document_title: List of human rights organisations

question_text: list of agencies responsible for protection of human rights in nigeria

text: List of human rights organisations

text: International Non-governmental organizations[edit]

text:
Amazon Watch
Amnesty International
Anti-Slavery International
Article 19
Avocats Sans Frontières
Breakthrough (human rights)
CARE
Carter Center
CCJO René Cassin
Center for Economic and Social Rights
Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian law
Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE)
Civil Rights Defenders
Coalition for the International Criminal Court
Committee of Concerned Scientists
Committee to Protect Journalists
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative
CryptoRights Foundation
Cultural Survival
Disabled Peoples' International
Enough Project
Equality Now
Every Human Has Rights
Forum 18
Fourth Estate (association)
Free the Slaves
Freedom from Torture
Freedom House
Friends of Peoples Close to Nature
Front Line Defenders
Society for Threatened Peoples
GIRCA
Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect
Global Rights
Habitat International Coalition
Helsinki Committee for Human Rights
Helsinki Watch
Hindu American Foundation
Hindu Human Rights
Hirschfeld Eddy Foundation
Human Life International
Human Rights Internet
Human Rights First
Human Rights Foundation
Human Rights Internet
Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Without Frontiers
HURIDOCS
Institute for War and Peace Reporting
Interamerican Association for Environmental Defense
International Alliance of Women
International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists
International Center for Transitional Justice
International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development
International Centre for Human Rights Research
International Coalition against Enforced Disappearances
International Commission of Jurists
International Disability Alliance
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
International Committee of the Red Cross (private, sovereign organisation)
International Crisis Group
International Federation for Human Rights
International Foundation for Human Rights and Tolerance
International Freedom of Expression Exchange
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (federation of 15 other human rights organizations not included in this list; now bankrupt due to fraud)
International Humanist and Ethical Union
International Institute of Human Rights
International League for Human Rights
International Partnership for Human Rights (IPHR)
International Property Rights Index
International Progress Organization
International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims
International Rescue Committee
International Tibet Support Network
International Service for Human Rights
International Society for Human Rights
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
Islamic Human Rights Commission
JUSTICE
Mind Freedom International
Minority Rights Group International
National Labor Committee in Support of Human and Worker Rights
Network for Education and Academic Rights
No Peace Without Justice
Norwegian Refugee Council
Peace Brigades International
People & Planet
Physicians for Human Rights
Point of Peace Foundation
Protection International
Refugees International
Release International
Reporters Without Borders
Reprieve
Redress Trust
Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights
Scholars at Risk
Scholar Rescue Fund
Shia Rights Watch
Society for Threatened Peoples
Survival International
Tahirih Justice Center
The Advocacy Project
The RINJ Foundation
The Sentinel Project for Genocide Prevention
Tostan
Transparency International
UN Watch
UNITED for Intercultural Action
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
World Council of Churches
World Organization Against Torture
Witness (human rights group)
Womankind Worldwide
Women's Learning Partnership for Rights, Development, and Peace
World Future Council
World Organization Against Torture
Youth for Human Rights International
Liberty institute of advocates for peace and justice international

text: Regional non-governmental organizations[edit]

text:
African Movement of Working Children and Youth (Africa)
AIRE Centre (Europe)
Arabic Network for Human Rights Information (Arab world)
Arab Commission for Human Rights (Arab world)
Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (Asia)
Asian Human Rights Commission (Asia)
Asian Centre for Human Rights (Asia)
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (Commonwealth nations)
Council on Hemispheric Affairs (Americas)
Ecumenical Center for Human Rights (Americas)
Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network (Euro-Mediterranean region)
European Roma Rights Centre (Europe)
Federal Union of European Nationalities (Europe)
Helsinki Citizens Assembly (Europe)
Human Rights Foundation (Americas)
Human Rights Trust of Southern Africa (Southern Africa)
Incomindios Switzerland (Americas)
International Association of Independent Journalists Inc. (Canada, England & elsewhere)
Journalists for Human Rights (Africa)
Kurdish Human Rights Project (Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Iran & elsewhere)
Memorial (Ex-USSR)
Unimondo (southeastern Europe)
Washington Office on Latin America (Latin America)

text: Non-governmental organisations with a national focus[edit]

text: For governmental national human rights organisations see national human rights institution.

text: Argentina[edit]

text:
HIJOS
Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: Bahrain[edit]

text:
Bahrain Centre for Human Rights
Bahrain Human Rights Society
Bahrain Human Rights Watch Society
Bahrain Youth Society for Human Rights
We Have A Right

text: Belgium[edit]

text:
Liga voor Mensenrechten
Ligue des droits de l'homme

text: Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]

text: Association for Social Research and Communications (UDIK)

text: Burma (Myanmar)[edit]

text:
Burma Campaign UK
Rohingya Federation of Arakan, Burma
Canadian Friends of Burma
Free Burma Rangers
Freedom Campaign
Human Rights Defenders and Promoters
U.S. Campaign for Burma
Women's League of Burma

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: Bulgarian Helsinki Committee

text: Cambodia[edit]

text:
Cambodian Center for Human Rights
The Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights (LICADHO)
ADHOC

text: Canada[edit]

text: Child Welfare League of Canada

text: Chad[edit]

text: Chadian Association for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights

text: China[edit]

text:
Civil Human Rights Front (Hong Kong)
Empowerment and Rights Institute
Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor (Hong Kong)
Human Rights in China
Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy

text: Tibet[edit]

text:
Free Tibet Campaign
International Campaign for Tibet
Political Prisoners Movement of Tibet
Students for a Free Tibet
Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy

text: Egypt[edit]

text:
Arabic Network for Human Rights Information
Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights (ECESR)
Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights
Egyptian Organization for Human Rights
Shayfeencom
Hisham Mubarak Law Center
National Council for Human Rights

text: France[edit]

text:
GISTI
Human Rights League (Ligue des droits de l'homme)
MRAP (French NGO)
SOS Racisme

text: Guatemala[edit]

text:
ADIVIMA
HIJOS

text: India[edit]

text:
Honour for Women National Campaign
Manab Adhikar Sangram Samiti
Confederation of Human Rights Organizations
Forum for Fact-finding Documentation and Advocacy
Human Rights Documentation Centre
National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights
Vigil India Movement
Kashmir Human Rights Commission

text: Iran[edit]

text:
Defenders of Human Rights Center
Iran Human Rights Documentation Center

text: Israel[edit]

text: Israel[edit]

text:
Rabbis for Human Rights
Machsom Watch
Association for Civil Rights in Israel
B'Tselem
Physicians for Human Rights-Israel
Jerusalem Institute of Justice

text: Palestinian territories[edit]

text:
Al-Haq
Al Mezan Center for Human Rights (Gaza Strip)

text: Kenya[edit]

text:
Cemiride
Awareness Against Human Trafficking (HAART)
Kenya Human Rights Commission

text: Lebanon[edit]

text: Association Najdeh

text: Malawi[edit]

text: Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation

text: Malaysia[edit]

text:
Suara Rakyat Malaysia
National Human Rights Society
Lawyers for Liberty
Sisters in Islam
Women's Aid Organisation
Bersih

text: Mali[edit]

text: Association Malienne des Droits de l'Homme

text: Mauritania[edit]

text: Association Mauritanienne des Droits de l'Homme

text: Morocco[edit]

text:
Association Marocaine des Droits Humaine
Conseil Consultatif des Droits de l'Homme
Sahrawi Association of Victims of Grave Human Rights Violations Committed by the Moroccan State

text: Nepal[edit]

text:
THRD Alliance
INSEC

text: Niger[edit]

text: Timidria

text: Nigeria[edit]

text:
Devatop Centre for Africa Development
Youths For Human Rights Protection And Transparency Initiative

text: North Korea[edit]

text:
Liberty in North Korea
Chosun Journal

text: Pakistan[edit]

text:
Human Rights Organization of Pakistan
Asian Human Rights Development Organization

text: Philippines[edit]

text:
Amnesty International Philippines
Asian Federation Against Involuntary Disappearances (AFAD)
Campaign for Human Rights in the Philippines
Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG)
International Peace Observers Network (IPON)
Karapatan
Nonviolent Peaceforce
Philippine Alliance of Human Rights Advocates (PAHRA)
Philippine Human Rights Information Center (PhilRights)
Philippines-Canada Task Force on Human Rights
Task Force Detainees of the Philippines (TFDP)

text: Poland[edit]

text: Movement for Defense of Human and Civic Rights (20th century)

text: Russia[edit]

text:
Glasnost Defense Foundation
Moscow Research Center for Human Rights
SOVA Center
Chechnya:

Chechnya Advocacy Network

text: Saudi Arabia[edit]

text:
Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia
National Society for Human Rights

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text:
Home for Human Rights
NESOHR
University Teachers for Human Rights

text: Sweden[edit]

text: Stepchildren of Society

text: Syria[edit]

text: al-Marsad

text: Thailand[edit]

text:
Amnesty International Thailand
Anjaree
EMPOWER

text: Tunisia[edit]

text: Tunisia Monitoring Group

text: Uganda[edit]

text: Uganda Conflict Action Network

text: Ukraine[edit]

text:
Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group
Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
Liberty (pressure group)
Northern Ireland:

Committee on the Administration of Justice

text: United States[edit]

text:
ACLU
Amnesty International
Avaaz
Center for Constitutional Rights
Center for Victims of Torture
Citizens Justice Association
Ella Baker Center for Human Rights
Empowering Spirits Foundation
Hands Up United
Human Rights Campaign
Human Rights Commission of Salt Lake City
Human Rights First
Human Rights Initiative of North Texas
Humanitarian Law Project
International Justice Mission
Jewish Voice for Peace
Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Institute
National Youth Rights Association
Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law
Society for Human Rights (Disbanded)
US Human Rights Network
Workplace Fairness

text: Zimbabwe[edit]

text: Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights

text: United Nations Bodies[edit]

text:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
United Nations Security Council
Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights
United Nations Human Rights Council
United Nations Commission on Human Rights (disbanded)
International Criminal Court
OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media
UNESCO
United Nations Parliamentary Assembly

text: Human rights treaty bodies[edit]

text:
Human Rights Committee
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
Committee Against Torture
Committee on the Rights of the Child

text: Other multilateral organisations[edit]

text:
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
Arab Organization for Human Rights
Commissioner for Human Rights
Committee for the Prevention of Torture
Commonwealth of Nations
European Court of Human Rights
OAS Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression
Subcommittee on Human Rights
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
Inter-American Court of Human Rights


document_title: I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus

question_text: who sang the original i saw mommy kissing santa

root

text: I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus

text: Jimmy Boyd original version[edit]

text: The original recording by Jimmy Boyd, recorded on July 15, 1952 when he was 13 years old,[1] reached No. 1 on the Billboard pop singles chart in December 1952, and on the Cash Box chart at the beginning of the following year. It later reached Number 3 in the UK Charts when issued there in November 1953. The song was commissioned by Saks Fifth Avenue to promote the store's Christmas card for the year, which featured an original sketch by artist Perry Barlow, who drew for The New Yorker for many decades.

tag: p

text: The song describes a scene where a child walks downstairs from his bedroom on Christmas Eve to see the mother kissing "Santa Claus" under the mistletoe.

text: Boyd's record was condemned by the Roman Catholic Church in Boston when it was released on the grounds that it mixed kissing with Christmas. Boyd was photographed meeting with the Archdiocese to explain the song. After the meeting, the ban was lifted.[citation needed]

text: Spike Jones version[edit]

text: A less successful version of the song was released in 1952 by Spike Jones[2] (with vocal by George Rock in the little boy voice used in Spike's hit "All I Want For Christmas Is My Two Front Teeth"). Jones also recorded a parody for his personal pleasure titled "I Saw Mommy Screwing Santa Claus."[3]

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: Popular versions of the song were released by the Ronettes, Molly Bee, Bobby Sherman, Andy Williams, The Beverley Sisters, The Four Seasons, and The Jackson 5. Reba McEntire, Homer and Jethro, Amy Winehouse, John Mellencamp, Mitch Miller, John Prine, Sammi Sanchez, Tiny Tim, The Cheetah Girls, Bif Naked, Jessica Simpson, Teresa Brewer, Rica Fukami, Secret Chiefs 3 and Dionne Bromfield have also covered it. The Dollyrots recorded a variation (titled "I Saw Mommy Biting Santa Claus") with humorous lyrics. RuPaul and Kip Addotta both recorded versions with changed lyrics titled "I Saw Daddy Kissing Santa Claus."

text: John Mellencamp also filmed a music video to promote his recording for the 1987 Special Olympics charity album, A Very Special Christmas.[4]

text: International versions[edit]

text:
Danish: "Jeg så julemanden kysse mor" (Danish text: Susanne Palsbo)
Finnish: "Kun joulupukki suukon sai" (Finnish text: Saukki)
French: "J'ai vu maman embrasser le Père Noël" (French text: Louis Gasté)
Norwegian: "Jeg så mamma kysse nissen" (Norwegian text: Philip A. Kruse)
Swedish: "Jag såg mamma kyssa tomten" (Swedish text: Ingrid "Ninita" Reuterskiöld)
Mexican: "Hoy vi a Santa Claus besar a mamá" (Spanish text: Anibal Pastor)
Icelandic: "Ég sá mömmu kyssa jólasvein" (Icelandic text: Hinrik Bjarnason)

tag: ul

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: A made-for-television movie based on the song was released in 2001.


document_title: A.C. Milan

question_text: when was the last time ac milan won serie a

text: A.C. Milan

text: History

text:
"Saremo una squadra di diavoli. I nostri colori saranno il rosso come il fuoco e il nero come la paura che incuteremo agli avversari."
— 1899, Herbert Kilpin[14][15]

"We are a team of devils. Our colours are red as fire and black to invoke fear in our opponents."
— 1899, Herbert Kilpin

tag: table

text: A.C. Milan was founded as Milan Foot-Ball and Cricket Club in 1899 by English expatriates Alfred Edwards and Herbert Kilpin.[4] Although the club itself claims 16 December of that year as its foundation date, historical evidence show that the club was actually founded on 13 December.[16] In honour of its English origins, the club has retained the English spelling of the city's name, as opposed to the Italian spelling Milano, which it was forced to bear under the fascist regime. Milan won its first Italian championship in 1901 and a further two in succession in 1906 and 1907.[3]

text: In 1908, Milan experienced a split caused by internal disagreements over the signing of foreign players, which led to the forming of another Milan-based team, F.C. Internazionale Milano.[17] Following these events, Milan did not manage to win a single domestic title until 1950–51.[8] The 1950s saw the club return to the top of Italian football, headed by the famous Gre-No-Li Swedish trio Gunnar Gren, Gunnar Nordahl and Nils Liedholm. This was one of the club's most successful periods domestically, with the Scudetto going to Milan in 1951, 1955, 1957, 1959 and 1962.[8] In 1963, Milan won its first continental title by beating Benfica in the final of the European Cup.[18] This success was repeated in 1969, with a 4–1 win over Ajax in the final, which was followed by the Intercontinental Cup title the same year.[8] During this period Milan also won its first Coppa Italia, with victory over Padova in the 1967 final, and two European Cup Winners' Cups: in 1967–68 and 1972–73.[8]

text: Milan won a tenth league title in 1979, but after the retirement of Gianni Rivera in the same year, the team went into a period of decline. The club was involved in the 1980 Totonero scandal and as punishment was relegated to Serie B for the first time in its history.[19] The scandal was centred around a betting syndicate paying players and officials to fix the outcome of matches.[19] Milan achieved promotion back to Serie A at the first attempt, winning the 1980–81 Serie B title,[8] but were again relegated a year later as the team ended its 1981–82 campaign in third-last place. In 1983, Milan won the Serie B title for the second time in three seasons to return to Serie A,[8] where they achieved a sixth-place finish in 1983–84.

text: On 20 February 1986, entrepreneur Silvio Berlusconi acquired the club and saved it from bankruptcy after investing vast amounts of money,[3] appointing rising manager Arrigo Sacchi at the helm of the Rossoneri and signing Dutch internationals Ruud Gullit, Marco van Basten and Frank Rijkaard.[3] The Dutch trio added an attacking impetus to the team, and complemented the club's Italian internationals Paolo Maldini, Franco Baresi, Alessandro Costacurta and Roberto Donadoni. Under Sacchi, Milan won its first Scudetto in nine years in the 1987–88 season. The following year, the club won its first European Cup in two decades, beating Romanian club Steaua București 4–0 in the final. Milan retained their title with a 1–0 win over Benfica a year later and was the last team to win back-to-back European Cups until Real Madrid's win in 2017.[20] The Milan team of 1989–90, nicknamed the "Immortals" in the Italian media,[21] has been voted the best club side of all time in a global poll of experts conducted by World Soccer magazine.[22]

text: After Sacchi left Milan in 1991, he was replaced by the club's former player Fabio Capello whose team won three consecutive Serie A titles between 1992 and 1994, a spell which included a 58-match unbeaten run in Serie A (which earned the team the label "the Invincibles"),[21][23] and back-to-back UEFA Champions League final appearances in 1993, 1994 and 1995. A year after losing 1–0 to Marseille in the 1993 Champions League final, Capello's team reached its peak in one of Milan's most memorable matches of all time, the famous 4–0 win over Barcelona in the 1994 Champions League final.[23] Capello's side went on to win the 1995–96 league title before he left to coach Real Madrid in 1996.[23] In 1998–99, after a two-year period of decline, Milan lifted its 16th championship in the club's centenary season.

text: Milan's next period of success came under another former player, Carlo Ancelotti. After his appointment in November 2001, Ancelotti took Milan to the 2003 Champions League final, where they defeated Juventus on penalties to win the club's sixth European Cup.[24] The team then won the Scudetto in 2003–04 before reaching the 2005 Champions League final, where they were beaten by Liverpool on penalties despite leading 3–0 at half-time.[24] Two years later, the two teams met again in the 2007 Champions League final, with Milan winning 2–1 to lift the title for a seventh time.[24][25] The team then won its first FIFA Club World Cup in December 2007.[26] In 2009, after becoming Milan's second longest serving coach with 420 matches overseen,[26] Ancelotti left the club to take over as head-coach at Chelsea.

text: During this period, the club was involved in the Calciopoli scandal, where five teams were accused of fixing matches by selecting favourable referees.[27] A police inquiry excluded any involvement of Milan managers,[28] but the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) unilaterally decided that it had sufficient evidence to charge Milan vice-president Adriano Galliani. As a result, Milan was initially punished with a 15-point deduction and was banned from the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League. An appeal saw that penalty reduced to eight points,[29] which allowed the club to retain its Champions League participation.

text: Following the aftermath of Calciopoli, local rivals Internazionale dominated Serie A, winning four Scudetti. However, with the help a strong squad boasting players such as Zlatan Ibrahimović, Robinho and Alexandre Pato joining many of the veterans of the club's mid-decade European successes, Milan recaptured the Scudetto in the 2010–11 Serie A season, their first since the 2003–04 season, and 18th overall.[30][31]

text: However, after the Scudetto the club declined in performance. It saw the club failed to qualify to European competitions since 2014. Fininvest, the holding company of the club also signed a preliminary agreement with Bee Taechaubol to sell 48% stake of the club for €480 million in 2015,[32] after a net loss of €91.3 million in 2014 financial year and subsequent financial contribution from Fininvest.[33] However, the deal collapsed. On 5 August 2016, a new preliminary agreement was signed with a Chinese investment management company Sino-Europe Sports Investment Management Changxing Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 中欧体育投资管理长兴有限公司), which Fininvest sold 99.93% stake of Milan for about €520 million, plus the refurbishment of the club financial debt of €220 million.[34] (A further €90 million credit line from Fininvest was added to the valuation as the new debt was occurred between 1 July 2016 and the closing date).[35] 0.07% stake of the club were retained by other shareholders. On 13 April 2017, the deal was completed and Rossoneri Sport Investment Lux became the new direct parent company of the club.[35]

text: Colours and badge

text:
"I can’t think of many shirts out there that are as recognisable as Milan’s. – Our kits go beyond just the sphere of football."

—In an interview with SoccerBible, Milan player Gianluca Lapadula complimented the iconic design of Rossoneri.[36]

tag: div

text: Red and black are the colours which have represented the club throughout its entire history. They were chosen to represent the players' fiery ardor (red) and the opponents' fear to challenge the team (black). Rossoneri, the team's widely used nickname, literally means "the red & blacks" in Italian, in reference to the colours of the stripes on its jersey.[37]

text: Another nickname derived from the club's colours is the Devil. An image of a red devil was used as Milan's logo at one point with a Golden Star for Sport Excellence located next to it.[38] As is customary in Italian football, the star above the logo was awarded to the club after winning 10 league titles, in 1979. For many years, Milan's badge was simply the Flag of Milan, which was originally the flag of Saint Ambrose.[38] The modern badge used today represents the club colours and the flag of the Comune di Milano, with the acronym ACM at the top and the foundation year (1899) at the bottom.[38]

text: White shorts and black socks are usually worn as part of the home strip. Milan's away strip has always been completely white.[39] It is considered by both the fans and the club to be a lucky strip in Champions League finals, due to the fact that Milan has won six finals out of eight in an all white strip (losing only to Ajax in 1995 and Liverpool in 2005), and only won one out of three in the home strip. The third strip, which is rarely used, changes yearly, being mostly black with red trimmings in recent seasons.

text: Stadium

text:
Stadio Giuseppe Meazza

San Siro

Location
Via Piccolomini 5,
20151 Milan, Italy

Owner
Municipality of Milan

Operator
A.C. Milan and Internazionale

Capacity
80,018 seated

Construction

Broke ground
December 1925

Opened
19 September 1926

Renovated
1939, 1955, 1990, 2015–16

Architect
Ulisse Stacchini (1925),
Giancarlo Ragazzi (1989),
Enrico Hoffer (1989)

Tenants

A.C. Milan (1926–present),
Internazionale (1947–present)

text: The team's stadium is the 80,018 seat San Siro, officially known as Stadio Giuseppe Meazza after the former player who represented both Milan and Internazionale. The more commonly used name, "San Siro", is the name of the district where it is located. San Siro has been the home of Milan since 1926, when it was privately built by funding from Milan's president at the time, Piero Pirelli (it). Construction was performed by 120 workers, and took 13-and-a-half months to complete. The stadium was owned by the club until it was sold to the city council in 1935, and since 1947, it has been shared with Internazionale when the other major Milanese club was accepted as joint tenant.

text: The first game played at the stadium was on 19 September 1926, when Milan lost 6–3 in a friendly match against Internazionale. Milan played its first league game in San Siro on 19 September 1926, losing 1–2 to Sampierdarenese. From an initial capacity of 35,000 spectators, the stadium has undergone several major renovations, most recently in preparation for the 1990 FIFA World Cup when its capacity was set to 85,700, all covered with a polycarbonate roof. In the summer of 2008 its capacity has been reduced to 80,018, to meet the new standards set by UEFA.

text: Based on the English model for stadiums, San Siro is specifically designed for football matches, as opposed to many multi-purpose stadiums used in Serie A. It is therefore renowned in Italy for its fantastic atmosphere during matches, largely thanks to the closeness of the stands to the pitch. The frequent use of flares by supporters contributes to the atmosphere but the practice has occasionally caused problems.

text: On 19 December 2005, Milan vice-president and executive director Adriano Galliani announced that the club is seriously working towards a relocation. He said that Milan's new stadium will be largely based on the Veltins-Arena – the home of Schalke 04 in Gelsenkirchen – and will follow the standards of football stadiums in the United States, Germany and Spain. As opposed to many other stadiums in Italy, Milan's new stadium will likely be used for football only, having no athletics track.

text: On 11 December 2014, Barbara Berlusconi announced a proposal to build a property stadium of 42,000 seats in Portello, behind the new HQ of the Rossoneri, and the large square "Piazza Gino Valle". The new village with shopping malls and hotel is located near CityLife district and is served by the metro.[40]

text: On 20 September 2015, however, Silvio Berlusconi has called an end to his club's plans to build a new stadium in the city.[41]

text: In 2017, new CEO Marco Fassone stated that the club may look at either staying in the San Siro or moving to a new stadium with the club hierarchy emphasizing the need to increase average attendance for home games. [42]

text: Supporters and rivalries

text: Milan is one of the best supported football clubs in Italy, according to research conducted by Italian newspaper La Repubblica.[43] Historically, Milan was supported by the city's working-class.[44] On the other hand, crosstown rivals Internazionale were mainly supported by the more prosperous middle-class.[44] The oldest ultras groups in all of Italian football, Fossa dei Leoni, originated in Milan.[45] Currently, the main ultras group within the support base is Brigate Rossonere.[45] Politically, Milan ultras have never had any particular preference,[45] but the media traditionally associated them with the left-wing,[46] until recently, when Berlusconi's presidency somewhat altered that view.[47]

text: According to a study from 2010, Milan is the most supported Italian team in Europe and seventh overall, with over 18.4 million fans.[48] It had the ninth highest average attendance of European football clubs during the 2010–11 season, behind Borussia Dortmund, Barcelona, Manchester United, Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, Schalke 04, Arsenal and Hamburger SV.[49][50][51][52][53]

text: Genoa fans consider Milan a hated rival after Genoa fan Vincenzo Spagnolo was stabbed to death by a Milan supporter in January 1995.[54] Milan's main rivalry, however, is with its neighbour club, Internazionale, where both clubs meet in the widely anticipated Derby della Madonnina twice every Serie A season. The name of the derby refers to the Blessed Virgin Mary, whose statue atop the Milan Cathedral is one of the city's main attractions. The match usually creates a lively atmosphere, with numerous (often humorous or offensive) banners unfolded before the start of the game. Flares are commonly present and contribute to the spectacle but they have occasionally led to problems, including the abandonment of the second leg of the 2004–05 Champions League quarter-final match between Milan and Inter on 12 April 2005, after a flare thrown from the crowd by an Inter supporter struck Milan goalkeeper Dida on the shoulder.[55]

text: Players

text: First team squad

text: Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

text:
No.

Position
Player

2

DF
Davide Calabria

4

MF
José Mauri

5

MF
Giacomo Bonaventura

7

FW
Nikola Kalinić (on loan from Fiorentina)[57]

8

FW
Suso

9

FW
André Silva

10

FW
Hakan Çalhanoğlu

11

FW
Fabio Borini (on loan from Sunderland)[58]

12

DF
Andrea Conti

13

DF
Alessio Romagnoli

15

DF
Gustavo Gómez

17

DF
Cristián Zapata

18

MF
Riccardo Montolivo

No.

Position
Player

19

DF
Leonardo Bonucci (captain)[59]

20

DF
Ignazio Abate

21

MF
Lucas Biglia

22

DF
Mateo Musacchio

30

GK
Marco Storari

31

DF
Luca Antonelli

46

DF
Matteo Gabbia

63

FW
Patrick Cutrone

68

DF
Ricardo Rodríguez

73

MF
Manuel Locatelli

79

MF
Franck Kessié (on loan from Atalanta)[60]

90

GK
Antonio Donnarumma

99

GK
Gianluigi Donnarumma

text: For recent transfers, see 2018–19 A.C. Milan season.

text: Out on loan

text:
No.

Position
Player

GK
Gabriel (at Empoli until 30 June 2018)[61]

GK
Alessandro Plizzari (at Ternana until 30 June 2018)[62]

DF
Mattia Cornaggia (at Pro Piacenza until 30 June 2018)[63]

DF
Stefan Simić (at Crotone until 30 June 2018)[64]

MF
Andrea Bertolacci (at Genoa until 30 June 2018)[65]

MF
Gian Filippo Felicioli (at Hellas Verona until 30 June 2019)[66]

No.

Position
Player

MF
Niccolò Zanellato (at Crotone until 30 June 2018)[67]

FW
Carlos Bacca (at Villarreal until 30 June 2018)[68]

FW
Antonio Fabozzi (at Cremonese until 30 June 2018)[69]

FW
Gianluca Lapadula (at Genoa until 30 June 2018)[70]

FW
M'Baye Niang (at Torino until 30 June 2018)[71]

FW
Gianmarco Zigoni (at Venezia until 30 June 2018)[72]

text: Youth teams

text: Former players

text: Club captains

text: Player records

text: Retired numbers

text:
No.
Player
Nationality
Position
Milan debut
Last match
Ref

3*
Maldini, PaoloPaolo Maldini
 Italy
Centre back / Left back
000000001985-01-20-000020 January 1985
000000002009-05-31-000031 May 2009
[73]

6
Baresi, FrancoFranco Baresi
 Italy
Sweeper
000000001978-04-23-000023 April 1978
000000001997-06-01-00001 June 1997
[73]

text: * Might be restored for one of his two sons, should either of them play professionally for the club.

text: Coaching staff

text:
Position
Name

Head coach
Gennaro Gattuso

Assistant coach
Luigi Riccio

Fitness coaches
Mario Innaurato

Bruno Dominici

Dino Tenderini

Technical assistants
Massimo Innocenti

Francesco Sarlo

Match analyst
Marco Sangermani

Goalkeeping coaches
Alfredo Magni

Giorgio Bianchi

Club manager
Christian Abbiati

Team manager
Andrea Romeo

text: Chairmen and managers

text: Chairmen history

text: Milan has had numerous chairmen[nb 1] over the course of its history, some of whom have been owners of the club while others have been honorary chairmen. Here is a complete list of them.[75]

text:
Name
Years

Alfred Edwards
1899–1909

Giannino Camperio
1909

Piero Pirelli
1909–1928

Luigi Ravasco
1928–1930

Mario Bernazzoli
1930–1933

Luigi Ravasco
1933–1935

Pietro Annoni
1935

Pietro Annoni
G. Lorenzini
Rino Valdameri
1935–1936

Emilio Colombo
1936–1939

Achille Invernizzi
1939–1940

Name
Years

Umberto Trabattoni
1940–1944

Antonio Busini
1944–1945

Umberto Trabattoni
1945–1954

Andrea Rizzoli
1954–1963

Felice Riva
1963–1965

Federico Sordillo
1965–1966

Franco Carraro
1967–1971

Federico Sordillo
1971–1972

Albino Buticchi
1972–1975

Bruno Pardi
1975–1976

Vittorio Duina
1976–1977

Name
Years

Felice Colombo
1977–1980

Gaetano Morazzoni
1980–1982

Giuseppe Farina
1982–1986

Rosario Lo Verde
1986

Silvio Berlusconi
1986–2004

Chairman Commission
2004–2006

Silvio Berlusconi
2006–2008

Chairman Commission
2008–2012

Silvio Berlusconi (honorary)
2012–2017

Li Yonghong
2017–

text: Managerial history

text: Below is a list of Milan coaches from 1900 until the present day.[76]

text:
Name
Nationality
Years

Herbert Kilpin

1900–1908

Daniele Angeloni

1906–1907

Technical Commission

1907–1910

Giovanni Camperio

1910–1911

Technical Commission

1911–1914

Guido Moda

1915–1922

Ferdi Oppenheim

1922–1924

Vittorio Pozzo

1924–1926

Guido Moda

1926

Herbert Burgess

1926–1928

Engelbert König

1928–1931

József Bánás

1931–1933

József Viola

1933–1934

Adolfo Baloncieri

1934–1937

William Garbutt

1937

Hermann Felsner
József Bánás

1937–1938

József Viola

1938–1940

Guido Ara
Antonio Busini

1940–1941

Mario Magnozzi

1941–1943

Giuseppe Santagostino

1943–1945

Adolfo Baloncieri

1945–1946

Giuseppe Bigogno

1946–1949

Lajos Czeizler

1949–1952

Gunnar Gren

1952

Mario Sperone

1952–1953

Béla Guttmann

1953–1954

Antonio Busini

1954

Hector Puricelli

1954–1956

Giuseppe Viani

1957–1960

Paolo Todeschini

1960–1961

Nereo Rocco

1961–1963

Luis Carniglia

1963–1964

Nils Liedholm

1963–1966

Giovanni Cattozzo

1966

Arturo Silvestri

1966–1967

Nereo Rocco

1967–1972

Cesare Maldini

1973–1974

Name
Nationality
Years

Giovanni Trapattoni

1974

Gustavo Giagnoni

1974–1975

Nereo Rocco

1975

Paolo Barison

1975–1976

Giovanni Trapattoni

1976

Giuseppe Marchioro

1976–1977

Nereo Rocco

1977

Nils Liedholm

1977–1979

Massimo Giacomini

1979–1981

Italo Galbiati

1981

Luigi Radice

1981–1982

Italo Galbiati

1982

Francesco Zagatti

1982

Ilario Castagner

1982–1984

Italo Galbiati

1984

Nils Liedholm

1984–1987

Fabio Capello

1987

Arrigo Sacchi

1987–1991

Fabio Capello

1991–1996

Óscar Tabárez

1996

Giorgio Morini

1996–1997

Arrigo Sacchi

1997

Fabio Capello

1997–1998

Alberto Zaccheroni

1998–2001

Cesare Maldini
Mauro Tassotti

2001

Fatih Terim
Antonio Di Gennaro

2001

Carlo Ancelotti

2001–2009

Leonardo

2009–2010

Massimiliano Allegri

2010–2014

Mauro Tassotti (caretaker)

2014

Clarence Seedorf

2014

Filippo Inzaghi

2014–2015

Siniša Mihajlović

2015–2016

Cristian Brocchi

2016

Vincenzo Montella

2016–2017

Gennaro Gattuso

2017–

text: Honours

text: Milan is one of the most successful clubs in Italy, having won a total of 30 domestic honours, in addition to their continental successes. Milan has earned the right to place a star on its jersey in recognition of the fact that it has won at least ten scudetti. In addition, the club is permanently allowed to display a multiple-winner badge on its shirt as it has won more than five European Cups.[77]

text:
A.C. Milan honours

Type
Competition
Titles
Seasons / Years

Domestic
Serie A
18
1901, 1906, 1907, 1950–51, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1961–62, 1967–68, 1978–79, 1987–88, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04, 2010–11

Serie B
2
1980–81, 1982–83

Coppa Italia
5
1966–67, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1976–77, 2002–03

Supercoppa Italiana
7s
1988, 1992, 1993, 1994, 2004, 2011, 2016

Continent
European Cup / UEFA Champions League
7
1962–63, 1968–69, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1993–94, 2002–03, 2006–07

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
2
1967–68, 1972–73

UEFA Super Cup
5s
1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007

Worldwide
Intercontinental Cup
3s
1969, 1989, 1990

FIFA Club World Cup
1
2007

text:
Record

s shared record

text: Club statistics and records

text: Paolo Maldini holds the records for both total appearances and Serie A appearances for Milan, with 902 official games played in total and 647 in Serie A (as of 31 May 2009, not including playoff matches),[78] the latter being an all-time Serie A record.[79]

text: Swedish forward Gunnar Nordahl scored 38 goals in the 1950–51 season, 35 of which were in Serie A, setting an Italian football and club record. He went on to become Milan's all-time top goalscorer, scoring 221 goals for the club in 268 games.[80] He is followed in second place by Andriy Shevchenko with 175 goals in 322 games, and Gianni Rivera in third place, who has scored 164 goals in 658 games. Rivera is also Milan's youngest ever goalscorer, scoring in a league match against Juventus at just 17 years.

text: Legendary tactician Nereo Rocco, the first proponent of catenaccio in the country, was Milan's longest-serving head coach, sitting on the bench for over nine years (in two spells) in the 1960s and early 1970s, winning the club's first European Cup triumphs. Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, who purchased the club in 1986, is Milan's longest-serving president (23 years, due to a two-year vacancy between 2004 and 2006).

text: The first official match in which Milan participated was in the Third Federal Football Championship, the predecessor of Serie A, losing 3–0 to Torinese. Milan's largest ever victory was 13–0 against Audax Modena, in a league match at the 1914–15 season. Its heaviest defeat was recorded in the league at the 1922–23 season, beaten 0–8 by Bologna.

text: During the 1991–92 season, the club achieved the feature of being the first team to win the Serie A title without losing a single game. Previously, only Perugia had managed to go unbeaten over an entire Serie A season (1978–79), but finished second in the table. In total, Milan's unbeaten streak lasted 58 games, starting with a 0–0 draw against Parma on 26 May 1991 and coincidentally ending with a 1–0 home loss to Parma on 21 March 1993. This is a Serie A record as well as the third-longest unbeaten run in top flight European football, coming in behind Steaua București's record of 104 unbeaten games and Celtic's 68 game unbeaten run.[81][82]

text: Since 2007, along with Boca Juniors, Milan has won more FIFA recognised international club titles than any other club in the world with 18 titles.[83] They were overtaken by Al Ahly SC from Egypt after their 2014 CAF Confederation Cup win.[84]

text: The sale of Kaká to Real Madrid in 2009 broke the eight-year-old world football transfer record held by Zinedine Zidane, costing the Spanish club €67 million[85] (about £56 million[86]). That record, however, lasted for less than a month, broken by Cristiano Ronaldo's £80 million transfer.[87] This record, however, is in terms of nominal British pound rates, not adjusted to inflation or the real value of the euro. Madrid bought Zidane for €77.5 million in 2001,[88][89] about £46 million at that time.

text: A.C. Milan as a company

text: Milan is a subsidiary of Rossoneri Sport Investment Luxembourg since 13 April 2017, which acquired 99.92973% shares of A.C. Milan S.p.A. from Fininvest. Li Yonghong became the new chairman[nb 1] and Marco Fassone was confirmed as CEO. The other members of the board of directors were Roberto Cappelli, David Han Li, Lu Bo (Chinese: 路博 of Haixia Capital[90]), Marco Patuano, Paolo Scaroni and Xu Renshuo.[91] (Chinese: 许仁硕)[90]

text: According to The Football Money League published by consultants Deloitte, in the 2005–06 season, Milan was the fifth-highest earning football club in the world with an estimated revenue of €233.7 million.[92] However, it fell to eighth in 2011–12 season,[93] tenth in 2012–13 and twelfth in 2013–14 season. The club is also ranked as the eighth-wealthiest football club in the world by Forbes magazine as of 2014, making it the wealthiest in Italian football, just surpassing ninth-ranked Juventus by a narrow margin.[12]

text: Emirates is the current main sponsor for Milan's shirt starting from the 2010–11 season and through to the 2019–20 season.[94] This follows a four-year relationship with Austrian online betting company bwin.com as sponsor.[95]

text: Previously, German car manufacturer Opel (owned by General Motors) had sponsored Milan for 12 seasons.[96] For most of those 12 years, "Opel" was displayed on the front of the shirt, but in the 2003–04 and the 2005–06 seasons respectively, "Meriva" and "Zafira" (two cars from the company's range) were displayed.

text: The current shirts are supplied by German sportswear manufacturer Adidas, whose deal was scheduled to run until 2023.[97] The deal makes Adidas the official manufacturer of all kits, training equipment and replica outfits. However, an early termination of the deal was announced in October 2017,[98] effective on 30 June 2018. Prior to Adidas, the Italian sports company Lotto produced Milan's sportswear.

text: A.C. Milan Group made an aggregate net loss in recent years, which was one of the largest among the Italian clubs, notably: 2005, net loss of €4.5 million (separate account);[99] 2006, a net income of €11.9 million[99] (mainly contributed by the sales of Andriy Shevchenko);[100] 2007, a net loss of €32 million;[101] 2008, a net loss of €77 million;[102] 2009, a net loss of €19 million[85] (the decreased net loss was mainly contributed by the sales of Kaká);[103] 2010, a net loss of €65 million;[104] in 2011, a net loss of €67.334 million,[105] in 2012 , a net loss of €6.857 million[106] (contributed by the sales of Thiago Silva and Zlatan Ibrahimović).[107] and in 2013, a net loss of €15.7 million[108] (with some contribution by the sales of Kevin-Prince Boateng and Alexandre Pato[109][107] and other player, as well as decrease in wage bill.[110])

text:
A.C. Milan Group
consolidated financial statement
(In millions of euros)

Year
Revenue
Profit
Total Assets
Equity
Re-capitalization

2006[111]
00 305.111
000 11.904
00 287.065
 −40.768
 001.464

2007[112]
 275.442
 −31.716
 303.678
 −47.483
 025.000

2008[102][113]
 237.900
 −66.838
 325.625
 −64.482
 050.000

2009[114] (restated)[104]
 307.349
 −09.836
 394.150
 −71.978
 002.340

2010[104][115]
 253.196
 −69.751
 380.868
 −96.693
 045.068

2011[116]
 266.811
 −67.334
 363.756
 −77.091
 087.060

2012[106]
 329.307
 −06.857
 334.284
 −54.948
 029.000

2013[108]
 278.713
 −15.723
 354.595
 −66.921
 003.750

2014[33][117]
 233.574
 −91.285
 291.301
 −94.206[nb 2]
 064.000

2015 (restated)[118]
 213.426
 −89.079
 362.156
 −50.557
 150.000

2016[119]
 236.128
 −74.871
 315.200
 −50.427
 075.000

2017 (first half)[120][121][122]
 102.866
 −32.624
 447.557
 029.969
 059.520 + 53.500

2017–18

 038.88[123] + 21.1032[124]

text: Note: Re-capitalization figures were obtained from item versamenti soci in conto capitale e/o copertura perdite, for 2006 to 2017 financial year

text: Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors

text:
Years
Kit manufacturer
Sponsor

Brand
Company

1981–82
Linea Milan
Pooh Jeans
Italiana Manifatture

1982–83
NR
Hitachi
Hitachi Europe

1983–84
Cuore

1984–85
Rolly Go
Oscar Mondadori
Arnoldo Mondadori Editore

1985–86
Gianni Rivera
Fotorex U-Bix
Olivetti

1986–87
Kappa

1987–90
Mediolanum

1990–92
Adidas

1992–93
Motta

1993–94
Lotto

1994–98
Opel
General Motors

1998–06
Adidas

2006–10
Bwin

2010–18
Emirates
The Emirates Group

2018–
Puma[125][126]

text: Superleague Formula

text: Milan had a team in the Superleague Formula race car series where teams are sponsored by football clubs. Robert Doornbos, formerly driving for Minardi and Red Bull Racing in the Formula One World Championship, drove for Milan in 2008.[127] Doornbos won his first race for the team at Nürburgring, Germany. Giorgio Pantano is driving for Milan in the 2009 season and he has also won races for the team.[128] The team folded in 2010 along with the series in 2011.


document_title: Kingdom Hearts II

question_text: who do you play as in kingdom hearts 2

question_tokens: who do you play as in kingdom hearts 2

text: Kingdom Hearts II

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: The gameplay of Kingdom Hearts II is similar to the action RPG and hack and slash gameplay of the first Kingdom Hearts game, though developers made an effort to address some of the complaints with the previous game.[8][9] The player directly controls Sora from a third-person camera angle,[10] though first-person perspective is available via Select button. Most of the gameplay occurs on interconnected field maps where battles take place. The game is driven by a linear progression from one story event to the next, usually told via cutscenes, though there are numerous side-quests available that provide bonuses to characters.

text: Like many traditional role-playing video games, Kingdom Hearts II features an experience point system which determines character development.[11] As enemies are defeated, the player and allies culminate experience to "level up", in which the playable characters grow stronger and gain access to new abilities.[12]

text: Combat in Kingdom Hearts II is in real-time and involves heavy hack and slash elements with button presses which initiate attacks by the on-screen character. A role-playing game menu on the screen's bottom left, similar to those found in Final Fantasy games, provides other combat options such as using magic or items, summoning beings to assist in battle, or executing combination attacks with other party members.[12] A new feature is the "Reaction Command", special enemy-specific attacks that are triggered when the player presses the triangle button at the correct time during battle.[13] Reaction Commands can be used to defeat regular enemies or avoid damage, and are sometimes necessary to complete a boss battle.[11] In addition to the main character, two party members are usually present who also participate in combat.[8] Although these characters are computer-controlled, the player is allowed to customize their behavior to a certain extent through the menu screen, such as attacking the same enemy Sora targets.

text: In response to criticism, the "Gummi Ship" feature of the first game was re-imagined to be "more enjoyable". Although retaining its basic purpose of travel, the system was completely redone to resemble a combination of rail shooter and "Disney theme park ride".[9] In the world map, the player must now control the Gummi Ship from a top-down view and fly to the world the player wishes to enter. Worlds are no longer open from the beginning—the player must unlock the routes to them by entering a new level, controlling the ship from a third-person point of view, and battling enemy ships.[12] After the route is opened, travel to the world is unimpeded, unless it is blocked again due to a plot-related event. The player may also gain new Gummi Ships from completing routes, which is also a new feature from the first game.

text: Drive Gauge[edit]

text: One of the new features is a meter known as the "Drive Gauge". The Drive Gauge has dual functions: to transform Sora into a "Drive Form" or to summon a special character. While in a Drive Form, Sora bonds with party members to become more powerful and acquire different attributes;[14] all but two Forms also allow the use of two Keyblades. When a Drive is executed, Sora's combat statistics are heightened. Drive Forms also give Sora new abilities that can be used in normal form, called "Growth Abilities." Sora's first two Drive Forms only combine power with one party member; later-obtained Drive Forms require him to bond with both party members. When allies are used in a Drive, they are temporarily removed from battle for its duration. Unlike the HP and MP gauges, the Drive Gauge is not refilled at save points.[12]

text: Like in the first game, Sora can summon a Disney character to aid him in battle.[13] Summons will replace the two computer-controlled characters and fight alongside Sora for as long as the Drive Gauge allows, or until Sora's HP runs out. Instead of being limited to only one action, Summons now have a menu of their own and are capable of performing solo or cooperative actions with Sora. These actions are performed by pressing the triangle button. The Summon ability and each Drive Form are leveled up separately and by different criteria; obtaining higher levels allows for extended use and in the case of Drive Forms, access to new abilities.[11]

text: Plot[edit]

text: Setting[edit]

text:
Kingdom Hearts chronology
Back Cover
(Unchained / Union) χ
Birth by Sleep
A Fragmentary Passage
Kingdom Hearts
Chain of Memories
358/2 Days
II
Coded
Dream Drop Distance
III
vte

text: Kingdom Hearts II begins one year after the events of Kingdom Hearts and Chain of Memories. The game's setting is a collection of various levels (referred to in-game as "worlds") that the player progresses through. As in the first game, the player can travel to various Disney-based locales, along with original worlds specifically created for the series. While Disney-based worlds were primarily derived from the Disney animated features canon in the first game, Kingdom Hearts II introduces worlds that are based on Disney live-action films as well.[15][16] Each world varies in appearance and setting, depending on the Disney film on which it is based. The graphics of the world and characters are meant to resemble the artwork style of the environments and characters from their respective Disney films. Each world is disconnected from the others and exists separately; with few exceptions, players travel from one world to another via a Gummi Ship.

text: Some worlds featured in the previous games reappear, but with new and expanded areas. There are also new worlds that are introduced, including the Land of Dragons (based on Mulan); Beast's Castle (Beauty and the Beast); Timeless River (Steamboat Willie); Port Royal (Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl); Pride Lands (The Lion King); and Space Paranoids (Tron). Twilight Town, an original world first seen in Chain of Memories, has a greater role as the introductory world. The World That Never Was is a new world that serves as the headquarters of Organization XIII.[11]

text: Characters[edit]

text: The three protagonists of the game are Sora, a 15-year-old boy chosen as a wielder of the Keyblade, a mystical key-shaped weapon that can combat darkness; Donald Duck, the court magician of Disney Castle; and Goofy, the captain of the Disney Castle guards.[11] Both Donald and Goofy are under orders from their missing king, Mickey Mouse, to find and stay with the "key",[17] which refers to Sora and his Keyblade. Other original characters include Riku and Kairi, Sora's friends from his home world of Destiny Islands; Roxas, a boy who can also wield the Keyblade and is playable in the game's beginning sequence; and DiZ, a man in red robes with a vendetta against Organization XIII, who is later revealed to be Ansem the Wise, the mentor of Xehanort.

text: As in the previous games, there are numerous appearances of characters from both Disney and Square Enix works. While some make a return from Kingdom Hearts, new characters from Disney fiction are also introduced, such as Scar from The Lion King and Scrooge McDuck. Pete appears as a persistent enemy who works with the resurrected Maleficent. Nearly twenty characters from Final Fantasy games appear, notably Auron of Final Fantasy X, Tifa from Final Fantasy VII, and the return of Squall Leonhart, Cloud, and Sephiroth. It was stated that although the first game strictly stuck to characters Tetsuya Nomura designed, this time around they were going to "take some risks", implying that characters not directly designed by Nomura might make an appearance.[18] Other new characters to series are Vivi of Final Fantasy IX and Setzer of Final Fantasy VI.

text: The various worlds that Sora explores often have an optional party character from the film on which the world is based. Such party members include Fa Mulan, the woman who passes as a man in order to take her ailing father's place in the army; Jack Sparrow, a pirate who seeks to reclaim his ship, the Black Pearl; Simba, the self-exiled lion who is the rightful king of the Pride Land; and Tron, a security program in Hollow Bastion's computer network who seeks to end the dictatorship of the Master Control Program.[11]

text: Organization XIII, a group of powerful Nobodies—the "empty shells" left over when a strong-hearted person becomes a Heartless—introduced in Chain of Memories, is established as the primary group of antagonists early on. Xemnas, the leader of Organization XIII, serves as the main antagonist and final boss of the game. Villains unique to the worlds are still prevalent, and are often presented as challenges that Sora's group must overcome.

text: Story[edit]

text: Sora, Donald, and Goofy have been in suspended animation for the past year to regain their lost memories. Roxas, Sora's Nobody, is trapped in a virtual simulation of Twilight Town created by DiZ to merge him with his original self to restore Sora's power.[19] DiZ's plans are threatened when Nobodies led by Axel, Roxas's former friend in Organization XIII, infiltrate the virtual town to extract Roxas. However, Roxas is able to repel the Nobodies and finally merge with Sora.[20] Sora, Donald, and Goofy awaken in the real Twilight Town and meet King Mickey and Yen Sid, who send them on another journey; their goal is to find Riku and uncover the Organization's plans. Afterward, Maleficent is resurrected and joins with Pete to continue her quest for power.[21]

text: Sora travels to familiar and unfamiliar worlds, where he resolves several problems caused by Organization XIII, the Heartless, and various local villains. During a visit to Hollow Bastion, they reunite with Mickey, who explains that the Heartless "Ansem" they defeated is actually an imposter named Xehanort, whose Nobody, Xemnas, is the leader of the Organization.[22] Organization XIII's plan is also revealed: they seek the power of Kingdom Hearts, the sum of all the hearts Sora has released from the Heartless with his Keyblade, to regain their lost hearts.[23] Sora revisits the worlds to solve lingering problems and new complications, while seeking a path to Organization XIII's base of operations. Throughout his endeavors, Sora is secretly aided by a hooded figure whom Sora believes to be Riku.[21]

text: Following a lead, Sora, Donald, and Goofy enter a passageway through Twilight Town. There they encounter Axel, who sacrifices himself to create a passageway to the World That Never Was, the headquarters of Organization XIII, with Kingdom Hearts looming overhead as a heart-shaped moon. Sora finds Kairi and Riku, the latter of whose appearance has been changed to that of Xehanort's Heartless. Mickey encounters DiZ, who reveals himself to be the true Ansem, Xehanort's mentor.[24] Ansem uses a device that dissipates some of Kingdom Hearts' power, but a system overload causes the device to self-destruct, both engulfing Ansem and miraculously returning Riku to his original form. Atop the Castle That Never Was, Sora and company battle Xemnas, who uses what remains of Kingdom Hearts to power his multiple forms. After Sora and Riku destroy Xemnas, the two are reunited with their friends at their home, Destiny Islands. A post-credits scene shows Sora, Kairi and Riku receiving and reading a letter from Mickey, the contents of which are hidden from the player.[21]

text: Development[edit]

text: Development plans for Kingdom Hearts II began around the completion of Kingdom Hearts Final Mix, but specific details were undecided until July 2003.[25] Nomura noted several obstacles to clear before development could begin on a sequel. One such obstacle was the development team's desire to showcase Mickey Mouse more, which required Disney's approval.[26] The game was developed by Square Enix's Product Development Division-1,[1] with most of the original staff from the first game.[27] The game was originally supposed to have been released after Kingdom Hearts. Nomura had planned for the sequel to take place a year after the first and originally intended for the events of that year to be left unexplained. To bridge the gap between the two games, Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories was developed.[28] To explain the loss of all the abilities from the first game at the beginning of Kingdom Hearts II, Nomura had Sora's memories scrambled in Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories.[29]

text: Many aspects of the gameplay were reworked for this sequel. Some changes were made due to user feedback and others were meant to be included in previous games but were omitted either because of time or technological constraints.[9] The camera was switched to the right analog stick of the DualShock controller instead of the shoulder buttons and the Gummi Ship travel was reworked. The combat system was completely redone and did not use any animations from the first game. Because Sora had matured, Nomura wanted his fighting style to reflect that.[16] Other changes included more integration between exploration and battles.[30] The variations in combat styles associated with each Drive Form and the introduction of the Reaction Command were added to give players more choices in battles.[9] The inclusion of worlds based on live-action Disney films was aided by technology that generated the character models from live-action pictures.[30]

text: Audio[edit]

text: Musical score[edit]

text: Like the first game, Kingdom Hearts II features music by Yoko Shimomura and Hikaru Utada. The Original Soundtrack for Kingdom Hearts II was composed by Shimomura and released on January 25, 2006.[31] The opening orchestration and ending credits theme were arranged and orchestrated by Kaoru Wada and performed by the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra.[31] The main vocal theme for the original Japanese release was "Passion", written and performed by Utada. The English version of "Passion", "Sanctuary", was used in the Western releases. Utada's involvement was announced on July 29, 2005.[32] According to Nomura, the vocal theme ties in even more closely with the game's story than "Hikari" ("Simple and Clean") did with Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories.[33] The CD single for "Passion" was released on December 14, 2005[34] and "Sanctuary" was first previewed on MTV's official website in early 2006.[35]

text: Voice cast[edit]

text: Kingdom Hearts II features well-known voice actors for both the Japanese and English versions. Many of the original voice actors from the first Kingdom Hearts reprised their roles; Miyu Irino and Haley Joel Osment as Sora, Mamoru Miyano and David Gallagher as Riku, and Risa Uchida and Hayden Panettiere as Kairi. New voice actors included Kōki Uchiyama and Jesse McCartney as Roxas, Iku Nakahara and Brittany Snow as Naminé, and Genzō Wakayama and Christopher Lee as DiZ.[14][36] A special effort was made to preserve the official voice actors from the Disney movies used in Kingdom Hearts II. Many actors reprised their Disney roles for the game, including American actors Ming-Na, James Woods, Pat Morita (in his final voice role before his death), Bruce Boxleitner, and Zach Braff,[14] and Japanese actors Takashi Aoyagi, Kōichi Yamadera, Yū Shimaka, and Hiroshi Fujioka. Some voice actors from the related television series or direct-to-video sequels were chosen over original voice actors where applicable, such as Robert Costanzo as Philoctetes rather than Danny DeVito. Some characters were given new voice actors in the English version; Ansem, Aerith, Leon, Sephiroth and Hercules, who were originally voiced by Billy Zane, Mandy Moore, David Boreanaz, Lance Bass, and Sean Astin respectively in the first game, were voiced by Richard Epcar, Mena Suvari, Doug Erholtz, George Newbern, and Tate Donovan (Hercules' original voice actor), and newcomer Tifa was voiced by Rachael Leigh Cook.[36]

text: Content editing[edit]

text: Besides English translation and localization, the international version of Kingdom Hearts II differs from the original Japanese version in the content of gameplay and several scenes. The Hydra boss in the Hercules-themed world Olympus Coliseum had its green blood from the original Japanese version (which was taken from the film) changed into black and purple smoke in the English version. In one cutscene, Hercules fights the Hydra and uses his sword on its head, which eventually releases green blood from its mouth in the Japanese version; this was later changed into drool in the English version. There is also a scene in Disney Castle where, after chasing Donald around for missing a date, Daisy Duck pounds him on the backside in the Japanese version, whereas she merely tells him off inaudibly in the English version.

text: Xigbar's telescopic sight was changed from a crosshair and black shading around the sides to three glowing circles.[10] An attack animation was also altered; in the Japanese version, Xigbar combines his two hand-held guns to create a sniper rifle, which is used to shoot the player's party during the telescoping sight sequence. In the English version, Xigbar does not combine his guns, but twirls them around and shoots at Sora with a single gun.  The death of Organization XIII member Axel was slightly edited; in the original, he bursts into flames during his suicide attack, while in the English version he simply fades away after using up all of his power.

text: Port Royal, based on Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, contains the most content edits. Cutscenes were edited to remove some of the violence, such as William Turner threatening to commit suicide while aiming a gun at his neck, as in the film.[10] Unlike the Japanese version, the undead pirates do not catch fire when affected by Fire magic, and their muskets were modified to resemble crossbows,[37] though the crossbows still fire with an audible musket shot sound effect.

text: Promotion[edit]

text: An unlockable trailer in Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts Final Mix hinted at the possibility of a sequel. Rumors for a sequel on the PlayStation 2 were spurred in Japan when the video game website Quiter stated that "an internal (and anonymous source) at Square Japan" confirmed that development of Kingdom Hearts II had begun.[38] It was not until Kingdom Hearts II was announced, along with Chain of Memories, at the Tokyo Game Show in September 2003[39] that rumors were confirmed. Initial details were that it would take place some time after Chain of Memories, which takes place directly after the first game. Other details included the return of Sora, Donald, and Goofy, as well as new costumes. Information about Mickey Mouse's involvement was kept to a minimum.[25][40]

text: At the 2004 Square Enix E3 Press conference, producer Shinji Hashimoto said that many mysteries of the first game would be answered.[41] Square Enix launched the official Japanese website in May 2005,[42] followed by the English website in December 2005.[43] The websites featured videos and information regarding characters and worlds. Commercials were aired in Japan which highlighted the numerous Disney characters in the game.[44] Although the game was announced in September 2003, a release date for the game was not set until two years later.[45] Nomura admitted that the game was announced too early and information regarding the game was not released until a debut period was in sight.[46]

text: Release[edit]

text: Within a week of its Japanese release, Kingdom Hearts II shipped one million copies,[47] selling almost 730,000 copies.[48] The NPD Group reported that Kingdom Hearts II was the highest-selling console game in North America during March 2006 with 614,000 copies.[49] In the month after its release in North America, Kingdom Hearts II sold an estimated one million copies.[50] GameStop listed the game as their best-selling title for the first quarter of 2006.[51] The game was also on IGN's "Top 10 Sellers in 2006".[52] By December 2006, over 3.5 million copies of Kingdom Hearts II had been shipped worldwide with 700,000 in PAL regions, 1.1 million in Japan, and 1.7 million in North America.[53][54] By March 31, 2007, Square Enix had shipped over 4 million units worldwide.[5]

text: Reception[edit]

text: ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic87/100[55]Review scoresPublicationScore1UP.comA+[56]Eurogamer8/10[8]Famitsu39/40[57]Game Informer9/10[3]GamePro[58]GameSpot8.7/10[59]IGN7.6/10[60]AwardsPublicationAwardSatellite AwardOutstanding Game Based on Existing Medium[61]FamitsuGame of the Year[62]Electronic Gaming MonthlyBest Sequel[63]G4Best Voice Over, Best Soundtrack[64]

text: Kingdom Hearts II received critical acclaim upon release, garnering positive reviews. The game received numerous awards and high ratings among reviews including a Satellite Award in 2006 for "Outstanding Game Based on Existing Medium".[61] It tied with Resident Evil 4 as Famitsu's "Game of the Year" 2005.[62] Famitsu's readers ranked the game 29th on their "All Time Top 100" feature,[65] ten places below Kingdom Hearts. It was ranked number one on IGN's 2006 "Reader's Choice" for PlayStation 2 games.[52] Eurogamer ranked it 34th on their "Top 50 Games of 2006" list.[66] Video game magazine Electronic Gaming Monthly awarded it "Best Sequel" of 2006,[63] and Game Informer listed it among the "Top 50 games of 2006".[67] VideoGamer.com featured it 10th in their article "Top 10: Role playing games".[68] GamePro named it the 25th best RPG title of all time.[69] Kingdom Hearts II also received a near-perfect score, 39/40, from the Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu.[57]

text: Critics commended many aspects of the game. GameSpy praised the quality of the voice acting and cited the graphics as "on par with the best of Square's productions to date."[70] They also commented on the realistic and accurate character models for the characters from Pirates of the Caribbean. IGN rated the graphics a 9/10 and stated that the "worlds look very much like their filmed counterparts."[71] Japanese gaming site Gpara.com also praised the look of the worlds.[72] G4 awarded Kingdom Hearts II "Best Voice Over" and "Best Soundtrack" in their 2006 G-Phoria awards show.[64]

text: Like its predecessors, the gameplay received mixed reviews. Many compliments were directed at the new camera controls and combat interactions between party members. GamePro stated that the beginning was "sluggishly slow", but praised the action-oriented combat.[58] GameSpot said that the fixed camera system and new gameplay dynamics improved the experience, but they felt the game was far too easy and that there was too much button-mashing.[59] IGN also commented on the button-mashing aspect of the gameplay and criticized the party member's artificial intelligence, citing it as "absolutely terrible", but praised the story, presentation, and new battle features.[60] Gpara.com had positive comments about the ease of combo attacks and complimented the steady pacing of the story and gameplay.[72]

text: Versions and merchandise[edit]

text: Kingdom Hearts II has been released in four different versions. The first three are the normal regional releases in Japan, North America, and PAL regions, which only differ nominally in content editing and localization. The European and Australian PAL releases were reformatted to run at 50 Hz to fit the definition size of PAL encoding systems.[73] The fourth version has additional content and was released under the title Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix. Like the previous titles, both Square and Disney released numerous types of merchandise before and after the game came out. Merchandise ranged from toys and figurines to clothing items and books. The game has also been adapted into both manga and novel series. Prior to the game's release, an Ultimania book titled Kingdom Hearts Series Ultimania α ~Introduction of Kingdom Hearts II~ came out. It provides extended information on the first two Kingdom Hearts games, as well as information on the unreleased Kingdom Hearts II.[74] After the release of the game, Kingdom Hearts II Ultimania, which focuses on the game itself, came out. Another book, titled Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+ Ultimania, was released after the Final Mix version came out. Released along with Final Mix, Kingdom Hearts -Another Report- was a hardback book which includes game information, visuals by Shiro Amano, and a director interview.[75] In North America, BradyGames published two strategy guides—a standard guide and a limited edition version. The latter version was available in four different covers and included a copy of Jiminy's Journal along with 400 stickers.[76]

text: Final Mix[edit]

text: Because the first game was re-released, there was speculation whether Tetsuya Nomura would do the same with Kingdom Hearts II.[77] In a Weekly Shōnen Jump interview with Nomura, he expressed interest in a possible international version of Kingdom Hearts II, although there were no definite plans. He said that should a "Final Mix" version arise, he had a "trump card" in mind, with such features as the Mushroom Heartless found in the first Kingdom Hearts game.[33] In September 2006, Square Enix announced Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix, featuring new scenes and gameplay elements. Like the first re-release, this version would combine English audio with Japanese text and also use the "Sanctuary" theme song instead of "Passion". New cutscenes, however, used Japanese voice acting, as they mostly featured Organization XIII members from Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories who did not yet have English voice actors; these scenes were later re-dubbed into English for the HD 2.5 Remix release.

text: Kingdom Hearts II was re-released in Japan on March 29, 2007[78] as a 2-disc set titled Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+. The first disc contains Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix with a new secret movie and additional battles and items.[79] The second disc contains Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories, a 3D PlayStation 2 remake of Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories with extra scenes and voice acting. The battle system maintains the card gameplay, with the addition of Reaction Commands from Kingdom Hearts II.[80] Like the first game's Final Mix, the two games serve as a canonical update to the series. The book Kingdom Hearts -Another Report- was included along with the game for those who reserved a copy.[75] Based on Amazon.com figures, Final Mix+ was the number one PlayStation 2 game in sales during the week of its release in Japan.[81] Nomura cited the presence of Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories to explain why Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+ was so popular.[82] Nevertheless, in a Famitsu poll in July 2011, Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix was voted the most popular entry so far.[83]

text: It was released for the first time outside Japan as part of Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix.[84]

text: Printed adaptations[edit]

text: A manga series based on the game started its serialization in the June 2006 issue of the magazine Monthly Shōnen Gangan, published by Square Enix. The artist is Shiro Amano, who also did the Kingdom Hearts and Chain of Memories manga series. The first volume was released in Japan in December 2006.[85] As a result of Amano working in the Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days manga, the series has been on hiatus and resumed publication in October 2012.[86] Tokyopop licensed the manga and released volume one in North America on July 3, 2007.[87] The second volume was released the following year.

text: The game has also been novelized by Tomoco Kanemaki and illustrated by Shiro Amano. The first volume, titled "Roxas—Seven Days", was released on April 22, 2006[88] and covers Roxas' story to when Sora wakes up and leaves Twilight Town. The novel depicts extra scenes that were added in the Final Mix version, such as interaction between Organization XIII members and between Axel, Naminé and Riku. The second book, "The Destruction of Hollow Bastion", was released on July 16, 2006,[89] the third book, "Tears of Nobody," revolving around Roxas' past, was released on September 29, 2006,[90] and the fourth book, "Anthem—Meet Again/Axel Last Stand," came out in February 2007.[91]

text: HD 2.5 Remix[edit]

text: In the credits of HD 1.5 Remix, clips of Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix were shown, hinting at its inclusion in another collection.[84] On October 14, 2013, Square Enix announced Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix, a second compilation exclusively for the PlayStation 3 after HD 1.5 Remix, that includes both Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix and Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Final Mix in HD and trophy support. Additionally, the collection includes HD cinematic scenes from Kingdom Hearts Re:coded[84] and was released in Japan on October 2, 2014,[92] North America on December 2, 2014,[93] Australia on December 4, 2014,[94] and Europe on December 5, 2014.[93]


document_title: Virginia Plan

question_text: what states supported the virginia plan and why

text: Virginia Plan

text:
Virginia Plan

Front side of the Virginia Plan 1787

Created
May 29, 1787

Location
National Archives

Author(s)
James Madison

Purpose
Propose a structure of government to the Philadelphia Convention

text: The Virginia Plan (also known as the Randolph Plan, after its sponsor, or the Large-State Plan) was a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch.[1] The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787.[2][3] The Virginia Plan was notable for its role in setting the overall agenda for debate in the convention and, in particular, for setting forth the idea of population-weighted representation in the proposed national legislature.

text: Background[edit]

text: The Constitutional Convention gathered in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. The Virginia delegation took the initiative to frame the debate by immediately drawing up and presenting a proposal, for which delegate James Madison is given chief credit. However, it was Edmund Randolph, the Virginia governor at the time, who officially put it before the convention on May 29, 1787, in the form of 15 resolutions.[4]

text: The scope of the resolutions, going well beyond tinkering with the Articles of Confederation, succeeded in broadening the debate to encompass fundamental revisions to the structure and powers of the national government. The resolutions proposed, for example, a new form of national government having three branches (legislative, executive and judicial). One contentious issue facing the convention was the manner in which large and small states would be represented in the legislature: proportionate to population, with larger states having more votes than less-populous states, or by equal representation for each state, regardless of its size and population. The latter system more closely resembled that of the Articles of Confederation, under which each state was represented by one vote in a unicameral legislature.[citation needed]

text: Principles[edit]

text: The Virginia Plan proposed a legislative branch consisting of two chambers (bicameral legislature), with the dual principles of rotation in office and recall applied to the lower house of the national legislature.[5] Each of the states would be represented in proportion to their “Quotas of contribution, or to the number of free inhabitants.”[6] States with a large population, like Virginia (which was the most populous state at the time), would thus have more representatives than smaller states. Large states supported this plan, and smaller states generally opposed it, preferring an alternative put forward on June 15. The New Jersey Plan proposed a single-chamber legislature in which each state, regardless of size, would have one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation. In the end, the convention settled on the Connecticut Compromise, creating a House of Representatives apportioned by population and a Senate in which each state is equally represented.

text: In addition to dealing with legislative representation, the Virginia Plan addressed other issues as well, with many provisions that did not make it into the Constitution that emerged. It called for a national government of three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. Members of one of the two legislative chambers would be elected by the people; members of that chamber would then elect the second chamber from nominations submitted by state legislatures. The executive would be chosen by the legislative branch.

text: Terms of office were not specified, but the executive and members of the popularly elected legislative chamber could not be elected for an undetermined time afterward. The legislative branch would have the power to negate state laws if they were deemed incompatible with the articles of union. The concept of checks and balances was embodied in a provision that legislative acts could be vetoed by a council composed of the executive and selected members of the judicial branch; their veto could be overridden by an unspecified legislative majority.