document_title: History of the automobile

question_text: where was the first car invented in the world

question_tokens: where was the first car invented in the world

root

text: History of the automobile

text: Power sources[edit]

text: The early history of the automobile was concentrated on the search for a reliable portable power unit to propel the vehicle.

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text: Steam-powered wheeled vehicles[edit]

text: 17th and 18th centuries[edit]

text: Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam-powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile').[2][3]

text: Steam-powered self-propelled vehicles large enough to transport people and cargo were first devised in the late 18th century. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrated his fardier à vapeur ("steam dray"), an experimental steam-driven artillery tractor, in 1770 and 1771. As Cugnot's design proved to be impractical, his invention was not developed in his native France. The center of innovation shifted to Great Britain. By 1784, William Murdoch had built a working model of a steam carriage in Redruth [4] and in 1801 Richard Trevithick was running a full-sized vehicle on the roads in Camborne. The first automobile patent in the United States was granted to Oliver Evans in 1789.

text: 19th century[edit]

text: During the 19th century attempts were made to introduce practical steam powered vehicles. Innovations such as hand brakes, multi-speed transmissions and better steering developed. Some commercially successful vehicles provided mass transit until a backlash against these large vehicles resulted in the passage of legislation such as the United Kingdom Locomotive Act (1865), which required many self-propelled vehicles on public roads to be preceded by a man on foot waving a red flag and blowing a horn. This effectively halted road auto development in the UK for most of the rest of the 19th century; inventors and engineers shifted their efforts to improvements in railway locomotives. The law was not repealed until 1896, although the need for the red flag was removed in 1878.

text: In 1816, a professor at Prague Polytechnic, Josef Bozek, built an oil-fired steam car.[5]:p.27 Walter Hancock, builder and operator of London steam buses, in 1838 built a 2 seated car phaeton.[5]:p27

text: In 1867, Canadian jeweller Henry Seth Taylor demonstrated his 4-wheeled "steam buggy" at the Stanstead Fair in Stanstead, Quebec and again the following year.[6] The basis of the buggy, which he began building in 1865, was a high-wheeled carriage with bracing to support a two-cylinder steam engine mounted on the floor.[7]

text: One of the first "real" automobiles was produced by Frenchman Amédée Bollée in 1873, who built a self-propelled steam road vehicles to transport groups of passengers.

text: The first carriage-sized automobile suitable for use on existing wagon roads in the United States was a steam-powered vehicle invented in 1871 by Dr. J.W. Carhart, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in Racine, Wisconsin.[8] It induced the State of Wisconsin in 1875 to offer a $10,000 award to the first to produce a practical substitute for the use of horses and other animals. They stipulated that the vehicle would have to maintain an average speed of more than 5 miles per hour (8.0 km/h) over a 200-mile (320 km) course. The offer led to the first city to city automobile race in the United States, starting on 16 July 1878 in Green Bay, Wisconsin, and ending in Madison, via Appleton, Oshkosh, Waupun, Watertown, Fort Atkinson, and Janesville. While seven vehicles were registered, only two started to compete: the entries from Green Bay and Oshkosh. The vehicle from Green Bay was faster, but broke down before completing the race. The Oshkosh finished the 201-mile (323 km) course in 33 hours and 27 minutes, and posted an average speed of six miles per hour. In 1879, the legislature awarded half the prize.[9][10][11]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Steam-powered road vehicles, both cars and wagons, reached the peak of their development in the early 1930s with fast-steaming lightweight boilers and efficient engine designs. Internal combustion engines also developed greatly during WWI, becoming simpler to operate and more reliable. The development of the high-speed diesel engine from 1930 began to replace them for wagons, accelerated in the UK by tax changes making steam wagons uneconomic overnight. Although a few designers continued to advocate steam power, no significant developments in production steam cars took place after Doble in 1931.

text: Whether steam cars will ever be reborn in later technological eras remains to be seen. Magazines such as Light Steam Power continued to describe them into the 1980s. The 1950s saw interest in steam-turbine cars powered by small nuclear reactors[citation needed] (this was also true of aircraft), but the dangers inherent in nuclear fission technology soon killed these ideas.

text: Electric automobiles[edit]

text: In 1828, Ányos Jedlik, a Hungarian who invented an early type of electric motor, created a tiny model car powered by his new motor.[13] In 1834, Vermont blacksmith Thomas Davenport, the inventor of the first American DC electrical motor, installed his motor in a small model car, which he operated on a short circular electrified track.[14] In 1835, Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of Groningen, the Netherlands and his assistant Christopher Becker created a small-scale electrical car, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells.[15] In 1838, Scotsman Robert Davidson built an electric locomotive that attained a speed of 4 miles per hour (6 km/h). In England, a patent was granted in 1840 for the use of rail tracks as conductors of electric current, and similar American patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in 1847. Between 1832 and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain) Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first crude electric carriage, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells.

text: The Flocken Elektrowagen of 1888 by German inventor Andreas Flocken is regarded as the first real electric car of the world.[12]

text: Electric cars enjoyed popularity between the late 19th century and early 20th century, when electricity was among the preferred methods for automobile propulsion, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time. Advances in internal combustion technology, especially the electric starter, soon rendered this advantage moot; the greater range of gasoline cars, quicker refueling times, and growing petroleum infrastructure, along with the mass production of gasoline vehicles by companies such as the Ford Motor Company, which reduced prices of gasoline cars to less than half that of equivalent electric cars, led to a decline in the use of electric propulsion, effectively removing it from important markets such as the United States by the 1930s. However, in recent years, increased concerns over the environmental impact of gasoline cars, higher gasoline prices, improvements in battery technology, and the prospect of peak oil, have brought about renewed interest in electric cars, which are perceived to be more environmentally friendly and cheaper to maintain and run, despite high initial costs, after a failed reappearance in the late-1990s.

text: Internal combustion engines[edit]

text: Early attempts at making and using internal combustion engines were hampered by the lack of suitable fuels, particularly liquids, therefore the earliest engines used gas mixtures.

text: Early experimenters used gases. In 1806, Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz built an engine powered by internal combustion of a hydrogen and oxygen mixture. In 1826, Englishman Samuel Brown tested his hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine by using it to propel a vehicle up Shooter's Hill in south-east London. Belgian-born Etienne Lenoir's Hippomobile with a hydrogen-gas-fuelled one-cylinder internal combustion engine made a test drive from Paris to Joinville-le-Pont in 1860, covering some nine kilometres in about three hours.[16] A later version was propelled by coal gas. A Delamare-Deboutteville vehicle was patented and trialled in 1884.

text: About 1870, in Vienna, Austria (then the Austro-Hungarian Empire), inventor Siegfried Marcus put a liquid-fuelled internal combustion engine on a simple handcart which made him the first man to propel a vehicle by means of gasoline. Today, this car is known as "the first Marcus car". In 1883, Marcus secured a German patent for a low-voltage ignition system of the magneto type; this was his only automotive patent. This design was used for all further engines, and the four-seat "second Marcus car" of 1888/89. This ignition, in conjunction with the "rotating-brush carburetor", made the second car's design very innovative. His second car is on display at the Technical Museum in Vienna. During his lifetime he was honored as the originator of the motorcar but his place in history was all but erased by the Nazis during World War II. Because Marcus was of Jewish descent, the Nazi propaganda office ordered his work to be destroyed, his name expunged from future textbooks, and his public memorials removed, giving credit instead to Karl Benz.[17]

text: It is generally acknowledged[according to whom?] that the first really practical automobiles with petrol/gasoline-powered internal combustion engines were completed almost simultaneously by several German inventors working independently: Karl Benz built his first automobile in 1885 in Mannheim. Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886,[18] and began the first production of automobiles in 1888, after Bertha Benz, his wife, had proved – with the first long-distance trip in August 1888, from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back – that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use. Since 2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event.[19]

text: Soon after, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart in 1889 designed a vehicle from scratch to be an automobile, rather than a horse-drawn carriage fitted with an engine. They also are usually credited with invention of the first motorcycle in 1886, but Italy's Enrico Bernardi of the University of Padua, in 1882, patented a 0.024 horsepower (17.9 W) 122 cc (7.4 cu in) one-cylinder petrol motor, fitting it into his son's tricycle, making it at least a candidate for the first automobile and first motorcycle;.[5]:p.26 Bernardi enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults.[5]:p.26

text: One of the first four-wheeled petrol-driven automobiles in Britain was built in Birmingham in 1895 by Frederick William Lanchester, who also patented the disc brake and the first electric starter was installed on an Arnold, an adaptation of the Benz Velo, built in Kent between 1895 and 1898.[5]:p.25

text: George F. Foss of Sherbrooke, Quebec built a single-cylinder gasoline car in 1896 which he drove for 4 years, ignoring city officials' warnings of arrest for his "mad antics."[6]

text: In all the turmoil, many early pioneers are nearly forgotten. In 1891, John William Lambert built a three-wheeler in Ohio City, Ohio, which was destroyed in a fire the same year, while Henry Nadig constructed a four-wheeler in Allentown, Pennsylvania. It is likely they were not the only ones.[5]:p.25

text: Eras of invention[edit]

text: Veteran era[edit]

text: The first production of automobiles was by Karl Benz in 1888 in Germany and, under license from Benz, in France by Emile Roger. There were numerous others, including tricycle builders Rudolf Egg, Edward Butler, and Léon Bollée.[5]:p.20–23 Bollée, using a 650 cc (40 cu in) engine of his own design, enabled his driver, Jamin, to average 45 kilometres per hour (28.0 mph) in the 1897 Paris-Tourville rally.[5]:p.23 By 1900, mass production of automobiles had begun in France and the United States.

text: The first motor car in Central Europe was produced by the Austro-Hungarian company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau (later renamed to Tatra in today's Czech Republic) in 1897, the Präsident automobil.[20]

text: The first company formed exclusively to build automobiles was Panhard et Levassor in France, which also introduced the first four-cylinder engine.[5]:p.22 Formed in 1889, Panhard was quickly followed by Peugeot two years later. By the start of the 20th century, the automobile industry was beginning to take off in Western Europe, especially in France, where 30,204 were produced in 1903, representing 48.8% of world automobile production that year.[21]

text: The American George B. Selden filed for a patent on 8 May 1879. His application included not only the engine but its use in a 4-wheeled car. Selden filed a series of amendments to his application which stretched out the legal process, resulting in a delay of 16 years before the patent [22] was granted on 5 November 1895. This patent did more to hinder than encourage development of autos in the United States. Selden licensed his patent to most major American automakers, collecting a fee on every car they produced.

text: In the United States, brothers Charles and Frank Duryea founded the Duryea Motor Wagon Company in 1893, becoming the first American automobile manufacturing company. The Autocar Company, founded in 1897, established a number of innovations still in use[23] and remains the oldest operating motor vehicle manufacturer in the United States However, it was Ransom E. Olds and his Olds Motor Vehicle Company (later known as Oldsmobile) who would dominate this era of automobile production. Its production line was running in 1901. The Thomas B. Jeffery Company developed the world's second mass-produced automobile, and 1,500 Ramblers were built and sold in its first year, representing one-sixth of all existing motorcars in the United States at the time.[24] Within a year, Cadillac (formed from the Henry Ford Company), Winton, and Ford were also producing cars in the thousands.

text: Within a few years, a dizzying assortment of technologies were being used by hundreds of producers all over the western world. Steam, electricity, and petrol/gasoline-powered automobiles competed for decades, with petrol/gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s. Dual- and even quad-engine cars were designed, and engine displacement ranged to more than a dozen litres. Many modern advances, including gas/electric hybrids, multi-valve engines, overhead camshafts, and four-wheel drive, were attempted, and discarded at this time.

text: In 1898, Louis Renault had a De Dion-Bouton modified, with fixed drive shaft and differential, making "perhaps the first hot rod in history" and bringing Renault and his brothers into the car industry.[25] Innovation was rapid and rampant, with no clear standards for basic vehicle architectures, body styles, construction materials, or controls, for example many veteran cars use a tiller, rather than a wheel for steering. During 1903, Rambler standardized on the steering wheel[26] and moved the driver's position to the left-hand side of the vehicle.[27] Chain drive was dominant over the drive shaft, and closed bodies were extremely rare. Drum brakes were introduced by Renault in 1902.[28] The next year, Dutch designer Jacobus Spijker built the first four-wheel drive racing car;[29] it never competed and it would be 1965 and the Jensen FF before four-wheel drive was used on a production car.[30]

text: Innovation was not limited to the vehicles themselves, either. Increasing numbers of cars propelled the growth of the petroleum industry,[31] as well as the development of technology to produce gasoline (replacing kerosene and coal oil) and of improvements in heat-tolerant mineral oil lubricants (replacing vegetable and animal oils).[32]

text: There were social effects, also. Music would be made about cars, such as "In My Merry Oldsmobile" (a tradition that continues) while, in 1896, William Jennings Bryan would be the first presidential candidate to campaign in a car (a donated Mueller), in Decatur, Illinois.[33] Three years later, Jacob German would start a tradition for New York City cabdrivers when he sped down Lexington Avenue, at the "reckless" speed of 12 mph (19 km/h).[34] Also in 1899, Akron, Ohio, adopted the first self-propelled paddy wagon.[34]

text: By 1900, the early centers of national automotive industry developed in many countries, including Belgium (home to Vincke, which copied Benz; Germain, a pseudo-Panhard; and Linon and Nagant, both based on the Gobron-Brillié),[5]:p,25 Switzerland (led by Fritz Henriod, Rudolf Egg, Saurer, Johann Weber, and Lorenz Popp),[5]:p.25 Vagnfabrik AB in Sweden, Hammel (by A. F. Hammel and H. U. Johansen at Copenhagen, in Denmark, which only built one car, ca. 1886[5]:p.25), Irgens (starting in Bergen, Norway, in 1883, but without success),[5]:p.25–26 Italy (where FIAT started in 1899), and as far afield as Australia (where Pioneer set up shop in 1898, with an already archaic paraffin-fuelled centre-pivot-steered wagon).[5] Meanwhile, the export trade had begun, with Koch exporting cars and trucks from Paris to Tunisia, Egypt, Iran, and the Dutch East Indies.[5]:p25 The Studebaker brothers, having become the world's leading manufacturers of horse-drawn vehicles, made a transition to electric automobiles in 1902, and gasoline engines in 1904, but also continued to build horse-drawn vehicles until 1919.[35]:p.90

text: In 1908, the first South American automobile was built in Peru, the Grieve.[36] Motor cars were also exported very early to British colonies and the first motor car was exported to India in 1897.

text: Throughout the veteran car era, however, the automobile was seen more as a novelty than as a genuinely useful device. Breakdowns were frequent, fuel was difficult to obtain, roads suitable for traveling were scarce, and rapid innovation meant that a year-old car was nearly worthless. Major breakthroughs in proving the usefulness of the automobile came with the historic long-distance drive of Bertha Benz in 1888, when she traveled more than 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Mannheim to Pforzheim, to make people aware of the potential of the vehicles her husband, Karl Benz, manufactured, and after Horatio Nelson Jackson's successful transcontinental drive across the United States in 1903.

text: The 1908 New York to Paris Race was the first circumnavigation of the world by automobile. German, French, Italian and American teams began in New York City 12 February 1908 with three of the competitors ultimately reaching Paris. The US built Thomas Flyer with George Schuster (driver) won the race covering 22,000 miles in 169 days. While other automakers provided motorists with tire repair kits, Rambler was first in 1909 to equip its cars with a spare tire that was mounted on a fifth wheel.[37]

text: Brass or Edwardian era[edit]

text: This period lasted from roughly 1905 through to 1914 and the beginning of World War I. It is generally referred to as the Edwardian era, but in the United States is often known as the Brass era from the widespread use of brass in vehicles during this time.

text: Within the 15 years that make up this era, the various experimental designs and alternate power systems would be marginalised. Although the modern touring car had been invented earlier, it was not until Panhard et Levassor's Système Panhard was widely licensed and adopted that recognisable and standardised automobiles were created. This system specified front-engined, rear-wheel drive internal combustion engined cars with a sliding gear transmission. Traditional coach-style vehicles were rapidly abandoned, and buckboard runabouts lost favour with the introduction of tonneaus and other less-expensive touring bodies.

text: By 1906, steam car development had advanced, and they were among the fastest road vehicles in that period.[citation needed]

text: Throughout this era, development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world's attention. Key developments included the electric ignition system (by dynamotor on the Arnold in 1898,[38] though Robert Bosch, 1903, tends to get the credit), independent suspension (actually conceived by Bollée in 1873),[38] and four-wheel brakes (by the Arrol-Johnston Company of Scotland in 1909).[5]:p27 Leaf springs were widely used for suspension, though many other systems were still in use, with angle steel taking over from armored wood as the frame material of choice. Transmissions and throttle controls were widely adopted, allowing a variety of cruising speeds, though vehicles generally still had discrete speed settings, rather than the infinitely variable system familiar in cars of later eras. Safety glass also made its debut, patented by John Wood in England in 1905.[28] (It would not become standard equipment until 1926, on a Rickenbacker.)[28]

text: Between 1907 and 1912 in the United States, the high-wheel motor buggy (resembling the horse buggy of before 1900) was in its heyday, with over seventy-five makers including Holsman (Chicago), IHC (Chicago), and Sears (which sold via catalog); the high-wheeler would be killed by the Model T.[5]:p.65 In 1912, Hupp (in the United States, supplied by Hale & Irwin) and BSA (in the UK) pioneered the use of all-steel bodies,[39] joined in 1914 by Dodge (who produced Model T bodies).[28] While it would be another two decades before all-steel bodies would be standard, the change would mean improved supplies of superior-quality wood for furniture makers.[5]

text: Some examples of cars of the period included:[citation needed]

text:
1907 In Japan, the Hatsudoki Seizo Co. Ltd. is formed, which was later renamed in 1951 as Daihatsu Kōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha.
1908–1927 Ford Model T — the most widely produced and available 4-seater car of the era. It used a planetary transmission, and had a pedal-based control system. Ford T was proclaimed as the most influential car of the 20th century in the international Car of the Century awards.
1909 Morgan Runabout – a very popular cyclecar, cyclecars were sold in far greater quantities than 4-seater cars in this period[40]
1910 Mercer Raceabout — regarded as one of the first sports cars, the Raceabout expressed the exuberance of the driving public, as did the similarly conceived American Underslung and Hispano-Suiza Alphonso.
1910–1920 Bugatti Type 13 — a notable racing and touring model with advanced engineering and design. Similar models were the Types 15, 17, 22, and 23.
1917 Japanese company Mitsubishi builds the Mitsubishi Model A, all hand built in limited numbers for Japanese executives.

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text: Vintage era[edit]

text: The vintage era lasted from the end of World War I (1918), through to the Wall Street Crash at the end of 1929. During this period the front-engined car came to dominate with closed bodies and standardised controls becoming the norm. In 1919, 90% of cars sold were open; by 1929, 90% were closed.[5]:p.7 Development of the internal combustion engine continued at a rapid pace, with multi-valve and overhead camshaft engines produced at the high end, and V8, V12, and even V16 engines conceived for the ultra-rich. Also in 1919, hydraulic brakes were invented by Malcolm Loughead (co-founder of Lockheed); they were adopted by Duesenberg for their 1921 Model A.[28] Three years later, Hermann Rieseler of Vulcan Motor invented the first automatic transmission, which had two-speed planetary gearbox, torque converter, and lockup clutch; it never entered production.[28] (Its like would only become an available option in 1940.)[28] Just at the end of the vintage era, tempered glass (now standard equipment in side windows) was invented in France.[28] In this era the revolutionary ponton design of cars without fully articulated fenders, running boards and other non-compact ledge elements was introduced in small series but mass production of such cars was started much later (after WWII).

text: American auto companies in the 1920s expected they would soon sell six million cars a year, but did not do so until 1955. Numerous companies disappeared.[41] Between 1922 and 1925, the number of U.S. passenger car builders decreased from 175 to 70. H. A. Tarantous, managing editor of MoToR Member Society of Automotive Engineers, in a New York Times article from 1925, suggested many were unable to raise production and cope with falling prices (due to assembly line production), especially for low-priced cars. The new pyroxylin-based paints, eight cylinder engine, four wheel brakes, and balloon tires as the biggest trends for 1925.[42]

text: Examples of period vehicles:[citation needed]

text:
1922–1939 Austin 7 — one of the most widely copied vehicles ever, serving as a template for cars around the world, from BMW to Nissan.
1922–1931 Lancia Lambda — very advanced car for the time, first car to feature a load-bearing monocoque and independent front suspension.[citation needed]
1924–1929 Bugatti Type 35 — one of the most successful racing cars of all time, with over 1,000 victories in five years.[citation needed]
1925–1928 Hanomag 2 / 10 PS — early example of ponton styling.
1927–1931 Ford Model A (1927-1931) — after keeping the brass era Model T in production for too long, Ford broke from the past by restarting its model series with the 1927 Model A. More than 4 million were produced, making it the best-selling model of the era. The Ford Model A was a prototype for the beginning of Soviet mass car production (GAZ A).
1930 Cadillac V-16 — developed at the height of the vintage era, the V16-powered Cadillac would join Bugatti's Royale as the most legendary ultra-luxury cars of the era.

text: Pre-war era[edit]

text: The pre-war part of the classic era began with the Great Depression in 1930, and ended with the recovery after World War II, commonly placed at 1946. It was in this period that integrated fenders and fully closed bodies began to dominate sales, with the new saloon/sedan body style even incorporating a trunk or boot at the rear for storage. The old open-top runabouts, phaetons, and touring cars were largely phased out by the end of the classic era as wings, running boards, and headlights were gradually integrated with the body of the car.

text: By the 1930s, most of the mechanical technology used in today's automobiles had been invented, although some things were later "re-invented", and credited to someone else. For example, front-wheel drive was re-introduced by André Citroën with the launch of the Traction Avant in 1934, though it had appeared several years earlier in road cars made by Alvis and Cord, and in racing cars by Miller (and may have appeared as early as 1897). In the same vein, independent suspension was originally conceived by Amédée Bollée in 1873, but not put in production until appearing on the low-volume Mercedes-Benz 380 in 1933, which prodded American makers to use it more widely.[38] In 1930, the number of auto manufacturers declined sharply as the industry consolidated and matured, thanks in part to the effects of the Great Depression.

text: Exemplary pre-war automobiles:[citation needed]

text:
1932–1939 Alvis Speed 20 — the first with all-synchromesh gearbox[citation needed]
1932–1948 Ford V-8 (Model B) — introduction of the flathead V8 in mainstream vehicles
1934–1938 Tatra 77 — first serial-produced car with aerodynamical design
1934–1940 Bugatti Type 57 — a singular refined automobile for the wealthy
1934–1956 Citroën Traction Avant — the first mass-produced front-wheel drive car, built with monocoque chassis
1936–1955 MG T series — sports cars
1938–2003 Volkswagen Beetle — a design that was produced for over 60 years with over 20 million units assembled in several counties
1936–1939 Rolls-Royce Phantom III — V12 engine

text: Post-war era[edit]

text: A major change in automobile design since World War II was the popularity of ponton style, in which running boards were eliminated and fenders were incorporated into the body. Among the first representatives of the style were the Soviet GAZ-M20 Pobeda (1946), British Standard Vanguard (1947), United States Studebaker Champion and Kaiser (1946), as well as the low-production Czech luxury Tatra T600 Tatraplan (1946) and the Italian Cisitalia 220 sports car (1947).

text: Automobile design and production finally emerged from the military orientation and other shadow of war in 1949, the year that in the United States saw the introduction of high-compression V8 engines and modern bodies from General Motors' Oldsmobile and Cadillac brands. Hudson introduced the "step-down" design with the 1948 Commodore, which placed the passenger compartment down inside the perimeter of the frame, that was one of the first new-design postwar cars made and featured trend-setting slab-side styling.[43] The unibody/strut-suspended 1951 Ford Consul joined the 1948 Morris Minor and 1949 Rover P4 in the automobile market in the United Kingdom. In Italy, Enzo Ferrari was beginning his 250 series, just as Lancia introduced the revolutionary V6-powered Aurelia.

text: Throughout the 1950s, engine power and vehicle speeds rose, designs became more integrated and artful, and automobiles were marketed internationally. Alec Issigonis' Mini and Fiat's 500 diminutive cars were introduced in Europe, while the similar kei car class became popular in Japan. The Volkswagen Beetle continued production after Hitler and began exports to other nations, including the United States. At the same time, Nash introduced the Nash Rambler, the first successful modern compact car made in the United States,[44] while the standard models produced by the "Big Three" domestic automakers grew ever larger in size, featuring increasing amounts of chrome trim, and luxury was exemplified by the Cadillac Eldorado Brougham. The markets in Europe expanded with new small-sized automobiles, as well as expensive grand tourers (GT), like the Ferrari America.

text: The market changed in the 1960s, as the United States "Big Three" automakers began facing competition from imported cars, the European makers adopted advanced technologies and Japan emerged as a car-producing nation. Japanese companies began to export some of their more popular selling cars in Japan internationally, such as the Toyota Corolla, Toyota Corona, Nissan Sunny, and Nissan Bluebird in the mid-1960s. The success of American Motors' compact-sized Rambler models spurred GM and Ford to introduce their own downsized cars in 1960. Performance engines became a focus of marketing by United States automakers, exemplified by the era's muscle cars. In 1964, the Ford Mustang developed a new market segment, the pony car. New models to compete with the Mustang included the Chevrolet Camaro, AMC Javelin, and Plymouth Barracuda. Captive imports and badge engineering increased in the United States and the UK as amalgamated groups such as the British Motor Corporation consolidated the market. BMC's space-saving Mini, which first appeared in 1959, was marketed under the Austin and Morris names, until Mini became a marque in its own right in 1969.[45] Competition increased, with Studebaker, a pioneering automaker, shutting down, and the trend for consolidation reached Italy where niche makers like Maserati, Ferrari, and Lancia were acquired by larger companies. By the end of the decade, the number of automobile marques had been greatly reduced.

text: Technology developments included the widespread use of independent suspensions, wider application of fuel injection, and an increasing focus on safety in automotive design. Innovations during the 1960s included NSU's Wankel engine, the gas turbine, and the turbocharger. Of these, only the last endured, pioneered by General Motors, and adopted by BMW and Saab, later seeing mass-market use during the 1980s by Chrysler. Mazda continued developing its Wankel engine, in spite of problems in longevity, emissions, and fuel economy. Other Wankel licensees, including Mercedes-Benz and GM, never put their designs into production because of engineering and manufacturing problems, as well as the lessons from the 1973 oil crisis.

text: The 1970s were turbulent years for automakers and buyers with major events reshaping the industry such as the 1973 oil crisis, stricter automobile emissions control and safety requirements, increasing exports by the Japanese and European automakers, as well as growth in inflation and the stagnant economic conditions in many nations. Smaller-sized grew in popularity. The United States saw the establishment of the subcompact segment with the introduction of the AMC Gremlin, followed by the Chevrolet Vega and Ford Pinto. The station wagons (estate, break, kombi, universal) body design was popular, as well as increasing sales of non-commercial all-wheel drive off-road vehicles.

text: To the end of the 20th century, the United States Big Three (GM, Ford, and Chrysler) partially lost their leading position, Japan became for a while the world's leader of car production and cars began to be mass manufactured in new Asian, East European, and other countries.

text: Notable exemplary post-war cars:[citation needed]

text:
1946–1958 GAZ-M20 Pobeda — Soviet car with full ponton design
1947–1958 Standard Vanguard — British mass-market car with full ponton design
1948–1971 Morris Minor – an early post-war car exported around the world
1953–1971 Chevrolet Bel Air and 1953–2002 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham – first generations were representative of tailfin design
1955–1976 Citroën DS — aerodynamic design and innovative technology, awarded third place as Car of the 20th Century
1959–2000 Mini — a radical and innovative small car that was manufactured for four decades; awarded second place as Car of the 20th Century
1960-1990 Volkswagen Brasília
1961–1975 Jaguar E-type — a classic sports car design
1963–1989 Porsche 911 – a sports car was awarded fifth place as Car of the 20th Century
1964–present Ford Mustang — the pony car that became one of the best-selling cars of the era
1966–end of the 20th century Fiat 124 — an Italian car that was produced under license in many other counties including the Soviet Union
1966–1971 Subaru 1000 – one of the first Japanese built sedans using a boxer engine, front wheel drive and introducing the "double offset joint" drive shaft to the front wheels
1967 NSU Ro 80 — the basic wedge profile of this design was emulated in subsequent decades,[46] unlike its Wankel engine
late 1960s-early 1980s Gurgel BR-800
late 1960s-early 1980s Gurgel Supermini
1969 Datsun 240Z — Japanese sports car[47]
1980–1988 AMC Eagle — the first mass-produced full-time all-wheel drive car[48]

text: Modern era[edit]

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tag: table

text: The modern era is normally defined as the 25 years preceding the current year.[citation needed] The modern era has been one of increasing standardisation, platform sharing, computer-aided design, to reduce costs and development time and increasing use of electronic for both engine management and entertainment systems.

text: Some particular contemporary developments are the proliferation of front- and all-wheel drive, the adoption of the diesel engine, and the ubiquity of fuel injection. Most modern passenger cars are front-wheel-drive monocoque/unibody designs, with transversely mounted engines.

text: Body styles have changed as well in the modern era. Three types, the hatchback, sedan, and sport utility vehicle, dominate today's market.[citation needed] All originally emphasised practicality, but have mutated into today's high-powered luxury crossover SUV, sports wagon and two-volume Large MPV. The rise of pickup trucks in the United States and SUVs worldwide has changed the face of motoring with these "trucks" coming to command more than half of the world automobile market.[citation needed] There was also the introduction of the MPV class (smaller non-commercial passenger minivans), among the first of which were the French Renault Espace and the Chrysler minivan versions in the United States

text: The modern era has also seen rapidly improving fuel efficiency and engine output. The automobile emissions concerns have been eased with computerised engine management systems.

text: The economic crisis of 2008 cut almost a third of light vehicle sales from Chrysler, Toyota, Ford, and Nissan. It also subtracted about a fourth of Honda's sales and about a seventh of sales from General Motors.[49]

text: Since 2009, China has become the world's largest car manufacturer with production greater than Japan, the United States, and all of Europe. Besides large growth of car production in Asian and other countries, there has been growth in transnational corporate groups, with the production of transnational automobiles sharing the same platforms as well as badge engineering or re-badging to suit different markets and consumer segments.

text: Since the end of the 20th century, several award competitions for cars and trucks have become widely known, such as European Car of the Year, Car of the Year Japan, North American Car of the Year, World Car of the Year, Truck of the Year, and International Car of the Year. Also, a Car of the Century award was held in which in the US the Ford Model T was named as most influential car of the 20th century.[citation needed]

text: Exemplary modern cars:[citation needed]

text:
1966–present Toyota Corolla – a Japanese saloon/sedan that has become the best-selling nameplate of all time, with over 40 million sold across 11 generations through July 2013.[50]
1966–1992 Oldsmobile Toronado – Introduced electronic anti-lock braking system,[51] and airbag [52] First modern-era American car with front wheel drive.
1973–present Mercedes-Benz S-Class – Seat belt pretensioner, and electronic traction control system
1975–present BMW 3 Series – the 3 Series has been on Car and Driver magazine's annual Ten Best list 17 times
1977–present Honda Accord saloon/sedan — a Japanese sedan that became popular in the United States
1983–present Chrysler minivans – the two-box minivan design nearly pushed the station wagon out of the market
1984–present Renault Espace — first mass one-volume car of non-commercial MPV class
1986–present Ford Taurus — this mid-sized front-wheel drive sedan dominated the United States market in the late-1980s
1997–present Toyota Prius, launched in the Japanese market and became the best known hybrid electric vehicle and also the world's top selling hybrid.[53]
1998–present Ford Focus — one of the most popular hatchbacks and Ford's best selling world car
2008–present Tata Nano — an inexpensive (₹100,000, ≈ $2200), rear-engined, four-passenger city car aimed primarily at the Indian domestic market
2008–2012 Tesla Roadster — first highway-capable all-electric vehicle in serial production for sale in the United States in the modern era. Sold about 2,500 units worldwide.
2008–2013 BYD F3DM – first highway-capable series production plug-in hybrid, launched in China in December 2008, sold over 2,300 units.[54][55]
2009–present, Mitsubishi i-MiEV – first highway-capable series production all-electric car, launched in Japan in July 2009 for fleet customers, and in April 2010 for retail customers. Rebadged versions of the i MiEV are sold in Europe by PSA Peugeot Citroën (PSA) as the Peugeot iOn and Citroën C-Zero.[56][57]
2010–present, Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt — all-electric car and plug-in hybrid correspondingly, launched in December 2010, are the world's top selling mass production vehicles of their kind.[58] As of early December 2015, global Leaf sales totaled 200,000 units and Volt sales over 100,000.[59]
2012–present, Tesla Model S – Introduced in 2012, the Model S quickly climbed up sales. It was ranked as the world's best selling plug-in electric vehicle in 2015.[60] It was also named car of the century by Car and Driver.[61]


document_title: List of tallest people

question_text: who is the height person in the world

question_tokens: who is the height person in the world

text: List of tallest people

text: Men

text:
Living
  Deceased
  Height disputed

text:
Country

Metric

Imperial

Name

Note

Lifespan(age at death)

 United States
272 cm
8 ft 11.1 in
Robert Wadlow
Tallest human in recorded history confirmed by Guinness World Records.[1]
1918–1940 (22)

 United States
267 cm
8 ft 9 in
John Rogan
Second tallest male in recorded history. Weighed only 92.5 kg (204 lb). Unable to stand due to ankylosis.
1868–1905 (37)

 United States
263.5 cm
8 ft 7¾in
John F. Carroll
244 cm (8 ft 0 in) standing height, 264 cm (8 ft 7¾ in) assuming normal spinal curvature.
1932–1969 (37)

 Ukraine

257 cm
8 ft 5 in
Leonid Stadnyk
Not officially recognized by Guinness World Records because he refused to be measured according to their standards.[2]

1970–2014 (44)

 Finland
251.4 cm
8 ft 3 in
Väinö Myllyrinne
Recognized as the tallest living person from 1940 to his death in 1963. Measured 251.4 cm tall at his peak.
1909–1963 (54)

 Canada
251 cm
8 ft 3 in
Édouard Beaupré
Tallest strongman as well as tallest wrestler in history. His death certificate described him as being 8 ft 3 in (2.51 m) tall and still growing.
1881–1904 (23)

 Turkey
251 cm
8 ft 2.8 in[3]
Sultan Kösen
The tallest living person since September 17, 2009, as determined by Guinness World Records.[4] He has 36.5-cm-long (1 ft 2 in) feet—the second-largest feet on a living person and 27.5 cm (11.2 in) hands—the longest on a living person.[5]
1982–

 India
249 cm
8 ft 2 in
Vikas Uppal
Was not officially measured by Guinness.
1986–2007  (21)

 United States
249 cm
8 ft 2 in
Don Koehler
Tallest in world for most of the 1970s.
1925–1981 (56)

 United States
249 cm
8 ft 2 in
Bernard Coyne
Coyne's World War I draft registration card, dated 29 August his height as 8 feet, although he had reached a height of 8 feet 2 inches (249 cm) by the time of his death. Possibly reached up to 8 ft 4 in (254 cm).
1897–1921 (24)

 Ireland
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Patrick Cotter O'Brien
Tallest person recorded at the time and the first in medical history to stand at a verified height of eight feet (244 cm). Remains examined in 1972 and height verified.
1760–1806 (46)

 Morocco
246 cm
8 ft 1 in[6]
Brahim Takioullah
Possesses the world's largest feet at 1 ft 3 in (38 cm).[7]
1982–

 Iran
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Morteza Mehrzad
Tallest man in Iran.[8] Gold medalist of Iran sitting volleyball national team in Summer Paralympic games Rio 2016
1987–

 Germany
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Julius Koch
Probably never the world's tallest person due to his life coinciding with that of John Rogan. Skeleton preserved in the Museum of Natural History in Mons, Belgium.
1872–1902 (30)

 Mozambique
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Gabriel Estêvão Monjane
Guinness World Records listed him as tallest man from 1988 to 1990.
1944–1990 (46)

 India
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Dharmendra Pratap Singh
Tallest living Indian.[9]
1983–

 Libya
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Suleiman Ali Nashnush
Libyan who was the tallest basketball player in the world.[citation needed]
1943–1991 (47)

 France
245 cm
8 ft ½ in
Jean-Joseph Brice
Le Géant des Vosges Ramonchamp - France—Height controversy[10]
1835–?

 Germany
244 cm
8 ft 0 in
Anton de Franckenpoint (Langer Anton)
Lived during Thirty Years' War; skeleton later measured at 8 ft 0 in (244 cm).[11][12]
Unknown

 China
242 cm
7 ft 11¼ in
Zhang Juncai
Tallest living Chinese person.
1966–

 Indonesia
242 cm
7 ft 11¼ in
Suparwono
Tallest Indonesian claimed to be 8 ft 10.5 in. Officially measured (lying down and in the standing position) by the Indonesian Record Museum (MURI) in December 2009.[13]
1985–2012 (26)

 Netherlands
242 cm
7 ft 11¼ in
Albert Johan Kramer
Probably the tallest man in The Netherlands ever; His brother-in-law was suffering from dwarfism and did not exceed 69 cm (27.16 in). Together they formed a variety act, with performances around the world.[14]
1897–1976 (79)

 Puerto Rico
241 cm
7 ft 11 in
Felipe Birriel
Tallest Puerto Rican recorded.
1916–1994 (78)

 India
241 cm
7 ft 11 in
Asadulla Khan
Tallest man in India.[15]
1988–

 Soviet Union
240 cm
7 ft 10 in
Alexander Sizonenko
Soviet Union basketball player.[16]
1959–2012 (53)

 Egypt
240 cm
7 ft 10 in
Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi
He was billed as 10 ft in his life.[17]
1909–1941 (32)

 Belarus
239 cm
7 ft 10 in
Feodor Machnow
Billed as 9 ft 3 in his life.
1878–1912 (34)

 Austria-Hungary
238 cm
7 ft 10 in
Grgo Kusić
Tallest Croat recorded. Tallest citizen of Austria-Hungary of his time.[18]
1892–1918 (26)

 Pakistan
238 cm
7 ft 10 in
Naseer Soomro
Tallest confirmed man living in Pakistan.[19][20]
1975–

 Netherlands
238 cm
7 ft 10 in
Rigardus Rijnhout
Second tallest man in The Netherlands ever; he was known as the giant of Rotterdam. Early June 2011, a life-size statue of Rijnhout was unveiled in the Oude Westen district in Rotterdam.[21]
1922–1959 (36)

 Japan
237 cm
7 ft 9.3 in
Yoshimitsu Matsuzaka
Tallest man in Japan; no color images of him exist even though he died in the 1960s.[22]
1930–1962 (32)

 Mongolia
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Öndör Gongor
Very tall man in early-20th-century Mongolia. Some other sources even give 245 cm (8 feet)
1880/85 – 1925/30

 United States
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Louis Moilanen
Tallest person in Michigan history and one of the tallest men in the world during his lifetime. He may have been 8 ft 1 in tall.[23]
1885–1913 (28)

 United Kingdom
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Angus MacAskill
Tallest "true" giant (not due to a pathological condition). Tallest Scottish or British man recorded.
1825–1863 (38)

 United Kingdom
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Frederick Kempster
Tall Englishman, height disputed between 7 ft 8.5in and 8 ft 4.5in[24]
1889–1918 (29)

 United States
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Martin Van Buren Bates
Known as the Kentucky Giant or The Giant of the Hills.[25] He and Anna Haining Bates were the tallest married couple ever.[26]
1837–1919

 China
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Bao Xishun
Considered the tallest living person by Guinness World Records until September 2009 when he was replaced by Sultan Kösen.[27]
1951–

 China
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Sun Mingming
Chinese basketball player. Formerly second-tallest living person.
1983–

 Tunisia
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Radhouane Charbib
Listed by Guinness World Records as tallest man until January 15, 2005, before Bao Xishun and Sun Mingming.[28]
1968–

 Germany
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Walter Straub
Tallest man in Germany while he was alive.[29]

1925–1986 (61)

 Algeria
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Rachid Bara
Tallest man in Algeria while he was alive.[30]

1974–2009 (35)

 Brazil
235 cm
7 ft 8½ in
Rafael França do Nascimento
Tallest man in Brazil.[31]
1987–

 Russia
235 cm
7 ft 8½ in
Nikolai Pankratov
Tallest man in Russia.[32]
1990–

 North Korea
235 cm
7 ft 8½ in
Ri Myung Hun
Former basketball player with the North Korean national team.
1967–

 United States Ukraine
235 cm
7 ft 8⅓ in
Igor Vovkovinskiy
Currently the tallest person living in the United States. Originally from Ukraine, moved to Rochester, Minnesota to be treated at the Mayo Clinic. Most recently has been acting in commercials and movies.[33] Became well known by wearing a T-shirt that read "Obama's Biggest Supporter". Took part in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö, Sweden, as one of the performers on the stage representing Ukraine.
1982–

 United States
235 cm
7 ft 8 in
Broc Brown
Former tallest teenager in the United States.[34]

1998-

 United States
235 cm
7 ft 8 in
Cecil Boling
Was 7'8" but shrank to 7'0" since his legs were replaced with artificial legs 8.5" shorter.[35]
1920–2000 (79)

 United States
235 cm
7 ft 8 in
Brenden Adams
Former tallest teenager in the world.
1995–

 India
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Polipaka Gattaiah
Tallest Indian.[36]
1975–2015

 Ivory Coast
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Abdramane Dembele
Tallest man in Ivory Coast.[37]
1985–

 United States
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
George Bell
Former Tallest living American.[38]
1957–

 Fiji
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Kaliova Seleiwau
Tallest living Fijian.[39]
1981–

 Austria
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Adam Rainer
Only person known to have been both a dwarf and giant. He was 118 cm (3 ft 10 in) tall at age 21 and peaked at 234 cm (7 ft 8 in) when he died, having doubled his height as an adult.
1899–1950 (51)

 Pakistan
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Alam Channa
Pakistani, considered to be the tallest living man when he died in 1998.[40]
1953–1998 (46)

 Iceland
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Jóhann K. Pétursson
Was the tallest person in Iceland.
1913–1984 (71)

 Japan
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Yasutaka Okayama
Tallest living Japanese. Tallest basketball player drafted in NBA history.[41][42][43][44]
1954–

 United States
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Bob Wegner
Tallest basketball player plays for the Lake Michigan Admirals.[45]
1993–

 Austria-Hungary
233.7 cm
7 ft 8 in
Franz Winkelmeier
One of the tallest people in his time.[46]
1860–1887

 Spain
233.5 cm
7 ft 8 in
Miguel Joaquín de Eleicegui
Tallest man recorded in Spain.[47]
1818–1861 (43)

 Spain
233 cm
7 ft 7.7 in
Jaime Clemente Izquierdo
Spain's tallest man in his lifetime.[48]
1961–2005 (44)

 Spain
233 cm
7 ft 7½ in
Agustín Luengo Capilla
Circus performer. Tallest man in Spain at the time of his death.[49]
1849–1875 (26)

 United States
232 cm
7 ft 7½ in
Jack Earle
Jacob Rheuben Ehrlich. American silent film actor and sideshow performer.
1906–1952 (46)

 Somalia
233 cm
7 ft 7.4 in
Hussain Bisad
Somalia, considered to be one of the tallest living men.
1975–

 United Kingdom
233 cm
7 ft 7.4 in
Neil Fingleton
Tallest NCAA Division I basketball player. Known for his role Mag the Mighty in the HBO TV series Game of Thrones.[50][51]
1980–2017 (36)

 China
233 cm
7 ft 7 in
Wang Feng-Jun
Asia's tallest man in 2004.[52]
1976–2015 (39)

 Argentina
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Jorge González
Tallest wrestler in WWE history.
1966–2010 (44)

 United Kingdom
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Paul Sturgess
Tied for the tallest player ever to play college basketball in the U.S.[53]
1987–

 United States
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Kenny George
Second-tallest NCAA Division I basketball player (Neil Fingleton).[54]
1987–

 United States
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Lock Martin
He played the robot in the movie The Day the Earth Stood Still.[55]
1916–1959

 Ireland
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Charles Byrne
Skeleton now resides in the Hunterian Museum.
1761–1783 (22)

 United States
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Max Palmer
Actor and pro wrestler. Listed by Guinness World Records at 7 ft 7 in, claimed 8 ft 1 in. Film Bio - Killer Apes, Invaders From Mars.[56]
1927–1984 (57)

 Romania
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Gheorghe Mureșan
Tied for tallest in NBA history.
1971–

 Sudan
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Manute Bol
Tied for tallest in NBA history.
1962–2010 (48)

 Belgium
230 cm
7 ft 6.75 in
Alain Delaunois
Tallest living Belgian.[57]
1971–

 Azerbaijan
230 cm
7 ft 7 in
Aleksandar Rindin
Tallest man in Azerbaijan.[58]
1985–

 Armenia
230 cm
7 ft 7 in
Arshavir Grigoryan
Tallest man in Armenia.[59]
1990–

 Brazil
230 cm
7 ft 6.6 in
Joélisson Fernandes da Silva
Tallest living Brazilian.[60]
1991–

 Montenegro
230 cm
7 ft 6.5 in
Slavko Vraneš
Tallest Montenegrin basketball player in the national basketball team, former player in the NBA
1983–

 Romania
230 cm
7 ft 6.55 in
Robert Bobroczky
Romanian basketball player who was 2.30 m (7 ft 7 in) in late 2014, aged 14.[61]
2000–

 Vietnam
229 cm
7 ft 6.25 in
Trần Thành Phố
Was the tallest man in Southeast Asia when he died in 2010[62]
1947–2010 (63)

 Senegal
229 cm
7 ft 6.25 in
Malik Sidibe
Tallest basketball player in Senegal.[63]
1985–

 United Kingdom
229 cm
7 ft 6¼ in
Christopher Greener
Formerly Britain's tallest man
1943–2015 (71)

 Algeria
229 cm
7 ft 6⅕ in
Saad Kaiche
Former basketball player of Club Baloncesto Breogán of Lugo.[64][65]
1985–

 United States
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Ralph Madsen
Billed as 7 ft 6 in.[66]
1897–1948

 China
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Yao Ming
Was the tallest player in the NBA during his playing years until his retirement in 2011.
1980–

 United States Germany
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Shawn Bradley
Former player in the NBA, 1993–2005, tallest living German (holding dual citizenship).
1972–

 Senegal
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Moussa Seck
Tallest basketball player in Senegal.[67]
1986–

 United States
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Matthew McGrory
Was the world's tallest actor when he died in 2005.[68]
1973–2005

 Senegal
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Mamadou N'Diaye
Was the tallest in high school and college basketball while playing in the US (tied for tallest with Tacko Fall in his final college season in 2015–16).[69][70]
1993–

 United States
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Conrad Furrows
He was listed in the Bernard L. Kobel Catalogue of Human Oddities of Circus Sideshows.[71]
1922–1967

 Senegal
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Tacko Fall
Was the tallest high school basketball player in the US as of 2014,[72] and since 2016 has been the tallest in US college basketball.[70]
1995–

 Russia
229 cm
7 ft 5.8 in
Sergey Ilin
Tallest basketball player in Russia.[73]
1988–

 Spain
229 cm
7 ft 5.8 in(?)
Fermín Arrudi Urieta
Tallest man in Spain at the time of his death.
1870–1913 (42)

 DR Congo
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Bienvenu Letuni
Tallest basketball player in DRC[74]
1994–

 Poland
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Eugeniusz Taraciński
Tallest man in Poland while he was alive.[75]
1928–1978 (50)

 Colombia
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Asdrúbal Herrera Mora
Tallest living Colombian. Tied for tallest South American man with Margarito Machacuay[76]
1986–

 Slovakia
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Martin Miklosik
Tallest basketball player in the Slovak Republic.[77]
1986–

 Peru
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Margarito Machacuay
Tied for the tallest South American person with Asdrúbal Herrera and is the fifth-tallest in the Americas.[78]
1965–

text: Women

text:
Country

Metric

Imperial

Name

Note

Lifespan(age at death)

 China
248 cm
8 ft 1 ¾ in
Zeng Jinlian
Confirmed by Guinness World Records as tallest female ever. Suffered from spine curvature and could not stand at full height. Tallest recorded Chinese person and world's tallest person shortly before her death. She is the only woman verified to have reached 8ft tall.
1964–1982 (17)

 Canada
243 cm
7 ft 11 in
Anna Haining Bates
Second tallest woman and tallest woman in her lifetime. She and Martin Van Buren Bates were the tallest married couple ever.[26]
1846–1888 (41)

 United Kingdom
241 cm
7 ft 11 in
Jane Bunford
Tallest recorded English person and possibly the world's tallest person at the time of her death. Given height is adjusted for spinal curvature; peak standing height was 7 ft 10 in (239 cm).[79]
1895–1922 (27)

 China
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Yao Defen
Listed as tallest living female by Guinness World Records, until her death on November 13, 2012.
1972–2012 (40)

 United States
231.78 cm
7 ft 7 ¼ in
Sandy Allen
Listed as tallest living female by Guinness World Records, and the tallest American woman ever, until her death on August 13, 2008.[80]
1955–2008 (53)

 Greece
229.87 cm
7 ft 6.5 in
Wassiliki Calliandji
Tallest woman in Greece.[81]
1882–1904 (22)

 China
221 cm
7 ft 3 in
Sun Fang
Tallest living woman.[82]
1987-

 Poland
218 cm
7 ft 2 in
Margo Dydek
Tallest professional women's basketball player.[83]
1974-2011 (37)

 Turkey
213.6 cm
7 ft 0.09 in
Rumeysa Gelgi
Tallest living woman in Turkey, and she was the highest female teenager in the world.[84][85]
1997-

text: Disputed and unverified claims

text:
Country

Metric

Imperial

Name

Note

Lifespan(age at death)

France
350 cm
11 ft 6 in
Giant of Castelnau
Height estimate based on bone fragments found at the Neolithic cemetery of Castelnau-le-Lez, excavated in 1890 by Georges Vacher de Lapouge and published in the journal La Nature, Vol. 18, 1890.[86]
Unknown -Neolithic France

Russia/Belarus
283 cm
9 ft 3 in
Feodor Machnow
Height not confirmed.
1878–1912 (34)

England
282 cm
9 ft 3 in
John Middleton The Childe of Hale
Written on his grave is Here lyeth the bodie of John Middleton, the Childe of Hale, nine feet three. Height not officially confirmed.
1578–1623 (45)

United States
274 cm
8 ft 11.5 in
John Aasen
American silent film actor, height is not officially confirmed. His skeleton was measured at 7 ft 2.4 in
1890–1938 (48)

Thailand
269 cm
8 ft 10 in
Pornchai Sawsri
Claimed to measure 269 cm (8'10) at age 26 in September 2015.[87] He was measured at 257 cm (8'5") by Thai authorities for his ID card renewal in October 2013.[88]
1990?–2015[89]

Egypt
269 cm
8 ft 10 in
Sa’id Muhammad Ghazi
Claimed 8'10", but was later measured at 7'11" (242 cm).[90]

1909–1941 (32)

Ireland
269 cm
8 ft 10 in
Patrick Murphy
Claimed 8'10", but was later measured at 7'3.4" (222 cm). Height is not officially confirmed.

1834–1862 (28)

Italy
259 cm
8 ft 6 in
Maximinus Thrax
Emperor of Rome, first ever recorded person with gigantism.
173–238

Iran
259 cm
8 ft 5.9 in
Siah Khan Ibn Kashmir Khan
When he was admitted to hospital in 1933 he turned out to be 'only' 7'2.6" (220 cm) tall .[91]
1912–1938

Ukraine
257 cm
8 ft 5.5 in
Leonid Stadnyk
Refused to undergo independent testing under Guinness World Records rules, so his claim is not recognized by Guinness World Records.
1970–2014 (44)

Pakistan
254 cm
8 ft 4 in
Ajaz Ahmed
Claims actually to be 8 feet 4 inches, but this is unverified by Guinness World Records. He claims that he is still growing.
1976–

Netherlands
254 cm
8 ft 4 in
Trijntje Keever
Tallest recorded woman. Not confirmed by Guinness World Records.[92][93]
1616–1633 (17)

United States
254 cm
8 ft 4 in
Ella Ewing
Claims 8 feet 4 inches, however measured at 7 feet 4.5 inches. Her mother describes her full height at 8 feet 4 inches.
1872–1913 (41)

Bangladesh
251 cm
8 ft 3 in
Parimal Barman
Claims of being 8 feet 3 inches, not confirmed.
1962–1991 (29)

United States
248 cm
8 ft 2 in
Henry Hite
Claims of being 8 feet 2 inches, not confirmed.
1915–1978 (63)

India
248 cm
8 ft 2 in
Jitendra Singh
Claims of being 8 feet 2 inches, but was later measured at 7'7" (231 cm)[94]
1971–

Finland
247 cm
8 ft 1.4 in
Daniel Cajanus
Height not officially confirmed.[95] He was only 7 ft 8 in (234 cm) according to the London Annual Register.[96]
1703–1749 (46)

People's Republic of China
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Zhao Liang
Height not officially confirmed. A circus performer.
1982–

Finland
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Louis Moilanen Big Louie
Height not officially confirmed.[97]
1886–1913 (27)

China
244 cm
8 ft 0 in
Zhan Shichai
Height not officially confirmed.[98]

1841–1893 (52)

Turkey
244.4 cm
8 ft 0 in
Barth's Giant
Skeleton of reputed Giant "Hayduk", Turkish soldier displayed at Vienna's Anatomical museum in 1904. Height estimated from Femur and Tibia at 235.2 to 244.4 cm tall.[99]
c. 1683

Algeria
244 cm
8 ft 0 in
Mounir Fourar
Height not officially confirmed.[100]
1972–2012 (40)

Indonesia
242 cm
7 ft 11 in
Musutaman
Height not officially confirmed.[101]

1962–?

Sweden
242 cm
7 ft 11 in
Gustaf Edman
Height not officially confirmed.[102]

1882–1912 (30)

Mongolia
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Öndör GongorTall Gongor
Was measured by Roy Chapman Andrews, but some other sources even give 245 cm (8 feet)
1879–1931 (52)

United Kingdom
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Frederick Kempster
Claimed to be 8 ft 4.5 in. Height not officially confirmed.[103]
1889–1918 (29)

Ireland
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Cornelius McGrath
Measurement according to the London Annual Register.[96]
1737–1759 (22)

Spain
222–234 cm
7 ft 3 in -   7 ft 7 in

Sancho VII of Navarre
Height estimated by Luis del Campo in 1952, from a measurement of his femur recorded in 1622.[104]
1170-1234 (64)

text: Tallest in varied fields or endeavors

text: Tallest in various sports

text:
Country

Height

Name

Note

Lifespan

Photo

Libya

246 cm (8 ft 1 in)

Suleiman Ali Nashnush

Tallest basketball player.

1943–1991

Iran

246 cm (8 ft 1 in)[105]

Morteza Mehrzad

Tallest Paralympian and tallest volleyball player.[106]

1987–

Romania

242 cm (7 ft 11 in)

Gogea Mitu

Tallest professional boxer.

1914–1936

People's Republic of China

236 cm (7 ft 9 in)

Sun Mingming

Tallest active professional basketball player.

1983–

Canada

233 cm (7 ft 8 in)

Édouard Beaupré

Tallest strongman and tallest wrestler.

1881–1904

Romania

231 cm (7 ft 7 in)

Gheorghe Mureșan

Retired professional basketball player. Tied as tallest player in National Basketball Association (NBA) history.

1971–

Sudan

231 cm (7 ft 7 in)

Manute Bol

Retired professional basketball player. Tied as tallest player in National Basketball Association (NBA) history.

1962–2010

Argentina

231 cm (7 ft 7 in)

Jorge González

Tallest wrestler in WWE history

1966–2010

Latvia

221 cm (7 ft 3 in)

Kristaps Porziņģis

Tied for tallest active NBA player.

1995–

Serbia

221 cm (7 ft 3 in)

Boban Marjanović

Tied for tallest active NBA player.

1988–

Brazil

218 cm (7 ft 2 in)

Giant Silva

Tallest kickboxer and mixed martial artist.

1963–

Poland

218 cm (7 ft 2 in)

Małgorzata "Margo" Dydek

Tallest female player in WNBA history.

1974–2011

Russia

218 cm (7 ft 2 in)[107]

Dmitriy Muserskiy

Tallest volleyball player. Member of Russia national team

1988–

Brazil

217 cm (7 ft 1 in)

Renan Zanatta Buiatti

Tallest volleyball player.

1990–

India

216 cm (7 ft 1 in)

Dalip Singh Rana

Tallest active wrestler.

1972–

Pakistan

216 cm (7 ft 1 in)

Mohammad Irfan

Tallest international cricketer[108]

1982–

Philippines

216 cm (7 ft 1 in)

E.J. Feihl

Tallest basketball player in PBA history. (tied with Greg Slaughter)

1970–

Philippines

216 cm (7 ft 1 in)

Greg Slaughter

Tallest basketball player in PBA history. (tied with E.J. Feihl)

1988–

Netherlands

215 cm (7 ft 1 in)

Kay van Dijk

Tallest Volleyball player. Member of Netherlands national team

1984–

Netherlands

215 cm (7 ft 1 in)

Loek van Mil

Tallest baseball player.

1984–

Brazil

214 cm (7 ft 0 in)

Leandro Vissotto

Tallest Volleyball player. Member of Brazil national team

1983–

United Kingdom

213 cm (7 ft 0 in)

Richard Metcalfe

Tallest rugby union player.

1973–

Netherlands

213 cm (7 ft 0 in)

Ted van der Parre

Tallest World's Strongest Man.

1955–

United States

213 cm (7 ft 0 in)

Richard Sligh

Tallest American football player in NFL history.

1944–2008

Russia

213 cm (7 ft 0 in)

Nikolai Valuev

Tallest boxing world champion.

1973–

Netherlands

212 cm (6 ft 11 in)

Semmy Schilt

Tallest kickboxing world champion.

1973–

Netherlands

212 cm (6 ft 11 in)

Stefan Struve

Tallest fighter in the UFC.

1988–

Australia

212 cm (6 ft 11 in)

Thomas Edgar

Tallest volleyball player. Member of Australia national team

1989–

United States

211 cm (6 ft 11 in)

Jon Rauch

Tallest baseball player in Major League Baseball history.

1978–

Australia

211 cm (6 ft 11 in)

Aaron Sandilands

Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history.

1982–

Australia

211 cm (6 ft 11 in)

Peter Street

Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history.

1980–

United States

211 cm (6 ft 11 in)

Mason Cox

Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history.

1991–

United States

211 cm (6 ft 11 in)

Reilly Opelka

Tied as tallest tennis player on the ATP Tour.

1997–

Croatia

211 cm (6 ft 11 in)

Ivo Karlović

Tied as tallest tennis player on the ATP Tour.

1979–

United Kingdom

211 cm (6 ft 11 in)

Will Carrick-Smith

Tallest active professional rugby union player.

1992–

Lithuania

209 cm (6 ft 10 in)

Rolandas Gimbutis

Tallest Olympic swimmer.

1981–

Belgium

208 cm (6 ft 10 in)

Kristof Van Hout

Tallest association football player.

1987–

United States

208 cm (6 ft 10 in)

Matt Anderson

Tallest volleyball player. Member of United States national team

1987–

Slovakia

206 cm (6 ft 9 in)

Zdeno Chára

Tallest player in National Hockey League history.

1977–

United States

206 cm (6 ft 9 in)

Jared Gaither

Tallest active American football player in the NFL

1986–

Russia

204 cm (6 ft 8 in)

Nelly Alisheva

Tallest female volleyball player.

1983–

Bulgaria

203 cm (6 ft 8 in)

Kotooshu Katsunori

sumo wrestler.

1983–

Germany

201 cm (6 ft 7 in)

Ingo Schultz

Tallest sprinter.

1975–

Bulgaria

201 cm (6 ft 7 in)

Velichko Cholakov

Tallest Olympic weightlifter.

1982–2017

United States

201 cm (6 ft 7 in)

Phil Blackmar

Tallest golfer on the PGA Tour.

1957–

Switzerland

200 cm (6 ft 7 in)

Ramon Zenhäusern

Tallest World Cup competitor in alpine skiing.

1992–

text: Tallest actors

text:
Country

Height

Name

Note

Lifespan

United Kingdom

7 ft 7½ in (233 cm)

Neil Fingleton

Tallest actor at 233 cm (7 ft 7½ in).[109]

1980–2017

United States

7 ft 6 in (229 cm)

Matthew McGrory

World's tallest actor at time of death.

1973–2005

France

7 ft 4 in (224 cm)

Andre The Giant

Tallest French actor and professional wrestler. Tallest wrestler during the 1980s.

1946-1993

United States

7 ft 4 in (224 cm)

George McArthur

Actor and variety artist.

1969-

Finland

7 ft (213 cm)

Joonas Suotamo

Tallest Finnish actor and professional basketball player.[110]

1986–

Canada

6 ft 9 in (206 cm)

John De Santis

Tallest Canadian actor at 206 cm (6 ft 9 in).[111]

1977–

United States

6 ft 8 1/2 in (204 cm)

Brad Garrett

Tallest Emmy Award winning actor at 204 cm (6 ft 8 1/2 in).[112]

1960–

United States

6 ft 8.25 in (203.84 cm)

Lindsay Kay Hayward

Tallest actress in a leading role[113]

1987–[114]

United Kingdom

6 ft 7 in (201 cm)

Stephen Merchant

Tallest British Academy Film Awards winner

1974 -

United States

6 ft 7 in (201 cm)

James Cromwell

Tallest Academy Award nominated actor at 201 cm (6 ft 7 in).

1940–

United States

6 ft 5 in (195 cm)

Tim Robbins

Tallest Academy Award-winning actor at 195 cm (6 ft 5 in).

1958–

text: Tallest people currently living in varied nations

text:
Turkey

8 ft 3 in (251 cm)

Sultan Kösen

Tallest Turkish at 251 cm (8 ft 3 in).[4]

1982–

Morocco

8 ft 1 in (247 cm)

Brahim Takioullah

Tallest Moroccan at 246 cm and second tallest person (8 ft 1 in).[7]

1982–

Iran

8 ft 1 in (246 cm)

Morteza Mehrzad

Tallest live in Iran at 246 cm (8 ft 1 in).[91]

1987–

People's Republic of China

7 ft 11 in (242 cm)

Zhang Juncai

Tallest living Chinese at 242 cm (7 ft 11 in).

1966–

Tunisia

7 ft 8.5 in (235 cm)

Radhouane Charbib

Tallest Tunisian and the tallest living person in Africa[28]

1968–

Somalia

7 ft 8½ in (236 cm)

Hussain Bisad

Tallest Somali at 236 cm (7 ft 8.5 in).

1975–

North Korea

7 ft 8.5 in (235 cm)

Ri Myung Hun

Tallest North Korean at 235 cm (7 ft 8.5 in).

1967–

United Kingdom

7 ft 8⅓ in (235 cm)

Paul Sturgess

Tallest British at 235 cm (7 ft 8⅓ in).

1987–

United States

7 ft 8⅓ in (235 cm)

Igor Vovkovinskiy

Tallest American at 235 cm (7 ft 8⅓ in).

1982–

Myanmar

7 ft 7.5 in (233 cm)

Win Zaw Oo

Also known as 'Big Zaw', who is currently seeking medical treatment from 2013 in Singapore. Tallest man in Burma

1977-

Romania

7 ft 7 in (231 cm)

Gheorghe Mureșan

Tallest Romanian at 231 cm (7 ft 7 in).

1971–

Brazil

7 ft 6.6 in (230 cm)

Joelisson Fernandes da Silva

Tallest Brazilian at 230 cm (7 ft 6.6 in)[60]

1991–

Montenegro

7 ft 6 in (230 cm)

Slavko Vranes

Tallest basketball player in Montenegro

1983–

Malta

7 ft 6 in (230 cm)

Samuel Deguara

Tallest basketball player in Malta

1991–

Japan

7 ft 6 in (228 cm)

Yasutaka Okayama

Tallest Japanese to be drafted into the NBA at 228 cm (7 ft 6 in).

1954–

Canada

7 ft 6 in (228 cm)

Jerry Sokoloski

Tallest Canadian at 228 cm (7 ft 6 in).

1983–

New Zealand

7 ft 4.5 in (225 cm)

Jonty Butterfield

Tallest New Zealander at 229 cm (7 ft 6.15 in).[115]

1994–

Ireland

7 ft 4.5 in (225 cm)

Shaun Aisbitt

Tallest Man in Ireland [116]

1962–

Puerto Rico

7 ft 3.5 in (222 cm)

Peter John Ramos

Tallest Puerto Rican at 222 cm (7 ft 3.5 in).

1985–

Hungary

7 ft 3.5 in (222 cm)

Laszlo Dobos

Tallest basketball player in Hungary at 222 cm (7 ft 3.5 in).[117]

1993–

Australia

7 ft 3 in (221 cm)

Sam Harris

Tallest Australian at 221 cm (7 ft 3 in).

1984–

Philippines

7 ft 3 in (221 cm)

Raul Dillo

Said to be the tallest Filipino at 221 cm (7 ft 4 in) when he was measured at age 17.[118][119]

1991–

Spain

7 ft 3 in (221 cm)

Roberto Dueñas Hernández

Tallest Spanish basketball player ever (now retired). Currently the tallest man alive in Spain.

1975–


document_title: Baroque music

question_text: master of counterpoint and of the baroque musical style

text: Baroque music

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The term "Baroque" is generally used by music historians to describe a broad range of styles from a wide geographic region, mostly in Europe, composed over a period of approximately 150 years.[1] Although it was long thought that the word as a critical term was first applied to architecture, in fact it appears earlier in reference to music, in an anonymous, satirical review of the première in October 1733 of Rameau's Hippolyte et Aricie, printed in the Mercure de France in May 1734. The critic implied that the novelty in this opera was "du barocque", complaining that the music lacked coherent melody, was filled with unremitting dissonances, constantly changed key and meter, and speedily ran through every compositional device.[3]

text: The systematic application by historians of the term "baroque" to music of this period is a relatively recent development. In 1919, Curt Sachs became the first to apply the five characteristics of Heinrich Wölfflin's theory of the Baroque systematically to music.[4] Critics were quick to question the attempt to transpose Wölfflin's categories to music, however, and in the second quarter of the 20th century independent attempts were made by Manfred Bukofzer (in Germany and, after his immigration, in America) and by Suzanne Clercx-Lejeune (in Belgium) to use autonomous, technical analysis rather than comparative abstractions, in order to avoid the adaptation of theories based on the plastic arts and literature to music. All of these efforts resulted in appreciable disagreement about time boundaries of the period, especially concerning when it began. In English the term acquired currency only in the 1940s, in the writings of Bukofzer and Paul Henry Lang.[1]

text: As late as 1960 there was still considerable dispute in academic circles, particularly in France and Britain, whether it was meaningful to lump together music as diverse as that of Jacopo Peri, Domenico Scarlatti, and Johann Sebastian Bach under a single rubric. Nevertheless, the term has become widely used and accepted for this broad range of music.[1] It may be helpful to distinguish the Baroque from both the preceding (Renaissance) and following (Classical) periods of musical history.

text: History[edit]

text: The Baroque period is divided into three major phases: early, middle, and late. Although they overlap in time, they are conventionally dated from 1580 to 1630, from 1630 to 1680, and from 1680 to 1730.[5]

text: Early baroque music (1580–1630)[edit]

text: The Florentine Camerata was a group of humanists, musicians, poets and intellectuals in late Renaissance Florence who gathered under the patronage of Count Giovanni de' Bardi to discuss and guide trends in the arts, especially music and drama. In reference to music, they based their ideals on a perception of Classical (especially ancient Greek) musical drama that valued discourse and oration.[6] As such, they rejected their contemporaries' use of polyphony (multiple, independent melodic lines) and instrumental music, and discussed such ancient Greek music devices as monody, which consisted of a solo singing accompanied by a kithara (an ancient strummed string instrument).[7] The early realizations of these ideas, including Jacopo Peri's Dafne and L'Euridice, marked the beginning of opera,[8] which were a catalyst for Baroque music.[9]

text: Concerning music theory, the more widespread use of figured bass (also known as thorough bass) represents the developing importance of harmony as the linear underpinnings of polyphony.[10] Harmony is the end result of counterpoint, and figured bass is a visual representation of those harmonies commonly employed in musical performance. With figured bass, numbers, accidentals or symbols were placed above the bassline that was read by keyboard instrument players such as harpsichord players or pipe organists (or lutenists). The numbers, accidentals or symbols indicated to the keyboard player what intervals she should play above each bass note. The keyboard player would improvise a chord voicing for each bass note.[11] Composers began concerning themselves with harmonic progressions,[12] and also employed the tritone, perceived as an unstable interval,[13] to create dissonance (it was used in the dominant seventh chord and the diminished chord. An interest in harmony had also existed among certain composers in the Renaissance, notably Carlo Gesualdo;[14] However, the use of harmony directed towards tonality (a focus on a musical key that becomes the "home note" of a piece), rather than modality, marks the shift from the Renaissance into the Baroque period.[15] This led to the idea that certain sequences of chords, rather than just notes, could provide a sense of closure at the end of a piece—one of the fundamental ideas that became known as tonality.[citation needed]

text: By incorporating these new aspects of composition, Claudio Monteverdi furthered the transition from the Renaissance style of music to that of the Baroque period. He developed two individual styles of composition – the heritage of Renaissance polyphony (prima pratica) and the new basso continuo technique of the Baroque (seconda pratica). With basso continuo, a small group of musicians would play the bassline and the chords which formed the accompaniment for a melody. The basso continuo group would typically use one or more keyboard players and a lute player who would play the bassline and improvise the chords and several bass instruments (e.g., bass viol, cello, double bass) which would play the bassline. With the writing of the operas L'Orfeo and L'incoronazione di Poppea among others, Monteverdi brought considerable attention to this new genre.[16]

text: Middle baroque music (1630–1680)[edit]

text: The rise of the centralized court is one of the economic and political features of what is often labelled the Age of Absolutism, personified by Louis XIV of France. The style of palace, and the court system of manners and arts he fostered became the model for the rest of Europe. The realities of rising church and state patronage created the demand for organized public music, as the increasing availability of instruments created the demand for chamber music, which is music for a small ensemble of instrumentalists.[17]

text: The middle Baroque period in Italy is defined by the emergence of the vocal styles of cantata, oratorio, and opera during the 1630s, and a new concept of melody and harmony that elevated the status of the music to one of equality with the words, which formerly had been regarded as pre-eminent. The florid, coloratura monody of the early Baroque gave way to a simpler, more polished melodic style. These melodies were built from short, cadentially delimited ideas often based on stylized dance patterns drawn from the sarabande or the courante. The harmonies, too, might be simpler[clarification needed] than in the early Baroque monody, and the accompanying bass lines were more integrated with the melody, producing a contrapuntal equivalence of the parts that later led to the device of an initial bass anticipation of the aria melody. This harmonic simplification also led to a new formal device of the differentiation of recitative (a more spoken part of opera) and aria (a part of opera that used sung melodies). The most important innovators of this style were the Romans Luigi Rossi and Giacomo Carissimi, who were primarily composers of cantatas and oratorios, respectively, and the Venetian Francesco Cavalli, who was principally an opera composer. Later important practitioners of this style include Antonio Cesti, Giovanni Legrenzi, and Alessandro Stradella.[18]

text: The middle Baroque had absolutely no bearing on the theoretical work of Johann Fux, who systematized the strict counterpoint characteristic of earlier ages in his Gradus ad Parnassum (1725).[19][clarification needed]

text: One pre-eminent example of a court style composer is Jean-Baptiste Lully. He purchased patents from the monarchy to be the sole composer of operas for the French king and to prevent others from having operas staged. He completed 15 lyric tragedies and left unfinished Achille et Polyxène.[20] Lully was an early example of a conductor; he would beat the time with a large staff to keep his ensembles together.

text: Musically, he did not establish the string-dominated norm for orchestras, which was inherited from the Italian opera, and the characteristically French five-part disposition (violins, violas—in hautes-contre, tailles and quintes sizes—and bass violins) had been used in the ballet from the time of Louis XIII. He did, however, introduce this ensemble to the lyric theatre, with the upper parts often doubled by recorders, flutes, and oboes, and the bass by bassoons. Trumpets and kettledrums were frequently added for heroic scenes.[20]

text: Arcangelo Corelli is remembered as influential for his achievements on the other side of musical technique—as a violinist who organized violin technique and pedagogy—and in purely instrumental music, particularly his advocacy and development of the concerto grosso.[21] Whereas Lully was ensconced at court, Corelli was one of the first composers to publish widely and have his music performed all over Europe. As with Lully's stylization and organization of the opera, the concerto grosso is built on strong contrasts—sections alternate between those played by the full orchestra, and those played by a smaller group. Dynamics were "terraced", that is with a sharp transition from loud to soft and back again. Fast sections and slow sections were juxtaposed against each other. Numbered among his students is Antonio Vivaldi, who later composed hundreds of works based on the principles in Corelli's trio sonatas and concerti.[21]

text: In contrast to these composers, Dieterich Buxtehude was not a creature of court but instead was church musician, holding the posts of organist and Werkmeister at the Marienkirche at Lübeck. His duties as Werkmeister involved acting as the secretary, treasurer, and business manager of the church, while his position as organist included playing for all the main services, sometimes in collaboration with other instrumentalists or vocalists, who were also paid by the church. Entirely outside of his official church duties, he organised and directed a concert series known as the Abendmusiken, which included performances of sacred dramatic works regarded by his contemporaries as the equivalent of operas.[22]

text: Late baroque music (1680–1730)[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2014)

text: The work of George Frideric Handel, Johann Sebastian Bach and their contemporaries, including Domenico Scarlatti, Antonio Vivaldi, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Georg Philipp Telemann, and others advanced the Baroque era to its climax.[23] Through the work of Johann Fux, the Renaissance style of polyphony was made the basis for the study of composition for future musical eras. The composers of the late baroque had established their feats of composition long before the works of Johann Fux.[19]

text: A continuous worker, Handel borrowed from other composers and often "recycled" his own material. He was also known for reworking pieces such as the famous Messiah, which premiered in 1742, for available singers and musicians.[24]

text: Timeline of composers[edit]

text: Instruments[edit]

text: Strings[edit]

text:
Violino piccolo
Violin
Viol
Viola
Viola d'amore
Viola pomposa
Tenor violin
Cello
Violone
Bass violin
Contrabass
Lute
Theorbo
Archlute
Mandora
Bandora
Angélique
Mandolin
Cittern
Guitar
Harp
Hurdy-gurdy

text: Woodwinds[edit]

text:
Baroque flute
Chalumeau
Cortol (also known as Cortholt, Curtall, Oboe family)
Dulcian
Musette de cour
Baroque oboe
Rackett
Recorder
Bassoon

text: Brasses[edit]

text:
Cornett
Natural horn
Baroque trumpet
Tromba da tirarsi (also called tromba spezzata)
Flatt trumpet
Serpent
Sackbut (16th- and early 17th-century English name for FR: saquebute, saqueboute; ES: sacabuche; IT: trombone; MHG: busaun, busîne, busune / DE (since the early 17th century) Posaune)
Trombone (English name for the same instrument, from the early 18th century)

text: Keyboards[edit]

text:
Clavichord
Tangent piano
Fortepiano – an early version of the piano invented ca. 1700, but did not become popular during Baroque era
Harpsichord
Organ

text: Percussion[edit]

text:
Timpani
Tambourine
Castanets

text: Styles and forms[edit]

text: Dance suite[edit]

text: A characteristic Baroque form was the dance suite. Some dance suites by Bach are called partitas, although this term is also used for other collections of pieces. While the pieces in a dance suite were inspired by actual dance music, dance suites were designed for listening, not for accompanying dancers. Composers used a variety of different dance movements in their dance suites. A dance suite often consists of the following movements:

text:
Overture – The Baroque suite often began with a French overture ("Ouverture" in French), a slow movement which was followed by a succession of dances of different types, principally the following four:
Allemande – Often the first dance of an instrumental suite, the allemande was a very popular dance that had its origins in the German Renaissance era. The allemande was played at a moderate tempo and could start on any beat of the bar.[25][26]
Courante – The second dance is the courante, a lively, French dance in triple meter. The Italian version is called the corrente.[25][26]
Sarabande – The sarabande, a Spanish dance, is the third of the four basic dances, and is one of the slowest of the baroque dances. It is also in triple meter and can start on any beat of the bar, although there is an emphasis on the second beat, creating the characteristic 'halting', or iambic rhythm of the sarabande.[25][26]
Gigue – The gigue is an upbeat and lively baroque dance in compound meter, typically the concluding movement of an instrumental suite, and the fourth of its basic dance types. The gigue can start on any beat of the bar and is easily recognized by its rhythmic feel. The gigue originated in the British Isles. Its counterpart in folk music is the jig.[25][26]

text: These four dance types (allemande, courante, sarabande, and gigue) make up the majority of 17th-century suites; later suites interpolate one or more additional dances between the sarabande and gigue:

text:
Gavotte – The gavotte can be identified by a variety of features; it is in 4
4 time and always starts on the third beat of the bar, although this may sound like the first beat in some cases, as the first and third beats are the strong beats in quadruple time. The gavotte is played at a moderate tempo, although in some cases it may be played faster.[25]
Bourrée – The bourrée is similar to the gavotte as it is in 2
2 time, although it starts on the second half of the last beat of the bar, creating a different feel to the dance. The bourrée is commonly played at a moderate tempo, although for some composers, such as Handel, it can be taken at a much faster tempo.[25][2]
Minuet – The minuet is perhaps the best-known of the baroque dances in triple meter. It can start on any beat of the bar. In some suites there may be a Minuet I and II, played in succession, with the Minuet I repeated.[25]
Passepied – The passepied is a fast dance in binary form and triple meter that originated as a court dance in Brittany.[27] Examples can be found in later suites such as those of Bach and Handel.[25]
Rigaudon – The rigaudon is a lively French dance in duple meter, similar to the bourrée, but rhythmically simpler. It originated as a family of closely related southern-French folk dances, traditionally associated with the provinces of Vavarais, Languedoc, Dauphiné, and Provence.[25][28]

text: Other features[edit]

text:
Prelude – a suite might be started by a prelude, a slow piece written in an improvisatory style. Some Baroque preludes were not fully written out; instead, a sequence of chords were indicated, with the expectation that the instrumentalist would be able to improvise a melodic part using the indicated harmonic framework. The prelude was not based on a type of dance.
Entrée – Sometimes an entrée is composed as part of a suite; but there it is purely instrumental music and no dance is performed. It is an introduction, a march-like piece played during the entrance of a dancing group, or played before a ballet. Usually in 4
4 time. It is related to the Italian 'intrada'.
Basso continuo – a kind of continuous accompaniment notated with a new music notation system, figured bass, usually for one or more sustaining bass instruments (e.g., cello) and one or more chord-playing instruments (e.g., keyboard instruments such as harpsichord, pipe organ or lute)
The concerto (a solo piece with orchestral accompaniment) and concerto grosso
Monody – an outgrowth of song[29]
Homophony – music with one melodic voice and rhythmically similar (and subordinate) chordal accompaniment (this and monody are contrasted with the typical Renaissance texture, polyphony)[30]
Dramatic musical forms like opera, dramma per musica[29][31]
Combined instrumental-vocal forms, such as the oratorio and cantata,[31] both of which used singers and orchestra
New instrumental techniques, like tremolo and pizzicato[31]
The da capo aria "enjoyed sureness".[29]
The ritornello aria – repeated short instrumental interruptions of vocal passages.[32]
The concertato style – contrast in sound between groups of instruments.[33]
Extensive ornamentation,[34] which was typically improvised by singers and instrumentalists (e.g., trills, mordents, etc.)

text: Genres[edit]

text: Vocal[edit]

text:
Opera

Zarzuela
Opera seria
Opéra comique
Opera-ballet

Masque
Oratorio
Passion (music)
Cantata
Mass (music)
Anthem
Monody
Chorale

text: Instrumental[edit]

text:
Chorale composition
Concerto grosso
Fugue
Suite

Allemande
Courante
Sarabande
Gigue
Gavotte
Minuet

Sonata

Sonata da camera
Sonata da chiesa
Trio sonata

Partita
Canzona
Sinfonia
Fantasia
Ricercar
Toccata
Prelude
Chaconne
Passacaglia
Chorale prelude
Stylus fantasticus

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Palisca 2001.
^ Jump up to: a b Mackay and Romanec 2007.
Jump up ^ Palisca 1989, pp. 7–8.
Jump up ^ Sachs 1919, pp. 7–15.
Jump up ^ Bukofzer 1947, pp. 17.
Jump up ^ Nuti 2007, p. 14.
Jump up ^ Wallechinsky 2007, p. 445.
Jump up ^ Chua 2001, p. 26.
Jump up ^ Wainwright and Holman 2005, p. 4.
Jump up ^ Clarke 1898, pp. 147–48.
Jump up ^ Haagmans 1916, p. vi.
Jump up ^ York 1909, p. 109.
Jump up ^ Donington 1974, p. 156.
Jump up ^ Watkins 1991, p. 103.
Jump up ^ Norton 1984, p. 24.
Jump up ^ Carter and Chew 2013.
Jump up ^ Sadie 2013.
Jump up ^ Bukofzer 1947, pp. 118–21.
^ Jump up to: a b White and Hochradner 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b La Gorce 2001.
^ Jump up to: a b Talbot 2001a.
Jump up ^ Snyder 2001.
Jump up ^ Sadie 2002.
Jump up ^ Burrows 1991, p. 22.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Kenyon 1997.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Estrella 2012.
Jump up ^ Little 2001a.
Jump up ^ Little 2001b.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dorak 2008.
Jump up ^ Hyer 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Shotwell 2002.
Jump up ^ Talbot 2001b.
Jump up ^ Carver 2013.
Jump up ^ Roseman 1975.

tag: ol