Goodbye"Robert Duncan McNeillChris FedakJanuary 27, 2012 (2012-01-27)3X67634.31[38]
Chuck's friends and family band together to take down Quinn. Sarah realizes that Chuck was telling the truth about their relationship, but believes she has to move on, as she can't remember any of her feelings for Chuck. Chuck offers his services for a final mission to take down Quinn and recover the final pieces of the remaining Intersect. Ellie informs Chuck that the Intersect can be used to reprogram Sarah's memories. Sarah and Chuck soon discover that General Beckman has the final key for the Intersect, but Quinn beats them there and plants a bomb under General Beckman's chair that will detonate if Beckman leaves her chair or the music ends. Morgan, Jeff, and Lester save the day, as when the last note of Antonín Dvořák's Symphony No. 9 fades away, Jeffster! plays A-ha's "Take On Me". Sarah apprehends Quinn and kills him, recovering the Intersect. However, Chuck has no choice but to upload the Intersect to open a case which contains the bomb. In the process, Sarah remembers that a pornographic computer virus can be used to destroy the computer and stop the bomb, as it did in the pilot episode.

After the final mission, the gang says its goodbyes. Beckman offers Chuck, Sarah, and Casey a job at the CIA, which they turn down. Casey hugs Chuck goodbye and leaves. Sarah also tells Chuck that she will leave to find herself. Casey tells Alex and Morgan that he is leaving to be with Verbanski. Alex and Morgan tell Casey that they are moving in together, which he approves of by giving them the keys to his apartment. Ellie and Awesome pack up their belongings for their move to Chicago, as Chuck reassures them. He leaves dejectedly, before Morgan gives him a pep talk to pursue the girl of his dreams and follow his heart. His instincts take him to the beach where he met Sarah at the end of his first mission. Sarah asks him to tell him their story, and he does in flashbacks. Finally, Chuck mentions Morgan's theory that a kiss will bring back Sarah's memories. Sarah looks back at him, and asks Chuck to kiss her. As they kiss, the scene fades back into black, which marks the end of the series, not revealing whether Sarah's memory was restored or not.

tag: table

text: Home media release[edit]

text:
Chuck: The Complete Fifth Season

Set details

Special features

13 Episodes
3-Disc Set
English
Subtitles: English, Spanish, French

Sandwiches and Superfans: The Saving of a Show: A tribute to the World's Greatest Fans
Chuck Versus the Final Episode: An Emotional Visit Behind the Scenes
Scoring the World of Chuck: The Mind Behind the Music
Chuck: The Beginnings: The Flash That Launched a Hit Show
Chuck: Through the Years: The Journey from Nerd to Spy
Goodbye, Buy More: Time-Lapse Teardown of the Set
Exclusive Buy More Commercials
Extended Version of Series Finale
Chuck: The Future: Cast and Producers' Predictions
Audio commentaries on "Chuck Versus Sarah" and "Chuck Versus the Goodbye" by Zachary Levi, Joshua Gomez, Josh Schwartz and Chris Fedak
Declassified Scenes
Gag Reel

Release dates

 United States Canada

 United Kingdom

 Australia New Zealand

 Japan

May 8, 2012[39]

October 15, 2012

August 8, 2012[40]

TBA


document_title: History of Federal Open Market Committee actions

question_text: when did the fed start using open market operations

text: Famous actions[edit]

text: Operation Twist (1961)[edit]

text: The Federal Open Market Committee action known as Operation Twist (named for the twist dance craze of the time[1]) began in 1961. The intent was to flatten the yield curve in order to promote capital inflows and strengthen the dollar. The Fed utilized open market operations to shorten the maturity of public debt in the open market. It performs the 'twist' by selling some of the short term debt (with three years or less to maturity) it purchased as part of the quantitative easing policy back into the market and using the money received from this to buy longer term government debt. Although this action was marginally successful in reducing the spread between long-term maturities and short-term maturities, Vincent Reinhart and others have suggested it did not continue for a sufficient period of time to be effective.[2] Despite being considered a failure since a 1966 near-term analysis by Franco Modigliani and Richard Sutch,[2][3] the action has subsequently been reexamined and in a 2011 paper economist Eric Swanson of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco has suggested that "Operation Twist" was more effective than originally thought.[1][3] Swanson suggested similar action as an alternative to quantitative easing by central banks;[1][3] the FOMC did in fact take an analogous action in 2011.[4]

text: Saturday Night Special (1979)[edit]

text: Soon after becoming chairman, Paul Volcker's federal reserve increased the Fed Funds rate from 11% to 12% during the weekend (October 6, 1979).[5]

text: Quantitative Easing 1 (QE1, December 2008 to March 2010)[edit]

text: "On November 25, 2008, the Federal Reserve announced that it would purchase up to $600 billion in agency mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and agency debt. However, these purchases were to have no impact on the balance sheet, and would have been sterilized by Treasury sales by the SOMA desk. On December 1, Chairman Bernanke provided further details in a speech. On December 16 the program was formally approved by the FOMC, however their approval was not required as the SOMA desk was already authorized to acquire Agency debt and MBS as part of their OMOs. On March 18, 2009, the FOMC announced that the program would be expanded by an additional $750 billion in purchases of agency MBS and agency debt and $300 billion in purchases of Treasury securities. These purchases would be unsterilized and this date more appropriately marks the beginning of QE in the US.

text: Zero Interest Rate Policy (ZIRP) (December 2008 to December 2015)[edit]

text: In August 2007, the Federal Open Market Committee's (FOMC) target for the federal funds rate was 5.25 percent. Sixteen months later, with the financial crisis in full swing, the FOMC had lowered the target for the federal funds rate to nearly zero, thereby entering the unfamiliar territory of having to conduct monetary policy with the policy interest rate at its effective lower bound. The unusual severity of the recession and ongoing strains in financial markets made the challenges facing monetary policymakers all the greater.[6]

text: In the height of the financial crisis in 2008, the Federal Open Market Committee decided to lower overnight interest rates to zero to help with easing of money and credit. Over the past five years, the Federal Reserve has acted to support economic growth and foster job creation, and it is important to achieve further progress, particularly in the labor market. Taking due account of the uncertainties and limits of its policy tools, the Federal Reserve will provide additional policy accommodation as needed to promote a stronger economic recovery and sustained improvement in labor market conditions in a context of price stability.[6]

text: Quantitative Easing 2 (QE2, November 2010 to June 2011 )[edit]

text: On November 3, 2010, the Fed announced that it would purchase $600 billion of longer dated treasuries, at a rate of $75 billion per month. That program, popularly known as "QE2", concluded in June 2011.

text: Operation Twist (2011)[edit]

text: The Federal Open Market Committee concluded its September 21, 2011 Meeting at about 2:15 p.m. EDT by announcing the implementation of Operation Twist. This is a plan to purchase $400 billion of bonds with maturities of 6 to 30 years and to sell bonds with maturities less than 3 years, thereby extending the average maturity of the Fed's own portfolio.[7] This is an attempt to do what Quantitative Easing (QE) tries to do, without printing more money and without expanding the Fed's balance sheet, therefore hopefully avoiding the inflationary pressure associated with QE.[4] This announcement brought a bout of risk aversion in the equity markets and strengthened the US Dollar, whereas QE I had weakened the USD and supported the equity markets. Further, on June 20, 2012 the Federal Open Market Committee announced an extension to the Twist programme by adding additionally $267 billion thereby extending it throughout 2012.

text: Quantitative Easing 3 (QE3, September 2012 to December 2013)[edit]

text: On September 13, 2012, the Federal Reserve announced a third round of quantitative easing (QE3).[8] This new round of quantitative easing provided for an open-ended commitment to purchase $40 billion agency mortgage-backed securities per month until the labor market improves "substantially". Some economists believe that Scott Sumner's blog[9] on nominal income targeting played a role in popularizing the "wonky, once-eccentric policy" of "unlimited QE".[10]

text: The Federal Open Market Committee voted to expand its quantitative easing program further on December 12, 2012. This round continued to authorize up to $40 billion worth of agency mortgage-backed securities per month and added $45 billion worth of longer-term Treasury securities.[11] The outright Treasury purchases as part of the augmented program continued at a pace comparable to that under "Operation Twist"; however, the Federal Reserve could no longer sell short-dated Treasury securities to buy longer-dated ones since they had insufficient holdings of short-dated Treasuries.

text: On December 18, 2013 the Federal Reserve Open Market Committee announced they would be tapering back on QE3 at a rate of $ 10 billion at each meeting.[12] The Federal Reserve ended its monthly asset purchases program (QE3) in October 2014, ten months after it began the tapering process.[13]

text: December 2015 historic interest rate hike[edit]

text: On 16 December 2015 the Fed increased its key interest rate, the Federal Funds Rate, for first time after June 2006; the hike was from the range [0%, 0.25%] to the range [0.25%, 0.5%].[14]

text: Historical actions[edit]

text: Currently, this only shows meetings, both scheduled and unscheduled "emergency" meetings. The FOMC makes a number of other important pronouncements as well such as during testimony to Congress whose effects are harder to quantify.

text: Red dates are intermeeting actions. Blue signifies tightening, green signifies neutrality, and yellow signifies easing.

text:
FOMC Federal Funds Rate History[15]

Date
Fed. Funds Rate
Discount Rate
Votes
Notes

Mar 21, 2018
1.50%-1.75%
2.25%
8-0
Official statement

Dec 13, 2017
1.25%-1.50%
2.00%
7-2
Kashkari and Evans both dissented due to flattening yield curve concerns. Official statement

Jun 14, 2017
1.00%-1.25%
1.75%
8-1
Official statement

Mar 15, 2017
0.75-1.00%
1.50%
9-1
Official statement

Dec 14, 2016
0.50-0.75%
1.25%
10-0
Official statement

Dec 16, 2015
0.25-0.50%
1.00%
10-0
Official statement

Jun 22, 2011
0.00-0.25%
0.75%
10-0
Official statement

Dec 16, 2008
0.00-0.25%
0.50%
10-0
Official statement See also: ZIRP

Oct 29, 2008
1.00%
1.25%
10-0
Official statement

Oct 8, 2008
1.50%
1.75%
X-X
This was an emergency unscheduled meeting in response to a rapidly weakening economy, made in coordination with several other central banks around the world. Official statement

Apr 30, 2008
2.00%
2.25%
8-2
The FOMC cut rates by 25 basis points. They drew back on their easing bias somewhat by removing "downside risks to growth remain" from its statement, but left no sign of a future pause to the interest rate cuts. Fisher and Plosser dissented, preferring no change. Official statement

Mar 18, 2008
2.25%
2.50%
8-2
The FOMC made another unusually large cut, slashing 75 basis points off the federal funds rate in response to turmoil in the markets and the collapse of Bear Stearns. Despite some predicting an even larger 100 basis point cut, the markets rallied in response. Fisher and Plosser dissented, preferring a smaller cut. Official statement

Mar 16, 2008
3.00%
3.25%
10-0
This was an emergency unscheduled meeting in response to the meltdown at Bear Stearns. The FOMC arranged loan securities for JPMorgan Chase and greased a buyout of Bear Stearns to make certain that Bear's debts would be backed. It also provided for the creation of a fund to swap safe Treasury securities for less secure ones held by banks. It lastly shaved the difference between the discount rate and the federal funds rate from 50 basis points to 25. Official statement

January 30, 2008
3.00%
3.50%
9-1
Fisher dissented, preferring no change. Official statement

January 22, 2008
3.50%
4.00%
8-1
This was an intermeeting rate cut held in response to the January stock downturn, with the results announced Tuesday morning before the U.S. market opened. Poole dissented, saying that emergency action was not required and could wait for the scheduled meeting. Mishkin was absent. Official statement

Dec 11, 2007
4.25%
4.75%
9-1
Rosengren dissented, preferring a 50 basis point cut. The markets, disappointed with a 25 basis point cut, fell in response; the Fed issued a statement the day after (December 12) pledging an increased money supply to the markets in conjunction with other central banks. Official statement 2007-12-11, Official statement 2007-12-12

Oct 31, 2007
4.50%
5.00%
9-1
Hoenig dissented, preferring no change. Official statement

Sep 18, 2007
4.75%
5.25%
10-0
Official statement

Aug 17, 2007
5.25%
5.75%
10-0
The subprime mortgage crisis roiled the markets shortly after the Fed's August 7 meeting, causing the board to release a statement on August 10 saying that they were prepared to act in response to the downturn and had increased liquidity. In an unscheduled meeting on August 17 the Fed "temporarily" reduced the spread between the primary credit rate and the federal funds rate to 50 basis points from the 100-point spread established in January 2002. Official statement, 2007-08-10, Official statement, 2007-08-10, Official statement, 2007-08-17.

Aug 7, 2007
5.25%
6.25%
10-0
Official statement

Jun 28, 2007
5.25%
6.25%
10-0
Official statement

May 9, 2007
5.25%
6.25%
10-0
Official statement

Mar 21, 2007
5.25%
6.25%
10-0
Bies recused herself. Official statement

January 31, 2007
5.25%
6.25%
11-0
Official statement

Dec 12, 2006
5.25%
6.25%
10-1
Lacker dissented, preferring a 25 basis point increase. Official statement

Oct 25, 2006
5.25%
6.25%
10-1
Lacker dissented, preferring a 25 basis point increase. Official statement

Sep 20, 2006
5.25%
6.25%
10-1
Lacker dissented, preferring a 25 basis point increase. Official statement

Aug 8, 2006
5.25%
6.25%
9-1
The Fed kept rates stable this meeting; they had raised the rates by 25 basis points for seventeen consecutive meetings prior. Lacker dissented, preferring a 25 basis point increase. Official statement

Jun 29, 2006
5.25%
6.25%
10-0
Official statement

May 10, 2006
5.00%
6.00%
10-0
Official statement

Mar 28, 2006
4.75%
5.75%
11-0
This was Ben Bernanke's first meeting as new Chairman, replacing Alan Greenspan. He continued Greenspan's policy of gradual tightening and pledged increased transparency for the Federal Reserve. Official statement

January 31, 2006
4.50%
5.50%
10-0
Official statement

Dec 13, 2005
4.25%
5.25%
10-0
Official statement

November 1, 2005
4.00%
5.00%
10-0
Official statement

September 20, 2005
3.75%
4.75%
9-1
Olson dissented, preferring no change. Official statement

Aug 9, 2005
3.50%
4.50%
9-1
Official statement

Jun 30, 2005
3.25%
4.25%
11-0
Official statement

May 3, 2005
3.00%
4.00%
10-0
Official statement

Mar 22, 2005
2.75%
3.75%
11-0
Official statement

Feb 2, 2005
2.50%
3.50%
12-0
Official statement

Dec 14, 2004
2.25%
3.25%
12-0
The FOMC changed their previous policy on the release of the minutes from each meeting. Previously, the minutes were released only after the next meeting had already finished, rendering them only of historical interest; this was changed to be released three weeks after the date of a policy decision. The minutes thus became available for predicting the FOMC's action in the next meeting. Official statement

Nov 10, 2004
2.00%
3.00%
12-0
Official statement

Sep 21, 2004
1.75%
2.75%
12-0
Official statement

Aug 10, 2004
1.50%
2.50%
12-0
Official statement

Jun 30, 2004
1.25%
2.25%
12-0
Official statement

May 4, 2004
1.00%
2.00%
12-0
Official statement

Mar 16, 2004
1.00%
2.00%
12-0
Official statement

January 28, 2004
1.00%
2.00%
12-0
Official statement

Dec 9, 2003
1.00%
2.00%
12-0
Official statement

Oct 28, 2003
1.00%
2.00%
12-0
Official statement

Sep 16, 2003
1.00%
2.00%
12-0
Official statement

Aug 12, 2003
1.00%
2.00%
12-0
Official statement

Jun 25, 2003
1.00%
2.00%
11-1
Parry dissented, preferring a 50 basis point cut. Official statement

May 6, 2003
1.25%
2.25%
12-0
Official statement

Mar 18, 2003
1.25%
2.25%
12-0
Official statement

January 29, 2003
1.25%
2.25%
12-0
Official statement

January 9, 2003
1.25%
2.25%

No meeting, but new discount window rules introduced in October were implemented. These mandated a discount rate 100 basis points higher than the federal funds rate, effectively hiking it by 150 basis points. Official statement

Dec 10, 2002
1.25%
0.75%
12-0
Official statement


document_title: La Liga Player of the Month

question_text: la liga player of the month april 2018

question_tokens: la liga player of the month april 2018

text: La Liga Player of the Month

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Month

Year[nb 1]

Nationality[nb 2]

Player

Team

Position

Ref

September

2013.92013

 Brazil

Diego Costa[nb 3]

Atlético Madrid

FW

[1]

October

2013.102013

 Spain

Koke

Atlético Madrid

MF

[2]

November

2013.112013

 Portugal

Cristiano Ronaldo

Real Madrid

FW

[3]

December

2013.122013

 Mexico

Carlos Vela

Real Sociedad

FW

[4]

January

2014.012014

 Croatia

Ivan Rakitić

Sevilla

MF

[5]

February

2014.022014

 Brazil

Rafinha

Celta Vigo

MF

[6]

March

2014.032014

 Costa Rica

Keylor Navas

Levante

GK

[7]

April

2014.042014

 Uruguay

Diego Godín

Atlético Madrid

DF

[8]

May

2014.052014

 Uruguay

Diego Godín

Atlético Madrid

DF

[9]

September

2014.092014

 Spain

Nolito

Celta Vigo

FW

[10]

October

2014.102014

 France

Karim Benzema

Real Madrid

FW

[11]

November

2014.112014

 Mexico

Carlos Vela

Real Sociedad

FW

[12]

December

2014.122014

 Argentina

Luciano Vietto

Villarreal

FW

[13]

January

2015.12015

 France

Antoine Griezmann

Atlético Madrid

FW

[14]

February

2015.22015

 Spain

Alberto Bueno

Rayo Vallecano

FW

[15]

March

2015.32015

 Spain

Vitolo

Sevilla

FW

[16]

April

2015.42015

 France

Antoine Griezmann

Atlético Madrid

FW

[17]

May

2015.052015

 Portugal

Cristiano Ronaldo

Real Madrid

FW

[18]

September

2015.092015

 Spain

Nolito

Celta Vigo

FW

[19]

October

2015.102015

 Spain

Borja Bastón

Eibar

FW

[20]

November

2015.102015

 Brazil

Neymar

Barcelona

FW

[21]

December

2015.102015

 Spain

Lucas

Deportivo La Coruña

FW

[22]

January

2016.012016

 Argentina

Lionel Messi

Barcelona

FW

[23]

February

2016.022016

 Venezuela

Miku

Rayo Vallecano

FW

[24]

March

2016.032016

 Spain

Aritz Aduriz

Athletic Bilbao

FW

[25]

April

2016.042016

 Spain

Koke

Atlético Madrid

MF

[26]

May

2016.052016

 Uruguay

Luis Suárez

Barcelona

FW

[27]

August

2016.082016

 Spain

Jon Ander Serantes

Leganés

GK

[28]

September

2016.092016

 France

Antoine Griezmann

Atlético Madrid

FW

[29]

October

2016.102016

 Spain

Iago Aspas

Celta Vigo

FW

[30]

November

2016.112016

 Spain

Diego López

Espanyol

GK

[31]

December

2016.122016

 Romania

Florin Andone

Deportivo La Coruña

FW

[32]

January

2017.012017

 France

Steven Nzonzi

Sevilla

MF

[33]

February

2017.022017

 Spain

Sergi Enrich

Eibar

FW

[34]

March

2017.032017

 France

Antoine Griezmann

Atlético Madrid

FW

[35]

April

2017.042017

 Argentina

Lionel Messi

Barcelona

FW

[36]

May

2017.052017

 Portugal

Cristiano Ronaldo

Real Madrid

FW

[37]

September

2017.092017

 Italy

Simone Zaza

Valencia

FW

[38]

October

2017.102017

 DR Congo

Cédric Bakambu

Villarreal

FW

[39]

November

2017.112017

 Spain

Iago Aspas

Celta Vigo

FW

[40]

December

2017.122017

 Uruguay

Luis Suárez

Barcelona

FW

[41]

January

2018.012018

 Spain

Aritz Aduriz

Athletic Bilbao

FW

[42]

February

2018.022018

 France

Antoine Griezmann

Atlético Madrid

FW

[43]

March

2018.022018

 Spain

Rodrigo

Valencia

FW

[44]

April

2018.022018

 Argentina

Lionel Messi

Barcelona

FW

[45]

text: Multiple winners[edit]

text: The below table lists those who have won on more than one occasion.

text:
*

Indicates current La Liga player

Italics

Indicates players still playing professional football

text:
Rank
Player
Wins

1st
Antoine Griezmann
5

2nd
Cristiano Ronaldo

3

Lionel Messi

3rd

Aritz Aduriz
2

Iago Aspas
2

Diego Godín
2

Koke
2

Carlos Vela
2

Nolito
2

Luis Suárez
2

text: Awards won by position[edit]

text:
Position

Wins

Forward

34

Midfielder

7000500000000000000♠5

Goalkeeper

7000300000000000000♠3

Defender

7000200000000000000♠2

text: Awards won by nationality[edit]

text:
Country

Wins

 Spain

7001150000000000000♠15

 France

7000700000000000000♠7

 Uruguay

7000400000000000000♠4

 Argentina

4

 Brazil

7000300000000000000♠3

 Portugal

7000300000000000000♠3

 Mexico

7000200000000000000♠2

 Costa Rica

7000100000000000000♠1

 Croatia

7000100000000000000♠1

 DR Congo

7000100000000000000♠1

 Italy

7000100000000000000♠1

 Romania

7000100000000000000♠1

 Venezuela

7000100000000000000♠1

text: Awards won by club[edit]

text:
Club

Wins

Atlético Madrid

7001100000000000000♠10

Barcelona

6

Celta Vigo

5

Real Madrid

7000400000000000000♠4

Sevilla

7000300000000000000♠3

Athletic Bilbao

7000200000000000000♠2

Deportivo La Coruña

7000200000000000000♠2

Eibar

7000200000000000000♠2

Rayo Vallecano

7000200000000000000♠2

Real Sociedad

7000200000000000000♠2

Valencia

7000200000000000000♠2

Villarreal

7000200000000000000♠2

Espanyol

7000100000000000000♠1

Leganés

7000100000000000000♠1

Levante

7000100000000000000♠1

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Each year is linked to an article on the particular season associated with the month of that year.

Jump up ^ Nationality indicates national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules.

Jump up ^ Diego Costa did not play with the Spain national team when the award was given, so he is considered in that moment as Brazilian.


document_title: High Court judge (England and Wales)

question_text: the judges of the high court are appointed by

text: High Court judge (England and Wales)

text: Title and form of address[edit]

text: Upon appointment, all male High Court judges are appointed Knight Bachelor and female judges made Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

text: In court, a High Court judge is referred to as My Lord or Your Lordship if male, or as My Lady or Your Ladyship if female. High Court judges use the title in office of Mr Justice for men or, normally, Mrs Justice for women, even if unmarried. When Alison Russell was appointed in 2014, she took the title "Ms Justice Russell". The style of The Honourable (or The Hon) is also used during office. For example, Sir Joseph Bloggs would be referred to as The Hon Mr Justice Bloggs Kt. and Dame Jane Bloggs DBE as The Hon Mrs Justice Bloggs DBE. When there is already or has until recently been a judge with the same (or a confusingly similar) surname as a new appointee, the new judge will often use a first name as part of his or her official title. Many judges have done this, such as Mr Justice Christopher Clarke (Sir Christopher Simon Courtenay Stephenson Clarke) and Mr Justice Roderick Evans (Sir David Roderick Evans).

text: When referring to a High Court judge in a legal context, the judge is identified by use of the surname (or first name and surname if appropriate), followed by the letter 'J'. For example, Mr Justice Bloggs or Mrs Justice Bloggs would be referred to as "Bloggs J". When two or more judges are listed the letters 'JJ' are used; for example, "Bloggs, Smith and Jones JJ".

text: Appointment[edit]

text: High Court judges are appointed by The Queen on the advice of the Lord Chancellor. Under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 the Judicial Appointments Commission has removed the appointment of judges from the overtly political arena. High Court judges, as with other judges, are appointed on open competition.

text: High Court judges, as with all judges in England and Wales, hold office during good behaviour; this is laid down in the Bill of Rights 1689. A High Court judge can only be removed by the Queen upon an Address of both Houses of Parliament.

text: Formerly, High Court judges could only be appointed from among barristers of at least 10 years' standing.[2] Before the qualifications changed, a typical appointee had in the region of twenty to thirty years' experience as a lawyer. Only four solicitors had been appointed as puisne judges – Michael Sachs in 1993, Lawrence Collins in 2000, Henry Hodge in 2004, and Gary Hickinbottom in 2008.[3] Collins was elevated further to the Court of Appeal in 2007 and became a law lord in 2009. Occasionally more junior members of the judiciary are elevated to this rank, such as Mr Justice Crane who was formerly a Circuit Judge and Mrs Justice Butler-Sloss (now Baroness Butler-Sloss) who was previously a Registrar in the Principal Registry of the Family Division of the High Court. A few distinguished academics have also made it on to the High Court bench, including Mrs Justice Hale (now Baroness Hale of Richmond) and, more recently, Mr Justice Beatson.[4] In 2004, calls for increased diversity among the judiciary were recognised and the qualification period was changed[5][6] so that, as of 21 July 2008, a potential High Court Judge must satisfy the judicial-appointment eligibility condition on a seven-year basis.[7]

text: While High Court judges all have the same jurisdiction, an appointee is in practice allocated to one of the High Court's three divisions: The Chancery Division, the Queen's Bench Division and the Family Division.


document_title: Supreme Head of the Church of England

question_text: who declared himself the head of the english church

text: Supreme Head of the Church of England

text: The title was created for King Henry VIII, who was responsible for the English Christian (protestant) church breaking away from the authority of the Roman Catholic Church after the Pope excommunicated Henry in 1533 over his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. By 1536, Henry had broken with Rome, seized the church's assets in England and declared the Church of England as the established church with himself as its head. The Act of Supremacy of 1534 confirmed the King's status as having supremacy over the church and required the nobility to swear an oath recognising Henry's supremacy.[1] Henry's daughter, Queen Mary I, a staunch Catholic, attempted to restore the English church's allegiance to the pope and repealed the Act of Supremacy in 1555.[2] Her half-sister, the Protestant Elizabeth I, took the throne in 1558 and the next year, Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy of 1559 that restored the original act.[3] The new Oath of Supremacy that nobles were required to swear gave the queen's title as Supreme Governor of the church rather than Supreme Head, to avoid the charge that the monarchy was claiming divinity or usurping Christ, whom the Bible explicitly identifies as Head of the Church.


document_title: The People's Court

question_text: who pays the settlements on people's court

question_tokens: who pays the settlements on people 's court

text: The People's Court

text: Conception[edit]

text: When John Masterson devised the original camera-in-court concept in 1975, he first pitched it to Monty Hall, the producer and host of the game show Let's Make a Deal, and his partner, producer-writer Stefan Hatos. They put a young associate, Stu Billett, in charge of selling it, but the networks were not interested. Billett later went out on his own and refined the concept into a show shot in a studio rather than a real courtroom. Small-claims court participants agreed to drop their court cases and accept binding arbitration in a simulated courtroom. The networks expressed interest, but still did not buy it; however, it did sell into the first-run syndication market.[10] The series was executive produced by Ralph Edwards, who also created and hosted the documentary show This Is Your Life, and Stu Billett, who later went on to create Moral Court. John Masterson, whom many consider a pioneer and originator of "reality TV" also created Bride and Groom and Breakfast in Hollywood.

text: First version (1981-93)[edit]

text: The People's Court pilot episode was taped on October 23, 1980, with a second pilot episode taped on January 13, 1981. It debuted in syndication on September 14, 1981.

text: The judge from the show's original 12 years (including the 1980 pilot), was Joseph Wapner. Rusty Burrell was his bailiff,[11] Jack Harrell was the announcer, and Doug Llewelyn was the host and court reporter, who announced the matter of the dispute at the beginning of each trial. He also interviewed the plaintiff and the defendant after the court ruling, to gauge their responses to the verdict. Llewelyn often ended each episode with a jaunty "If you're in a dispute with another party and you can't seem to work things out, don't take the law into your own hands; you take 'em to court", which became something of a 1980s catchphrase. If a case ended with a verdict for the defendant, however, Llewelyn instead ended the episode by saying, "If someone files a lawsuit against you and yet you're convinced you've done nothing wrong, don't be intimidated. The best policy is to go to court and stand up for your rights".

text: The cases often had pun-related names, such as "The Case of the Overdone Underthings" and "A Head with a Beer on It".

text: Judge Wapner greeted his litigants by saying, "I know you've been sworn. I've read your complaint..."

text: Occasionally, if an episode wrapped up a few minutes early, Judge Wapner fielded questions from the courtroom observers, or the legal consultant explained the legal reasons behind Wapner's decisions.

text: The People's Court deals in small-claims matters. When the show premiered in 1981, litigants could not sue for more than US$1,500, which was the limit for small-claims court at the time in California. As the laws in California changed, so did this amount. Starting in 1990, litigants could sue for up to US$5,000, which is now the law in most states.

text: Researchers for the show examined small-claims filings in Southern California and approached the plaintiff and defendant in interesting cases. The producers offered to have Judge Wapner arbitrate the dispute if they would agree to dismiss their action and be bound by Judge Wapner's decision. Through this approach, the show could get real people with real cases. Though the show is decorated and run like a real courtroom, it is not a real court or part of any judicial system, but instead a form of binding arbitration.

text: The losing party does not actually need to pay the judgment, as such. Instead (as is stated in the disclaimer at the end of each show), both parties are paid from a fund (set up by Ralph Edwards-Stu Billett Productions). This fund was based on the amount of the lawsuit claim, but an exact formula was not stated. The fund was to be first divided equally, then any monetary judgment ordered was subtracted from the loser's half (and presumably both halves in the case of cross judgments). Each litigant received at least what remained of their half in shows concluding with that disclaimer.

text: The disclaimer did not call this fund an "appearance fee", a term which appeared later in connection with The People's Court and other court shows. There may have been a later period when The People's Court paid the judgment, plus expenses and only a modest appearance fee to each litigant.[12]

text: Cancellation[edit]

text: After 12 seasons on The People's Court, Wapner was not invited back to the court show in 1993. The producers of The People's Court wished to revamp the series, but did not notify Wapner of this decision. Wapner learned of the decision from his brother-in-law, who read it in The San Francisco Chronicle. Wapner has expressed holding great resentment and bitterness at the court show's producers for finding out this way, and additional resentment over being let go when, according to him, the show was doing well. However, although the show had a good run ratings-wise, the ratings had dropped to an all-time low at around the time The People's Court was cancelled.

text: Wapner stated that he was told years later that the producers did not want to hurt his feelings, but that it was exactly what the producers did. Wapner also stated that he was not notified when the producers decided to revamp the series, and that he held no opinions on The People's Court judges who succeeded him as he never watched the program. He did, however, note that the two People's Court judges who succeeded him, Ed Koch and Jerry Sheindlin, only lasted two seasons each, whereas he lasted 12 seasons. He also emphasized that judges need to be respectful of litigants.[13]

text: Second version (1997-present)[edit]

text: On September 8, 1997, a new version of The People's Court debuted in first-run syndication as a 60-minute program. The series as a whole reached its 32nd season on September 5, 2016, with its 20th season in its current production cycle. By that point, the 1997 revival has already outlasted its original version, which ran 12 seasons. The show's second life has been headed by three judges since its debut.

text: Ed Koch (seasons one-two, 1997-99)[edit]

text: When the new People's Court premiered in 1997, former New York newscaster Carol Martin of WCBS-TV hosted from a studio with Harvey Levin, who was involved with the prior edition of the series as a legal consultant, serving as a co-host in the field taking questions and opinions from people at the Manhattan Mall, then returning to the studio at the end of the show for a wrap-up. Curt Chaplin was hired to serve as the show's announcer and to fill Doug Llewellyn's position as the court reporter, although with the addition of a host, his role was limited to interviewing the litigants after the conclusion of each case.

text: Former New York City Mayor Ed Koch presided over the court from September 8, 1997, to June 25, 1999 (with reruns airing until September 10).[14] Several months into the run, Martin departed the series and Levin became the series' sole host. The studio segments were done away with and Levin hosted the entire episodes from the viewing area, which eventually moved from the Manhattan Mall to the Times Square visitors' center. Since Levin is now based in Los Angeles with TMZ, the viewing area has moved to the Third Street Promenade in Santa Monica, California, while production of The People's Court has moved to Connecticut. The opening outlines of the taped cases are shown to people in the outdoor viewing area on a monitor. Their responses are edited into the program.

text: Jerry Sheindlin (seasons three-four, 1999-March 2001)[edit]

text: Judge Jerry Sheindlin (husband of former New York Family Court Judge Judith Sheindlin, the presiding judge over the court show Judge Judy[15][16]) sat on the bench from September 13, 1999,[14] to March 9, 2001, and ratings on the show lagged.[17] The bailiff for both of these judges' tenures was Josephine Ann Longobardi.

text: Marilyn Milian era (since season four, 2001–present)[edit]

text: On March 12, 2001, late in The People's Court's fourth season, retired Florida State Circuit Court Judge Marilyn Milian replaced Sheindlin as presiding judge on the court show.[18] Under Milian, People's Court ratings improved significantly.[17] Milian is the first Latina judge to preside over a courtroom series.[1] Milian is also the show's youngest and first female arbitrator. By the completion of the 16th season of The People's Court (2012–13), Milian had completed 12 and a half seasons presiding over the series, officially making her the longest reigning judge over the program—outlasting Joseph Wapner's reign of 12 seasons. Now in its 20th revival season, Milian enters her 16th season presiding over the series. For the remainder of the 2000–01 season, Davey Jones took over the role as bailiff, replacing Longobardi. In September 2001, Jones was replaced by Douglas McIntosh, who remains in the position as of March 2017[update].

text: In 2008, The People's Court, under Milian's reign, was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award under a new Courtroom/Legal Show category created by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. In 2009 and 2010, the show was nominated again for the Daytime Emmy Award under the same category, but did not win. On May 1, 2013, The People's Court had again been nominated for an Outstanding Legal/Courtroom Program Daytime Emmy, but again did not win.[19]

text: The People's Court finally won a Daytime Emmy in 2014 and again in 2015

text: While the show taped from New York City for the first 15 seasons of the revival, it began taping from Stamford, Connecticut, in the 16th season of its present installment (2012–13).

text: For the show's 20th season, Doug Llewelyn returned to the series for the first time since the end of the original series. He resumed his previous role as reporter, replacing Curt Chaplin, who remains in his announcer role as of March 2017[update]. For his first show back, Judge Milian welcomed him "home" and handed him his suit jacket and microphone.[20]

text: Series overview[edit]

text: Opening monologue[edit]

text: When the original People's Court first hit the air, the monologue was:

text: What you are about to witness is real. The participants are not actors. They are the actual people who have already either filed suit or been served a summons to appear in a California municipal court. Both parties in the suit have agreed to dismiss their court cases and have their disputes settled here, in our forum: The People's Court.

text: Later, the show opened with:

text: What you are witnessing is real. The participants are not actors. They are actual litigants with a case pending in a California municipal court. Both parties have agreed to dismiss their court cases and have their disputes settled here, in our forum: The People's Court.

text: In the 1997 revival, the line was:

text: What you are witnessing is real. The participants are not actors. They are actual litigants with a case pending in a New York metropolitan area court/civil court. Both parties/sides have agreed to drop their claims and have their disputes settled here, in our/Judge Jerry Sheindlin's forum (the latter from the period when Jerry Sheindlin was the presiding judge): The People's Court.

text: When Marilyn Milian replaced Sheindlin in 2001, the previous introduction was revised:

text: What you are witnessing is real. The participants are not actors. They are actual litigants with real cases. They will settle their disputes here, in Judge Marilyn Milian's forum: The People's Court.

text: Later, Milian's introduction was revised:

text: There's a new judge in town, the honorable Marilyn Milian. She will be hearing real cases presented by real litigants who have agreed to have their disputes settled here in our forum: The People's Court.

text: Then the opening was changed to:

text: The whole country's talking about the honorable Marilyn Milian... [soundbite of Judge Milian saying, "Judge here!"]... the hottest judge on television. [Soundbite of Judge saying, "It's my ruling!"] She'll hear real cases from real litigants. Here, in our forum: The People's Court.

text: After a few months the soundbites of Judge Milian's voice were dropped from the opening, and the wording of Curt Chaplin's introduction was slightly changed:

text: Everybody's talking about the honorable Marilyn Milian, the hottest judge on television. Real cases, real litigants. Here, in our forum: The People's Court.

text: In September 2009, the new opening was revealed when the new season premiered:

text: What you are about to witness is real. The participants are not actors. They are actual litigants with a case pending in civil court. Both parties have agreed to drop their claims and have their cases settled here, before Judge Marilyn Milian, in our forum: The People's Court.

text: Litigant compensation[edit]

text: At the end of each show, the following disclaimer appears:

text: Both the plaintiff and the defendant have been paid from a fund for their appearance. The amount, if any, awarded in the case, is deducted from this fund, and the remainder is divided equally between both litigants. The amount of the fund is dependent on the size of the judgment.

text: No information is given as to what relation the amount of the fund bears to the size of the judgment, nor the amount of the fund if a verdict for the defense is rendered.[citation needed]

text: In a talk-show appearance, Judge Wapner gave a few more specifics as to how compensation was typically calculated. In his words, if the plaintiff won, the show would pay his/her judgment and give the defendant $50 for his time, whereas if the defendant won, the parties would "split $500".[citation needed]

text: In 1989, a litigant sued the producers, claiming, "I was only willing to appear because they guaranteed me $1,500. I never would have appeared on that show and made a fool out of myself for a chintzy $250." (In response, an associate producer said that before going on the show, participants are given a packet of information "where everything is clearly outlined to the nth degree.")[12]

text: The New York Post reported on some of the details surrounding compensation for a lawsuit filed by Claudia Evart. "The show pays all damages awarded to defendants and plaintiffs, as well as a $250 appearance fee."[21]

text: Production notes[edit]

text: The 1981–93 life of the show was initially taped at Golden West Broadcasters and, later, Metromedia in Los Angeles, before moving to The Production Group. In New York City, The People's Court first taped episodes at the NEP/Image studios in the former Grand Ballroom of the Hotel Pennsylvania, which was also the studio for the talk show Maury. In 1998, the show began taping at the MTI Studios on the 8th floor at 401 Fifth Avenue, where the courtroom received a makeover. In 2006, the MTI Studios were sold to NEP/Image. At the end credits of some episodes, the show is said to be taped at the NEP/Image studios. The former MTI studios are officially part of NEP Broadcasting's NEP Penn Studios.[citation needed]

text: As of 2012, the show has moved to the Connecticut Film Center in Stamford.[22] The aired episodes are sometimes spliced together in a different order from which they are taped. This is why the judge's blouse color may change and why fewer courtroom observers may be seen during the second half of the show than during the first half. For the 2012 season, the show started broadcasting in widescreen standard definition.

text: The People's Court is "A Ralph Edwards-Stu Billett Production" in association with Telepictures Productions and distributed by Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution. The original series was distributed by Telepictures, and later Lorimar-Telepictures, which is now part of Warner Bros.

text: Theme music[edit]

text: The theme music, "The Big One (People's Court Theme)", was composed by Alan Stanley Tew. The uptempo theme music, with prominent piano theme and bongo drum rhythm, has been sampled by many artists, including Nelly. It has also been featured in several films and television shows, including the 1977 pornographic film Barbara Broadcast, the 1979 low-budget film Malibu High, the BCTV current affairs show Webster!, SpongeBob SquarePants, The Simpsons, "Blue Harvest", the sixth-season premiere episode of Family Guy, the December 5, 2005, and December 21, 2009, editions of WWE Raw in Tampa, Florida, Malibu High, Boy Meets World, and Popular.[citation needed]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: To date, The People's Court ranks second behind Judge Judy in the ratings for court shows.[23] It had been third behind Judge Joe Brown, but inherited the second spot once Brown's program was cancelled.

text: British version[edit]

text: A British version of the show was produced by STV Productions (then known as "SMG TV Productions") to replace Trisha Goddard's talk show on ITV in 2005. The court reporter was Carol Smillie, the male judge was Jerome Lynch, and the female judge was Rhonda Anderson.[24] The show was considered a failure and not renewed.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In 1986, Judge Wapner appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to preside over a dispute arbitration between David Letterman and Johnny Carson. Letterman sued after Carson illegally towed his truck and broke the headlight. Letterman was awarded $24.95, which Carson promptly paid on the spot. [25]

text: The original version of the show was referenced repeatedly in the 1988 film Rain Man. In the movie, autistic savant Raymond Babbit (Dustin Hoffman) compulsively watches the show (which he refers to as simply "Wapner"), recites the entire opening monologue, and records the judgment amounts in a dedicated notebook. In one scene, his brother Charlie (Tom Cruise) awkwardly convinces a stranger to let Raymond watch the show in her house, since he was about to have a panic attack for nearly missing an episode. Charlie later buys him a portable television so he will never miss an episode again. Hoffman came up with this idea for his character, because in real life, Hoffman was a huge fan of the original series.[26]

text: In 1995, Judge Wapner appeared on the Fox network's science fiction show Sliders as himself in the parallel world version of this program where, as a Soviet judge, he sentences Rembrandt Brown to 15 years in the Alaskan gulag for being a subversive. The parody show's logo uses a faux Cyrillic "Я" in place of the "R" in "Court".

text: The December 21, 2009 edition of WWE Raw in Tampa featured a parody skit called the "Little People's Court", in which Degeneration X members Triple H and Shawn Michaels had to appear before a mock makeshift court of dwarves to testify about their continued mistreating of Hornswoggle. The videos shown during the "trial" even used the litigant introduction music of the original People's Court theme.

text: In SpongeBob SquarePants, whenever a character has to go to court, the same opening music is played and the trial is conducted in a form similar to The People's Court.

text: In the Family Guy episode "Blue Harvest", Chris Griffin (as Luke Skywalker) requests that John Williams plays the theme to the show.

text: On February 11, 2017, Saturday Night Live performed a parody of The People's Court in which President Donald Trump (played by Alec Baldwin) takes his grievance to the show against three judges of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals for their decision to uphold a suspension of Executive Order 13769, claiming they were simply "being mean" to him. The skit was done after the real Trump had tweeted (in all caps) "See you in court!" in response to the decision. In the skit, Judge Milian (played by Cecily Strong) dismissed Trump's case and upheld the previous court's decision.[27]


document_title: The Boss (2016 film)

question_text: who plays mike in the movie the boss

question_tokens: who plays mike in the movie the boss

text: The Boss (2016 film)

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The story follows Michelle Darnell, a titan of industry who is sent to prison for insider trading, denounced by her former lover, Renault, who still holds a heavy grudge towards her for their breakup, after getting a promotion a few years ago. After doing her time, Michelle emerges, ready to rebrand herself as America's latest sweetheart, but not everyone she steamrolled is not so quick to forgive and forget. With nowhere to go and no one to scam, Michelle is forced to move in with former assistant Claire and her young daughter, Rachel. Now at her lowest point, Michelle wastes no time in devising a winner-take-all plan to rebuild her empire.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Melissa McCarthy as Michelle Darnell, a rich and powerful businesswoman, who was abandoned by several different families for an unknown reason, which caused her to have a bitter personality against the idea of having a family. She is arrested by the FBI for insider trading, serves time, and is on parole throughout the film until the end.
Chandler Head as 5-year-old Michelle
Vivian Falcone (Melissa McCarthy's real-life daughter) as 10-year-old Michelle
Isabella Amara as 15-year-old Michelle
Kristen Bell as Claire Rawlings, Rachel’s mother and Michelle's personal assistant and single mom, who at first stops working for her, after Michelle's arrest. She creates an empire along with Michelle, by selling homemade brownies Claire bakes.
Peter Dinklage as Ronald/Renault, an unscrupulous business man and rival to Michelle. He holds a long time grudge towards Michelle due to the fact that they dated in the past, but broke up due to a promotion Michelle got, which instantly changed her behavior and caused them to break up. He was also responsible for turning Michelle over to the authorities for insider trading. He constantly names himself Renault and follows the lifestyle of a samurai.
Ella Anderson as Rachel Rawlings, Claire's 10-year-old daughter, who was part of a girl scout team called the Dandelions, but quits after being bullied and chastised by Helen and being convinced to join alongside Michelle in her scheme.
Tyler Labine as Mike Beals, a co-worker of Claire's, who seems to try to woo Claire, who constantly rejects him softly.
Kathy Bates as Ida Marquette, a former mentor of Michelle's who is the owner of a glue factory. She cut off their alliance, after Michelle decided to push Ida away from a deal she made from another company.
Timothy Simons as Stephan, Ron's gay personal assistant.
Annie Mumolo as Helen Kreagan, an arrogant, cunning and narcissistic woman and mother to one of the Dandelions, who takes pride in verbally abusing the other girls. She thinks she's better than everyone else and always compliments herself, even going as far to call herself successful when she isn't.
Kristen Schaal as Sandy, the leader of the Dandelions, who is pompously berated by Helen.
Cecily Strong as Dana Dandridge, Claire's vain, selfish, sarcastic and overbearing boss, who describes Michelle as one of her "two personal heroes", with the second being Benedict Cumberbatch.
Cedric Yarbrough as Tito, Michelle's former bodyguard, who constantly cheers along with Michelle.
Mary Sohn as Jan Keller, a mother to one of the Dandelions.
Eva Peterson as Chrystal Delvechio, one of the Darnell's Darlings, with a violent behavior.
Presley Coley as Hannah Kreagan, one of the Dandelions and Helen's daughter, who is manipulated by her mother.
Aleandra Newcomb as Mariana Gutierrez, one of the Darnell's Darlings.
Ben Falcone as Marty, Michelle's former lawyer.
Margo Martindale as Sister Agnes Aluminata, the mother superior of the children's home where Michelle lived.
Michael McDonald as Bryce Crean, one of the "friends" of Michelle's past.
Steve Mallory as Carl, one of the "friends" of Michelle's past.
Larry Dorf as Guard Kenny
Damon Jones as Waiter
T-Pain as himself
Gayle King as herself
Mitch Silpa as Guard Clemmons (Deleted Scenes)
Jim Cashman as Guard John (Deleted Scenes)
Carrot Top as a centaur version of himself in a dream that Michelle had. (Deleted Scenes)
Dax Shepard as Kyle Marquette, Ida's "son". (Unrated Cut)
Dave Bautista as Chad, the leader of the Falcon Rangers. (Uncredited/Alternate Ending)

text: Production[edit]

text: Initially announced as Michelle Darnell,[4] the film is based on a character McCarthy created for the comedy troupe Groundlings.[5] Universal was at first unable to decide on the gender of the film's antagonist. Before Peter Dinklage was finally cast, the studio also considered Oprah Winfrey, Jon Hamm and Sandra Bullock as possibilities.[6] Kathy Bates plays Ida Marquette, Darnell's mentor,[7] and Kristen Bell plays Claire, Darnell's former personal assistant.[8]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Set in Chicago, the movie began filming in Chicago on March 12, 2015. In addition to filming in Chicago, the movie was also filmed throughout various locations in the Atlanta, Georgia area, including Agnes Scott College, Crescent Avenue in Midtown, Glenwood Park, and the Buckhead Loop area.[9]

text: Release[edit]

text:
The first official full-length trailer was released on November 19, 2015.[10]
The film was released on April 8, 2016.[11]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Boss grossed $63.3 million in the United States and Canada, plus $15.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $78.8 million against a budget of $29 million.[3]

text: In the United States and Canada, pre-release tracking suggested the film would gross $20–24 million from 3,480 theaters in its opening weekend, besting fellow newcomers Hardcore Henry ($7–10 million projection) and Demolition ($2–3 million projection).[12] The film grossed $985,000 from its early Thursday screenings and $8.1 million on its first day. It went on to gross $23.6 million in its opening weekend, finishing first at the box office.[13]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Boss received generally negative reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 22%, based on 182 reviews, with an average of 4.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Melissa McCarthy remains as fiercely talented as ever, but her efforts aren't enough to prop up the baggy mess of inconsistent gags and tissue-thin writing that brings down The Boss."[14] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 40 out of 100, based on reviews from 39 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[15] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.[13]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Category

Recipient

Result

Alliance of Women Film Journalists

Actress Most in Need of a New Agent

Melissa McCarthy

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Movie Actress: Comedy

Nominated

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Comedic Movie Actress

Won

Kristen Bell

Nominated