document_title: Hannibal Lecter

question_text: who was the character hannibal lecter based on

text: Hannibal Lecter

text: Character overview[edit]

text: Red Dragon firmly states that Lecter does not fit any known psychological profile. In The Silence of the Lambs, Lecter's keeper, Dr. Frederick Chilton, claims that Lecter is a "pure sociopath" ("pure psychopath" in the film adaptation). In the novel Red Dragon, protagonist Will Graham says that Lecter has no conscience and tortured animals as a child, but does not exhibit any other of the criteria traditionally associated with psychopathy; Graham explains that psychiatrists refer to Lecter as a sociopath because "they don't know what else to call him". In the film adaptation of The Silence of the Lambs, protagonist Clarice Starling says of Lecter, "They don't have a name for what he is." In the novel The Silence of the Lambs, Barney Matthews, an orderly at the facility where Lecter is imprisoned, claims that the only thing Lecter fears is boredom.

text: Lecter's pathology is explored in greater detail in Hannibal and Hannibal Rising, which explains that he was traumatized as a child in Lithuania in 1944 when he witnessed the murder and cannibalism of his beloved sister, Mischa, by a group of deserting Lithuanian Hilfswillige, one of whom claimed that Lecter unwillingly ate his sister as well.

text: All media in which Lecter appears portray him as intellectually brilliant, cultured and sophisticated, with refined tastes in art, music and cuisine. He is frequently depicted preparing gourmet meals from his victims' flesh, the most famous example being his admission that he once ate a census taker's liver "with some fava beans and a nice Chianti" (a "big Amarone" in the novel). He is well-educated in Anatomy, Chemistry and Physics and also speaks several languages, including Italian, German, Russian, Polish, French, Spanish, and, to some extent, Japanese.[3] He is deeply offended by rudeness, and frequently kills people who have bad manners. Prior to his capture and imprisonment, he was a member of Baltimore, Maryland's social elite, and a sitting member of the Baltimore Philharmonic Orchestra's board of directors.

text: In The Silence of the Lambs, Lecter is described through Starling's eyes: "small, sleek, and in his hands and arms she saw wiry strength like her own". The novel also reveals that Lecter's left hand has a condition called mid ray duplication polydactyly, i.e. a duplicated middle finger.[4] In Hannibal, he performs plastic surgery on his own face on several occasions, and removes his extra digit. Lecter's eyes are a shade of maroon, and reflect the light in "pinpoints of red".[5] He has small white teeth[6] and dark, slicked-back hair with a widow's peak. He also has a keen sense of smell; in The Silence of the Lambs, he is able to identify through a plexiglass window with small holes the brand of perfume that Starling wore the day before. At one point, when Hannibal points out Clarice must have gotten a bruise lately, she suddenly remembers she has a band-aid on her covered leg, so she assumes he must have smelled it. He has an eidetic memory with which he has constructed in his mind an elaborate "memory palace" with which he relives memories and sensations in rich detail.

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Novels[edit]

text: Red Dragon[edit]

text: In the backstory of 1981's Red Dragon, FBI profiler Will Graham interviews Lecter about one of his patients who was murdered by a serial killer, before intuiting that Lecter is the culprit. Realizing that Graham is on to him, Lecter creeps up behind Will and slashes him with a linoleum knife, nearly disemboweling him. Graham survives, but is so traumatized by the incident that he takes early retirement from the FBI. Lecter is charged with a series of nine murders, but is found not guilty by reason of insanity. He is institutionalized in the Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane under the care of Dr. Frederick Chilton, a pompous, incompetent psychologist whom he despises. Some years later, Graham comes out of retirement and consults Lecter in order to catch another serial killer, Francis Dolarhyde, known by the nickname "The Tooth Fairy". Through the classifieds of a tabloid called The National Tattler, Lecter provides Dolarhyde with Graham's home address, enabling Dolarhyde to disfigure Graham and attempt to kill his family. At the end of the novel, Lecter sends Graham a taunting note saying that he hopes Graham isn't "too ugly".

text: The Silence of the Lambs[edit]

text: In the 1988 sequel The Silence of the Lambs, Lecter assists FBI agent-in-training Clarice Starling in catching a serial killer known as "Buffalo Bill". Lecter is fascinated by Starling, and they form an unusual relationship in which he provides her with a profile of the killer and his modus operandi in exchange for details about her unhappy childhood. Lecter had previously met Buffalo Bill, the former lover of his patient (and eventual victim) Benjamin Raspail. He does not reveal this information directly, instead giving Starling vague clues to help her figure it out for herself. In return for Lecter's assistance, the FBI and Chilton arrange for him to be transferred to a lower security facility. He escapes while in transit, however, killing and mutilating his guards and using one of their faces as a mask to fool paramedics. While in hiding, he writes a letter to Starling wishing her well, and another to Chilton swearing gruesome revenge: Chilton disappears soon afterward.

text: Hannibal[edit]

text: In the third novel, 1999's Hannibal, Lecter lives in a palazzo in Florence, Italy, and works as a museum curator under the alias "Dr. Fell". The novel reveals that one of Lecter's victims survived: Mason Verger, a wealthy, sadistic pedophile whom Lecter had drugged, paralyzed and persuaded to mutilate his own face during a therapy session. Verger offers a huge reward for anyone who apprehends Lecter, whom he intends to feed to feral pigs specially bred for the purpose. Verger enlists the help of Rinaldo Pazzi, a disgraced Italian police inspector, and Paul Krendler, a corrupt Justice Department official and Starling's boss. Lecter kills Pazzi and returns to the United States to escape Verger's Sardinian henchmen, only to be captured. Starling follows them, intent on apprehending Lecter personally, but is instead also taken captive. After regaining control of the situation (if he ever truly lost it in the first place), he then rescues the wounded Starling and takes her to his rented lake house to treat her. One evening, he invites her to a formal dinner where Krendler is the guest and first course. Here, Hannibal and Clarice's relationship comes into a brighter light. A bond is seen, perhaps even on the cusp of being Lovers. At the very least, a deep connection and understanding exists between the two though each is facing each other on the opposite side of the spectrum.

text: Hannibal Rising[edit]

text: Harris wrote a 2006 prequel, Hannibal Rising, after film producer Dino De Laurentiis (who owned the cinematic rights to the Lecter character) announced that he was going to make a film depicting Lecter's childhood and development into a serial killer with or without Harris' help. Harris would also write the film's screenplay. The novel chronicles Lecter's early life, from birth into an aristocratic family in Lithuania in 1933, to being orphaned, along with his beloved sister Mischa, in 1944 when a German Stuka bomber attacks a Soviet tank in front of their forest hideaway. Shortly thereafter, he and Mischa are captured by a band of Nazi collaborators, who murder and cannibalize Mischa before her brother's eyes; Lecter later learns that the collaborators also fed him Mischa's remains. Irreparably traumatized, Lecter escapes from the deserters and wanders through the forest, no longer interested in speaking. He is found and taken in by an orphanage (his former family home now converted), where he is bullied by the other children and abused by the dean. He is adopted by his uncle Robert and his Japanese wife, Lady Murasaki, who nurses him back to health and teaches him to speak again. After his uncle's death, Lecter forms a close, pseudo-romantic relationship with his step-aunt. During this time he also shows great intellectual aptitude, entering medical school at a young age and excelling immensely. Despite his seemingly comfortable life, Lecter is consumed by a savage obsession with avenging Mischa's death. He kills for the first time as a teenager, beheading a racist fishmonger who insulted Murasaki. He then methodically tracks down, tortures, and murders each of the men who had killed his sister. His style of killing is influenced heavily by Lady Murasaki's ancestors. In the process of taking his revenge, he forsakes his relationship with Murasaki and seemingly loses all traces of his humanity. The novel ends with Lecter being accepted to the Johns Hopkins Hospital.

text: In film[edit]

text: Red Dragon was first adapted to film in 1986 as the Michael Mann film Manhunter, although the spelling of Lecter's name was changed to "Lecktor". He was played by actor Brian Cox.[7] Cox based his performance on Scottish serial killer Peter Manuel.[8]

text: In 1991, Orion Pictures produced a Jonathan Demme-directed adaptation of The Silence of the Lambs, in which Lecter was played by actor Anthony Hopkins. Hopkins' Academy Award–winning performance made Lecter into a cultural icon. In 2001, Hannibal was adapted to film, with Hopkins reprising his role. In the film adaptation, the ending is revised: Starling attempts to apprehend Lecter, who escapes after cutting off his own hand to free himself from her handcuffs. In 2002, Red Dragon was adapted again, this time under its original title, with Hopkins again as Lecter and Edward Norton as Will Graham. Hopkins wrote a screenplay for a Hannibal sequel, ending with Starling killing Lecter, but it was never produced.[9]

text: In late 2006, the novel Hannibal Rising was adapted into the film of the same name, which portrayed Lecter's development into a serial killer. In the film, which was finished by 2007, eight-year-old Lecter is portrayed by Aaran Thomas, while Gaspard Ulliel portrays him as a young man. Both the novel and film received generally negative critical reviews.[10]

text: In television[edit]

text: In February 2012, NBC gave a series order to Hannibal, a television adaptation of Red Dragon to be written and executive-produced by Bryan Fuller.[11] Mads Mikkelsen plays Lecter,[12] opposite Hugh Dancy as Will Graham.[13]

text: Fuller commented on Mikkelsen's version of Lecter: "What I love about Mads' approach to the character is that, in our first meeting, he was adamant that he didn't want to do Hopkins or Cox. He talked about the character not so much as 'Hannibal Lecter the cannibal psychiatrist', but as Satan – this fallen angel who's enamoured with mankind and had an affinity for who we are as people, but was definitely not among us – he was other. I thought that was a really cool, interesting approach, because I love science fiction and horror and – not that we'd ever do anything deliberately to suggest this – but having it subtextually play as him being Lucifer felt like a really interesting kink to the series. It was slightly different than anything that's been done before and it also gives it a slightly more epic quality if you watch the show through the prism of, 'This is Satan at work, tempting someone with the apple of their psyche'. It appealed to all of those genre things that get me excited about any sort of entertainment."[14]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: The first season amends the series' continuity so that Graham and Lecter first work together during the hunt for Garrett Jacob Hobbs (Vladimir Jon Cubrt), the "Minnesota Shrike", a serial killer who preys on college girls. During the investigation, Lecter secretly calls Hobbs to tip him off that Graham is on to him. As a result, Hobbs turns on his own family, killing his wife and trying to kill his daughter Abigail (Kacey Rohl) as Graham charges in and shoots him dead.[15] Killing Hobbs weighs on Graham's conscience and gives him nightmares, so his boss Jack Crawford (Laurence Fishburne) sends him to Lecter for counseling.[16] Throughout the first season, Lecter acts as Graham's unofficial psychiatrist, and they form a tenuous friendship. Lecter and Graham also become father figures to Abigail, and cover for her when they discover that she was her father's accomplice. Lecter is fascinated by Graham's ability to empathize with psychopaths, and he spends much of the series trying to undermine Graham's fragile sanity and push him into becoming a killer. To this end, Lecter prevents Graham from learning that he has advanced encephalitis, just to see how Graham would function under the circumstances.[17] In the first-season finale, Lecter reluctantly frames Graham for a series of murders that he himself committed throughout the season – including, apparently, Abigail's – but not before Graham realizes that Lecter is the Chesapeake Ripper, the very serial killer he has been trying to catch.[18]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Throughout the beginning of the second season, Graham, who is now institutionalized, attempts to convince his skeptical former colleagues that Lecter is the real killer and begins pulling strings from within his cell in order to expose him. Meanwhile, Lecter begins to manipulate evidence from the outside, exonerating himself after the FBI's initial investigations into Graham's claims. Eventually, Graham persuades his friend and colleague Beverly Katz (Hetienne Park), a forensic scientist, to investigate Lecter in exchange for help on a case. She breaks into Lecter's house, where she find evidence of his guilt; Lecter catches her, however, and kills her. Angry and vengeful, Graham convinces a deranged hospital orderly (Jonathan Tucker) to try to kill Lecter, but the attempt fails.[19] Lecter retaliates by taking as his lover Alana Bloom (Caroline Dhavernas), a psychologist for whom Graham has romantic feelings.[19] Lecter then exonerates Graham by planting forensic evidence of Graham's alleged victims at the scene of one of his own murders, resulting in Graham's release. He also frames his colleague Frederick Chilton (Raul Esparza) by planting a mutilated corpse in his house and "influencing" his surviving victim Miriam Lass (Anna Chlumsky), into believing that Chilton had abducted and tortured her.[19]

text: Graham resumes therapy with Lecter as an attempt to entrap him. Lecter quickly becomes aware of the ruse, but finds the experience fascinating and allows it to continue in order to explore the connection he feels with Graham. In an attempt to push Graham into becoming a serial killer, Lecter sends his psychotic former patient Randall Tier (Mark O'Brien) to kill Graham, but Graham kills and mutilates Tier instead – just as Lecter hoped he would.[20] Later, Graham attacks tabloid reporter Fredericka "Freddy" Lounds (Lara Jean Chorostecki), who is investigating him and Lecter. Graham shares a meal with Lecter of what is implied to be her flesh, but it is soon revealed that Lounds is still alive and conspiring with Graham and Crawford to draw Lecter into their trap.[21]

text: Lecter and Graham acquire a common enemy in Mason Verger (Michael Pitt), a wealthy sadist whom they both despise for emotionally and sexually abusing his sister Margot (Katharine Isabelle). Verger has them both kidnapped and prepares to feed them to his prize pigs; however, Lecter escapes and takes Verger hostage in Graham's house. He gives Verger a hallucinogenic drug cocktail, and tells him to cut off pieces of his own face and feed them to Graham's dogs. With Graham's tacit approval, Lecter then breaks Verger's neck with his bare hands, paralyzing him.[22]

text: In the second-season finale, Graham and Crawford move to arrest Lecter against the orders of the FBI. In the ensuing struggle, Lecter seriously wounds Graham and Crawford, while a very much alive Abigail Hobbs pushes Bloom out of a window. Lecter then cuts Abigail's throat in front of Graham and leaves them to die as he flees before the police arrive. He is shown in a post-credits scene aboard a flight to France with his psychiatrist, Bedelia Du Maurier (Gillian Anderson).[23]

text: Season 3[edit]

text: The third season amends the series' continuity to incorporate events from the novel Hannibal. It also changes Lecter's origin story: in this continuity, Lecter's sister Mischa was murdered, cannibalized, and fed to him by a peasant in his native Lithuania, who would eventually become his prisoner.[24] Certain episodes also suggest that, in his youth, Lecter was the unidentified serial killer known as "The Monster of Florence".[25]

text: Months after his escape, Lecter is living in Florence with Du Maurier, working as a museum curator under the alias "Dr. Fell" – having murdered the original curator and stolen his identity.[26] Disgraced Italian detective Rinaldo Pazzi (Fortunato Cerlino) tries to apprehend him to collect a bounty placed by Mason Verger (Joe Anderson), who is also consulting with Bloom to capture Lecter. Lecter kills Pazzi and tries to flee the country, but is accosted by Crawford, who engages him in brutal hand-to-hand combat.[27]

text: Lecter manages to escape from Crawford and meet up with Graham. When Graham pulls a knife, Lecter's family servant Chiyoh (Tao Okamoto), who had helped him find Lecter, shoots, and wounds Graham. Lecter takes Graham back to his villa and tries to perform a craniotomy on him in front of Crawford, but is interrupted by Italian detectives on Verger's payroll, who deliver them both to Verger's estate in Maryland.[28] Verger's physician Cordell Doemling (Glenn Fleshler) tells Lecter that he will mutilate him until he dies, and prepare gourmet cuisine from his flesh for Verger to eat. Bloom frees Lecter, who suggests that Margot kill her brother, promising to take the blame. Lecter then kills Doemling, who is about to surgically remove Graham's face and graft it onto Verger's, and later instructs Margot and Bloom on how to milk the unconscious Verger's prostate to give Margot the sperm she needs to conceive a child and thus inherit the Verger family fortune. After Margot kills her brother, Lecter goes to Graham's house with a wounded and unconscious Graham in tow. When Graham wakes up, he allows Lecter to escape, but later that evening Lecter surrenders to Crawford, who takes him into custody.[29]

text: Lecter is found insane at his trial, and incarcerated in the Baltimore Hospital for the Criminally Insane, under Chilton and Bloom's care. Three years later, Graham visits him at the hospital and asks for help profiling a serial killer dubbed "The Tooth Fairy", who murders entire families.[30] Lecter helps Graham recover his gift for empathizing with psychopaths, and also begins communicating with the killer, Francis Dolarhyde (Richard Armitage). He gives Dolarhyde Graham's address, and Dolarhyde attacks and wounds Graham's wife, Molly (Nina Arianda). Bloom and Crawford threaten to take away Lecter's hospital privileges unless he lets them listen in on his conversations with Dolarhyde. Lecter complies, but then suddenly tells Dolarhyde they are listening. Bloom punishes him by taking away his books and toilet, and confining him in a straitjacket and muzzle.[31] After Dolarhyde burns and disfigures Chilton, he sends Lecter Chilton's severed lips, one of which Lecter eats.[32]

text: In the series finale, "The Wrath of the Lamb", Lecter and Graham develop a plan to catch Dolarhyde, using Lecter as bait. Lecter goes with Graham on a police convoy, pretending to be transferred to another facility in order to draw the killer out. Dolarhyde attacks the convoy, killing the guards but letting Lecter and Graham live. Lecter then takes Graham to a secluded clifftop cottage where he previously brainwashed Abigail Hobbs and Miriam Lass. Dolarhyde tracks them down and attacks them, shooting Lecter in the back and stabbing Graham in the face. Though they are both badly wounded, Lecter and Graham manage to get the better of Dolarhyde and kill him together: Graham slices open Dolarhyde's chest, while Lecter tears out his throat with his teeth. Lecter and Graham then embrace, before Graham pushes them both off a cliff. Their ultimate fate is left ambiguous; a post-credits scene shows Du Maurier dining on her own leg at a table set for three, which series creator Bryan Fuller has said is meant to suggest that Lecter and Graham survived and that Graham has joined Lecter. Fuller has stated that Season 4 would have covered Lecter and Graham on the run from the FBI in Argentina, mirroring Lecter and Starling's storyline from the novels.[33][34]

text: Relationship between Will and Hannibal[edit]

text: The emotional relationship between Will and Hannibal forms the foundation of the series. In season 3, their developing romance has been taken from subtext into text,[32] and to the question of whether it was a part of the initial plan, Bryan Fuller stated: "No, it naturally evolved because I guess I was absorbing so much of Mads and Hugh's performance, which felt like it was growing in intimacy, and it would have been inauthentic not to address it. Because all of these characters, and particularly Bedelia, was able to call out what she had witnessed [between Hannibal and Will], it seemed like a natural conclusion. I remember when I turned in the rewrite pages where Will asks Bedelia if Hannibal is in love with him, I got a note from Don Mancini, one of our writers who was always pushing for more homosexual text – not just context or subtext but text, text, text – and he was like, "I'm so glad you put that in there! They said it! They said it!" [35] Discussing what motivated him to verbally acknowledge the romance between Will and Hannibal, Fuller mentioned: "It felt like we had to s–t or get off the pot, ultimately, because there had been so much going on between these two men that when Will asks, "Is Hannibal Lecter in love with me?" it is very much about death and the romance between these two men. There is a quality to connections that go above and beyond sexuality. You can have this intimate connection with somebody that then causes you to wonder where the lines of your own sexuality are. And we didn't quite broach the sexuality. It was certainly suggested, but the love is absolutely on the table." [36] Remembering how the song for the finale of the series - "Love Crime" by Siouxsie Sioux - was created, Fuller said: "It was interesting. She [Siouxsie Sioux] was like, "I want to write this song, and what are the things I should really be thinking about?" And I was like, 'this is a love story. A love story between a full-fledged psychopath and someone who has nascent psychopathic abilities.' Actually, Hannibal Lecter is not a psychopath; he's something else entirely. But it's a love relationship between two men: one of them is a cannibal, and one of them understands those cannibalistic instincts all too well." [37]

text: In other media[edit]

text: Hannibal Lecter is parodied in the 2005 musical, SILENCE! The Musical, with the character being originated by actor Brent Barrett.

text: Hannibal Lecter is portrayed by EpicLLOYD in the popular Epic Rap Battles of History series on YouTube in Season 4, which aired on December 1, 2014. He rap battles against another infamous serial killer, Jack the Ripper, the latter portrayed by YouTube user Dan Bull.

text: Real-life models[edit]

text: Thomas Harris has given few interviews, and did not explain where he got inspiration for Hannibal Lecter until mid-2013. Harris revealed that the character was inspired by a real-life doctor and murderer he met while visiting a prison in the city of Monterrey during a trip to Mexico in the 1960s when he was a 23-year-old reporter.[38] The doctor was serving a life sentence for murdering a young man, supposedly a "close friend", mutilating his body into several body parts and putting them in a very small box. Harris, who would only refer to the surgeon by the fake name "Dr. Salazar", described him as a "small lithe pale man with dark red hair". He added: "There was certain intelligence and elegance about him."[39] Harris had gone to Mexico to interview Dykes Askew Simmons, a US citizen on death row for murdering three young people in the country, but he ended up also speaking to "Salazar", who saved Simmons' life after a guard shot him during an escape bid. "Salazar" revealed his dark side as he began discussing Simmons' disfigured face, tormented upbringing and how attractive his victims had been.

text: Several reporters and investigators have traced the records and whereabouts of the Mexican prison doctor in later years and discovered that "Salazar" was in reality Alfredo Ballí Treviño, a physician from an upper-class Monterrey family who was found guilty of murdering a close friend (and lover) and mutilating his body; he was also suspected of killing and dismembering several hitchhikers in the city outskirts during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Harris also incorporated some of these details into Buffalo Bill's development as a killer in Silence of the Lambs. Ballí was initially condemned to death, but his sentence was later commuted to 20 years and he was released in 1981. After his release, Ballí continued working as a physician in an austere office until his death by natural causes in 2009.[40][41][42]

text: In her book Evil Serial Killers, Charlotte Greig asserts that the serial killer Albert Fish was the inspiration, at least in part, for Lecter.[43] Greig also states that to explain Lecter's pathology, Harris borrowed the story of serial killer and cannibal Andrei Chikatilo's brother Stepan being kidnapped and eaten by starving neighbors (though she states that it is unclear whether the story was true or whether Stepan Chikatilo even existed).[44] The location of the book Hannibal was inspired by The Monster of Florence. While preparing the book, Harris traveled to Italy and was present at the trial of the main suspect, Pietro Pacciani, where he was seen taking notes.[45]


document_title: List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders

question_text: who has played the most seasons in the nba

root

text: Seasons played leaders[edit]

text: Following is a list of players who have played the most seasons in the NBA.

tag: p

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration [21]

§
1st time eligible for Hall of Fame in 2018 [22]

tag: table

text:
Rank
Player
Position
Team(s)
Seasons

1
Parish, RobertRobert Parish*
C

Golden State Warriors (1976–1980)
Boston Celtics (1980–1994)
Charlotte Hornets (1994–1996)
Chicago Bulls (1996–1997)

21

Willis, KevinKevin Willis [a]
PF / C

Atlanta Hawks (1984–1995, 2004–2005)
Miami Heat (1994–1996)
Golden State Warriors (1996)
Houston Rockets (1996–1998, 2001–2002)
Toronto Raptors (1998–2001)
Denver Nuggets (2001)
San Antonio Spurs (2002–2004)
Dallas Mavericks (2007)

Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett†
PF / C

Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)
Boston Celtics (2007–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2015)

4
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*
C

Milwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)
Los Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)

20

Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant†
SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)

6
Malone, MosesMoses Malone*
C

Buffalo Braves (1976)
Houston Rockets (1976–1982)
Philadelphia 76ers (1982–1986, 1993–1994)
Washington Bullets (1986–1988)
Atlanta Hawks (1988–1991)
Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)
San Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)

19

Edwards, JamesJames Edwards
C

Los Angeles Lakers (1977, 1992–1994)
Indiana Pacers 1977–1981
Cleveland Cavaliers (1981–1983)
Phoenix Suns (1983–1988)
Detroit Pistons (1988–1991)
Los Angeles Clippers (1991–1992)
Portland Trail Blazers (1994–1995)
Chicago Bulls (1995–1996)

Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
PG
Utah Jazz (1984–2003)

Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
PF

Utah Jazz (1985–2003)
Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)

Oakley, CharlesCharles Oakley
PF / C

Chicago Bulls (1985–1988, 2001–2002)
New York Knicks (1988–1998)
Toronto Raptors (1998–2001)
Washington Wizards (2002–2003)
Houston Rockets (2004)

O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
C

Orlando Magic (1992–1996)
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)
Miami Heat (2004–2008)
Phoenix Suns (2008–2009)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)
Boston Celtics (2010–2011)

Howard, JuwanJuwan Howard§
PF / C

Washington Bullets / Wizards (1994–2001)
Dallas Mavericks (2001–2002, 2007–2008)
Denver Nuggets (2002–2003, 2008)
Orlando Magic (2003–2004)
Houston Rockets (2004–2007)
Charlotte Bobcats (2008–2009)
Portland Trail Blazers (2009–2010)
Miami Heat (2010–2013)

Kidd, JasonJason Kidd§
PG

Dallas Mavericks (1994–1996, 2008–2012)
Phoenix Suns (1996–2001)
New Jersey Nets (2001–2008)
New York Knicks (2012–2013)

Duncan, TimTim Duncan†
PF / C
San Antonio Spurs (1997–2016)

Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^
PF
Dallas Mavericks (1998–present)

Carter, VinceVince Carter^
SG/SF

Toronto Raptors (1998–2004)
New Jersey Nets (2004–2009)
Orlando Magic (2009–2010)
Phoenix Suns (2010–2011)
Dallas Mavericks (2011–2014)
Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)
Sacramento Kings (2017–present)

Pierce, PaulPaul Pierce†
SG/SF

Boston Celtics (1998–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
Washington Wizards (2014–2015)
Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)


document_title: Highest temperature recorded on Earth

question_text: what's the hottest recorded temperature on earth

question_tokens: what 's the hottest recorded temperature on earth

text: Highest temperature recorded on Earth

text: The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air, 1.5 meters above the ground, and shielded from direct sunlight.[1] According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the highest confirmed temperature on Earth recorded according to these measures was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in Furnace Creek Ranch, California, located in the Death Valley desert in the United States, on July 10, 1913.[2][3]

text: From 1922 until 2012, the WMO record for the highest official temperature on Earth was 57.8 °C (136.0 °F), registered on 13 September 1922 in ‘Aziziya, Libya. In January 2012, the WMO decertified the 1922 record, citing persuasive evidence that it was a faulty reading recorded in error by an inexperienced observer. [2] Christopher C. Burt, the weather historian writing for Weather Underground who shepherded the Libya reading's 2012 disqualification, believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is also "a myth", and is at least four or five degrees Fahrenheit too high,[4] as do other weather historians Dr. Arnold Court and William Taylor Reid.[5] If the 1913 record were to be decertified, the current highest recorded temperature on Earth would be 54.0 °C (129.2 °F), recorded both in Death Valley on 20 June 2013, and in Mitribah, Kuwait on 21 July 2016.[6]

text: At 41.80 °C (107.24 °F), July 2017 in Furnace Creek, Death Valley, was the hottest single month (average monthly temperature) ever reliably measured anywhere on Earth since records began in 1911.[7]

text: Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 °C.[8] A ground temperature of 84 °C (183.2 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan.[9] A ground temperature of 93.9 °C (201 °F) was recorded also in Furnace Creek Ranch on 15 July 1972; this may be the highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded.[10] The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 °C for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.[11]

text: Temperature measurements via satellite also tend to capture occurrence of higher records but are considered less reliable than ground-positioned thermometers. There is a satellite record of 66.8 °C (152.2 °F) measured in the Flaming Mountains of China in 2008.[12] Other satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.[8]


document_title: Royal Rumble (2018)

question_text: who had the most eliminations in the women's royal rumble

question_tokens: who had the most eliminations in the women 's royal rumble

text: Royal Rumble (2018)

text: Production[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: As is tradition, the winner of the 30-man Royal Rumble earned a world championship match at WrestleMania 34 for his choice of either Raw's Universal Championship or SmackDown's WWE Championship. The event also hosted the first-ever 30-woman Royal Rumble, in which the winner earned a women's championship match at WrestleMania 34 for her choice of either Raw's Women's Championship or SmackDown's Women's Championship.

text: After Survivor Series, several women from NXT were promoted to the main rosters of both Raw and SmackDown. On the November 20, 2017 episode of Raw, Paige, who had been out with an injury since June 2016, returned along with the debuts of NXT's Mandy Rose and Sonya Deville, forming the heel group Absolution,[7] while similarly on the November 21 episode of SmackDown, NXT's Ruby Riott, Liv Morgan, and Sarah Logan debuted and formed the heel group The Riott Squad.[8] On the December 18, 2017 episode of Raw, with a larger roster of women on the main rosters, Raw Commissioner Stephanie McMahon scheduled the first-ever women's Royal Rumble match for the 2018 Royal Rumble, with the winner receiving a match at WrestleMania 34 for the top championship of their choice: Raw's Women's Championship or SmackDown's Women's Championship.[9] Both brands' respective commissioners and general managers agreed that the women's match would have all of the same rules as the men's match, including having 30 participants.[10] Stephanie was announced to join the commentary team for the women's match,[11] and television host Maria Menounos was announced to be the special guest ring announcer.[12][13]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: The card consisted of nine matches, including three on the pre-show, that resulted from scripted storylines and had results predetermined by WWE on both the Raw and SmackDown brands.[14][15] Storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, Monday Night Raw, SmackDown Live, and 205 Live, the latter of which is cruiserweight-exclusive.[16][17] For the first time, the card was highlighted by two Royal Rumble matches.

text: On the October 16, 2017 episode of Raw, Kane returned from a ten-month hiatus and helped Braun Strowman to defeat Roman Reigns in a steel cage match. Kane was then added to Strowman's team at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs in the 5-on-3 handicap Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match.[18] During the match, Strowman accidentally hit Kane with a chair, which caused Kane to later turn on him and crush him in the back of a garbage truck; their team ultimately lost.[19] The two then feuded over the next several weeks, leading to a match on the December 11 episode to determine the number one contender against Brock Lesnar for the Universal Championship at the Royal Rumble, but the match ended in a double countout.[20] Raw General Manager Kurt Angle then decided that Lesnar would defend the title against both Kane and Strowman in a triple threat match at the event.[9] On the January 8 episode, Kane attacked Lesnar from behind, followed by an attack from Strowman. After laying Kane and Lesnar out backstage, Strowman knocked over a lighting rig and crushed both. Lesnar was taken to a medical facility while Kane refused medical attention.[1] Due to his actions, Strowman was removed from the triple threat match and fired by Angle. Strowman went on a rampage backstage, including destroying Angle's office and flipping over a tractor. Before he could do anymore damage, Raw Commissioner Stephanie McMahon rehired Strowman, putting him back into the Universal Championship match at the Royal Rumble.[21]

text: At Clash of Champions, SmackDown's Commissioner Shane McMahon and General Manager Daniel Bryan both refereed a tag team match pitting Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn against Randy Orton and Shinsuke Nakamura, where Owens and Zayn would have been fired from WWE had they lost. During the match, there was controversy between Shane and Bryan, which resulted in Bryan giving a fast count for Owens and Zayn to win.[22] Tensions between Shane and Bryan continued over the next couple of weeks, culminating on the final SmackDown of 2017, when Bryan scheduled Owens to face WWE Champion AJ Styles in a non-title match in the main event, much to the disapproval of Shane, who felt that Owens should not be in the main event, or facing the WWE Champion. That match ended when Zayn interfered, allowing Owens to win.[23] The next week, Zayn would also defeat Styles in a non-title match after interference from Owens. Enraged at back-to-back losses, Styles stated they might as well schedule him in a handicap match against Owens and Zayn, which Bryan took literally and scheduled for the Royal Rumble where Styles would also defend the WWE Championship against both men.[24] On the January 9 episode of SmackDown, Styles said that although it was unfair, he was confident that he would win; Owens and Zayn interrupted and claimed that they would become the first-ever co-WWE Champions.[25] On the final SmackDown before the Royal Rumble, Styles faced Owens and Zayn in back-to-back matches where Shane threatened that if one were to interfere in the other's match, that person would be fired. Styles managed to defeat Owens in the first match by submission, however, he would lose to Zayn in the second match.[26]

text: On the December 18, 2017 episode of Raw, Seth Rollins' tag team partner Dean Ambrose was injured by Samoa Joe.[9] The following week, despite both wanting to take on Joe to avenge Ambrose, Raw General Manager Kurt Angle instead had his (storyline) son, Jason Jordan, and Rollins team up to face Cesaro and Sheamus for the Raw Tag Team Championship; Jordan and Rollins defeated Cesaro and Sheamus to win the championship.[27] After the former champions confronted Angle about their contractual rematch, Angle scheduled it for the Royal Rumble.[1] On the January 15 episode, Jordan caused a distraction, allowing Titus Worldwide (Apollo Crews and Titus O'Neil) to again defeat Cesaro and Sheamus in a rematch from the previous week, which Rollins disapproved of as he did not like Jordan acting on his own. Cesaro and Sheamus would try and return the favor during Rollins' match against Finn Bálor, but it backfired, resulting in Rollins winning, and Cesaro and Sheamus brawling with Bálor Club members, Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson, at ringside.[21] On Raw 25 the next week, Jordan and Rollins were the guests on Christian's The Peep Show, which Cesaro and Sheamus interrupted and the two teams brawled where Rollins accidentally hit Jordan with a knee attack that was intended for Cesaro.[28]

text: At Clash of Champions, The Usos (Jey and Jimmy Uso) retained the SmackDown Tag Team Championship in a fatal-four-way match against Rusev and Aiden English, The New Day's Big E and Xavier Woods, and Chad Gable and Shelton Benjamin.[22] On the following episode of SmackDown, Gable and Benjamin defeated The Usos in a non-title match,[29] and they were awarded with a championship match on the first SmackDown of 2018, where they defeated The Usos to initially win the titles after pinning Jimmy Uso; however, Jimmy was not the legal man, and thus the match was restarted and The Usos retained their championship.[24] The following week, Gable and Benjamin confronted SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan over the incident. After questioning if they should have to defeat The Usos twice in the same night, Bryan decided that at the Royal Rumble, The Usos would defend the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against Gable and Benjamin in a two-out-of-three-falls match.[25]

text: On January 26, three matches were announced for the Royal Rumble pre-show. For SmackDown, it was announced that United States Champion Bobby Roode would have an open challenge for the title. Two tag team matches were scheduled for Raw: a rematch between Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson and The Revival (Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson) from Raw 25, and a six-man tag team match for the cruiserweight division with Kalisto, Gran Metalik, and Lince Dorado against Drew Gulak, TJP, and Gentleman Jack Gallagher.[12]

text: Cancellations[edit]

text: Two other matches had been promoted for the event, but were later removed.

text: The first was the tournament final for SmackDown's then-vacant United States Championship. Originally scheduled for the PPV, the finals were instead contested on the January 16 episode of SmackDown, where Bobby Roode defeated Jinder Mahal to win the title.[30]

text: The second was a championship match for the Raw brand where WWE Cruiserweight Champion Enzo Amore was scheduled to defend the title against Cedric Alexander.[21] However, after Amore was suspended from WWE on January 22 due to allegations of sexual harassment and sexual assault, the match was cancelled. Amore was released the next day and the title was vacated.[31][32]

text: Event[edit]

text:
Other on-screen personnel

Role:
Name:

English commentators
Michael Cole (Raw/both Royal Rumble matches)

Corey Graves (all matches)

Booker T (Raw)

Tom Phillips (SmackDown)

Byron Saxton
(SmackDown/Men's Royal Rumble match/Six-man tag team match)

Vic Joseph (Six-man tag team match)

Jerry Lawler (Men's Royal Rumble match)

Stephanie McMahon (Women's Royal Rumble match)

Spanish commentators
Carlos Cabrera

Marcelo Rodríguez

German commentators
Carsten Schaefer

Tim Haber

Calvin Knie

Ring announcers
Greg Hamilton (SmackDown/Men's Royal Rumble match)

JoJo (Raw)

Maria Menounos (Women's Royal Rumble match)

Referees
Jason Ayers

Shawn Bennett

Mike Chioda

John Cone

Dan Engler

Chad Patton

Charles Robinson

Rod Zapata

Interviewer
Renee Young

Pre-show panel
Renee Young

Peter Rosenberg

David Otunga

Jerry Lawler

John "Bradshaw" Layfield

Alundra Blayze

Ric Flair

text: Pre-show[edit]

text: Three matches were contested during the pre-show:

text: In the first match - featuring Raw's cruiserweight division - Kalisto, Gran Metalik, and Lince Dorado faced TJP, Gentleman Jack Gallagher, and Drew Gulak in a six man tag team match. Kalisto performed a Salida Del Sol on TJP to score the win.[33]

text: Next, also from Raw, The Revival (Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson) faced Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson. Dawson performed a Chop Block on Anderson to score the win.[33]

text: Finally, SmackDown's United States Champion Bobby Roode issued an open challenge, which was answered by fellow SmackDown wrestler Mojo Rawley. Roode performed a Glorious DDT on Rawley to score the pinfall and retain the title.[33]

text: Preliminary matches[edit]

text: The actual pay-per-view opened with AJ Styles defending the WWE Championship against Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn in a handicap match. In the end, Styles threw Zayn out of the ring and immediately Owens performed a Superkick on Styles. Owens - who was not the legal man - attempted a Pop Up Powerbomb on Styles, who countered into a roll up to retain the title. In a backstage segment, Owens and Zayn confronted SmackDown Commissioner Shane McMahon about the incident, however, after questioning if he saw what had happened, Shane smiled, replied "Yep", and walked off.[34]

text: Next, The Usos (Jey and Jimmy Uso) defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against Chad Gable and Shelton Benjamin in a 2-out-of-3-falls match. Jimmy and Jey performed a Double Superkick on Gable, who was kneeling, to score the first fall. Jey then pinned Benjamin with a small package to score the second fall to retain the title.[34]

text: After that, the 30-man Royal Rumble match for a world championship match at WrestleMania 34 was contested. Rusev and Finn Bálor began the match as the first and second entrants, respectively. Baron Corbin (#4) eliminated Rhyno (#3), but was eliminated by Bálor. Corbin attacked Bálor, Rusev, and Heath Slater (#5), who just made his entrance. NXT Champion Andrade "Cien" Almas was a surprise entrant at #7. Tye Dillinger was scheduled to be #10, but was attacked backstage by Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn, resulting in Zayn taking Dillinger's spot. Shinsuke Nakamura entered at #14 and eliminated Zayn. John Cena entered at #20 and eliminated Elias (#6) and The Hurricane (a surprise entrant at #21). NXT's Adam Cole, another surprise entrant, entered at #23. Randy Orton (#24) performed an RKO on Almas and eliminated him after a near 30 minute run. Rey Mysterio, another surprise entrant, entered at #27 and eliminated Cole. Roman Reigns entered at #28 and eliminated Titus O'Neil (#25). Reigns and Seth Rollins (#18) teamed up and performed a Powerbomb on The Miz (#26) over the top rope to eliminate him, after which, Reigns immediately eliminated Rollins. Dolph Ziggler, making his return after vacating the United States Championship, entered at #30 and eliminated Goldust (#29), but was eliminated by Bálor. Reigns performed a Superman Punch on Orton and eliminated Orton. Mysterio performed a 619 on Cena and Reigns, but was eliminated by Bálor. Bálor, Nakamura, Cena, and Reigns were the final four. Cena eliminated Bálor (who lasted nearly an hour) and immediately afterwards fought with Nakamura, who performed a Kinshasa on Cena to eliminate him. Nakamura attacked Reigns and attempted a Kinshasa, however, Reigns countered into a Spear. As Reigns attempted to eliminate Nakamura, Nakamura countered, performed a Running Single Leg Dropkick on Reigns and then eliminated Reigns to win the match. Afterward, Renee Young interviewed Nakamura and asked which world championship he wanted to challenge for at WrestleMania 34. He called out WWE Champion AJ Styles, thus choosing the WWE Championship and staying on SmackDown.[34]

text: Next, Seth Rollins and Jason Jordan defended the Raw Tag Team Championship against Cesaro and Sheamus. During the match, Jordan sustained a head injury (after being thrown into the ring post by Cesaro), rendering him unable to compete. In the end, Sheamus and Cesaro performed a White Noise/Diving Neckbreaker combination on Rollins to win the title for a record-setting fourth time as a team, and a record-setting fifth time for Cesaro individually.[34]

text: In the fifth match, Brock Lesnar defended the Universal Championship against Braun Strowman and Kane in a triple threat match. Kane performed a Chokeslam on Lesnar and Strowman attacked Kane. Lesnar struck Kane with a chair, only for Strowman to attack Lesnar with a running dropkick. After Strowman performed a Chokeslam on Kane, Lesnar performed three German Suplexes on Strowman. Strowman performed a Running Powerslam on Lesnar through a table, only for Kane to break up the pinfall at a two count. Kane then threw Strowman through a table positioned in the corner, and performed a Chokeslam on Strowman, with Lesnar breaking up the pinfall at a two count. Lesnar then performed an F-5 on Strowman through an announce table and overturned another announce table on top of Strowman. Lesnar then performed an F-5 on Kane through another announce table. Strowman performed two Running Powerslams on Lesnar, but Kane returned and struck Strowman with a chair. Lesnar knocked Strowman out of the ring and performed an F-5 on Kane to retain the title. After the match, an enraged Strowman yelled at Lesnar that he did not beat him.[34]

text: Main event[edit]

text: The main event was the first-ever 30-woman Royal Rumble match for a women's championship match at WrestleMania 34. Sasha Banks and Becky Lynch were the first and second entrants, respectively. There were numerous surprise entrants throughout the match - including Hall of Famers Lita, Jacqueline, Beth Phoenix, and Trish Stratus; NXT wrestlers Kairi Sane and NXT Women's Champion Ember Moon; and past stars Torrie Wilson, Molly Holly, Michelle McCool (who scored the most eliminations at 5), Vickie Guerrero, and Kelly Kelly. SmackDown's Nikki Bella, who had been on hiatus since WrestleMania 33, and her free agent twin sister Brie Bella were also unannounced entrants. Banks, Asuka (#25), Nikki, and Brie were the final four. Banks, Nikki, and Brie attacked Asuka, after which, Nikki and Brie eliminated Banks (who lasted the longest at nearly 55 minutes). Asuka attacked Nikki and Brie, but Nikki performed a Rack Attack 2.0 on Asuka and then eliminated Brie. After a back-and-forth exchange, Asuka eliminated Nikki to win the match and earn a women's championship match at WrestleMania 34. After the match, Raw Women's Champion Alexa Bliss and SmackDown Women's Champion Charlotte Flair entered the ring. Before Asuka could make her decision for which title she wanted to challenge for, they were interrupted by the surprise appearance of former UFC star Ronda Rousey, officially confirming she had signed full-time with WWE. Rousey pointed to the WrestleMania sign and offered a handshake to Asuka, who refused. Rousey then shook hands with Raw Commissioner Stephanie McMahon as the event ended. The jacket which Rousey wore during this appearance belonged to life long idol Roddy Piper, whose son let her borrow it.[36][34]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Raw[edit]

text: On Raw the following night, Raw Commissioner Stephanie McMahon convinced Asuka to wait until after Elimination Chamber to make her decision, as Raw Women's Champion Alexa Bliss was scheduled to defend her title in the first-ever women's Elimination Chamber match, and the result may affect Asuka's decision. Asuka was then confronted by Sasha Banks, who spent the longest time in the Royal Rumble match, and Banks challenged Asuka to a match that Asuka won.[37] Banks, along with Bayley, Mandy Rose, Mickie James, and Sonya Deville were announced as the other competitors in the Elimination Chamber match. Nia Jax was also scheduled to face Asuka at Elimination Chamber where if she were to win, she would be added to the Asuka's championship match at WrestleMania.[38] On the February 12 episode of Raw, it was announced that Ronda Rousey would sign her Raw contract at Elimination Chamber.[39]

text: Since Shinsuke Nakamura decided to stay on SmackDown to challenge for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania 34, Raw General Manager Kurt Angle scheduled a number one contender's Elimination Chamber match at the namesake event to determine who would face Brock Lesnar for the Universal Championship at WrestleMania. Six qualification matches were scheduled over the next couple of weeks. Braun Strowman and Kane battled in a last man standing match, which Strowman won to qualify. After the match, Kane was taken to a local hospital.[37] Elias, John Cena, Roman Reigns, Intercontinental Champion The Miz, Finn Bálor, and Seth Rollins also qualified, marking the first seven-man Elimination Chamber match.[37][38][39]

text: New Raw Tag Team Champions Cesaro and Sheamus defended their titles against Titus Worldwide (Apollo Crews and Titus O'Neil), as they had beaten Cesaro and Sheamus two weeks in a row prior to the Royal Rumble; Cesaro and Sheamus retained.[37] The following week, Jason Jordan and Seth Rollins were scheduled to have their contractual rematch, but after Jordan was deemed unable to compete, he was replaced by Roman Reigns. Jordan, however, accidentally caused them to be disqualified.[38]

text: On 205 Live, Drake Maverick (formerly known as Rockstar Spud in Impact Wrestling) was appointed as the 205 Live General Manager. Maverick announced that there would be a 16-man single elimination tournament to crown a new WWE Cruiserweight Champion, with the finals to occur at WrestleMania 34.[40]

text: SmackDown[edit]

text: On the following episode of SmackDown, Shinsuke Nakamura celebrated his win at the Royal Rumble, and said he would become the new WWE Champion at WrestleMania 34. He was interrupted by Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn, who said that they should be the co-WWE Champions, but the referee failed at his job at the Royal Rumble. WWE Champion AJ Styles came out and said that Owens and Zayn could complain all they want, but there would be a dream match at WrestleMania between him and Nakamura. Styles then suggested to have a dream team that night with him and Nakamura facing Owens and Zayn, which SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan made official for later that night in which Styles and Nakamura won. During the match, there were tensions between Owens and Zayn as Bryan had also scheduled them to face each other the following week to determine the number one contender for the WWE Championship at Fastlane.[41][42] The championship match at Fastlane eventually became a fatal five-way also involving Baron Corbin and Dolph Ziggler.[43]

text: In the mid-card, a fatal four-way match between Kofi Kingston of The New Day, Jinder Mahal, Zack Ryder, and Rusev occurred to determine the number one contender against Bobby Roode for the United States Championship, which was won by Rusev,[41] who was unsuccessful in winning the title.[42] Also following the Royal Rumble, SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan revealed the first-ever "SmackDown Top Ten List" as voted on by the SmackDown roster to see who the wrestlers thought should get a title opportunity.[41][42] This played into a storyline between Roode, who ranked 5th, Randy Orton, who ranked 9th, and Jinder Mahal, who did not rank, resulting in SmackDown Commissioner Shane McMahon scheduling Roode to defend the U.S. Championship against Orton at Fastlane.[44]

text: In the women's division, SmackDown Women's Champion Charlotte Flair praised the first-ever women's Royal Rumble match, but wished that she could have competed in it. She addressed Ronda Rousey's debut and questioned who her WrestleMania 34 opponent would be. The Riott Squad interrupted and Ruby Riott said Flair would not make it to WrestleMania and they attacked Flair. Carmella came out to try and cash-in her Money in the Bank briefcase on Flair, but was not able to as she accidentally knocked out the referee before the bell could ring.[41] After feuding with The Riott Squad over the next few weeks, Flair was scheduled to defend her title against Riott at Fastlane.[44]

text: Results[edit]

text:
No.
Results
Stipulations
Times[45][33][34]

1P
Kalisto, Gran Metalik, and Lince Dorado defeated TJP, Gentleman Jack Gallagher, and Drew Gulak
Six-man tag team match[46]
13:20

2P
The Revival (Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson) defeated Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson
Tag team match[47]
9:10

3P
Bobby Roode (c) defeated Mojo Rawley
Singles match for the WWE United States Championship[48]
7:45

4
AJ Styles (c) defeated Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn
Handicap match for the WWE Championship[49]
15:55

5
The Usos (Jey and Jimmy Uso) (c) defeated Chad Gable and Shelton Benjamin 2–0
2-out-of-3-falls match for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship[50]
13:55

6
Shinsuke Nakamura won by last eliminating Roman Reigns
30-man Royal Rumble match for a world championship match at WrestleMania 34[51]
1:05:27[52]

7
Cesaro and Sheamus defeated Seth Rollins and Jason Jordan (c)
Tag team match for the WWE Raw Tag Team Championship[53]
12:49

8
Brock Lesnar (c) (with Paul Heyman) defeated Kane and Braun Strowman
Triple threat match for the WWE Universal Championship[54]
10:55

9
Asuka won by last eliminating Nikki Bella
30-woman Royal Rumble match for a women's championship match at WrestleMania 34[55]
58:57[56]

(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match
P – indicates the match took place on the pre-show

text: Men's Royal Rumble match entrances and eliminations[edit]

text:
Draw
Entrant
Brand
Order
Eliminated by
Time[52]
Elimination(s)

01 !1
Rusev
SmackDown
12
Bray Wyatt & Matt Hardy
30:28
0

02 !2
Finn Bálor
Raw
27
John Cena
57:38
4

03 !3
Rhyno
Raw
1
Baron Corbin
02:06
0

04 !4
Baron Corbin
SmackDown
2
Finn Bálor
01:06
1

05 !5
Heath Slater
Raw
4
Bray Wyatt
00:33**
1

06 !6
Elias
Raw
15
John Cena
26:00
0

07 !7
Andrade "Cien" Almas
NXT
18
Randy Orton
29:24
1

08 !8
Bray Wyatt
Raw
13
Matt Hardy
20:38
3

09 !9
Big E
SmackDown
8
Jinder Mahal
14:14
0

10 !10
Sami Zayn*
SmackDown
5
Shinsuke Nakamura
06:57
0

11 !11
Sheamus
Raw
3
Heath Slater
00:02***
0

12 !12
Xavier Woods
SmackDown
7
Jinder Mahal
08:24
0

13 !13
Apollo Crews
Raw
6
Cesaro
05:16
0

14 !14
Shinsuke Nakamura
SmackDown
30 !—
Winner
4438 !44:38
03 !3

15 !15
Cesaro
Raw
9
Seth Rollins
05:08
1

16 !16
Kofi Kingston
SmackDown
11
Andrade "Cien" Almas
05:41
1

17 !17
Jinder Mahal
SmackDown
10
Kofi Kingston
03:48
2

18 !18
Seth Rollins
Raw
22
Roman Reigns
19:01
2

19 !19
Matt Hardy
Raw
14
Bray Wyatt
01:17
2

20 !20
John Cena
Free agent
28
Shinsuke Nakamura
29:14
3

21 !21
The Hurricane
Free agent
16
John Cena
00:45
0

22 !22
Aiden English
SmackDown
17
Finn Bálor
02:16
0

23 !23
Adam Cole
NXT
19
Rey Mysterio
06:52
0

24 !24
Randy Orton
SmackDown
25
Roman Reigns
13:55
1

25 !25
Titus O'Neil
Raw
20
Roman Reigns
06:07
0

26 !26
The Miz
Raw
21
Roman Reigns & Seth Rollins
05:20
0

27 !27
Rey Mysterio
Free agent
26
Finn Bálor
09:39
1

28 !28
Roman Reigns
Raw
29
Shinsuke Nakamura
21:52
4

29 !29
Goldust
Raw
23
Dolph Ziggler
02:43
0

30 !30
Dolph Ziggler
SmackDown
24
Finn Bálor
02:01
1

text:
(*) - Tye Dillinger was announced as the #10 entrant, but was attacked backstage by Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn, resulting in Zayn taking his spot.
(**) - Heath Slater spent significant time outside of the ring before officially entering the Rumble, due to being attacked by Baron Corbin and other wrestlers.
(***) - WWE.com's official website lists Sheamus' time to be 20 seconds,[57] but they have otherwise stated 2 seconds.[58][59][60][61]

text: Women's Royal Rumble match entrances and eliminations[edit]

text:
Draw
Entrant
Brand
Order
Eliminated by
Time[56]
Elimination(s)

01 !1
Sasha Banks
Raw
27
Brie Bella & Nikki Bella
54:46
3

02 !2
Becky Lynch
SmackDown
14
Ruby Riott
30:54
2

03 !3
Sarah Logan
SmackDown
7
Molly Holly
16:30
0

04 !4
Mandy Rose
Raw
1
Lita
03:52
0

05 !5
Lita
HOF
3
Becky Lynch
05:51
2

06 !6
Kairi Sane*
NXT
4
Dana Brooke
04:49
0

07 !7
Tamina
SmackDown
2
Lita
01:34
0

08 !8
Dana Brooke
Raw
5
Torrie Wilson
02:59
1

09 !9
Torrie Wilson
Free agent
6
Sonya Deville
03:04
1

10 !10
Sonya Deville
Raw
8
Michelle McCool
06:41
1

11 !11
Liv Morgan
SmackDown
9
Michelle McCool
05:12
0

12 !12
Molly Holly
Free agent
10
Michelle McCool
04:04
1

13 !13
Lana
SmackDown
11
Michelle McCool
02:54
0

14 !14
Michelle McCool
Free agent
13
Natalya
08:38
5

15 !15
Ruby Riott
SmackDown
17
Nia Jax
11:32
2

16 !16
Vickie Guerrero
Free agent
12
Becky Lynch, Michelle McCool, Ruby Riott, & Sasha Banks
00:57
0

17 !17
Carmella
SmackDown
21
Nikki Bella
18:45
0

18 !18
Natalya
SmackDown
25
Trish Stratus
25:34
3

19 !19
Kelly Kelly
Free agent
16
Nia Jax
05:02
0

20 !20
Naomi
SmackDown
18
Nia Jax
06:49
0

21 !21
Jacqueline
HOF
15
Nia Jax
01:52
0

22 !22
Nia Jax
Raw
23
Asuka, Bayley, Brie Bella, Natalya, Nikki Bella, & Trish Stratus
17:56
4

23 !23
Ember Moon
NXT
20
Asuka
06:14
0

24 !24
Beth Phoenix
HOF
19
Natalya
02:22
0

25 !25
Asuka
Raw
30 !—
Winner
1941 !19:41
03 !3

26 !26
Mickie James
Raw
22
Trish Stratus
08:24
0

27 !27
Nikki Bella
SmackDown
29
Asuka
16:30
4

28 !28
Brie Bella
Free agent
28
Nikki Bella
11:58
2

29 !29
Bayley
Raw
24
Sasha Banks
05:04
1

30 !30
Trish Stratus
HOF
26
Sasha Banks
05:36
3

text: (*) - Kairi Sane was a last minute replacement for Alicia Fox, who was originally scheduled to participate in the match, but got injured just prior to the event.[62]


document_title: Rain Man

question_text: what tv show did rainman have to watch

question_tokens: what tv show did rainman have to watch

text: Rain Man

text: Plot[edit]

text: Charlie Babbitt is in the middle of importing four Lamborghinis to Los Angeles for resale. He needs to deliver the vehicles to impatient buyers who have already made down payments in order to repay the loan he took out to buy the cars, but the EPA is holding the cars at the port due to the cars failing emissions regulations. Charlie directs an employee to lie to the buyers while he stalls his creditor.

text: When Charlie learns that his estranged father has died, he and his girlfriend Susanna travel to Cincinnati, Ohio, in order to settle the estate. He learns he is receiving the classic 1949 Buick Roadmaster convertible which he and his father fought over, but the bulk of the $3 million estate is going to an unnamed trustee. Through social engineering, he learns the money is being directed to a mental institution, where he meets his older brother, Raymond Babbitt, of whom he was previously unaware.

text: Raymond has savant syndrome and adheres to strict routines. He has superb recall, but he shows little emotional expression except when in distress. Charlie spirits Raymond out of the mental institution and into a hotel for the night. Susanna becomes upset with the way Charlie treats his brother and leaves. Charlie asks Raymond's doctor, Dr. Gerald R. Bruner, for half the estate in exchange for Raymond's return, but he refuses. Charlie decides to attempt to gain custody of his brother in order to get control of the money.

text: After Raymond refuses to fly back to Los Angeles, they set out on a cross-country road trip together. During the course of the journey, Charlie learns more about Raymond, including that he is a mental calculator with the ability to instantly count hundreds of objects at once, far beyond the normal range of human subitizing abilities. He also learns that Raymond actually lived with the family when Charlie was young and he realizes that the comforting figure from his childhood, whom he falsely remembered as an imaginary friend named "Rain Man", was actually Raymond.

text: They make slow progress because Raymond insists on sticking to his routines, which include watching Judge Wapner on television every day and getting to bed by 11:00 PM. He also objects to traveling on the interstate after they pass a bad accident.

text: After the Lamborghinis are seized by his creditor, Charlie finds himself $80,000 in the hole and hatches a plan to return to Las Vegas, which they passed the night before, and win money at blackjack by counting cards. Though the casino bosses are skeptical that anyone can count cards with a six deck shoe, after reviewing security footage they ask Charlie and Raymond to leave. Charlie has made enough to cover his debts and has reconciled with Susanna who rejoined them in Las Vegas.

text: Back in Los Angeles, Charlie meets with Dr. Bruner, who offers him $250,000 to walk away from Raymond. Charlie refuses and says that he is no longer upset about what his father left him, but he wants to have a relationship with his brother. At a meeting with a court-appointed psychiatrist Raymond is shown to be unable to decide for himself what he wants. Charlie stops the questioning and tells Raymond he is happy to have him as his brother.

text: Charlie takes Raymond to the train station where he boards an Amtrak train with Dr. Bruner to return to the mental institution. Charlie promises Raymond that he will visit in two weeks.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dustin Hoffman as Raymond "Ray" Babbitt
Tom Cruise as Charles "Charlie" Babbitt
Valeria Golino as Susanna
Jerry Molen as Dr. Bruner
Ralph Seymour as Lenny
Michael D. Roberts as Vern
Bonnie Hunt as Sally Dibbs
Beth Grant as Mother at Farm House
Lucinda Jenney as Iris

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Roger Birnbaum was the first studio executive to give the film a green light; he did so immediately after Barry Morrow pitched the story. Birnbaum received "special thanks" in the film's credits.[4]

text: Agents at CAA sent the script to Hoffman and Bill Murray, envisioning Murray in the title role and Hoffman in the role eventually portrayed by Cruise.[3] Martin Brest, Steven Spielberg, and Sydney Pollack were directors also involved in the film.[6] Mickey Rourke was also offered a role but he turned it down.[7]

text: Principal photography included nine weeks of filming on location.[8] Other portions were shot in the desert near Palm Springs, California.[9]:168–71

text: Almost all of the principal photography occurred during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike; one key scene that was affected by the lack of writers was the film's final scene.[3]  Bass delivered his last rough cut of the script only hours before the strike started and spent no time on the set.[6]

text: Release[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film has an approval rating of 89% on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 7.9/10, based on 73 reviews. The website's critical consensus states: "This road-trip movie about an autistic savant and his callow brother is far from seamless, but Barry Levinson's direction is impressive, and strong performances from Tom Cruise and Dustin Hoffman add to its appeal."[10] Metacritic gave the film a score of 65 out of 100 based on 18 critical reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[11]

text: Vincent Canby of The New York Times called Rain Man a "becomingly modest, decently thought-out, sometimes funny film"; Hoffman's performance was a "display of sustained virtuosity . . . [which] makes no lasting connections with the emotions. Its end effect depends largely on one's susceptibility to the sight of an actor acting nonstop and extremely well, but to no particularly urgent dramatic purpose."[12] Canby considered the "film's true central character" to be "the confused, economically and emotionally desperate Charlie, beautifully played by Mr. Cruise."[12]

text: Amy Dawes of Variety wrote that "one of the year's most intriguing film premises ... is given uneven, slightly off-target treatment"; she called the road scenes "hastily, loosely written, with much extraneous screen time," but admired the last third of the film, calling it a depiction of "two very isolated beings" who "discover a common history and deep attachment."[8]

text: One of the film's harshest reviews came from New Yorker magazine critic Pauline Kael, who said, "Everything in this movie is fudged ever so humanistically, in a perfunctory, low-pressure way. And the picture has its effectiveness: people are crying at it. Of course they're crying at it–it's a piece of wet kitsch.[13]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half stars out of four.[14]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Rain Man debuted on December 16, 1988, and was the second highest-grossing film at the weekend box office (behind Twins), with $7 million.[15] It reached the first spot on the December 30 – January 2 weekend, finishing 1988 with $42 million.[16] The film would end up as the highest-grossing U.S. film of 1988 by earning over $172 million. The film grossed over $354 million worldwide.[1]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Rain Man won Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Actor in a Leading Role (Dustin Hoffman), Best Director and Best Writing, Original Screenplay. It was nominated for Best Art Direction (Art Direction: Ida Random; Set Decoration: Linda DeScenna), Best Cinematography (John Seale), Best Film Editing, and Best Original Score (Hans Zimmer).[17]

text: The film was nominated for twenty-four other ceremonies, including the Golden Globes, in which it won Best Motion Picture in the drama genre and Best Actor (Dustin Hoffman), and was nominated for Best Director (Barry Levinson) and Best Screenplay (Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow). Valeria Golino received a nomination for Best Supporting Actress at the Silver Ribbon.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Rain Man's portrayal of the main character's condition has been seen as inaugurating a common but mistaken media stereotype that people on the autism spectrum typically have savant skills, and references to Rain Man, in particular Dustin Hoffman's performance, have become a popular shorthand for autism and savantism. Conversely, Rain Man has also been seen as dispelling a number of other misconceptions about autism, and improving public awareness of the failure of many agencies to accommodate autistic people and make use of the abilities they do have, regardless of whether they have savant skills or not.[18]

text: The film is also known for popularizing the misconception that card counting is illegal in the United States.[19]

text: Qantas and airline controversy[edit]

text: During June 1989, at least fifteen major airlines showed edited versions of Rain Man that omitted a scene involving Raymond's refusal to fly, except on Australia-based Qantas. Those criticizing this move included film director Barry Levinson, co-screenwriter Ronald Bass, and George Kirgo (at the time the President of the Writers Guild of America, West). "I think it's a key scene to the entire movie," Levinson said in a telephone interview. "That's why it's in there. It launches their entire odyssey across country – because they couldn't fly." While some of those airlines cited as justification avoiding having airplane passengers feel uncomfortable in sympathy with Raymond during the in-flight entertainment, the scene was shown intact on flights of Qantas, and commentators noted that Raymond mentions it as the only airline whose planes have "never crashed".[20][21] The film is in fact credited with introducing Qantas' safety record to U.S. consumers.[22][23]


document_title: The Lovely Bones

question_text: what did the killer do to susie in the lovely bones

text: The Lovely Bones

text: Title[edit]

text: The novel's title is taken from a quotation at the story's conclusion, when Susie ponders her friends' and family's newfound strength after her death:

text: These were the lovely bones that had grown around my absence: the connections—sometimes tenuous, sometimes made at great cost, but often magnificent—that happened after I was gone. And I began to see things in a way that let me hold the world without me in it. The events my death brought were merely the bones of a body that would become whole at some unpredictable time in the future. The price of what I came to see as this miraculous body had been my life.[1]

text: Plot[edit]

text: On December 6, 1973, 14-year-old Susie Salmon takes her usual shortcut home from her school through a cornfield in Norristown, Pennsylvania. George Harvey, her 36-year-old neighbor who lives alone and builds doll houses for a living, persuades her to have a look at an underground den he has recently dug in the field. Once she enters, he rapes and murders her, then dismembers her body, putting her remains in a safe that he dumps in a sinkhole. Susie's spirit flees toward her personal heaven, and in doing so, rushes past one of her classmates, social outcast Ruth Connors.

text: The Salmon family at first refuses to believe that Susie is dead, until a neighbor's dog finds Susie's elbow. The police talk to Harvey, finding him strange but seeing no reason to suspect him. Susie's father, Jack, begins to suspect Harvey, a sentiment his surviving daughter Lindsey comes to share. Jack takes an extended leave from work. Meanwhile, another of Susie's classmates, Ray Singh, who had a crush on Susie in school and had made plans to go out with her a few days before her murder, develops a relationship with Ruth, as they are drawn together by their connection with Susie.

text: Later, Len Fenerman, the detective assigned to the case, tells the Salmons the police have exhausted all leads and are dropping the investigation. That night in his study, Jack looks out the window and sees a flashlight in the cornfield. Thinking it is Harvey returning to destroy more evidence, he runs out to confront him, armed with a baseball bat. The figure is not Harvey, but Clarissa, Susie's best friend who is dating Brian, one of Susie's classmates. As Susie watches in horror from heaven, Brian—who was going to meet Clarissa in the cornfield—nearly beats Jack to death, and Clarissa breaks Jack's knee. While he recovers from knee replacement surgery, Susie's mother, Abigail, begins cheating on Jack with the widowed Fenerman.

text: Trying to help her father prove his suspicions, Lindsey sneaks into Harvey's house and finds a diagram of the underground den, but is forced to leave when Harvey returns unexpectedly. The police do not arrest Lindsey for breaking and entering. Harvey flees from Norristown. Later, evidence is discovered linking Harvey to Susie's murder as well as to those of several other girls. Meanwhile, Susie meets Harvey's other victims in heaven and sees into his traumatic childhood.

text: Abigail leaves Jack and eventually takes a job at a winery in California. Her mother, Grandma Lynn, moves into the Salmons' home to care for Buckley (Susie's younger brother) and Lindsey. Eight years later, Lindsey and her boyfriend, Samuel Heckler, become engaged after finishing college, find an old house in the woods owned by a classmate's father, and decide to fix it up and live there. Sometime after the celebration, while arguing with his son Buckley, Jack suffers a heart attack. The emergency prompts Abigail to return from California, but the reunion is tempered by Buckley's lingering bitterness for her having abandoned the family for most of his childhood.

text: Meanwhile, Harvey returns to Norristown, which has become more developed. He explores his old neighborhood and notices the school is being expanded into the cornfield where he murdered Susie. He drives by the sinkhole where Susie's body rests and where Ruth and Ray are standing. Ruth senses the women Harvey has killed and is physically overcome. Susie, watching from heaven, is also overwhelmed with emotion and feels how she and Ruth transcend their present existence, and the two girls exchange positions: Susie, her spirit now in Ruth's body, connects with Ray, who senses Susie's presence and is stunned by the fact that Susie is briefly back with him. The two make love as Susie has longed to do after witnessing her sister and Samuel. Afterwards, Susie returns to heaven.

text: Susie moves on into another, larger part of heaven, occasionally watching earthbound events. Lindsey and Samuel have a daughter together named Abigail Suzanne. While stalking a young woman in New Hampshire, Harvey is hit on the shoulder by an icicle and falls to his death down a snow-covered slope into the ravine below. At the end of the novel, a Norristown couple finds Susie's charm bracelet but don't realize its significance, and Susie closes the story by wishing the reader "a long and happy life".

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Susie Salmon, a 14-year-old girl who is raped and murdered in the first chapter. She narrates the novel from Heaven, witnessing the events on earth and experiencing hopes and longings for the everyday things she can no longer do.
Jack Salmon, her father, who works for an insurance agency in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania. After Susie's death, he is consumed with guilt at having failed to save her.
Abigail Salmon, her mother, whose growing family responsibilities frustrate her youthful dreams. After her daughter's death, she leaves her husband and moves to California, but returns years later.
Lindsey Salmon, Susie's younger sister by one year. She tries to help her father investigate Harvey.
Buckley Salmon, Susie's younger brother by 10 years. His unplanned birth forced Abigail to cancel her plans for a teaching career. He sometimes sees Susie while she watches him in her heaven.
Grandma Lynn, Abigail's mother, an eccentric alcoholic who comes to live with the Salmons when her son-in-law asks her to help Abigail cope with Susie's death. After Abigail leaves, Lynn helps raise her grandchildren.
George Harvey, the Salmons' neighbor. A serial killer of young girls, he murders Susie and goes unpunished, even though the Salmons come to suspect him. He eventually leaves Norristown to escape the investigation and continues killing as he moves across the country. Years later, he dies in an accident while stalking a potential victim. Throughout the novel Susie refers to him as Mr. Harvey, the name she had addressed him by in life.
Ruth Connors, a classmate whom Susie's spirit touches as Susie leaves the earth. Ruth becomes fascinated with Susie, despite having barely known her while she was alive, and begins writing about seeing visions of the dead.
Ray Singh, a boy from India (via England), the first and only boy to kiss Susie, who later becomes Ruth's friend. He is first suspected by the police of murdering Susie, but he later proves his alibi. He is the one Susie spends her short time on earth with that she is granted years after her death.
Ruana Singh, Ray's mother, with whom Abigail Salmon sometimes smokes cigarettes.
Samuel Heckler, Lindsey's boyfriend and later her husband.
Hal Heckler, Sam's older brother who runs a motorcycle repair shop.
Len Fenerman, the police detective in charge of investigating Susie's death. His wife commits suicide some time before the events of the novel take place, and he later has an affair with Abigail.
Clarissa, Susie's best friend, whom Susie explains that she admires, because Clarissa was always allowed to do things Susie was not, like wear platform shoes and smoke.
Nate, Buckley's best friend, who screams for help when he's choking.
Brian Nelson, Clarissa's boyfriend. He sees Jack Salmon holding a bat, with a distraught Clarissa nearby. He assumes Clarissa is Jack's victim and takes the bat, beating up Jack.
Holly, Susie's best friend in heaven. While the text does not say so explicitly, it is implied she is Vietnamese American. She has no accent and took her name from Audrey Hepburn's character Holly Golightly in Breakfast at Tiffany's.
Franny, a woman who worked as a social worker before being shot. She becomes Susie and Holly's mentor in their Heaven.
Mr. Dewitt, the boys' soccer coach at school. Mr. Dewitt encourages Lindsey, a successful athlete, to try out for his team.
Mrs. Dewitt, Mr. Dewitt's wife, an English teacher at Susie's school. She teaches both Lindsey and Susie.
Holiday, Susie's dog.
Principal Caden, the principal of Susie and Lindsey's school.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critics in the US were generally positive, many noting that the story had more promise than the idea of a brutally murdered teenage girl going to heaven and following her family and friends as they get on with their lives would have suggested. "This is a high-wire act for a first novelist, and Alice Sebold maintains almost perfect balance", wrote Katherine Bouton in The New York Times Book Review.[2]

text: Ali Smith of The Guardian wrote that The Lovely Bones  "is a determined reiteration of innocence, a teeth-gritted celebration of something not dismembered or shattered at all, but continuous: the notion of the American family unit, dysfunctional, yes, but pure and good nonetheless."[3] The Observer's Philip Hensher considers that while the novel "ultimately it seems like a slick, overpoweringly saccharine and unfeeling exercise in sentiment and whimsy".[4]

text: Hensher notes too that "It's a very God-free heaven, with no suggestion that anyone has been judged, or found wanting," Philip Hensher stated in The Observer.[4] However, Sebold has stated that the book is not intended to be religious, "but if people want to take things and interpret them, then I can't do anything about that. It is a book that has faith and hope and giant universal themes in it, but it's not meant to be, 'This is the way you should look at the afterlife'".[5]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: Director Peter Jackson secured the book's film rights.  In a 2005 interview, he stated the reader has "an experience when you read the book that is unlike any other. I don't want the tone or the mood to be different or lost in the film."  In the same interview, regarding Susie's heaven, he said the movie version would endeavor to make it appear "somehow ethereal and emotional, but it can't be hokey".[6] The film stars Saoirse Ronan as Susie Salmon, Mark Wahlberg as Jack Salmon, Stanley Tucci as George Harvey, Rachel Weisz as Abigail Salmon, Susan Sarandon as Susie's Grandmother Lynn, and Rose McIver as Lindsey Salmon.

text: The film opened to a limited release in three U.S. theaters on December 11, 2009,[7] and received international and wide release on January 15, 2010. It met with mixed reviews, but nonetheless garnered an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor (Tucci).

text: Stage adaptation[edit]

text: A stage adaptation of the novel, adapted by Bryony Lavery and directed by Melly Still, will be presented in a co-production between Birmingham Repertory Theatre, Royal & Derngate, Northampton and Northern Stage, Newcastle in association with Liverpool Everyman & Playhouse. It will tour these theatres as well as New Wolsey Theatre, Ipswich in autumn 2018.[8]


document_title: Meteor Garden

question_text: what is the meaning of f in f4 in meteor garden

text: Meteor Garden

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The story centers around a poor teenage girl Shān Cài (Barbie Shu), who at the insistence of her parents goes to a university for rich people. The university is dominated by Dào Míng Sì (Jerry Yan), Huā Zé Lèi (Vic Zhou), Měi Zuò (Vanness Wu) and Xī Mén (Ken Chu)—four rich, handsome but arrogant students collectively known as the 'F4', short for 'Flower 4'. They are heirs to four rich and influential families in Taiwan. They terrorize the school by handing out red cards to those they do not like, which allows other students to bully the victims until they leave the school.

text: After one of Shān Cài's friends receives the wrath of the F4's leader, Dào Míng Sì, she stands up to and berates him, which in turn results in a red card of her own. However, her persistence in standing up for what is right gradually gains the F4's respect and Dào Míng Sì starts to fall for her.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Drama character
Actor
Manga character
Characteristics

Dǒng Shān Cài (董杉菜)
Barbie Shu
Makino Tsukushi
She is a hardworking, tough girl who always defends the weak. She thinks herself as a 'weed' of her school. She first likes Hua Ze Lei, but then starts to have feelings for Dao Ming Si. As her life gets tougher, she just keeps enduring, earning the respect of all the F4 boys and soon becomes good friends with them

Dào Míng Sì (道明寺)
Jerry Yan
Doumyouji Tsukasa
He is the stubborn, hot-headed leader of F4, and is distrustful of everyone but his three childhood friends. He thinks money can solve anything. He is at first is angry at Shan Cai for her defiance but, over time, he comes to love her.

Huā Zé Lèi (花澤類)
Vic Zhou
Hanazawa Rui
He is a quiet, superior but a kind boy whose opinion Dao Ming Si relies on. His friendship with Dao Ming Si almost ends over Shan Cai. He loves his childhood friend, Jing. He becomes Shan Cai's protector and close friend, and later falls in love with her. He is the most sensible of F4.

Xī Mén (西門)
Ken Chu
Nishikado Soujiro
He is a fun-loving playboy of F4 that only date girls no longer than a week and close to Zuoling. He is nice to neah
. Xiaoyou is attracted to him.

Měi Zuò (美作)
Vanness Wu
Mimasaka Akira
He is the other playboy and legitimate member of F4. Also, he is the joker who is very loyal to his group of friends. He is also nice to Shan Cai.

text: Supporting[edit]

text:
Drama character
Actor
Manga character
Characteristics

Shan Cai's mother(杉菜母)
Wang Yue (王月)
Keiko Makino
While she is a loving mother, she is desperate to get Shancai married to a rich man. She is the one who uses some contacts she has to get Shancai into the F4's school.

Shan Cai's father(杉菜父)
Dong Zhicheng (董至成)
Haruo Makino
He is always sneaking food and seems to have no luck with his job which he later loses. He seems to always cause the family financial problems.

Xiao You (小優)
Rainie Yang
Yuki Matsuoka
She is Shancai's best friend and has romantic feelings towards Xi Men.

Teng Tang Jing(藤堂靜)
Winnie Qian(錢韋杉)
Shizuka Todou
She is very close to Lei. While he loves her, she seems to see him as a younger brother most of the time. At the end she persuades Lei to go back to Paris with her, which he did.

Li Zhen (李真)
Ye An Tin(葉安婷)
Sakurako Sanjou
She at first seems to be Shancai's only friend at school, but later betrays her.

Chen Qing He(陳青和)
Edward Ou
Kazuya Aoike
He is a childhood school friend of Shancai whose father gains a sudden fortune and joins her school. He is also in love with Shancai but is willing to stay her friend only.

Dao Ming Zhuang(道明莊)
Mary Hsu(徐華鳳)
Tsubaki Domyouji
She is Dao Ming Si's older sister. She is very violent and always seems to hit Dao Ming Si.

Dao Ming Feng(道明楓)
Zhen Xiu (甄秀珍)
Kaede Domyouji
She is Dao Ming Si's controlling mother. She is very strict and everything mostly goes
her way. She uses many different cruel ways to get Shancai away from Dao Ming Si.

Hé Yuán Zī (何原滋)
Ke Huan Ru(柯奐如)
Shigeru Ookawahara
She is a strong-willed girl who is engaged to Si by their parents to merge companies. She asks to be Shancai's friend and Shancai cannot say no as she likes Xiaozi despite being engaged to Si. Xiaozi does all she can to get Si to love her, but gives up when she knows that Si will always love Shancai and starts to help them be together.

Bai He (百合)
Zheng Mei Dai

Ya-men (亞門)
Lan Cheng-lung
Amon Kunisawa
Handsome and appealing a reminiscent of Dao Ming Sim YA-men was a part-time research student He was hired Dao Ming Feng to seduce San cai however, he became interested in Shan Cai and gave up the deal.

text: Difference from other versions[edit]

text:
Shan Cai's Japanese and Korean counterparts, Tsukushi and Jan Di, had a younger brother who played a small part in the story.
Meteor Garden was set in a university while the Japanese and Korean versions occurred in a high school (escalator) school.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Meteor GardenSoundtrack album by Various ArtistsReleased
14 August 2001Genre
MandopopLanguage
Mandarin and EnglishLabel
EMI

text: Meteor Garden Original Soundtrack (流星花園 電視原聲帶) was released on 14 August 2001 by Various Artists under EMI. It contains thirteen songs, in which ten songs are English songs. The opening theme song is "Qing Fei De Yi" or "Can't Help Falling for You" by Harlem Yu, while the ending theme song is by Penny Dai entitled "你要的愛" or "The Love You Want".[3]

text: The track, "情非得已" (Cant Help Falling In Love With You) was listed at number 21 on Hit Fm Taiwan's Hit Fm Annual Top 100 Singles Chart (Hit-Fm年度百首單曲) for 2001.[4]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: No.TitleSinger(s)Length1."Love of My Life" (道明寺傷心之歌)Queen 2."Can't Help Falling in You" (情非得已 (Qing Fei De Yi))Harlem Yu 3."Perfect Moment" (杉菜與花澤類之歌)Martine McCutcheon 4."And I Love You So" (花澤類的成全)Don McLean 5."I Honestly Love You" (告白)Olivia Newton-John 6."When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman" (道明寺的初戀進行曲)Dr Hook 7."Loving You" (西門的約會)Minnie Ripperton 8."Never Surrender" (我是雜草杉菜)Corey Hart 9."Almost Over You" (BYE BYE! 花澤類)Sheena Easton 10."Settling" (杉菜的傷心之歌)Tara MacLean 11."I'll Never Fall in Love Again" (分手)Emma 12."流星項鍊" (鄭鈞╱流星 (Yellow) (Coldplay Cover))Zheng Jun 13."The Love You Want" (你要的愛)Penny Dai

text: International broadcasts[edit]

text:
Indonesia: first broadcast on Indosiar and reran on Trans TV, Trans7, RTV and RCTI. Meteor Garden was hugely successful and set Asian drama phenomenon in the country at that time.[5] The success naturally led to the making of the Indonesian rip-off of the series, titled Siapa Takut Jatuh Cinta, starring Leony Vitria Hartanti and Indra Bruggman.
Japan: The series was first shown on Japan via Tokyo MX and Chiba Television Broadcasting in 2003. It later broacasted in satellite television stations BS Nippon Corporation under the name Ryūsei Hanazono ~Hana Yori Dango~ (流星花園〜花より男子〜, lit. "Meteor Garden ~Boys over Flowers") on October 10, 2003.
Philippines: On 5 May 2003 The series was first shown in the Philippines on ABS-CBN. Like the Indonesian broadcast, the series became a huge hit becoming one of the highest rated TV series in the country. Due to the success of the series, F4 and Barbie was invited to the Philippines to stage a concert in the country and to do several product endorsements for major products such as Pepsi and Pantene. Walt Disney also chose F4 to promote the film Lilo & Stitch in the country by airing the music video of the cover "Can't Help Falling In Love" which was originally intended to be used only in China.
It was also broadcast on GMA in July 2007 with a different dubbing due to change of broadcasting network which resulted to a different rating.
On 31 March 2014, Meteor Garden was shown again on ABS-CBN. The return of the series on ABS-CBN generated a huge buzz on the internet becoming a worldwide trending topic on Twitter and one of the most searched keywords in Google Philippines.[6][7][8] The series has also been shown on other ABS-CBN owned channels such as on Jeepney TV.
Hong Kong: broadcast on ATV Home and TVB Jade
Singapore: broadcast on MediaCorp Channel 8
Xing Kong (STAR TV General Mandarin Channel): broadcast Meteor Garden in the last quarter of 2008 in original Chinese audio with Chinese subtitles as part of Boys Over Flowers Trilogy along with Japanese and South Korean adaptations such as Hana Yori Dango, Hana Yori Dango Returns and Boys Over Flowers.
Thailand: broadcast on Channel 3 in 2002.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: A chinese remake of the series was announced and to be premiered in July 9, 2018.[9]


document_title: Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)

question_text: who is the current leader of the official opposition in ontario

text: Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)

text:
Leader of the Opposition

Incumbent
Vic Fedeli Vic Fedeli
since 26 January 2018

Member of
Legislative Assembly of Ontario

Term length
While leader of the largest party not in government

Inaugural holder
Edward Blake

Formation
1869; 149 years ago (1869)

text: The Leader of the Official Opposition in Ontario is the leader of the largest party in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario which is not part of the government. The current official opposition is formed by the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario (PC).

text: The Leader of the Opposition is currently former interim PC leader Vic Fedeli, who was elected by the PC caucus following the resignation of Patrick Brown due to sexual misconduct allegations. Fedeli continues to serve as Leader of the Opposition after the election of Doug Ford as PC leader on 10 March 2018 as Ford currently does not have a seat in the Ontario Legislature.

text: Ontario's first Leader of the Opposition was Edward Blake of the Ontario Liberal Party who held the position from 1869 until 1871 when he became Premier of Ontario (Archibald McKellar had previously led the Liberal Party in the legislature for two years, but was not formally recognized as opposition leader). Ten Leaders were Premier before after they served this post.

text: Archibald McKellar (Liberal) 1867-1869 was not formally recognized as opposition leader, but led the Liberal Party in the legislature.

text: List of Leaders of the Official Opposition in Ontario[edit]

text:
#
Leader
Party
Took office
Left office

    1.
Edward Blake
Liberal
December 1869
December 1871

    2.
Matthew Crooks Cameron
Conservative
December 1871
1878

    3.
William Ralph Meredith
October 1878
October 1894

    4.
George Marter
October 1894
April 1896

    5.
James Whitney
April 1896
January 1905

    6.
George William Ross
Liberal
February 1905
January 1907

    7.
George Graham
January 1907
August 1907

    8.
Alexander Grant MacKay
August 1907
1911

    9.
Newton Wesley Rowell
December 1911
1917

    10.
William Proudfoot
February 1918
October 1919

    11.
Hartley Dewart
1919
October 1921

    12.
Wellington Hay
March 1922
June 1923

    13.
William Sinclair 1 2
August 1923
June 1934

    14.
George Henry
Conservative
July 1935
December 1938

    15.
George Drew
Conservative/Progressive Conservative
1939
1943

    16.
Ted Jolliffe
CCF
August 1943
June 1945

    17.
Farquhar Oliver
Liberal
July 1945
June 1948

     -
Ted Jolliffe (second time)
CCF
July 1948
November 1951

     -
Farquhar Oliver3 (second time)
Liberal
1951
April 1958

    18.
John Wintermeyer
April 1958
August 1963

     -
Farquhar Oliver 4 (third time)
October 1963
September 1964

    19.
Andy Thompson
September 1964
November 1966

    20.
Robert Nixon
February 1967
September 18, 1975

    21.
Stephen Lewis
NDP
October 28, 1975
April 29, 1977

    22.
Stuart Smith
Liberal
June 1977
September 1981

     -
Robert Nixon5 (second time)
January 25, 1982
February 21, 1982

    23.
David Peterson
February 1982
June 1985

    24.
Frank Miller
Progressive Conservative
1985
1985

    25.
Larry Grossman
1985
1987

    26.
Bob Rae
NDP
1987
1990

     -
Robert Nixon 6 (third time)
Liberal
November 20, 1990
July 31, 1991[1]

    27.
Murray Elston 7
1991
1991

    28.
Jim Bradley 8
1991
1992

    29.
Lyn McLeod
1992
1996

    30.
Dalton McGuinty
1996
2003

    31.
Ernie Eves
Progressive Conservative
2003
2004

    32.
Bob Runciman 9
2004
2005

    33.
John Tory
2005
2007

     -
Bob Runciman10 (second time)
2007
2009

    34.
Tim Hudak
2009
2014

    35.
Jim Wilson11
2014
2015

    36.
Patrick Brown
2015
2018

    37.
Vic Fedeli12
2018
—

text: 1The Liberals were recognized as the Official Opposition following the 1923 election by the governing Conservatives, despite the fact that the United Farmers of Ontario had more seats. According to historian Peter Oliver, this was an arbitrary decision without basis in precedent or law. Conservative Premier G. Howard Ferguson used as justification an announcement by UFO general secretary James J. Morrison that the UFO would be withdrawing from party politics, though Oliver argues that this was facetious logic. UFO parliamentary leader Manning Doherty protested the decision, but to no avail. (source: Peter Oliver, G. Howard Ferguson: Ontario Tory, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977), p. 158.)

text: 2From 1930, the Liberal Party was led by Mitchell Hepburn, but Sinclair continued as Leader of the Opposition as Hepburn did not seek a seat in the legislature until the 1934 general election which made him Premier.

text: 3 Until 1954, the Liberals were led from outside the legislature by Walter Thomson with Oliver as acting Leader of the Opposition. Oliver led the party in his own right (for a second time) from 1954 until 1958.

text: 4 Interim Liberal leader following the personal defeat of Wintermeyer in the 1963 provincial election until Thompson's election as leader.

text: 5 Interim Liberal leader of the partyfollowing the resignation of Stuart Smith.

text: 6 Interim Liberal leader of the party following the personal defeat of Premier David Peterson in the 1990 election.

text: 7 Elston became interim Liberal leader when Nixon resigned from the legislature to accept a federal appointment. Elston stepped down in November when he decided to be a candidate at the Liberal leadership convention.

text: 8 Interim Liberal leader between resignation of Elston and election of McLeod.

text: 9 John Tory was chosen as leader of the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party on September 18, 2004, but did not hold a seat in the legislature. On September 28 the party announced that Bob Runciman would act as interim PC leader until Tory entered the legislature. Tory was elected to represent Dufferin--Peel--Wellington--Grey on March 17, 2005 and was sworn in as an MPP and leader of the opposition on March 29, 2005.

text: 10 As Ontario PC leader John Tory did not win a seat in the 2007 election, he appointed Runciman as interim PC leader. (Tory had been running in the Don Valley West riding.) After spending more than a year outside the legislature, Tory sought a seat in the March 5, 2009 by-election in Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock.[2] He lost this by-election, and thereafter resigned as party leader, being replaced by Hudak.

text: 11 Wilson served as interim leader of the Progressive Conservative party following the resignation of Tim Hudak and continued to serve as Leader of the Opposition after Patrick Brown became party leader on May 9, 2015, until September when Brown won a seat in the legislature through a by-election.[3]

text: 12Vic Fedeli was chosen interim leader of the PC Party by caucus on January 26, 2018, one day after Patrick Brown resigned due to allegations of sexual misconduct. He continued to serve as Leader of the Opposition after Doug Ford became party leader on March 10, 2018, as Ford does not have a seat in the legislature at present.