document_title: 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics

question_text: who conceeded the most goals in world cup 2018

text: 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics

text: Goalscorers[edit]

text: There were 169 goals scored in 64 matches, for an average of 2.64 goals per match.

text: Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament, doubling the record of six set in 1998.[1]

text: 6 goals

text: Harry Kane

text: 4 goals

text:
Romelu Lukaku
 Antoine Griezmann
 Kylian Mbappé
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Denis Cheryshev

text: 3 goals

text:
Eden Hazard
 Yerry Mina
 Mario Mandžukić
 Ivan Perišić
 Artem Dzyuba
 Diego Costa
 Edinson Cavani

text: 2 goals

text:
Sergio Agüero
 Mile Jedinak
 Philippe Coutinho
 Neymar
 Luka Modrić
 Mohamed Salah
 John Stones
 Takashi Inui
 Ahmed Musa
 Son Heung-min
 Andreas Granqvist
 Wahbi Khazri
 Luis Suárez

text: 1 goal

text:
Ángel Di María
 Gabriel Mercado
 Lionel Messi
 Marcos Rojo
 Michy Batshuayi
 Nacer Chadli
 Kevin De Bruyne
 Marouane Fellaini
 Adnan Januzaj
 Dries Mertens
 Thomas Meunier
 Jan Vertonghen
 Roberto Firmino
 Paulinho
 Renato Augusto
 Thiago Silva
 Juan Cuadrado
 Radamel Falcao
 Juan Fernando Quintero
 Kendall Waston
 Milan Badelj
 Andrej Kramarić
 Ivan Rakitić
 Ante Rebić
 Domagoj Vida
 Christian Eriksen
 Mathias Jørgensen
 Yussuf Poulsen
 Dele Alli
 Jesse Lingard
 Harry Maguire
 Kieran Trippier
 Benjamin Pavard
 Paul Pogba
 Samuel Umtiti
 Raphaël Varane
 Toni Kroos
 Marco Reus
 Alfreð Finnbogason
 Gylfi Sigurðsson
 Karim Ansarifard
 Genki Haraguchi
 Keisuke Honda
 Shinji Kagawa
 Yuya Osako
 Javier Hernández
 Hirving Lozano
 Carlos Vela
 Khalid Boutaïb
 Youssef En-Nesyri
 Victor Moses
 Felipe Baloy
 André Carrillo
 Paolo Guerrero
 Jan Bednarek
 Grzegorz Krychowiak
 Pepe
 Ricardo Quaresma
 Mário Fernandes
 Yury Gazinsky
 Aleksandr Golovin
 Salem Al-Dawsari
 Salman Al-Faraj
 Sadio Mané
 M'Baye Niang
 Moussa Wagué
 Aleksandar Kolarov
 Aleksandar Mitrović
 Kim Young-gwon
 Iago Aspas
 Isco
 Nacho
 Ludwig Augustinsson
 Emil Forsberg
 Ola Toivonen
 Josip Drmić
 Blerim Džemaili
 Xherdan Shaqiri
 Granit Xhaka
 Steven Zuber
 Dylan Bronn
 Ferjani Sassi
 Fakhreddine Ben Youssef
 José Giménez

text: 1 own goal

text:
Aziz Behich (against France)
 Fernandinho (against Belgium)
 Mario Mandžukić (against France)
 Ahmed Fathy (against Russia)
 Edson Álvarez (against Sweden)
 Aziz Bouhaddouz (against Iran)
 Oghenekaro Etebo (against Croatia)
 Thiago Cionek (against Senegal)
 Denis Cheryshev (against Uruguay)
 Sergei Ignashevich (against Spain)
 Yann Sommer (against Costa Rica)
 Yassine Meriah (against Panama)

text: Source: FIFA[2]

text: Assists[edit]

text: 2 assists

text:
Éver Banega
 Lionel Messi
 Kevin De Bruyne
 Eden Hazard
 Thomas Meunier
 Youri Tielemans
 Philippe Coutinho
 Juan Fernando Quintero
 James Rodríguez
 Antoine Griezmann
 Lucas Hernández
 Artem Dzyuba
 Aleksandr Golovin
 Viktor Claesson
 Wahbi Khazri
 Carlos Sánchez

text: 1 assist

text:
Gabriel Mercado
 Marcos Rojo
 Toby Alderweireld
 Nacer Chadli
 Romelu Lukaku
 Dries Mertens
 Douglas Costa
 Gabriel Jesus
 Neymar
 Willian
 Juan Cuadrado
 Joel Campbell
 Milan Badelj
 Marcelo Brozović
 Mateo Kovačić
 Mario Mandžukić
 Luka Modrić
 Ivan Perišić
 Josip Pivarić
 Domagoj Vida
 Šime Vrsaljko
 Thomas Delaney
 Christian Eriksen
 Nicolai Jørgensen
 Abdallah Said
 Jesse Lingard
 Harry Maguire
 Raheem Sterling
 Kieran Trippier
 Ashley Young
 Olivier Giroud
 Corentin Tolisso
 Mario Gómez
 Marco Reus
 Keisuke Honda
 Takashi Inui
 Shinji Kagawa
 Yuto Nagatomo
 Gaku Shibasaki
 Javier Hernández
 Hirving Lozano
 Fayçal Fajr
 Victor Moses
 Kenneth Omeruo
 Ricardo Ávila
 Paolo Guerrero
 Kamil Grosicki
 Rafał Kurzawa
 Gonçalo Guedes
 Raphaël Guerreiro
 João Moutinho
 Adrien Silva
 Alan Dzagoev
 Mário Fernandes
 Ilya Kutepov
 Roman Zobnin
 Abdullah Otayf
 M'Baye Niang
 Dušan Tadić
 Lee Jae-sung
 Ju Se-jong
 Sergio Busquets
 Dani Carvajal
 Andrés Iniesta
 Ola Toivonen
 Breel Embolo
 Mario Gavranović
 Xherdan Shaqiri
 Denis Zakaria
 Oussama Haddadi
 Hamdi Nagguez
 Rodrigo Bentancur
 Luis Suárez

text: Source: FIFA

text: Scoring[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text:
Total number of goals scored: 169
Average goals per match: 2.64
Total number of braces: 10  Edinson Cavani, Denis Cheryshev, Diego Costa, Eden Hazard, Harry Kane, Romelu Lukaku (2), Kylian Mbappé, Ahmed Musa, John Stones
Total number of hat-tricks: 2  Harry Kane, Cristiano Ronaldo
Total number of penalty kicks awarded: 29
Total number of penalty kicks scored: 22  Salman Al-Faraj, Karim Ansarifard, Artem Dzyuba, Andreas Granqvist (2), Antoine Griezmann (3), Eden Hazard, Mile Jedinak (2), Shinji Kagawa, Harry Kane (3), Luka Modrić, Victor Moses, Cristiano Ronaldo, Mohamed Salah, Ferjani Sassi, Gylfi Sigurðsson, Carlos Vela
Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved: 7  Fahad Al-Muwallad, Christian Cueva, Lionel Messi, Luka Modrić, Cristiano Ronaldo, Bryan Ruiz, Gylfi Sigurðsson
Penalty kick success rate: 7001758600000000000♠75.86%
Own goals scored: 12  Edson Álvarez, Aziz Behich, Aziz Bouhaddouz, Denis Cheryshev, Thiago Cionek, Oghenekaro Etebo, Ahmed Fathy, Fernandinho, Sergei Ignashevich, Mario Mandžukić, Yassine Meriah, Yann Sommer

text: Timing[edit]

text:
First goal of the tournament: Yury Gazinsky for Russia against Saudi Arabia
First brace of the tournament: Denis Cheryshev for Russia against Saudi Arabia
First hat-trick of the tournament: Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain
Last goal of the tournament: Mario Mandžukić for Croatia against France
Last brace of the tournament: Edinson Cavani for Uruguay against Portugal
Last hat-trick of the tournament: Harry Kane for England against Panama
Fastest goal in a match from kickoff: 1st minute  Mathias Jørgensen for Denmark against Croatia
Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute: 1st minute  Artem Dzyuba for Russia against Saudi Arabia (introduced in the 70th minute)
Latest goal in a match without extra time: 90+7th minute  Neymar for Brazil against Costa Rica
Latest goal in a match with extra time: 115th minute  Mário Fernandes for Russia against Croatia
Latest winning goal in a match without extra time: 90+5th minute  Aziz Bouhaddouz (own goal) for Iran against Morocco, Toni Kroos for Germany against Sweden, Salem Al-Dawsari for Saudi Arabia against Egypt
Latest winning goal in a match with extra time: 109th minute  Mario Mandžukić for Croatia against England
Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match: 3 minutes  Diego Costa and Nacho for Spain against Portugal

text: Teams[edit]

text:
Most goals scored by a team: 16  Belgium
Fewest goals scored by a team: 2  Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Iran, Morocco, Panama, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia
Most goals conceded by a team: 11  Panama
Fewest goals conceded by a team: 2  Denmark, Iran, Peru
Best goal difference: +10  Belgium
Worst goal difference: -9  Panama
Most goals scored in a match by both teams: 7  Belgium 5–2 Tunisia, England 6–1 Panama, France 4–3 Argentina
Most goals scored in a match by one team: 6  England against Panama
Most goals scored in a match by the losing team: 3  Argentina against France
Biggest margin of victory: 5 goals  Russia 5–0 Saudi Arabia, England 6–1 Panama
Most clean sheets achieved by a team: 4  France
Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team: 0  Argentina, Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Morocco, Panama, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Switzerland, Tunisia
Most clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2  Costa Rica, England, Germany, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia
Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team: 0  Brazil, Colombia, Croatia, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia
Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team: 3  Brazil, Uruguay
Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2  Costa Rica, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia

text: Individual[edit]

text:
Most goals scored by an individual: 6  Harry Kane
Most assists provided by an individual: 2  Éver Banega, Nacer Chadli, Viktor Claesson, Philippe Coutinho, Kevin De Bruyne, Artem Dzyuba, Aleksandr Golovin, Antoine Griezmann, Eden Hazard, Lucas Hernández, Lionel Messi, Thomas Meunier, Juan Fernando Quintero, James Rodríguez, Carlos Andrés Sánchez, Youri Tielemans, Wahbi Khazri
Most goals and assists produced by an individual: 6  Antoine Griezmann (4 goals, 2 assists), Harry Kane (6 goals)
Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper: 3  Alisson, Thibaut Courtois, Hugo Lloris, Fernando Muslera, Robin Olsen
Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper: 3  Alisson, Fernando Muslera
Most goals scored by one player in a match: 3  Harry Kane for England against Panama, Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain
Oldest goal scorer: 37 years, 120 days  Felipe Baloy for Panama against England
Youngest goal scorer: 19 years, 183 days  Kylian Mbappé for France against Peru

text: Wins and losses[edit]

text:
Most wins: 6 – Belgium, France
Fewest wins: 0 – Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Iceland, Morocco, Panama
Most losses: 3 – Egypt, England, Panama
Fewest losses: 0 – Denmark, France, Spain
Most draws: 3 – Denmark, Spain
Fewest draws: 0 – Belgium, Egypt, Germany, Mexico, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, South Korea, Sweden, Tunisia, Uruguay
Most points in the group stage: 9 – Belgium, Croatia, Uruguay
Fewest points in the group stage: 0 – Egypt, Panama

text: Match awards[edit]

text: Man of the Match[edit]

text:
Rank

Name

Team

Opponent

Awards

1

Antoine Griezmann
 France

Australia (GS),[3] Uruguay (QF),[4] Croatia (F)[5]

3

Eden Hazard
 Belgium

Tunisia (GS),[6] Japan (R16),[7] England (TP)[8]

Harry Kane
 England

Tunisia (GS),[9] Panama (GS),[10] Colombia (R16)[11]

Luka Modrić
 Croatia

Nigeria (GS),[12] Argentina (GS),[13] Russia (QF)[14]

5

Denis Cheryshev
 Russia

Saudi Arabia (GS),[15] Egypt (GS)[16]

2

Philippe Coutinho
 Brazil

Switzerland (GS),[17] Costa Rica (GS)[18]

Kylian Mbappé
 France

Peru (GS),[19] Argentina (R16)[20]

Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal

Spain (GS),[21] Morocco (GS)[22]

Luis Suárez
 Uruguay

Saudi Arabia (GS),[23] Russia (GS)[24]

10

Igor Akinfeev
 Russia

Spain (R16)[25]

1

Ludwig Augustinsson
 Sweden

Mexico (GS)[26]

Milan Badelj
 Croatia

Iceland (GS)[27]

Jan Bednarek
 Poland

Japan (GS)[28]

Fakhreddine Ben Youssef
 Tunisia

Panama (GS)[29]

André Carrillo
 Peru

Australia (GS)[30]

Edinson Cavani
 Uruguay

Portugal (R16)[31]

Cho Hyun-woo
 South Korea

Germany (GS)[32]

Diego Costa
 Spain

Iran (GS)[33]

Kevin De Bruyne
 Belgium

Brazil (QF)[34]

Blerim Džemaili
  Switzerland

Costa Rica (GS)[35]

Mohamed El-Shenawy
 Egypt

Uruguay (GS)[36]

Christian Eriksen
 Denmark

Australia (GS)[37]

Emil Forsberg
 Sweden

Switzerland (R16)[38]

Andreas Granqvist
 Sweden

South Korea (GS)[39]

Hannes Þór Halldórsson
 Iceland

Argentina (GS)[40]

Amine Harit
 Morocco

Iran (GS)[41]

Javier Hernández
 Mexico

South Korea (GS)[42]

 Isco
 Spain

Morocco (GS)[43]

Adnan Januzaj
 Belgium

England (GS)[44]

N'Golo Kanté
 France

Denmark (GS)[45]

Aleksandar Kolarov
 Serbia

Costa Rica (GS)[46]

Hirving Lozano
 Mexico

Germany (GS)[47]

Romelu Lukaku
 Belgium

Panama (GS)[48]

Sadio Mané
 Senegal

Japan (GS)[49]

Lionel Messi
 Argentina

Nigeria (GS)[50]

Yerry Mina
 Colombia

Senegal (GS)[51]

Ahmed Musa
 Nigeria

Iceland (GS)[52]

 Neymar
 Brazil

Mexico (R16)[53]

M'Baye Niang
 Senegal

Poland (GS)[54]

Yuya Osako
 Japan

Colombia (GS)[55]

 Paulinho
 Brazil

Serbia (GS)[56]

Ivan Perišić
 Croatia

England (SF)[57]

Jordan Pickford
 England

Sweden (QF)[58]

Yussuf Poulsen
 Denmark

Peru (GS)[59]

Ricardo Quaresma
 Portugal

Iran (GS)[60]

Marco Reus
 Germany

Sweden (GS)[61]

James Rodríguez
 Colombia

Poland (GS)[62]

Mohamed Salah
 Egypt

Saudi Arabia (GS)[63]

Kasper Schmeichel
 Denmark

Croatia (R16)[64]

Xherdan Shaqiri
  Switzerland

Serbia (GS)[65]

Samuel Umtiti
 France

Belgium (SF)[66]

text: Clean sheets[edit]

text:
Rank

Name
Team

Opponent

Awards

1

 Alisson
 Brazil

Costa Rica (GS), Serbia (GS), Mexico (R16)

3

Thibaut Courtois
 Belgium

Panama (GS), England (GS), England (TP)

Hugo Lloris
 France

Peru (GS), Uruguay (QF), Belgium (SF)

Fernando Muslera
 Uruguay

Egypt (GS), Saudi Arabia (GS), Russia (GS)

Robin Olsen
 Sweden

South Korea (GS), Mexico (GS), Switzerland (R16)

6

David Ospina
 Colombia

Poland (GS), Senegal (GS)

2

Kasper Schmeichel
 Denmark

Peru (GS), France (GS)

Danijel Subašić
 Croatia

Nigeria (GS), Argentina (GS)

9

Igor Akinfeev
 Russia

Saudi Arabia (GS)

1

Alireza Beiranvand
 Iran

Morocco (GS)

David de Gea
 Spain

Iran (GS)

Łukasz Fabiański
 Poland

Japan (GS)

Pedro Gallese
 Peru

Australia (GS)

Jo Hyeon-woo
 South Korea

Germany (GS)

Steve Mandanda
 France

Denmark (GS)

Guillermo Ochoa
 Mexico

Germany (GS)

Rui Patrício
 Portugal

Morocco (GS)

Jordan Pickford
 England

Sweden (QF)

Vladimir Stojković
 Serbia

Costa Rica (GS)

Francis Uzoho
 Nigeria

Iceland (GS)

text: Squads[edit]

text: Coaches[edit]

text:
Oldest coach: Óscar Tabárez  Uruguay - 71 years and 104 days in the first game against Egypt, after Otto Rehhagel (71 years and 317 days at the 2010 World Cup), he is the second oldest World Cup coach.[67]
Youngest coach: Aliou Cissé  Senegal - 42 years and 87 days in the first game against Poland.
Country with most coaches:  Argentina with four coaches, alongside Argentina, Egypt, Colombia and Peru are coached by Argentines. This is followed by  Spain with three coaches (Belgium, Saudi Arabia and Spain), then Germany, France, Colombia (with the Colombian coaches serving only other teams as in 2014) and Portugal with two coaches each.
Teams with foreign coaches: Twelve teams are trained by foreign coaches, including two teams (Australia and Denmark) of coaches whose home countries (Netherlands and Norway) did not qualify for the 2018 World Cup.
Longest serving coach: As in 2014, the longest serving team coaches of the World Cup are Joachim Löw and Óscar Tabárez, who have been in charge of the German and Uruguayan national teams since 2006. Tabárez, however, was previously coach of Uruguay from 1988 to 1990, while Löw have worked as an assistant coach for Germany since 2004. Besides them, Didier Deschamps  France, José Pékerman  Colombia and Carlos Queiroz  Iran were at the 2014 World Cup with their current teams and Jorge Sampaoli  Argentina with Chile and Fernando Santos  Portugal with Greece at the 2014 World Cup.
Shortest serving coach: The coach having the shortest time in charge is Fernando Hierro  Spain, who became in charge only two days before his team's first game. In addition to him were Mladen Krstajić  Serbia, Bert van Marwijk  Australia, Akira Nishino  Japan and Juan Antonio Pizzi  Saudi Arabia who resumed duty as coach only after the successful qualification of their current teams. Of these, however, van Marwijk had qualified with Saudi Arabia for the World Cup, but then refused to renew his contract.
Coaches who were former players: Didier Deschamps (France / 1998) became world champion having previously contested as a player, equaling the record of Mário Zagallo and Franz Beckenbauer. Beside him, Aliou Cissé (Senegal / 2002), Gareth Southgate (England / 1998), Óscar Ramírez (Costa Rica / 1990), Adam Nawałka (Poland / 1978), Stanislav Cherchesov (Russia / 1994 and unused in 2002) and Mladen Krstajić (Serbia / 2006 with Serbia & Montenegro) were also coaches who previously played at the World Cup.

text: Players[edit]

text:
Appearance record: Rafael Márquez  Mexico participated in the World Cup for the fifth time, equaling the record of compatriot Antonio Carbajal and Germany player Lothar Matthäus
Oldest player: At 45 years and five months, Essam El-Hadary  Egypt is the oldest player ever to be nominated for a World Cup finals. By his use in the last group match on June 25, he was 45 years and 161 days, thereby becoming the oldest World Cup player.[68]
Youngest player: Daniel Arzani  Australia is the youngest player at the age of 19 years and 163 days. He came on in the group match against France in the 84th minute.[69]
Sofyan Amrabat  Morocco, who came on as a substitute for his brother Nordin Amrabat in the 76th minute in the group match against Iran, is the first player in World Cup history to come in for his brother.[67]
Aleksandr Yerokhin  Russia is the first player to feature as the fourth substitute player in a World Cup match - coming on in the 97th minute of extra time in the Round of 16 match against Spain. This match is also the first ever World Cup match in which eight players have been substituted.[70]
30 teams nominated at least one player from the domestic league, but only England exclusively fielded players of its own domestic league.[71] By contrast, Sweden and Senegal nominated only players from foreign leagues.
The most number of players (129) are active in clubs based in England, the majority of them in the Premier League, with some in the lower leagues. In total 27 of the 32 team squads have players who play in England.
One player each plays in the leagues of Finland, Guinea, Honduras, Norway, Paraguay, Romania, Slovakia and South Africa.
From the leagues of countries that did not qualify for the World Cup, the Italian Serie A have the strongest representation with 58 players.

text: Discipline[edit]

text:
Total number of yellow cards: 219
Average yellow cards per match: 3.42
Total number of red cards: 4
Average red cards per match: 0.06
First yellow card of the tournament:Aleksandr Golovin for Russia against Saudi Arabia
First red card of the tournament:Carlos Sánchez Moreno for Colombia against Japan
Fastest yellow card from kick off: 1st minute  Jesús Gallardo for Mexico against Sweden
Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute: 1st minute  Vedran Ćorluka for Croatia against Argentina (introduced in the 90+3th minute)
Latest yellow card in a match without extra time: 90+8th minute  Aleksandar Prijović for Serbia against Costa Rica, Cédric Soares for Portugal against Iran
Latest yellow card in a match with extra time: 118th minute  Juan Cuadrado for Colombia against England
Fastest dismissal from kick off: 3rd minute  Carlos Sánchez Moreno for Colombia against Japan
Latest dismissal in a match without extra time: 90+4th minute  Michael Lang for Switzerland against Sweden
Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player: 9 minutes  Igor Smolnikov for Russia against Uruguay (booked in the 27th minute and again in the 36th minute)
Most yellow cards (team): 15  Croatia
Most red cards (team): 1  Colombia, Germany, Russia, Switzerland
Fewest yellow cards (team): 1  Saudi Arabia
Most yellow cards (player): 3  Sebastian Larsson
Most red cards (player): 1  Jérôme Boateng, Michael Lang, Carlos Sánchez Moreno, Igor Smolnikov
Most yellow cards (match): 8  Belgium vs Panama, France vs Argentina, Colombia vs England
Most red cards (match): 1  Colombia vs Japan, Germany vs Sweden, Uruguay vs Russia, Sweden vs Switzerland
Fewest yellow cards (match): 0  Argentina vs Iceland, Uruguay vs Saudi Arabia
Most cards in one match: 8 yellow cards  Belgium vs Panama, France vs Argentina, Colombia vs England

text: Multiple World Cups[edit]

text: In order of achieving the tally.

text:
Name

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total goals

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

 Cristiano Ronaldo

1
IRN

1
PRK

1
GHA

4
ESP (3), MAR

7

text:
Name

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total goals

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

 Luis Suárez

N/A

3
MEX, KOR (2)

2
ENG (2)

2
KSA, RUS

7

 Javier Hernández

N/A

2
FRA, ARG

1
CRO

1
KOR

4

 Keisuke Honda

N/A

2
CMR, DEN

1
CIV

1
SEN

4

 Edinson Cavani

N/A

1
GER

1
CRC

3
RUS, POR (2)

5

 Lionel Messi

1
SCG

0
N/A

4
BIH, IRN, NGA (2)

1
NGA

6

text: Messi played in 2010 but did not score.

text:
Name

 2002

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

 Rafael Márquez

4
CRO, ECU, ITA, USA

4
IRN, ANG, POR, ARG

4
RSA, FRA, URU, ARG

4
CMR, BRA, CRO, NED

3
GER, KOR, BRA

19

text: Márquez became the first player to captain his team in five different World Cups.

text:
Name

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

 Cristiano Ronaldo

6
ANG, IRN, NED, ENG, FRA, GER

4
CIV, PRK, BRA, ESP

3
GER, USA, GHA

4
ESP, MAR, IRN, URU

17

 Andrés Iniesta

1
KSA

6
SUI, CHI, POR, PAR, GER, NED

3
NED, CHI, AUS

4
POR, IRN, MAR, RUS

14

 Sergio Ramos

3
UKR, TUN, FRA

7
SUI, HON, CHI, POR, PAR, GER, NED

3
NED, CHI, AUS

4
POR, IRN, MAR, RUS

17

 Javier Mascherano

5
CIV, SCG, NED, MEX, GER

4
NGA, KOR, MEX, GER

7
BIH, IRN, NGA, SUI, BEL, NED, GER

4
ISL, CRO, NGA, FRA

20

 Lionel Messi

3
SCG, NED, MEX

5
NGA, KOR, GRE, MEX, GER

7
BIH, IRN, NGA, SUI, BEL, NED, GER

4
ISL, CRO, NGA, FRA

19

 Andrés Guardado

1
ARG

3
RSA, URU, ARG

4
CMR, BRA, CRO, NED

4
GER, KOR, SWE, BRA

12

 Valon Behrami

1
KOR

1
CHI

4
ECU, FRA, HON, ARG

4
BRA, SRB, CRC, SWE

10

 Tim Cahill

4
JPN, BRA, CRO, ITA

2
GER, SRB

2
CHI, NED

1
PER

9

text: Overall results[edit]

text: Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column.

text: By team[edit]

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

Pts

APts

GF

AGF

GA

AGA

GD

AGD

CS

ACS

YC

AYC

RC

ARC

 Argentina

4

1

1

2

4

1.00

6
1.50

9
2.25

-3
-0.75

0

0.00

11

2.75

0

0.00

 Australia

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

7

2.33

0

0.00

 Belgium

7

6

0

1

18

2.57

16
2.29

6
0.86

+10
1.43

3

0.43

11

1.57

0

0.00

 Brazil

5

3

1

1

10

2.00

8
1.60

3
0.60

+5
1.00

3

0.60

7

1.40

0

0.00

 Colombia

4

2

1

1

7

1.75

6
1.50

3
0.75

+3
0.75

2

0.50

9

2.25

1

0.25

 Costa Rica

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

6

2.00

0

0.00

 Croatia

7

4

2

1

14

2.00

14
2.00

9
1.29

+5
0.71

2

0.29

15

2.14

0

0.00

 Denmark

4

1

3

0

6

1.50

3
0.75

2
0.50

+1
0.25

2

0.50

6

1.50

0

0.00

 Egypt

3

0

0

3

0

0.00

2
0.67

6
2.00

-4
-1.33

0

0.00

5

1.67

0

0.00

 England

7

3

1

3

10

1.43

12
1.71

8
1.14

+4
0.57

1

0.14

8

1.14

0

0.00

 France

7

6

1

0

19

2.71

14
2.00

6
0.86

+8
1.14

4

0.57

12

1.71

0

0.00

 Germany

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

4
1.33

-2
-0.67

0

0.00

2

0.67

1

0.33

 Iceland

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

3

1.00

0

0.00

 Iran

3

1

1

1

4

1.33

2
0.67

2
0.67

0
0.00

1

0.33

7

2.33

0

0.00

 Japan

4

1

1

2

4

1.00

6
1.50

7
1.75

-1
-0.25

0

0.00

5

1.25

0

0.00

 Mexico

4

2

0

2

6

1.50

3
0.75

6
1.50

-3
-0.75

1

0.25

9

2.25

0

0.00

 Morocco

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

4
1.33

-2
-0.67

0

0.00

8

2.67

0

0.00

 Nigeria

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

3
1.00

4
1.33

-1
-0.33

1

0.33

4

1.33

0

0.00

 Panama

3

0

0

3

0

0.00

2
0.67

11
3.67

-9
-3.00

0

0.00

11

3.67

0

0.00

 Peru

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

2
0.67

0
0.00

1

0.33

5

1.67

0

0.00

 Poland

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

1

0.33

3

1.00

0

0.00

 Portugal

4

1

2

1

5

1.25

6
1.50

6
1.50

0
0.00

1

0.25

7

1.75

0

0.00

 Russia

5

2

2

1

8

1.60

11
2.20

7
1.40

+4
0.80

1

0.20

6

1.20

1

0.20

 Saudi Arabia

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

7
2.33

-5
-1.67

0

0.00

1

0.33

0

0.00

 Senegal

3

1

1

1

4

1.33

4
1.33

4
1.33

0
0.00

0

0.00

6

2.00

0

0.00

 Serbia

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

4
1.33

-2
-0.67

1

0.33

9

3.00

0

0.00

 South Korea

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

3
1.00

3
1.00

0
0.00

1

0.33

10

3.33

0

0.00

 Spain

4

1

3

0

6

1.50

7
1.75

6
1.50

+1
0.25

1

0.25

2

0.50

0

0.00

 Sweden

5

3

0

2

9

1.80

6
1.20

4
0.80

+2
0.40

3

0.60

8

1.60

0

0.00

  Switzerland

4

1

2

1

5

1.25

5
1.25

5
1.25

0
0.00

0

0.00

9

2.25

1

0.25

 Tunisia

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

5
1.67

8
2.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

4

1.33

0

0.00

 Uruguay

5

4

0

1

12

2.40

7
1.40

3
0.60

+4
0.80

3

0.60

3

0.60

0

0.00

Total

64(1)

51

13(2)

51

179

1.40

169

1.32

169

1.32

0

0.00

33

0.26

219

1.71

4

0.03

text: Team(s) rendered in italics represent(s) the host nation(s). The competition's winning team is rendered in bold.(1) – Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won)(2) – Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved)(3) – As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

text: By confederation[edit]

text:
Confederation

T

Pld

W

D

L

Pts

APts

Pts/T

AFC
5
16
4
3
9
15
0.94
3.00

CAF
5
15
3
2
10
11
0.73
2.20

CONCACAF
3
10
2
1
7
7
0.70
2.33

CONMEBOL
5
21
11
3
7
36
1.71
7.20

UEFA
14
66
31
17
18
110
1.67
7.86

Total

32

64(1)

51

13(2)

51

179

1.40

5.59

text: Host nation(s) are situated in the region(s) rendered in italics.(1) – Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won)(2) – Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved)(3) – As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

text: Stadiums[edit]

text:
Stadium

City

Capacity

Elevation

Matchesplayed

Overallattendance

Averageattendanceper match

Averageattendanceas % of capacity

Overallgoalsscored

Averagegoals scoredper match

Central Stadium

Yekaterinburg

33,061[72]

273 m[73]

4

125,437

31,359

94.85%

9

2.25

Cosmos Arena

Samara

41,970[74]

163 m[75]

6

248,060

41,343

98.51%

11

1.83

Fisht Olympic Stadium

Sochi

44,287[76]

1 m[77]

6

264,057

44,010

99.37%

21

3.50

Kaliningrad Stadium

Kaliningrad

33,973[78]

0 m

4

132,249

33,062

97.32%

10

2.50

Kazan Arena

Kazan

42,873[79]

51 m[80]

6

254,451

42,409

98.92%

19

3.17

Krestovsky Stadium

Saint Petersburg

64,468[81]

13 m[82]

7

448,686

64,098

99.43%

14

2.00

Luzhniki Stadium

Moscow

78,011[83]

151 m[84]

7

546,077

78,011

100.00%

18

2.57

Mordovia Arena

Saransk

41,685[85]

126 m[86]

4

160,237

40,059

96.10%

9

2.25

Nizhny Novgorod Stadium

Nizhny Novgorod

43,319[87]

73 m[88]

6

256,427

42,738

98.66%

19

3.17

Otkritie Arena

Moscow

44,190[89]

125 m[90]

5

220,950

44,190

100.00%

16

3.20

Rostov Arena

Rostov-on-Don

43,472[91]

0 m

5

214,197

42,839

98.54%

14

2.80

Volgograd Arena

Volgograd

43,713[92]

31 m[93]

4

160,980

40,245

92.07%

9

2.25

Total
3,080,085

64
3,031,768
47,371
98.43%
169
2.64

text: Attendance records[edit]

text: Top 10 highest attendances.

text:
Rank
Attendance
Match
Venue
City
Date
Ref

1

78,011

 Russia vs  Saudi Arabia

Luzhniki Stadium

Moscow

14 June 2018

[94]

 Germany vs  Mexico

17 June 2018

[95]

 Portugal vs  Morocco

20 June 2018

[96]

 Denmark vs  France

26 June 2018

[97]

 Spain vs  Russia

1 July 2018

[98]

 Croatia vs  England

11 July 2018

[99]

 France vs  Croatia

15 July 2018

[100]

8

64,468

 Russia vs  Egypt

Krestovsky Stadium

Saint Petersburg

19 June 2018

[101]

 Brazil vs  Costa Rica

22 June 2018

[102]

 Nigeria vs  Argentina

26 June 2018

[103]

text: Lowest attendance: 27,015 –  Egypt vs  Uruguay, Central Stadium, Yekaterinburg, 15 June 2018[104]


document_title: Radiator Springs

question_text: in the movie cars where is radiator springs

root

text: Radiator Springs

text: Radiator Springs and vicinity[edit]

text: The setting for the town of Radiator Springs is situated between Gallup, New Mexico and the Sonoran Desert in California. Radiator Springs' position in relation to I-40, as shown on a map during a flashback in the 2006 film, is similar to that of Peach Springs on Arizona State Route 66.

tag: p

text: The village is a composite of multiple locations; before making the film, Pixar sent a group of fifteen artists with Carburetor County sheriff and Oklahoma historian Michael Wallis as guide to take photos, talk to Route 66 people and learn the history of tiny towns along more than 1200 miles of road through five states.[1] In one restaurant, John Lasseter ordered one of every item on the menu for the Pixar group and spent four hours talking to the owner, absorbing information on the efforts to rebuild the historic byway to its neon-lit heyday.[2]

text: Lasseter told film critic Joe Williams of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch that much of the story is based on the recollections of barber Angel Delgadillo in the Route 66 town of Seligman, Arizona, where business withered soon after the opening of I-40.

text: Much of the film is based on research trips to visit automakers and NASCAR tracks in the United States.

text: Flo's V8 café is designed to look like a V8 engine head on, with a circular air filter, tappet covers, spark plugs, pistons and connecting rods as the supports for the shelter. The blinking neon lights on the spark plugs blink in the firing order of a Ford flathead V8.[3]

text: Route 66[edit]

text: Many characters and places in the film are directly inspired by real Route 66 places and people.[4]

text: To quote the Pixar crew:

text: Among the many references to Route 66 landmarks and personalities:

text:
The Cozy Cone Motel's design is based on the two Wigwam Motels along Route 66, in Holbrook, Arizona and Rialto, California. These were once two out of seven built motels, with individual cabins shaped like teepees. Three Wigwam Motels remain; the third (and oldest) is in Cave City, Kentucky, far from Route 66. The recently restored Tee Pee Motel in Wharton, Texas, south of Houston, is of similar design but unrelated. The name "Cozy Cone" was inspired by the Cozy Dog Drive-In of Springfield, Illinois, which lays claim to being birthplace of the corn dog.
The character "Fillmore", referring to the famous San Francisco music venue The Fillmore, was at one time to be named "Waldmire" after Bob Waldmire, a self-proclaimed hippie artist known to Rt. 66 fans for his detailed pen-and-ink maps and postcards of the route. Though Waldmire's family owns the Cozy Dog Drive-In, Bob, having since become a vegan, preferred not to see his name put on a character that would become a McDonald's Happy Meal toy.[6]
Ramone's House of Body Art is based primarily on the U-Drop Inn in Shamrock, Texas. It opened in 1936 as Tower Conoco (from its distinctive Art Deco spire) with the U-Drop Inn Cafe and a retail building attached. Many other establishments built along Route 66 in its heyday had Art Deco elements that might be reflected in the design of Ramone's.
The mountain is Tucumcari Mountain in Tucumcari, New Mexico with the hand-painted 'T' replaced by 'RS' for Radiator Springs. The neon "100% Refrigerated Air" on the Cozy Cone motel is a reference to the Blue Swallow Motel in Tucumcari.
Lizzie's Curio Shop in Radiator Springs resembles the Route 66 jumble of memorabilia and knick-knacks at Hackberry General Store in Hackberry, Arizona and the Sand Hills Curiosity Shop, aka the City Meat Market building in Erick, Oklahoma. The yellow billboard for Lizzie's Curio Shop reading "HERE IT IS" with an image of a Model T is based on the Jack Rabbit Trading Post signage in Joseph City, Arizona.
Sheriff is voiced by Michael Wallis, an American historian and author of Route 66: The Mother Road.
The characters "Flo" and "Sally" are based on Fran Houser of the Midpoint Café[7] and Dawn Welch of the Rock Café[8] respectively.
The bridge that McQueen sees Sally driving on resembles several bridges on Route 66, including the Cyrus Avery Route 66 Memorial Bridge in Tulsa, the Colorado Street Bridge in Pasadena, California, and the now-closed bridge over Diablo Canyon at Two Guns, Arizona.
The character Tex Dinoco isn't a Route 66 resident, but was inspired by the Cadillacs horns at The Big Texan Steak Ranch.
Part of the inspiration for Mater was Dean Walker of the Route 66 Association, he is known as the "Crazy Backwards Walker", he can be able to twist his feet and walk backwards, another inspiration for Mater was the 1951 tow truck, now owned by CARS on the ROUTE.

tag: ul

text: The epilogue shows a map of the area of Arizona around Radiator Springs, including car-related place names such as "Carburetor County" and "Cadillac Range". The latter is a large north-to-south mountain range with many fin-backed jagged peaks, a reference to the famous Cadillac Ranch sculpture in Amarillo, Texas. Where the main road crosses the Cadillac Range is marked "Tailfin Pass 5942" (i.e. feet altitude, = 1.8111 kilometers).

text: Continuity[edit]

text: There are a few sights of the front page of a newspaper named The Daily Exhaust, which serves primarily as a vehicle to explain the NASCAR history behind the Fabulous Hudson Hornet of the early 1950s.

text: During the 2006 film's closing credits, the characters are at a drive-in watching clips of the Pixar films "Toy Car Story" (Toy Story), "Monster Trucks, Inc." (Monsters, Inc.) and A Bug's Life ("Bug" as in Volkswagen Beetle), whose characters have been rendered as vehicles in the style of Cars. Mack the red Mack Super-Liner comments that "they're just using the same actor over and over", an in-joke referring to John Ratzenberger, who voiced Mack and characters featured in the clips. The cinema itself is similar in design to an NRHP-listed 66 Drive-In in Carthage, Missouri, but without the later addition of widescreen and FM radio.

text: The group of small birds from the 2000 Pixar short film For the Birds made a cameo appearance in Cars. As Mack is en route to California at 17:44 in the film, the group of small birds can briefly be seen (and heard) sitting on their familiar telephone wire. In addition, the Pizza Planet truck from Toy Story also makes a cameo outside of the race track, at the final race in the movie.[9]

text: Other settings[edit]

text: The rail grade crossing at which Lightning McQueen outruns a passenger train on his way to Radiator Springs is protected by a pair of antique "upper-quadrant" wigwag crossing signals which accurately depict those once made by the Magnetic Signal Company in both appearance and start-up. Few are left in actual operation in the United States, and many have been replaced with modern crossing gates, red lights and bells.

text: "Ornament Valley" is a reference to Monument Valley. This is not on Route 66, but is a side trip in northern Arizona. Willy's Butte resembles the landmark of Mexican Hat, Utah, but also resembles a classic Pontiac hood ornament.

text: The track on which the opening race (Motor Speedway of the South) takes place is based on an enlarged version of Bristol Motor Speedway.[10] The venue for the Piston Cup tiebreaker race (the Los Angeles International Speedway) is a conglomeration of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the Arroyo Seco in Pasadena where the Rose Bowl is located, as well as the Auto Club Speedway in Fontana.

text: The sign "City of Emeryville – Closed for the race" is a nod to Pixar's headquarters in Emeryville, California in the San Francisco Bay Area.


document_title: French fries

question_text: who came up with the name french fries

question_tokens: who came up with the name french fries

text: French fries

text: Preparation

text: French fries are prepared by first peeling and cutting the potato into even strips. These are then wiped off or soaked in cold water to remove the surface starch, and thoroughly dried.[5][6] They may then be fried in one or two stages. Chefs generally agree that the two-bath technique produces better results.[5][7][8]

text: In the two-stage or two-bath method, the first bath, sometimes called blanching, is in hot fat (around 160 °C / 320 °F) to cook them through. This may be done in advance.[5] Then they are more briefly fried in very hot fat (190 °C / 375 °F) to crisp the exterior. They are then placed in a colander or on a cloth to drain, salted, and served. The exact times of the two baths depend on the size of the potatoes. For example, for 2–3mm strips, the first bath takes about 3 minutes, and the second bath takes only seconds.[5]

text: Most French fries are produced from frozen potatoes which have been blanched or at least air-dried industrially.[citation needed] The usual fat for making French fries is vegetable oil. In the past, beef suet was recommended as superior,[5] with vegetable shortening as an alternative. In fact, McDonald's used a mixture of 93% beef tallow and 7% cottonseed oil until 1990, when they switched to vegetable oil with beef flavoring.[9][10]

text: Etymology

text: Thomas Jefferson had "potatoes served in the French manner" at a White House dinner in 1802.[11][12] The expression "French fried potatoes" first occurred in print in English in the 1856 work Cookery for Maids of All Work by E. Warren: "French Fried Potatoes. – Cut new potatoes in thin slices, put them in boiling fat, and a little salt; fry both sides of a light golden brown colour; drain."[13] It is apparent that this account refers to thin, shallow-fried slices of potato – it is not clear where or when the now familiar deep-fried batons or fingers of potato were first prepared. In the early 20th century, the term "French fried" was being used in the sense of "deep-fried" for foods like onion rings or chicken.[14][15] It is unlikely that "French fried" refers to frenching in the sense of julienning, which is not attested until after French fried potatoes. Previously, frenching referred only to trimming meat off the shanks of chops.[16]

text: Culinary origin

text: Belgium

text: Some claim that fries originated in Belgium; there is an ongoing dispute between the French and Belgians about where they were invented, with both countries claiming ownership.[17] From the Belgian standpoint the popularity of the term "French fries" is explained as a "French gastronomic hegemony" into which the cuisine of Belgium was assimilated because of a lack of understanding coupled with a shared language and geographic proximity between the two countries.[17]

text: Belgian journalist Jo Gérard claims that a 1781 family manuscript recounts that potatoes were deep-fried prior to 1680 in the Meuse valley, in what was then the Spanish Netherlands (present-day Belgium): "The inhabitants of Namur, Andenne, and Dinant had the custom of fishing in the Meuse for small fish and frying, especially among the poor, but when the river was frozen and fishing became hazardous, they cut potatoes in the form of small fish and put them in a fryer like those here."[18][19] Gérard has not produced the manuscript that supports this claim, which, even if true, is unrelated to the later history of the French fry, as the potato did not arrive in the region until around 1735. Also, given 18th century economic conditions: "It is absolutely unthinkable that a peasant could have dedicated large quantities of fat for cooking potatoes. At most they were sautéed in a pan...".[20]

text: Some people believe that the term "French fries" for deep fried potato batons was introduced when American soldiers arrived in Belgium during World War I. The Belgians had previously been catering to the British soldiers' love of chips and continued to serve them to the Americans when they took over the western end of the front.[21] The Americans supposedly took them to be French fried potatoes because they believed themselves to be in France, French being the local language and the official language of the Belgian Army at that time.[18] At that time, the term "French fries" was growing in popularity – the term was already used in America as early as 1899 – although it isn't clear whether this referred to batons (chips) or slices of potato e.g. in an item in Good Housekeeping which specifically references "Kitchen Economy in France": "The perfection of French fries is due chiefly to the fact that plenty of fat is used".[22]

text: "Pommes frites" or just "frites" (French), "frieten" (Flemish) or "patat" (Dutch) became the national snack and a substantial part of several national dishes, such as Moules-frites or Steak-frites.[23]

text: France

text: In France and other French-speaking countries, fried potatoes are formally pommes de terre frites, but more commonly pommes frites, patates frites, or simply frites. The words aiguillettes ("needle-ettes") or allumettes ("matchsticks") are used when the French fries are very small and thin. One enduring origin story holds that French fries were invented by street vendors on the Pont Neuf bridge in Paris in 1789, just before the outbreak of the French Revolution.[24] However, a reference exists in France from 1775 to "a few pieces of fried potato" and to "fried potatoes".[25]

text: Eating potatoes for sustenance was promoted in France by Antoine-Augustin Parmentier, but he did not mention fried potatoes in particular. Many Americans attribute the dish to France and offer as evidence a notation by U.S. President Thomas Jefferson: "Pommes de terre frites à cru, en petites tranches" ("Potatoes deep-fried while raw, in small slices") in a manuscript in Thomas Jefferson's hand (circa 1801–1809) and the recipe almost certainly comes from his French chef, Honoré Julien.[11] In addition, from 1813[26] on, recipes for what can be described as "French fries" occur in popular American cookbooks. By the late 1850s, a cookbook was published that used the term French fried potatoes.[27]

text: Spain

text: In Spain, fried potatoes are called patatas fritas or papas fritas. Another common form, involving larger irregular cuts, is patatas bravas. The potatoes are cut into big chunks, partially boiled and then fried. They are usually seasoned with a spicy tomato sauce, and the dish is one of the most preferred tapas by Spaniards.[citation needed] Fries may have been invented in Spain, the first European country in which the potato appeared from the New World colonies, and assume fries' first appearance to have been as an accompaniment to fish dishes in Galicia,[citation needed] from which it spread to the rest of the country and then further away, to the "Spanish Netherlands", which became Belgium more than a century later.

text: Professor Paul Ilegems, curator of the Frietmuseum in Bruges, Belgium, believes that Saint Teresa of Ávila of Spain cooked the first French fries, and refers also to the tradition of frying in Mediterranean cuisine as evidence.[19][28]

text: Subsequent history

text: The J. R. Simplot Company is credited with successfully commercializing French fries in frozen form during the 1940s. Subsequently, in 1967, Ray Kroc of McDonald's contracted the Simplot company to supply them with frozen fries, replacing fresh-cut potatoes as an ingredient. In 2004, 29% of the United States' potato crop was used to make frozen fries – 90% consumed by the food services sector and 10% by retail.[29] Meanwhile, in the UK, it is estimated that 80% of households buy frozen fries each year.[30]

text: By country

text: Belgium and the Netherlands

text: Fries are very popular in Belgium, where they are known as frieten (in Dutch) or frites (in French), and the Netherlands, where among the working classes they are known as patat in the north and, in the south, friet.[31] In Belgium, fries are sold in shops called friteries (French), frietkot/frituur (Dutch), or Fritüre/Frittüre (German). They are served with a large variety of Belgian sauces and eaten either on their own or with other snacks. Traditionally fries are served in a cornet de frites (French), patatzak[32]/frietzak/fritzak (Dutch/Flemish), or Frittentüte (German), a white cardboard cone, then wrapped in paper, with a spoonful of sauce (often mayonnaise) on top. They may also be served with other traditional fast food items, such as frikandel, burgers, fishsticks, meatballs or croquette.[citation needed] In the Netherlands, fries are sold at snack bars and often served a sauce like Fritessaus or curry ketchup.[citation needed]

text: Friteries and other fast food establishments tend to offer a number of different sauces for the fries and meats. In addition to ketchup and mayonnaise, popular options include:[33] aioli, sauce andalouse, sauce Americaine, Bicky Dressing (Gele Bicky-sauce), curry mayonnaise, mammoet-sauce, peanut sauce, samurai-sauce, sauce "Pickles", pepper-sauce, tartar sauce, zigeuner sauce, and À la zingara. These sauces are generally also available in supermarkets. In addition to this, hot sauces are sometimes offered by friteries, including hollandaise sauce, sauce provençale, Béarnaise sauce, or a splash of carbonade flamande stew from a constantly simmering pot, in the spirit of British chips and gravy.[citation needed]

text: Canada

text: The town of Florenceville-Bristol, New Brunswick, headquarters of McCain Foods, calls itself "the French fry capital of the world" and also hosts a museum about potatoes called "Potato World".[34] It is also one of the world's largest manufacturers of frozen French fries and other potato specialties.[35]

text: Frites are the main ingredient in the Canadian/Québécois dish known (in both Canadian English and French) as poutine; a dish consisting of fried potatoes covered with cheese curds and brown gravy. Poutine has a growing number of variations but is generally considered to have been developed in rural Québec sometime in the 1950s, although precisely where in the province it first appeared is a matter of contention.[36][37][38]

text: France

text: The thick-cut fries are called Pommes Pont-Neuf[5] or simply pommes frites (about 10 mm); thinner variants are pommes allumettes (matchstick potatoes; about 7 mm), and pommes paille (potato straws; 3–4 mm). (Roughly 0.4, 0.3 and 0.15 inch respectively.) Pommes gaufrettes are waffle fries. A popular dish in France is steak-frites, which is steak accompanied by thin French fries.

text: Germany, Austria, Switzerland

text: French fries migrated to the German-speaking countries during the 19th century. In Germany, where they are usually known by the French words pommes frites, or only Pommes or Fritten (derived from the French words but pronounced as German words). They are often served with mayonnaise, and are a popular walking snack offered by Schnellimbiss ("quick bite") kiosks.[39] Since the advent of Currywurst in the 1950s, a paper tray of sausage (bratwurst or bockwurst) anointed with curry ketchup, laced with additional curry powder and a side of french fries, has become an immensely popular fast food meal.[40]

text: Scandinavia

text: In Denmark, Sweden and Norway, the French name pommes frites is used for fries. They are the most common form of potatoes when served together with breaded plaice (or certain other low fat fishes). When pommes frites are served with fish, remoulade and a lemon slice, the plate represents the typical Danish version of fish and chips. Pommes frites are also served across Scandinavia as a small stand-alone dish with ketchup or mayonnaise. Fried sausage (same kind as for hot dogs), hamburgers, or schnitzels may be the meat portion of a dish which includes french fries. Some traditional restaurants (as opposed to fast food) may serve french fries. This may be as an accompaniment to an entrecote or other beef steak, together with bearnaise. Better restaurants tend to avoid serving french fries, with the possible exception of fish and chips.[citation needed]

text: United Kingdom and Ireland

text: The standard deep-fried cut potatoes in the United Kingdom are called chips, and are cut into pieces between 10 and 15 mm (0.39 and 0.59 in) wide. They are occasionally made from unpeeled potatoes (skins showing). Chips are often less crisp than the continental European "French fry", owing to their relatively high water content.[citation needed] British chips are not the same thing as potato chips (an American term); those are called "crisps" in Britain. In the UK, chips are part of the popular, and now international, fast food dish fish and chips.

text: The first chips fried in the UK were sold by Mrs. 'Granny' Duce in one of the West Riding towns in 1854.[41] A blue plaque in Oldham marks the origin of the fish-and-chip shop, and thus the start of the fast food industry in Britain.[42] In Scotland, chips were first sold in Dundee: "in the 1870s, that glory of British gastronomy – the chip – was first sold by Belgian immigrant Edward De Gernier in the city's Greenmarket".[43] In Ireland the first chip shop was "opened by Giuseppe Cervi", an Italian immigrant, "who arrived there in the 1880s".[44]

text: United States

text: Although French fries were a popular dish in most British commonwealth countries, the "thin style" French fries have been popularized worldwide in large part by the large American fast food chains like McDonald's, Burger King, and Wendy's. Pre-made French fries have been available for home cooking since the 1960s, having been pre-fried (or sometimes baked), frozen and placed in a sealed plastic bag. Some varieties of French fries that appeared later have been battered and breaded, and many fast food chains in the U.S. dust the potatoes with kashi, dextrin, and other flavor coatings for crispier fries with particular tastes. Results with batterings and breadings, followed by microwaving, have not achieved widespread critical acceptance.[citation needed] Oven-frying yields a dish quite different from deep-fried potatoes.

text: Variants

text: There are several variants of French fries. They include (in alphabetical order):

text:
Animal fries (In-N-Out Burger dish) – fries covered with cheese, grilled onions, and proprietary sauce.
Carne asada fries – fries covered with carne asada, guacamole, sour cream and cheese
Cheese fries (UK - cheesy chips) – fries covered with cheese
Chile fries – (not to be confused with chili fries) fries topped with green chile peppers, common in the US state of New Mexico
Chili fries – (not to be confused with chile fries) fries covered with chili con carne
Chili cheese fries – fries covered with chili and cheese
Crinkle-cut fries – also known as "wavy fries", they're cut in a corrugated, ridged fashion[45]
Curly fries – characterized by their spring-like shape, cut from whole potatoes using a specialized spiral slicer.[45]
Curry chips – fries covered in curry sauce, a popular item served by chip shops in Ireland
French fry sandwich[46] – such as the chip butty and the Mitraillette
Home fries – fries cut into rough cubes instead of sticks
Oven fries – fries that are cooked in the oven as a final step in the preparation (having been coated with oil during preparation at the factory), often sold frozen
Potato waffles – potato formed into a lattice shape
Potato wedges – Thick-cut fries[45] with the skin
Poutine – a dish consisting of fries topped with cheese curds and light brown gravy and principally associated with the Canadian province of Québec
Seasoned fries – coated with spices, or other ingredients, which include garlic powder, onion powder, black pepper, paprika, and salt
Shoestring fries – thin-cut fries[45]
Steak fries – thick-cut fries[45]
Sweet potato fries – fries made with sweet potatoes instead of traditional white potatoes
Tornado fries – spiral-cut potatoes that are placed on a skewer and then deep fried[45]
Triple Cooked Chips – a type of thrice-cooked chips or deep-fried potato that were developed by English chef Heston Blumenthal
Waffle fries – lattice-shaped fries[45] obtained by quarter-turning the potato before each next slide over a grater and deep-frying just once

text:
Animal fries (covered with cheese, grilled onions, and In-N-Out's secret spread) from In-N-Out Burger's secret menu

Chili fries

Chili cheese fries

Crinkle-cut French fries sold at a Canadian supermarket

Curly fries

Curry chips

Potato wedges with turkey

Shoestring fries with blue cheese dressing

Sweet potato fries served in a restaurant in Harvard Square

text: Accompaniments

text: Fries tend to be served with a variety of accompaniments, such as salt and vinegar (malt, balsamic or white), pepper, Cajun seasoning, grated cheese, melted cheese, mushy peas, heated curry sauce, curry ketchup (mildly spiced mix of the former), hot sauce, relish, mustard, mayonnaise, bearnaise sauce, tartar sauce, chili, tzatziki, feta cheese, garlic sauce, fry sauce, butter, sour cream, ranch dressing, barbecue sauce, gravy, honey, aioli, brown sauce, ketchup, lemon juice, piccalilli, pickled cucumber, pickled gherkins, pickled onions or pickled eggs.[47]

text:
An assortment of Belgian sauces for fries

Gourmet fries with dipping sauces

text: Health aspects

text: French fries primarily contain carbohydrates from the potato (mostly in the form of starch) and fat absorbed during the deep-frying process, as well as sodium depending upon the seasoning. For example, a large serving of French fries at McDonald's in the United States is 154 grams. Nearly all of the 500 calories per serving come from the 63 g of carbohydrates and the 25 g of fat, but a serving also contains 6 g of protein and 350 mg of sodium.[48]

text: Expert testimonials:

text:
According to Jonathan Bonnet, MD, in a TIME magazine article, "fries are nutritionally unrecognizable from a spud" as they "involve frying, salting, and removing one of the healthiest parts of the potato: the skin, where many of the nutrients and fiber are found."[49]
Kristin Kirkpatrick, RD, calls French fries "...an extremely starchy vegetable dipped in a fryer that then loads on the unhealthy fat, and what you have left is a food that has no nutritional redeeming value in it at all." [49]
David Katz, MD states that "French fries are often the super-fatty side dish to a burger—and both are often used as vehicles for things like sugar-laced ketchup and fatty mayo."[49]

text: Frying French fries in beef tallow, lard, or other animal fats adds saturated fat to the diet. Replacing animal fats with tropical vegetable oils, such as palm oil, simply substitutes one saturated fat for another. Replacing animal fats with partially hydrogenated oil reduces cholesterol but adds trans fat, which has been shown to both raise LDL cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol. Canola/Rapeseed oil, or sunflower-seed oil are also used, as are mixes of vegetable oils, but beef tallow is generally more popular, especially amongst fast food outlets that use communal oil baths.[50][51][52] Accordingly, many restaurants now advertise their use of unsaturated oils; for example, both Five Guys and Chick-fil-A advertise that their fries are prepared with peanut oil.[53][54]

text: French fries contain some of the highest levels of acrylamides of any foodstuff, and concerns have been raised about the impact of acrylamides on human health.[55] According to the American Cancer Society, it is not clear as of 2013[update] whether acrylamide consumption affects people's risk of getting cancer.[55]

text: A lower-fat method for producing a French fry-like product is to coat "Frenched" or wedge potatoes in oil and spices/flavoring before baking them. The heat will not be as high as when deep frying, and this also reduces acrylamides.[56]

text: Legal issues

text: In June 2004, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), with the advisement of a federal district judge from Beaumont, Texas, classified batter-coated French fries as a vegetable under the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act. This was primarily for trade reasons; French fries do not meet the standard to be listed as a processed food.[57][58] This classification, referred to as the "French fry rule", was upheld in the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit case Fleming Companies, Inc. v. USDA.[59][60]

text: In the United States, in 2002, the McDonald's Corporation agreed to donate to Hindus and other groups to settle lawsuits filed against the chain for mislabeling French fries and hash browns as vegetarian,[10] because beef extract was added in their production.

text: Techniques

text:
Blanching (cooking)
Deep fryer
Deep frying
Vacuum fryer
Chip pan


document_title: Manganese

question_text: what is the oxidation number of manganese in the mn ion

text: Manganese

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Physical properties[edit]

text: Manganese is a silvery-gray metal that resembles iron. It is hard and very brittle, difficult to fuse, but easy to oxidize.[4] Manganese metal and its common ions are paramagnetic.[5] Manganese tarnishes slowly in air and oxidizes ("rusts") like iron in water containing dissolved oxygen.

text: Isotopes[edit]

text: Naturally occurring manganese is composed of one stable isotope, 55Mn. Eighteen radioisotopes have been isolated and described, ranging in atomic weight from 46 u (46Mn) to 65 u (65Mn). The most stable are 53Mn with a half-life of 3.7 million years, 54Mn with a half-life of 312.3 days, and 52Mn with a half-life of 5.591 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives of less than three hours, and the majority of less than one minute. The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 55Mn, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay.[6] Manganese also has three meta states.[6]

text: Manganese is part of the iron group of elements, which are thought to be synthesized in large stars shortly before the supernova explosion. 53Mn decays to 53Cr with a half-life of 3.7 million years. Because of its relatively short half-life, 53Mn is relatively rare, produced by cosmic rays impact on iron.[7] Manganese isotopic contents are typically combined with chromium isotopic contents and have found application in isotope geology and radiometric dating. Mn–Cr isotopic ratios reinforce the evidence from 26Al and 107Pd for the early history of the solar system. Variations in 53Cr/52Cr and Mn/Cr ratios from several meteorites suggest an initial 53Mn/55Mn ratio, which indicates that Mn–Cr isotopic composition must result from in situ decay of 53Mn in differentiated planetary bodies. Hence, 53Mn provides additional evidence for nucleosynthetic processes immediately before coalescence of the solar system.[6]

text: Chemical properties[edit]

text: The most common oxidation states of manganese are +2, +3, +4, +6, and +7, though all oxidation states from −3 to +7 have been observed. Mn2+ often competes with Mg2+ in biological systems. Manganese compounds where manganese is in oxidation state +7, which are mostly restricted to the unstable oxide Mn2O7, compounds of the intensely purple permanganate anion MnO4−, and a few oxyhalides (MnO3F and MnO3Cl), are powerful oxidizing agents.[4] Compounds with oxidation states +5 (blue) and +6 (green) are strong oxidizing agents and are vulnerable to disproportionation.

text: The most stable oxidation state for manganese is +2, which has a pale pink color, and many manganese(II) compounds are known, such as manganese(II) sulfate (MnSO4) and manganese(II) chloride (MnCl2). This oxidation state is also seen in the mineral rhodochrosite (manganese(II) carbonate). Manganese(II) most commonly exists with a high spin, S = 5/2 ground state because of the high pairing energy for manganese(II). However, there are a few examples of low-spin, S =1/2 manganese(II).[9][9] There are no spin-allowed d–d transitions in manganese(II), explaining why manganese(II) compounds are typically pale to colorless.[10]

text:
Oxidation states of manganese[11]

0
Mn
2(CO)
10

+1
MnC
5H
4CH
3(CO)
3

+2
MnCl
2, MnCO
3, MnO

+3
MnF
3, Mn(OAc)
3, Mn
2O
3

+4
MnO
2

+5
K
3MnO
4

+6
K
2MnO
4

+7
KMnO
4, Mn
2O
7

Common oxidation states are in bold.

tag: table

text: The +3 oxidation state is known in compounds like manganese(III) acetate, but these are quite powerful oxidizing agents and also prone to disproportionation in solution, forming manganese(II) and manganese(IV). Solid compounds of manganese(III) are characterized by its strong purple-red color and a preference for distorted octahedral coordination resulting from the Jahn-Teller effect.

text: The oxidation state +5 can be produced by dissolving manganese dioxide in molten sodium nitrite.[12] Manganate (VI) salts can be produced by dissolving Mn compounds, such as manganese dioxide, in molten alkali while exposed to air. Permanganate (+7 oxidation state) compounds are purple, and can give glass a violet color. Potassium permanganate, sodium permanganate, and barium permanganate are all potent oxidizers. Potassium permanganate, also called Condy's crystals, is a commonly used laboratory reagent because of its oxidizing properties; it is used as a topical medicine (for example, in the treatment of fish diseases). Solutions of potassium permanganate were among the first stains and fixatives to be used in the preparation of biological cells and tissues for electron microscopy.[13]

text: History[edit]

text: The origin of the name manganese is complex. In ancient times, two black minerals from Magnesia (located within modern Greece) were both called magnes from their place of origin, but were thought to differ in gender. The male magnes attracted iron, and was the iron ore now known as lodestone or magnetite, and which probably gave us the term magnet. The female magnes ore did not attract iron, but was used to decolorize glass. This feminine magnes was later called magnesia, known now in modern times as pyrolusite or manganese dioxide. Neither this mineral nor elemental manganese is magnetic. In the 16th century, manganese dioxide was called manganesum (note the two Ns instead of one) by glassmakers, possibly as a corruption and concatenation of two words, since alchemists and glassmakers eventually had to differentiate a magnesia negra (the black ore) from magnesia alba (a white ore, also from Magnesia, also useful in glassmaking). Michele Mercati called magnesia negra manganesa, and finally the metal isolated from it became known as manganese (German: Mangan). The name magnesia eventually was then used to refer only to the white magnesia alba (magnesium oxide), which provided the name magnesium for the free element when it was isolated much later.[14]

text: Several colorful oxides of manganese, for example manganese dioxide, are abundant in nature have been used as pigments since the Stone Age. The cave paintings in Gargas that are 30,000 to 24,000 years old contain manganese pigments.[16]

text: Manganese compounds were used by Egyptian and Roman glassmakers, either to add to, or remove color from glass.[17] Use as "glassmakers soap" continued through the Middle Ages until modern times and is evident in 14th-century glass from Venice.[18]

text: Because it was used in glassmaking, manganese dioxide was available for experiments by alchemists, the first chemists. Ignatius Gottfried Kaim (1770) and Johann Glauber (17th century) discovered that manganese dioxide could be converted to permanganate, a useful laboratory reagent.[19] By the mid-18th century, the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele used manganese dioxide to produce chlorine. First, hydrochloric acid, or a mixture of dilute sulfuric acid and sodium chloride was made to react with manganese dioxide, later hydrochloric acid from the Leblanc process was used and the manganese dioxide was recycled by the Weldon process. The production of chlorine and hypochlorite bleaching agents was a large consumer of manganese ores.

text: Scheele and other chemists were aware that manganese dioxide contained a new element, but they were not able to isolate it. Johan Gottlieb Gahn was the first to isolate an impure sample of manganese metal in 1774, by reducing the dioxide with carbon.

text: The manganese content of some iron ores used in Greece led to speculations that steel produced from that ore contains additional manganese, making the Spartan steel exceptionally hard.[20] Around the beginning of the 19th century, manganese was used in steelmaking and several patents were granted. In 1816, it was documented that iron alloyed with manganese was harder but not more brittle. In 1837, British academic James Couper noted an association between miners' heavy exposure to manganese with a form of Parkinson's disease.[21] In 1912, United States patents were granted for protecting firearms against rust and corrosion with manganese phosphate electrochemical conversion coatings, and the process has seen widespread use ever since.[22]

text: The invention of the Leclanché cell in 1866 and the subsequent improvement of the batteries containing manganese dioxide as cathodic depolarizer increased the demand of manganese dioxide. Until the development batteries with nickel-cadmium and lithium, most batteries contained manganese. The zinc-carbon battery and the alkaline battery normally use industrially produced manganese dioxide because natural occurring manganese dioxide contains impurities. In the 20th century, manganese dioxide was widely used as the cathodic for commercial disposable dry batteries of both the standard (zinc-carbon) and alkaline types.[23]

text: Occurrence and production[edit]

text: Manganese comprises about 1000 ppm (0.1%) of the Earth's crust, the 12th most abundant of the crust's elements.[24] Soil contains 7–9000 ppm of manganese with an average of 440 ppm.[24] Seawater has only 10 ppm manganese and the atmosphere contains 0.01 µg/m3.[24] Manganese occurs principally as pyrolusite (MnO2), braunite, (Mn2+Mn3+6)(SiO12),[25] psilomelane (Ba,H2O)2Mn5O10, and to a lesser extent as rhodochrosite (MnCO3).

text:
Manganese ore
Psilomelane (manganese ore)
Spiegeleisen is an iron alloy with a manganese content of approximately 15%
Manganese oxide dendrites on limestone from Solnhofen, Germany – a kind of pseudofossil. Scale is in mm
Mineral rhodochrosite (manganese(II) carbonate)

text: The most important manganese ore is pyrolusite (MnO2). Other economically important manganese ores usually show a close spatial relation to the iron ores.[4] Land-based resources are large but irregularly distributed. About 80% of the known world manganese resources are in South Africa; other important manganese deposits are in Ukraine, Australia, India, China, Gabon and Brazil.[26] According to 1978 estimate, the ocean floor has 500 billion tons of manganese nodules.[27] Attempts to find economically viable methods of harvesting manganese nodules were abandoned in the 1970s.[28] The CIA once used mining manganese modules on the ocean floor as a cover story for recovering a sunken Soviet submarine.[29]

text: In South Africa, most identified deposits are located near Hotazel in the Northern Cape Province, with a 2011 estimate of 15 billion tons. In 2011 South Africa produced 3.4 million tons, topping all other nations.[30]

text: Manganese is mainly mined in South Africa, Australia, China, Gabon, Brazil, India, Kazakhstan, Ghana, Ukraine and Malaysia[31]. US Import Sources (1998–2001): Manganese ore: Gabon, 70%; South Africa, 10%; Australia, 9%; Mexico, 5%; and other, 6%. Ferromanganese: South Africa, 47%; France, 22%; Mexico, 8%; Australia, 8%; and other, 15%. Manganese contained in all manganese imports: South Africa, 31%; Gabon, 21%; Australia, 13%; Mexico, 8%; and other, 27%.[26][32]

text: For the production of ferromanganese, the manganese ore is mixed with iron ore and carbon, and then reduced either in a blast furnace or in an electric arc furnace.[33] The resulting ferromanganese has a manganese content of 30 to 80%.[4] Pure manganese used for the production of iron-free alloys is produced by leaching manganese ore with sulfuric acid and a subsequent electrowinning process.[34]

text: A more progressive extraction process involves directly reducing manganese ore in a heap leach. This is done by percolating natural gas through the bottom of the heap; the natural gas provides the heat (needs to be at least 850 °C) and the reducing agent (carbon monoxide). This reduces all of the manganese ore to manganese oxide (MnO), which is a leachable form. The ore then travels through a grinding circuit to reduce the particle size of the ore to between 150–250 μm, increasing the surface area to aid leaching. The ore is then added to a leach tank of sulfuric acid and ferrous iron (Fe2+) in a 1.6:1 ratio. The iron reacts with the manganese dioxide to form iron hydroxide and elemental manganese. This process yields approximately 92% recovery of the manganese. For further purification, the manganese can then be sent to an electrowinning facility.[35]

text: In 1972 the CIA's Project Azorian, through billionaire Howard Hughes, commissioned the ship Hughes Glomar Explorer with the cover story of harvesting manganese nodules from the sea floor. That triggered a rush of activity to collect manganese nodules, which was not actually practical. The real mission of Hughes Glomar Explorer was to raise a sunken Soviet submarine, the K-129, with the goal of retrieving Soviet code books.[36]

text: Applications[edit]

text: Manganese has no satisfactory substitute in its major applications in metallurgy.[26] In minor applications, (e.g., manganese phosphating), zinc and sometimes vanadium are viable substitutes.

text: Steel[edit]

text: Manganese is essential to iron and steel production by virtue of its sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing, and alloying properties, as first recognized by the British metallurgist Robert Forester Mushet (1811–1891) who, in 1856, introduced the element, in the form of Spiegeleisen, into steel for the specific purpose of removing excess dissolved oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus in order to improve its malleability. Steelmaking,[37] including its ironmaking component, has accounted for most manganese demand, presently in the range of 85% to 90% of the total demand.[34] Manganese is a key component of low-cost stainless steel.[32][38] Often ferromanganese (usually about 80% manganese) is the intermediate in modern processes.

text: Small amounts of manganese improve the workability of steel at high temperatures by forming a high-melting sulfide and preventing the formation of a liquid iron sulfide at the grain boundaries. If the manganese content reaches 4%, the embrittlement of the steel becomes a dominant feature. The embrittlement decreases at higher manganese concentrations and reaches an acceptable level at 8%. Steel containing 8 to 15% of manganese has a high tensile strength of up to 863 MPa.[39][40] Steel with 12% manganese was discovered in 1882 by Robert Hadfield and is still known as Hadfield steel (mangalloy). It was used for British military steel helmets and later by the U.S. military.[41]

text: Aluminium alloys[edit]

text: The second largest application for manganese is in aluminum alloys. Aluminium with roughly 1.5% manganese has increased resistance to corrosion through grains that absorb impurities which would lead to galvanic corrosion.[42] The corrosion-resistant aluminium alloys 3004 and 3104 (0.8 to 1.5% manganese) are used for most beverage cans.[43] Before year 2000, more than 1.6 million tonnes of those alloys were used; at 1% manganese, this consumed 16,000 tonnes of manganese.[43]

text: Other uses[edit]

text: Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl is used as an additive in unleaded gasoline to boost octane rating and reduce engine knocking. The manganese in this unusual organometallic compound is in the +1 oxidation state.[44]

text: Manganese(IV) oxide (manganese dioxide, MnO2) is used as a reagent in organic chemistry for the oxidation of benzylic alcohols (where the hydroxyl group is adjacent to an aromatic ring). Manganese dioxide has been used since antiquity to oxidize and neutralize the greenish tinge in glass from trace amounts of iron contamination.[18] MnO2 is also used in the manufacture of oxygen and chlorine and in drying black paints. In some preparations, it is a brown pigment for paint and is a constituent of natural umber.

text: Manganese(IV) oxide was used in the original type of dry cell battery as an electron acceptor from zinc, and is the blackish material in carbon–zinc type flashlight cells. The manganese dioxide is reduced to the manganese oxide-hydroxide MnO(OH) during discharging, preventing the formation of hydrogen at the anode of the battery.[45]

text: The same material also functions in newer alkaline batteries (usually battery cells), which use the same basic reaction, but a different electrolyte mixture. In 2002, more than 230,000 tons of manganese dioxide was used for this purpose.[23][45]

text: The metal is occasionally used in coins; until 2000, the only United States coin to use manganese was the "wartime" nickel from 1942 to 1945.[46] An alloy of 75% copper and 25% nickel was traditionally used for the production of nickel coins. However, because of shortage of nickel metal during the war, it was substituted by more available silver and manganese, thus resulting in an alloy of 56% copper, 35% silver and 9% manganese. Since 2000, dollar coins, for example the Sacagawea dollar and the Presidential $1 coins, are made from a brass containing 7% of manganese with a pure copper core.[47] In both cases of nickel and dollar, the use of manganese in the coin was to duplicate the electromagnetic properties of a previous identically sized and valued coin in the mechanisms of vending machines. In the case of the later U.S. dollar coins, the manganese alloy was intended to duplicate the properties of the copper/nickel alloy used in the previous Susan B. Anthony dollar.

text: Manganese compounds have been used as pigments and for the coloring of ceramics and glass. The brown color of ceramic is sometimes the result of manganese compounds.[48] In the glass industry, manganese compounds are used for two effects. Manganese(III) reacts with iron(II) to induce a strong green color in glass by forming less-colored iron(III) and slightly pink manganese(II), compensating for the residual color of the iron(III).[18] Larger quantities of manganese are used to produce pink colored glass.

text: Tetravalent manganese is used as an activator in red-emitting phosphors. While many compounds are known which show luminescence [49] the majority is not used in commercial application due to low efficiency or deep red emission.[50][51] However, several Mn4+ aktivated fluorides were reported as potential red emitting phorshors for warm-white LEDs.[52][53] But to this day, only K2SiF6:Mn4+ is commercially available for use in warm-white LEDs.[54]

text: Biological role[edit]

text: Manganese is an important element for human health, essential for development, metabolism, and the antioxidant system. Nevertheless, excessive exposure or intake may lead to a condition known as manganism, a neurodegenerative disorder that causes dopaminergic neuronal death and symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease.[24][55] The classes of enzymes that have manganese cofactors is large and includes oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases, lectins, and integrins. The reverse transcriptases of many retroviruses (though not lentiviruses such as HIV) contain manganese. The best-known manganese-containing polypeptides may be arginase, the diphtheria toxin, and Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD).[56]

text:
Mn-SOD is the type of SOD present in eukaryotic mitochondria, and also in most bacteria (this fact is in keeping with the bacterial-origin theory of mitochondria). The Mn-SOD enzyme is probably one of the most ancient, for nearly all organisms living in the presence of oxygen use it to deal with the toxic effects of superoxide (O−
2), formed from the 1-electron reduction of dioxygen. The exceptions, which are all bacteria, include Lactobacillus plantarum and related lactobacilli, which use a different nonenzymatic mechanism with manganese (Mn2+) ions complexed with polyphosphate, suggesting a path of evolution for this function in aerobic life.

text: The human body contains about 12 mg of manganese, mostly in the bones. The soft tissue remainder is concentrated in the liver and kidneys.[24] In the human brain, the manganese is bound to manganese metalloproteins, most notably glutamine synthetase in astrocytes.[57]

text: Manganese is also important in photosynthetic oxygen evolution in chloroplasts in plants. The oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) is a part of photosystem II contained in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts; it is responsible for the terminal photooxidation of water during the light reactions of photosynthesis, and has a metalloenzyme core containing four atoms of manganese.[58][59] To fulfill this requirement, most broad-spectrum plant fertilizers contain manganese.

text: Dietary recommendations[edit]

text:
Current AIs of Mn by age group and sex[60]

Males
Females

Age
AI (mg/day)
Age
AI (mg/day)

1–3
1.2
1–3
1.2

4–8
1.5
4–8
1.5

9–13
1.9
9–13
1.6

14–18
2.2
14–18
1.6

19+
2.3
19+
1.8

pregnant: 2

lactating: 2.6

text: The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for minerals in 2001. For manganese there was not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs, so needs are described as estimates for Adequate Intakes (AIs). As for safety, the IOM sets Tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of manganese the adult UL is set at 11 mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs).[60] Manganese deficiency is rare.[61]

text: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL defined the same as in United States. For people ages 15 and older the AI is set at 3.0 mg/day. AIs for pregnancy and lactation is 3.0 mg/day. For children ages 1–14 years the AIs increase with age from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/day. The adult AIs are higher than the U.S. RDAs.[62] The EFSA reviewed the same safety question and decided that there was insufficient information to set a UL.[63]

text: For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For manganese labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 2.0 mg, but as of May 27, 2016 it was revised to 2.3 mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA.[64] A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake. Food and supplement companies have until January 1, 2020 to comply with the change.[65]

text: Precautions[edit]

text: Manganese compounds are less toxic than those of other widespread metals, such as nickel and copper.[66] However, exposure to manganese dusts and fumes should not exceed the ceiling value of 5 mg/m3 even for short periods because of its toxicity level.[67] Manganese poisoning has been linked to impaired motor skills and cognitive disorders.[68]

text: The permanganate exhibits a higher toxicity than the manganese(II) compounds. The fatal dose is about 10 g, and several fatal intoxications have occurred. The strong oxidative effect leads to necrosis of the mucous membrane. For example, the esophagus is affected if the permanganate is swallowed. Only a limited amount is absorbed by the intestines, but this small amount shows severe effects on the kidneys and on the liver.[69][70]

text: Manganese exposure in United States is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).[71] People can be exposed to manganese in the workplace by breathing it in or swallowing it. OSHA has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for manganese exposure in the workplace as 5 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 1 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short term limit of 3 mg/m3. At levels of 500 mg/m3, manganese is immediately dangerous to life and health.[72]

text: Generally, exposure to ambient Mn air concentrations in excess of 5 μg Mn/m3 can lead to Mn-induced symptoms. Increased ferroportin protein expression in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells is associated with decreased intracellular Mn concentration and attenuated cytotoxicity, characterized by the reversal of Mn-reduced glutamate uptake and diminished lactate dehydrogenase leakage.[73]

text: Environmental health concerns[edit]

text: Manganese in drinking water[edit]

text: Waterborne manganese has a greater bioavailability than dietary manganese. According to results from a 2010 study,[74] higher levels of exposure to manganese in drinking water are associated with increased intellectual impairment and reduced intelligence quotients in school-age children. It is hypothesized that long-term exposure to the naturally occurring manganese in shower water puts up to 8.7 million Americans at risk.[75][76] However, data indicates that the human body can recover from certain adverse effects of overexposure to manganese if the exposure is stopped and the body can clear the excess.[77]

text: Manganese in gasoline[edit]

text: Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is a gasoline additive used to replace lead compounds for unleaded gasolines to improve the octane rating of low octane petroleum distillates. It reduces engine knock agent through the action of the carbonyl groups. Fuels containing manganese tend to form manganese carbides, which damage exhaust valves. The need for lead or manganese additives is merely historic because the modern reformation processes create fuels with increased octane ratings. Such fuels, directly or in mixture with non-reformed distillates, are universal in developed countries (0EU, Japan, etc.). In the USA, the imperative to provide the lowest price per volume on motor fuels and the lowest taxation rate, combined with lax legislation of fuel content before the year 2000, encouraged refineries to use MMT. Compared to 1953, levels of manganese in air have dropped.[78] Many racing competitions specifically ban manganese compounds in racing fuel for carts and minibikes. MMT contains 24.4–25.2% manganese. Elevated atmospheric manganese concentrations are strongly correlated with automobile traffic density.

text: Manganese in tobacco smoke[edit]

text: The tobacco plant readily absorbs and accumulates heavy metals such as manganese from the surrounding soil into its leaves. These are subsequently inhaled during tobacco smoking.[79] While manganese is a constituent of tobacco smoke,[80] studies have largely concluded that concentrations are not hazardous for human health.[81]

text: Role in neurological disorders[edit]

text: Manganism[edit]

text: Manganese overexposure is most frequently associated with manganism, a rare neurological disorder associated with excessive manganese ingestion or inhalation. Historically, persons employed in the production or processing of manganese alloys[82][83] have been at risk for developing manganism; however, current health and safety regulations protect workers in developed nations.[71] The disorder was first described in 1837 by British academic John Couper, who studied two patients who were manganese grinders.[21]

text: Manganism is a biphasic disorder. In its early stages, an intoxicated person may experience depression, mood swings, compulsive behaviors, and psychosis. Early neurological symptoms give way to late-stage manganism, which resembles Parkinson's disease. Symptoms include weakness, monotone and slowed speech, an expressionless face, tremor, forward-leaning gait, inability to walk backwards without falling, rigidity, and general problems with dexterity, gait and balance.[21][84] Unlike Parkinson's disease, manganism is not associated with loss of the sense of smell and patients are typically unresponsive to treatment with L-DOPA.[85] Symptoms of late-stage manganism become more severe over time even if the source of exposure is removed and brain manganese levels return to normal.[84]

text: Chronic manganese exposure has been shown to produce a parkinsonism-like illness characterized by movement abnormalities.[86] This condition is not responsive to typical therapies used in the treatment of PD, suggesting an alternative pathway than the typical dopaminergic loss within the substantia nigra. [86] Manganese may accumulate in the basal ganglia, leading to the abnormal movements.[87] A mutation of the SLC30A10 gene, a manganese efflux transporter necessary for decreasing intracellular Mn, has been linked with the development of this Parkinsonism-like disease.[88] The Lewy bodies typical to PD are not seen in Mn-induced parkinsonism.[87]

text: Animal experiments have given the opportunity to examine the consequences of manganese overexposure under controlled conditions. In (non-aggressive) rats, manganese induces mouse-killing behavior.[89]

text: Childhood developmental disorders[edit]

text: Several recent studies attempt to examine the effects of chronic low-dose manganese overexposure on child development. The earliest study was conducted in the Chinese province of Shanxi. Drinking water there had been contaminated through improper sewage irrigation and contained 240–350 µg Mn/L. Although Mn concentrations at or below 300 µg Mn/L were considered safe at the time of the study by the US EPA and 400 µg Mn/L by the World Health Organization, the 92 children sampled (between 11 and 13 years of age) from this province displayed lower performance on tests of manual dexterity and rapidity, short-term memory, and visual identification, compared to children from an uncontaminated area. More recently, a study of 10-year-old children in Bangladesh showed a relationship between Mn concentration in well water and diminished IQ scores. A third study conducted in Quebec examined school children between the ages of 6 and 15 living in homes that received water from a well containing 610 µg Mn/L; controls lived in homes that received water from a 160 µg Mn/L well. Children in the experimental group showed increased hyperactive and oppositional behavior.[74]

text: The current maximum safe concentration under EPA rules is 50 µg Mn/L.[90]

text: Neurodegenerative diseases[edit]

text: A protein called DMT1 is the major transporter in manganese absorption from the intestine, and may be the major transporter of manganese across the blood–brain barrier. DMT1 also transports inhaled manganese across the nasal epithelium. The proposed mechanism for manganese toxicity is that dysregulation leads to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, glutamate-mediated excitoxicity, and aggregation of proteins.