document_title: Candy apple

question_text: when are toffee apples eaten in the uk

question_tokens: when are toffee apples eaten in the uk

text: Candy apple

text: History[edit]

text: According to one source, American William W. Kolb invented the red candy apple.

text: Kolb, a veteran Newark candy-maker, produced his first batch of candied apples in 1908. While experimenting in his candy shop with red cinnamon candy for the Christmas trade, he dipped some apples into the mixture and put them in the windows for display. He sold the whole first batch for 5 cents each and later sold thousands yearly. Soon candied apples were being sold along the Jersey Shore, at the circus and in candy shops across the country, according to the Newark News in 1948.[2]

text: Ingredients and method[edit]

text: Candy apples are made by coating an apple with a layer of sugar that has been heated to hard crack stage (depending upon the type of sugar).[3][unreliable source?] The most common sugar coating is made from sugar (white or brown), corn syrup, water, cinnamon and red food coloring. Humid weather can prevent the sugar from hardening.[4]

text: Regional traditions[edit]

text:
Australia - the Granny Smith variety of apple is considered ideal for creating the children's treat.[5]
Brazil - candy apples (named as in other Lusophone countries maçã-do-amor, as in the French pommes d'amour, meaning "apples of love") are common in the festivities in honour of John the Apostle.
China - a similar treat called Tanghulu is made by coating small fruits, traditionally hawthorns with hard sugar syrup.
Canada - very popular and usually eaten at fairs or carnivals.
France - candy apples are called pommes d'amour (Apples of love). They are a common treat found at many festivals in France.
Germany - most often associated with the Christmas season. They are also sometimes sold at carnivals and fairs
Israel - almost solely sold in cities' squares on Yom Ha'atzmaut eve (Israel Independence Day) as part of the street celebrations.
Japan - candy apples, grapes, strawberries and tangerines are commonly available at Japanese festivals.[6]
Republic of Ireland - eaten at Halloween.
United Kingdom - associated with and eaten at Halloween (Scotland and Northern Ireland), Bonfire Night (England).
United States - jelly apples, found in New York's Coney Island area, are related but have a soft candy ("jelly") coating and a cherry flavor, not cinnamon.[citation needed]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: Urban myths[edit]

text: During the 1960s and 1970s, news reports about children supposedly receiving candy apples with pins and razor blades in them, created hysteria during Halloween in the United States. During the hysteria, hospitals offered free x-rays to detect foreign objects in the candy apples. To date, the stories have never been substantiated and fall into the category of urban legend.[7]


document_title: Homologous chromosome

question_text: when do homologous chromosomes separate from each other during meiosis

root

text: Homologous chromosome

text: Overview[edit]

text: Chromosomes are linear arrangements of condensed deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and histone proteins, which form a complex called chromatin.[2] Homologous chromosomes are made up of chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, for genes with the same corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's mother; the other is inherited from the organism's father. After mitosis occurs within the daughter cells, they have the correct number of genes which are a mix of the two parents' genes. In diploid (2n) organisms, the genome is composed of one set of each homologous chromosome pair, as compared to tetraploid organisms which may have two sets of each homologous chromosome pair. The alleles on the homologous chromosomes may be different, resulting in different phenotypes of the same genes. This mixing of maternal and paternal traits is enhanced by crossing over during meiosis, wherein lengths of chromosomal arms and the DNA they contain within a homologous chromosome pair are exchanged with one another.[3]

tag: p

text: History[edit]

text: Early in the 1900s William Bateson and Reginald Punnett were studying genetic inheritance and they noted that some combinations of alleles appeared more frequently than others. That data and information was further explored by Thomas Morgan. Using test cross experiments, he revealed that, for a single parent, the alleles of genes near to one another along the length of the chromosome move together. Using this logic he concluded that the two genes he was studying were located on homologous chromosomes. Later on during the 1930s Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock were studying meiosis in corn cells and examining gene loci on corn chromosomes.[2] Creighton and McClintock discovered that the new allele combinations present in the offspring and the event of crossing over were directly related.[2] This proved interchromosomal genetic recombination.[2]

text: Structure[edit]

text: Homologous chromosomes are chromosomes which contain the same genes in the same order along their chromosomal arms. There are two main properties of homologous chromosomes: the length of chromosomal arms and the placement of the centromere [4]

text: The actual length of the arm, in accordance with the gene locations, is critically important for proper alignment. Centromere placement can be characterized by four main arrangements, consisting of being either metacentric, submetacentric, telocentric, or acrocentric. Both of these properties are the main factors for creating structural homology between chromosomes. Therefore, when two chromosomes of the exact structure exist, they are able to pair together to form homologous chromosomes.[5]

text: Since homologous chromosomes are not identical and do not originate from the same organism, they are different from sister chromatids. Sister chromatids result after DNA replication has occurred, and thus are identical, side-by-side duplicates of each other.[6]

text: In humans[edit]

text: Humans have a total of 46 chromosomes, but there are only 22 pairs of homologous autosomal chromosomes. The additional 23rd pair is the sex chromosomes, X and Y. If this pair is made up of an X and Y chromosome, then the pair of chromosomes is not homologous because their size and gene content differ greatly. The 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes contain the same genes but code for different traits in their allelic forms since one was inherited from the mother and one from the father.[7] So humans have two homologous chromosome sets in each cell, meaning humans are diploid organisms.[2]

text: Functions[edit]

text: Homologous chromosomes are important in the processes of meiosis and mitosis. They allow for the recombination and random segregation of genetic material from the mother and father into new cells.[8]

text: In meiosis[edit]

text: Meiosis is a round of two cell divisions that results in four haploid daughter cells that each contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.[9] It reduces the chromosome number in a germ cell by half by first separating the homologous chromosomes in meiosis I and then the sister chromatids in meiosis II. The process of meiosis I is generally longer than meiosis II because it takes more time for the chromatin to replicate and for the homologous chromosomes to be properly oriented and segregated by the processes of pairing and synapsis in meiosis I.[6] During meiosis, genetic recombination (by random segregation) and crossing over produces daughter cells that each contain different combinations of maternally and paternally coded genes.[9] This recombination of genes allows for the introduction of new allele pairings and genetic variation.[2] Genetic variation among organisms helps make a population more stable by providing a wider range of genetic traits for natural selection to act on.[2]

text: Prophase I[edit]

text: In prophase I of meiosis I, each chromosome is aligned with its homologous partner and pairs completely. In prophase I, the DNA has already undergone replication so each chromosome consists of two identical chromatids connected by a common centromere.[9] During the zygotene stage of prophase I, the homologous chromosomes pair up with each other.[9] This pairing occurs by a synapsis process where the synaptonemal complex - a protein scaffold - is assembled and joins the homologous chromosomes along their lengths.[6] Cohesin crosslinking occurs between the homologous chromosomes and helps them resist being pulled apart until anaphase.[7] Genetic crossing-over, a type of recombination, occurs during the pachytene stage of prophase I.[9] In addition, another type of recombination referred to as synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) frequently occurs. SDSA recombination involves information exchange between paired homologous chromatids, but not physical exchange. SDSA recombination does not cause crossing-over.

text: In the process of crossing-over, genes are exchanged by the breaking and union of homologous portions of the chromosomes’ lengths.[6] Structures called chiasmata are the site of the exchange. Chiasmata physically link the homologous chromosomes once crossing over occurs and throughout the process of chromosomal segregation during meiosis.[6] Both the non-crossover and crossover types of recombination function as processes for repairing DNA damage, particularly double-strand breaks. At the diplotene stage of prophase I the synaptonemal complex disassembles before which will allow the homologous chromosomes to separate, while the sister chromatids stay associated by their centromeres.[6]

text: Metaphase I[edit]

text: In metaphase I of meiosis I, the pairs of homologous chromosomes, also known as bivalents or tetrads, line up in a random order along the metaphase plate.[9] The random orientation is another way for cells to introduce genetic variation. Meiotic spindles emanating from opposite spindle poles attach to each of the homologs (each pair of sister chromatids) at the kinetochore.[7]

text: Anaphase I[edit]

text: In anaphase I of meiosis I the homologous chromosomes are pulled apart from each other. The homologs are cleaved by the enzyme separase to release the cohesin that held the homologous chromosome arms together.[7] This allows the chiasmata to release and the homologs to move to opposite poles of the cell.[7] The homologous chromosomes are now randomly segregated into two daughter cells that will undergo meiosis II to produce four haploid daughter germ cells.[2]

text: Meiosis II[edit]

text: After the tetrads of homologous chromosomes are separated in meiosis I, the sister chromatids from each pair are separated. The two haploid(because the chromosome no. has reduced to half. Earlier two sets of chromosomes were present, but now each set exists in two different daughter cells that have arisen from the single diploid parent cell by meiosis I) daughter cells resulting from meiosis I undergo another cell division in meiosis II but without another round of chromosomal replication. The sister chromatids in the two daughter cells are pulled apart during anaphase II by nuclear spindle fibers, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.[2]

text: In mitosis[edit]

text: Homologous chromosomes do not function the same in mitosis as they do in meiosis. Prior to every single mitotic division a cell undergoes, the chromosomes in the parent cell replicate themselves. The homologous chromosomes within the cell will ordinarily not pair up and undergo genetic recombination with each other.[9] Instead, the replicants, or sister chromatids, will line up along the metaphase plate and then separate in the same way as meiosis II - by being pulled apart at their centromeres by nuclear mitotic spindles.[10] If any crossing over does occur between sister chromatids during mitosis, it does not produce any new recombinant genotypes.[2]

text: In somatic cells[edit]

text: Homologous pairing in most contexts will refer to germline cells, however also takes place in somatic cells. For example, in humans, somatic cells have very tightly regulated homologous pairing (separated into chromosomal territories, and pairing at specific loci under control of developmental signalling). Other species however (notably Drosophila) exhibit homologous pairing much more frequently. Various functions of homologous pairing in somatic cells have been elucidated through high-throughput screens in the early 21st century.

text: Problems[edit]

text: There are severe repercussions when chromosomes do not segregate properly. Faulty segregation can lead to fertility problems, embryo death, birth defects, and cancer.[11] Though the mechanisms for pairing and adhering homologous chromosomes vary among organisms, proper functioning of those mechanisms is imperative in order for the final genetic material to be sorted correctly.[11]

text: Nondisjunction[edit]

text: Proper homologous chromosome separation in meiosis I is crucial for sister chromatid separation in meiosis II.[11] A failure to separate properly is known as nondisjunction. There are two main types of nondisjunction that occur: trisomy and monosomy. Trisomy is caused by the presence of one additional chromosomes in the zygote as compared to the normal number, and monosomy is characterized by the presence of one fewer chromosome in the zygote as compared to the normal number. If this uneven division occurs in meiosis I, then none of the daughter cells will have proper chromosomal distribution and severe effects can ensue, including Down’s syndrome.[12] Unequal division can also occur during the second meiotic division. Nondisjunction which occurs at this stage can result in normal daughter cells and deformed cells.[4]

text: Other uses[edit]

text: While the main function of homologous chromosomes is their use in nuclear division, they are also used in repairing double-strand breaks of DNA.[13] These double-stranded breaks may occur in replicating DNA and are most often the result of interaction of DNA with naturally occurring damaging molecules such as reactive oxygen species. Homologous chromosomes can repair this damage by aligning themselves with chromosomes of the same genetic sequence.[13] Once the base pairs have been matched and oriented correctly between the two strands, the homologous chromosomes perform a process that is very similar to recombination, or crossing over as seen in meiosis. Part of the intact DNA sequence overlaps with that of the damaged chromosome's sequence. Replication proteins and complexes are then recruited to the site of damage, allowing for repair and proper replication to occur. Through this functioning, double-strand breaks can be repaired and DNA can function normally.[13]

text: Relevant research[edit]

text: Current and future research on the subject of homologous chromosome is heavily focused on the roles of various proteins during recombination or during DNA repair. In a recently published article by Pezza et al. the protein known as HOP2 is responsible for both homologous chromosome synapsis as well as double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. The deletion of HOP2 in mice has large repercussions in meiosis.[14] Other current studies focus on specific proteins involved in homologous recombination as well.

text: There is ongoing research concerning the ability of homologous chromosomes to repair double-strand DNA breaks. Researchers are investigating the possibility of exploiting this capability for regenerative medicine.[15] This medicine could be very prevalent in relation to cancer, as DNA damage is thought to be contributor to carcinogenesis. Manipulating the repair function of homologous chromosomes might allow for bettering a cell’s damage response system. While research has not yet confirmed the effectiveness of such treatment, it may become a useful therapy for cancer.[16]


document_title: Bliss (The Powerpuff Girls)

question_text: where did the new powerpuff girl come from

text: Bliss (The Powerpuff Girls)

text: Creation[edit]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Design[edit]

text: Bliss is taller and has a more developed body than the three younger powerpuff girls, with brown skin that is shades darker than would be described as a common tan, purple eyes, and cyan hair. Her dress is purple to match her eyes, much like her three sisters with their own signature colour. In difference to the other girls her leggings do not reach all the way down to her feet, courtesy of her being wider and taller. She also has a dark blue plastic headband (a so called "alice band") that none the others wear, featuring a fuchsia pink heart.[2]

text: Voice actors[edit]

text: The character had a total of five English voice actors for different regions[5] and fifteen overall for the films original airing.[6][7]

text: South African musician Toya Delazy who is one of the many actors voicing the character in different countries expressed that she was intrigued by the character and felt a connection to her due to their similar backgrounds, as Delazy explained that she too missed out on getting to know her three sisters due to being estranged from her father for many years.[8] Alesha Dixon who voiced Bliss for the British version expressed that she was beyond excited about her role and loved voicing character but that it was a hard job, explaining that this was due to the characters feisty personality and the fact that she had to do a lot of screaming while voicing her.[9] She also stated that she watched the episode with her daughter Azura when it aired and that her daughter recognized her as the character.[10][11][12][13][14][15]

text: Appearances[edit]

text: The first teaser image was released in September 2017, the image shown Bliss from the back and in silhouette, but with her purple coloring visible.[16] The character was first shown fully at the MCM London Comic Con on Friday October 27, 2017.[17][18] She debuted on the series in the first part of the five part television movie The Power of Four,[19] each part of the movie was named explicitly with a pun on the characters name, the first one being "Find Your Bliss", followed by "Bliss Reminisce", "Blisster Sister", "Breaking Bliss" and "Blisstersweet Symphony". All parts were aired on television as episodes of the series. The character is expected to return in 2018 during the series twentieth anniversary.[20][21][22]

text: Outside of animation she has been featured in merchandise such as headphones,[23] cupcake toppers[24] and several t-shirts.[25][26][27]

text: Powers and abilities[edit]

text: As a response to a rival's creation of the perfect little boy, Professor Utonium created Bliss out of sugar, spice and everything nice like the original Powerpuff Girls but using Chemical W (as opposed to the other Powerpuff Girls who were created with Chemical X), which gave her unique psionic powers (telekinesis, short-range teleportation, and energy) that neither her sisters nor their original counterparts possess, beyond the regular strength, durability and flight that all the Powerpuff Girls have had. Her unique abilities are difficult for her to control and she sometimes loses control of them when she feels any form of emotion.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The characters initial announcement was met with negative reactions from some fans who expressed that the new characters marketing as "The fourth Powerpuff Girl" was inaccurate and ignored the previously introduced character of Bunny from the 1998 series,[28][29] but when rumors began to spread that the character would be black, many fans began to express a more optimistic tone.[30] The rumors began to emerge when it was announced that South African singer Toya Delazy would be providing the voice for the character. Louise Mccreesh of Digital Spy expressed that she believed that the character was a great step forward in terms of racial diversity.[31] Gabriela Herstik of HelloGiggles stated that she saw that most fans were both equally excited and nervous at the announcement of the character, she also wrote that she personally felt that the character was a good addition.[32][33]

text: Charles Pulliam-Moore of io9 stated that the character is different from the other temporary additions to the powerpuff trio such as Princess Morbucks, Bunny, and Bullet the Squirrel, all who existed to teach the original girls moral lessons before they left the group to pursue their own destinies. While Bliss does not appear to him in that way, he expressed that he felt that the story of The Power of Four made him question whether the new reboot was a good idea in the first place. Moore stated that he felt that while he watched the movie that Bliss was meant to be a person of color, he stated: "The more you see Bliss go through the process of losing control of herself and then becoming a physical threat, the more glaringly apparent it becomes that, unlike her sisters, Bliss is coded as a person of color. Everything about Bliss is designed to set her apart from the three original Powerpuff Girls. One imagines it’s to signal that she’s a new kind of Powerpuff meant to be more reflective of the show’s diverse audience. She’s taller, has skin a shade of brown that’s deeper than a tan, purple eyes, and electric blue hair. Bliss reads as distinctly non-white and decidedly multi-ethnic." In Moore's opinion so was the creation of Bliss a means for the creators of the show to wink at their non-white audience that has watched the show for years and express their recognition of them as watchers. Despite this he felt that he was disappointed in the fact that the first non-white powerpuff girl had been introduced as an emotionally unstable time-bomb who isn't capable of putting her feelings together properly to act as a regular superhero like the others. He stated that the portrayal of black and Latina women as hot-headed is a stereotype he is all too used to seeing in media. He finished his article with; "In a lot of ways, Bliss feels like a collection of well-intentioned afterthoughts that would have worked better earlier on in the series."[2] Toya Delazy acknowledged the criticism of the character and stated that she believed the negative reception had not been as major as the positive she had received, as well as that she did not think of the character as meaning to imply or enforce any harmful ideas about black women and that her own feelings on it simply was that it was a cartoon that didn't need to nesseseraly be analyzed to that depth.[34]

text: Kayla Sutton, a social media curator and major contributor for the digital publication Black Girl Nerds, cried when the character was unveiled. Via email to The Daily Dot she said: “We don’t get many black cartoon characters and when we do, we’re just the comic relief”.[35] Danielle Ransom, herself of The Daily Dot stated that she originally experienced excitement at the introduction of a powerpuff girl with remarkably darker skin than the others, but when she viewed the film she thought that the creators should have taken time to make a character that was more than what she felt was a caricature of an angry black girl, something which she reported had non-plused many other fans. Paula Poindexter who teaches media representation of African Americans at the University of Texas, who saw it as a positive that there is a person of color in the series, did express some concern about Bliss’s characterization as an emotional teenager who can’t control herself to The Daily Dot as well. Poindexter stated that everything positive about the character got turned into a negative in the film and said that the character is little more than a token. Ransom concluded that Bliss seemed more like an attempt by the creators to hop on the diversity trend as opposed to a part of the black empowerment movement.[35]


document_title: Army–Navy Game

question_text: where is army and navy game being played

text: Army–Navy Game

text: Series history[edit]

text: Army and Navy first met on the field on November 29, 1890. They played 30 times between that date and November 26, 1927. The series has been renewed annually since 1930. The game has been held at several locations throughout its history, including Baltimore and New York City, but has most frequently been played in Philadelphia, roughly equidistant from the two academies. Historically played on the Saturday after Thanksgiving (a date on which most other major college football teams end their regular seasons), the game is now played on the second Saturday in December and is traditionally the last game of the season for both teams and the last regular-season game played in Division I FBS football. With the permanent expansion of the regular season to 12 games starting in 2006, several conference championship games joined the Army–Navy Game on its then-current date of the first weekend of December. In 2009, the game was moved from the first Saturday in December to the second Saturday; this means that it no longer conflicts with conference championship games and once again is the last non-bowl contest in college football.[5]

text: This game has inter-service "bragging rights" at stake. For much of the first half of the 20th century, both Army and Navy were often national powers, and the game occasionally had national championship implications. However, as the level of play in college football improved nationally, and became fueled by prospects of playing in the National Football League (NFL), the high academic entrance requirements, height and weight limits, and the five-year military commitment required has reduced the overall competitiveness of both academies. Since 1963, only the 1996, 2010, 2016 and 2017 games have seen both teams enter with winning records. Nonetheless, the game is considered a college football institution. It has aired nationally on radio since 1930, and has been nationally televised every year since 1945. The tradition associated with the game assures that it remains nationally broadcast to this day.

text: Arguably, one of the reasons this game has maintained its appeal is that the players are playing solely for the love of the game. Most players are required to fulfill a post-graduation active duty military commitment and, by the time this ends, many players are deemed too old to consider playing competitively again. Nevertheless, some participants in the Army–Navy Game have gone on to professional football careers. Quarterback Roger Staubach (Navy, 1965) went on to a Hall of Fame career with the Dallas Cowboys that included starting at quarterback in two Super Bowl victories including being named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl VI. Wide receiver and return specialist Phil McConkey (Navy, 1979) was a popular player on the New York Giants squad that won Super Bowl XXI. Running back Napoleon McCallum (Navy, 1985) was able to complete his commitment to the Navy and play for the then-Los Angeles Raiders in 1986. After satisfying his Navy commitment, he joined the Raiders full-time.

text: The game is especially emotional for the seniors, called "first classmen" by both academies, since it is typically the last competitive regular season football game they will ever play (though they sometimes play in a subsequent bowl game). During wartime the game is even more emotional, as some seniors may face combat and perhaps die after they graduate. Recognition of those who share the uniform and are deployed overseas is an important part of the day.

text: At the end of the game, both teams' almae matres are played and sung. The winning team stands alongside the losing team and faces the losing academy's students; then the losing team accompanies the winning team, facing their students.[6] This is done in a show of mutual respect and solidarity. Since the winning team's alma mater is always played last, the phrase "to sing second" has become synonymous with winning the rivalry game.

text: The rivalry between Annapolis and West Point, while friendly, is intense. The cadets live and breathe the phrase "Beat Navy!" while for midshipmen the opposite phrase, "Beat Army!" is ingrained. They have become a symbol of competitiveness, not just in the Army–Navy Game, but in the service of their country, and are often used at the close of (informal) letters by graduates of both academies. A long-standing tradition at the Army-Navy football game is to conduct a formal "prisoner exchange" as part of the pre-game activities. The prisoners are the cadets and midshipmen currently spending the semester studying at the sister academy. After the exchange, students have a brief reprieve to enjoy the game with their comrades.[7]

text: The game is the last of three contests in the annual Commander-in-Chief's Trophy series, awarded to each season's winner of the triangular series between Army, Navy, and Air Force since 1972. In years when Navy and Army have each beaten Air Force before the Army–Navy Game (1972, 1977, 1978, 1996, 2005, 2012 and 2017) the Army-Navy game has also determined whether Army or Navy would win this trophy. In years when Air Force has split its two games, the Army-Navy game determines whether the trophy is shared or won outright by the winner of the game.

text: The rivalries Army and Navy have with Air Force are much less intense than the Army–Navy rivalry, primarily due to the relative youth of the USAFA, established in 1954, and the physical distance between the USAFA and the other two schools. The Army–Air Force and Navy–Air Force games are usually played at the academies' regular home fields, although on occasion they have been held at a neutral field.

text: Navy won 14 Army-Navy games in a row from 2002 to 2015, the longest winning streak in the history of the series.[8] On December 10, 2016, Army snapped its 14-game losing streak against Navy with a 21–17 victory.

text: Venues[edit]

text: Though the game has been played 118 times, only six of those games have ever been held on the campus of either academy. Neither team has ever played at an on-campus stadium nearly large enough to accommodate the large crowds that usually attend the game, as well as the media and dignitaries. Army's Michie Stadium only seats 38,000 people, while Navy's Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium only seats 34,000. The game's popularity grew enough early on that when it was revived in 1899, it was played at a neutral site, the Franklin Field in Philadelphia. Except for the 1942 and 1943 games, which were played on-campus due to World War II travel restrictions, it has been played at a neutral site every year since.

text: Traditionally, the game is played in Philadelphia, due to the historic nature of the city and the fact that it is approximately halfway between West Point and Annapolis. Additionally, Philadelphia has always had a stadium large enough to accommodate the crowds. Philadelphia's John F. Kennedy Stadium (JFK) hosted the game from 1936 to 1979 (except for three years in World War II) – more than any other venue in the history of the series. It even hosted the game for several years after the 1971 construction of nearby Veterans Stadium, which finally became the game's host in 1980. The Pennsylvania Railroad and its successors offered game-day service to all Army–Navy games (except several during World War II) at John F. Kennedy Stadium, using a sprawling temporary station constructed each year on the railroad's nearby Greenwich freight yard. The service, with 40-odd trains serving as many as 30,000 attendees, was the single largest concentrated passenger rail movement in the country.[9][10]

text: Franklin Field, on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania, hosted the game in the early twentieth century before it was moved to JFK. New York's Polo Grounds holds the record for most games hosted outside of Philadelphia. The city of Baltimore has hosted a number of games throughout the history of the series as well, even though Baltimore is closer to Annapolis.

text: The Rose Bowl is the only site west of the Mississippi River to host the Army–Navy game; it did so in 1983. The city of Pasadena, California, paid for the travel expenses of all the students and supporters of both academies – 9,437 in all.[11] A substitute, however, for Bill XXII – the Navy mascot – and four rented Army mules were brought in.[11] The attendance was 81,000.[12][13] The game was held at the Rose Bowl that year because there are a large number of military installations and servicemen and women, along with many retired military personnel, on the West Coast.[11] The game has been held one other time in a non-East Coast venue, at Chicago's Soldier Field, which played host to the 1926 game. In October 1984, the $100,000 in costs to transport the cadets and midshipmen to the California game earned the Department of Defense a "Golden Fleece Award" from United States Senator William Proxmire, a Democrat from Wisconsin.[14]

text: Currently the game is played primarily at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, the home of the Philadelphia Eagles. Since the 1980s, the game has been held roughly once every three or four years at a site other than Philadelphia. In addition to the Rose Bowl, these sites have included Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey (replaced in 2010 by MetLife Stadium, which is scheduled to host the game for the first time in 2021), M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore and FedExField in Landover, Maryland. These are still considered neutral-site games, but provide locations that are closer to one academy or the other.

text: Future venues[edit]

text: All games through 2020 will be held at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia. MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey will host the 2021 game. The game will then return to Lincoln Financial Field for 2022. Games beyond 2022 have yet to be awarded.[15]

text: Total games by venue and geography[edit]

text:
Venue
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

John F. Kennedy Stadium (Philadelphia)
41
16
22
3
1936
1979

Franklin Field
18
11
7
0
1899
1935

Veterans Stadium
17
11
5
1
1980
2001

Lincoln Financial Field
11
1
10
0
2003
2017

Polo Grounds
9
5
3
1
1913
1927

Giants Stadium
4
1
3
0
1989
2002

M&T Bank Stadium
4
1
3
0
2000
2016

The Plain
2
0
2
0
1890
1892

Worden Field
2
1
1
0
1891
1893

Municipal Stadium (Baltimore)
2
2
0
0
1924
1944

Yankee Stadium
2
2
0
0
1930
1931

Osborne Field
1
0
0
1
1905
1905

Soldier Field
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

Thompson Stadium
1
0
1
0
1942
1942

Michie Stadium
1
0
1
0
1943
1943

Rose Bowl
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

FedExField
1
0
1
0
2011
2011

tag: table

text:
City
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

Philadelphia
87
39
44
4
1899
2017

New York City
11
7
3
1
1913
1931

Baltimore
6
3
3
0
1924
2016

East Rutherford, New Jersey
4
1
3
0
1989
2002

West Point, New York
3
0
3
0
1890
1943

Annapolis, Maryland
3
1
2
0
1891
1942

Princeton, New Jersey
1
0
0
1
1905
1905

Chicago
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

Pasadena, California
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

Landover, Maryland
1
0
1
0
2011
2011

text:
State
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

Pennsylvania
87
39
44
4
1899
2017

New York
14
7
6
1
1890
1943

Maryland
10
4
6
0
1891
2016

New Jersey
5
1
3
1
1905
2002

Illinois
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

California
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

text:
CSA
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

Philadelphia–Reading–Camden, PA–NJ–DE–MD
87
39
44
4
1899
2017

New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA
19
8
9
2
1890
2002

Washington–Baltimore–Arlington, DC–MD–VA–WV–PA
10
4
6
0
1891
2016

Chicago–Naperville, IL–IN–WI
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

Los Angeles–Long Beach, CA
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

text: Game results[edit]

text:
Army victories
Navy victories
Ties

text:
Year
Winner
Score
Location
City
Series

1890
Navy
24–0
"The Plain" USMA
West Point, New York
Navy 1–0

1891
Army
32–16
Worden Field USNA
Annapolis, Maryland
Tied 1–1

1892
Navy
12–4
"The Plain"
West Point, New York
Navy 2–1

1893
Navy
6–4
Worden Field
Annapolis, Maryland
Navy 3–1

1899
Army
17–5
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 3–2

1900
Navy
11–7
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 4–2

1901
Army
11–5
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 4–3

1902
Army
22–8
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 4–4

1903
Army
40–5
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 5–4

1904
Army
11–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 6–4

1905
Tie
6–6
Osborne Field
Princeton, New Jersey
Army 6–4–1

1906
Navy
10–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 6–5–1

1907
Navy
6–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 6–6–1

1908
Army
6–4
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 7–6–1

1910
Navy
3–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 7–7–1

1911
Navy
3–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 8–7–1

1912
Navy
6–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 9–7–1

1913
Army
22–9
Polo Grounds
New York
Navy 9–8–1

1914
Army
20–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 9–9–1

1915
Army
14–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 10–9–1

1916
Army
15–7
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 11–9–1

1919
Navy
6–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 11–10–1

1920
Navy
7–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Tied 11–11–1

1921
Navy
7–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Navy 12–11–1

1922
Army
17–14
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 12–12–1

1923
Tie
0–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Tied 12–12–2

1924
Army
12–0
Municipal Stadium
Baltimore
Army 13–12–2

1925
Army
10–3
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 14–12–2

1926
Tie
21–21
Soldier Field
Chicago
Army 14–12–3

1927
Army
14–9
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 15–12–3

1930
Army
6–0
Yankee Stadium
Bronx, New York
Army 16–12–3

1931
Army
17–7
Yankee Stadium
Bronx, New York
Army 17–12–3

1932
Army
20–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 18–12–3

1933
Army
12–7
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 19–12–3

1934
Navy
3–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 19–13–3

1935
Army
28–6
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 20–13–3

1936
Navy
7–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 20–14–3

1937
Army
6–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 21–14–3

1938
Army
14–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–14–3

1939
Navy
10–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–15–3

1940
Navy
14–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–16–3

1941
#11 Navy
14–6
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–17–3

1942
Navy
14–0
Thompson Stadium
Annapolis, Maryland
Army 22–18–3

1943
#6 Navy
13–0
Michie Stadium
West Point, New York
Army 22–19–3

1944
#1 Army
23–7
Municipal Stadium
Baltimore
Army 23–19–3

1945
#1 Army
32–13
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 24–19–3

1946
#1 Army
21–18
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 25–19–3

1947
#12 Army
21–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 26–19–3

1948
Tie
21–21
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 26–19–4

1949
#4 Army
38–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–19–4

1950
Navy
14–2
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–20–4

1951
Navy
42–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–21–4

1952
Navy
7–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–22–4

1953
#18 Army
20–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 28–22–4

1954
#6 Navy
27–20
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 28–23–4

1955
Army
14–6
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 29–23–4

1956
Tie
7–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 29–23–5

1957
#8 Navy
14–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 29–24–5

1958
#5 Army
22–6
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–24–5

1959
Navy
43–12
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–25–5

1960
#7 Navy
17–12
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–26–5

1961
Navy
13–7
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–27–5

1962
Navy
34–14
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–28–5

1963
#2 Navy
21–15
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–29–5

1964
Army
11–8
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 31–29–5

1965
Tie
7–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 31–29–6

1966
Army
20–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 32–29–6

1967
Navy
19–14
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 32–30–6

1968
Army
21–14
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 33–30–6

1969
Army
27–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 34–30–6

1970
Navy
11–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 34–31–6

1971
Army
24–23
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 35–31–6

1972
Army
23–15
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–31–6

1973
Navy
51–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–32–6

1974
Navy
19–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–33–6

1975
Navy
30–6
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–34–6

1976
Navy
38–10
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–35–6

1977
Army
17–14
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 37–35–6

1978
Navy
28–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 37–36–6

1979
Navy
31–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 37–37–6

1980
Navy
33–6
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 38–37–6

1981
Tie
3–3
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 38–37–7

1982
Navy
24–7
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 39–37–7

1983
Navy
42–13
Rose Bowl
Pasadena, California
Navy 40–37–7

1984
Army
28–11
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 40–38–7

1985
Navy
17–7
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 41–38–7

1986
Army
27–7
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 41–39–7

1987
Army
17–3
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 41–40–7

1988
Army
20–15
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 41–41–7

1989
Navy
19–17
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Navy 42–41–7

1990
Army
30–20
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 42–42–7

1991
Navy
24–3
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 43–42–7

1992
Army
25–24
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 43–43–7

1993
Army
16–14
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Army 44–43–7

1994
Army
22–20
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 45–43–7

1995
Army
14–13
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 46–43–7

1996
#23 Army
28–24
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 47–43–7

1997
Navy
39–7
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Army 47–44–7

1998
Army
34–30
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 48–44–7

1999
Navy
19–9
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 48–45–7

2000
Navy
30–28
PSINet Stadium
Baltimore
Army 48–46–7

2001
Army
26–17
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 49–46–7

2002
Navy
58–12
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Army 49–47–7

2003
Navy
34–6
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Army 49–48–7

2004
Navy
42–13
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Tied 49–49–7

2005
Navy
42–23
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 50–49–7

2006
Navy
26–14
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 51–49–7

2007
Navy
38–3
M&T Bank Stadium
Baltimore
Navy 52–49–7

2008
Navy
34–0
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 53–49–7

2009
Navy
17–3
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 54–49–7

2010
Navy
31–17
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 55–49–7

2011
Navy
27–21
FedExField
Landover, Maryland
Navy 56–49–7

2012
Navy
17–13
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 57–49–7

2013
Navy
34–7
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 58–49–7

2014
Navy
17–10
M&T Bank Stadium
Baltimore
Navy 59–49–7

2015
#21 Navy
21–17
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 60–49–7

2016
Army
21–17
M&T Bank Stadium
Baltimore
Navy 60–50–7

2017
Army
14–13
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 60–51–7

2018

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

2019

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

2020

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

2021

MetLife Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey

2022

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

text: Notable games[edit]

text: Navy Midshipman (and later Admiral) Joseph Mason Reeves wore what is widely regarded as the first football helmet in the 1893 Army–Navy Game. He had been advised by a Navy doctor that another kick to his head would result in intellectual disability or even death, so he commissioned an Annapolis shoemaker to make him a helmet out of leather.[16]

text: On November 27, 1926, the Army–Navy Game was held in Chicago for the National Dedication of Soldier Field as a monument to American servicemen who had fought in World War I. Navy came to the game undefeated, while West Point had only lost to Notre Dame, so the game would decide the National Championship. Played before a crowd of over 100,000, the teams fought to a 21–21 tie, but Navy was awarded the national championship.[17]

text: In both the 1944 and 1945 contests, Army and Navy entered the game ranked #1 and #2 respectively.[18] The 1945 game was labeled the "game of the century" before it was played. Army defeated a 7–0–1 Navy team 32–13. Navy's lone tie was against Notre Dame.[19]

text: In 1963, shortly after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy urged the academies to play after there had been talk of cancellation. Originally scheduled for November 30, 1963, the game was played on December 7, 1963 also coinciding with the 22nd anniversary of Pearl Harbor Day.[20] In front of a crowd of 102,000 people in Philadelphia's Municipal Stadium, later named John F. Kennedy Stadium, junior (second class Midshipman) quarterback Roger Staubach led number two ranked Navy to victory which clinched a Cotton Bowl national championship matchup with Texas played on January 1, 1964. Army was led by junior (second class Cadet) quarterback Rollie Stichweh. Stichweh led off the game with a touchdown drive that featured the first use of instant replay on television. Army nearly won the game after another touchdown and two point conversion, Stichweh recovered the onside kick and drove the ball to the Navy 2 yard line. On 4th down and no timeouts, crowd noise prevented Stichweh from calling a play and time expired with the 21–15 final score. Staubach won the Heisman Trophy that year and was bumped off the scheduled cover of Life magazine due to the coverage of the assassination. Stichweh and Staubach would meet again in 1964 as First Class where Stichweh's Army would defeat Staubach's Navy. Staubach went on to serve in the Navy and afterward became a Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback with the Dallas Cowboys. Stichweh served five years in Vietnam with the 173rd Airborne Brigade. Stichweh was inducted into the Army Sports Hall of Fame in 2012.[21][22]

text: On December 10, 2016, Army beat Navy 21–17, snapping Navy's 14-year winning streak. This followed the death earlier in the season of Brandon Jackson, a defensive back from the Army side who died in a car accident on September 11, 2016.[23] Army players wore Jackson's number 28 on their uniforms in remembrance of their late teammate.[24]


document_title: List of National Basketball Association single-game scoring leaders

question_text: who has the most points in nba game

question_tokens: who has the most points in nba game

text: Key[edit]

text:
^
Denotes player who is currently active in the NBA

*
Denotes player who has been inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Occurred in playoff competition

Player's team lost the game

MP
Minutes played
FGM
Field goals made
FGA
Field goal attempts

3PM
3-point field goals made
3PA
3-point field goal attempts
DNP
Did not play

FTM
Free throws made
FTA
Free throw attempts

text: List[edit]

text:
Rank
Points
Player
Date
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Team
Opponent
Score
MP
FGM
FGA
3PM
3PA
FTM
FTA
Notes
Ref.

Scoring by quarter

1
100
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-03-02-0000March 2, 1962
23
18
28
31
Philadelphia Warriors
New York Knicks
169–147
48
36
63
—
—
28
32
[A]
[1][2] [3][4][5]

2
81
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002006-01-22-0000January 22, 2006
14
12
27
28
Los Angeles Lakers
Toronto Raptors
122–104
41:56
28
46
7
13
18
20
[B]
[6][7][8]

3
78
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-08-0000December 8, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
147–151
63
31
62
—
—
16
31
[C]
[5]

4
73
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-13-0000January 13, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Chicago Packers
135–117
48
29
48
—
—
15
25
[D]
[5]

73
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-11-16-0000November 16, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
New York Knicks
127–111
48
29
43
—
—
15
19
[E]
[9]

73
Thompson, DavidDavid Thompson*
000000001978-04-09-0000April 9, 1978
32
21
9
11
Denver Nuggets
Detroit Pistons
137–139
43
28
38
—
—
17
20
[F]

7
72
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-11-03-0000November 3, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
115–127
—
29
48
—
—
14
18

[9]

8
71
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001960-11-15-0000November 15, 1960
—
—
—
—
Los Angeles Lakers
New York Knicks
123–108
45
28
48
—
—
15
18
[G]

71
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
000000001994-04-24-0000April 24, 1994
18
6
19
28
San Antonio Spurs
Los Angeles Clippers
112–97
44
26
41
1
2
18
25
[H]
[10][11]

10
70
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001963-03-10-0000March 10, 1963
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Syracuse Nationals
148–163
48
27
38
—
—
16
22

[9]

70
Booker, DevinDevin Booker^
000000002017-03-24-0000March 24, 2017
10
9
23
28
Phoenix Suns
Boston Celtics
120–130
45
21
40
4
11
24
26
[I]

12
69
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001990-03-28-0000March 28, 1990
16
15
20
18
Chicago Bulls
Cleveland Cavaliers
117–113
50
23
37
2
6
21
23
[J]
[12][13][14]

13
68
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001967-12-16-0000December 16, 1967
14
15
15
24
Philadelphia 76ers
Chicago Bulls
143–123
—
30
40
—
—
8
22

68
Maravich, PetePete Maravich*
000000001977-02-25-0000February 25, 1977
17
14
17
20
New Orleans Jazz
New York Knicks
124–107
43
26
43
—
—
16
19

15
67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-03-09-0000March 9, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
New York Knicks
135–126
—
27
37
—
—
13
17

67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-17-0000February 17, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
121–128
48
26
44
—
—
15
20

[5]

67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-25-0000February 25, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
New York Knicks
135–149
48
25
38
—
—
17
22

[5]

67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001963-01-11-0000January 11, 1963
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
129–134
—
28
47
—
—
11
17

[9]

19
66
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001969-02-09-0000February 9, 1969
17
17
22
10
Los Angeles Lakers
Phoenix Suns
134–116
48
29
35
—
—
8
18
[K]

20
65
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-13-0000February 13, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Cincinnati Royals
132–152
48
24
40
—
—
17
30

[5]

65
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-27-0000February 27, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
147–137
48
25
43
—
—
15
20

[5]

65
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001966-02-07-0000February 7, 1966
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia 76ers
Los Angeles Lakers
132–125
—
28
43
—
—
9
20

65
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002007-03-16-0000March 16, 2007
4
19
9
24
Los Angeles Lakers
Portland Trail Blazers
116–111
49:58
23
39
8
12
11
12
[L]
[15]

24
64
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001959-11-08-0000November 8, 1959
13
12
17
22
Minneapolis Lakers
Boston Celtics
136–115
—
25
47
—
—
14
19
[M]

64
Barry, RickRick Barry*
000000001974-03-26-0000March 26, 1974
—
—
23
22
Golden State Warriors
Portland Trail Blazers
143–120
43
30
45
—
—
4
5

64
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001993-01-16-0000January 16, 1993
22
8
11
16
Chicago Bulls
Orlando Magic
124–128
47
27
49
1
5
9
11
[N]
[16]

27
63
Fulks, JoeJoe Fulks*
000000001949-02-10-0000February 10, 1949
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Indianapolis Jets
108–87
—
27
56
—
—
9
14
[O]

63
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001961-12-08-0000December 8, 1961
—
—
—
—
Los Angeles Lakers
Philadelphia Warriors
151–147
—
23
55
—
—
17
24
[P]
[17]

63
West, JerryJerry West*
000000001962-01-17-0000January 17, 1962
—
—
—
—
Los Angeles Lakers
New York Knicks
129–121
39
22
36
—
—
19
22

63
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-12-14-0000December 14, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
118–120
—
24
41
—
—
15
20

[9]

63
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001964-11-26-0000November 26, 1964
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Philadelphia 76ers
117–128
—
27
58
—
—
9
20

63
Gervin, GeorgeGeorge Gervin*
000000001978-04-09-0000April 9, 1978
20
33
10
DNP
San Antonio Spurs
New Orleans Jazz
132–153
33
23
49
—
—
17
20
[Q]

63
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001986-04-20-0000April 20, 1986
17
6
13
18
Chicago Bulls
Boston Celtics
131–135
53
22
41
0
0
19
21
[R]

34
62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-14-0000January 14, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Boston Celtics
136–145
48
27
45
—
—
8
10

[5]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-17-0000January 17, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
136–130
53
24
48
—
—
14
20
[S]
[5]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-21-0000January 21, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Syracuse Nationals
139–132
53
25
42
—
—
12
17
[T]
[5]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001963-01-29-0000January 29, 1963
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
New York Knicks
123–103
—
27
44
—
—
8
17

[9]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001964-11-15-0000November 15, 1964
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Cincinnati Royals
122–106
—
26
44
—
—
10
21

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001966-03-03-0000March 3, 1966
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia 76ers
San Francisco Warriors
135–125
—
26
39
—
—
10
19

62
McGrady, TracyTracy McGrady*
000000002004-03-10-0000March 10, 2004
7
21
24
10
Orlando Magic
Washington Wizards
108–99
45:50
20
37
5
14
17
26

[18]

62
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002005-12-20-0000December 20, 2005
15
17
30
DNP
Los Angeles Lakers
Dallas Mavericks
112–90
32:53
18
31
4
10
22
25
[U]
[19][20]

62
Anthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony^
000000002014-01-24-0000January 24, 2014
20
17
19
6
New York Knicks
Charlotte Bobcats
125–96
38:39
23
35
6
11
10
10
[V]
[21]

43
61
Mikan, GeorgeGeorge Mikan*
000000001952-01-20-0000January 20, 1952
18
18
—
—
Minneapolis Lakers
Rochester Royals
91–81
—
22
45
—
—
17
21
[W]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-09-0000December 9, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Chicago Packers
135–113
48
28
48
—
—
5
10

[5]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-22-0000February 22, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
139–121
48
21
36
—
—
19
34

[5]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-28-0000February 28, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Chicago Packers
128–119
48
24
46
—
—
13
17

[5]

61
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001962-04-14-0000April 14, 1962
18
15
13
15
Los Angeles Lakers
Boston Celtics
126–121
—
22
46
—
—
17
19
[X]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-11-21-0000November 21, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Cincinnati Royals
139–143
—
27
52
—
—
7
15

[9]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-12-11-0000December 11, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Syracuse Nationals
136–124
—
27
57
—
—
7
11

[9]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-12-18-0000December 18, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
130–110
—
26
53
—
—
9
14

[9]

61
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001987-03-04-0000March 4, 1987
14
10
7
26
Chicago Bulls
Detroit Pistons
125–120
43
22
39
0
0
17
18
[Y]
[22][23][24]

61
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001987-04-16-0000April 16, 1987
15
17
16
13
Chicago Bulls
Atlanta Hawks
114–117
41
22
38
0
3
17
21
[Z]
[25][26][27][28][29]

61
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
000000001990-01-27-0000January 27, 1990
17
13
20
11
Utah Jazz
Milwaukee Bucks
144–96
33
21
26
0
0
19
23

[30]

61
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
000000002000-03-06-0000March 6, 2000
10
16
16
19
Los Angeles Lakers
Los Angeles Clippers
123–103
44:52
24
35
0
0
13
22
[AA]
[31]

61
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002009-02-02-0000February 2, 2009
18
16
12
15
Los Angeles Lakers
New York Knicks
126–117
36:48
19
31
3
6
20
20

[32]

61
James, LeBronLeBron James^
000000002014-03-03-0000March 3, 2014
11
13
25
12
Miami Heat
Charlotte Bobcats
124–107
41:12
22
33
8
10
9
12
[AB]
[33][34]

57
60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-01-0000December 1, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
138–117
48
22
47
—
—
16
26

[5]

60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-29-0000December 29, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
123–118
48
24
43
—
—
12
19
[AC]
[5]

60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001969-01-26-0000January 26, 1969
18
9
10
23
Los Angeles Lakers
Cincinnati Royals
126–113
—
22
36
—
—
16
24
[AD]

60
King, BernardBernard King*
000000001984-12-25-0000December 25, 1984
21
19
11
9
New York Knicks
New Jersey Nets
114–120
41
19
30
0
0
22
26

[35]

60
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
000000001985-03-12-0000March 12, 1985
12
11
19
18
Boston Celtics
Atlanta Hawks
126–115
43
22
36
1
4
15
16
[AE]
[36]

60
Chambers, TomTom Chambers
000000001990-03-24-0000March 24, 1990
14
21
14
11
Phoenix Suns
Seattle SuperSonics
121–95
42
22
32
0
0
16
18

[37][38][39][40]

60
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
000000002005-02-12-0000February 12, 2005
17
12
11
20
Philadelphia 76ers
Orlando Magic
112–99
42:01
17
36
2
5
24
27

[41][42]

60
Arenas, GilbertGilbert Arenas
000000002006-12-17-0000December 17, 2006
12
5
12
15
Washington Wizards
Los Angeles Lakers
147–141
49:00
17
32
5
12
21
27
[AF]
[43]

60
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002007-03-22-0000March 22, 2007
13
11
19
17
Los Angeles Lakers
Memphis Grizzlies
121–119
45:11
20
37
3
7
17
18
[AG]
[44]

60
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002016-04-13-0000April 13, 2016
15
7
15
23
Los Angeles Lakers
Utah Jazz
101–96
42
22
50
6
21
10
12
[AH]
[45][46]

60
Klay Thompson^
000000002016-12-05-0000December 5, 2016
17
23
20
DNP
Golden State Warriors
Indiana Pacers
142–106
29
21
33
8
14
10
11
[AI]
[47]

60
James Harden^
000000002018-01-30-0000January 30, 2018
16
13
13
18
Houston Rockets
Orlando Magic
114–107
46:26
19
30
5
14
17
18
[AJ]
[48]


document_title: United States military seniority

question_text: who is the highest ranking in the army

question_tokens: who is the highest ranking in the army

text: United States military seniority

text: Modern-day seniority[edit]

text: The modern-day seniority system of the United States commissioned officer corps operates on two different levels. For officers of different ranks, seniority is simply determined by who holds the highest rank. For instance, Army colonel is senior to captain and captain senior to lieutenant. Seniority extends across services as for instance major in the Army is senior to captain in the Air Force while commander in the United States Navy is senior to both. For officers in the same rank or paygrade, seniority is determined by the date of whom assumed their rank earlier.[1] If officers of the same grade have the same date of rank, then seniority is determined in order by the officer's previous rank's date and so forth.[1] If all promotion dates of ranks are the same, seniority is then determined on order of: previous active duty grade relative seniority (if applicable),[1] total active commissioned service,[1] and finally, total federal commissioned service or date of appointment as a commissioned officer.[1] The secretaries of each service may establish further seniority rules if applicable.[1]

text: A type of "positional seniority" exists for military officers who hold top leadership positions of the armed forces. For instance, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is considered the senior most officer of the entire United States military, even though it is possible that contemporaries of the same rank may have earlier dates of rank or time in service. Likewise, heads of various armed service branches are considered senior most within their service; unified commanders are also considered senior most in their respective regions yet not necessarily to each other.

text: The regular United States military hierarchy is as follows:

text:
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

tag: ul

text: When compared to each other, seniority is determined among the service heads by lineal number and commissioning date. Externally, the standing of each service head is determined by the date of the creation of the position as follows.

text:
Chief of Staff of the United States Army
Chief of Naval Operations
Commandant of the Marine Corps
Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force
Commandant of the Coast Guard
Chief of the National Guard Bureau

text: The officers in charge of the Unified Combatant Commands are considered "operational officers" while the standard military hierarchy is administrative. For instance, the Chief of Naval Operations, who would most likely be senior to a naval admiral in command of the United States Pacific Command, would not be able to issue direct orders to said commander since operational chain of command is separate from regular administrative military hierarchy.[2] Military seniority, within itself, would not be affected.

text:
[show]
 Unified Combatant Commands of the United States Department of Defense

Regional responsibilities

Africa Command
Central Command
European Command
Northern Command
Pacific Command
Southern Command

Functional responsibilities

Special Operations Command
Strategic Command
Transportation Command

Inactivated

Atlantic Command
Joint Forces Command
Space Command
Strike Command

text: Tactical and operational seniority[edit]

text: Tactical seniority, also known as "battlefield seniority", is the manner in which a senior officer in command of a given tactical situation is determined. For instance, within the United States Navy, groups of ships performing exercises together will have one ship designated as the tactical senior unit. The commander of said ship is the senior tactical officer and may in fact be junior in rank to the other officers of the tactical group. For multi-national exercises, such as the Sharem event in South Korea, ships of foreign nations are sometimes given tactical seniority and thus may issue routine movement orders to United States vessels. Actual combat would fall under the Task Force system, in which a United States admiral, with clear seniority, would take command over all vessels.

text: Groups of Army units, especially in active combat, may be placed under tactical command of any officer, regardless of rank seniority, for completion of a single mission. During World War II, the term "mixed unit" was commonly used to denote military formations created from several other smaller units, most often "on the spot", due to operational confusion and the need for a single battlefield commander to take authority over all units physically present. Army Air Force bomber groups operated on a similar principle, in that tactical command could pass to officers who were not necessarily the senior most present, given the specific needs of the mission or casualties during the mission itself.

text: Operational seniority refers to the ability to issue long range orders to U.S. forces, such as deployments, general orders, and other administrative matters. Operational seniority is never granted to non-U.S. officers and usually stems from such major offices as the Bureau of Naval Personnel or the Army Personnel Branch.

text: Historical seniority[edit]

text: Historical seniority loosely indicates the general significance of various generals and flag officers within the scope of the history of the United States. Historical seniority is typically only bestowed to those officers who were the inaugural holders of ranks or for those who served as the senior most military officer during a major armed conflict.

text: The only case where historical seniority has been legally established by the United States Congress are for the two "super ranks" of the armed forces of the United States, these being the ranks General of the Armies and Admiral of the Navy. By clear precedent, the holders of these two ranks (three persons in all) are senior to all other officers of the United States military, past and present. By special Congressional edict, George Washington is considered the senior most officer of all time meaning he may never be lesser in seniority to any other military officer, although Washington technically shares the same rank with John Pershing.

text: The office of general was discontinued after the Civil War, but revived in 1919 by the title of "General of the Armies of the United States" when General John J. Pershing was appointed to that office on 3 September 1919; accepted the appointment on 8 September 1919, was retired with that rank on 13 September 1924, and held it until his death on 15 July 1948. No other officer has occupied this office on active duty. General Pershing held the grade of General of the Armies of the United States under the provisions of the Act of U.S. Congress of 3 September 1919 (Public Law 45). Washington was posthumously appointed General of the Armies of the United States under s:Public Law 94-479. Under s:Order 31-3, the effective promotion date was on 4 July 1976. Congress specified that no officer of the United States Army should outrank Lieutenant General George Washington on the Army list. While promoted to a lieutenant general only a year before his death, he was the most senior officer and the only lieutenant general in the army. The same is true of Ulysses S. Grant, who was the second person to permanently hold this rank. (Winfield Scott was a brevet lieutenant general for his service in the Mexican–American War.) Washington was referred to as "commander in chief" of the Continental Army, a title that since the adoption of the Constitution has been reserved for the (civilian) President.

text: The five star officers of World War II are technically considered the most senior officers in U.S. history (with the exception of the two "super ranks" previously mentioned), yet are often considered historically junior to the military leaders of the 19th century, especially the inaugural holders of senior military ranks. Most historical seniority lists also omit three star officers, with some rare exceptions (such as Winfield Scott), and typically avoid comparing two star ranks and below, which are permanent ranks held by hundreds of officers over the past two centuries. In these cases, standard methods of seniority are utilized. Since 1981, the highest rank held by any officer in the U.S. armed forces is four stars, or a pay grade of "O-10". Modern-day admirals and generals are typically not considered in lists of historical seniority, except for extreme cases such as leaders of wars or other wide scale armed conflicts.

text: Historical seniority list[edit]

text: The officers listed below are generally accepted in military history circles as the top twenty five officers of all time in United States military history[3][4]

text:
Seniority Order
Rank Order
Officer
Service
Highest rank
Date of rank
Historical significance

1
1
Washington, George !George Washington
U.S. Army
General of the Armies
4 Jul 1976
Declared by a Congressional Act in 1976 to be the senior most United States officer of all time. Held the rank of lieutenant general in the United States Army during his lifetime, as well as a special rank of "General and Commander-in-Chief" of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.

2
1
Pershing, John !John Pershing
U.S. Army
General of the Armies
3 Sep 1919
Only person to hold the rank of General of the Armies on active duty. Recognized unofficially as a six star general during World War II after a press conference by Henry L. Stimson.

3
1
Dewey, George !George Dewey
U.S. Navy
Admiral of the Navy
2 Mar 1899
Inaugural and sole holder of rank.

4
4
Scott, Winfield !Winfield Scott
U.S. Army
Lieutenant general
29 Mar 1847
Second person in American history to hold the rank of lieutenant general after George Washington. Senior officer of the U.S. military during the Mexican-American War as well as the opening months of the American Civil War

5
3
Grant, Ulysses !Ulysses S. Grant
U.S. Army
General of the Army
25 Jul 1866
Inaugural holder of the rank, which was a 19th-century equivalent to a modern-day four star general (this differed from the 20th century rank of the same name which was clearly a five star position).

6
3
Farragut, David !David G. Farragut
U.S. Navy
Admiral
25 Jul 1866
Inaugural holder of the rank, granted by Congress due to services rendered as senior officer of the Navy during the American Civil War.

7
3
Sherman, William !William T. Sherman
U.S. Army
General of the Army
4 Mar 1869
Second holder of the rank "General of the Army". Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan wore four stars and held ranks equivalent to current four-star (O-10) generals and admirals, one step higher than the Civil War era rank of lieutenant general. This special version of the title General of the Army of the United States, Act of US Congress July 25, 1866, indicated that Congress intended only one person to have it at a time.

8
3
Porter, David !David D. Porter
U.S. Navy
Admiral
25 Jul 1866
Second person in the history of the United States Navy to hold the rank of Admiral.

9
4
Rowan, Stephen !Stephen C. Rowan
U.S. Navy
Vice admiral
1 Aug 1870
Longest serving officer in the history of the United States Navy with 63 years of service and retirement at the age of 80.

10
3
Sheridan, Philip !Philip H. Sheridan
U.S. Army
General of the Army
1 Jun 1888
Final person in U.S. Army history to hold the Civil War era rank "General of the Army". The rank was discontinued upon Sheridan's death and was not reactivated until World War II, then as a five star position.

11
4
Schofield, John !John Schofield
U.S. Army
Lieutenant general
5 Feb 1895
First Commanding General of the United States Army following the disestablishment of the rank General of the Army and first peacetime promotion to the permanent rank of lieutenant general.

12
4
Miles, Nelson !Nelson A. Miles
U.S. Army
Lieutenant general
6 Jun 1900
Last Commanding General of the United States Army. Succeeded by Samuel Baldwin Marks Young who became the first Chief of Staff. From this point on the Chief of Staff was by default considered the most senior officer of the United States Army.

13
3
Bliss, Tasker !Tasker Bliss
U.S. Army
General
6 Oct 1917
Second person promoted to the four star rank of General in the 20th century (the other was John Pershing) for service in the National Army during the First World War.

14
2
Leahy, William !William D. Leahy
U.S. Navy
Fleet Admiral
15 Dec 1944
First five star officer appointed during the Second World War

15
2
Marshall, George !George C. Marshall
U.S. Army
General of the Army
16 Dec 1944
Second officer promoted to five stars. The initial promotion of these officers was spaced over a period of one week so as to match the original seniority held by the officers at the four star level.

16
2
King, Ernest !Ernest J. King
U.S. Navy
Fleet Admiral
17 Dec 1944
Third officer promoted to five star rank

17
2
MacArthur, Douglas !Douglas MacArthur
U.S. Army
General of the Army
18 Dec 1944
Fourth officer to hold five star rank and second within the United States Army (after George Marshall). MacArthur was further considered for promotion to the "six star" position of General of the Armies, both during and following the Second World War.

18
2
Nimitz, Chester !Chester W. Nimitz
U.S. Navy
Fleet Admiral
19 Dec 1944
Fifth officer to hold five star rank and the third within the United States Navy. Served as the first post-World War II Chief of Naval Operations

19
2
Eisenhower, Dwight !Dwight D. Eisenhower
U.S. Army
General of the Army
20 Dec 1944
Later served as President of the United States. Required to resign his commission as a five star officer during his term; five star rank was reinstated after leaving office by president John F. Kennedy

20
2
Arnold, Henry !Henry H. Arnold
U.S. Army
General of the Army
21 Dec 1944
Last of the initial five star appointments during the Second World War.

U.S. Air Force
General of the Air Force
7 May 1949
Five star rank was converted to that of General of the Air Force in 1949. No other officer has held the Air Force five star version since Arnold.

21
2
Halsey, William !William F. Halsey
U.S. Navy
Fleet Admiral
11 Dec 1945
First of two post World War II promotions to five star rank (the other being Omar Bradley)

22
2
Bradley, Omar !Omar Bradley
U.S. Army
General of the Army
20 Sep 1950
Last officer in U.S. history to be promoted to five star rank

23
3
Spruance, Raymond !Raymond Spruance
U.S. Navy
Admiral
4 Feb 1944
A close contender for the rank of Fleet Admiral, his promotion was consistently blocked by Congressman Carl Vinson, but he was granted the full pay of an Admiral on the retirement list in July 1948. The Spruance-class destroyer is named in his honor.

24
3
Patton, George !George Patton
U.S. Army
General
14 Apr 1945
Generally regarded as the most successful combat commander of the European theatre of World War II. A possible contender for the rank of General of the Army, he was killed in an automotive accident in 1945 before any such consideration[5]

25
3
Ridgeway, Matthew !Matthew Ridgway
U.S. Army
General
11 May 1951
Replaced Douglas MacArthur as senior officer during the Korean War, after MacArthur was relieved by Harry S. Truman. Later served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army.

text: Alexander Vandegrift is also frequently included in historical seniority lists due to his status as the first Commandant of the Marine Corps to hold a four-star rank, as is Anna Mae Hays who was the first woman to be promoted to brigadier general in the history of the United States. Historical seniority is rarely referred to after the Korean War since modern military seniority systems had been well-established after the mid 20th century. Expanded seniority lists such as the one listed below do exist mostly in recognition of major military leaders of modern wars and conflicts.

text:
Officer
Service
Highest rank
Date of rank
Historical significance

Westmoreland, William !William Westmoreland
U.S. Army
General
1 Aug 1965
Senior most operational officer of the Vietnam War. Omitted from some historical lists, since Westmoreland served in the later 20th century when the regular military seniority system had already been well established.

Rickover,, Hyman !Hyman G. Rickover
U.S. Navy
Admiral
3 Dec 1973
Head of the nuclear program of the United States Navy and one of the longest serving officers in United States military history.

Powell, Colin !Colin Powell
U.S. Army
General
4 Apr 1989
Served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff during the Gulf War. Later considered for five star promotion; however, a Congressional bill was never passed. Later served as Secretary of State.

Schwarzkopf, Norman !Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.
U.S. Army
General
1 Nov 1988
Senior commander of Operation Desert Storm. As with Colin Powell, was considered for five star rank but without result.

Petraeus, David !David Petraeus
U.S. Army
General
30 Jan 2007
Considered for five star rank due to his status as the leader of the military during the War on Terror, however due to later scandals after retirement no further effort was made on this proposal.

Mattis, James !James Mattis
U.S. Marine Corps
General
7 Nov 2007
Leader of United States Central Command during the Iraq War. Led both the first and second Battles of Fallujah. Secretary of Defense under Donald Trump as of January 20, 2017.

Dunwoody, Ann !Ann E. Dunwoody
U.S. Army
General
14 Nov 2008
First female four star officer in the history of the United States Armed Forces.

Wolfenbarger, Janet !Janet C. Wolfenbarger
U.S. Air Force
General
5 Jun 2012
First female four star general in the history of the United States Air Force.

Howard, Michelle !Michelle Howard
U.S. Navy
Admiral
1 Jul 2014
First female four star admiral in the history of the United States Navy.