document_title: Circular flow of income

question_text: 3 leakages from the circular flow of income

text: Circular flow of income

text: Overview[edit]

text: The circular flow of income is a concept for better understanding of the economy as a whole and for example the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPAs). In its most basic form it considers a simple economy consisting solely of businesses and individuals, and can be represented in a so-called "circular flow diagram." In this simple economy, individuals provide the labour that enables businesses to produce goods and services. These activities are represented by the green lines in the diagram.[4]

text:
Alternatively, one can think of these transactions in terms of the monetary flows that occur. Businesses provide individuals with income (in the form of compensation) in exchange for their labor. That income is spent on the goods and services businesses produce.
These activities are represented by the blue lines in the diagram above.[4]

text: The circular flow diagram illustrates the interdependence of the “flows,” or activities, that occur in the economy, such as the production of goods and services (or the “output” of the economy) and the income generated from that production. The circular flow also illustrates the equality between the income earned from production and the value of goods and services produced.[4]

text:
Of course, the total economy is much more complicated than the illustration above. An economy involves interactions between not only individuals and businesses, but also Federal, state, and local governments and residents of the rest of the world. Also not shown in this simple illustration of the economy are other aspects of economic activity such as investment in capital (produced—or fixed—assets such as structures, equipment, research and development, and software), flows of financial capital (such as stocks, bonds, and bank deposits),
and the contributions of these flows to the accumulation of fixed assets.[4]

text: History[edit]

text: Cantillon[edit]

text: One of the earliest ideas on the circular flow was explained in the work of 18th century Irish-French economist Richard Cantillon,[2] who was influenced by prior economists, especially William Petty.[6] Cantillon described the concept in his 1730 Essay on the Nature of Trade in General, in chapter 11, entitled "The Par or Relation between the Value of Land and Labor" to chapter 13, entitled "The Circulation and Exchange of Goods and Merchandise, as well as their Production, are Carried On in Europe by Entrepreneurs, and at a Risk." Thornton eds. (2010) further explained:

text: Cantillon distinguished at least five types of economic agents: property owners, farmers, entrepreneurs, labors and artisans, as expressed in the contemporary diagram of the Cantillon’s Circular Flow Economy.[5]

text: Quesnay[edit]

text: François Quesnay further developed these concepts, and was the first to visualize these interactions over time in the so-called Tableau économique.[3] Quesnay believed that trade and industry were not sources of wealth, and instead in his 1758 book Tableau économique (Economic Table) argued that agricultural surpluses, by flowing through the economy in the form of rent, wages, and purchases were the real economic movers, for two reasons.

text:
First, regulation impedes the flow of income throughout all social classes and therefore economic development.
Second, taxes on the productive classes such as farmers should be reduced in favor of higher taxes for unproductive classes such as landowners, since their luxurious way of life distorts the income flow.

text: The model Quesnay created consisted of three economic agents: The "Proprietary" class consisted of only landowners. The "Productive" class consisted of all agricultural laborers. The "Sterile" class is made up of artisans and merchants. The flow of production and/or cash between the three classes started with the Proprietary class because they own the land and they buy from both of the other classes. Quesnay visualised the steps in the process in the Tableau économique.

text: Marx[edit]

text: In Marxian economics, economic reproduction refers to recurrent (or cyclical) processes[8] by which the initial conditions necessary for economic activity to occur are constantly re-created.[9]

text: Economic reproduction involves the physical production and distribution of goods and services, the trade (the circulation via exchanges and transactions) of goods and services, and the consumption of goods and services (both productive or intermediate consumption and final consumption).

text: Karl Marx developed the original insights of Quesnay to model the circulation of capital, money, and commodities in the second volume of Das Kapital to show how the reproduction process that must occur in any type of society can take place in capitalist society by means of the circulation of capital.[10]

text: Marx distinguishes between "simple reproduction" and "expanded (or enlarged) reproduction".[11] In the former case, no economic growth occurs, while in the latter case, more is produced than is needed to maintain the economy at the given level, making economic growth possible. In the capitalist mode of production, the difference is that in the former case, the new surplus value created by wage-labour is spent by the employer on consumption (or hoarded), whereas in the latter case, part of it is reinvested in production.

text: Further developments[edit]

text: An important development was John Maynard Keynes' 1933 publication of the General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Keynes' assistant Richard Stone further developed the concept for the United Nations (UN) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to the systems, which is now used internationally.

text: The first to visualize the modern circular flow of income model was Frank Knight in 1933 publication of The Economic Organization.[12] Knight (1933) explained:

text: Knight pictured a circulation of money and circulation of economic value between people (individuals, families) and business enterprises as a group,[14] explaining: "The general character of an enterprise system, reduced to its very simplest terms, can be illustrated by a diagram showing the exchange of productive power for consumption goods between individuals and business units, mediated by the circulation of money, and suggesting the familiar figure of the wheel of wealth."[15]

text: Types of models[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Two sector model[edit]

text: In the basic circular flow of income, or two sector circular flow of income model, the state of equilibrium is defined as a situation in which there is no tendency for the levels of income (Y), expenditure (E) and output (O) to change, that is:

text: Y = E = O

text: This means that the expenditure of buyers (households) becomes income for sellers (firms). The firms then spend this income on factors of production such as labour, capital and raw materials, "transferring" their income to the factor owners. The factor owners spend this income on goods which leads to a circular flow of income.

text: This basic circular flow of income model consists of six assumptions:

text:
The economy consists of two sectors: households and firms.
Households spend all of their income (Y) on goods and services or consumption (C). There is no saving (S).
All output (O) produced by firms is purchased by households through their expenditure (E).
There is no financial sector.
There is no government sector.
There is no foreign sector

tag: ol

text: Three sector model[edit]

text: It includes household sector, producing sector and government sector. It will study a circular flow income in these sectors excluding rest of the world i.e. closed economy income. Here flows from household sector and producing sector to government sector are in the form of taxes. The income received from the government sector flows to producing and household sector in the form of payments for government purchases of goods and services as well as payment of subsidies and transfer payments. Every payment has a receipt in response of it by which aggregate expenditure of an economy becomes identical to aggregate income and makes this circular flow unending.

text: Four sector model[edit]

text: A modern monetary economy comprises a network of four sector economy these are:

text:
Household sector
Firms or Producing sector
Government sector
Financial sector.

text: Each of the above sectors receives some payments from the other in lieu of goods and services which makes a regular flow of goods and physical services. Money facilitates such an exchange smoothly. A residual of each market comes in capital market as saving which in turn is invested in firms and government sector. Technically speaking, so long as lending is equal to the borrowing i.e. leakage is equal to injections, the circular flow will continue indefinitely. However, this job is done by financial institutions in the economy.

text: Five sector model[edit]

text: In the five sector model the economy is divided into five sectors:[16]

text:
Household sector
Firms or Producing sector
Financial sector : banks and non-bank intermediaries who engage in the borrowing (savings from households) and lending of money
Government sector : consists of the economic activities of local, state and federal governments.
Rest of the world sector: transforms the model from a closed economy to an open economy.

text: The five sector model of the circular flow of income is a more realistic representation of the economy. Unlike the two sector model where there are six assumptions the five sector circular flow relaxes all six assumptions. Since the first assumption is relaxed there are three more sectors introduced.

text: Circular flow of income topics[edit]

text: Leakages and injections[edit]

text: In the five sector model, there are leakages and injections

text:
Leakage means withdrawal from the flow. When households and firms save part of their incomes it constitutes leakage. They may be in form of savings, tax payments, and imports. Leakages reduce the flow of income.
Injection means introduction of income into the flow. When households and firms borrow the savings, they constitute injections. Injections increase the flow of income. Injections can take the forms of investment, government spending and exports. As long as leakages are equal to injections, the circular flow of income continues indefinitely. Financial institutions or capital market play the role of intermediaries. This means that income individuals receive from businesses and the goods and services that are sold to them do not count as injections or leakages, as no new money is being introduced to the flow and  no money is being taken out of the flow.

text: Leakages and injections can occur in the financial sector, government sector and overseas sector:

text: In terms of the circular flow of income model, the leakage that financial institutions provide in the economy is the option for households to save their money. This is a leakage because the saved money can not be spent in the economy and thus is an idle asset that means not all output will be purchased. The injection that the financial sector provides into the economy is investment (I) into the business/firms sector. An example of a group in the finance sector includes banks such as Westpac or financial institutions such as Suncorp.

text: The leakage that the Government sector provides is through the collection of revenue through Taxes (T) that is provided by households and firms to the government. This is a leakage because it is a leakage out of the current income thus reducing the expenditure on current goods and services. The injection provided by the government sector is Government spending (G) that provides collective services and welfare payments to the community. An example of a tax collected by the government as a leakage is income tax and an injection into the economy can be when the government redistributes this income in the form of welfare payments, that is a form of government spending back into the economy.

text: The main leakage from this sector are imports (M), which represent spending by residents into the rest of the world. The main injection provided by this sector is the exports of goods and services which generate income for the exporters from overseas residents. An example of the use of the overseas sector is Australia exporting wool to China, China pays the exporter of the wool (the farmer) therefore more money enters the economy thus making it an injection. Another example is China processing the wool into items such as coats and Australia importing the product by paying the Chinese exporter; since the money paying for the coat leaves the economy it is a leakage.

text:
LEAKAGES

INJECTIONS

Saving (S)

Investment (I)

Taxes (T)

Government Spending (G)

Imports (M)

Exports (X)

text: The state of equilibrium[edit]

text: In terms of the five sector circular flow of income model the state of equilibrium occurs when the total leakages are equal to the total injections that occur in the economy. This can be shown as:

text: OR

text: This can be further illustrated through a fictitious economy where:

text:
S             +       T       +       M       =       I       +       G       +       X
$100	        +       $150    +       $50     =       $50     +       $100    +       $150
$300	        =       $300

text: Therefore, since the leakages are equal to the injections the economy is in a stable state of equilibrium. This state can be contrasted to the state of disequilibrium where unlike that of equilibrium the sum of total leakages does not equal the sum of total injections. By giving values to the leakages and injections the circular flow of income can be used to show the state of disequilibrium. Disequilibrium can be shown as:

text: Therefore, it can be shown as one of the below equations where:

text: $150 (S) + $250 (T) + $150 (M) > $75 (I) + $200 (G) + $150 (X)

text: Or

text: Total Leakages < Total injections

text: The effects of disequilibrium vary according to which of the above equations they belong to.

text: If S + T + M > I + G + X the levels of income, output, expenditure and employment will fall causing a recession or contraction in the overall economic activity. But if S + T + M < I + G + X the levels of income, output, expenditure and employment will rise causing a boom or expansion in economic activity.

text: To manage this problem, if disequilibrium were to occur in the five sector circular flow of income model, changes in expenditure and output will lead to equilibrium being regained. An example of this is if:

text: S + T + M > I + G + X the levels of income, expenditure and output will fall causing a contraction or recession in the overall economic activity. As the income falls households will cut down on all leakages such as saving, they will also pay less in taxation and with a lower income they will spend less on imports. This will lead to a fall in the leakages until they equal the injections and a lower level of equilibrium will be the result.

text: The other equation of disequilibrium, if S + T + M < I + G + X in the five sector model the levels of income, expenditure and output will greatly rise causing a boom in economic activity. As the households income increases there will be a higher opportunity to save therefore saving in the financial sector will increase, taxation for the higher threshold will increase and they will be able to spend more on imports. In this case when the leakages increase the situation will be a higher level of equilibrium.

text: Significance of study of circular flow of income[edit]

text: The book A General Approach to Macroeconomic Policy [17][citation needed] identifies four possible areas of significance:

text:
Measurement  of National Income - National income is an estimation of aggregation of any of economic activity of the circular flow. It is either the income of all the factors of production or the expenditure of various sectors of economy. However, aggregate amount of each of the activity is identical to each other.
Knowledge of Interdependence - Circular  flow of income signifies the interdependence of each of activity upon one another. If there is no consumption, there will be no demand and expenditure which in fact restricts the amount of production and income.
Unending Nature of Economic Activities - It signifies that production, income and expenditure are of unending nature, therefore, economic activities in an economy can never come to a halt. National income is also bound to rise in future.
Injections and Leakages

text: Circular flow diagram as a subsystem of the environment[edit]

text: The circular flow diagram is an abstraction of the economy as a whole.  The diagram suggests that the economy can reproduce itself.  The idea is that as households spend money of goods and services from firms, the firms have the means to purchase labor from the households, which the households to then purchase goods and services.  Suggesting that this process can and will continuously go on as a perpetual motion machine.  However, according to the Laws of Thermodynamics perpetual motion machines do not exist.[18]  The First Laws says matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed, and the Second Laws says that matter and energy move from a low entropy, useful, state towards a less useful higher entropy state.[19]  Thus, no system can continue without inputs of new energy that exit as high entropy waste.  Just as no animal can live on its own waste, no economy can recycle the waste it produces without the input of new energy to reproduce itself.  The economy therefore cannot be the whole.  It must be a subsystem of the larger ecosystem.[18]

text: The abstraction ignores the linear throughput of matter and energy that must power the continuous motion of money, goods and services, and factors of production. Matter and energy enter the economy in the form of low entropy natural capital, such as solar energy, oil wells, fisheries, and mines.  These materials and energy are used by households and firms a like to create products and wealth.  After the material are used up the energy and matter leaves the economy in the form of high entropy waste that is no longer valuable to the economy.  The natural materials that power the motion of the circular flow of the economy come from the environment, and the waste must be absorbed by the larger ecosystem in which the economy exists.[20]

text: This is not to say that the circular flow diagram isn't useful in understanding the basics of an economy, such as leakages and injections.  However, it cannot be ignored that the economy intrinsically requires natural resources and the creation of waste that must be absorbed in some manner. The economy can only continuing churning if it has matter and energy to power it and the ability to absorb the waste it creates.  This matter and low entropy energy and the ability to absorb waste exists in a finite amount, and thus there is a finite amount of inputs to the flow and outputs of the flow that the environment can handle, implying there is a sustainable limit to motion, and therefore growth, of the economy.[18]


document_title: The Lego Batman Movie

question_text: who is the voice of batman in lego batman movie

root

text: The Lego Batman Movie

text: Plot[edit]

text: Within the Lego Universe, Batman continues to protect Gotham City and fight crime. During his latest mission to stop the Joker from destroying the city, he hurts his arch-rival's feelings by telling him he is not as important in his life as he thinks he is, leading Joker to seek the ultimate revenge on him. The following day, Batman's alter ego, Bruce Wayne, attends the city's winter gala, which is celebrating both the retirement of Commissioner Gordon and the ascension of his daughter Barbara as the city's new police commissioner, only to be infuriated by Barbara's plans to restructure the police to function without the need of Batman. Without warning, Joker crashes the party with the city's other villains, all of whom surrender, with the exception of Harley Quinn, who disappears during the confusion.

tag: p

text: Suspecting his arch-rival is up to something, Batman plots to steal Superman's Phantom Zone Projector, a device that can banish anyone to the Phantom Zone which houses some of the most dangerous villains in the Lego multiverse. Just as he plans his heist of the device, Alfred intervenes and advises him to take charge of Dick Grayson, whom Bruce unwittingly adopted as his ward during the gala. Reluctantly agreeing to do so, Batman fosters Dick as Robin, whereupon the pair successfully recover the Projector from the Fortress of Solitude, and break into Arkham Asylum to send Joker to the Phantom Zone. Suspecting his arch-rival wanted to be sent there, Barbara locks up Batman and Robin for their reckless actions.

text: While the Projector is being seized as evidence, Harley steals it back as part of Joker's plan and frees him, allowing him to return to Gotham with all the villains he had recruited in the Phantom Zone. Realizing that the city does need him, Barbara releases Batman and Robin and teams up with them and Alfred to stop the Joker. Although Batman finds himself able to trust and rely on his new team upon reaching Wayne Island, he chooses to send them away rather than losing them like his parents. Upon facing him alone, Joker believes that Batman is incapable of change and zaps him to the Phantom Zone before stealing the Batcave's stash of confiscated bombs. Arriving in the Phantom Zone, Batman witnesses the harm his selfishness has caused to everyone and slowly accepts his greatest fear. Making a deal with the Zone's gatekeeper Phyllis, a talking Lego brick, to be allowed back to Gotham in order to retrieve the Zone's escaped prisoners, Batman arrives in time to save his teammates, apologizing to them for his actions, and requesting their help to stop Joker.

text: Realizing that Joker plans to use the explosives he took to destroy the city's Energy Facility, thus causing the city to come apart and be destroyed, Batman turns Barbara into Batgirl, before he, his team, and Gotham City's other villains, who felt neglected by Joker, manage to successfully send the escaped villains back to the Phantom Zone. However, the group fail to stop Joker's bombs going off as the explosion begins to tear the city apart at the plates beneath it. Knowing this was his fault, Batman reluctantly convinces Joker that he is the true reason for being the hero he is before they, their friends and allies, and the city's inhabitants, chain-link themselves together and pull the plates back together, saving the city.

text: With the city saved, Batman prepares to be taken back into the Phantom Zone to fulfill his bargain only to be rejected by Phyllis who chooses to let him remain after seeing how much he had changed in order to save everyone. Batman allows Joker and the rest of his rogues gallery to temporarily escape with the confidence that whenever they return, they will be no match for his new alliance with Robin, Batgirl, and Alfred.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Will Arnett as Bruce Wayne / Batman
Zach Galifianakis as the Joker[9]
Michael Cera as Dick Grayson / Robin[10]
Rosario Dawson as Barbara Gordon / Batgirl[11]
Ralph Fiennes as Alfred Pennyworth[12]
Jenny Slate as Harley Quinn[13]
Siri as Batcomputer (referred to as “'Puter” in the film)
Héctor Elizondo as Commissioner James Gordon[14]
Lauren White as Chief O'Hara, Medusa
Mariah Carey as Mayor McCaskill[15][16]
Eddie Izzard as Lord Voldemort[17]
Seth Green as King Kong[17]
Jemaine Clement as Sauron[17]
Billy Dee Williams as Two-Face[18][19]
Riki Lindhome as Poison Ivy,[20] Wicked Witch of the West
Conan O'Brien as Riddler[20]
Jason Mantzoukas as Scarecrow[20]
Zoë Kravitz as Catwoman[20]
Kate Micucci as Clayface[20]
Doug Benson as Bane[20]
David Burrows as Anchorman Phil, Mr. Freeze
Matt Villa as Killer Croc
John Venzon as Penguin
Laura Kightlinger as Reporter Pippa, Orca
Todd Hansen as Captain Dale
Chris McKay as Pilot Bill
Richard Cheese as Himself (archive recording)
Channing Tatum as Superman[20]
Ellie Kemper as Phyllis[17]
Jonah Hill as Hal Jordan / Green Lantern[20]
Adam DeVine as Barry Allen / Flash[20]
Brent Musburger as Reporter #1
Ralph Garman as Reporter #2
Chris Hardwick as Reporter #3[21]

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: After the success of The Lego Movie, Warner Bros. gave the green light to further multiple Lego movies being produced, including The Lego Batman Movie; Chris McKay, who co-directed The Lego Movie, was brought on board to direct the film, marking this as his solo directorial debut.[23] In an interview about his work on the film, McKay stated that working on the film was "a very mixed blessing" owing partly to the film's hectic time schedule for its production, remarking that the two and half years allocated to the film made it difficult to fit in everything that he wanted for the movie, considering his earlier work on The Lego Movie.[23][24] His work on The Lego Batman Movie was influenced by the comedy portrayed in both The Naked Gun and Airplane! film series, with his pitch for the film to the studios being described as like "Jerry Maguire as directed by Michael Mann".[24] His proposal to combine all the Batman eras featured in the comic book series and various media formats, including movies and comic series, despite a couple of issues - the total inconsistency inherent to such a task, and Lego rejecting some of the characters he proposed to include in the film - was based on his desire of how to portray Robin within the film's setting. In an interview regarding his version of the superhero duo, McKay stated:[24]

text: "I was thinking that we were basically taking the Burt Ward Robin and sticking him in the Batmobile with the Zack Snyder/Ben Affleck Batman, or the Frank Miller Batman. And putting these two different energies together. Somebody who’s like the grumpiest, dark grittiest, broodiest Batman with the most positive, indefatigable kid."

text: The film was announced in October 2014, along with news that Will Arnett would be reprising his role as Batman,[22] and later in the month Animal Logic, who had worked on The Lego Movie, were in talks to produce additional movies in the franchise, including The Lego Batman Movie. [25] On July 16, 2015, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Arnett's Arrested Development co-star Michael Cera was set to voice Robin, while Dan Lin, Roy Lee, Phil Lord and Christopher Miller were announced as producers.[10] Additional casting announcements were made over the course of the year: Zach Galifianakis was revealed to be assigned the role of Joker, on August 12;[9] the signing on of Rosario Dawson to voice Barbara Gordon, was announced on October 16;[11] and the casting of Ralph Fiennes as the voice of Alfred Pennyworth, on November 3.[12] On November 9, 2015, Deadline.com incorrectly reported that Mariah Carey, who had been hired as part of the film's cast, would be voicing Commissioner Gordon; The Hollywood Reporter later revealed this to be falsely claimed, stating that she was instead voicing the character of Mayor McCaskill.[15][26] In July 2016, it was revealed Jenny Slate would voice Harley Quinn in the movie,[13] while later that year on November 30, it was announced that Billy Dee Williams would reprise his role of Harvey Dent from Tim Burton's Batman film.[18] On February 2, 2017, one week before the film's release, it was revealed that Héctor Elizondo was voicing Commissioner Gordon,[14] while on February 3, it was announced that Conan O'Brien, Riki Lindhome, and Zoë Kravitz, were amongst a number of actors hired into the cast to round out the voices for the various villians included in the film.[27]

text: Batman and pop culture references[edit]

text: As part of its production, the movie was designed to make numerous references to previous Batman movies, cartoons and comics. These include: the 1940s Batman serials; the films Batman (1966), Batman (1989), Batman Returns (1992), Batman Forever (1995), Batman & Robin (1997), Batman Begins (2005), The Dark Knight (2008), The Dark Knight Rises (2012), Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), and Suicide Squad (2016); the television shows Batman (1960s), Batman: The Animated Series (1990s), Batman Beyond (2000s), and The Batman (2000s); and the comics Detective Comics #27 (Batman's introductory story), The Dark Knight Returns, and Gotham by Gaslight.[28] Other references include previous costumes worn by Batman and Robin, and the various Batmobiles used. In most cases, their appearances in the movie are done in a Lego style, with the exception being footage from a live-action shot of Adam West's depiction of Batman in the 1960s Batman show and a picture of Batman's suit from Batman and Robin. Climactic events from past Batman films including the Joker have been mentioned, including "the one with the parade and the Prince music" (1989's Batman) and "the two boats" (The Dark Knight).[28]

text: Alongside Joker, the main antagonist of the film's story, and Superman, who features heavily and has notable links to the Christopher Reeve films Superman (1978) and its sequel Superman II (1980), many other DC characters, both villains associated with Batman and other DC superheroes, feature in the film. The film's villains who have been featured in Batman comics, films and cartoons include: Penguin; Man-Bat; Captain Boomerang; Egghead; Crazy Quilt; Eraser; Polka-Dot Man; Mime; Tarantula; King Tut, from the 1960s series; Killer Moth; March Harriet; Zodiac Master; the Mutant Leader from The Dark Knight Returns; Doctor Phosphorus; Magpie; Calculator; Hugo Strange; an unidentified version of Red Hood; the Kabuki Twins from The Batman; Gentleman Ghost; Clock King; Calendar Man; Kite Man; Catman; Zebra-Man; and a variation of Condiment King from Batman: The Animated Series.[28] The other DC heroes who feature, both from the Justice League and Super Friends, include: Wonder Woman; Aquaman; Cyborg; Green Arrow; Black Canary; Hawkman; Hawkgirl; Martian Manhunter; Apache Chief; Black Vulcan; El Dorado; Samurai; Wonder Dog; the Wonder Twins; and Gleek. Although not part of the DC franchise, Iron Man from Marvel Comics is referenced in the movie as part of a small joke about Batman's password for entering the Batcave in reference to the famous rivalry between DC and Marvel.[28]

text: The film also features characters from other notable franchises and movie series, with them following the same narrative of The Lego Movie in that they came from worlds that co-exist alongside others of the Lego Universe, which are made up of Lego playsets of the various media franchises. These additional characters include: Medusa; the Creature from the Black Lagoon; Dracula; King Kong; the Daleks from Doctor Who; the Wicked Witch of the West and her flying monkeys from The Wizard of Oz; the Kraken from Clash of the Titans; Agent Smith and his clones from The Matrix; the great white shark from Jaws; Voldemort from Harry Potter; the Eye of Sauron from The Lord of the Rings; the Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptors from Jurassic Park; and the Gremlins.[28][29] The way in which the Gremlins attack a plane references The Twilight Zone episode "Nightmare at 20,000 Feet".[30]

text: The film also includes Batman watching the scene from Jerry Maguire where Tom Cruise says "You complete me"; this line had previously been quoted by The Joker in The Dark Knight.[28] When Batman discusses possible team names, he mentions "Fox Force Five," which was the name of a failed television pilot mentioned in Pulp Fiction.[31] The film's use of Cutting Crew's "(I Just) Died in Your Arms" is a nod to the romantic comedy Never Been Kissed.[31] The film's other references include Gleaming the Cube and Gymkata.[30]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Lego Batman Movie: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Lorne Balfe, various artists

Released
February 3, 2017

Recorded
2016
Trackdown Studios (Sydney)

Genre
Film soundtrack, film score

Label
WaterTower Music

Lorne Balfe chronology

Skylanders Imaginators
(2016)Skylanders Imaginators2016
The Lego Batman Movie
(2017)
Ghost in the Shell
(2017)Ghost in the Shell2017

tag: table

text: The film's original score was composed by Lorne Balfe and features Red Hot Chili Peppers' drummer Chad Smith.[32][33] The soundtrack was released on February 3, 2017, on CD and for digital download, while the vinyl version was released on May 19, 2017.[citation needed]

text:
Disc 1

No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Who's the (Bat) Man"
Patrick Stump
3:04

2.
"Forever"
DNCE
3:49

3.
"(I Just) Died in Your Arms"
Cutting Crew
4:36

4.
"Invincible"
Kirsten Arian
2:59

5.
"One"
Harry Nilsson
2:22

6.
"Heroes (We Could Be)" (Hard Rock Sofa and Skidka Remix)
Alesso feat. Tove Lo
6:35

7.
"Man in the Mirror"
Alex Aiono
3:48

8.
"Friends Are Family"
Oh, Hush! feat. Will Arnett and Jeff Lewis
2:25

9.
"I Found You"
Fraser Murray
3:34

10.
"Forever"
Justin Tranter
3:49

11.
"Man in the Mirror"
Richard Cheese & Lounge Against the Machine
1:49

12.
"Everything Is Awesome"
Richard Cheese & Lounge Against the Machine
2:03

text:
Disc 2

No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Black"
Lorne Balfe
7:32

2.
"Your Greatest Enemy"
Lorne Balfe
2:42

3.
"The Arrival of Robin"
Lorne Balfe
2:52

4.
"Joker Crashes the Party"
Lorne Balfe
1:33

5.
"No Seat Belts Required"
Lorne Balfe
2:18

6.
"To Cage the Joker"
Lorne Balfe
1:59

7.
"The Phantom Zone"
Lorne Balfe
3:37

8.
"Open for Business"
Lorne Balfe
1:09

9.
"Chaos in Gotham"
Lorne Balfe
3:20

10.
"Lava Attack"
Lorne Balfe
7:40

11.
"For Your Own Good"
Lorne Balfe
1:45

12.
"Joker Manor"
Lorne Balfe
2:29

13.
"Batman's in the Zone"
Lorne Balfe
4:40

14.
"The Babs Signal"
Lorne Balfe
2:25

15.
"Battle Royale"
Lorne Balfe
4:54

16.
"A Long Farewell"
Lorne Balfe
2:49

text: Release[edit]

text: The film's main premiere was conducted in Dublin, Ireland on January 29, 2017,[4] whereupon it went into general release from 8 February; it was released in Denmark on 9 February, and in the United States the day after.[34] Its overall release saw movie theatres displaying the film in 3D, RealD 3D, Dolby Cinema and IMAX, though the latter format was restricted to 2D for North America, while international countries were able to view it in IMAX 3D.[35]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first teaser trailer for The Lego Batman Movie was released on March 24, 2016, and features the song "Black and Yellow" by Wiz Khalifa.[36] It was attached to showings of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice in theatres. A second teaser trailer was released on March 28, 2016, and features references to all live action iterations of Batman, from the 1960's Batman TV series to Batman v Superman. A third trailer was released on July 23, 2016.[37] A fourth trailer was released on November 4, 2016.[38][39] A Story Pack for the toys-to-life video game Lego Dimensions based on The Lego Batman Movie was released on February 10, 2017, alongside the film. The pack adds a six-level story campaign adapting the events of the film, and includes playable figures of Robin and Batgirl, a driveable Batwing, and a constructible gateway model based on the Batcomputer. A Fun Pack including Excalibur Batman and his Bionic Steed was also released the same day.[40]

text: On January 14, 2017, at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Chevrolet unveiled a life-sized Lego Batmobile inspired by the design featured in the film, constructed from around 350,000 Lego pieces. As a related promotion, a Bat-Signal (alternating between Batman's emblem and the Chevrolet logo) was projected on the Renaissance Center over the weekend, and Chevrolet released a new television commercial tying into the film, featuring the Batmobile as a crossover with its ongoing "Real People, Not Actors" campaign.[41][42]

text: Warner Bros. released several promotional tie-ins on the week of the movie's release. LEGO billboard versions of several TV shows were shown outside of the studio lot, that took 300 hours to make out of 10,000 bricks.[43] The Big Bang Theory included a LEGO version of the opening sequence in the episode "The Locomotion Reverberation" that first aired on CBS. In addition, the network aired two LEGO commercials featuring Batman and the cast.[44]

text: The CW featured LEGO end cards for Supergirl, The Flash, DC's Legends of Tomorrow and Arrow respectively on the week of the movie's release. All four DC shows also include a special variant of the Berlanti Productions logo that featured Batman's cameo and a new recording from Greg Berlanti's real-life father who says "Batman move your head" instead of the usual "Greg move your head". In addition, the network aired two commercials where Batman interacts with the characters from each show.[45]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Lego Batman Movie was released on Digital HD on May 19, 2017. The release included the theatrical short film The Master: A Lego Ninjago Short, as well as four new short films: Dark Hoser, Batman is Just Not That Into You, Cooking with Alfred and Movie Sound Effects: How Do They Do That?.[46] The Lego Batman Movie was released on DVD, Blu-ray (2D and 3D), and Ultra HD Blu-ray by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment on June 13, 2017.[46] The film debuted at No. 3 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart.[47]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Lego Batman Movie grossed $175.8 million in the United States and Canada and $136 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $311.8 million, against a production budget of $80 million.[7]

text: In the United States and Canada, The Lego Batman Movie opened alongside two other sequels, Fifty Shades Darker and John Wick: Chapter 2, and was projected to gross around $60 million in its opening weekend.[48] It earned $2.2 million from Thursday night previews and $15 million on Friday.[49] It went on to open with $53 million, finishing first at the box office.[50] In its second weekend, the film grossed $32.7 million (a drop of 38.4%), again topping the box office;[51][52] with the additional President's Day holiday on Monday, it made a total of $42.7 million for the weekend.[53] In its third weekend of release, the film dropped to second at the box office, behind newcomer Get Out, grossing $19.2 million (a drop of 41.2%).[54]

text: Outside North America the film was simultaneously released in 61 countries, and was expected to gross around $40 million over its first three days.[48] It ended up grossing $37 million in its opening weekend, including $9.3 million in the United Kingdom, $2.6 million in Mexico, $2.3 million in Germany and $2.2 million in Russia.[55]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 91% based on 255 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Lego Batman Movie continues its block-buster franchise's winning streak with another round of dizzyingly funny – and beautifully animated – family-friendly mayhem."[56] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 75 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[57] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[58]

text: Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a positive review, praising its comedy, and saying: "The LEGO Batman Movie isn’t the same experience as watching The LEGO Movie, but I also don’t think it's trying to be. It’s trying to be a fun superhero movie with clever callbacks to previous Batman films (every single Batman movie all the way back to the 1940s serials are referenced) that can, at least, provide DC superhero fans with a taste of fun amidst all the doom and gloom. (That can either be a reference to 'the real world' or the current DC Cinematic Universe films, you can choose either one you want or both.) And at that, The LEGO Batman Movie succeeds."[59] Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a "B+" and wrote, "LEGO Batman revs so fast and moves so frenetically that it becomes a little exhausting by the end. It flirts with being too much of a good thing. But rarely has corporate brainwashing been so much fun and gone down with such a delightful aftertaste."[60] Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times was positive in his review, saying, "In its best moments, this gag-a-minute Bat-roast serves as a reminder that, in the right hands, a sharp comic scalpel can be an instrument of revelation as well as ridicule."[61] Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post praised the film for its heart, humor and action which, "snap together, with a satisfying click."[62]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of Accolades

Award / Film Festival
Category
Recipient(s)
Result

Golden Trailer Awards 2017[63]
Best Animation/Family
The Lego Batman Movie
Won

Most Original Trailer
Nominated

Heartland Film Festival 2017[64]
Truly Moving Picture Award
Chris McKay
Won

2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards[65]
Best Comedic Performance
Will Arnett
Nominated

2017 Teen Choice Awards[66]
Choice Movie: Comedy Actor
Will Arnett


question_text: who has won the champions league 3 times in a row

text: List of finals[edit]

text:
Key

Match was won during extra time

*
Match was won on a penalty shoot-out

&
Match was won after a replay

text:
The "Season" column refers to the season the competition was held, and wikilinks to the article about that season.
The wikilinks in the "Score" column point to the article about that season's final game.

text:
List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals

Season
Nation
Winners
Score
Runners-up
Nation
Venue
Attendance[11]

1955–56
 Spain
Real Madrid
4–3
Stade de Reims
 France
 Parc des Princes, Paris
38,239

1956–57
 Spain
Real Madrid
2–0
Fiorentina
 Italy
 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid
124,000

1957–58
 Spain
Real Madrid
3–2
Milan
 Italy
 Heysel Stadium, Brussels
67,000

1958–59
 Spain
Real Madrid
2–0
Stade de Reims
 France
 Neckarstadion, Stuttgart
72,000

1959–60
 Spain
Real Madrid
7–3
Eintracht Frankfurt
 West Germany
 Hampden Park, Glasgow
127,621

1960–61
 Portugal
Benfica
3–2
Barcelona
 Spain
 Wankdorf Stadium, Bern
26,732

1961–62
 Portugal
Benfica
5–3
Real Madrid
 Spain
 Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam
61,257

1962–63
 Italy
Milan
2–1
Benfica
 Portugal
 Wembley Stadium, London
45,715

1963–64
 Italy
Internazionale
3–1
Real Madrid
 Spain
 Prater Stadium, Vienna
71,333

1964–65
 Italy
Internazionale
1–0
Benfica
 Portugal
 San Siro, Milan
89,000

1965–66
 Spain
Real Madrid
2–1
Partizan
 Yugoslavia
 Heysel Stadium, Brussels
46,745

1966–67
 Scotland
Celtic
2–1
Internazionale
 Italy
 Estádio Nacional, Lisbon
45,000

1967–68
 England
Manchester United
4–1
Benfica
 Portugal
 Wembley Stadium, London
92,225

1968–69
 Italy
Milan
4–1
Ajax
 Netherlands
 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid
31,782

1969–70
 Netherlands
Feyenoord
2–1
Celtic
 Scotland
 San Siro, Milan
53,187

1970–71
 Netherlands
Ajax
2–0
Panathinaikos
 Greece
 Wembley Stadium, London
83,179

1971–72
 Netherlands
Ajax
2–0
Internazionale
 Italy
 De Kuip, Rotterdam
61,354

1972–73
 Netherlands
Ajax
1–0
Juventus
 Italy
 Red Star Stadium, Belgrade
89,484

1973–74
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
4–0&[A]
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
 Heysel Stadium, Brussels
72,047

1974–75
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
2–0
Leeds United
 England
 Parc des Princes, Paris
48,374

1975–76
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
1–0
Saint-Étienne
 France
 Hampden Park, Glasgow
54,864

1976–77
 England
Liverpool
3–1
Borussia Mönchengladbach
 West Germany
 Stadio Olimpico, Rome
52,078

1977–78
 England
Liverpool
1–0
Club Brugge
 Belgium
 Wembley Stadium, London
92,500

1978–79
 England
Nottingham Forest
1–0
Malmö FF
 Sweden
 Olympiastadion, Munich
57,500

1979–80
 England
Nottingham Forest
1–0
Hamburg
 West Germany
 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid
51,000

1980–81
 England
Liverpool
1–0
Real Madrid
 Spain
 Parc des Princes, Paris
48,360

1981–82
 England
Aston Villa
1–0
Bayern Munich
 West Germany
 De Kuip, Rotterdam
46,000

1982–83
 West Germany
Hamburg
1–0
Juventus
 Italy
 Olympic Stadium, Athens
73,500

1983–84
 England
Liverpool
1–1*[B]
Roma
 Italy
 Stadio Olimpico, Rome
69,693

1984–85
 Italy
Juventus
1–0
Liverpool
 England
 Heysel Stadium, Brussels
58,000

1985–86
 Romania
Steaua București
0–0*[C]
Barcelona
 Spain
 Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville
70,000

1986–87
 Portugal
Porto
2–1
Bayern Munich
 West Germany
 Prater Stadium, Vienna
57,500

1987–88
 Netherlands
PSV Eindhoven
0–0*[D]
Benfica
 Portugal
 Neckarstadion, Stuttgart
68,000

1988–89
 Italy
Milan
4–0
Steaua București
 Romania
 Camp Nou, Barcelona
97,000

1989–90
 Italy
Milan
1–0
Benfica
 Portugal
 Prater Stadium, Vienna
57,558

1990–91
 Yugoslavia
Red Star Belgrade
0–0*[E]
Marseille
 France
 Stadio San Nicola, Bari
56,000

1991–92
 Spain
Barcelona
1–0
Sampdoria
 Italy
 Wembley Stadium, London
70,827

1992–93
 France
Marseille
1–0
Milan
 Italy
 Olympiastadion, Munich
64,400

1993–94
 Italy
Milan
4–0
Barcelona
 Spain
 Olympic Stadium, Athens
70,000

1994–95
 Netherlands
Ajax
1–0
Milan
 Italy
 Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna
49,730

1995–96
 Italy
Juventus
1–1*[F]
Ajax
 Netherlands
 Stadio Olimpico, Rome
70,000

1996–97
 Germany
Borussia Dortmund
3–1
Juventus
 Italy
 Olympiastadion, Munich
59,000

1997–98
 Spain
Real Madrid
1–0
Juventus
 Italy
 Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam
48,500

1998–99
 England
Manchester United
2–1
Bayern Munich
 Germany
 Camp Nou, Barcelona
90,245

1999–2000
 Spain
Real Madrid
3–0
Valencia
 Spain
 Stade de France, Saint-Denis
80,000

2000–01
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1–1*[G]
Valencia
 Spain
 San Siro, Milan
71,500

2001–02
 Spain
Real Madrid
2–1
Bayer Leverkusen
 Germany
 Hampden Park, Glasgow
50,499

2002–03
 Italy
Milan
0–0*[H]
Juventus
 Italy
 Old Trafford, Manchester
62,315

2003–04
 Portugal
Porto
3–0
Monaco
 France
 Arena AufSchalke, Gelsenkirchen
53,053

2004–05
 England
Liverpool
3–3*[I]
Milan
 Italy
 Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul
69,000

2005–06
 Spain
Barcelona
2–1
Arsenal
 England
 Stade de France, Saint-Denis
79,610

2006–07
 Italy
Milan
2–1
Liverpool
 England
 Olympic Stadium, Athens
63,000

2007–08
 England
Manchester United
1–1*[J]
Chelsea
 England
 Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow
67,310

2008–09
 Spain
Barcelona
2–0
Manchester United
 England
 Stadio Olimpico, Rome
62,467

2009–10
 Italy
Internazionale
2–0
Bayern Munich
 Germany
 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid
73,490

2010–11
 Spain
Barcelona
3–1
Manchester United
 England
 Wembley Stadium, London
87,695

2011–12
 England
Chelsea
1–1*[K]
Bayern Munich
 Germany
 Allianz Arena, Munich
62,500

2012–13
 Germany
Bayern Munich
2–1
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
 Wembley Stadium, London
86,298

2013–14
 Spain
Real Madrid
4–1
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
 Estádio da Luz, Lisbon
60,976

2014–15
 Spain
Barcelona
3–1
Juventus
 Italy
 Olympiastadion, Berlin
70,442

2015–16
 Spain
Real Madrid
1–1*[L]
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
 San Siro, Milan
71,942

2016–17
 Spain
Real Madrid
4–1
Juventus
 Italy
 Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
65,842

Upcoming finals

Season
Nation
Finalist
Match
Finalist
Nation
Venue

2017–18
 Spain
Real Madrid
v
Liverpool
 England
 NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev

2018–19

v

 Wanda Metropolitano, Madrid

text: Performances[edit]

text: By club[edit]

text:
Performance in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League by club

v
t
e

Club
Winners
Runners-up
Years won
Years runner-up

 Real Madrid
12
3
1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2014, 2016, 2017
1962, 1964, 1981

 Milan
7
4
1963, 1969, 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007
1958, 1993, 1995, 2005

 Bayern Munich
5
5
1974, 1975, 1976, 2001, 2013
1982, 1987, 1999, 2010, 2012

 Barcelona
5
3
1992, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015
1961, 1986, 1994

 Liverpool
5
2
1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005
1985, 2007

 Ajax
4
2
1971, 1972, 1973, 1995
1969, 1996

 Manchester United
3
2
1968, 1999, 2008
2009, 2011

 Internazionale
3
2
1964, 1965, 2010
1967, 1972

 Juventus
2
7
1985, 1996
1973, 1983, 1997, 1998, 2003, 2015, 2017

 Benfica
2
5
1961, 1962
1963, 1965, 1968, 1988, 1990

 Nottingham Forest
2
0
1979, 1980
—

 Porto
2
0
1987, 2004
—

 Celtic
1
1
1967
1970

 Hamburg
1
1
1983
1980

 Steaua București
1
1
1986
1989

 Marseille
1
1
1993
1991

 Borussia Dortmund
1
1
1997
2013

 Chelsea
1
1
2012
2008

 Feyenoord
1
0
1970
—

 Aston Villa
1
0
1982
—

 PSV Eindhoven
1
0
1988
—

 Red Star Belgrade
1
0
1991
—

 Atlético Madrid
0
3
—
1974, 2014, 2016

 Reims
0
2
—
1956, 1959

 Valencia
0
2
—
2000, 2001

 Fiorentina
0
1
—
1957

 Eintracht Frankfurt
0
1
—
1960

 Partizan
0
1
—
1966

 Panathinaikos
0
1
—
1971

 Leeds United
0
1
—
1975

 Saint-Étienne
0
1
—
1976

 Borussia Mönchengladbach
0
1
—
1977

 Club Brugge
0
1
—
1978

 Malmö FF
0
1
—
1979

 Roma
0
1
—
1984

 Sampdoria
0
1
—
1992

 Bayer Leverkusen
0
1
—
2002

 Monaco
0
1
—
2004

 Arsenal
0
1
—
2006

text: By nation[edit]

text: Ten different nations have won the Champions League, and thirteen nations have sent a team to the finals. Since the 1996–97 season, however (other than Porto's win in 2003–04) the winners have come from one of only four nations — Spain (10), England (4), Italy (3), and Germany (3) — and (other than Monaco's performance in 2003–04) the runners up have all come from the same four nations.

text:
Performance by nation

Nation
Winners
Runners-up

 Spain
17
11

 Italy
12
16

 England
12
7

 Germany
7
10

 Netherlands
6
2

 Portugal
4
5

 France
1
5

 Romania
 Scotland
 Yugoslavia
1
1

 Belgium
 Greece
 Sweden
0
1

text: Venues[edit]

text:
European Cup and UEFA Champions League final venues

Ground
Hosts
Years

 Wembley Stadium, London
7
1963, 1968, 1971, 1978, 1992, 2011, 2013

 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid
4
1957, 1969, 1980, 2010

 King Baudouin Stadium, Brussels
4
1958, 1966, 1974, 1985

 Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna
4
1964, 1987, 1990, 1995

 San Siro, Milan
4
1965, 1970, 2001, 2016

 Stadio Olimpico, Rome
4
1977, 1984, 1996, 2009

 Parc des Princes, Paris
3
1956, 1975, 1981

 Hampden Park, Glasgow
3
1960, 1976, 2002

 Olympiastadion, Munich
3
1979, 1993, 1997

 Olympic Stadium, Athens
3
1983, 1994, 2007

 Mercedes-Benz Arena, Stuttgart
2
1959, 1988

 De Kuip, Rotterdam
2
1972, 1982

 Camp Nou, Barcelona
2
1989, 1999

 Stade de France, Saint-Denis
2
2000, 2006

 Wankdorf Stadium, Bern
1
1961

 Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam
1
1962

 Estádio Nacional, Lisbon
1
1967

 Red Star Stadium, Belgrade
1
1973

 Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville
1
1986

 Stadio San Nicola, Bari
1
1991

 Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam
1
1998

 Old Trafford, Manchester
1
2003

 Veltins-Arena, Gelsenkirchen
1
2004

 Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul
1
2005

 Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow
1
2008

 Allianz Arena, Munich
1
2012

 Estádio da Luz, Lisbon
1
2014

 Olympiastadion, Berlin
1
2015

 Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
1
2017

 NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev
1
2018

 Wanda Metropolitano, Madrid
1
2019

text: Notes[edit]

text: A. ^ The first final, played two days earlier, ended 1–1 after extra time.[12]

text: B. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Liverpool won the penalty shoot-out 4–2.[13]

text: C. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Steaua București won the penalty shoot-out 2–0.[14]

text: D. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. PSV Eindhoven won the penalty shoot-out 6–5.[15]

text: E. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Red Star Belgrade won the penalty shoot-out 5–3.[16]

text: F. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Juventus won the penalty shoot-out 4–2.[17]

text: G. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Bayern Munich won the penalty shoot-out 5–4.[18]

text: H. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Milan won the penalty shoot-out 3–2.[19]

text: I. ^ Score was 3–3 after 90 minutes and extra time. Liverpool won the penalty shoot-out 3–2.[20]

text: J. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Manchester United won the penalty shoot-out 6–5.[21]

text: K. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Chelsea won the penalty shoot-out 4–3.[22]

text: L. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Real Madrid won the penalty shoot-out 5–3.[23]


document_title: Root beer

question_text: what kind of root is in root beer

question_tokens: what kind of root is in root beer

text: Root beer

text: History[edit]

text: Sassafras root beverages were made by indigenous peoples of the Americas for culinary and medicinal reasons before the arrival of Europeans in North America, and European culinary techniques have been applied to making traditional sassafras-based beverages similar to root beer since the 16th century. Root beer was sold in confectionery stores since the 1840s, and written recipes for root beer have been documented since the 1860s. It possibly was combined with soda as early as the 1850s, and root beer sold in stores was most often sold as a syrup rather than a ready-made beverage.[4] The tradition of brewing root beer is thought to have evolved out of other small beer traditions that produced fermented drinks with very low alcohol content that were thought to be healthier to drink than possibly tainted local sources of drinking water, and enhanced by the medicinal and nutritional qualities of the ingredients used. Beyond its aromatic qualities, the medicinal benefits of sassafras were well known to both Native Americans and Europeans, and druggists began marketing root beer for its medicinal qualities.[5]

text: Pharmacist Charles Elmer Hires was the first to successfully market a commercial brand of root beer. Hires developed his root tea made from sassafras in 1875, debuted a commercial version of root beer at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition in 1876, and began selling his extract. Hires was a teetotaler who wanted to call the beverage "root tea". However, his desire to market the product to Pennsylvania coal miners caused him to call his product "root beer", instead.[6][7] In 1886, Hires began to bottle a beverage made from his famous extract. By 1893, root beer was distributed widely across the United States. Non-alcoholic versions of root beer became commercially successful, especially during Prohibition.[8][9]

text: Not all traditional or commercial root beers were sassafras-based. One of Hires's early competitors was Barq's, which began selling its sarsaparilla-based root beer in 1898 and was labeled simply as "Barq's".[10] In 1919, Roy Allen opened his root-beer stand in Lodi, California, which led to the development of A&W Root Beer. One of Allen's innovations was that he served his homemade root beer in cold, frosty mugs. IBC Root Beer is another brand of commercially produced root beer that emerged during this period and is still well-known today.[8]

text: Safrole, the aromatic oil found in sassafras roots and bark that gave traditional root beer its distinctive flavour, was banned for commercially mass-produced foods and drugs by the FDA in 1960.[1] Laboratory animals that were given oral doses of sassafras tea or sassafras oil that contained large doses of safrole developed permanent liver damage or various types of cancer.[1] While sassafras is no longer used in commercially produced root beer and is sometimes substituted with artificial flavors, natural extracts with the safrole distilled and removed are available.[11][12]

text: Traditional method[edit]

text: One traditional recipe for making root beer involves cooking a syrup from molasses and water, letting the syrup cool for three hours, and combining it with the root ingredients (including sassafras root, sassafras bark, and wintergreen). Yeast was added, and the beverage was left to ferment for 12 hours, after which it was strained and rebottled for secondary fermentation. This recipe usually resulted in a beverage of 2% alcohol or less, although the recipe could be modified to produce a more alcoholic beverage.[13]

text: Ingredients[edit]

text: Commercial root beer is now produced in every U.S. state and in Canada.[14] Although this beverage's popularity is greatest in North America, brands are produced in other countries, including Australia, the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Argentina, Germany, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, Indonesia, Sweden, Vietnam,[15] and Thailand. The flavor of these beverages may vary from typical North American versions.[16] While no standard recipe exists, the primary ingredients in modern rootbeer are filtered water, sugar, and artificial sassafras flavoring, which complements other flavors. Common flavorings are vanilla, wintergreen, cherry tree bark, licorice root, sarsaparilla root, nutmeg, acacia, anise, molasses, cinnamon, sweet birch, and honey. Soybean protein is sometimes used to create a foamy quality, and caramel coloring is used to make the beverage brown.[13]

text: Ingredients in early and traditional root beers include allspice, birch bark, coriander, juniper, ginger, wintergreen, hops, burdock root, dandelion root, spikenard, pipsissewa, guaiacum chips, sarsaparilla, spicewood, wild cherry bark, yellow dock, prickly ash bark, sassafras root, vanilla beans, dog grass, molasses, and licorice.[17] Many of these ingredients are still used in traditional and commercially produced root beer today, which is often thickened, foamed, or carbonated. Although most mainstream brands are caffeine-free, Barq's does contain caffeine.[18]

text: Root beer can be made at home with processed extract obtained from a factory,[19] or it can also be made from herbs and roots that have not yet been processed. Alcoholic and non-alcoholic traditional root beers make a thick and foamy head when poured, often enhanced by the addition of yucca extract, soybean protein, or other thickeners.

text: List of main ingredients[edit]

text: Roots and herbs[edit]

text:
Sassafras albidum – sassafras roots and bark containing the aromatic oil safrole (or an artificial substitute)
Smilax regelii – sarsaparilla
Smilax glyciphylla – sweet sarsaparilla
Piper auritum – root beer plant or hoja santa
Glycyrrhiza glabra – liquorice (root)
Aralia nudicaulis – wild sarsaparilla or "rabbit root"
Gaultheria procumbens – wintergreen (leaves and berries)
Betula lenta – sweet birch (sap/syrup/resin)
Betula nigra – black birch (sap/syrup/resin)
Prunus serotina – black cherry
Picea rubens – red spruce
Picea mariana – black spruce
Picea sitchensis – Sitka spruce
Arctium lappa – burdock (root)
Taraxacum officinale – dandelion (root)

text: Foam[edit]

text:
Quillaja saponaria – soapbark
Manihot esculenta – cassava, manioc, or yucca (root)

text: Spices[edit]

text:
Pimenta dioica – allspice
Theobroma cacao – chocolate
Trigonella foenum-graecum – fenugreek
Myroxylon balsamum – Tolu balsam
Abies balsamea – balsam fir
Myristica fragrans – nutmeg
Cinnamomum verum – cinnamon (bark)
Cinnamomum aromaticum – cassia (bark)
Syzygium aromaticum – clove
Foeniculum vulgare – fennel (seed)
Zingiber officinale – ginger (stem/rhizome)
Illicium verum – star anise
Pimpinella anisum – anise
Humulus lupulus – hops
Mentha species – mint

text: Other ingredients[edit]

text:
Hordeum vulgare – barley (malted)
Hypericum perforatum – St. John's wort
Sugar
Molasses
Yeast