document_title: Stop motion

question_text: when was the first stop motion animation made

text: Stop motion

text: Terminology[edit]

text: The term "stop motion", related to the animation technique, is often spelled with a hyphen, "stop-motion". Both orthographical variants, with and without the hyphen, are correct, but the hyphenated one has, in addition, a second meaning, not related to animation or cinema: "a device for automatically stopping a machine or engine when something has gone wrong" (The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 1993 edition).[1]

text: Stop motion is often confused with the time lapse technique, where still photographs of a live surrounding are taken at regular intervals and combined into a continuous film. Time lapse is a technique whereby the frequency at which film frames are captured is much lower than that used to view the sequence. When played at normal speed, time appears to be moving faster.

text: History[edit]

text: Stop motion animation has a long history in film. It was often used to show objects moving as if by magic. The first instance of the stop motion technique can be credited to Albert E. Smith and J. Stuart Blackton for Vitagraph's The Humpty Dumpty Circus (1897), in which a toy circus of acrobats and animals comes to life.[2] In 1902, the film Fun in a Bakery Shop used the stop trick technique in the "lightning sculpting" sequence. French trick film maestro Georges Méliès used stop motion animation once to produce moving title-card letters in one of his short films, and a number of his special effects are based on stop motion photography. In 1907, The Haunted Hotel is a new stop motion film by J. Stuart Blackton, and was a resounding success when released. Segundo de Chomón (1871–1929), from Spain, released El Hotel Eléctrico later that same year, and used similar techniques as the Blackton film. In 1908, A Sculptor's Welsh Rarebit Nightmare was released, as was The Sculptor's Nightmare, a film by Billy Bitzer. Italian animator Roméo Bossetti impressed audiences with his object animation tour-de-force, The Automatic Moving Company in 1912. The great European stop motion pioneer was Wladyslaw Starewicz (1892–1965), who animated The Beautiful Lukanida (1910), The Battle of the Stag Beetles (1910), The Ant and the Grasshopper (1911).

text: One of the earliest clay animation films was Modelling Extraordinary, which impressed audiences in 1912. December 1916 brought the first of Willie Hopkins' 54 episodes of "Miracles in Mud" to the big screen. Also in December 1916, the first woman animator, Helena Smith Dayton, began experimenting with clay stop motion. She would release her first film in 1917, an adaptation of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.

text: In the turn of the century, there was another well known animator known as Willis O' Brien (known by others as O'bie). His work on The Lost World (1925) is well known, but he is most admired for his work on King Kong (1933), a milestone of his films made possible by stop motion animation.

text: O'Brien's protege and eventual successor in Hollywood was Ray Harryhausen. After learning under O'Brien on the film Mighty Joe Young (1949), Harryhausen would go on to create the effects for a string of successful and memorable films over the next three decades. These included The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms (1953), It Came from Beneath the Sea (1955), Jason and the Argonauts (1963), The Golden Voyage of Sinbad (1973) and Clash of the Titans (1981).

text: In a 1940 promotional film, Autolite, an automotive parts supplier, featured stop motion animation of its products marching past Autolite factories to the tune of Franz Schubert's Military March. An abbreviated version of this sequence was later used in television ads for Autolite, especially those on the 1950s CBS program Suspense, which Autolite sponsored.

text: 1960s and 1970s[edit]

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, independent clay animator Eliot Noyes Jr. refined the technique of "free-form" clay animation with his Oscar-nominated 1965 film Clay (or the Origin of Species). Noyes also used stop motion to animate sand lying on glass for his musical animated film Sandman (1975).

text: Stop motion was used by Rankin/Bass Productions on some of their television programs and feature films including The New Adventures of Pinocchio (1960–1961), Willy McBean and his Magic Machine (1963, 1965) and most notably seasonal/holiday favorites like Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964), Mad Monster Party? (1966, 1967), The Little Drummer Boy (1968), Santa Claus is Comin' to Town (1970) and Here Comes Peter Cottontail (1971). Under the name of "Animagic", the stop motion works of Rankin/Bass were supervised by Tadahito Mochinaga at his MOM Production in Tokyo, Japan.

text: In 1975, filmmaker and clay animation experimenter Will Vinton joined with sculptor Bob Gardiner to create an experimental film called Closed Mondays which became the world's first stop motion film to win an Oscar. Will Vinton followed with several other successful short film experiments including The Great Cognito, Creation, and Rip Van Winkle which were each nominated for Academy Awards. In 1977, Vinton made a documentary about this process and his style of animation which he dubbed "claymation"; he titled the documentary Claymation. Soon after this documentary, the term was trademarked by Vinton to differentiate his team's work from others who had been, or were beginning to do, "clay animation". While the word has stuck and is often used to describe clay animation and stop motion, it remains a trademark owned currently by Laika Entertainment, Inc. Twenty clay-animation episodes featuring the clown Mr. Bill were a feature of Saturday Night Live, starting from a first appearance in February 1976.

text: At very much the same time in the UK, Peter Lord and David Sproxton formed Aardman Animations. In 1976 they created the character Morph who appeared as an animated side-kick to the TV presenter Tony Hart on his BBC TV programme Take Hart. The five-inch-high presenter was made from a traditional British modelling clay called Plasticine. In 1977 they started on a series of animated films, again using modelling clay, but this time made for a more adult audience. The soundtrack for Down and Out was recorded in a Salvation Army Hostel and Plasticine puppets were animated to dramatise the dialogue. A second film, also for the BBC followed in 1978. A TV series The Amazing Adventures of Morph was aired in 1980.

text: Sand-coated puppet animation was used in the Oscar-winning 1977 film The Sand Castle, produced by Dutch-Canadian animator Co Hoedeman. Hoedeman was one of dozens of animators sheltered by the National Film Board of Canada, a Canadian government film arts agency that had supported animators for decades. A pioneer of refined multiple stop motion films under the NFB banner was Norman McLaren, who brought in many other animators to create their own creatively controlled films. Notable among these are the pinscreen animation films of Jacques Drouin, made with the original pinscreen donated by Alexandre Alexeieff and Claire Parker.

text: Italian stop motion films include Quaq Quao (1978), by Francesco Misseri, which was stop motion with origami, The Red and the Blue and the clay animation kittens Mio and Mao. Other European productions included a stop motion-animated series of Tove Jansson's The Moomins (from 1979, often referred to as "The Fuzzy Felt Moomins"), produced by Film Polski and Jupiter Films.

text: One of the main British Animation teams, John Hardwick and Bob Bura, were the main animators in many early British TV shows, and are famous for their work on the Trumptonshire trilogy.

text: Disney experimented with several stop motion techniques by hiring independent animator-director Mike Jittlov to do the first stop motion animation of Mickey Mouse toys ever produced for a short sequence called Mouse Mania, part of a TV special commemorating Mickey Mouse's 50th Anniversary called Mickey's 50 in 1978. Jittlov again produced some impressive multi-technique stop motion animation a year later for a 1979 Disney special promoting their release of the feature film The Black Hole. Titled Major Effects, Jittlov's work stood out as the best part of the special. Jittlov released his footage the following year to 16mm film collectors as a short film titled The Wizard of Speed and Time, along with four of his other short multi-technique animated films, most of which eventually evolved into his own feature-length film of the same title. Effectively demonstrating almost all animation techniques, as well as how he produced them, the film was released to theaters in 1987 and to video in 1989.

text: 1980s to present[edit]

text: In the 1970s and 1980s, Industrial Light & Magic often used stop motion model animation for films such as the original Star Wars trilogy: the chess sequence in Star Wars, the Tauntauns and AT-AT walkers in The Empire Strikes Back, and the AT-ST walkers in Return of the Jedi were all stop motion animation, some of it using the Go films. The many shots including the ghosts in Raiders of the Lost Ark and the first two feature films in the RoboCop series use Phil Tippett's go motion version of stop motion.

text: In the UK, Aardman Animations continued to grow. Channel 4 funded a new series of clay animated films Conversation Pieces based on real recorded soundtracks. A further series in 1986 called Lip Sync premiered the work of Richard Goleszowski - Ident, Barry Purves - Next and Nick Park - Creature Comforts as well as further films by Sproxton and Lord. Creature Comforts won the Oscar for Best Animated Short in 1990.

text: In 1980, Marc Paul Chinoy directed the 1st feature-length clay animated film; a film based on the famous Pogo comic strip. Titled I go Pogo, it was aired a few times on American cable channels, but has yet to be commercially released. Primarily clay, some characters required armatures, and walk cycles used pre-sculpted hard bases legs.[citation needed]

text: Stop motion was also used for some shots of the final sequence of Terminator movie, also for the scenes of the small alien ships in Spielberg's Batteries Not Included in 1987, animated by David W. Allen. Allen's stop motion work can also be seen in such feature films as The Crater Lake Monster (1977), Q - The Winged Serpent (1982), The Gate (1986) and Freaked (1993). Allen's King Kong Volkswagen commercial from the 1970s is now legendary among model animation enthusiasts.

text: In 1985, Will Vinton and his team released an ambitious feature film in stop motion called "The Adventures Of Mark Twain" based on the life and works of the famous American author. While the film may have been a little sophisticated for young audiences at the time, it got rave reviews from critics and adults in general.[citation needed] Vinton's team also created the Nomes and the Nome King for Disney's "Return to Oz" feature, for which they received an Academy Award Nomination for Special Visual Effects. In the 80's and early 90's, Will Vinton became very well known for his commercial work as well with stop motion campaigns including The California Raisins.

text: Of note are the films of Czech filmmaker Jan Švankmajer, which mix stop motion and live actors. These include Alice, an adaptation of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, and Faust, a rendition of the legend of the German scholar. The Czech school is also illustrated by the series Pat & Mat (1979–present). Created by Lubomír Beneš and Vladimír Jiránek, and it was wildly popular in a number of countries.

text: Since the general animation renaissance headlined by the likes of Who Framed Roger Rabbit and The Little Mermaid at the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, there have been an increasing number of traditional stop motion feature films, despite advancements with computer animation. The Nightmare Before Christmas, directed by Henry Selick and produced by Tim Burton, was one of the more widely released stop motion features and become the highest grossing stop motion animated movie of its time, grossing over $50 million domestic. Henry Selick also went on to direct James and the Giant Peach and Coraline, and Tim Burton went on to direct Corpse Bride and Frankenweenie.

text: In 1999, Will Vinton launched the first prime-time stop-motion television series called The PJs, co-created by actor-comedian Eddie Murphy. The Emmy-winning sitcom aired on Fox for two seasons, then moved to the WB for an additional season. Vinton launched another series, Gary & Mike, for UPN in 2001.

text: Another individual who found fame in clay animation is Nick Park, who created the characters Wallace and Gromit. In addition to a series of award-winning shorts and featurettes, he won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for the feature-length outing Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit. Chicken Run, to date, is the highest grossing stop motion animated movie ever grossing nearly $225 million worldwide.

text: The BBC commissioned thirteen episodes of stop frame animated Summerton Mill in 2004 as inserts into their flagship pre-school program, Tikkabilla. Created and produced by Pete Bryden and Ed Cookson, the series was then given its own slot on BBC1 and BBC2 and has been broadcast extensively around the world.

text: Other notable stop motion feature films released since 1990 include The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb (1993), Fantastic Mr. Fox and $9.99, both released in 2009, and Anomalisa (2015).

text: Variations of stop motion[edit]

text: Stereoscopic stop motion[edit]

text: Stop motion has very rarely been shot in stereoscopic 3D throughout film history. The first 3D stop motion short was In Tune With Tomorrow (also known as Motor Rhythm) in 1939 by John Norling. The second stereoscopic stop motion release was The Adventures of Sam Space in 1955 by Paul Sprunck. The third and latest stop motion short in stereo 3D was The Incredible Invasion of the 20,000 Giant Robots from Outer Space in 2000 by Elmer Kaan[3] and Alexander Lentjes.[4][5] This is also the first ever 3D stereoscopic stop motion and CGI short in the history of film. The first all stop motion 3D feature is Coraline (2009), based on Neil Gaiman's best-selling novel and directed by Henry Selick. Another recent example is the Nintendo 3DS video software which comes with the option for Stop Motion videos. This has been released December 8, 2011 as a 3DS system update. Also, the movie ParaNorman is in 3D stop motion.

text: Go motion[edit]

text: Another more complicated variation on stop motion is go motion, co-developed by Phil Tippett and first used on the films The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Dragonslayer (1981), and the RoboCop films. Go motion involved programming a computer to move parts of a model slightly during each exposure of each frame of film, combined with traditional hand manipulation of the model in between frames, to produce a more realistic motion blurring effect. Tippett also used the process extensively in his 1984 short film Prehistoric Beast, a 10 minutes long sequence depicting a herbivorous dinosaur (Monoclonius), being chased by a carnivorous one (Tyrannosaurus). With new footage Prehistoric Beast became Dinosaur! in 1985, a full-length dinosaurs documentary hosted by Christopher Reeve. Those Phil Tippett's go motion tests acted as motion models for his first photo-realistic use of computers to depict dinosaurs in Jurassic Park in 1993. A low-tech, manual version of this blurring technique was originally pioneered by Wladyslaw Starewicz in the silent era, and was used in his feature film The Tale of the Fox (1931).

text: Comparison to computer-generated imagery[edit]

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text: Reasons for using stop motion instead of the more advanced computer-generated imagery (CGI) include the low entry price and the appeal of its distinct look. It is now mostly used in children's programming, in commercials and some comic shows such as Robot Chicken. Another merit of stop motion is that it legitimately displays actual real-life textures, as CGI texturing is more artificial, therefore not quite as close to realism. This is appreciated by a number of animation directors, such as Tim Burton, Henry Selick, Wes Anderson and Travis Knight.

text: Stop motion in television and movies[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Dominating children's TV stop motion programming for three decades in America was Art Clokey's Gumby series (1955–1989) and its feature film, Gumby I (1992, 1995), using both freeform and character clay animation. Clokey started his adventures in clay with a 1953 freeform clay short film called Gumbasia (1953) which shortly thereafter propelled him into his more structured Gumby TV series. In partnership with the United Lutheran Church in America, he also produces Davey and Goliath (1960–2004).

text: In November 1959, the first episode of Sandmännchen was shown on East German television, a children's show that had Cold War propaganda as its primary function. New episodes, minus any propaganda, are still being produced in the now-reunified Germany,[6] making it one of the longest running animated series in the world.[citation needed]

text: In the 1960s, the French animator Serge Danot created the well-known The Magic Roundabout (1965) which played for many years on the BBC. Another French/Polish stop motion animated series was Colargol (Barnaby the Bear in the UK, Jeremy in Canada), by Olga Pouchine and Tadeusz Wilkosz.

text: A British TV series, Clangers (1969), became popular on television. The British artists Brian Cosgrove and Mark Hall (Cosgrove Hall Films) produced the two stop motion animated adaptions of Enid Blyton's Noddy book series including the original series of the same name (1975–1982) and Noddy's Toyland Adventures (1992–2001), a full-length film The Wind in the Willows (1983) and later a multi-season TV series, both based on Kenneth Grahame's classic children's book of the same title. They also produced a documentary of their production techniques, Making Frog and Toad. Since the 1970s and continuing into the 21st century, Aardman Animations, a British studio, has produced short films, television series, commercials and feature films, starring plasticine characters such as Wallace and Gromit; they also produced a notable music video for "Sledgehammer", a song by Peter Gabriel.

text: During 1986 to 1991, Churchill Films produced The Mouse and the Motorcycle, Runaway Ralph, and Ralph S. Mouse for ABC television. The shows featured stop-motion characters combined with live action, based on the books of Beverly Cleary. John Clark Matthews was animation director, with Justin Kohn, Joel Fletcher, and Gail Van Der Merwe providing character animation.[7]

text: From 1986 to 2000, over 150 five-minute episodes of Pingu, a Swiss children's comedy were produced by Trickfilmstudio. In the 1990s Trey Parker and Matt Stone made two shorts and the pilot of South Park almost entirely out of construction paper.

text: In 1999, Tsuneo Gōda directed an official 30-second sketches of the character Domo. With the shorts animated by stop-motion studio dwarf is still currently produced in Japan and has then received universal critical acclaim from fans and critics. Gōda also directed the stop-motion movie series Komaneko in 2004.

text: In 2003, the pilot film for the series Curucuru and Friends, produced by Korean studio Ffango Entertoyment is greenlighted into a children's animated series in 2004 after an approval with the Gyeonggi Digital Contents Agency. It was aired in KBS1 on November 24, 2006 and won the 13th Korean Animation Awards in 2007 for Best Animation. Ffango Entertoyment also worked with Frontier Works in Japan to produce the 2010 film remake of Cheburashka.[8]

text: Since 2005, Robot Chicken has mostly utilized stop motion animation, using custom made action figures and other toys as principal characters.

text: Since 2009 Laika, the stop-motion successor to Will Vinton Studios, has released four feature films, which have collectively grossed over $400 million.

text: Stop motion in other media[edit]

text: Singer-songwriter Oren Lavie's music video for the song Her Morning Elegance was posted on YouTube on January 19, 2009. The video, directed by Lavie and Yuval and Merav Nathan, uses stop motion and has achieved great success with over 25.4 million views, also earning a 2010 Grammy Award nomination for "Best Short Form Music Video".

text: Stop motion has occasionally been used to create the characters for computer games, as an alternative to CGI. The Virgin Interactive Entertainment Mythos game Magic and Mayhem (1998) featured creatures built by stop motion specialist Alan Friswell, who made the miniature figures from modelling clay and latex rubber, over armatures of wire and ball-and-socket joints. The models were then animated one frame at a time, and incorporated into the CGI elements of the game through digital photography. "ClayFighter" for the Super NES and The Neverhood for the PC are other examples.


document_title: Baton Rouge, Louisiana

question_text: when did baton rouge become the capital of louisiana

question_tokens: when did baton rouge become the capital of louisiana

root

text: Baton Rouge, Louisiana

text: History[edit]

text: Prehistory[edit]

text:
Human habitation in the Baton Rouge area has been dated to 12000 – 6500 BC, based on evidence found along the Mississippi, Comite, and Amite rivers.[14][15]
Earthwork mounds were built by hunter-gatherer societies in the Middle Archaic period, from roughly the 4th millennium BC.[16] The Proto-Muskogean language divided into its descendant languages by about 1000 BC; a cultural boundary between either side of Mobile Bay and the Black Warrior River began to appear between about 1200 BC and 500 BC, a period called the Middle "Gulf Formational Stage". The Eastern Muskogean language began to diversify internally in the first half of the 1st millennium AD.[17]

tag: p

text: The early Muskogean societies were the bearers of the Mississippian culture, which formed around AD 800 and extended in a vast network across the Mississippi and Ohio valleys, with numerous chiefdoms in the Southeast as well. By the time the Spanish made their first forays inland from the shores of the Gulf of Mexico in the early 16th century, by some evidence many political centers of the Mississippians were already in decline, or abandoned. At the time, the region appeared to be occupied by a collection of moderately-sized native chiefdoms interspersed with autonomous villages and tribal groups.[18] There is, however, also evidence that these societies were thriving at the time of the first Spanish contact, and that later Spanish expeditions encountered the aftermath of the diseases spread unknowingly by the first expedition.

text: Colonial period[edit]

text: French explorer Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville led an exploration party up the Mississippi River in 1699. The explorers saw a red pole marking the boundary between the Houma and Bayogoula tribal hunting grounds. The French name le bâton rouge ("the red stick") is the translation of a native term rendered as Istrouma, possibly a corruption of the Choctaw iti humma ("red pole");[19] André-Joseph Pénicaut, a carpenter traveling with d'Iberville, published the first full-length account of the expedition in 1723. According to Pénicaut,

text: From there [Manchacq] we went five leagues higher and found very high banks called écorts in that region, and in savage called Istrouma which means red stick [bâton rouge], as at this place there is a post painted red that the savages have sunk there to mark the land line between the two nations, namely: the land of the Bayagoulas which they were leaving and the land of another nation—thirty leagues upstream from the baton rouge—named the Oumas.

text: See also Red Sticks for the ceremonial use of red sticks among the Muscogee.

text: The location of the red pole was presumably at Scott's Bluff, on what is now the campus of Southern University.[20] It was reportedly a 30-foot-high (9.1 m) painted pole adorned with fish bones.[21]

text: The settlement of Baton Rouge by Europeans began in 1721 when a military post was established by French colonists. Since European settlement, Baton Rouge has been governed by France, Britain, Spain, Louisiana, the Republic of West Florida, the Confederate States, and the United States. In 1755, when French-speaking settlers of Acadia in Canada's Maritime provinces were driven into exile by British forces, many took up residence in rural Louisiana. Popularly known as Cajuns, the descendants of the Acadians maintained a separate culture. During the first half of the 19th century, the city grew steadily as the result of steamboat trade and transportation.

text: Modern history[edit]

text: Baton Rouge was incorporated in 1817. In 1822, the Pentagon Barracks complex of buildings was completed. The site has been used by the Spanish, French, British, Confederate States Army, and United States Army and was part of the short-lived Republic of West Florida.[22] In 1951, ownership of the barracks was transferred to the State of Louisiana, and in 1976 it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.[23]

text: In 1846, the state legislature designated Baton Rouge Louisiana's new capital to replace "sinful" New Orleans. The architect James Dakin was hired to design the Capitol building in Baton Rouge, with construction beginning in late 1847.[20] Rather than mimic the federal Capitol in Washington, as many other states had done, he designed a capitol in Neo-Gothic, complete with turrets and crenellations, and stained glass, which overlooks the Mississippi. It has been described as the "most distinguished example of Gothic Revival" architecture in the state and has been designated as a National Historic Landmark.[24]

text: By the outbreak of the Civil War, the population of Baton Rouge was nearly 5,500. The war nearly halted economic progress, except for businesses associated with supplying the Union Army occupation of the city beginning in the spring of 1862. The Confederates at first consolidated their forces elsewhere, during which time the state government was moved to Opelousas and later Shreveport.[20] In the summer of 1862, about 2,600 Confederate troops under generals John C. Breckinridge (the former Vice President of the United States) and Daniel Ruggles tried in vain to recapture Baton Rouge.

text: After the war, New Orleans served as the seat of the Reconstruction Era state government. When the Bourbon Democrats regained power in 1882, they returned the state government to Baton Rouge, where it has since remained. In his 1893 guidebook, Karl Baedeker described Baton Rouge as "the Capital of Louisiana, a quaint old place with 10,378 inhabitants, on a bluff above the Mississippi".[25]

text: In the 1950s and 1960s, Baton Rouge experienced a boom in the petrochemical industry, which resulted in the city expanding beyond its original center. The changing market in the oil business has produced fluctuations in the industry, affecting employment in the city and areae.

text: A building boom began in the city in the 1990s and continued into the 2000s, during which Baton Rouge was one of the fastest-growing cities in the South in terms of technology.[26] Metropolitan Baton Rouge was ranked as one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the U.S. (with a population under 1 million), with 602,894 in 2000 and 802,484 people as of the 2010 census.[27] After the extensive damage in New Orleans and along the coast from Hurricane Katrina (2005), this city accepted as many as 200,000 displaced residents.

text: On July 5, 2016, Alton Sterling, an unarmed black man, was fatally shot by police officers.[28] This was followed by civil rights protests and unrest.

text: On July 17, Gavin Eugene Long shot six police officers, resulting in three deaths.[29] The Baton Rouge Metropolitan area was affected by the 2016 Louisiana floods in August.

text: Geography and climate[edit]

text: Baton Rouge is located on the banks of the Mississippi River in southeastern Louisiana.[30] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 79.1 square miles (204.9 km2), of which 76.8 square miles (198.9 km2) is land and 2.2 square miles (5.7 km2) (2.81%) is water.

text: The city is located on the first set of bluffs north of the Mississippi River Delta's coastal plains. Because of its prominent location along the river and on the bluffs, which prevents flooding, the French built a fort in the city in 1719.[31]

text: Baton Rouge is the third southmost capital city in the continental United States, after Austin, Texas, and Tallahassee, Florida.

text: Tallest buildings[edit]

text: Baton Rouge's tallest buildings are:[32][33]

text:
Name

Stories

Height

Louisiana State Capitol (Capitol Park; tallest state capitol building in the U.S.)
34
450 ft (137 m)

One American Place
24
308 ft (94 m)

JPMorgan Chase Tower (Chase)
21
277 ft (84 m)

Riverside Tower North (Chase)
20
229 ft (70 m)

Marriott Hotel Baton Rouge
22
224 ft (68 m)

Mid-City Tower
14
173 ft (53 m)

tag: table

text: Neighborhoods[edit]

text: Baton Rouge has many neighborhoods both inside and outside the city limits:

text:
Arbor Walk
Banks
Beechwood
Belfair
Beauregard Town
Bird Station (Old)
Bird Station (New)
Bocage
The Bottom
Broadmoor
Brookstown
Brownfields
Camelot
Capital Heights
Cedarcrest
Centurion Place
Concord
Country Club of Louisiana
Dixie
Eden Park
Easytown
Fairfields
Forest Heights Park

Froggy Mo
Gardere
Garden District
Goodwood
Glen Oaks
Ghosttown
Greendale
Greenwood Estates
Inniswold
Hickory Ridge
Jefferson Terrace
Kenilworth
Lake Beau Pré
Lakes at Highland[34]
Mall City
Magnolia Woods
Mayfair
Mcdonald land
Melrose Place
Merrydale
Mid-City
Millerville
Monticello
North Gate
North Sherwood

Northdale
Oak Hills Place
Ogden Park
Old Hermitage
Old Jefferson
Orleans Place
Parkview Oaks
Parktown
Pelican Bay
Pollard Estates
Riverbend
Riverdale
River Oaks
River Oaks East
Santa Maria
Sharon Hills
Scotlandville
Shenandoah
Sherwood Forest
South Baton Rouge
Southdowns
Southern Heights
Spanish Town

Stratford Place
Tara
Tigerland
The Avenue's
The Field
The Lake
The Maryland
University Acres
University Club
University Gardens
University Hills
University Lakes
Valley Park
Victoria Gardens
Villa Del Rey
Village St. George
Wedgewood
Westdale Heights
Westminster
White Oak Landing
Woodgate
Woodlands
Woodlawn Estates
Woodstone
Zion City

text: Climate[edit]

text: Baton Rouge has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with mild winters, hot and humid summers, moderate to heavy rainfall, and the possibility of damaging winds and tornadoes yearlong. The area's average precipitation is 55.55 inches (1,411 mm) of rain and 0.1 inches (0.25 cm) inches of snow annually. With ample precipitation, Baton Rouge is fifth on the list of wettest cities in the United States. Snow in the Baton Rouge area is usually rare, although it snowed in three consecutive years recently: on December 11, 2008, on December 4, 2009, and February 12, 2010. It snowed most recently on December 8, 2017 and then again on January 16, 2018.

text: The yearly average temperature for Baton Rouge is 67.5 °F (19.7 °C) while the average temperature for January is 51.21 °F (10.67 °C) and August is 80.54 °F (26.97 °C). The area is usually free from extremes in temperature with some cold winter fronts but those are usually brief.[35]

text: Baton Rouge's proximity to the Gulf of Mexico exposes the metropolitan region to hurricanes. On September 1, 2008, Hurricane Gustav struck the city and would become the worst hurricane ever to hit the Baton Rouge area. Winds topped 100 miles per hour (160 km/h), knocking down trees and powerlines and making roads impassable. The roofs of many buildings suffered tree damage, especially in the Highland Road, Garden District, and Goodwood areas. The city was shut down for five days and a curfew was put in effect. Rooftop shingles were ripped off, signs blown down, and minor structural damage occurred.

text:
hideClimate data for Baton Rouge, Louisiana (Metropolitan Airport), 1981–2010 normals

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

85 (29)

88 (31)

93 (34)

96 (36)

101 (38)

103 (39)

103 (39)

110 (43)

104 (40)

98 (37)

89 (32)

88 (31)

110 (43)

Average high °F (°C)

62.3 (16.8)

65.7 (18.7)

72.7 (22.6)

79.3 (26.3)

86.2 (30.1)

90.9 (32.7)

92.2 (33.4)

92.5 (33.6)

88.7 (31.5)

80.8 (27.1)

71.9 (22.2)

64.1 (17.8)

78.9 (26.1)

Daily mean °F (°C)

51.7 (10.9)

55.1 (12.8)

61.5 (16.4)

68.1 (20.1)

75.7 (24.3)

81.1 (27.3)

83.0 (28.3)

82.9 (28.3)

78.6 (25.9)

69.3 (20.7)

60.4 (15.8)

53.4 (11.9)

68.4 (20.2)

Average low °F (°C)

41.2 (5.1)

44.5 (6.9)

50.3 (10.2)

56.8 (13.8)

65.2 (18.4)

71.4 (21.9)

73.7 (23.2)

73.4 (23)

68.5 (20.3)

57.9 (14.4)

48.9 (9.4)

42.7 (5.9)

57.9 (14.4)

Record low °F (°C)

9 (−13)

2 (−17)

20 (−7)

31 (−1)

40 (4)

53 (12)

58 (14)

58 (14)

43 (6)

30 (−1)

21 (−6)

8 (−13)

2 (−17)

Average precipitation inches (mm)

5.72 (145.3)

5.04 (128)

4.41 (112)

4.46 (113.3)

4.89 (124.2)

6.41 (162.8)

4.96 (126)

5.82 (147.8)

4.54 (115.3)

4.70 (119.4)

4.10 (104.1)

5.60 (142.2)

60.65 (1,540.4)

Average snowfall inches (cm)

0 (0)

0.2 (0.5)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.2 (0.5)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)

9.9

8.8

8.3

7.5

7.9

12.1

12.9

11.8

8.5

7.5

8.5

9.1

112.8

Average relative humidity (%)

62

75

73

73.5

74

75

76

78

77.5

75

72.7

73.5

76.5

Source: NOAA[36] The Weather Channel (record temperatures)[37]

text: National protected areas[edit]

text:
Atchafalaya National Heritage Area
Baton Rouge National Cemetery
Independence Park Botanic Gardens
Laurens Henry Cohn, Sr. Memorial Plant Arboretum
LSU Hilltop Arboretum
Magnolia Cemetery
Port Hudson National Cemetery

tag: ul

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±
1810469—18402,269—18503,90572.1%18605,42839.0%18706,49819.7%18807,19710.8%189010,47845.6%190011,2697.5%191014,89732.2%192021,78246.2%193030,72941.1%194034,71913.0%1950125,629261.8%1960152,41921.3%1970165,9218.9%1980220,39432.8%1990219,531−0.4%2000227,8183.8%2010229,4930.7%Est. 2016227,715[5]−0.8%U.S. Decennial Census[38]2013 Estimate[39]

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 229,553 people; per the 2010 census, 88,973 households, and 52,672 families residing in the city. The 2000 population density was 2,964.8 people per square mile (1,144.7/km²). There were 97,388 housing units at an average density of 1,267.3 per square mile (489.4/km²). According to the 2010 the racial makeup of the city was 50.4% Black or African American, 40.8% White, 0.5% Native American, 3.5% Asian, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino were 3.5% of the population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 37.8% of the population,[40] down from 70.5% in 1970.[41]

text: Of all households, 28.1% had children under the age of 18, 35.8% were married couples living together, 19.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.8% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.12.

text: In the city, the population was spread out with 24.4% under the age of 18, 17.5% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males.

text: The median income for a household in the city was $30,368, and the median income for a family was $40,266. Males had a median income of $34,893 versus $23,115 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,512. About 18.0% of families and 24.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.4% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those ages 65 or over.

text: At the 2005–2007 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates, 32.4% of the population had a bachelor's degree or higher.

text: Economy[edit]

text: Baton Rouge enjoys a strong economy that has helped the city be ranked as one of the "Top 10 Places for Young Adults" in 2010 by Portfolio Magazine[42] and one of the top 20 cities in North America for economic strength by Brookings.[43] In 2009, the city was ranked as the 9th best place in the country to start a new business by CNN.[44] Lamar Advertising Company has its headquarters in Baton Rouge.[45]

text: Baton Rouge is the furthest inland port on the Mississippi River that can accommodate ocean-going tankers and cargo carriers. The ships transfer their cargo (grain, crude, cars, containers) at Baton Rouge onto rails and pipelines (to travel east-west) or barges (to travel north). Deep-draft vessels cannot pass the Old Huey Long Bridge because the clearance is insufficient, and the river depth decreases significantly just to the north, near Port Hudson.[46]

text: Baton Rouge's largest industry is petrochemical production and manufacturing. ExxonMobil's Baton Rouge Refinery complex is the fourth-largest oil refinery in the country; it is the world's tenth largest. Baton Rouge also has rail, highway, pipeline, and deep water access.[47]

text: Dow Chemical Company has a large plant in Iberville Parish near Plaquemine, 17 miles (27 km) south of Baton Rouge.[48] NanYa Technology Corporation has a large facility in North Baton Rouge that makes PVC and CPVC pipes. Shaw Construction, Turner, and Harmony all started with performing construction work at these plants.

text: As well as being the state capital and parish seat, the city is the home of Louisiana State University. One of the largest single employers in Baton Rouge is the state government, which consolidated all branches of state government downtown at the Capitol Park complex.[49]

text: The research hospitals Our Lady of the Lake, Our Lady of the Lake Children's Hospital (affiliated with St. Jude Children's Research Hospital), Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, and Earl K. Long, helped by an emerging medical corridor at Essen Lane/Summa Avenue/Bluebonnet Boulevard, are positioning Baton Rouge to eventually support a medical district similar to the Texas Medical Center. LSU and Tulane have both announced plans to construct satellite medical campuses in Baton Rouge to partner with Our Lady of the Lake Medical Center and Baton Rouge General Medical Center, respectively.[44]

text: Southeastern Louisiana University and Our Lady of the Lake College both have nursing schools in the medical district off Essen Lane. Louisiana State University's Pennington Biomedical Research Center, which conducts clinical and biological research, also contributes to research-related employment in the area around the Baton Rouge medical district.

text: The film industry in Louisiana has increased dramatically in the last decade, in response to generous tax incentives adopted by the state in 2002. In September 2013 the Baton Rouge Film Commission reported that the industry had brought more than $90 million into the local economy in 2013.[50] Baton Rouge's largest production facility is the Celtic Media Centre, opened in 2006 by a local group in collaboration with Raleigh Studios of Los Angeles; Raleigh dropped its involvement in 2014.[51]

text: Top employers[edit]

text: According to the city's 2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[52] the top employers in the city were:

text:
No.

Employer

No. of Employees

1

State of Louisiana

22,120

2

Turner Industries

9,671

3

East Baton Rouge Parish Public Schools

6,250

4

Louisiana State University

5,600

5

City of Baton Rouge - Parish of East Baton Rouge

4,612

6

ExxonMobil Chemical - Baton Rouge Refinery

4,213

7

CB&I

4,009

8

Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center

3,500

9

Performance Contractors

3,000

10

Baton Rouge General Medical Center

2,000

text: Culture[edit]

text: Baton Rouge is the middle ground of South Louisiana cultures, having a mix of Cajun and Creole Catholics and Baptists of the Florida Parishes and South Mississippi. Baton Rouge is a college city with Baton Rouge Community College, Louisiana State University, Our Lady of the Lake College, and Southern University whose students make up some 20% of the city population. There is a sizable international population of about 11,300, the largest of which are people of Hispanic or Vietnamese descent. This contributes to Baton Rouge's unique culture and its diversity of heritage.[53]

text: Arts and theater[edit]

text: Baton Rouge has an expanding visual arts scene, which is centered downtown. This increasing collection of venues includes the Shaw Center for the Arts.[54] Opened in 2005, the facility houses the Brunner Gallery, LSU Museum of Art, the Manship Theatre, a contemporary art gallery, traveling exhibits, and several eateries. Another prominent facility is the Louisiana Art and Science Museum (LASM),[55] which contains the Irene W. Pennington Planetarium, traveling art exhibits, space displays, and an ancient Egyptian section. Several smaller art galleries, including the Baton Rouge Gallery, offering a range of local art, are scattered throughout the city.

text: The city has several designated arts and cultural districts,[56] the most prominent of which are the Mid-City Cultural District and the Perkins Road Arts District. These districts provide tax incentives, mostly in the form of exempting state tax on purchases, to promote cultural activity in these areas.

text: There is an emerging performing arts scene. LSU's Swine Palace is the foremost theatre company in the city, largely made up of students of LSU's MFA acting program, as well as professional actors and stage managers.[57] There is a budding group of physical theatre and circus artists at LSU, who traveled to Edinburgh, Scotland, in summer 2012 to perform Dante in the world's largest Fringe Festival. The show ran in Baton Rouge before going to Fringe, and featured movement, acrobatics, and aerial silk.[58]

text: Theatre Baton Rouge offers a diverse selection of live theatre performances. Opera Louisiane is Baton Rouge's only professional opera company. The Baton Rouge Ballet Theatre is Baton Rouge's professional ballet company. The Nutcracker – A Tale from the Bayou sets the familiar holiday classic in 19th-century Louisiana and has become a Baton Rouge holiday tradition. A Tale from the Bayou features professional dancers, a live orchestra and more than 300 area children.[59][60]

text: Baton Rouge is also home to Of Moving Colors Productions, the premier contemporary dance company in the city, who for over 30 years has been an integral part of the arts scene in Baton Rouge, bringing in internationally established choreographers to create stunning performances. In addition, their community outreach has left a positive impact on children and young adults for decades.

text: Performing venues include the Baton Rouge River Center, Baton Rouge River Center Theatre for the Performing Arts, which seats approximately 1,900, the Manship Theatre, which is located in the Shaw Center for the Arts and seats 350, and the Reilly Theater, which is home to Swine Palace, a non-profit professional theater company associated with the Louisiana State University Department of Theatre.

text: The Baton Rouge Symphony Orchestra has been in service since 1947 and currently performs at the River Center Music Hall downtown.[61] Today, there are over 60 concerts annually performed by the Baton Rouge Symphony Orchestra directed by Timothy Muffitt and David Torns.[61] The BRSO's educational component, the Louisiana Youth Orchestra, made its debut in 1984 and currently includes almost 180 musicians under the age of 20.[62]

text: Events[edit]

text: Many events take place throughout the year. Every year Baton Rouge hosts many Mardi Gras parades, the largest one being held in historic Spanish Town. Other festivals include the biannual Restaurant Week, Greater Baton Rouge State Fair, FestforAll, Louisiana Earth Day, Blues Festival, Live After 5, Mardi Gras season, the Wearin' of the Green St. Patrick's Day Parade, Bayou Country Superfest,[63] and Red Stick International Animation Festival.[64]

text: Miss USA pageants[edit]

text: Baton Rouge was chosen to host the Miss USA 2014 Pageant. It took over downtown Baton Rouge as Nia Sanchez, Miss Nevada USA, took home the crown, with Miss Louisiana USA Brittany Guidry coming close to the win with the third runner-up spot and fourth overall. Veteran pageant host Giuliana Rancic and MSNBC news anchor Thomas Roberts introduced the 51 contestants before judges whittled them down to 20 semi-finalists to compete in the swimsuit, evening gown and interview competitions. Cosmo weighed in on the contest, complimenting home state girl Miss Louisiana.[65] Celebrity judges included actress Rumer Willis, NBA star Karl Malone, singer Lance Bass and actor Ian Ziering.[66] In its 62-year history, this was the first year viewers got to vote to keep one of their favorite contestants in the top six by tweeting the hashtag #SaveTheQueen bringing the pageant into the modern age of social media. Baton Rouge was also the site of the 2005 Miss Teen USA Pageant. "The hospitality shown to us while we were there was second to none," Paula Shugart (Miss USA President), said. "The sense of community that Baton Rouge has is incredibly inspiring.[67] "

text: Baton Rouge hosted Miss USA 2015 again on July 12, 2015, won by actress and Miss Oklahoma USA Olivia Jordan.

text: Tourism and recreation[edit]

text: There are many architectural points of interest in Baton Rouge, ranging from antebellum to modern. The neo-gothic Old Louisiana State Capitol was built in the 1850s as the first state house in Baton Rouge and was later replaced by the 450 feet (137 m) tall, art-deco New Louisiana State Capitol which was the tallest building in the South when it was completed. Several plantation homes in the area such as Magnolia Mound Plantation House, Myrtles Plantation, and Nottoway Plantation showcase antebellum-era architecture. Louisiana State University has over 250 buildings in Italian Renaissance style, one of the nation's largest college stadiums, and is endowed with many live oaks. Several examples of modern and contemporary buildings are downtown, including the Capitol Park Museum.[68][69] A number of structures, including the Baton Rouge River Center, Louisiana State Library, LSU Student Union, Louisiana Naval Museum, Bluebonnet Swamp Interpretive Center, Louisiana Arts and Sciences Center, Louisiana State Archive and Research Library, and the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, were designed by local architect John Desmond.[70] The Pentagon Barracks Museum and Visitors Center is located within the barracks complex and the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad Company Depot, currently houses the Louisiana Art and Science Museum.[71]

text: Museums around town offer a variety of genres. The Capitol Park Museum and the Old Louisiana State Capitol Museum display information on state history and have many interactive exhibits. The Shaw Center for the Arts showcases and the Louisiana Art and Science Museum showcase varied arts. LASM also includes science exhibits and a planetarium. Other museums include the LSU Museum of Natural Science and the USS Kidd.

text: Other attractions include the Mall at Cortana and the Mall of Louisiana (Louisiana's two largest malls) and Perkins Rowe, amusement parks of Dixie Landin'/ Blue Bayou, and dining at the Louisiana-cuisine restaurants.

text: Sports[edit]

text: College sports play a major role in the culture of Baton Rouge. The LSU Tigers and the Southern University Jaguars are NCAA Division I athletic programs with the LSU Tigers football and Southern Jaguars football teams being the local college American football teams. The LSU football team has won 11 Southeastern Conference titles, six Sugar Bowls and three national championships. College baseball, basketball and gymnastics are also popular.[72][73]

text: Baton Rouge has had multiple minor-league baseball teams, soccer teams, indoor football teams, a basketball team and a hockey team. The Baton Rouge Rugby Football Club or Baton Rouge Redfish 7, which began playing in 1977, has won numerous conference championships. Currently, the team competes in the Deep South Rugby Football Union.[74] It also has an Australian rules football team, the Baton Rouge Tigers, which began playing in 2004 and competes in the USAFL. In addition, Baton Rouge is home to Red Stick Roller Derby, a WFTDA Division 3 roller derby league. Baton Rouge is also home to the Baton Rouge Soccer Club in the Gulf Coast Premier League.

text: Parks and recreation[edit]

text: Baton Rouge has an extensive park collection run through BREC (the Recreation & Park Commission for the Parish of East Baton Rouge). The largest park is City Park near LSU. The Baton Rouge Zoo is run through BREC and includes 1800+ species.[75]

text: Government[edit]

text: The City of Baton Rouge and the Parish of East Baton Rouge has been run by a consolidated government since 1947, which combined the City of Baton Rouge government with the rural areas of the parish, allowing people outside the limits of the City of Baton Rouge to use city services. Though the city and parish have a consolidated government, this differs slightly from a traditional consolidated city-county[n 3] government, as the cities of Zachary, Baker, and Central operate their own individual city governments within East Baton Rouge Parish. Under this system, Baton Rouge has the uncommon office of "Mayor-President", which consolidates the executive offices of "Mayor of Baton Rouge" and "President of East Baton Rouge Parish". Even though Zachary, Baker, and Central each have their own individual mayors, citizens living in these three municipalities are still a part of the constituency that can vote and run in elections for Mayor-President and Metro Council.[76]

text: Mayor-President[edit]

text: The Mayor-President's duties include setting the agenda for the government and managing the government's day-to-day functions. They are also responsible for supervising departments, as well as appointing the department heads. The Mayor does not set the city's public policy because that is the role of the Metropolitan Council. However, the Mayor-President does have some influence on the policy through appointments and relationships with Council members.

text: The current Mayor-President of Baton Rouge is Sharon Weston Broome, a former Louisiana State Legislator. Broome, a Democrat, succeeded Kip Holden, also a Democrat, as Mayor-President on January 2, 2017, after defeating Bodi White in a close runoff on December 10, 2016. She served in the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1992 to 2004, and then served in the Louisiana State Senate from 2004 to 2016, acting as the Senate President Pro Tempore from 2008 to 2016.[2][76][77]

text: Metropolitan Council[edit]

text: When the city and parish combined government, the city and parish councils consolidated to form the East Baton Rouge Parish Metropolitan Council. The Metro Council is the legislative branch of the Baton Rouge's government and is made up of 12 district council members, with one member being elected to serve as Mayor-President pro tempore. The Mayor-President Pro Tempore presides over the council's meetings and assumes the role of the Mayor-President if the Mayor-President is unable to serve. The council members serve four year terms and can hold office for three terms. The Metro Council's main responsibilities are setting the policy for the government, voting on legislation, and approving the city's budget. The Council makes policies for the following: the City and Parish General Funds, all districts created by the Council, the Greater Baton Rouge Airport District, the Public Transportation Commission, the East Baton Rouge Parish Sewerage Control Commission and the Greater Baton Rouge Parking Authority.[76]

text:
Metropolitan Council Members[78]

District

Member

Assumed Office

Current term[n 4]

Map of District

1

Trae Welch
January 2, 2009
3rd
District 1

2

Chauna Banks
January 2, 2013
2nd
District 2

3

Chandler Loupe
January 2, 2013
2nd
District 3

4

Scott Wilson*
January 2, 2009
3rd
District 4

5

Erika L. Green
January 2, 2016[n 5]
1st†
District 5

6

Donna Collins-Lewis
January 2, 2009
3rd
District 6

7

LaMont Cole
January 2, 2016[n 6]
1st†
District 7

8

Buddy Amoroso
January 2, 2013
2nd
District 8

9

Dwight Hudson
January 2, 2017
1st
District 9

10

Tara Wicker
January 2, 2009
3rd
District 10

11

Matt Watson
January 2, 2017
1st
District 11

12

Barbara Freiberg
January 2, 2017
1st
District 12

     Republican
     Democrat

* Mayor-President Pro Tempore
† 1st full term in office, though member previously served for a partial term after filling a vacancy

text: Education[edit]

text: Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, generally known as Louisiana State University or LSU, is a public, coeducational university that is the flagship campus of the Louisiana State University System. LSU is the largest university in Louisiana with over 30,000 students and 1,300 full-time faculty members.

text: Southern University and A&M College, generally known as Southern University or SU, is the flagship institution of the Southern University System, the only historically black land grant university system in the United States. SU is the largest HBCU and second oldest public university in Louisiana.

text: Virginia College opened in October 2010 and offers students training in areas like Cosmetology, Business, Health and Medical Billing.

text: Our Lady of the Lake College is an independent Catholic institution also in the Baton Rouge medical district that has programs in nursing, health sciences, humanities, behavioral sciences, and arts and sciences. It has an associated hospital, Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center.[79] Tulane University is also opening a satellite medical school at Baton Rouge General's Mid City Campus in 2011.[80]

text: Southeastern Louisiana University School of Nursing is located in the medical district on Essen Lane in Baton Rouge. Southeastern offers traditional baccalaureate and master's degree programs as well as LPN and RN to BSN articulation.

text: Baton Rouge Community College is an open-admission, two-year post-secondary public community college, established on June 28, 1995. The college settled into a permanent location in 1998.  The college's current enrollment is more than 8,000 students.[81]

text: The University of Phoenix has a campus in Baton Rouge on Acadian Thruway near I-10.

text: The Pennington Biomedical Research Center houses 48 laboratories and 19 core research facilities.[82]

text: Primary and secondary schools[edit]

text: East Baton Rouge Parish Public Schools operates primary and secondary schools serving the city. The city of Baton Rouge is also home to 15 charter schools with a total enrollment of 3800 pupils.[83] One of the latest includes the Mentorship Academy in downtown Baton Rouge, which leverages its location downtown to establish internship opportunities with local businesses as well as provide a high tech classroom environment to focus on a digital animation curriculum.[84]

text: The East Baton Rouge Parish School System is the second largest public school system in the state and contains nine U.S. Blue Ribbon Schools and a nationally renowned Magnet Program. The school system serves more than 42,850 students and with the help of 6,250 teachers and faculty, the district has shown growth and increase in its District Performance Score (DPS).

text: The East Baton Rouge Parish Public Schools serve East Baton Rouge Parish and has 90 schools with 56 elementary schools, 16 middle schools and 18 high schools.[85]

text: Libraries[edit]

text: The State Library of Louisiana is in Baton Rouge. The Louisiana Legislature created the Louisiana Library Commission in 1920. This would later become the State Library of Louisiana. The State Library provides Louisiana residents with millions of items with its collections, electronic resources and the statewide network for lending.[86]

text: The East Baton Rouge Parish Library System has 14 local libraries with one main library and 13 community libraries. The main library at Goodwood houses genealogy and local history archives. The library system is an entity of the city-parish government. The system has been in operation since 1939. It is governed by the EBR Parish government and directed by the Library Board of Control. The Baton Rouge Metropolitan Council appoints the seven member board and then the board appoints a Director. According to its website, all branches are open seven days a week to assist the public with everything from reference and information to computer access.[87]

text: The Louisiana State Archives' Main Research Library is located in Baton Rouge as well. It houses general history books, census indexes, immigration schedules, church records and family histories. The Library also has a computerized database of more than two million names that has various information about these people including census info, marriage info and social security filing info.[88]

text: Louisiana State University and the Louisiana State University Law Center have libraries on their respective Baton Rouge Campuses.

text: Southern University and A&M College and the Southern University Law Center have libraries on their respective Baton Rouge Campuses.

text: Media[edit]

text: The major daily newspaper is The Advocate, publishing since 1925. Prior to October 1991, Baton Rouge also had an evening newspaper, The State-Times—at that time, the morning paper was known as "The Morning Advocate." Other publications include: Baton Rouge Parents Magazine, Pink & Blue Magazine, The Daily Reveille, The Southern Review, 225 magazine, DIG, Greater Baton Rouge Business Report, inRegister magazine, 10/12 magazine, Country Roads magazine, 225Alive, Healthcare Journal of Baton Rouge, Southern University Digest, and The South Baton Rouge Journal. Other newspapers in East Baton Rouge Parish include the Central City News and The Zachary Post.

text: Greater Baton Rouge area is well served by television and radio. The market is the 95th largest Designated Market Area (DMA) in the U.S. Major television network affiliates serving the area include:

text:
2 WBRZ-TV (ABC)
9 WAFB (CBS)
20 KZUP-CD (RTN)

21 WBRL-CD (The CW)
27 WLPB (PBS/LPB)
30 WLFT-CD (MeTV)
33 WVLA (NBC)

39 WBXH-CD (My Network TV)
41 KBTR-CA (This TV)
44 WGMB (Fox)

text: Baton Rouge also offer local Government-access television (GATV) only channels on Cox Cable ch. 21. Cos also offers YurView Louisiana on channel 4, and Catholic Life on channel 15.

text: Infrastructure[edit]

text: Communication[edit]

text: Most of the Baton Rouge area's high-speed internet, broadband, and fiber optic communications are provided by Eatel, AT&T Inc., Charter Communications, or Cox Communications.[89]  In 2006, Cox Communications linked its Lafayette, Baton Rouge, and New Orleans markets with fiber optic infrastructure. Other providers soon followed suit, and fiber optics have thus far proven reliable in all hurricanes since they were installed, even when mobile and broadband service is disrupted during storms.

text: In 2001, the Supermike computer at Louisiana State University was ranked as the number 1 computer cluster in the world,[90] and remains one of the top 500 computing sites in the world.[91]

text: In 2010, Baton Rouge started a market push to become a test city for Google's new super high speed fiber optic line known as GeauxFiBR.[92]

text: Health and medicine[edit]

text: Baton Rouge is served by several hospitals and clinics:

text:
Baton Rouge General Medical Center – Mid-City Campus – 3600 Florida Boulevard
Baton Rouge General Medical Center – Bluebonnet Campus – 8585 Picardy Avenue
Earl K. Long Medical Center (LSUMC) – 5825 Airline Highway (Permanently Closed)
HealthSouth Rehabilitation Hospital – 8595 United Plaza Boulevard
Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center – 5000 Hennessy Boulevard
Ochsner Medical Center – 1700 Medical Center Drive

text: Utilities[edit]

text:
Electric: Cajun Electric Power Cooperative, DEMCO, Entergy
Natural gas: Entergy, Louisiana Gas Service Company, Mid-Louisiana Gas Company, Atmos Energy
Telephone: AT&T Inc.
Water: Baton Rouge Water Company, City of Baker, City of Zachary
Sewer: City of Baker, City of Zachary, East Baton Rouge Parish
Trash: Allied Waste

text: Military[edit]

text: Baton Rouge is home station to the Army National Guard 769th Engineer Battalion, which recently had units deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. The armory located near LSU three company-sized units: 769th HSC (headquarters support company); 769th FSC (forward support company); and the 927th Sapper Company. Other units of the battalion are located at Napoleonville (928th Sapper Company); Baker, Louisiana (926th MAC mobility augmentation company); and Gonzales, Louisiana (922nd Horizontal Construction Company).

text: The 769th Engineer Battalion is part of the 225th Engineer Brigade which is headquartered in Pineville, Louisiana at Camp Beauregard. There are four engineer battalions and an independent bridging company in the 225th Engineer Brigade which makes it the largest engineer group in the US Army Corps of Engineers.

text: Baton Rouge is also home to 3rd Battalion, 23rd Marine Regiment (3/23) is a reserve infantry battalion in the United States Marine Corps located throughout the Midwestern United States consisting of approximately 800 Marines and Sailors. The battalion was first formed in 1943 for service in the Pacific Theater of Operations during World War II, taking part in a number of significant battles including those at Saipan and Iwo Jima before being deactivated at the end of the war. In the early 1960s, the unit was reactivated as a reserve battalion. The battalion is headquartered in Saint Louis, Missouri with outlying units throughout the Midwestern United States. 3/23 falls under the command of the 23rd Marine Regiment and the 4th Marine Division. Recent operations have included tours in Iraq and Afghanistan.

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Shipping[edit]

text: The Port of Baton Rouge is the ninth largest in the United States in terms of tonnage shipped, and is the farthest upstream Mississippi River port capable of handling Panamax ships.[12][13]

text: Highways and roads[edit]

text: Interstates[edit]

text:
Baton Rouge has three Interstate highways: I-10, I-12
(Republic of West Florida Parkway), and I-110 (Martin Luther King Jr. Freeway).

text: Interstate 10 enters the city from the Horace Wilkinson Bridge over the Mississippi River, curving at an interchange with Interstate 110 southeast, crossing the LSU lakes and Garden District before reaching an interchange with I-12 (referred to as the 10/12 split). It curves further southeast, towards New Orleans as is crosses Essen Lane near the Medical District. It passes Bluebonnet Blvd and the Mall of Louisiana at exit 162, and leaves Baton Rouge after interchanges with Siegen Lane and Highland Road.

text: Interstate 12 (The Republic of West Florida Parkway) begins in the city at the I-10/I-12 split east of College Drive, and goes east from there, crossing Essen Lane, Airline Hwy, Sherwood Forest Blvd, Millerville Road, and O'neal Lane before leaving the city when crossing the Amite River.

text: Interstate 110 (The Martin Luther King, Jr. Freeway) stretches 8 miles in a north-south direction from the east end of the Horace Wilkinson Bridge to Scenic Highway in Scotlandville, Louisiana. It passes through Downtown, North Baton Rouge, and Baton Rouge Metro Airport before ending at Scenic Highway.

text: US highways and major roads[edit]

text: Baton Rouge has two US highways, along with their Business counterparts: Airline Highway (US 61) and Florida Boulevard.

text: US 190 enters the city from the Huey P. Long Bridge, beginning a concurrency with US 61 after an interchange with Scenic Highway, near Scotlandville. Its name is Airline Highway from this interchange to the interchange with Florida Blvd. At this interchange, US 190 turns east to follow Florida Blvd through Northeast Baton Rouge, exiting the city at the Amite River.

text: US 61 enters Baton Rouge as Scenic Highway until it reaches Airline Highway (US 190). It becomes concurrent with US 190 until Florida Blvd, where it continues south, still called Airline Highway. It passes through Goodwood and Broadmoor before an interchange with I-12. It continues southeast past Bluebonnet Blvd/Coursey Blvd, Jefferson Hwy, and Sherwood Forest Blvd/Siegen Lane before exiting the city at Bayou Manchac.

text: US 61/190 Business runs west along Florida Boulevard (known as Florida Street from Downtown east to Mid City) from Airline Highway to River Road in downtown. The cosigned routes run from Florida St. north along River Road, passing the Louisiana State Capitol and Capitol Park Complex before intersecting with Choctaw Drive. North of this intersection River Road becomes Chippewa Street and curves to the East. US 61/190 Business leaves Chippewa Street at its intersection with Scenic Highway. The route follows Scenic Highway to Airline Highway, where it ends. North of Airline on Scenic and East of Scenic Highway on Airline is US 61. US 190 is East and West of Scenic on Airline Highway.

text: These are important surface streets with designated state highway numbers: Greenwell Springs Road (LA 37), Plank Road/22nd Street (LA 67), Burbank Drive/Highland Road (LA 42), Nicholson Drive (LA 30), Jefferson Highway/Government Street (LA 73), Scotlandville/Baker/Zachary Highway (LA 19), Essen Lane (LA 3064), Bluebonnet Blvd/Coursey Blvd (LA 1248), Siegen Lane (LA 3246), and Perkins Road/Acadian Thruway (LA 427).

text: Traffic issues and highway upgrades[edit]

text: According to the 2008 INRIX National Traffic Scorecard, which ranks the top 100 congested metropolitan areas in the U.S., Baton Rouge is the 33rd-most-congested metro area in the country. However, at a population rank of 67 out of 100, it has the second-highest ratio of population rank to congestion rank, higher than even the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana metropolitan area, indicating a remarkably high level of congestion for the comparatively low population. According to the Scorecard, Baton Rouge was the only area out of all 100 to show an increase in congestion from 2007 to 2008 (+6%). The city also tied for the highest jump in congestion rank over the same period (14 places).[93]

text: Interstate 12 used to have a major bottleneck at O'neal Lane. The interstate was three lanes wide in each direction to the O'Neal Lane exit, where the interstate abruptly became two lanes in each direction and crossed the narrow Amite River Bridge. This stretch of road, called "a deathtrap"[94] by one lawmaker, had become notorious for traffic accidents, many with fatalities. In 2007, ten people died in traffic accidents within a three-month period on this section of road.[95] Governor Bobby Jindal and the Baton Rouge legislative delegation, in 2009, were successful in allocating state and federal funding to widen I-12 from O'neal Lane to Range Avenue (Exit 10) in Denham Springs. The construction was completed in mid-2012 and has significantly improved the flow of traffic.[96] In 2010, The American Reinvestment and Recovery Act provided committed federal funds to widen I-12 from the Range Avenue Exit to Walker, Louisiana. Noticing the significant improvement in commute times, Bobby Jindal further funded widening to Satsuma, Louisiana.

text: Interstate 10 West at Bluebonnet Road also ranked within the top 1000 bottlenecks for 2008, and I-10 East at Essen Lane and Nicholson Drive ranked not far out of the top 1000. A new exit to the Mall of Louisiana was created in 2006, and the interstate was widened between Bluebonnet Blvd and Siegen Lane. However, the stretch of I-10 from the I-10/I-12 split to Bluebonnet Blvd was not part of these improvements and remained heavily congested during peak hours. In response, a widening project totaling at least $87 million began in late 2008. Interstate 10 was widened to three lanes over a five-year period between the I-10/I-12 split and Highland Road.[97] In 2010, the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act provided supplemental funding for this project to extend to the Highland Road exit in East Baton Rouge Parish.[98] Commute times have since plummeted for this section of interstate.[citation needed]

text: Surface streets in Baton Rouge are prone to severe congestion. However, roads are beginning to handle the amount of vehicles using them after years of stagnation in road upgrades. Baton Rouge Mayor Kip Holden has instituted an extensive upgrade of East Baton Rouge Parish roads known as the Green Light Plan, geared toward improving areas of congestion on the city's surface streets. With its first project completed in October 2008, it has seen numerous others reach completion as of 2015, with several more under construction and still others yet to break ground.[99]

text: A circumferential loop freeway has been proposed for the greater Baton Rouge metro area to help alleviate congestion on the existing through-town routes. The proposed loop would pass through the outlying parishes of Livingston (running alongside property owned and marketed as an industrial development by Al Coburn, a member of President Mike Grimmer's staff), Ascension, West Baton Rouge, and Iberville, as well as northern East Baton Rouge Parish. This proposal has been subject to much contention, particularly by residents living in the outer parishes through which the loop would pass.[100] Other suggestions considered by the community are upgrading Airline Highway (US 61) to freeway standards in the region as well as establishing more links between East Baton Rouge Parish and its neighboring communities.

text: Commuting[edit]

text: The average one-way commute time in Baton Rouge is 22 minutes, 13% shorter than the US average. Interstates 10 and 12, the two interstates that feed into the city, are highly traveled and connected by highways and four-lane roads that connect the downtown business area to surrounding parishes.[citation needed]

text: According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 81.9% of working Baton Rouge residents commuted by driving alone, 8.5% carpooled, 3% used public transportation, and 2.4% walked. About 1.2% used all other forms of transportation, including taxi, bicycle, and motorcycle. About 3.1% worked at home.[101]

text: The city of Baton Rouge has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 10.4 percent of Baton Rouge households lacked a car, and increased slightly to 11.4 percent in 2016. The national average is 8.7 percent in 2016. Baton Rouge averaged 1.55 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[102]

text: Airport[edit]

text: Located 10 minutes north of downtown near Baker, the Baton Rouge Metropolitan Airport connects the area with the four major airline hubs serving the southern United States. Commercial carriers include American Eagle, United Airlines, and Delta Air Lines. Nonstop service is available to Atlanta, Dallas-Ft. Worth, Houston, and Charlotte.

text: Rail[edit]

text: Three major rail lines, Kansas City Southern, Union Pacific, and Canadian National provide railroad freight service to Baton Rouge.[103] Since 2006, Baton Rouge and New Orleans leaders as well as the state government have been pushing to secure funding for a new high-speed rail passenger line between downtown Baton Rouge and downtown New Orleans, with several stops in between.[104]

text: Buses and other mass transit[edit]

text: Capital Area Transit System (CATS) provides urban transportation throughout Baton Rouge, including service to Southern University, Baton Rouge Community College, and Louisiana State University. Many CATS buses are equipped with bike racks for commuters to easily combine biking with bus transit.

text: Greyhound Bus Lines, offering passenger and cargo service throughout the United States, has a downtown terminal on Florida Boulevard.

text: Notable people[edit]

text: Sister cities[edit]

text:
Cairo, Cairo Governorate, Egypt (since 1951)[105]
 Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France (since 1963)[106]
 Taichung, Taiwan Island, Taiwan (since 1976)[107]
 Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico (since 1977)[108]
 Port-au-Prince, Ouest, Haiti (since 1978)[109]
 Liège, Liège Province, Belgium (since 1985)[110]
 Aix-en-Provence, Bouches-du-Rhône, France (since 1987)[111]
 Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico (since 2002)[112]
 Heze, Shandong, China (since 2008)[113]
 Malatya, Malatya Province, Turkey (since 2009)[114]
 Guiyang, Guizhou, China (since 2010)[115]


document_title: Prison Break (season 5)

question_text: where does season 5 prison break take place

text: Prison Break (season 5)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Seven years after his apparent death, Michael Scofield resurfaces in the notorious Ogygia Prison in Sana'a, Yemen, under the name Kaniel Outis. As the country is engulfed by war, two of Michael's old friends, his brother Lincoln Burrows and fellow Fox River escapee Benjamin "C-Note" Franklin, risk their lives by traveling to Yemen to bring Michael home. Back in the United States, Michael's wife Sara, now remarried, is hunted by agents of an operative known as Poseidon, the one responsible for Michael's disappearance.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Wentworth Miller as Michael Scofield / Kaniel Outis
Dominic Purcell as Lincoln Burrows
Sarah Wayne Callies as Sara Tancredi-Scofield
Paul Adelstein as Paul Kellerman
Rockmond Dunbar as Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin
Robert Knepper as Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell
Amaury Nolasco as Fernando Sucre
Mark Feuerstein as Jacob Anton Ness / Poseidon
Inbar Lavi as Sheba
Augustus Prew as David "Whip" Martin

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Rick Yune as Ja
Marina Benedict as Emily "A&W" Blake
Steve Mouzakis as Van Gogh
Amin El Gamal as Cyclops
Kunal Sharma as Sid
Numan Acar as Abu Ramal
Curtis Lum as Agent Kishida
Crystal Balint as Heather
Waleed Zuaiter as Mohammad al-Tunis
TJ Ramini as Cross
Akin Gazi as Omar
Christian Michael Cooper as Mike Scofield

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

82
1
"Ogygia"
Nelson McCormick
Paul Scheuring
April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)
1AZM01
3.83[6]

T-Bag is released from incarceration just as he receives a picture of Michael in a new prison. T-Bag shows it to Lincoln, who finds the hidden word "Ogygia", which is a prison in Sana'a, Yemen. Lincoln informs Sara, who has been raising her and Michael's son, Mike, along with her husband, Jacob. She refuses to believe the news. However, Lincoln determines to travel to Yemen to be certain, asking help from C-Note, who has converted to Islam. Sucre offers to accompany Lincoln, who takes C-Note instead. The mysterious mercenaries who have been following and harassing Lincoln and Sara send Lincoln and C-Note's pictures to their contacts in Sana'a, where the duo overpowers the attackers and meets a contact, who trades their visit to Ogygia for Lincoln's United States passport. Lincoln learns that Michael's fake identity is Kaniel Outis, a dangerous terrorist affiliated with ISIL. Michael ignores Lincoln, claiming not to know him. Meanwhile, T-Bag is contacted by a physician offering him a prosthetic hand as functional as a natural one. The procedure works; and T-Bag learns that an anonymous person known only as Outis (Greek for "Nobody") funded the operation and insisted on him being the patient.

83
2
"Kaniel Outis"
Maja Vrvilo
Paul Scheuring
April 11, 2017 (2017-04-11)
1AZM02
3.18[7]

Lincoln receives a message from Michael asking them to find the "Sheik of Light." Sheba, the contact, agrees to help decode the message in exchange for money. Sara receives the video recording of Michael and meets up with Kellerman at the State Department. He deduces that Michael was the mastermind of changing his identity. Later, he sends Sara footage of Michael killing a CIA official. Michael acquires pills to give to his cellmate, Ja, who is suffering from withdrawals in exchange for a cell phone and credit card, using them to send a message to Sara. Lincoln's team discovers that Mohammad El-Tunis, the Sheik, is a local electrical engineer trapped in an ISIL-controlled suburb with his daughter. They rescue the duo; and Mohammad is revealed to be the father of Sid, Michael's cellmate incarcerated for homosexuality. Mohammad gives Michael's team a signal to reveal that the escape plan is on. Sara receives Michael's message to get everyone to safety because "a storm is coming". The solitary inmates, including Abu Ramal, the local ISIL leader, are released into the general sector. Ramal and Michael are revealed to be close friends.

84
3
"The Liar"
Maja Vrvilo
Josh Goldin & Rachel Abramowitz
April 18, 2017 (2017-04-18)
1AZM03
2.44[8]

Lincoln prepares for the escape by ordering forged passports. However, he and Sheba are caught by ISIL and Cyclops, who attempts to rape her until Lincoln frees himself and saves her. T-Bag runs into Sara, and tries to warn her about A&W and Van Gogh, two of Poseidon's henchmen, who may be following her trail. A&W and Van Gogh hack into her phone, later discovered by Sara, who deduces Kellerman's involvement. She asks T-Bag to investigate Kellerman. Cross, an inmate who refused to leave his brother, Muza, and participate in Michael's escape, warns Whip that Michael cannot be trusted. Michael obtains a gold watch from one of the guards, planting it on Ramal, so that he will be detained during the escape. Michael and Whip are revealed to have been working undercover for the CIA as Whip worries the line between Michael and Outis will be blurred. During the escape however, Ramal's party, Cross and Muza race to Michael's cell and are caught by the guards, leading to Muza's death and the recapture of Michael's team. Ramal vows to kill Michael in solitary while Michael uses the last remaining battery life on his cell phone to record a goodbye to Sara.

85
4
"The Prisoner's Dilemma"
Guy Ferland
Michael Horowitz
April 25, 2017 (2017-04-25)
1AZM04
2.75[9]

ISIL continues advancing in Sana'a. Cross rallies the other prisoners to capture Ramal and use him as a bargaining chip. Michael convinces a reluctant Ramal to help them out as he is the one inside of the solitary cell with escape tools. Ramal, Michael, Ja and Whip are able to escape just as Cross and his followers break into solitary. Sid stabs Cross in the chest, joining Michael's party, which heads outside. They are all captured by ISIL. Ramal plans to behead Michael; but Lincoln intervenes and kills the jihadists while Whip kills Ramal. Michael and Lincoln share an emotional reunion as a news report on Ramal's death plays. Sid informs them that ISIL is now declaring war on them for Ramal's death. Meanwhile, T-Bag confronts Kellerman, who denies being Poseidon, an unknown rogue CIA agent criticizing the U.S. foreign policy. They are attacked by Poseidon operatives. T-Bag manages to escape; but Kellerman is killed by Van Gogh, who starts doubting Poseidon's cause. T-Bag pursues A&W and Van Gogh and takes photos of them meeting with Jacob.

86
5
"Contingency"
Guy Ferland
Vaun Wilmott
May 2, 2017 (2017-05-02)
1AZM05
2.35[10]

Lincoln forces Michael to reveal the truth: Michael was contacted by Poseidon before his wedding with Sara; Poseidon revealed that Kellerman did not have any authority to exonerate Michael's team, offering legitimate exonerations in exchange for Michael faking his death, keeping the truth hidden from everyone and working for Poseidon, accepted by Michael. While Lincoln offers going to the airport and rendezvousing with C-Note's party, Michael decides to use the train station to leave Yemen. Cyclops deduces Michael's plan and takes ISIL, intercepting Michael's party, who escape to a facility where Ja ambushes ISIL. They escape the building; but Sid is killed by Cyclops, whom the team handcuffs to his corpse before proceeding to the airport. Meanwhile, C-Note's party arrives at the airport before ISIL attacks. C-Note and Sheba save a pilot, who agrees to fly them abroad. They board a plane; but the pilot decides to fly before Michael's party arrives, which Lincoln approves of on the phone. C-Note's party takes off while Michael's is chased by ISIL. In the meantime, T-Bag shows the pictures to Sara, who confronts Jacob, who later apparently proves his benevolence to her by having A&W and Van Gogh arrested.

87
6
"Phaecia"
Kevin Tancharoen
Michael Horowitz
May 9, 2017 (2017-05-09)
1AZM06
2.37[11]

Michael's party confronts Omar, who alerts ISIL; but they overpower ISIL and force Omar's compliance, heading to Phaecia, a human settlement in the desert capable of sending Michael's party abroad. A&W and Van Gogh are released on bail and convince a NSA insider to help track down Michael, whose party stops at a gas station, where Michael uses the internet to contact an unknown person in Portland, Maine, sending him a picture of his tattoos on his palms. Van Gogh alerts ISIL, who attack the gas station and kill Omar. Whip kills the ISIL operatives. Michael's party continues in the desert before learning about Cyclops chasing them. Michael takes one of the cars and lures Cyclops to a trap, where Michael blinds Cyclops' remaining eye but he is able to wound Michael with a poisoned blade. Ja helps the others find Phaecia, where they use fireworks to lead Michael to them, who falls unconscious after arriving. A&W and Van Gogh find Michael's contact, revealed to be an Elvis impersonator. Meanwhile, Agent Kishida replaces Kellerman's position, assigned to investigate his death.

88
7
"Wine Dark Sea"
Kevin Tancharoen
Vaun Wilmott
May 16, 2017 (2017-05-16)
1AZM07
2.41[12]

Ja decides to stay in Phaecia while the others leave on a boat to Crete, Greece. Lincoln calls Sara and tells her about Michael's condition. She informs Jacob and goes to Crete by plane. She reunites with Michael and heals him. He reveals that Jacob is Poseidon, having framed the former for the murder of the CIA official. Sara returns to the U.S. to secure Mike, whom she entrusts to her friend; but they are captured by Jacob and his operatives. Michael reunites with Sucre on board the commercial ship upon which he is working. The captain learns about Outis and alerts the authorities. Navy SEALs are dispatched to kill Michael. Sucre formulates a plan to force the SEALs away, which causes a frustrated Jacob to have a missile fired at the ship, which explodes just after Michael's party jumps overboard. Meanwhile, Kellerman's successor, Kishida, confronts A&W and Van Gogh for their clandestine operation, leading to the former's murder.

89
8
"Progeny"
Nelson McCormick
Michael Horowitz
May 23, 2017 (2017-05-23)
1AZM08
1.90[13]

Michael's party is rescued by a fishing boat that takes them to Marseille, France, where Michael contacts Sara, deduces their situation, and decides to go to the U.S., using Lincoln's conflict with Luca Abruzzi, John Abruzzi's son, over a botched smuggling operation to their advantage. Michael and Lincoln enlist C-Note and Sheba's help in disposing of Luca and his gang, then convincing C-Note and later Sheba to leave the conflict. They proceed with the plan of taking down 21-Void and rescuing Sara and Mike, culminating in a lake house in Michigan, where Michael reunites with Mike but realizes that it was a ruse used by Jacob to lure him, and A&W confronts them, with an unknown person getting shot. Lincoln is found by Luca outside the house, and is shot. Meanwhile, Whip, whose real identity is David Martin, is sent to Chicago by Michael, meeting T-Bag, revealed to be his father. The analyst Theroux is revealed to be a 21-Void agent, and Van Gogh expresses disdain for Jacob's methods and vows to leave 21-Void when the job with Michael is done.

90
9
"Behind the Eyes"
Nelson McCormick
Paul Scheuring
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
1AZM09
2.30[14]

Van Gogh is revealed to be the one shot by A&W, having become skeptical of Michael's involvement in Gaines' murder. Mortally wounded, Van Gogh gives up Mike's location to Sara. As Jacob works to brainwash Mike, Michael gathers his allies, including Blue Hawaii, to bring down Jacob. A wounded Lincoln escapes the hospital and ensures Luca's arrest by the FBI. Michael enacts a plan where he lures Jacob and A&W to a warehouse to recreate Gaines' murder and prove Jacob's involvement. During the attempt, Whip is shot by A&W and dies before T-Bag kills her and is arrested. Michael succeeds in proving Jacob's involvement and both are arrested. At the same time, Lincoln and Sara rescue Mike and capture Theroux. With the evidence planted by Michael and Theroux's testimony, Michael is exonerated and his identity as Michael Scofield is restored. He refuses an offer to join the CIA and returns to a normal life with Sara and Mike. Jacob is sent to Fox River State Penitentiary, where he ends up with T-Bag as his cellmate, as requested by Michael. The other inmates cheer T-Bag on as he attacks Jacob.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On January 12, 2015, at the 2015 Winter TCA Press Tour, Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell revealed the possibility that Fox was interested in bringing back Prison Break, with Miller stating: "We actually floated the idea to Fox very casually and they seemed very not casual about this interest. They seemed to think there was something there." Purcell concluded by adding, "It's something that Fox is, as Wentworth said, potentially excited about."[15]

text: On January 17, 2015, Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Gary Newman made it clear that they would love to bring Prison Break back for another run, although Fox had nothing to report. Newman himself stated, "There's some speculation in the press at Prison Break and we've made it clear at the studio that we'd bring Prison Break back at the studio [...] It's the perfect event series. But at the moment, we have nothing else to report."[16]

text: On June 2, 2015, it was reported that a limited series revival of Paul Scheuring's Prison Break was in development at Fox.[17]

text: On August 6, 2015, Fox confirmed a 10-episode order for the revival. The limited series is a sequel to the original series, taking place several years later, and features Miller and Purcell reprising their roles as well as the return of other original characters. Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Dana Walden herself stated that Prison Break has performed particularly well internationally and on SVOD platforms such as Netflix.[18] Walden added that: "a logical and believable explanation to why the characters are alive and still moving around the world [...]" Walden said. "The brothers and some of the iconic characters will be back, and it will address some questions that were set up at the end of the series for a new audience."[19]

text: On January 15, 2016, Fox officially ordered the revival to series,[20] with the episode order revised to nine episodes, though Fox declined to announce how many episodes the series will run.[21] The original producing team of creator Paul Scheuring, Neal Moritz, Marty Adelstein and Dawn Olmstead were all confirmed as to return for the event series as executive producers, with Scheuring writing and serving as showrunner.[20]

text: Writing[edit]

text: On August 7, 2015, it was announced that creator and executive producer Paul Scheuring would be writing the first episode as well as a style/tone bible for other writers to follow.[22]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On January 15, 2016, stars Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell were confirmed to be reprising their roles as brothers Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows.[23]

text: On February 22, 2016, it was reported that Mark Feuerstein would play Scott Ness (later changed to Jacob Ness), the husband of Dr. Sara Tancredi, a Professor of Economics (game theory) at Cornell who has been described as, "dubious of the government but still has a bit of fight in him when it comes to taking them on."[24] Additionally, on February 22, 2016, it was confirmed that Sarah Wayne Callies was in talks to reprise her role in the follow-up along with Robert Knepper, Rockmond Dunbar and Amaury Nolasco, although there were no deals in place with any of them at that time.[25]

text: On March 9, 2016, Augustus Prew, Rick Yune and Steve Mouzakis were cast for "heavily recurring roles". Prew plays "funny, crazy and pretty damn sharp" Whip; Yune plays Ja, who is described as a "Korean identity thief, who disheveled appearance belies his genius"; and Mouzakis plays Van Gogh, "a bad-ass nut-job".[26] On March 9, 2016, Sarah Wayne Callies was confirmed to be returning as Sara Tancredi.[27] On March 16, 2016, Amin El Gamal was cast in a recurring role, playing Cyclops.[28]

text: On March 17, 2016, it was announced that original stars Robert Knepper, Amaury Nolasco and Rockmond Dunbar would be reprising their respective roles as T-Bag, Sucre and C-Note, respectively.[29] On March 21, 2016, Paul Adelstein was confirmed to be reprising his role as Paul Kellerman.[30] On March 21, 2016, Inbar Lavi, Marina Benedict and Kunal Sharma were cast in major recurring roles.[31] Lavi plays Sheba, an operator/fixer/activist who becomes involved with Burrows.[32] Benedict is A&W, "a crazed and fearless villainess who is unconcerned about her physical well-being but ruthless and efficient in completing her deadly goals", and Sharma plays Sid, a man in prison.[31] On April 22, 2016, it was announced that Faran Tahir would play Jamil, whom Tahir describes as "a man who has an inner conflict which again is something I love experimenting with."[33]

text: In July 2016, it was revealed that William Fichtner would not be reprising his role as Alexander Mahone.[34] Robert Knepper told Digital Spy that "[writer] Paul Scheuring loves Bill Fichtner and I love Bill Fichtner. He's a brilliant actor – but Paul honestly said to me, 'I don't know what to do with that character'. He didn't want to just bring everybody back, so that the audience go, 'Oh, look, it's Bill Fichtner again!' – he honestly thought, 'I'm not sure where to do that in the plot.' So if someday there's another chapter of this, maybe then Bill will be back. But I think the characters that are there, each of our moments that we have, are key to the storytelling, which is how it should be."[34]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on the season began in April 7, 2016, in Vancouver, once Miller and Purcell completed filming for Legends of Tomorrow.[35] Filming concluded in Vancouver on July 11, 2016.[36] On June 1, 2016, Dominic Purcell was almost killed on set in Morocco, after an iron bar used as a set piece had fallen onto his head, which caused a broken nose and a head injury. Purcell was immediately airlifted from Marrakesh to Casablanca for treatment where he recovered. Filming of the series was not substantially disrupted due to the accident.[37][38][39]

text: Music[edit]

text: Composer Ramin Djawadi stated that he would definitely like to return and work on the new season of Prison Break, after learning of the news of the possible revival, to which further stated, "I literally just heard it, so it's news for me. It's very exciting because the show was such a good show but nobody has contacted me at this point." Djawadi later added, "Most likely, if my schedule allows - that show was very close to me. I loved all the people involved. I thought it was an incredible show. Absolutely."[40] In June 2016, it was confirmed that Djawadi would return as composer for season five.[41]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 55% based on 29 reviews, with an average score of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Prison Break recaptures some of its old urgency in its return, but familiar faces and frenetic action aren't enough to make up for a plot that manages to bore while beggaring belief."[42] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 48 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[43]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Ogygia"
April 4, 2017
1.5/5
3.83[6]
0.8
1.86
2.3
5.68[44]

2
"Kaniel Outis"
April 11, 2017
1.1/4
3.18[7]
0.9
1.84
2.0
5.01[45]

3
"The Liar"
April 18, 2017
0.9/3
2.44[8]
0.8
1.76
1.7
4.20[46]

4
"The Prisoner's Dilemma"
April 25, 2017
0.9/3
2.75[9]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

5
"Contingency"
May 2, 2017
0.8/3
2.35[10]
0.7
1.51
1.5
3.86[47]

6
"Phaecia"
May 9, 2017
0.9/3
2.37[11]
0.6
1.33
1.5
3.70[48]

7
"Wine Dark Sea"
May 16, 2017
0.9/4
2.41[12]
0.7
1.41
1.6
3.81[49]

8
"Progeny"
May 23, 2017
0.7/3
1.90[13]
0.7
1.60
1.4
3.50[50]

9
"Behind the Eyes"
May 30, 2017
0.9/3
2.30[14]
0.7
1.54
1.6
3.83[51]

text: Home media release[edit]

text: The event series was released on Blu-ray and DVD on June 27, 2017. Special features include a behind-the-scenes featurette, "A Return Home: The Making of Prison Break Event Series".[52]


document_title: The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 (soundtrack)

question_text: who sings a thousand years in breaking dawn 2

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Music
Scene
Length

1.
"Where I Come From"
Passion Pit
Bella sees herself in the mirror when she finishes her transformation
3:39

2.
"Bittersweet"
Ellie Goulding & Sonny Moore
3rd song in end credits
3:56

3.
"The Forgotten"
Green Day
2nd song in end credits
4:59

4.
"Fire in the Water"
Feist
Bella and Edward are intimate in the cottage
2:30

5.
"Everything and Nothing"
The Boom Circuits
Emmett, Jasper, Alice and Esme finish building the cottage and return to celebrate Bella's last birthday
4:25

6.
"The Antidote"
St. Vincent
Bella and Emmett arm wrestle
3:39

7.
"Speak Up"
POP ETC
The Cullens saying goodbye to the witnesses and during Alice's vision of Renesmee and Jacob
4:40

8.
"Heart of Stone"
Iko
Bella and Edward in the cottage after Alice and Jasper leave
3:53

9.
"Cover Your Tracks"
A Boy and His Kite
Edward and Bella enter the cottage for the first time
4:31

10.
"Ghosts"
James Vincent McMorrow
Bella returns from Seattle and in the car, she realizes she and Edward will die during the battle and loses her last hope
3:45

11.
"All I've Ever Needed"
Paul McDonald and Nikki Reed
5th song in end credits
3:56

12.
"New for You"
Reeve Carney
4th song in end credits
3:10

13.
"A Thousand Years, Pt. 2" (featuring Steve Kazee)
Christina Perri
Bella and Edward in the meadow; 1st song in end credits
5:07

14.
"Plus que ma propre vie" (More Than My Own Life)
Carter Burwell
Various scenes throughout the film
4:15

Total length:
53:05

text: Score[edit]

text:
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 (Original Motion Picture Score)

Film score by Carter Burwell

Released
November 23, 2012

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
55:15

Label
Atlantic Records

The Twilight Saga scores chronology

The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1: The Score
(2011)The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1: The Score2011
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2: The Score
(2012)

text: The score, like the original film as well as Breaking Dawn – Part 1, was composed by Carter Burwell, following Howard Shore, who scored Eclipse and Alexandre Desplat, who scored New Moon. The album was released in North America on November 27, 2012 by Atlantic Records. It contains elements from the scores of both New Moon and Eclipse.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Twilight Overture"
3:02

2.
"A World Bright and Buzzing"
1:12

3.
"The Lamb Hunts the Lion"
1:59

4.
"Meet Renesmee"
2:43

5.
"Here Goes Nothing"
0:59

6.
"Sparkles at Last"
1:04

7.
"Catching Snowflakes"
1:41

8.
"The Immortal Children"
2:01

9.
"Merchant of Venice"
0:44

10.
"Into the White"
1:04

11.
"Renesmee's Lullaby / Something Terrible"
3:03

12.
"A Way with the World"
1:38

13.
"The Amazon Arrives"
1:00

14.
"A Yankee Vampire"
1:07

15.
"Cloud Forest"
1:23

16.
"Witnesses"
1:37

17.
"We Will Fight"
0:57

18.
"Shield Training"
2:09

19.
"At Bedtime a Child Asks About Death"
1:14

20.
"Decoding Alice"
1:45

21.
"The Driving Question"
1:09

22.
"Present Time"
2:11

23.
"This Extraordinary Life"
2:11

24.
"Gathering in Snow"
2:45

25.
"She Is Not Immortal"
0:53

26.
"Reading Edward"
0:55

27.
"Magnifica"
1:10

28.
"Irina Loses Her Head"
2:52

29.
"Aro's Oration"
2:48

30.
"A Kick in the Head"
0:58

31.
"Exacueret Nostri Dentes in Filia" (Sharpen Teeth on Daughter)
1:48

32.
"Chasing Renesmee"
1:20

33.
"A Crack in the Earth"
2:24

34.
"Aro's End"
1:52

35.
"That's Your Future"
0:52

36.
"Such a Prize"
3:25

Total length:
55:15

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

4music
[7]

Allmusic
[8]

Consequence of Sound
[9]

Entertainment Weekly
(B)[10]

Hitfix
(B-)[11]

The Montreal Gazette
[12]

Newsday
(B)[13]

text: Based on four reviews, Metacritic assigned the Breaking Dawn – Part 2 soundtrack an average score of 74, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[14] Heather Phares, reviewing for Allmusic, said "It's fitting that the film's soundtrack is dominated by ballads that feel like a long goodbye to Bella, Edward, and Jacob", and said "As with the other volumes of the series' music, however, this collection provides a surprisingly good showcase for female, indie-ish talent." Phares concluded, "While Breaking Dawn isn't one of the more dynamic Twilight Saga soundtracks, it is one of the more emotive ones, and just may help fans get some closure as one of the biggest film franchises of the 2000s and 2010s comes to a close."[8]

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2012)
Peak
position

Australian Albums Chart[15]
11

Austrian Albums Chart[16]
10

Belgian Albums Chart (Flanders)[17]
39

Belgian Albums Chart (Wallonia)[18]
32

Canadian Albums Chart[19]
14

Danish Albums Chart[20]
21

Dutch Albums Chart[21]
70

French Albums Chart[22]
22

Hungarian Albums Chart[23]
30

Mexican Albums Chart[24]
28

New Zealand Albums Chart[25]
24

Spanish Albums Chart[26]
25

Swiss Albums Chart[27]
23

US Billboard 200[19]
3

US Billboard Rock Albums[19]
1

US Billboard Alternative Albums[19]
1