document_title: List of best-selling music artists

question_text: who's the best selling female recording artist of all time

question_tokens: who 's the best selling female recording artist of all time

text: List of best-selling music artists

text: Definitions

text: All artists included on this list, which have begun charting on official albums or singles charts have their available claimed figures supported by at least 20% in certified units. That is why Cliff Richard, Diana Ross, Scorpions, Bing Crosby, Gloria Estefan, Deep Purple, Iron Maiden, Tom Jones, The Jackson 5, Dionne Warwick, the Spice Girls, Dolly Parton, Ozzy Osbourne, Andrea Bocelli and others have not been included on this list. The more recent the artist, the higher the required percentage of certified units, so artists such as Rihanna, Chris Brown, Taylor Swift, Flo Rida, Katy Perry, Justin Bieber, Adele, Lady Gaga, Bruno Mars, Nicki Minaj and Ed Sheeran are expected to have their claimed figures supported by over 75% in certified units. The certified units are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations. All certified units are converted from Gold/Platinum/Diamond certification awards based on criteria provided by certifying bodies. The certified units percentage varies according to the first year that an artist appeared in the charts.[a]

text: The requirements of certified units are designed to avoid inflated sales figures, which are frequently practiced by record companies for promotional purposes.[1][2] The claimed figures are referenced from online articles created by highly reliable sources. For clarity, the sources used, say the term "records" (singles, albums, videos) and not "albums". However, if all available sources for an artist or band say "albums", such sources are only used if the certified album units of the said artist meet the required percentage amount. This list uses claimed figures that are closest to artists' available certified units: inflated claimed figures that meet the required certified units amount but are unrealistically high, are not used.

text: The claimed figures are upgraded only when there is a significant progress in artists' certified units. In other words, the available certified units for each artist should get relatively closer to already listed claimed figure in order for higher figures to replace the listed ones.

text: The certified units of the newer artists may sometimes be higher than their listed claimed figures. This is because Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and almost all other certifying bodies count streaming towards Gold and Platinum thresholds required for Digital Single Award certification.[3][4][5] For this reason, some singles and even albums get over certified by hundreds of thousands of units. The over certified figures, however, are often in millions of units for RIAA certifications, one such example is Rihanna's single "We Found Love", which is certified at nine times Platinum by the RIAA, yet during the time of the certification, it had sold 5.4 million downloads.[6][7]

text: The certified units for some artists/bands who have multi-disc albums can be higher than their listed claimed figures due to Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) counting each unit within set as one unit toward certification.

text: Issued certifications for songs which have been recorded by multiple artists including featured artists are added to each artist's total amount of certified units, as all the artists would have played a significant part in a song. For example "This Is What You Came For" and "Where Them Girls At" include Rihanna and Flo Rida, Nicki Minaj as featured artists respectively, so the certifications issued for these songs are added to the total amount of certified units for all involved artists. However, the certifications issued for songs that have been recorded by four or more artists are not included as the artists involved would have played minor roles, examples of such songs are Kanye West's "Monster" and/or "All Day".[b]

text: Artists by reputed sales

text: 250 million or more records

text:
The Beatles

Elvis Presley

Michael Jackson

Elton John

Madonna

Led Zeppelin

Pink Floyd

text:
To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control, this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV, VH1, Billboard and Rolling Stone.
The figures of total certified units within the tables below are based on certified units of albums, singles (including digital downloads) and videos.
Markets' order within the tables is based on Retail Value: each market generates respectively, the largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom.[8][9]

text:
Artist
Country / Market
Period active
Release year of first charted record
Genre
Total certified units
(from available markets)[c]
Claimed sales

The Beatles
United Kingdom
1960–1970[10]
1962[10]
Rock / Pop[10]
7002271600000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 271.6 million

US: 212.250 million[11]
JPN: 4.950 million[c][12]
UK: 18.445 million[c][13]
GER: 8 million[c][14]
FRA: 3.890 million[c][15][16]
CAN: 14.455 million[c][17]
AUS: 3.060 million[c][18][19]
ITA: 380,000[c][20]
BRA: 550,000[c][21]
SWE 485,000[c][22]
SPA: 1.250 million[c][23][24]
SWI: 350,000[c][25]
BEL: 390,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 1.606 million[c][28][29]
DEN: 270,000[c][30][31][32]
AUT: 500,000[c][33]
POL: 175,000[c][34]
NZ: 660,000[c][35][36]

600 million[37][38]
500 million[39]

Elvis Presley
United States
1954–1977[40]
1954[40]
Rock and roll / Pop / Country[40]
7002223100000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 223.1 million

US: 199.150 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[c][12]
UK: 13.145 million[c][13]
GER: 1.2 million[c][14]
FRA: 2.590 million[c][15][16]
CAN: 2.925 million[c][17]
AUS: 1.797 million[c][18][41]
ITA: 105,000[c][20]
BRA: 125,000[c][21]
SWE 380,000[c][22]
SPA: 300,000[c][23][42][43]
MEX: 105,000[c][44]
SWI: 185,000[c][25]
BEL: 115,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 110,000[c][28]
DEN: 120,000[c][45][46][47]
AUT: 205,000[c][33]
FIN: 213,945[c][48]
NZ: 117,500[c][35][36]

600 million[49][50]
500 million[51]

Michael Jackson
United States
1964–2009[52]
1971[52]
Pop / Rock / Dance / Soul / R&B[52]
7002185600000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 185.6 million

US: 104.5 million[11]
JPN: 4.650 million[c][12][53]
UK: 28.245 million[13]
GER: 11.275 million[14]
FRA: 11.375 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 4.670 million[17]
AUS: 6.670 million[c][18][19][55][56][57]
ITA: 1.195 million[c][20]
BRA: 280,000[c][21]
SWE: 1.230 million[c][22][58]
SPA: 1.995 million[c][23][24][42][43][59]
MEX: 3.670 million[c][44]
SWI: 910,000[c][25]
BEL: 665,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 124,000[c][28][29]
DEN: 1.224 million[c][60][61][32]
AUT: 1.197 million[c][33]
POL: 530,000[c][34]
FIN: 384,127[48]
NZ: 902,500[35][36]

350 million[62][63]
300 million[64][65]

Madonna
United States
1979–present[66]
1982[66]
Pop / Dance / Electronica[66]
7002171000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 171 million

US: 85.675 million[11]
JPN: 6.450 million [c][12][53]
UK: 29.045 million[13]
GER: 12.4 million[14]
FRA: 12.81 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 6.030 million[17]
AUS: 4.787 million[c][18][67][68]
ITA: 465,000[c][20]
BRA: 3.440 million[c][21]
SWE: 1.070 million[c][22][58]
SPA: 2.815 million[23][24][42][43][59]
MEX: 510,000[c][44]
SWI: 1.080 million[c][25]
BEL: 715,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 1.098[28][29]
DEN: 407,000[c][60][61][69][32][70][71]
AUT: 602,500[c][33]
POL: 530,000[c][34]
FIN: 652,686[48]
NZ: 417,500[35][36]

300 million[72][73]
275 million[74]

Elton John
United Kingdom
1964–present[75]
1969[75]
Pop / Rock[75]
7002181000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 181 million

US: 129.350 million[11]
JPN: 1.1 million [c][12]
UK: 22.595 million[c][13]
GER: 7.9 million[c][14]
FRA: 4.825 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 5.975 million[c][17]
AUS: 2.947 million[c][18][76]
BRA: 835,000[c][21]
SWE: 740,000[c][22]
SPA: 1.2 million[c][23][24][43][59]
MEX: 100,000[c][44]
SWI: 1.313 million[c][25]
BEL: 390,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 128,000[28][29]
DEN: 195,000[c][46][61][77][32]
AUT: 765,000[c][33]
POL: 150,000[c][34]
FIN: 163,481[48]
NZ: 255,000[c][35][36]

300 million[78][79]
250 million[80][81]

Led Zeppelin
United Kingdom
1968–1980[82]
1969[82]
Hard rock / Blues rock / Folk rock[82]
7002140000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 140 million

US: 114.1 million[11]
JPN: 400,000 [c][12]
UK: 9.530 million[c][13]
GER: 3.775 million[c][14]
FRA: 2.310 million[c][15][16][83]
CAN: 4.710 million[17]
AUS: 2.8 million[c][18][84][85]
ITA: 420,000[c][20]
BRA: 820,000[c][21]
SPA: 450,000[c][24][43][59]
SWI: 211,000[c][25]
ARG: 360,000[c][28]
POL: 120,000[c][34]

300 million[86][87]
200 million[88][89]

Pink Floyd
United Kingdom
1965–1996, 2014[90][91]
1967[90]
Progressive rock / Psychedelic rock[90]
7002119600000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 119.6 million

US: 78 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[c][92]
UK: 11.520 million[c][13]
GER: 7.5 million[c][14]
FRA: 6.360 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 6.790 million[c][17]
AUS: 2.932 million[c][18][19]
ITA: 1.910 million[c][20]
BRA: 540,000[c][21]
SWE: 220,000[c][22][58]
SPA: 625,000[c][23][24][42][59]
SWI: 390,000[c][25]
BEL: 115,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 582,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 460,000[c][33]
POL: 590,000[c][34]
NZ: 787,500[c][35][36]

250 million[93][94]
200 million[95]

text: The column for certified sales includes markets, the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more.

text: 200 million to 249 million records

text:
Rihanna

Eminem

Mariah Carey

Queen

Celine Dion

Whitney Houston

AC/DC

text:
Artist
Country / Market
Period active
Release-year of first charted record
Genre
Total certified units
(from available markets)[c]
Claimed sales

Rihanna
Barbados
United States
2005–present[96]
2005[96]
R&B / Pop / Dance / Hip-hop[96]
7002257600000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 257.6 million

US: 189.55 million[11]
JPN: 1.4 million[12][53]
UK: 32.1 million[13]
GER: 10.075 million[14]
FRA: 1.465 million[16]
CAN: 3.120 million[17]
AUS: 9.325 million[18]
ITA: 1.550 million[c][20]
BRA: 705,000[21]
SWE: 2.480 million[22][58]
SPA: 1.470 million[23]
MEX: 410,000[44][97]
SWI: 840,000[25]
BEL: 660,000[27]
DEN: 1.127[60][61][32][69][77][98][99][100]
AUT: 135,000[33]
POL: 500,000[34]
IRE: 240,000[101]
NZ: 682,500[35][36]

230 million[102][103]

Eminem
United States
1996–present[104]
1999[104]
Hip-hop[104]
7002216300000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 216.3 million

US: 163.2 million[11]
JPN: 2.9 million [12][53]
UK: 24.325 million[13]
GER: 6.7 million[14]
FRA: 3.288 million[16][83]
CAN: 4.010 million[17]
AUS: 5.807 million[18]
ITA: 700,000[c][20]
BRA: 220,000[21]
SWE: 910,000[22][58]
SPA: 290,000[23][59]
MEX: 365,000[44]
SWI: 805,000[25]
BEL: 505,000[26][27]
DEN: 656,000[c][60][32]
AUT: 362,500[33]
PL: 250,000[34]
FIN: 124,547[48]
IRE: 285,000[c][101]
NZ: 600,000[35][36]

220 million[105]
200 million[106]

Mariah Carey
United States
1988–present[107]
1990[107]
R&B / Pop / Soul / Hip-hop[107]
7002137300000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 137.3 million

US: 92.6 million[11]
JPN: 14.5 million [c][12][53][108]
UK: 10.220 million[13]
GER: 3.750 million[14]
FRA: 4.690 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 4.1 million[17]
AUS: 3.515 million[c][18][109]
ITA: 200,000[c][20]
BRA: 835,000[21]
SWE: 425,000[22]
SPA: 1 million[23][24][43][59]
SWI: 515,000[25]
BEL: 175,000[c][26][27]
DEN: 280,000[32][110]
AUT: 200,000[33]
POL: 100,000[c][34]
NZ: 240,000[c][35]

200 million[111][112]
175 million[113][114]

Queen
United Kingdom
1971–present[115]
1973[115]
Rock[115]
7002126300000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 126.3 million

US: 65 million[11]
JPN: 2.850 million[c][12][53][116]
UK: 29.075 million[c][13]
GER: 12.375 million[c][14]
FRA: 4.495 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 1.870 million[c][17]
AUS: 2.167 million[c][18][19]
ITA: 545,000[c][20]
BRA: 970,000[c][21]
SWE: 190,000[c][22]
SPA: 1.720 million[c][23][24][42][43]
SWI: 1.256 million[c][25]
BEL: 175,000[c][26][27]
DEN: 205,000[32]
ARG: 1.080 million[c][28][29]
AUT: 900,000[c][33]
POL: 810,000[c][34]
FIN: 366,152[48]
NZ: 275,000[c][35][36]

200 million[117]
170 million[118]

Celine Dion
Canada
1981–present[119]
1981[119]
Pop[119]
7002125700000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 125.7 million

US: 56.550 million[11]
JPN: 7.150 million[c][12][120][121]
UK: 13.915 million[13]
GER: 8 million[14]
FRA: 15.768 million[15][16][54][83]
CAN: 12.245 million[17]
AUS: 3.302 million[c][18][19]
BRA: 505,000[c][21]
SWE: 1.105 million[c][22]
SPA: 1 million[43][59]
SWI: 1.685 million[c][25]
BEL: 2.110 million[c][26][27]
ARG: 340,000[28]
DEN: 370,000[c][46][122][123][32]
AUT: 440,000[c][33]
POL: 680,000[c][34]
FIN: 356,183[48]
NZ: 192,500[35][36]

200 million[124][125]
175 million[126][127]

Whitney Houston
United States
1977–2012[128]
1984[128]
R&B / Soul / Pop[128]
7002114900000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 114.9 million

US: 76.775 million[11]
JPN: 4.3 million[c][12][129]
UK: 15.205 million[13]
GER: 5.6 million[c][14]
FRA: 2.275 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 3.430 million[17]
AUS: 1.755 million[c][18][19][130]
ITA: 140,000[c][20]
BRA: 1.025[c][21]
SWE: 1.035 million[c][22]
SPA: 1.260 million[23][24][42][43]
SWI: 845,000[c][25]
BEL: 215,000[c][26][27]
DEN: 140,000[61][32]
AUT: 535,000[c][33]
POL: 180,000[c][34]
FIN: 247,222[48]

200 million[131][132]
170 million[133][134]

AC/DC
Australia
1973–present[135]
1975[135]
Hard rock / Blues rock / Rock and roll[135]
7002114900000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 114.9 million

US: 79.7 million[11]
UK: 5.5 million[13]
GER: 10.3 million[c][14]
FRA: 4.180 million[15][16]
CAN: 2.490 million[c][17]
AUS: 7.740 million[c][18]
ITA: 775,000[c][20]
SWE: 350,000[c][22][58]
SPA: 1.355 million[c][23][24][42][43][59]
SWI: 894,000[c][25]
BEL: 100,000[c][27]
ARG: 594,000[c][28][29]
DEN: 130,000[61][32][136]
AUT: 380,000[c][33]
FIN: 321,169[48]
NZ: 140,000[c][35][36]

200 million[137][138]
150 million[139][140]

The Rolling Stones
United Kingdom
1962–present[141]
1963[141]
Rock / Blues rock [141]
7001983000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 98.3 million

US: 74.750 million[11]
JPN: 950,000[c][12]
UK: 8.970 million[c][13]
GER: 3.8 million[c][14]
FRA: 3.377 million[c][15][16][54]
AUS: 417,500[c][18]
CAN: 3.025 million[c][17]
ITA: 205,000[c][20]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]
SWE: 310,000[c][22]
SPA: 690,000[c][23][24][42][43][59]
SWI: 238,000[c][25]
BEL: 120,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 718,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 300,000[c][33]
POL: 140,000[c][34]
NZ: 190,000[c][35][36]

200 million[142][143]

ABBA
Sweden
1972–1982[144]
1972[144]
Pop / Disco[144]
7001610000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 61 million

US: 12.7 million[11]
JPN: 1.5 million[c][53][145][146]
UK: 19.170 million[c][13]
GER: 10.450 million[c][14]
FRA: 2.750 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 2.785 million[c][17]
AUS: 6.127 million[c][18][147]
ITA: 120,000[c][20]
BRA: 275,000[c][21][58]
SWE: 800,000[c][22]
SPA: 1.005 million[c][23][42]
MEX: 260,000[c][44]
SWI: 600,000[c][25]
BEL: 380,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 238,000[c][28][29]
DEN: 600,000[c][148][149][150]
AUT: 175,000[c][33]
POL: 150,000[c][34]
FIN: 656,319[48]
NZ: 297,500[c][36][151][152]

200 million[153][154]
100 million[155]

text: 120 million to 199 million records

text:
Taylor Swift

Garth Brooks

Justin Bieber

Eagles

Bruno Mars

Ed Sheeran

Kanye West

text:
Artist
Country / Market
Period active
Release-year of first charted record
Genre
Total certified units
(from available markets)[c]
Claimed sales

Taylor Swift
United States
2006–present[156]
2006[156]
Country / Country pop / Pop / Pop-rock[156]
7002186300000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 186.3 million

US: 160 million[11]
JPN: 2.950 million[12][53]
UK: 8.9 million[13]
GER: 1.750[14]
FRA: 300,000[16]
CAN: 4.820 million[17]
AUS: 5.530 million[18]
ITA: 285,000[c][20]
BRA: 440,000[21]
SWE: 280,000[58]
MEX: 510,000[44][97][157]
DEN: 140,000>[32]
AUT: 100,000[33]
NZ: 382,500[35][36]

175 million[158]

Garth Brooks
United States
1989–present[159]
1989[159]
Country[159]
7002156100000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 156.1 million

US: 149.4 million[11]
UK: 520,000[13]
CAN: 5.730 million[17]
AUS: 350,000[c][18][160]
IRE: 120,000[c][101]

160 million[161]

Eagles
United States
1971–1980, 1994–present[162]
1972[162]
Rock[162]
7002129600000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 129.6 million

US: 108.9 million[11]
JPN: 600,000[c][12]
UK: 8.035 million[c][13]
GER: 925,000[c][14]
FRA: 2.040 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 4.2 million[c][17]
AUS: 3.395 million[c][18][163]
SWE: 140,000[c][22]
SPA: 500,000[c][23][24]
SWI: 290,000[c][25]
DEN: 185,000[c][61][32]
FIN: 124,749[48]
NZ: 352,500[c][35][36]

150 million[164]

U2
Ireland
1976–present[165]
1980[165]
Rock[165]
7002107500000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 107.5 million

US: 53.1 million[11]
JPN: 1.450 million[c][12]
UK: 18.720 million[13]
GER: 5.525 million[14]
FRA: 5.125 million[15][16]
CAN: 7.155 million[17]
AUS: 4.412 million[c][18][19][166]
ITA: 855,000[c][20]
BRA: 2.675 million[c][21]
SWE: 515,000[c][22]
SPA: 2.295 million[23][24][42][43][59]
MEX: 835,000[c][44]
SWI: 696,000[c][25]
BEL: 750,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 806,000[28][29]
DEN: 473,000[c][60][61][32][77][167]
AUT: 522,500[c][33]
POL: 370,000[c][34]
FIN: 235,460[48]
IRE: 316,000[c][101]
NZ: 765,000[35][36]

150 million[168]

Billy Joel
United States
1964–present[169]
1971[169]
Pop / Rock[169]
7002102600000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 102.6 million

US: 87.950 million[11]
JPN: 2 million[c][12][170]
UK: 5.655 million[c][13]
GER: 1.250 million[c][14]
FRA: 925,000[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 3.275 million[c][17]
AUS: 1.267[c][18][19]
AUT: 125,000[c][33]
NZ: 162,500[c][35]

150 million[171]

Phil Collins
United Kingdom
1980–2011, 2015–present[172]
1981[172]
Rock / Progressive rock / Adult contemporary[172]
7001884000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 88.4 million

US: 39.850 million[11]
JPN: 800,000[c][12]
UK: 15.850 million[13]
GER: 13.8 million[14]
FRA: 6.410 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 3.375 million[17]
AUS: 1.522[c][18][19]
BRA: 1.370 million[c][21]
SWE: 245,000[c][22]
SPA: 2.150 million[23][24][43][59]
SWI: 973,000[c][25]
BEL: 330,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 1.044 million[28][29]
AUT: 440,000[c][33]
FIN: 182,581[48]
NZ: 122,500[35][36]

150 million[173]

Aerosmith
United States
1970–present[174]
1973[174]
Hard rock[174]
7001847000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 84.7 million

US: 70.250 million[11]
JPN: 2.7 million[c][12][53]
UK: 3.230 million[13]
GER: 2 million[c][14]
FRA: 225,000[15][16][54]
CAN: 3.950 million[c][17]
AUS: 225,000[c][18][175]
ITA: 100,000[c][20]
BRA: 600,000[c][21]
SWE: 260,000[c][22]
SPA: 200,000[c][23][43]
MEX: 230,000[c][44]
SWI: 145,000[c][25]
ARG: 338,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 125,000[c][33]
POL: 100,000[c][34]
FIN: 101,722[48]

150 million[176]

Frank Sinatra
United States
1935–1995[177]
1939[177]
Pop / Swing[177]
7001375000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 37.5 million

US: 28.2 million[c][11]
UK: 5.645 million[c][13]
GER: 1 million[c][14]
FRA: 600,000[c][15]
CAN: 650,000[c][17]
AUS: 315,000[c][18][178]
BRA: 350,000[c][21]
SWE: 130,000[c][22]
SPA: 500,000[c][24][43][59]
ARG: 188,000[c][28][29]

150 million[179]

Barbra Streisand
United States
1960–present[180]
1963[180]
Pop / Adult contemporary[180]
7001975000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 97.5 million

US: 82.450 million[11]
UK: 5.765 million[c][13]
GER: 750,000[c][14]
FRA: 3.150 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 2.650 million[c][17]
AUS: 2.152 million[c][18]
SWE: 120,000[22][58]
SPA: 150,000[c][59]
FIN: 186,501[c][48]
NZ: 137,500[c][35]

145 million[181]

Justin Bieber
Canada
United States
2008–present[182]
2009[182]
Pop / Teen pop, Dance pop[182]
7002148600000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 148.6 million

US: 101.5 million[11]
JPN: 750,000 [12][53]
UK: 18.285 million[13]
GER: 4 million[14]
FRA: 1.098[16]
CAN: 5.780 million[17]
AUS: 4.795 million[18]
ITA: 1.895 million[20]
BRA: 810,000[21]
SWE: 2.020 million[22][58]
SPA: 880,000[23]
MEX: 2.970 million[44][97]
BEL: 450,000[27]
DEN: 2.250 million[32]
POL: 370,000[34]
AUT: 140,000[33]
NZ: 615,000[35]

140 million[183]

Bruno Mars
United States
2004–present[184]
2010[184]
Pop rock / R&B[184]
7002126600000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 126.6 million

US: 89.5 million[11]
JPN: 1.2 million[12][53]
UK: 14.8 million[13]
GER: 3.4 million[14]
FRA: 1.950 million[16]
CAN: 5.240 million[17]
AUS: 5.810 million[18]
ITA: 710,000[c][20]
SWE: 440,000[22][58]
SPA: 490,000[23]
MEX: 810,000[44][157]
SWI: 405,000[25]
BEL: 360,000[27]
DEN: 480,000[c][32][185]
AUT: 180,000[33]
NZ: 577,500[35]
PHL: 330,000[186]

130 million[187]

Ed Sheeran
United Kingdom
2004–present[188]
2011[188]
Pop / Folk pop [188]
7002123900000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 123.9 million

US: 54 million[11]
JPN: 350,000[12][53]
UK: 36.460 million[13]
GER: 7.4 million[14]
FRA: 1.691 million[16]
CAN: 6.440 million[17]
AUS: 7.490 million[18]
ITA: 2.490 million[20]
SWE: 1.360 million[58]
SPA: 730,000[23]
MEX: 180,000[44]
SWI: 635,000[25]
BEL: 645,000[27]
DEN: 2.295 million[32]
AUT: 340,000[33]
POL: 360,000[34]
NZ: 1.140 million[35]

126 million[189]

Kanye West
United States
1996–present[190]
2004[190]
Hip-hop / Electronic / Pop rock[190]
7002117700000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 117.7 million

US: 100.750 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[191]
UK: 11.460 million[13]
GER: 1.350[14]
CAN: 1.180 million[17]
AUS: 2.135 million[18]
ITA: 160,000[c][20]
SWE: 160,000[58]
DEN: 414,000[61][32][69][192]

121 million[193]

Bruce Springsteen
United States
1972–present[194]
1973[194]
Rock[194]
7002101900000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 101.9 million

US: 76.150 million[11]
JPN: 400,000[c][12]
UK: 7.345 million[13]
GER: 4.325 million[c][14]
FRA: 1.887 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 3.2 million[c][17]
AUS: 3.362 million[c][18]
ITA: 575,000[c][20]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]
SWE: 810,000[c][22][58]
SPA: 1.730 million[c][23][24][42][43][59]
SWI: 400,000[c][25]
BEL: 155,000[27]
DEN: 255,000[c][60][32][69][195]
AUT: 290,000[c][33]
FIN: 449,800[48]
IRE: 189,500[c][101]
NZ: 375,000[35][36]

120 million[196]

Metallica
United States
1981–present[197]
1983[197]
Heavy metal / Thrash metal[197]
7001952000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 95.2 million

US: 73.3 million[11]
JPN: 900,000[c][12]
UK: 3.535 million[13]
GER: 4.025 million[14]
FRA: 940,000[15][16]
CAN: 3.885 million[17]
AUS: 2.637 million[c][18][19][198]
ITA: 180,000[c][20]
BRA: 380,000[c][21]
SWE: 675,000[c][22]
SPA: 420,000[23][43][59]
MEX: 430,000[c][44][97]
SWI: 560,000[c][25]
BEL: 385,000[c][26][27]
DEN: 180,000[32][61]
ARG: 874,000[28][29]
AUT: 340,000[c][33]
POL: 735,000[c][34]
FIN: 530,676[48]
NZ: 315,000[35][36]

120 million[199]

Bee Gees
United Kingdom
Australia[200][201]
1963–2003
2009–2012[202]
1963[202]
Pop / Disco[202]
7001688000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 68.8 million

US: 42.5 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[c][12][203][204]
UK: 9.525 million[c][13]
GER: 6.675 million[c][14]
FRA: 3.4 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 3.215 million[c][17]
AUS: 1.187 million[c][18]
BRA: 350,000[c][21]
SPA: 450,000[c][24][42][59]
SWI: 415,000[c][25]
ARG: 188,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 125,000[c][33]
POL: 100,000[c][34]
NZ: 380,000[c][35][36]

120 million[205]

text: 100 million to 119 million records

text:
Katy Perry

Adele

Lady Gaga

Jay-Z

Lil Wayne

B'z

Bon Jovi

text:
Artist
Country / Market
Period active
Release-year of first charted record
Genre
Total certified units
(from available markets)[c]
Claimed sales

Lady Gaga
United States
2005–present[206]
2008[206]
Pop / Dance / Electronic[206]
7002102100000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 102.1 million

US: 69.5 million[11]
JPN: 5.4 million[12][53]
UK: 11.585 million[13]
GER: 4.1 million[14]
FRA: 1.647 million[16]
CAN: 2.4 million[17]
AUS: 2.890 million[18]
ITA: 840,000[c][20]
BRA: 470,000[21]
SWE: 680,000[22][58]
SPA: 410,000[23]
MEX: 420,000[44][97][157]
SWI: 445,000[25]
BEL: 270,000[27]
DEN: 340,000[61][32][100]
AUT: 182,500[33]
POL: 130,000[34]
IRE: 165,000[101]
NZ: 277,500[35][36]

114 million[207]

Katy Perry
United States
2001–present[208]
2008[208]
Pop[208]
7002137800000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 137.8 million

US: 104 million[11]
JPN: 400,000[12][53]
UK: 13.010 million[13]
GER: 3.8 million[14]
FRA: 867,000[16]
CAN: 6.160 million[17]
AUS: 5.3 million[18]
ITA: 780,000[c][20]
BRA: 625,000[21]
SWE: 600,000[22][58]
SPA: 180,000[23]
MEX: 960,000[44][97][157]
SWI: 160,000[25]
BEL: 135,000[27]
DEN: 235,000[60][32]
AUT: 247,500[33]
NZ: 360,000[35][36]

100 million[209]

Adele
United Kingdom
2006–present[210]
2008[210]
Pop, soul[210]
7002105500000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 105.5 million

US: 61 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[12]
UK: 21.050 million[13]
GER: 4.7 million[14]
CAN: 6.120 million[17]
AUS: 3.955 million[18]
ITA: 1.570 million[c][20]
BRA: 1.310 million[21]
SWE: 240,000[22][58]
SPA: 800,000[23]
MEX: 1.490 million[44]
SWI: 510,000[25]
BEL: 795,000[27]
DEN: 857,500[60][32]
POL: 300,000[c][34]
FIN: 151,639[48]
NZ: 577,500[35]

100 million[211]

Jay-Z
United States
1996–present[212]
1996[212]
Hip-hop[212]
7002100600000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 100.6 million

US: 84.7 million[11]
JPN: 1.050 million[53]
UK: 9.320 million[13]
GER: 2 million[14]
FRA: 400,000[16]
CAN: 1.6 million[17]
AUS: 1.260[18]
ITA: 205,000[c][20]
SWE: 130,000[22][58]

100 million[213]

Lil Wayne
United States
1996–present[214]
1999[214]
Hip-hop[214]
7001913000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 91.3 million

US: 87.7 million[11]
UK: 2.460 million[13]
GER: 300,000[14]
CAN: 280,000[17]
AUS: 630,000[18]

100 million[215]

B'z
Japan
1988–present[216]
1988[216]
Rock / Pop rock / Hard rock[216]
7001857000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 85.7 million

JPN: 85.75 million[c][12][53][108]

100 million[217]

Bon Jovi
United States
1983–present[218]
1983[218]
Hard rock / Glam metal[218]
7001842000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 84.2 million

US: 49.9 million[11]
JPN: 4.400 million[c][12][53]
UK: 9.490 million[13]
GER: 5.650 million[14]
FRA: 825,000[15][16][54]
CAN: 4.735 million[17]
AUS: 3.030 million[c][18][219][220]
ITA: 135,000[c][20]
BRA: 435,000[c][21]
SWE: 365,000[c][22][58]
SPA: 1.620 million[23][24][42][43][59]
MEX: 250,000[c][44]
SWI: 1.275 million[c][25]
AUT: 725,000[c][33]
BEL: 290,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 358,000[28][29]
POL: 110,000[c][34]
FIN: 422,500[48]
NZ: 210,000[35][36]

100 million[221]

Beyoncé
United States
1997–present[222]
2002[222][223]
R&B / Pop[222]
7001833000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 83.3 million

US: 57.150 million[11]
JPN: 1.7 million [12][53]
UK: 15.145 million[13]
GER: 1.550 million[14]
FRA: 560,000[16][83]
CAN: 1.475 million[17]
AUS: 2.975 million[18]
ITA: 285,000[c][20]
BRA: 390,000[21]
SWE: 120,000[22][58]
SPA: 1.030 million[c][23][224]
MEX: 110,000[44]
SWI: 165,000[25]
BEL: 115,000[27]
DEN: 312,500[61][32][69][100][225][226]
POL: 100,000[34]
NZ: 210,000[35][36]

100 million[227]

Linkin Park
United States
1996–present[228]
2000[228]
Alternative rock / Nu metal / Rap rock[228]
7001828000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 82.8 million

US: 61.6 million[11]
JPN: 1.550 million[12][53]
UK: 6.605 million[13]
GER: 5.850 million[14]
FRA: 1.025[16]
CAN: 1.330 million[17]
AUS: 1.485 million[18]
ITA: 690,000[c][20]
BRA: 595,000[21]
SWE: 165,000[22][58]
SPA: 175,000[23]
MEX: 225,000[44]
SWI: 435,000[25]
BEL: 140,000[27]
DEN: 175,000[60][32]
AUT: 252,500[33]
POL: 220,000[34]
FIN: 120,469[48]
NZ: 252,500[35][36]

100 million[229]

Coldplay
United Kingdom
1996–present[230]
1999[230]
Alternative rock, Pop rock, Pop[230]
7001820000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 82 million

US: 30.6 million[11]
JPN: 750,000[12][53]
UK: 25.445 million[13]
GER: 4.350 million[14]
FRA: 3.013[16]
CAN: 3.525 million[17]
AUS: 3.795 million[18]
ITA: 2.835 million[c][20]
BRA: 340,000[21]
SWE: 750,000[22][58]
SPA: 1.030 million[23]
MEX: 1.890 million[44][97]
SWI: 510,000[25]
BEL: 765,000[27]
ARG: 528,000[28][29]
DEN: 894,000[60][32]
AUT: 197,500[33]
POL: 240,000[c][34]
IRE: 210,000[c][101]
NZ: 345,000[35]

100 million[231]

Britney Spears
United States
1998–present[232]
1998[232]
Pop / Dance / Dance-pop[232]
7001815000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 81.5 million

US: 46.2 million[11]
JPN: 2.1 million[12][129]
UK: 10.750 million[13]
GER: 5.350 million[14]
FRA: 3.732 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 3.680 million[17]
AUS: 3.165 million[18]
ITA: 200,000[c][20]
BRA: 380,000[21]
SWE: 1.010 million[22][58]
SPA: 990,000[23][43][59]
MEX: 1.175 million[c][44]
SWI: 485,000[25]
AUT: 365,000[33]
BEL: 935,000[26][27]
ARG: 248,000[28][29]
DEN: 180,000[c][60][61][233][234]
POL: 210,000[34]
FIN: 143,627[48]
NZ: 240,000[35][36]

100 million[235]

Rod Stewart
United Kingdom
1964–present[236]
1969[236]
Rock / Pop[236]
7001781009999900000♠
show

Total available certified units: 78.1 million

US: 43.650 million[11]
JPN: 450,000[c][12]
UK: 18.630 million[c][13]
GER: 3.8 million[c][14]
FRA: 1.8 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 4.055 million[c][17]
AUS: 2.610 million[c][18][19]
BRA: 980,000[c][21]
SWE: 440,000[c][22]
SPA: 290,000[c][23][24][42]
SWI: 100,000[c][25]
ARG: 524,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 100,000[c][33]
POL: 220,000[c][34]
IRE: 195,000[c][101]
NZ: 280,000[c][35][36]

100 million[237]

Fleetwood Mac
United Kingdom
United States
1967–present[238]
1968[238]
Rock / Pop[238]
7001773000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 77.3 million

US: 51.250 million[11]
UK: 14.785 million[c][13]
GER: 3.5 million[c][14]
FRA: 800,000[c][15][16]
AUS: 2.767 million[c][18][19]
CAN: 2.950 million[c][17]
SPA: 300,000[c][43][59]
SWI: 100,000[c][25]
BEL: 100,000[c][27]
NZ: 572,500[c][36][239][240]

100 million[241]

Guns N' Roses
United States
1985–present[242]
1987[242]
Hard rock / Heavy metal[242]
7001747000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 74.7 million

US: 48.5 million[11]
JPN: 1.7 million[c][12]
UK: 6.550 million[13]
GER: 4.1 million[14]
FRA: 1 million[16]
CAN: 3.520 million[17]
AUS: 2.410[c][18][19][163]
ITA: 710,000[c][20]
BRA: 1.9 million[c][21]
SWE: 485,000[22]
SPA: 450,000[23][24][42]
MEX: 760,000[c][44]
SWI: 365,000[c][25]
BEL: 165,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 1.248 million[c][28][29]
AUT: 365,000[33]
POL: 160,000[c][34]
IRE: 105,000[c][101]
NZ: 270,000[35][36]

100 million[243]

George Strait
United States
1981–present[244]
1984[244]
Country[244]
7001728000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 72.8 million

US: 72.150 million[11]
CAN: 705,000[17]

100 million[245]

Backstreet Boys
United States
1993–present[246]
1995[246]
Pop[246]
7001722000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 72.2 million

US: 41.5 million[11]
JPN: 5.4 million[12][53][247]
UK: 4.875 million[13]
GER: 7 million[14]
FRA: 325,000[15][16]
CAN: 3.430 million[17]
AUS: 1.4 million[c][18]
BRA: 1.625 million[21]
SWE: 655,000[22]
SPA: 1.850 million[43][59]
MEX: 1.475 million[c][44]
SWI: 415,000[25]
BEL: 450,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 740,000[28]
DEN: 165,000[c][248][249][32]
AUT: 325,000[33]
POL: 300,000[34]
FIN: 171,390[48]
NZ: 132,500[35]

100 million[250]

Neil Diamond
United States
1966–present[251]
1966[251]
Pop / Rock[251]
7001686009999900000♠
show

Total available certified units: 68.6 million

US: 55.9 million[11]
UK: 7.330 million[c][13]
GER: 1 million[c][14]
FRA: 400,000[c][15]
CAN: 1.725 million[c][17]
AUS: 2.085 million[c][18][252]
SPA: 100,000[c][42]
NZ: 127,500[c][35][36]

100 million[253]

Santana
United States
1966–present[254]
1969[254]
Rock[254]
7001645999999900000♠
show

Total available certified units: 64.6 million

US: 50.295 million[11]
JPN: 400,000[c][12]
UK: 2.980 million[c][13]
GER: 2.4 million[c][14]
FRA: 3.510 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 1.660 million[c][17]
AUS: 855,000[c][18]
BRA: 375,000[c][21]
SWE: 125,000[c][22]
SPA: 450,000[c][43][59]
MEX: 405,000[c][44]
SWI: 375,000[c][25]
BEL: 190,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 158,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 145,000[c][33]
POL: 205,000[c][34]
NZ: 135,000[c][35][36]

100 million[255]

Prince
United States
1976–2016[256]
1978[256]
Funk / R&B / Pop / Soul / Rock[256]
7001642000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 64.2 million

US: 48.950 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[c][12]
UK: 7.045 million[13]
GER: 2.4 million[14]
FRA: 2.110 million[15][16]
CAN: 1 million[17]
AUS: 1.120[c][18][19]
SWE: 100,000[22]
SPA: 700,000[c][24][42][43][59]
SWI: 250,000[c][25]
AUT: 125,000[c][33]
NZ: 177,500[c][35]

100 million[257]

Kenny Rogers
United States
1958–present[258]
1975[258]
Country / Pop[258]
7001601000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 61.4 million

US: 54.050 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[c][259]
UK: 2.520 million[13]
CAN: 4.6 million[17]
AUS: 100,000[c][260][261]
SPA: 100,000[c][42]

100 million[262]

Paul McCartney
United Kingdom
1960–present[263]
1970[263]
Rock[263]
7001606000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 60.6 million

US: 41.450 million[11]
JPN: 500,000[c][12]
UK: 12.425 million[c][13]
GER: 1.525 million[c][14]
FRA: 1.305 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 1.955 million[c][17]
AUS: 465,000[c][18][19]
SWE: 210,000[c][58][264]
SPA: 640,000[c][24][42]
DEN: 210,000[c][61][32]

100 million[265]

Simon & Garfunkel
United States
1956–present[266]
1964[266]
Folk rock[266]
7001589000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 58.9 million

US: 42.6 million[11]
JPN: 700,000[c][12]
UK: 6.620 million[c][13]
GER: 2.325 million[c][14]
FRA: 3.9 million[c][15]
CAN: 1.425 million[c][17]
AUS: 390,000[c][18][19]
ITA: 100,000[c][20]
SWE: 150,000[c][22]
SWI: 450,000[c][25]
AUT: 100,000[c][33]
FIN: 163,350[c][48]

100 million[267]

Janet Jackson
United States
1982–present[268]
1982[268]
R&B / Pop[268]
7001521000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 52.1 million

US: 39.750 million[11]
JPN: 1.6 million [c][12]
UK: 4.760 million[13]
GER: 1.4 million[14]
FRA: 1.475 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 1.460 million[17]
AUS: 1.155[c][18][19]
SWE: 105,000[c][22]
SPA: 150,000[43][59]
SWI: 170,000[c][25]
BEL: 125,000[c][26]

100 million[269]

Julio Iglesias
Spain
1968–present[270]
1968[270]
Latin[270]
7001510000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 51 million

US: 11 million[11]
JPN: 800,000[c][271]
UK: 1.620 million[c][13][271]
GER: 250,000[c][14]
FRA: 6.1 million[15][16][54][271]
CAN: 1.5 million[17]
AUS: 505,000[c][18][271]
ITA: 400,000[c][20][271]
NLD:950,000[c][271]
BRA: 12.475 million[c][21][271]
SWE: 290,000[c][22][271]
SPA: 8.7 million[c][23][24][42][43][59][271]
MEX: 2.975 million[c][44][271]
BEL: 125,000[c][271][27]
ARG: 3.220 million[c][28][271]
FIN: 131,636[c][48]

100 million[272]

Chicago
United States
1967–present[273]
1969[273]
Rock / Pop[273]
7001483000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 48.3 million

US: 44.150 million[11]
JPN: 400,000[c][12][274]
UK: 1.490 million[c][13]
GER: 250,000[c][14]
FRA: 100,000[c][15]
CAN: 1.865 million[17]
SPA: 100,000[c][24]

100 million[275]

Dire Straits
United Kingdom
1977–1995[276]
1978[276]
Rock [276]
7001456000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 45.6 million

US: 15.5 million[11]
UK: 11.8 million[13]
GER: 3.750 million[14]
FRA: 5.3 million[15][16]
CAN: 2.575 million[17]
AUS: 2.190 million[c][18][19]
ITA: 385,000[c][20]
BRA: 175,000[c][21]
SWE: 360,000[c][22]
SPA: 1.380 million[c][23][24][42][43]
SWI: 1 million[c][25]
BEL: 100,000[c][26][27]
DEN: 195,000[c][61][60][32]
AUT: 300,000[c][33]
FIN: 471,530[48]
NZ: 155,000[c][36]

100 million[277]

Bob Dylan
United States
1959–present[278]
1963[278]
Folk / Rock[278]
7001453000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 45.3 million

US: 35.6 million[11]
UK: 6.025 million[c][13]
GER: 625,000[c][14]
FRA: 800,000[c][15][16]
CAN: 1.5 million[c][17]
AUS: 480,000[c][18]
SWI: 175,000[c][25]
NZ: 105,000[c][35]

100 million[279]

Def Leppard
United Kingdom
1977–present[280]
1979[280]
Hard rock / Heavy metal[280]
7001418009999900000♠
show

Total available certified units: 41.8 million

US: 35.650 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[c][12]
UK: 1.960 million[13]
FRA: 200,000[15]
CAN: 2.995 million[17]
AUS: 385,000[19][281]
SWE: 150,000[c][22]
MEX: 200,000[c][44]
SWI: 125,000[c][25]

100 million[282]

Cher
United States
1964–present[283]
1965[283]
Pop / Rock / Dance / Folk[283]
7001410000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 41 million

US: 21.9 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[c][12]
UK: 6.510 million[c][13]
GER: 4.175 million[c][14]
FRA: 1.525 million[c][16][54]
CAN: 1.340 million[c][17]
AUS: 1.530 million[c][18][284]
ITA: 300,000[c][285]
NLD: 375,000[c][286][287][288]
BRA: 125,000[c][21]
SWE: 850,000[c][22][58]
SPA: 600,000[c][43][59][285]
MEX: 200,000[c][44]
SWI: 295,000[c][25]
BEL: 275,000[c][26]
ARG: 106,000[c][28][271]
DEN: 370,000[c][285][32]
AUT: 250,000[c][33]
POL: 100,000[c][34]
NZ: 150,000[35][289]

100 million[290]

Genesis
United Kingdom
1967–1999
2006–present[291]
1969[291]
Progressive rock / Pop rock[291]
7001399000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 39.9 million

US: 21.650 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[c][12]
UK: 7.325 million[c][13]
GER: 5.875 million[c][14]
FRA: 3.460 million[c][15][16]
CAN: 805,000[c][17]
SWE: 100,000[c][22]
SPA: 250,000[c][23][24][42]
SWI: 400,000[c][25]

100 million[292]

Olivia Newton-John
Australia
1966–present[293]
1966[293]
Pop[293]
7001357000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 35.7 million

US: 27 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[c][12]
UK: 3.950 million[c][13]
GER: 250,000[c][14]
FRA: 1 million[54]
CAN: 3.025 million[c][17]
AUS: 450,000[c][18][19][294]

100 million[295]

James Taylor
United States
1968–present[296]
1970[296]
Rock / Pop[296]
7001355000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 35.5 million

US: 34.650 million[11]
UK: 655,000[c][13]
CAN: 100,000[c][17]
AUS: 100,000[c][18]

100 million[297]

Stevie Wonder
United States
1961–present[298]
1962[298]
Funk / R&B / Soul[298]
7001346000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 34.6 million

US: 21.650 million[11]
JPN: 1.050 million[c][12]
UK: 8.285 million[c][13]
GER: 500,000[c][14]
FRA: 1.4 million[c][15][54]
CAN: 1.550 million[17]
SPA: 250,000[c][42]

100 million[299]

David Bowie
United Kingdom
1962–2016[300]
1967[300]
Art rock / Glam rock / Pop[300]
7001339000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 33.9 million

US: 13.7 million[11]
JPN: 200,000[c][12]
UK: 13.495 million[c][13]
GER: 525,000[c][14]
FRA: 2.380 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 2.315 million[c][17]
AUS: 635,000[c][18][76]
ITA: 345,000[c][20]
SPA: 170,000[c][23][24][42]
NZ: 142,500[c][35]

100 million[301]

Tina Turner
United States
1955–present[302]
1975[302]
Rock / Pop[302]
7001328009999900000♠
show

Total available certified units: 32.8 million

US: 12.7 million[11]
UK: 8.145 million[13]
GER: 6.050 million[14]
FRA: 1.135 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 1.560 million[17]
AUS: 480,000[c][18][19]
SWE: 330,000[c][22]
SPA: 700,000[c][23][24][42][43]
SWI: 565,000[c][25]
BEL: 190,000[c][26][27]
AUT: 630,000[c][33]
POL: 120,000[c][34]
FIN: 241,954[48]

100 million[303]

Linda Ronstadt
United States
1967–present[304]
1968[304]
Rock / Folk / Country[304]
7001325000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 32.5 million

US: 31.5 million[11]
UK: 435,000[c][13]
FRA: 100,000[c][15]
CAN: 500,000[c][17]

100 million[305]

Donna Summer
United States
1968–2012[306]
1974[306]
Pop / Disco / R&B[306]
7001308000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 30.8 million

US: 24.5 million[11]
UK: 3.735 million[c][13]
FRA: 900,000[c][15][16]
CAN: 1.550 million[c][17]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]
SPA: 100,000[c][43]

100 million[307]

The Beach Boys
United States
1961–present[308]
1962[308]
Rock / Pop / Surf Rock[308]
7001307000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 30.7 million

US: 25.6 million[11]
UK: 3.610 million[c][13]
GER: 250,000[c][14]
FRA: 400,000[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 100,000[c][17]
AUS: 492,500[c][18][19]
SPA: 250,000[c][42][43]

100 million[309]

The Who
United Kingdom
1964–present[310]
1965[310]
Rock / Hard rock[310]
7001271000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 27.1 million

US: 22.150 million[11]
UK: 4.105 million[c][13]
FRA: 300,000[c][15]
CAN: 425,000[c][17]
ITA: 125,000[c][20]

100 million[311]

Barry White
United States
1972–2003[312]
1973[312]
R&B / Soul[312]
7001217000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 21.7 million

US: 16.5 million[11]
UK: 3.665 million[c][13]
FRA: 1.1 million[c][15][16]
CAN: 150,000[c][17]
SPA: 200,000[c][59]
BEL: 175,000[c][27]

100 million[313]

text: 80 million to 99 million records

text:
Chris Brown

Nicki Minaj

Shania Twain

Flo Rida

Pink

Justin Timberlake

Van Halen

text:
Artist
Country / Market
Period active
Release-year of first charted record
Genre
Total certified units
(from available markets)[c]
Claimed sales

Shania Twain
Canada
1993–present[314]
1993[314]
Country pop[314]
7001765000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 76.5 million

US: 54.5 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[12]
UK: 7.395 million[13]
GER: 1.750 million[14]
FRA: 975,000[16][54]
CAN: 6.880 million[17]
AUS: 2.360 million[c][18]
BRA: 475,000[21]
SWE: 330,000[22]
SPA: 100,000[59]
MEX: 100,000[c][44]
SWI: 310,000[25]
BEL: 250,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 120,000[28]
DEN: 210,000[c][60][32]
AUT: 115,000[33]
NZ: 402,500[35][36]

90 million[315]

Pink
United States
1995–present[316]
2000[316]
Pop, Pop rock, R&B[316]
7001687000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 68.7 million

US: 32.225 million[11]
JPN: 400,000[12]
UK: 13.575 million[13]
GER: 5.725 million[14]
FRA: 1.198 million[16][54]
CAN: 4.130 million[17]
AUS: 8.295 million[18]
ITA: 425,000[c][20]
SWE: 530,000[22]
MEX: 360,000[44]
SWI: 545,000[25]
BEL: 235,000[27]
DEN: 281,500[60][32]
AUT: 417,500[33]
NZ: 450,000[35][36]

90 million[317]

The Carpenters
United States
1969–1983[318]
1969[318]
Pop[318]
7001460000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 46 million

US: 34.6 million[11]
JPN: 2.9 million[c][12][121][319]
UK: 7.950 million[c][13]
GER: 250,000[c][14]
CAN: 275,000[c][17]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]

90 million[320]

Lionel Richie
United States
1968–present[321]
1981[321]
Pop / R&B[321]
7001404000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 40.4 million

US: 28.650 million[11]
UK: 6.355 million[c][13]
GER: 1.050 million[c][14]
FRA: 1.4 million[c][15][16]
CAN: 2.380 million[c][17]
AUS: 260,000[c][18][322]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]
SPA: 150,000[24][42]
SWI: 145,000[c][25]

90 million[323]

Earth, Wind & Fire
United States
1969–present[324]
1971[324]
Funk / R&B / Soul[324]
7001358009999900000♠
show

Total available certified units: 35.8 million

US: 31.8 million[11]
JPN: 500,000[c][12][325][326]
UK: 2.725 million[13]
FRA: 500,000[15][16]
CAN: 360,000[17]

90 million[327]

Johnny Cash
United States
1954–2003[328]
1956[328]
Country / Rock and roll / Gospel[328]
7001311000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 31.1 million

US: 25.7 million[11]
UK: 3.910 million[c][13]
GER: 550,000[c][14]
CAN: 490,000[c][17]
AUS: 522,500[c][18]

90 million[329]

Justin Timberlake
United States
1992–present[330]
2002[330]
Pop, R&B, Neo soul[330]
7001656009999900000♠
show

Total available certified units: 65.6 million

US: 43.2 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[12]
UK: 11.720 million[13]
GER: 3.050 million[14]
FRA: 578,000[16][54]
CAN: 2.480 million[17]
AUS: 2.310 million[18]
ITA: 295,000[c][20]
SWE: 210,000[22]
SPA: 120,000[59]
MEX: 330,000[44]
SWI: 230,000[25]
BEL: 300,000[27]
DEN: 430,000[60][32]
POL: 170,000[34]
NZ: 185,000[35]

88 million[331]

Chris Brown
United States
2005–present[332]
2005[332]
Pop / R&B, Hip-hop [332]
7002100000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 100 million

US: 84.050 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[53]
UK: 10.240 million[13]
GER: 450,000[14]
CAN: 770,000[17]
AUS: 2.590 million[18]
ITA: 140,000[20]
BRA: 570,000[21]
SWE: 310,000[58]
MEX: 150,000[44]
DEN: 197,500[32]
NZ: 245,000[35]

86 million[333]

Nicki Minaj
United States
2008–present[334]
2010[334]
Hip-hop, Pop[334]
7001840000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 84 million

US: 67 million[11]
JPN: 450,000[53]
UK: 8.9 million[13]
GER: 1.150 million[14]
FRA: 566,000[16]
CAN: 760,000[17]
AUS: 3.115 million[18]
ITA: 485,000[20]
BRA: 250,000[21]
SWE: 420,000[22][58]
SPA: 220,000[23]
MEX: 150,000[44][97]
SWI: 120,000[25]
DEN: 220,000[32]
NZ: 232,500[35]

85 million[335]

R.E.M.
United States
1980–2011[336]
1983[336]
Alternative rock[336]
7001427000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 42.7 million

US: 21.150 million[11]
UK: 8.765 million[13]
GER: 4.275 million[14]
FRA: 1.450 million[15][16]
CAN: 2.650 million[17]
AUS: 1.030[c][18][19]
ITA: 225,000[c][20]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]
SWE: 500,000[c][22]
SPA: 1.1 million[23][24][43][59]
SWI: 450,000[c][25]
BEL: 185,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 158,000[c][28][29]
DEN: 155,000[c][60][61]
AUT: 350,000[c][33]
IRE: 127,500[c][101]
NZ: 105,000[35]

85 million[337]

Flo Rida
United States
2007–present[338]
2007[338]
Hip-hop, Hip house, EDM[338]
7001708000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 70.8 million

US: 49 million[11]
JPN: 650,000[c][12][53]
UK: 7.960 million[13]
GER: 3.7 million[14]
FRA: 225,000[16]
CAN: 3.090 million[17]
AUS: 3.605 million[c][18]
ITA: 360,000[c][20]
SWE: 780,000[22]
SPA: 140,000[59]
MEX: 330,000[c][44]
SWI: 420,000[25]
DEN: 205,000[c][32]
AUT: 180,000[33]
NZ: 247,500[35][36]

80 million[339]

Ayumi Hamasaki
Japan
1998–present[340]
1998[340]
J-pop / Pop / dance / electronic[340]
7001643000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 64.3 million

JPN: 64.3 million[12][53][108]

80 million[341][342]

Van Halen
United States
1978–present[343]
1978[343]
Hard rock / Heavy metal[343]
7001643000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 64.3 million

US: 57.8 million[11]
JPN: 1.3 million[c][12][129]
UK: 740,000[13]
GER: 1.5 million[14]
FRA: 400,000[15]
CAN: 2.450 million[17]
BRA: 200,000[c][21]

80 million[344]

Red Hot Chili Peppers
United States
1983–present[345]
1987[345]
Funk rock / Alternative rock[345]
7001586000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 58.6 million

US: 32.250 million[11]
JPN: 2.6 million[c][12][53]
UK: 10.595 million[13]
GER: 2.650 million[14]
FRA: 1.420 million[16]
CAN: 2.020 million[17]
AUS: 2.625 million[c][18][19][346]
ITA: 570,000[c][20]
BRA: 515,000[c][21]
SWE: 390,000[c][22]
SPA: 640,000[23][43][59]
MEX: 150,000[c][44]
SWI: 405,000[c][25]
BEL: 195,000[c][27]
ARG: 406,000[28][29]
DEN: 227,000[c][60][61][69][32]
AUT: 247,500[c][33]
POL: 245,000[c][34]
FIN: 171,951[48]
NZ: 285,000[35][36]

80 million[347]

Foreigner
United States
United Kingdom
1976–present[348]
1977[348]
Rock / Hard Rock[348]
7001496000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 49.6 million

US: 45.1 million[11]
UK: 1.300 million[13]
GER: 1.5 million[14]
FRA: 400,000[15][16]
CAN: 700,000[17]
AUS: 105,000[c][18]
SWI: 125,000[c][25]

80 million[349]

The Doors
United States
1965–1973[350]
1967[350]
Psychedelic rock[350]
7001469000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 46.9 million

US: 36.6 million[11]
UK: 2.040 million[c][13]
GER: 1.750 million[c][14]
FRA: 1.9 million[c][15][16]
CAN: 2.780 million[c][17]
AUS: 1.022 million[c][18]
ITA: 130,000[c][20]
BRA: 100,000[21]
SPA: 300,000[c][42][59]
SWI: 125,000[c][25]
ARG: 150,000[c][28]
AUT: 100,000[c][33]

80 million[351]

George Michael
United Kingdom
1981–2016[352]
1984[352]
Pop[352]
7001469000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 46.9 million

US: 20.8 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[c][12]
UK: 12.850 million[13]
GER: 2.4 million[14]
FRA: 3.217 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 1.870 million[17]
AUS: 2.205 million[c][18][19]
BRA: 350,000[c][21]
SWE: 310,000[c][22]
SPA: 850,000[23][24][42][43][59]
SWI: 335,000[c][25]
BEL: 290,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 118,000[28][29]
DEN: 400,000[60][32][69][353]
AUT: 140,000[c][33]
POL: 340,000[c][34]
NZ: 140,000[35][36]

80 million[354]

Reba McEntire
United States
1975–present[355]
1987[355]
Country / Country Pop[355]
7001427000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 42.7 million

US: 41.9 million[11]
CAN: 850,000[17]

80 million[356]

Meat Loaf
United States
1968–present[357]
1977[357]
Rock / Hard rock[357]
7001418009999900000♠
show

Total available certified units: 41.8 million

US: 23.6 million[11]
UK: 9.665 million[13]
GER: 2.350 million[14]
CAN: 3.380 million[17]
AUS: 2.522 million[c][18][19]
SWE: 100,000[c][22]
SWI: 115,000[c][25]
AUT: 100,000[c][33]

80 million[358]

Tom Petty
United States
1976–2017[359]
1977[359]
Rock[359]
7001346000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 34.6 million

US: 31.250 million[11]
UK: 1 million[13]
GER: 500,000[14]
CAN: 1.7 million[17]
SWE: 200,000[c][22]

80 million[360]

Johnny Hallyday
France
1957–2017[361]
1960[361]
Rock / Pop[361]
7001251000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 25.1 million

FRA: 24.372 million[c][15][16][54][83][362]
SWI: 268,000[c][25]
BEL: 485,000[c][26][27]

80 million[363]

text: 75 million to 79 million records

text:
Maroon 5

Journey

Tim McGraw

The Black Eyed Peas

R. Kelly

Usher

Kenny G

text:
Artist
Country / Market
Period active
Release-year of first charted record
Genre
Total certified units
(from available markets)[c]
Claimed sales

The Black Eyed Peas
United States
1995–present[364]
1998[364]
Hip-hop / R&B / Dance[364]
7001586000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 58.6 million

US: 31.4 million[11]
JPN: 1.250 million[12][53]
UK: 10.8 million[13]
GER: 3.3 million[14]
FRA: 2.650 million[16]
CAN: 2.7 million[17]
AUS: 3.270 million[18]
ITA: 365,000[c][20]
BRA: 255,000[21]
SWE: 300,000[22][58]
SPA: 460,000[c][23]
MEX: 390,000[c][44]
SWI: 460,000[25]
BEL: 460,000[27]
DEN: 161,000[c][32][69][100][60]
IRE: 135,000[c][101]
NZ: 340,000[35][36]

76 million[365]

Maroon 5
United States
1994–present[366]
2002[366]
Pop rock / Funk rock / Dance-pop[366]
7001659000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 65.9 million

US: 37.2 million[11]
JPN: 2 million[12][53]
UK: 10.160 million[13]
GER: 2.550[14]
FRA: 792,000[16]
CAN: 3.925 million[17]
AUS: 2.975 million[18]
ITA: 760,000[c][20]
BRA: 380,000[21]
SWE: 770,000[22][58]
SPA: 230,000[c][23]
MEX: 3.365[44]
DEN: 517,500[c][32][61][60]
NZ: 300,000[35]

75 million[367]

Journey
United States
1973–present[368]
1975[368]
Rock / Soft rock[368]
7001621000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 62.1 million

US: 59.7 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[c][12][369]
UK: 1.4 million[13]
CAN: 725,000[17]

75 million[370]

Tim McGraw
United States
1990–present[371]
1994[371]
Country[371]
7001617000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 61.7 million

US: 60.150 million[11]
UK: 200,000[13]
CAN: 1.375 million[17]

75 million[372]

R. Kelly
United States
1989–present[373]
1991[373]
R&B / Soul / Hip-pop[373]
7001553000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 55.3 million

US: 46.9 million[11]
UK: 5.420 million[13]
GER: 1.4 million[14]
FRA: 825,000[16]
CAN: 300,000[17]
AUS: 105,000[18]
SWI: 100,000[25]
BEL: 250,000[26][27]

75 million[374]

Usher
United States
1991–present[375]
1994[375]
R&B / Pop[375]
7001552000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 55.2 million

US: 40.435 million[11]
JPN: 750,000 [12][53]
UK: 8.725 million[13]
GER: 1.150[14]
FRA: 210,000[16]
CAN: 1.330 million[17]
AUS: 2.112 million[18]
SWE: 105,000[22][58]
SWI: 170,000[25]
DEN: 137,500[c][32][61]
NZ: 150,000[35]

75 million[376]

Kenny G
United States
1982–present[377]
1984[377]
Smooth jazz[377]
7001521000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 52.1 million

US: 48.1 million[11]
JPN: 700,000[c][12]
UK: 360,000[13]
CAN: 950,000[17]
AUS: 245,000[c][18][178]
BRA: 1.350 million[c][21]
SPA: 450,000[24][43]

75 million[378]

Robbie Williams
United Kingdom
1990–present[379]
1996[379]
Pop rock[379]
7001516000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 51.6 million

US: 500,000[11]
UK: 27.550 million[13]
GER: 10.275 million[14]
FRA: 2.695 million[16][54]
CAN: 250,000[17]
AUS: 2.905 million[18]
ITA: 385,000[c][20]
SWE: 445,000[22][58]
SPA: 440,000[c][23][59]
MEX: 1.595 million[c][44]
SWI: 983,000[25]
BEL: 600,000[26][27]
ARG: 462,000[28][29]
DEN: 676,500[c][60][61][32][69][77]
AUT: 917,500[33]
POL: 140,000[34]
FIN: 235,743[48]
IRE: 135,000[c][101]
NZ: 445,000[35]

75 million[380]

Tupac Shakur
United States
1991–1996[381]
1991[381]
Hip-hop[381]
7001515000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 51.5 million

US: 46.2 million[11]
UK: 3.435 million[13]
GER: 650,000[14]
CAN: 820,000[17]
AUS: 430,000[18][382]

75 million[383]

Enya
Ireland
1982–present[384]
1987[384]
New-age / Celtic[384]
7001501000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 50.1 million

US: 26.5 million[11]
JPN: 4.6 million[c][12]
UK: 5.250 million[13]
GER: 4.2 million[14]
FRA: 775,000[15][16]
CAN: 1.540 million[17]
AUS: 1.505[c][18][19]
BRA: 1.650 million[c][21]
SWE: 390,000[22]
SPA: 1.760 million[23][43]
MEX: 125,000[c][44]
SWI: 370,000[c][25]
BEL: 510,000[c][27]
ARG: 390,000[28]
DEN: 100,000[c][30][385][386][387]
AUT: 185,000[c][33]
POL: 120,000[c][34]
NZ: 135,000[35]

75 million[388]

Alabama
United States
1972–present[389]
1980[389]
Country / Pop rock[389]
7001480000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 48 million

US: 46.8 million[11]
CAN: 1.2 million[17]

75 million[390]

Nirvana
United States
1987–1994[391]
1989[391]
Grunge / Alternative rock[391]
7001467000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 46.7 million

US: 26.5 million[11]
JPN: 1.3 million[c][12]
UK: 5.970 million[13]
GER: 1.5 million[14]
FRA: 2.5 million[15][16]
CAN: 2.970 million[17]
AUS: 1.362[c][18][198][392][252][393]
ITA: 600,000[c][20]
BRA: 725,000[c][21]
SWE: 380,000[22]
SPA: 450,000[23][24][43]
MEX: 475,000[c][44]
SWI: 190,000[25]
BEL: 375,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 522,000[28][29]
DEN: 160,000[c][32]
AUT: 230,000[c][33]
POL: 335,000[c][34]
NZ: 215,000[35][36]

75 million[394]

Bryan Adams
Canada
1979–present[395]
1979[395]
Rock[395]
7001450000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 45 million

US: 21 million[11]
JPN: 600,000[c][12]
UK: 8.735 million[13]
GER: 4.1 million[14]
FRA: 650,000[15][16][54]
CAN: 5.120 million[17]
AUS: 2.010 million[c][18][396]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]
SWE: 440,000[c][22]
SPA: 450,000 [c][24][43][59]
SWI: 805,000[c][25]
BEL: 375,000[c][26][27]
DEN: 105,000[c][61][32]
AUT: 375,000[c][33]
FIN: 183,444[48]

75 million[397]

Bob Marley
Jamaica
1962–1981[398]
1975[398]
Reggae[398]
7001402000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 40.2 million

US: 21.850 million[11]
JPN: 200,000[c][12]
UK: 8.5 million[13]
GER: 1.750 million[14]
FRA: 4.735 million[16]
CAN: 600,000[17]
AUS: 350,000[399][400]
ITA: 275,000[c][20]
SWE: 120,000[c][22]
SPA: 450,000[c][24][42][43][59]
SWI: 303,000[c][25]
BEL: 225,000[27]
ARG: 376,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 125,000[c][33]
NZ: 427,500[c][35][36]

75 million[401]

The Police
United Kingdom
1977–1986
2007–2008[402]
1978[402]
Pop / Rock[402]
7001392000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 39.2 million

US: 23.150 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[c][12]
UK: 8.560 million[13]
GER: 1.775 million[14]
FRA: 3.340 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 875,000[17]
AUS: 407,500[c][18]
ITA: 100,000[c][20]
BRA: 140,000[c][21]
SPA: 300,000[c][24][42]
MEX: 100,000[c][44]
BEL: 115,000[c][27]
ARG: 228,000[c][28][29]

75 million[403]

Barry Manilow
United States
1973–present[404]
1973[404]
Pop / Soft rock[404]
7001365000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 36.5 million

US: 33.3 million[11]
UK: 2.825 million[13]
CAN: 400,000[c][17]

75 million[405]

Kiss
United States
1972–present[406]
1974[406]
Hard rock / Heavy metal[406]
7001278000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 27.8 million

US: 26 million[11]
CAN: 1.495 million[c][17]
UK: 100,000[13]
AUS: 130,000[c][18]
ARG: 112,000[c][28]

75 million[407]

Aretha Franklin
United States
1956–present[408]
1961[408]
Soul / Jazz / Blues / R&B[408]
7001247000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 24.7 million

US: 23.5 million[11]
UK: 840,000[c][13]
FRA: 275,000[c][15][16]
CAN: 150,000[c][17]

75 million[409]


document_title: How Green Was My Valley (film)

question_text: where was how green was my valley filmed

root

text: How Green Was My Valley (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The movie begins with a monologue by an older Huw Morgan (voice by Irving Pichel):[a] "I am packing my belongings in the shawl my mother used to wear when she went to the market. And I'm going from my valley. And this time, I shall never return." The valley and its villages are now blackened by the coal mines that fill the area.

tag: p

text: A young Huw (Roddy McDowall), the youngest child of Gwilym Morgan (Donald Crisp), walks home with his father to meet his mother, Beth (Sara Allgood). His older brothers, Ianto (John Loder), Ivor (Patric Knowles), Davy (Richard Fraser), Gwilym Jr., and Owen all work in the coal mines with their father, while sister Angharad (Maureen O'Hara) keeps house with their mother. Huw's childhood is idyllic, the town, not yet overrun with mining spoil, is beautiful, and the household is warm and loving. Huw is smitten on meeting Bronwyn (Anna Lee), a girl engaged to be married to his oldest brother, Ivor (Patric Knowles). At the boisterous wedding party Angharad meets the new preacher, Mr. Gruffydd (Walter Pidgeon), and there is an obvious mutual attraction.

text: Trouble begins when the mine owner decreases wages, and the miners strike in protest. Gwilym's attempt to mediate by not endorsing a strike estranges him from the other miners as well as his older sons, who quit the house. Beth interrupts a late night meeting of the strikers, threatening to kill anyone who harms her husband. While returning home, crossing the fields in a snowstorm in the dark, Beth falls into the river. Huw dives in to save her with the help of the townspeople, and temporarily loses the use of his legs. He recovers with the help of Mr. Gruffydd, which further endears him to Angharad.

text: The strike is eventually settled, and Gwilym and his sons reconcile, yet many miners have lost their jobs. Angharad is courted by the mine owner's son, Iestyn Evans (Marten Lamont), though she loves Mr. Gruffydd. Mr. Gruffydd loves her too, to the malicious delight of the gossipy townswomen, but cannot bear to subject her to an impoverished churchman's life. Angharad submits to a loveless marriage to Evans, and they relocate out of the country.

text: Huw begins school at a nearby village. Abused by other boys, he is taught to fight by boxer Dai Bando (Rhys Williams) and his crony, Cyfartha (Barry Fitzgerald). After a beating by the cruel teacher Mr. Jonas (Morton Lowry), Dai Bando avenges Huw with an impromptu boxing display on Mr. Jonas to the delight of his pupils.

text: On the day that Bronwyn gives birth to their child, Ivor is killed in a mine accident. Later, two of Morgan's sons are dismissed in favour of less experienced, cheaper labourers. With no job prospects, they leave to seek their fortunes abroad. Huw is awarded a scholarship to university, but to his father's dismay he refuses it to work in the mines. He relocates in with Bronwyn to help provide for her and her child.

text: When Angharad returns without her husband, vicious gossip spreads through the town of an impending divorce. Mr. Gruffydd is denounced by the church deacons, and after condemning the town's small-mindedness, he decides to leave.

text: Just then, the alarm whistle sounds, signalling another mine disaster. Several men are injured, and Gwilym and others are trapped in a cave-in. Young Huw, Mr. Gruffydd, and Dai Bando descend with others for a rescue attempt. Gwilym and his son are briefly re-united before he succumbs to his injuries. Huw rides the lift to the surface cradling his father's body, his coal-blackened face devoid of youthful innocence.

text: Narration by an older Huw recalls, "Men like my father cannot die. They are with me still, real in memory as they were in flesh, loving and beloved forever. How green was my valley then." The movie ends with a montage of family vignettes showing Huw with his father and mother, his brothers and sister.

tag: ul

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Walter Pidgeon as Mr. Gruffydd, pastor of the village chapel
Maureen O'Hara as Angharad Morgan
Donald Crisp as Gwilym Morgan
Roddy McDowall as Huw Morgan
Sara Allgood as Mrs. Beth Morgan
Anna Lee as Bronwyn, Ivor's wife
Patric Knowles as Ivor Morgan
John Loder as Ianto Morgan
Barry Fitzgerald as Cyfartha, boxing manager
Rhys Williams as Dai Bando, boxer
Morton Lowry as Mr. Jonas, school teacher

Arthur Shields as Mr. Parry, deacon
Frederick Worlock as Dr. Richards
Richard Fraser as Davy Morgan
Evan S. Evans as Gwilym Morgan Jr.
James Monks as Owen Morgan
Ethel Griffies as Mrs. Nicholas, housekeeper
Lionel Pape as Mr. Evans senior
Marten Lamont as Iestyn Evans, his son
Ann E. Todd as Ceinwen, school girl
Clifford Severn as Mervyn Phillips, school bully
Irving Pichel as adult Huw Morgan (the unseen narrator)
Minta Durfee (uncredited)

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: William Wyler, the original director, saw the screen test of McDowall and chose him for the part. Wyler was replaced by John Ford. Fox wanted to shoot the movie in Wales in Technicolor, but events in Europe during World War II made this impossible. Instead, Ford had the studio build an 80-acre authentic replica of a Welsh mining town at Brent's Crags[6] (subsequently Crags Country Club) in the Santa Monica Mountains near Malibu, California.[7]

text: The cast had only one Welsh actor, Rhys Williams, in a minor role.

text: Reception[edit]

text: How Green Was My Valley maintains a 90% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes; the site's consensus write-up is, "Though it perhaps strays into overly maudlin territory, this working-class drama is saved by a solid cast and director John Ford's unmistakeable style."[8] Tim Dirks of Filmsite.org lauded the film as "one of John Ford's masterpieces of sentimental human drama."[9]

text: While the opinion among the Academy Awards committee that it was 1941's best picture has been left behind by modern film criticism,[10][11] How Green Was My Valley continues to be well received in its own right, and in 1990 was added to the American National Film Registry. It is also well known for being Academy Award winning actor and director Clint Eastwood's favorite movie.

text: Awards[edit]

text: Academy Awards[edit]

text:
Best Picture - Darryl F. Zanuck
Best Director - John Ford
Best Supporting Actor - Donald Crisp
Best Black-and-White Cinematography - Arthur Charles Miller
Best Black-and-White Art Direction-Interior Decoration - Richard Day, Nathan H. Juran and Thomas Little

text:
Best Adapted Screenplay - Philip Dunne
Best Supporting Actress - Sara Allgood
Best Film Editing - James B. Clark
Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic Picture - Alfred Newman
Best Recording Sound - Edmund H. Hansen

text: Other awards[edit]

text:
New York Film Critics Circle Awards: NYFCC Award; Best Director, John Ford; 1941.
Silver Condor Award for Best Foreign Film at the 1943 Argentine Film Critics Association Awards in Argentina, John Ford, USA; 1943.[13]
1990—National Film Registry.

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies - Nominated[14]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"Men like my father cannot die. They are with me still -- real in memory as they were in flesh, loving and beloved forever. How green was my valley then." - Nominated[15]

AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores - Nominated[16]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) - Nominated[17]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: How Green Was My Valley was adapted as a radio play on the March 22, 1942 broadcast of the Ford Theatre, with Sara Allgood, Donald Crisp, Roddy McDowell, Maureen O'Hara and Walter Pidgeon.

text: It was also adapted on three broadcasts of Lux Radio Theater: on September 21, 1942, with Allgood, Crisp, O'Hara, McDowell and Pidgeon; on March 31, 1947, with Crisp and David Niven; and on September 28, 1954, with Crisp and Donna Reed.

text: A Broadway musical adaptation, entitled A Time for Singing, produced by Alexander H. Cohen, opened at the Broadway Theatre on May 21, 1966.[18] The music was by John Morris; book and lyrics by Morris and Gerald Freedman, who also served as the director. Cast included Laurence Naismith as Gwillym, Tessie O'Shea as Beth Morgan, Shani Wallis as Angharad and Frank Griso as Huw.


document_title: Generic top-level domain

question_text: .org .net .gov .com and .mil are examples of what

question_tokens: . org .net . gov . com and . mil are examples of what

text: Generic top-level domain

text: Types[edit]

text: Overall, IANA distinguishes the following groups of top-level domains:[3]

text:
infrastructure top-level domain (arpa)
country code top-level domains (ccTLD)
internationalized top-level domains (IDNs)

internationalized country code top-level domains
testing top-level domains

generic top-level domains (gTLD)

text: History[edit]

text: The initial set of generic top-level domains, defined by RFC 920 in October 1984, was a set of "general purpose domains": com, edu, gov, mil, org. The net domain was added with the first implementation of these domains. The com, net, and org TLDs, despite their originally-specific goals, are now open to use for any purpose.

text: In November 1988, another TLD was introduced, int. This TLD was introduced in response to NATO's request for a domain name which adequately reflected its character as an international organization. It was also originally planned to be used for some Internet infrastructure databases, such as ip6.int, the IPv6 equivalent of in-addr.arpa. However, in May 2000, the Internet Architecture Board proposed to exclude infrastructure databases from the int domain. All new databases of this type would be created in arpa (a legacy domain from the conversion of ARPANET), and existing usage would move to arpa wherever feasible, which led to the use of ip6.arpa for IPv6 reverse lookups.

text: By the mid-1990s there was discussion of introduction of more TLDs. Jon Postel, as head of IANA, invited applications from interested parties. In early 1995, Postel created "Draft Postel", an Internet draft containing the procedures to create new domain name registries and new TLDs.[4] Draft Postel created a number of small committees to approve the new TLDs. Because of the increasing interest, a number of large organizations took over the process under the Internet Society's umbrella. This second attempt involved setting up a temporary organization called the International Ad Hoc Committee (IAHC). On February 4, 1997, the IAHC issued a report ignoring the Draft Postel recommendations and instead recommending the introduction of seven new TLDs (arts, firm, info, nom, rec, store, and web). However, these proposals were abandoned after the U.S. government intervened.[citation needed]

text: In September 1998, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) was created to take over the task of managing domain names. After a call for proposals (August 15, 2000) and a brief period of public consultation, ICANN announced on November 16, 2000 its selection of seven new TLDs: aero, biz, coop, info, museum, name, pro.

text: biz, info, and museum were activated in June 2001, name and coop in January 2002, pro in May 2002, and aero later in 2002. pro became a gTLD in May 2002, but did not become fully operational until June 2004.

text: ICANN added further TLDs, starting with a set of sponsored top-level domains. The application period for these was from December 15, 2003 to March 16, 2004; it resulted in ten applications.[5] Of these, ICANN approved asia, cat, jobs, mobi, tel and travel. In March 2011, xxx was approved[6] (one year after an independent review found ICANN had broken its own bylaws by rejecting the application in 2007).[7] Of the remaining applications (post, mail and an alternative tel proposal), post was introduced in 2012.

text: On June 26, 2008, during the 32nd International Public ICANN Meeting in Paris,[8] ICANN started a new process of TLD naming policy to take a "significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top-level domains." This program envisioned the availability of many new or already proposed domains, as well as a new application and implementation process.[9] [10] Observers believed that the new rules could result in hundreds of new gTLDs being registered.[11]

text: New top-level domains[edit]

text: The introduction of several generic top-level domains over the years had not stopped the demand for more gTLDs; ICANN received many proposals for establishment of new top-level domains.[12] Proponents argued for a variety of models, ranging from adoption of policies for unrestricted gTLDs (see above) to chartered gTLDs for specialized uses by specialized organizations.

text: In 2008, a new initiative foresaw a stringent application process for new domains, adhering to a restricted naming policy for open gTLDs, community-based domains, and internationalized domain names (IDNs).[13] According to a guidebook published by ICANN,[13] a community-based gTLD is "a gTLD that is operated for the benefit of a defined community consisting of a restricted population." All other domains fall under the category open gTLD, which "is one that can be used for any purpose consistent with the requirements of the application and evaluation criteria, and with the registry agreement. An open gTLD may or may not have a formal relationship with an exclusive registrant or user population. It may or may not employ eligibility or use restrictions."

text: The establishment of new gTLDs under this program required the management of registrar relationships, the operation of a domain registry, and demonstration of technical (as well as financial) capacity for such operations.

text: A fourth version of the draft applicant guidebook (DAG4) was published in May 2011.[14] On June 20, 2011, ICANN's board voted to end most restrictions on the creation of generic top-level domain names (gTLDs) -- at which time 22 gTLDs were available.[15][16] Companies and organizations would be able to choose essentially arbitrary top-level Internet domains. The use of non-Latin characters (such as Cyrillic, Arabic, Chinese, etc.) would also be allowed in gTLDs. ICANN began accepting applications for new gTLDs on January 12, 2012.[15] A survey by registrar Melbourne IT considered entertainment and financial services brands most likely to apply for new gTLDs for their brands.[17] The initial price to apply for a new gTLD was $185,000.[16] ICANN expected that the first batch of new gTLDs would be operational by September 2013.[18] ICANN expected the new rules to significantly change the face of the internet. Peter Thrush, chairman of ICANN's board of directors, stated after the vote: "Today's decision will usher in a new internet age. We have provided a platform for the next generation of creativity and inspiration. Unless there is a good reason to restrain it, innovation should be allowed to run free."[19] Industry analysts predicted 500–1000 new gTLDs,[16] mostly reflecting names of companies and products, but also cities, and generic names like bank and sport. According to Theo Hnarakis, chief executive of Melbourne IT, the decision would "allow corporations to better take control of their brands. For example, apple or ipad would take customers right to those products."[16] In agreement, Nick Wood, Managing Director of Valideus, suggested "Your own gTLD demonstrates confidence and vision and may accelerate your brand and its value. An internet address at the Top Level is far better than registration at the 'low rent' Second Level." [20] However, some companies, like Pepsi, ruled out a branded gTLD.[21]

text: Terminology[edit]

text: Unrestricted generic top-level domains are those domains that are available for registrations by any person or organization for any use. The prominent gTLDs in this group are com, net, org, and info. However, info was the only one of these, and the first, that was explicitly chartered as unrestricted. The others initially had a specific target audience. However, due to lack of enforcement, they acquired an unrestricted character, which was later grandfathered.

text: Sponsored gTLD[edit]

text: The term sponsored top-level domain is derived from the fact that these domains are based on theme concepts proposed by private agencies or organizations that establish and enforce rules restricting the eligibility of registrants to use the TLD. For example, the aero TLD is sponsored by the Société Internationale de Télécommunications Aéronautiques, which limits registrations to members of the air-transport industry.

text: The new gTLD programme saw the arrival of many such top-level domains, with a restricted open policy, eligible to those active in a regulated industry, such as .pharma or .bank, or in other industrial domains such as .safety

text: Geographic gTLD[edit]

text: A geographic TLD (or GeoTLD) is a generic top-level domain using the name of or invoking an association with a geographical, geopolitical, ethnic, linguistic or cultural community. As of 2009, only two GeoTLDs existed: the sponsored domains .cat, for the Catalan language and culture and .asia; as of 2014 there were many more, including .kiwi, .paris, .scot and .gal, but many others are being added regularly.

text: Brand gTLD[edit]

text: Brands have also applied to get their brand as a top-level domain. Specification 13 is an addendum to the registry contract that describes specific provisions to brands to run their Top Level Domain in a closed fashion.[22] 517 applications to qualify to Spec 13 were made to ICANN, 36 requests were rejected by ICANN or withdrawn by the applicant, 4 are pending review.

text: In 2018, Spamhaus rated .men as the worst top-level domain in terms of spam and scamming. .men comes top with 60.6 per cent of its 73,000 domains identified as "bad", resulting in a badness index of 6.48. The company that runs .men, Famous Four Media also runs the third worst registry - .loan – with 59 per cent bad domains and a 6.22 index.[23]

text: Expansion of gTLDs[edit]

text: The new generic top level domain (gTLD) application system opened on January 12, 2012. The application window was initially to close on April 12, 2012. However ICANN's Chief Operating Officer, Akram Atallah, stated there was a glitch in the TLD application system leaving applicants' information visible to others. The system was shut down to protect applicants' information, and measures were taken to resolve the situation.[24]

text: ICANN re-opened the TLD Application System on May 21, allowing applicants to submit and review their applications until May 30, 2012.[25]

text: On "Reveal Day" June 13, 2012, it was announced that ICANN received about 1,930 applications for new gTLDs, 751 of which were contested.[26]

text: It was expected for the new gTLDs to go live on June 2013. However, as of March 2013 only non Latin domains have gone through Initial Evaluation. The updated timeline suggested the new TLDs will go live in November 2013.[27][28][needs update] On November 26, first seven new generic top-level domains, .bike, .clothing, .guru, .holdings, .plumbing, .singles, and .ventures, have entered the Sunrise period.[29]

text: A lottery was held in December 2012 to determine the order in which ICANN would evaluate the 1,930 applications.[30]

text: After the Application Window there was a public comment period from June 13, 2012, to September 26, 2012, in which the public could express their views on the individual new gTLD applications submitted.[31]

text: Concerns were raised over Closed Generic applications in which the applicant would be the sole registrant for the TLD. In particular objections were raised by publishers over Amazon's .book application.[32]

text: Of the technology giants, Google has filed for 101 new gTLDs, Amazon comes 2nd with 76, and Microsoft has filed for 11.[33] The more specialized domain name companies include Donuts submitting the most (307) applications and Uniregistry pursuing 54 gTLDs.[34][35]

text: New gTLD launches[edit]

text: On July 15, 2013, the four first new gTLD agreements were signed in Durban.[36] They concerned Top Level Domains in non-Latin characters:

text:
International Domain Registry Pty. Ltd.'s شبكة , Arabic for "web" or "network"
Core Association's онлайн, Russian for "online"
Core Association's сайт, Russian for "site"
Spring Fields, LLC's 游戏, Chinese for "game"

text: On July 10, 2014 the 330th gTLD was delegated.[1] On November 9, 2014, the 400th gTLD was delegated in the root.[37] As of 3 May 2015, the number of new gTLDs available is 605.[1]

text: The most popular gTLD has been .guru, launched in February 2014 and reaching 50,000 domains in April 2014, briefly surpassed by .club between June 2 and June 9, 2014, with around 55,000 domains; .club was then surpassed by .xyz, which had more than 300,000 domains after one and a half months of existence. The growth of .xyz has been concentrated on one registrar due to a promotion they ran.,[38] recently SBI bank has started using gTLD as "Bank.SBI" on February 20, 2017.

text: Technical issues[edit]

text: Some browsers and software applications do not properly recognize new gTLDs as top-level domains.[39] For example, some browsers do not recognize many new gTLDs and instead treat them as a search query. Prefixing the domain with "http://", or including a trailing slash, will usually force the browser to perform a DNS lookup rather than a search.[40]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Following the vote to expand gTLDs, many trade associations and large companies, led by the Association of National Advertisers, formed the Coalition for Responsible Internet Domain Oversight. The coalition opposes the expansion of gTLDs, citing "its deeply flawed justification, excessive cost and harm to brand owners."[41] In a statement to the US Congress on December 9, 2011, National Restaurant Association vice president Scott DeFife stated, "Even beyond the financial toll the gTLD program will exact on millions of U.S. businesses, the Association believes that ICANN’s program will confuse consumers by spreading Internet searches across hundreds or even thousands of new top-level domains."[42]

text: Another opponent is Esther Dyson, the founding chairperson of ICANN, who wrote that the expansion "will create jobs [for lawyers, marketers and others] but little extra value."[43]


document_title: Clash of the Titans (2010 film)

question_text: who played zeus in clash of the titans

question_tokens: who played zeus in clash of the titans

text: Clash of the Titans (2010 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In ancient times, after defeating their predecessors, the Titans, the gods divided the Universe among themselves. Zeus took the skies, Poseidon took the seas, and Hades was left with the Underworld upon being tricked by Zeus. The gods created the mortals, whose faith and prayers has fueled the gods' immortality. As time passed, however, mortals began to question and soon resist their creators, angering the Olympians.

text: A fisherman named Spyros finds a coffin adrift in the sea, discovering a baby, Perseus, and his mother, Danaë. Spyros and his wife, Marmara, raise Perseus as their own son, alongside their daughter, Tekla. One day, an adult Perseus and his family watch soldiers from the city of Argos destroying the statue of Zeus. Infuriated at this, the Gods unleash the Furies who attack the soldiers and destroy the family's fishing vessel, resulting in Perseus' family drowning. Only Perseus survives and is found by a group of the soldiers.

text: Perseus is brought before King Cepheus and Queen Cassiopeia, who are celebrating their campaign against the gods. Queen Cassiopeia compares her daughter Andromeda to the gods and boasts that she is more beautiful than Aphrodite. The revelry is cut short by the arrival of Hades, who has been given leave by Zeus to punish the mortals for their defiance. Hades threatens to unleash his monster, the Kraken, against Argos, unless Andromeda is offered as a sacrifice. Before leaving, he also reveal that Perseus is a demigod and the son of Zeus. Perseus meets Io, who confirms his origin. According to Io, a king of Argos named Acrisius defied the Gods and laid siege on Olympus. Zeus wanted to teach him a lesson, but he could not kill the humans because he loved them so much. Instead, he decided to make an example out of Acrisius and disguised himself as the king, and then had sex with Queen Danae. When Acrisius realized this, he executed his wife and son, while cursing Zeus and denying him their bodies. Zeus punished him further by changing him into the deformed creature Calibos, who became obsessed with killing Perseus, the son of Queen Danae and Zeus.

text: Perseus leads the King's Guard to the Stygian Witches, looking for a way to kill the Kraken. After being betrayed by the power-hungry Hades, Zeus gives Perseus a sword forged on Mount Olympus and a winged horse named Pegasus. Perseus refuses the sword, but the captain of the King's guard, Draco, keeps the sword for when Perseus needs it. However, Perseus likes Pegasus. Soon after, they are attacked by Calibos. Draco severs Calibos's hand and forces him to flee. The band gives chase but they are under attacked by giant scorpions called Scorpiochs that spring from spilled drops of Calibos's blood. They are saved by a band of Djinn, non-human desert sorcerers led by Sheik Suleiman, who tame the remaining Scorpioxs. Also wishing for the gods' defeat, the Djinn lend their aid to Perseus and his band.

text: The group arrives at the lair of the Stygian Witches and learn that to kill the Kraken, they must obtain and use the head of Medusa, a gorgon who resides in a temple in the Underworld. Any living creature that looks on Medusa's eyes will turn into stone. Perseus, Io, Solon, Draco, and their remaining men heading into the Underworld. The men enter Medusa's temple lair while Io, being a woman and forbidden from entering, remains outside. Medusa kills most of the band, but Perseus finally manages to behead her by using his reflective shield to see her with his back turned. As he leaves the temple, Calibos appears behind Io and fatally stabs her. As Perseus and Calibos fight, Perseus accepts that he is a son of Zeus, picks up the Olympian sword, and stabs Calibos through the chest, which has restored him to his human form. With his last breath, Calibos urges Perseus not to become a god. As Io lies dying, she urges Perseus to leave her and save Andromeda and Argos. Pegasus takes Perseus back to the city of Argos as the Kraken is released. The people of Argos seize and bind Andromeda to sacrifice her to the Kraken. Meanwhile, Hades reveals he does not require the faith or worship of mortals as Zeus does, as he has learned to survive on their fear. Hades then subdues the weakened Zeus.

text: Perseus arrives at Argos and exposes Medusa's head to the Kraken, which makes eye contact just before it is able to reach Andromeda. The Kraken, petrified, slowly turns to stone and shatters. Prokopion, the insane leader of the Cult of Hades, attempt to kill Perseus, but Cepheus stops him and is stabbed, before killing them both when the Kraken's petrified hand falls on them. Hades appears, intending to kill Perseus, but Perseus, calling upon Zeus, throws his sword at Hades, forcing him back to the Underworld. Perseus rescues Andromeda, who is now crowned as Queen of Argos. She asks Perseus to stay by her side as King, but he declines. Perseus also refuses another offer of godhood from Zeus, who then proclaims that if Perseus is to live as a human, he should not be alone, and subsequently revives Io, intending that she and Perseus become lovers.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sam Worthington as Perseus
Gemma Arterton as Io
Mads Mikkelsen as Draco
Alexa Davalos as Princess Andromeda
Liam Neeson as Zeus
Ralph Fiennes as Hades
Liam Cunningham as Solon
Jason Flemyng as King Acrisius/Calibos
Ian Whyte as Sheikh Suleiman

text: Production[edit]

text: The Clash of the Titans remake project started in 2002 under producer Adam Schroeder and writers John Glenn and Travis Wright. They wanted to drop the "cheesy chessboard manipulation of characters" by the gods.[citation needed] In the Wright/Glenn version of Clash, various pantheons were mixed together. The main villain was the Sumerian Sea Goddess of Death and Destruction, Tiamat.[citation needed] Perseus was originally kidnapped by an avatar of an unidentified Chthonian Earth Goddess, who planned to have him married to Andromeda so as to develop better relations with humanity. The Earth Goddess and Perseus proceed to fall in love. Zeus prepared to engage in war with Tiamat; taking the aids of other gods (such as Thoth, Marduk, Yahweh and Osiris). A High Priest named Fantasos starts a Cult of Tiamat that quickly conquers the city. Andromeda was originally a promiscuous spoiled Princess who possessed various male sex slaves. Though the mixing of Mythologies and the Perseus-Earth Goddess romance was abandoned, the concept of a Goddess enraged at arrogant humans and demanding a sacrifice and the Cult of the Evil God (Changed from Tiamat to Hades) was retained into the final production.[8] Producer Basil Iwanyk revived the project in 2006 with a rewrite by Travis Beacham, a fan of the original, who intended the script to be "darker and more realistic".[9] Lawrence Kasdan and director Stephen Norrington signed on in 2007. Kasdan gave the script another rewrite from the Beacham version.[10] But Norrington was unsure about his direction for the project because he did not grow up with the original. Leterrier, who did, contacted Norrington through their shared agent about replacing him.[11] By June 2008 Leterrier joined the project and Warner Bros. greenlit the film.[12] Leterrier noted the original Clash of the Titans inspired the climax of his previous film The Incredible Hulk – a battle in a burnt-down courtroom with temple-like columns – and has compared modern superheroes to Greek mythology.[13][14]

text: Writers Phil Hay and Matt Manfredi took over the script during July 2008 and used Beacham's draft as a starting point. They focused on the mythology and telling the story through Leterrier's eyes. Hay and Manfredi had to rewrite the script in less than a year using a very active process.[15] Leterrier sought Ray Harryhausen's involvement,[11] and reunited with Hulk concept artist Aaron Sims, who had already been working on Clash of the Titans with Norrington.[16]

text: Louis Leterrier, during an interview, revealed that he is a big fan of Masami Kurumada's Saint Seiya manga (also known as Knights of the Zodiac) and its anime adaptation. He specifically cited the armor that the Gods wear in his film remake as a sign of homage and respect to Saint Seiya. Masami Kurumada, the author of Saint Seiya, was even asked to collaborate with the production team on poster designs.[17]

text: Sam Worthington took the role of Perseus because he wanted to make a Clash of the Titans for his nine-year-old nephew's generation. During filming the cast had a few laughs about the costumes, but he took it very seriously "so the audience doesn't have to."[18] Worthington also did not wear sandals while filming; he instead painted toes on his sports shoes so he could perform the stunts better.[19]

text: For the 2D to 3D conversion, Leterrier approached the studio early on about a 3D conversion, but it was expensive and very new technology.[20] After Avatar, the studio put pressure on Leterrier to convert the film. He was worried because of his previous concerns but was convinced after seeing the View-D conversion process.[21] Leterrier considered the 3D conversion to improve the viewing experience, and states that it should not be seen as a gimmick.[20]

text: In 2013 Leterrier said of the 3D conversion;

text: It was famously rushed and famously horrible. It was absolutely horrible, the 3D. Nothing was working, it was just a gimmick to steal money from the audience. I’m a good boy and I rolled with the punches and everything, but it’s not my movie.[22]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: Filming began April 27, 2009, near London, at Shepperton Studios, and also at Pinewood Studios and at Longcross Studios, near Chertsey, in Surrey.[23] Filming also took place in Wales, the Canary Islands (Spain) (primarily at the World Heritage Site, Teide National Park in Tenerife), Maspalomas Dunes, Gran Canaria, and Timanfaya National Park in Lanzarote. Aerial photography was conducted in Iceland and Ethiopia.[2]

text: Filming of volcano scenes at the Harriet hole in Dinorwic Slate Quarry in Wales wrapped at the end of July.[24] This slate quarry has also been used for locations for Willow and Street Fighter.[25]

text: Homage[edit]

text: Bubo, Athena's mechanical owl in the original 1981 film, makes a cameo appearance in this remake and its sequel.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Release[edit]

text: Clash of the Titans was originally set for standard release on March 26, 2010.[3][4] The Heat Vision Blog reported on January 27, 2010, that after a 3D conversion test of the film which Warner Bros. found to be a "roaring success", the film would be converted to 3D and would premiere on April 2, 2010. The national premiere in Spain took place on March 30 in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the capital city of the Canary Islands.[5][6][26]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Clash of the Titans has received generally negative reviews from critics, who criticized the film for its use of 3D, flat characters and divergences from the original film and the myth. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 28% of critics have given the film a positive review, based on 239 reviews with an average rating of 4.3/10. The site's consensus stated "An obviously affectionate remake of the 1981 original, Louis Leterrier's Clash of the Titans doesn't offer enough visual thrills to offset the deficiencies of its script."[27] On Metacritic, the film was assigned a weighted average score of 39 out of 100, based on 37 reviews from mainstream critics.[28] Even before release the film attracted some negative attention for its original tagline, "Titans Will Clash".[29]

text: In his review for the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4, stating "I don't say it's good cinema, although I recognize the craftsmanship that went into it. I don't say it's good acting, when the men have so much facial hair they all look like Liam Neeson. I like the energy, the imagination, the silliness".[30] Richard Corliss of Time could understand why the film received negative reviews, but found it "a full-throttle action-adventure, played unapologetically straight." He dismissed other critics' complaints, writing that the film is "very watchable in 2-D", that other critics were biased by nostalgia for the original, and that 15 seconds of Bubo is enough for his tastes.[31] Colin Covert gave the film a mildly positive review, stating the film was "all flash, trash, and crash; a tasty hunk of baloney; mindless yet shamelessly thrilling." He considered Worthington to have a "Shatneresque heaviness about him", and found that all the laughs came from the fact that the heavyweight actors were "slumming through their roles".[32] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B-, writing "The new Clash isn't a cynical rehash. It has the flavor of a certain pre-CGI innocence."[33] James Berardinelli gave it a mixed review, concluding that Clash of the Titans is a flawed but mildly entertaining regurgitation of Greek mythological elements, but it's also an example of how poorly executed 3D can hamstring a would-be spectacle.[34]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film 1 star out of four, stating "The film is a sham, with good actors going for the paycheck and using beards and heavy makeup to hide their shame."[35] In a review for the Chicago Tribune, Turan complained that the film is worse in 3D; he went on further to explain that the action scenes are "more of a distraction than an enhancement", with the battle scenes being cluttered and "harder to follow rather than exciting".[36] Claudia Puig for USA Today wrote that the film's "most outstanding achievement is the ability to be both chaotic and dull". Justification for her opinion came from the frantic action sequences and muddled special effects.[37] Dan Kois blamed the director for making a "muddled disappointment" instead of a "camp classic that could have endured for generations". Kois also accused Leterrier of not knowing how to direct an action scene, and that the film is lacking in "wit and flair".[38] David Stratton also criticized the film's action scenes, suggesting to Leterrier: "check out your local video store for something by Kurosawa, or almost any movie with sword fight scenes, to see how it's done."[39] AskMen.com felt actor Sam Worthington's heavy Australian drawl was so distracting it "manages not only to single-handedly unhinge any suspension of disbelief we might have had, but his fellow actors often seem to be visibly struggling as they impart fantastical ancient truths to a true-blue brickie in a studded leather dress."

text: The film was nominated for "Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel" and "Worst Eye-Gouging Misuse of 3D" at the 31st Golden Raspberry Awards, but lost to Sex and the City 2 and The Last Airbender, respectively.

text: Box office[edit]

text: Clash of the Titans earned $61,235,105 in its opening weekend in 3,777 theaters in the United States and Canada (not including Thursday previews).[1] The movie was #1 for two weeks in a row, edging out Date Night and the previous winner How to Train Your Dragon.[40] Clash of the Titans made $163,214,888 domestically, as of July 22, 2010, and $330,000,000 overseas, as of September 19, 2010, for a worldwide total of $493,214,888. On the all-time worldwide chart it ranks 80th and in North America it is below #100.[41]

text: Home video[edit]

text: Clash of the Titans was released on DVD and Blu-ray combo pack on July 16 (Mexico), July 26 (UK), July 27 (USA) and (Canada), October 6 (Japan) 2010. A Blu-ray 3D version of the film was also released and also comes packed with the 2D version, the DVD version and a Digital Copy.[42]

text: Video game[edit]

text: Namco Bandai Games.inc & Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment released a video game adaptation of the movie on July 27, 2010, on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 with the film's home video release. It was originally planned to come out in March 2010, though the game was delayed due to difficulties. The game follows Perseus on his quest to fight Hades and his minions.

text: Sequels[edit]

text: Production of a sequel titled, Wrath of the Titans, directed by Jonathan Liebesman began on March 23, 2011, with Sam Worthington, Ralph Fiennes and Liam Neeson returning to star and released on March 30, 2012.[43]

text: In November 2011, Warner Bros. hired Dan Mazeau and David Leslie Johnson' who wrote Wrath of the Titans, to write and develop a sequel with Johnson announced a title called Revenge of the Titans but it was later cancelled.[44]