document_title: Blue moon

question_text: once in a blue moon origin of phrase

question_tokens: once in a blue moon origin of phrase

text: Blue moon

text: Definition[edit]

text: The term has traditionally referred to an "extra" moon, where a year which normally has 12 moons has 13 instead. The "blue moon" reference is applied to the third moon in a season with four moons,[2] thus correcting the timing of the last month of a season that would have otherwise been expected too early. This happens every two to three years (seven times in the Metonic cycle of 19 years).[3] The March 1946 issue of Sky & Telescope misinterpreted the traditional definition, which led to the modern colloquial misunderstanding that a blue moon is a second full moon in a single solar calendar month with no seasonal link.

text: Owing to the rarity of a blue moon, the term "blue moon" is used colloquially to mean a rare event, as in the phrase "once in a blue moon".[4][5]

text: One lunation (an average lunar cycle) is 29.53 days. There are about 365.24 days in a tropical year. Therefore, about 12.37 lunations (365.24 days divided by 29.53 days) occur in a tropical year. In the widely used Gregorian calendar, there are 12 months (the word month is derived from moon[6]) in a year, and normally there is one full moon each month. Each calendar year contains roughly 11 days more than the number of days in 12 lunar cycles. The extra days accumulate, so every two or three years (seven times in the 19-year Metonic cycle), there is an extra full moon. The extra moon necessarily falls in one of the four seasons, giving that season four full moons instead of the usual three, and, hence, a blue moon.

text:
In calculating the dates for Lent and Easter, Catholic clergy identified a Lenten moon. Historically, when the moons arrived too early, they called the early moon a "betrayer" (belewe) moon, so the Lenten moon came at its expected time.
Folklore named each of the 12 full moons in a year according to its time of year. The occasional 13th full moon that came too early for its season was called a "blue moon", so the rest of the moons that year retained their customary seasonal names.
The Maine Farmers' Almanac called the third full moon in a season that had four the "blue moon".
The frequency of a blue moon can be calculated as follows. It is the period of time it would take for an extra synodic orbit of the moon to occur in a year. Given that a year is approximately 365.2425 days and a synodic orbit is 29.5309 days,[7] then there are about 12.368 synodic months in a year. For this to add up to another full month would take 1/0.368 years. Thus it would take about 2.716 years, or 2 years, 8 months and 18 days for another blue moon to occur.
Using the common Sky & Telescope misunderstanding, when one calendar month has two full moons; the second one is called a "blue moon". On rare occasions in a calendar year (as happened in 2010 in time zones east of UTC+07), both January and March each have two full moons, so that the second one in each month is called a "blue moon"; in this case, the month of February, with only 28 or 29 days, has no full moon. Under this misinterpretation a blue moon can be more frequent.

text: Origin of the term[edit]

text: The suggestion has been made that the term "blue moon" for "intercalary month" arose by folk etymology, the "blue" replacing the no-longer-understood belewe, 'to betray'. The original meaning would then have been "betrayer moon", referring to a full moon that would "normally" (in years without an intercalary month) be the full moon of spring, while in an intercalary year, it was "traitorous" in the sense that people would have had to continue fasting for another month in accordance with the season of Lent.[8][9]

text: The earliest recorded English usage of the term blue moon is found in an anti-clerical pamphlet (attacking the Roman clergy, and cardinal Thomas Wolsey in particular) by two converted Greenwich friars, William Roy and Jerome Barlow, published in 1528 under the title Rede me and be nott wrothe, for I say no thynge but trothe. The relevant passage reads:[10]

text: It is not clear from the context that this refers to intercalation; the context of the passage is a dialogue between two priest's servants, spoken by the character "Jeffrey" (a brefe dialoge betwene two preste's servauntis, named Watkyn and Ieffraye). The intention may simply be that Jeffrey makes an absurd statement, "the moon is blue", to make the point that priests require laymen to believe in statements even if they are patently false. But in the above interpretation of "betrayer moon", Jeffrey may also be saying that it is up to the priests to say when Lent will be delayed, by announcing "blue moons" which laymen have no means to verify.

text: Maine Farmers' Almanac blue moons[edit]

text: In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Maine Farmers' Almanac listed blue moon dates for farmers. These correspond to the third full moon in a quarter of the year when there were four full moons (normally a quarter year has three full moons). Full moon names were given to each lunation in a season. The seasons used were those of the mean tropical year, equal in length, as opposed to the astronomical seasons which vary in length because the earth's speed in its orbit round the sun is not uniform.

text: To compare, in 1983 the equal seasons began at 1.48 AM on 23 March, 9.15 AM on 22 June, 4.42 PM on 21 September and 12.10 AM on 22 December, while the astronomical seasons began at 4.39 AM on 21 March, 11.09 PM on 21 June, 2.42 PM on 23 September and 10.30 AM on 22 December (all times GMT). When a season has four moons the third is called the "blue moon" so that the last can continue to be called with the proper name for that season.[2]

text: Sky and Telescope calendar misinterpretation[edit]

text: The March 1946 Sky and Telescope article "Once in a Blue Moon" by James Hugh Pruett misinterpreted the 1937 Maine Farmers' Almanac. "Seven times in 19 years there were – and still are – 13 full moons in a year. This gives 11 months with one full moon each and one with two. This second in a month, so I interpret it, was called Blue Moon." Widespread adoption of the definition of a "blue moon" as the second full moon in a month followed its use on the popular radio program StarDate on January 31, 1980[2] and in a question in the Trivial Pursuit game in 1986.[5]

text: Visibly blue moon[edit]

text: The most literal meaning of blue moon is when the moon (not necessarily a full moon) appears to a casual observer to be unusually bluish, which is a rare event. The effect can be caused by smoke or dust particles in the atmosphere, as has happened after forest fires in Sweden and Canada in 1950 and 1951,[11] and after the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883, which caused the moon to appear blue for nearly two years. Other less potent volcanoes have also turned the moon blue. People saw blue moons in 1983 after the eruption of the El Chichón volcano in Mexico, and there are reports of blue moons caused by Mount St. Helens in 1980 and Mount Pinatubo in 1991.[12] In the Antarctic diary of Robert Falcon Scott for July 11, 1911 his entry says, "... the air thick with snow, and the moon a vague blue".[13] On that date the moon phase would have looked full.

text: On September 23, 1950, several muskeg fires that had been smoldering for several years in Alberta, Canada, suddenly blew up into major—and very smoky—fires. Winds carried the smoke eastward and southward with unusual speed, and the conditions of the fire produced large quantities of oily droplets of just the right size (about 1 micrometre in diameter) to scatter red and yellow light. Wherever the smoke cleared enough so that the sun was visible, it was lavender or blue. Ontario, Canada, and much of the east coast of the United States were affected by the following day, and two days later, observers in Britain reported an indigo sun in smoke-dimmed skies, followed by an equally blue moon that evening.[12]

text: The key to a blue moon is having lots of particles slightly wider than the wavelength of red light (0.7 micrometer)—and no other sizes present. It is rare, but volcanoes sometimes produce such clouds, as do forest fires. Ash and dust clouds thrown into the atmosphere by fires and storms usually contain a mixture of particles with a wide range of sizes, with most smaller than 1 micrometer, and they tend to scatter blue light. This kind of cloud makes the moon turn red; thus red moons are far more common than blue moons.[14]

text: Blue moons between 2009 and 2021[edit]

text: The following blue moons occur between 2009 and 2021. These dates use UTC as the timezone; exact dates vary with different timezones.

text: Seasonal[edit]

text: Using the Maine Farmers' Almanac definition of blue moon (meaning the third full moon in a season of four full moons, but referenced to astronomical rather than equal seasons), blue moons have occurred or will occur on:

text:
November 21, 2010
August 20, 2013
May 21, 2016
May 18, 2019
August 22, 2021

text: Calendar[edit]

text: Unlike the astronomical seasonal definition, these dates are dependent on the Gregorian calendar and time zones.

text: Two full moons in one month (the second of which is a "blue moon"):[15]

text:
2009: December 2, December 31 (partial lunar eclipse visible in some parts of the world), only in time zones west of UTC+05.
2010: January 1 (partial lunar eclipse), January 30, only in time zones east of UTC+04:30.
2010: March 1, March 30, only in time zones east of UTC+07.
2012: August 2, August 31, only in time zones west of UTC+10.
2012: September 1, September 30, only in time zones east of UTC+10:30.
2015: July 2, July 31.
2018: January 2, January 31, only in time zones west of UTC+11.
2018: March 2, March 31, only in time zones west of UTC+12.
2020: October 1, October 31 only in time zones west of UTC+10.

text: The next time New Year's Eve falls on a Blue Moon (as occurred on December 31, 2009 in time zones west of UTC+05) is after one Metonic cycle, in 2028 in time zones west of UTC+08. At that time there will be a total lunar eclipse.

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: Blue moons have been referenced in popular culture.

text: Music[edit]

text: "Blue Moon" is a popular music standard, written by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart in 1934,[16] and one of the best known football chants,[17] used since the '90s by Manchester City and Crewe Alexandra.[18] "Once in a Very Blue Moon" is a song written by Patrick Alger, recorded by Nanci Griffith, and released on her 1984 LP of the same name. "New Blue Moon", released in 1990, was a song written and recorded by the Traveling Wilburys. There are more modern songs, like Beck's 2014 "Blue Moon."[16][19] South Korean rock band CN Blue named their 2013-2014 concert tour "Blue Moon World Tour.".[20] "Blue Moon of Kentucky" is a bluegrass standard, written in 1946 by Bill Monroe.

text: Books[edit]

text: In the 1998 paranormal romance fiction novel by Laurell K. Hamilton of the same name, Blue Moon refers to two full moons occurring within the same month.[21] In the 2009 young adult fiction novel by Alyson Noël of the same name, Blue Moon refers to two full moons occurring within the same month and the same astrological sign.[22] Note that if two full moons fall within the same astrological sign they will fall in different calendar months, and vice versa. In the novels of Simon R. Green the blue moon plays a significant magical role, and also figures in titles of three of his novels: Blue Moon Rising, Beyond the Blue Moon, and Once in a Blue Moon, all of the Hawk & Fisher fantasy series.

text: Films and television[edit]

text: The Moon Is Blue, a 1953 movie starring William Holden, was nominated for three Oscars.[23] Blue Moon Investigations is the name of the detective agency in the TV series Moonlighting starring Cybill Shepherd and Bruce Willis.[24] A Blue Moon appears as a significant element in the 2011 film The Smurfs,[25] and the Wikipedia page on Blue Moon is viewed in the movie. The Smurfs TV show also featured the blue moon in an episode.[26] The theme song for The Sopranos, "Woke Up This Morning" by Alabama 3, references "a blue moon in your eyes" in its lyrics. "Once in a Blue Moon" is also the name of an episode of TV show Charmed, which involves the three witches being affected by the blue moon magically, and turning into monsters.[27]

text: Video Games[edit]

text: Blue moon is the name of a country in Nintendo's Advance Wars series.


document_title: Irma Thomas

question_text: when was anyone who knows what love is made

root

text: Irma Thomas

text: Life and career[edit]

text: Born Irma Lee, as a teenager she sang with a Baptist church choir. She auditioned for Specialty Records at the age of 13. By the time she was 19, she had been married twice and had four children. Keeping her second ex-husband's surname, she worked as a waitress in New Orleans, occasionally singing with bandleader Tommy Ridgley, who helped her land a record deal with the local Ron label. Her first single, "Don't Mess with My Man", was released in late 1959, and reached number 22 on the US Billboard R&B chart.[2]

tag: p

text: She then began recording on the Minit label, working with songwriter and producer Allen Toussaint on songs including "It's Raining" and "Ruler of My Heart", which was later reinterpreted by Otis Redding as "Pain in My Heart". Imperial Records acquired Minit in 1963, and a string of successful releases followed. These included "Wish Someone Would Care", her biggest national hit; its B-side "Breakaway", written by Jackie DeShannon and Sharon Sheely (later covered by Tracey Ullman, among others); "Anyone Who Knows What Love Is (Will Understand)", co-written by a young Randy Newman and future country star Jeannie Seely; and its B-side, "Time Is on My Side", a song previously recorded by Kai Winding and later by the Rolling Stones.[2]

text: Her first four Imperial singles all charted on Billboard's pop chart, but her later releases were less successful.[2] Unlike her contemporaries Aretha Franklin, Gladys Knight and Dionne Warwick, she never managed to cross over into mainstream commercial success. She recorded for Chess Records in 1967–1968 with some success; her version of the Otis Redding song "Good to Me" reached the R&B chart.[2] She then relocated to California, releasing records on various small labels, before returning to Louisiana, and in the early 1980s opened the Lion's Den Club.[2] Thomas and her husband still own the Lion's Den Club near the French Quarter of New Orleans.[5]

text: Down by Law, the 1986 independent film by Jim Jarmusch featured "It's Raining" in the soundtrack.[6] The film's actors Roberto Benigni and Nicoletta Braschi, whose characters fell in love in the movie, danced to the song.

text: After several years' break from recording, she was signed by Rounder Records, and in 1991 earned her first Grammy Award nomination for Live! Simply the Best, recorded in San Francisco.[7] She subsequently released a number of traditional gospel albums, together with more secular recordings. The album Sing It! (1998) was nominated for a Grammy in 1999.[2]

text: Thomas is still active as a performer, appearing annually at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival.[8] She reigned as Queen of the Krewe du Vieux for the 1998 New Orleans Mardi Gras season.[9] She often headlined at her own club, but it went out of business due to Hurricane Katrina, which caused her to relocate to Gonzales, Louisiana, 60 miles (97 km) from New Orleans.[10] According to her website she is now back in her home in New Orleans.

text: In April 2007, Thomas was honored for her contributions to Louisiana music with induction into the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame.[11] Also in 2007, Thomas accepted an invitation to participate in Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino where, singing with Marcia Ball, she contributed "I Just Can't Get New Orleans Off My Mind".[12] The same year she won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album for After the Rain.[4]

text: In August 2009, a compilation album with three new songs titled The Soul Queen of New Orleans: 50th Anniversary Celebration was released from Rounder Records to commemorate Thomas' 50th year as a recording artist.[13]

text: Thomas was the subject of the 2008 New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival poster. She was chosen as the subject before the painting was chosen for the poster. Artist Douglas Bourgeois painted the singer in 2006.[14] In 2010, Thomas rode in the New Orleans parade "Grela". In April that year, Thomas performed at the Corner Hotel, Richmond, Victoria, Australia.

text: In 2011, Thomas performed twice at the Bluesfest music festival in Byron Bay, New South Wales, Australia.[15] On April 24, she performed on the Crossroads stage, coming on after Mavis Staples; then on April 25, she headlined the Crossroads stage, coming on after Jethro Tull and Osibisa.

text: Charlie Brooker's anthology series, Black Mirror, has repeatedly featured Thomas' song "Anyone Who Knows What Love Is (Will Understand)." Appearances include in the second episode, entitled "Fifteen Million Merits,"[16] in a karaoke segment in the seventh episode, "White Christmas," and in the third season in "Men Against Fire."[17] It appeared again in the fourth season in "Crocodile." The song was also featured in the official trailer to the 2018 film, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom.[18]

text: In 2013, Thomas was nominated for a Blues Music Award in the "Soul Blues Female Artist" category,[19] which she duly won.[20] She won the same award in 2014.[21]

text: Artists worked with[edit]

text:
Tommy Ridgley
Eddie Bo
Edgar Blanchard
Bill Sinigal
Irving Banister
Patsy Vidalia
Marcia Ball
Dr. John
Allen Toussaint
Skip Easterling[22]

tag: ul

text: Influences[edit]

text:
Etta James
Mahalia Jackson
Pearl Bailey
Nancy Wilson
Brook Benton
John Lee Hooker
Percy Mayfield[23]

text: Discography[edit]

text: Singles[edit]

text:
Year
A-side
B-side
Record label and catalog reference
US chart statistics[24]

1959
"Don't Mess with My Man"
"Set Me Free"
Ron Records 328
No. 22 – R&B

1959
"A Good Man"
"I May Be Wrong"
Ron Records 330

1961
"Girl Needs Boy"
"Cry On"
Minit Records 625

1961
"It's Too Soon to Know"
"That's All I Ask"
Minit Records 633

1962
"Gone"
"I Done Got Over It"
Minit Records 642

1962
"It's Raining"
"I Did My Part"
Minit Records 653

1962
"Two Winters Long"
"Somebody Told Me"
Minit Records 660

1963
"Ruler of My Heart"
"Hittin' on Nothing"
Minit Records 666

1963
"For Goodness Sake"
"Whenever (Look Up)"
Bandy Records 368

1963
"Foolish Girl"
"When I Met You"
Bumba Records 711

1964
"Wish Someone Would Care"
"Breakaway"
Imperial Records 66013
No. 17 – Pop

1964
"Anyone Who Knows What Love Is (Will Understand)"
"Time Is on My Side"
Imperial Records 66041
No. 52 – Pop

1964
"Times Have Changed"
"Moments to Remember"
Imperial Records 66069
No. 98 – Pop

1964
"He's My Guy"
"(I Want A) True, True Love"
Imperial Records 66080
No. 63 – Pop

1965
"Some Things You Never Get Used To"
"You Don't Miss a Good Thing"
Imperial Records 66095

1965
"I'm Gonna Cry Till My Tears Run Dry"
"Nobody Wants to Hear Nobody's Troubles"
Imperial Records 66106

1965
"It's Starting to Get to Me Now"
"Hurt's All Gone"
Imperial Records 66120

1965
"Take a Look"
"What Are You Trying to Do"
Imperial Records 66137

1966
"It's a Man's-Woman's World (part 1)"
"It's a Man's-Woman's World (part 2)"
Imperial Records 66178

1967
"Somewhere Crying"
"Cheater Man"
Chess Records 2010

1967
"A Woman Will Do Wrong"
"I Gave You Everything"
Chess Records 2017

1968
"Good to Me"
"We Got Something Good"
Chess Records 2036
No. 42 – R&B

1970
"Save a Little Bit For Me"
"That's How I Feel About You"
Canyon Records 21

1971
"I'd Do It All Over You"
"We Won't Be in Your Way Anymore"
Canyon Records 31

1972
"Full Time Woman"
"She's Taking My Part"
Cotillion Records 41444

1973
"She'll Never Be Your Wife"
"You're the Dog"
Fungus Records 15119

1973
"In Between Tears (part 1)"
"In Between Tears (part 2)"
Fungus Records 15141

1974
"Coming from Behind (part 1)"
"Coming from Behind (part 2)"
Fungus Records 15353

1977
"Don't Blame Him"
"Breakaway"
Maison de Soul 1012

1978
"Hip Shakin' Mama"
"Hittin' on Nothin'"
Maison de Soul 1058

1979
"Safe With Me"
"Zero Willpower"
RCS Records 1006

1980
"Take What You Find"
"I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)"
RCS Records 1008

1980
"A Woman Left Lonely"
"Dance Me Down Easy"
RCS Records 1010

1981
"Looking Back"
"Don't Stop"
RCS Records 1013

1988
"Mardi Gras Manbo"
"I Believe Saints Go All the Way"
Sound of New Orleans 10311

tag: table

text: Albums[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Record label
Notes

1964
Wish Someone Would Care
Imperial Records

1966
Take a Look
Imperial Records

1973
In Between Tears
Fungus Records

1977
Irma Thomas Live - New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival
Island Records

1978
Soul Queen of New Orleans
Maison de Soul

1979
Safe with Me
RCS Records

1981
In Between Tears
Charly Records
Reissue of Fungus LP

1981
Hip Shakin' Mama
Charly Records
Reissue of Island LP

1984
Down at Muscle Shoals
Chess Records/P-Vine Records
Recordings from 1967/68 for Chess

1986
The New Rules
Rounder Records

1988
The Way I Feel
Rounder Records

1991
Live: Simply the Best
Rounder Records

1992
True Believer
Rounder Records

1993
Walk Around Heaven: New Orleans Gospel Soul
Rounder Records

1993
Turn My World Around
Shanachie Records

1997
The Story of My Life
Rounder Records

1998
Sing It!
Rounder Records
with Marcia Ball & Tracy Nelson

2000
My Heart's in Memphis: The Songs of Dan Penn
Rounder Records

2006
After the Rain
Rounder Records

2008
Simply Grand
Rounder Records/Decca Records

2014
Full Time Woman - The Lost Cotillion Album
RGM Records/Rhino Records
Recordings from 1971/72 for Atlantic/Cotillion

text: Compilation albums[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Record label
Notes

1979
Irma Thomas Sings
Bandy Records
Bandy/Minit recordings

1983
Time Is on My Side
Kent Records
Minit/Imperial recordings

1986
Break-A-Way: The Best of Irma Thomas
Legendary Masters Series (EMI-USA)

1987
BreakaWay
Stateside Records
Minit/Imperial recordings

1990
Something Good: The Muscle Shoals Sessions
MCA Records/Chess Records
Chess recordings

1991
Safe with Me/Irma Thomas Live
Paula Records

1992
Time Is on My Side: The Best of Irma Thomas Volume 1
EMI-USA
Minit/Imperial recordings

1996
Ruler of Hearts
Charly Records
Minit/Bandy/Island recordings

1996
Sweet Soul Queen of New Orleans: The Irma Thomas Collection
Razor & Tie
Minit/Imperial recordings

1996
Time Is on My Side
Kent Records
Expanded version of 1983 LP

2001
If You Want It, Come and Get It
Rounder Records

2005
Straight from the Soul
Stateside Records
Minit/Imperial recordings

2006
A Woman's Viewpoint
Ace Records
Fungus/Canyon/RCS recordings

2006
Wish Someone Would Care/Take a Look
Collectables Records
Imperial recordings

2009
The Soul Queen of New Orleans: 50th Anniversary Celebration
Rounder Records
Three previously unreleased, out of fifteen tracks

text: Guest appearances[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Artist
Label
Notes

1993
Blues Summit
B.B. King
MCA Records
Duet on "We're Gonna Make It"[27]

2005
I Believe to My Soul
Various artists
Rhino Records
Singing "Loving Arms"[28]

2005
Our New Orleans: A Benefit Album for the Gulf Coast
Various artists
Elektra Records/Nonesuch Records
Singing "Back Water Blues"[29]

2006
Sing Me Back Home
The New Orleans Social Club
Burgundy Records/Honey Darling Records
Duet with Marcia Ball on "Look Up"[30]

2007
Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino
Various artists
Vanguard Records
Duet with Marcia Ball on "I Can't Get New Orleans Off My Mind"[12]

2010
Ya-Ka-May
Galactica
Anti-
Vocals on "Heart of Steel"[31]

2011
Let Them Talk
Hugh Laurie
Warner Bros. Records
Vocals on "John Henry" and "Baby, Please Make a Change"[32]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Notes

1978
Always for Pleasure

2006
New Orleans Music in Exile

2010
Treme
TV series


document_title: Leslie Knope

question_text: when does leslie get pregnant parks and rec

text: Leslie Knope

text: Background[edit]

text: This television-related section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Knope was born on January 18, 1975 (S4: E3) in Eagleton, Indiana due to a raccoon infestation in Pawnee, and has lived in Pawnee, Indiana since infancy. According to the show's timeline, her father died in 1985 (S5: E14). She was inspired to pursue a life of public service by the community programs she enjoyed as a child. While attending Pawnee North High School she served as Co-Vice President of the student body and participated in several student organizations including the Model United Nations, Debate Club, Mock Trial, Young Republicans, Young Democrats and Young Independents, which she founded. She graduated in the top five percent of her high school class and summa cum laude from Indiana University's School of Public and Environmental Affairs (SPEA).[2]

text: In the first three seasons, Leslie is the Deputy in Pawnee's Parks and Recreation Department, a mid-level bureaucratic position;[3] in season 4, she successfully campaigns to become a member of the city council. In her role as Deputy Director she serves on several committees, including the Equal Opportunity Committee, the Fun in the Sun Committee, the Clean Restroom Task Force, the Handicapped Restroom Task Force, and the Task Force to Reduce the Number of Public Restrooms.[2] She hopes to improve her town and to advance her career (possibly aiming to become the City Manager). She has also stated her ultimate goal of becoming the first female President of the United States.[3] Knope proudly displays in her office images of Hillary Clinton, Joe Biden, Madeleine Albright, Condoleezza Rice, Dianne Feinstein, Janet Reno, Nancy Pelosi, and Larry Bird. Leslie also has a love for sweets, especially waffles (which she frequently orders in large quantities at J.J.'s Diner) and whipped cream, which she puts on coffee, waffles, etc.

text: Leslie Knope is the only character to appear in every episode.

text: On November 10, 2016 a member of the Parks and Recreation's writing staff wrote an open letter for Vox from the fictional character Leslie Knope on the election results.[4]

text: Personality[edit]

text: Leslie Knope is extremely cheerful, ambitious, hard-working and optimistic. She is firmly committed to the belief that government should provide a service for its people, and regularly goes above and beyond for the benefits of Pawnee's residents — a belief that regularly clashes with her superior Ron Swanson, a staunch libertarian who feels all government should be dissolved and privatized.[5][6]

text: Although somewhat naive at times,[7] she is intelligent, well-read, and has good intentions,[8] but is not always successful in executing her goals.[6] She repeatedly tries to put a positive spin on failure, even to the point that she will occasionally distort the truth in her own view.[5] For example, she does not get discouraged by angry residents who complain or yell during her public forums, but instead prefers to think of them as "people caring loudly at me".[5] Many of her co-workers do not share her enthusiasm, but Leslie commands their respect nonetheless.[5] Her ambition occasionally annoys her colleagues and leads to ribbing against her, especially from her subordinate Tom Haverford.[7] She has an outsized love for the waffles at a local diner and her best friend, Ann Perkins, as well as an untempered hatred for public libraries, salads, and the wealthy neighboring town of Eagleton—which Leslie found out, to her sheer horror, was actually her birthplace instead of Pawnee.[5][7]

text: Leslie views herself as a budding political star in the style of Hillary Clinton, Nancy Pelosi, and Condoleezza Rice.[7] She has been widely lauded as a positive figure for advancing gender equality and feminism because she represents a strong woman who encourages others to empower themselves and support the women around them.[9] Although she is shown to be running for the city council as an independent, she joins the Democratic Party at some point, as she is approached by "Janet from the DNC" about a potential gubernatorial bid in the final season.

text: Storyline[edit]

text: Season one[edit]

text: Initially she is shown to carry romantic feelings for her co-worker Mark, likely stemming from a romantic liaison with him several years before. She is also desperate to impress her mother, Marlene Griggs-Knope, a well-known politician in the Pawnee government. At a public forum, she meets Ann Perkins, who informs her about a gaping hole near her house that her boyfriend, Andy Dwyer, fell into. Leslie takes on the project and quickly becomes friends with Ann. She is sometimes pushed around by her mom, a tough and tactless woman who has had a long and successful career in local government and who doesn't think much of her daughter's professional or personal choices.

text: Season two[edit]

text: Leslie seems to move on from her romantic interest in Mark and begins dating police officer Dave Sanderson (Louis C.K.). She also begins taking charge and gains a lot of confidence. Also, more of her relationships with her coworkers are shown. Towards the end of the season, Dave, who was enlisted in the U.S. Army Reserve, was called into active duty in San Diego, where he did custodial work. Dave asked Leslie to move with him to San Diego, and although she was considering it, she ultimately declined because she loved her work and Pawnee too much to leave, and they parted ways amicably. She then dated an old lawyer friend of Ann's named Justin. Although Justin seemed to be a perfect guy and had many interesting stories, Leslie soon realized that stories were all Justin cared about. After he reunited Leslie's mother with an old flame despite Leslie's constant protests, she broke up with him, as Justin cared more about the reunion story that he could potentially tell than Leslie. At the end of the season, Leslie and the rest of the department gets a visit from two state auditors, Ben Wyatt and Chris Traeger, the former of whom later becomes a love interest for Leslie. Ben and Chris shut down the government due to Pawnee's crippling financial status.

text: Season three[edit]

text: In this season, Leslie works on the Harvest Festival in hopes of bringing money to Pawnee. She and Ben are no longer at odds and develop a friendly working relationship. After hearing a flu-ridden Leslie give an amazing speech, Ben begins to develop a crush on Leslie and as the season progresses, they grow to genuinely enjoy each other's company. However, their budding relationship is threatened by Chris's interoffice dating rules, and they attempt to keep their romance under wraps, despite telling Ann, Ron, Leslie's mother, and a maintenance worker at the Lil' Sebastian memorial service. In the season finale, Leslie is approached by a group of people who look for talent in government with the potential for political careers. They tell Leslie that they believe she has the potential to become a member of city council, or even the mayor. They ask Leslie if there is any potential for scandal in her background to which Leslie replies (having decided to continue her secret romance with Ben while not at work) "Nope."

text: Season four[edit]

text: Leslie comes to realize that while she is running for city council, her relationship with Ben cannot continue, and they regretfully break up. Leslie then announces her city council candidacy. Leslie writes a book called Pawnee: The Greatest Town in America. She also finds out that she was actually born in Eagleton because her mother said "the Pawnee hospital had been overrun by raccoons." Leslie and Ben struggle with being broken up; Leslie wants to remain friends with Ben, but he tells her it's just too hard for him. Leslie finally decides she wants to be with Ben, no matter the consequences, and they get back together. Ben resigns from his position in order to save Leslie from getting fired. Her campaign managers inform her that they can no longer run her campaign because her approval ratings are dismally low after the news of her relationship with Ben was revealed. The rest of the Parks employees (and Ann), on a mission to return the love Leslie's shown in giving the perfect gifts she has gotten them all year after year, tell Leslie that they will run her campaign for her, allowing her to continue going after her dream. After several tumultuous months, it is announced that Bobby Newport, son of Sweetums founder Nick Newport, has won by 21 votes. Ben later approaches officials and notifies them that it is the law that they re-count, since it was so close. Ann then reveals to Leslie that really she beat Bobby by 21 votes.

text: Season five[edit]

text: In the beginning of the season, she and Ben get engaged and move into a house together. She and Ben get married in the middle of the season, months earlier than the couple had originally planned. They initially arrange to marry at a black tie event they planned and executed to raise money for the future park at Pawnee Commons. However, Councilman Jamm disrupts the ceremony by setting off stink bombs and 'booing' Leslie, leading to Ron Swanson punching him in the face and getting both Jamm and Ron arrested. However, the Parks and Recreation Department plans a secret wedding that same night in the office area, and Ron walks her down the aisle. A main plot point of the season is the campaign to recall Leslie from her position of the city council; it is revealed that the campaign is successful, and Leslie will be removed from her position.

text: Season six[edit]

text: Leslie is a key member in the absorbing of Eagleton into Pawnee because of a debt problem in Eagleton. After a heroic filibuster which wins the citizens of former Eagleton voting rights, Leslie is recalled and replaced with her Eagletonian counterpart, Ingrid de Forest (Kristen Bell). Leslie gets the lot and park for the Pawnee Commons after a heated debate between her and Councilman Jamm, in return for five worthless IOU's from Chris (who was soon leaving his post as City Manager). In Flu Season 2, Leslie discovers that she is pregnant. In One in 8,000 after a visit to a doctor, Ben and Leslie find out that they are going to have triplets. Soon after, the Unity Concert is nearing, and Leslie is offered a position in the National Park Service, in Chicago. After stalling on her decision for most of the season Leslie is eventually convinced by Ben to accept the job, but then after finding out that Andy and April had her declared as one of the new founders of the new town of Pawnee, she convinces her new boss to relocate their office from Chicago to the Third Floor of Pawnee City Hall. Three years from the end of season six, Leslie and Ben have three children, and Leslie is the head of the Midwest Parks Service in the bustling third floor of Pawnee City Hall.

text: Season seven[edit]

text: Leslie is head of the Midwest branch of the National Park Service and is currently working to build a National Park in Pawnee. Ron is her enemy in this effort, as he wants to build a new Gryzzl campus, and the Morning Star incident. As the season progresses, however, Ron and Leslie eventually reconcile, and she gives Pawnee its National Park. Soon afterwards, she and Ben decide to move to Washington with April and Andy after she is offered a promotion to work at the Department of the Interior and Ben decides to run for Congress. In flash forwards, it is shown that by the year 2025, Leslie will run a successful campaign for Governor of Indiana, and will serve two terms in that office. It is implied that either she or Ben has been elected President of the United States by 2048. In the present, the gang gets together for a picture, as they are unsure when the next time they see each other will be. Ben asks Leslie if she's ready, to which she responds, "Yes. I'm ready."

text: Development[edit]

text: The concept for Parks and Recreation did not start to form until series creators Greg Daniels and Michael Schur learned Poehler would be available to play the lead character. Once that casting was determined, the general concept for both the series and the Leslie Knope character was established.[10] After the first season, changes were made to Leslie's character to make her appear more intelligent. Schur said this was in response to critical feedback that Leslie came across as "ditzy" during the show's first run of episodes, which Schur said was never their intention.[11] Schur said that the show considered a backstory element for Leslie where she had been elected mayor while a teenager; this story was later used for the Ben Wyatt character.

text: Amy Poehler said by the third season, after the Parks Department has been shut down for three months due to a budget crisis, Leslie has started to face reality more clearly and realize the department is a low priority.[12]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: She was listed in AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters.[13] In 2015, Entertainment Weekly named Knope as one of the 25 Best TV Characters of the Past 25 Years.[14]

text: Poehler has garnered six Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, three Golden Globe Award nominations, and three Screen Actors Guild Award nominations for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series for her role. In 2013, while hosting the ceremony, Poehler won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy for her portrayal of Leslie Knope.

text: Season one[edit]

text: Despite mixed reviews of the first season, one fairly consistent source of praise went to Amy Poehler for her performance as Leslie Knope. Tom Shales of the Washington Post writes that "Poehler's show unfortunately isn't worthy of her".[7] Daniel Carlson of The Hollywood Reporter also had praise for Poehler claiming that she "has the comic intelligence to carry a series like this one" and delivers a performance that is "awkward but not alienating" and "eager without being repelling".[15] However, several commentators said the naive and well-meaning Leslie Knope character too closely resembled The Office protagonist Michael Scott, a well-intentioned but dimwitted protagonist manager of a paper company sales office.[6][16][17][18][19][20]

text: Season two[edit]

text: James Poniewozik of Time magazine praised the development of the characters. He thought that the show "really has a handle now" on the main character Leslie Knope, and does an "excellent job of finding things for its supporting characters to do". He also opined that the series is "living up to its potential now".[21] Commentators said the supporting cast was now working with better material and that Amy Poehler's character had improved and become less over-the-top and more human than in the first season.[6][11][22][23][24][25]

text: Season three[edit]

text: By season three, Paste magazine writer Garrett Martin called Leslie "one of the most relatable and admirable women on television".[26]


document_title: April Kepner

question_text: who becomes chief resident in grey anatomy season 7

text: April Kepner

text: Storylines[edit]

text:
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text: April Kepner was born in Columbus, Ohio on April 23, 1982.[8] Her mother Karen is a teacher and her father Joe is a farmer. She is the second of four daughters; her sisters are Libby, Kimmie, and Alice. Kepner is initially a surgical resident at Mercy West Hospital. She joins the staff at Seattle Grace Mercy West after the merger of the two hospitals, alongside Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams), Reed Adamson (Nora Zehetner), and Charles Percy (Robert Baker). Kepner is first shown to possess a red diary, in which she writes all her feelings and thoughts which is stolen by Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh). Grey uses the personal information written in the notebook to unnerve and blackmail Kepner but later apologizes. After she made a mistake that led to a patient's death, she is fired. However, Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) rehires her when he becomes the new Chief of Surgery. As she is not confident anymore, she spends her time doing errands for Shepherd and develops a crush on him, earning her the nickname "Shepherd's flunky". In the season six finale, she discovers the body of her best friend Reed Adamson, who has been shot. She later runs into the shooter, Gary Clark, who lets her go after she tells him about her life after remembering a technique she says she learned from Oprah. Following the shooting, Kepner and Avery move into Meredith Grey's (Ellen Pompeo) house.

text: Kepner reveals that she is a virgin because she is a Christian and made a promise to God to stay a virgin until she was married, she also states that she thinks men find her annoying after yelling at Alex, Meredith, Lexie and Jackson about secrets, she claims that the fact that she is a 28 year old virgin is not a drinks conversation. She shows potential as a trauma surgeon during a trauma drill. She develops feelings for Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) who almost makes her lose her virginity. When Avery, now her best friend finds out about this, he assaults Karev. Later, Kepner agrees to go on a date with Robert Stark, believing him to have a good side. Her fellow residents make fun of her which prompts her to break up with him. April also impresses Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) and she is ultimately granted the position of Chief Resident in the season seven finale. Kepner initially struggles with her new status as her fellow doctors do not listen to her and do not take her seriously.

text: As the end of the fifth year of residency is near, the surgical residents, including Kepner, prepare for their boards exams for the different fellowships they plan on joining. The night before taking the exam, April loses her virginity to Avery. This causes her to re-evaluate her faith during her Boards Exams, making the examiners feel uncomfortable. It is revealed that she is the only one out of the residents to have failed her Boards Exams. She receives phone calls from other hospital retracting their offers of fellowships and is laid off from Seattle Grace. Although Avery has true feelings for her, she pushes him away because she believes that he feels guilty for having sex with her. As a celebration of the conclusion of their residencies, the former chief of surgery Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) organizes his annual dinner for them. The eighth season ends with Kepner, Avery, Karev and Webber waiting for Meredith and Yang, who are victims of an aviation accident.

text: Months later, Hunt goes to visit April, who had moved back to her parents' farm in Moline, Ohio. In the wake of the tragic aviation accident, he offers her an attending position at the hospital. When she gets back to Seattle Grace, she resumes her sexual relationship with Avery, despite claiming she wants to re-virginise. April has a pregnancy scare and Jackson promises that he will be there every step of the way, even marry her, if she tests positive. When April finds out that she is not pregnant, she is overjoyed, but inadvertently hurts Jackson's feelings by saying that they dodged a bullet, seemingly thrilled that they don't have to get married anymore. Jackson breaks up with April.

text: April suggests to Jackson that they each take a date to Bailey's wedding in an attempt to move on. Jackson takes intern Stephanie; the two bond and eventually have sex. When Jackson tells April that he is sleeping with somebody else, she is visibly crushed and tells him that they can't be friends again until she has gotten over him. In the next episode, a very attractive paramedic named Matthew (Justin Bruening) asks April out for coffee and they start seeing each other. Shortly afterwards she turns to Jackson for dating advice and it is hinted that Jackson is still in love with her when he shows signs of jealousy but Jackson overcomes his jealousy and they then re-establish their friendship. She confesses to Matthew that she is not a virgin anymore as she led him to believe and he breaks up with her because she lied to him. However, in the next episode, Matthew forgives April and they get back together. He asks her to marry him through a flash mob and she says yes. In the season 9 finale, April thinks she lost Jackson when a bus blew up and tells him she loves him, but he only has a few injuries. She remains engaged to Matthew while Jackson dates Stephanie. At the wedding, Jackson realizes he still loves April and stands up professing his love. Jackson and April are seen driving off together at the start of the following episode and later it is revealed that they have secretly eloped.

text: At first April and Jackson do not tell their friends about their marriage, but later they do because of a new rule at the hospital. Catherine Avery is not at all happy about her son's elopement with April, and the fact that there wasn't a prenuptial agreement. They soon make up after April signs a postnuptial agreement. Jackson and April soon hit a rough patch when they realize that they have different views in the way their children should be raised religious. Not long after their fight, April realizes she is pregnant. April and Jackson's baby is diagnosed during pregnancy with Osteogenesis Imperfecta type 2, and learn that the baby will not survive long after birth. Jackson believes that termination is the best option, however April would rather give birth to the baby knowing it will not live very long. They scheduled an induction for the next day, at the beginning of the appointment they are asked to sign their baby's death certificate, which is too hard for the couple to bear. April doesn't sign the papers and returns to work the same day praying for a miracle, while at work she has a heart to heart with a lady who lost her fiancé the night before. They decide to give birth to the baby via induction at 24 weeks gestation having it baptized right then. She gave birth to Samuel Norbert Avery, and he died a few hours after birth. In the following weeks after Samuel's death, April and Jackson find it hard to be around each other and be intimate with one another. After April tries to seduce Jackson in a supply closet, Jackson asks if she is sure she wants this so soon after the death of their son, leaving April to storm out in anger. In the series 11 finale April decides to join Owen Hunt for 3 months as a trauma surgeon with the army; this not being well received by Jackson. But after April states she needs this in order to grieve Samuel - Jackson lets her leave. Over the following months April lengthens her stay in the army, this having a strain on her and Jackson's marriage as Jackson can rarely get a hold of her or talk to her over the phone. On Christmas Day after already being away for some time, April announces to Jackson while on video chat that she is staying for a longer service period, Jackson becomes angry with April but the conversation is cut short by sounds of gunfire and explosions from April's base camp, leaving her to terminate the call; meanwhile Jackson is unsure whether his wife is hurt or if she is ever coming home. On Valentine's Day April returns to the hospital surprising Jackson, and they embrace in the foyer.

text: In Season 12, April and Jackson go through divorce proceedings started by Jackson. The morning before they sign the divorce papers, April discovers that she is expecting a second baby. She does not inform Jackson, and he is told by Arizona Robbins, which leads to additional tension. After Catherine Avery convinces Jackson to fight for full custody of his unborn child, April takes out a restraining order against him. The Averys' lawyer asks for all documentation of their marriage, when reading through their wedding vows, Jackson realizes that they should fix the situation for their child. He and April decide to raise their son or daughter together as friends. Complications arise when April needs a c-section and Ben Warren has to do it without anesthesia or other medications.

text: In Seasons 13 and 14, April faces a crisis of faith as she begins to believe that good people get punished and bad people get good things. As a result, she goes into a dark place and uses partying and sex to mask her deep-rooted pain. However, mid-Season 14, she encounters a terminal patient who helps April reaffirm her faith.

text: In Season 14, April starts seeing Matthew again, in spite of their broken engagement. near the end of season 14, April and Matthew ended up in a car accident, where April almost dies. She had a bad case of hypothermia, and ended up surviving. In the season 14 finale April and Matthew get married.

text: Development[edit]

text: Casting and creation[edit]

text:
"I think it's a really fun character and, of course, getting to be on that show is wonderful and exciting for any actress in Hollywood."

Drew on her role in Grey's Anatomy.[2]

tag: div

text: Drew was cast in late September 2009 and first appeared on the show in the fifth episode of the sixth season as one of the residents from the Mercy West Hospital after its merger with Seattle Grace.[2] Drew was brought aboard Grey's Anatomy after former collaborations with the Series' producer and creator Shonda Rhimes;[3] she was formally featured as a guest in two episodes of Private Practice in 2008 and was one of the main cast in Rhimes television pilot Inside the Box (2009) which was eventually not picked up by ABC.[3] Her casting came after the absence of some of the central cast members, notably Katherine Heigl departure after her maternity leave and Ellen Pompeo's absence due to pregnancy.[2][3]

text: Drew was originally contracted to guest star in a multi-episodes story arc where her character would be eventually fired from the series after two episodes.[3] She explained: "I came on to the show and I was told from day one that I was only going to be there for two episodes. I did not expect anything beyond that. The morning my firing episode aired, my agent got a call that they were talking about a contract and I was just completely floored."[3] However she was promoted to a series regular on June 9, 2010 for the seventh season of the show.[9] Rhimes said in the wake of the news: "Kepner has really been folded into the group" of Grey's Anatomy adding "It'll depend on what the studio and the network decide to do with those actors, but I fully advocate to have [the characters]".[10] Drew received the call for her promotion the morning after the sixth episode of season six was telecast on October 29, 2009. She described the call as a "totally happy surprise".[11]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: "I love the idea that there's this person that everybody kind of hates, yet they all have to deal with, [and even] lean on. She is one of them, even though they find her terribly annoying, and I think that that's sort of charming."[12]

text: Drew's character has been called intelligent, hardworking, thorough and determined by Grey's Anatomy executives.[13] But she is also considered vulnerable, insecure, sensitive and overly eager by her colleagues.[13] Of the character, Drew said: "April is a very, very good doctor. She really knows what she's doing, she's worked really hard, and she certainly wants to do her best and stick around."[2] but also described her as "annoying", "neurotic" and "really insecure".[14] In the eighth season, April's position as chief resident and her struggle to get a handle on her fellow residents formed the central arc of her storyline. Rhimes explained: "Watching April try to be in charge of Cristina and Alex and Jackson is a pretty impossible task, and it’s made for comedy, it’s one of the funniest things we’re working on this season."[15] One of Kepner's central characteristics is her religious belief, notably her chastity and her instance on saving herself for someone she truly loves.[16] In an interview, Drew assessed that: There certainly has never been a 28-year-old virgin on Grey’s. I don’t even think there’s been a 28-year-old virgin on television. Unless it’s someone who is sort of a recluse. A normal, smart, doctor….pretty, healthy…that in and of itself is really fascinating, and really interesting, and totally different. It’s neat to see someone who is just totally clueless in that area. Everyone else [On Grey' Anatomy] seems like they know exactly what they’re doing. April is totally, totally clueless. Shonda told one of the directors, there are virgins that have sort of done everything else. But not April. April’s really pretty much done nothing. She’s completely untouched."[17]

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Kepner entertained several relationships throughout her time on Grey's Anatomy. In her early appearances, she is introduced as the best friend and roommate of her fellow Mercy West resident, Reed Adamson. In the season six finale, when Reed is tragically murdered by Gary Clark during the shooting, April is the first to find her when she trips over her dead body. In season seven April forms a friendship with Meredith Grey and she eventually moves into her house. Ellen Pompeo offered regarding their bond: "Meredith will accept April in order to get the audience to accept her,"[18] and Drew further explained: "She’s being plugged into the community. Meredith has really taken her under her wing, is really looking out for her. Having Meredith come around to April helps the audience come around to April."[17]

text: She first develops a crush on Derek Shepherd in season six. Carina MacKenzie from The Los Angeles Times called it "ridiculous" and added: "April is drooling all over Chief McDreamy. Vomit. (...) She's been reduced to a 12-year-old with hearts in her eyes and a painful inability to be subtle."[7] Drew herself was skeptical about it, saying: "The biggest thing that people did not like about my character was they thought I was a threat for the Mer/Der relationship, which I kind of found was super ridiculous (...) I never saw it as anything that would ever transpire into something that might threaten them. I only saw it as a really pathetic little crush."[17] She briefly has feelings for Alex Karev who almost makes her lose her virginity when he tries to sleep with her in Something's Gotta Give. Wetpaint commented that he made her feel "worthless and unwanted when she was at her most vulnerable."[19] Kepner also briefly dates Dr. Robert Stark, a senior pediatric surgical attending. After her fellow residents make fun of her, she breaks up with him, creating a coldness between them. However, it is Stark who recommends her as chief resident to Dr. Hunt. Drew stated: “She sees a side to Dr. Stark that he doesn’t show to anyone else at the hospital, and she finds that part endearing...I think they enjoy the companionship.”[20]

text: In the end of season eight, Kepner embarks on a relationship with her best friend turned lover Jackson Avery (Williams), who she loses her virginity to and that eventually leads her to reflect on her faith and fail her boards.[21] Critics praised the chemistry between April and Jackon.[22] Rhimes commented on the dynamic between the two in season nine and said: “I think it’s going to be funny, sexy, and good.”[23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2018)

text: Initially, Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times highly praised the characterization of Kepner. writing: "One of my favorite Mercy Westers is intern April (Sarah Drew). Her saccharine-sweet attitude and wide-eyed insincerity were hilarious, as was her super-mysterious hot pink notebook full of morale-boosting platitudes."[7] However, she criticized the later development of her story, especially her crush on Derek Shepherd calling it "vomit"[24] PopSugar noted similarities between Kepner and Lexie Grey, stating: "Am I the only one who thinks the new doctor is kind of like Lexie 2.0? Their dynamic reminded me of when Lexie first started and tries really hard to make nice with Mere, but gets the cold shoulder in return."[25] Mariella Mosthof from Wetpaint stated: "Despite her obnoxious yet well-meaning tendencies, we briefly flirted with the idea of liking April's character last season, and it looks like there's plenty of opportunity for her to come back and charm us again yet again this time around." Reviewing the first part of the eight season, Courtney Morrison of TV Fanatic wrote: "Although the girl has grown in terms of likeability, her downfalls still outweigh the positives. She doesn't really bring too much to the table. She wasn't the best choice for Chief Resident; she doesn't seem to be on the same level surgical wise and she hasn't carried a story on her own that makes us care about her."[26]

text: Kepner was included in TV Guide's list of The Most Loathed TV Characters, adding: "The extremely neurotic April (she makes Liz Lemon look laid back) has slowly made strides with fans thanks to her personal setbacks — she lost her treasured virginity to her best friend and failed her boards — but she still has a long way to go."[6] Entertainment Weekly also named her one of the "21 Most Annoying TV Characters Ever", commenting: "April's lightened up a little this season [season 9], but a few episodes of sympathetic behavior can't erase the painful memories of Seattle Grace-Mercy West's most irritating doctor being."[27] TV Fanatic included her in their list of Worst Character on TV. Christina Tran commented: "Could she be any more annoying?!?"[28] Drew stated that it was initially "hard" for her as an actress to play an unpopular character but deemed her "interesting" and when she was informed by the writers that her character would get Dr. Shepherd (Dempsey) shot in the season six finale, her reaction was: "Oh, come on, guys, really? They already hate my character, now they're going to hate her even more!"[14]

text: Critics reception gradually changed positively. Entertainment Weekly noted: "April was chirpy, irritating, and immature, and her crush on Derek didn't endear her to us either. But these days, we say hooray for April; since Meredith declared that the two of them are pals, April's become a lot more tolerable, instead of being Lexie 2.0."[29] Courtney Morrison of TVFanatic wrote: "April has grown since her character was introduced. She’s no longer much less annoying than she used to be, and she’s honest. A girl with principles is a girl you want to do well." and described her and Avery as "a couple for whom viewers can root".[30] The Hollywood Reporter also remarked: "It's nice to see April with a bit of a backbone and putting Alex in his place as the newfound confidence suits her well."[31]


document_title: Orpheus and Eurydice

question_text: who went to the underworld to save his wife

text: Orpheus and Eurydice

text: Versions[edit]

text: In Virgil's classic version of the legend, it completes his Georgics, a poem on the subject of agriculture. Here the name of Aristaeus (ar-is-tee'us), or Aristaios, the keeper of bees, and the tragic conclusion, was first introduced.[2]

text: Ovid's version of the myth, in his Metamorphoses, was published a few decades later and employs a different poetic emphasis and purpose. It relates that Eurydice's death was not caused by fleeing from Aristaeus, but by dancing with naiads on her wedding day.

text: Other ancient writers treated Orpheus' visit to the underworld more negatively. According to Phaedrus in Plato's Symposium,[3] the infernal deities only "presented an apparition" of Eurydice to him. Plato's representation of Orpheus is in fact that of a coward; instead of choosing to die in order to be with his love, he mocked the deities in an attempt to visit Hades, to get her back alive. As his love was not "true" — meaning that he was not willing to die for it — he was punished by the deities, first by giving him only the apparition of his former wife in the underworld and then by having him killed by women.[3]

text: Plot[edit]

text: Apollo, a Greek god, gave his son Orpheus a lyre (harp) and taught him how to play. Orpheus played with such perfection that even Apollo was surprised. It is said that nothing could resist his music and melody, neither enemies nor beasts. Even trees and rocks were entranced with his music.

text: Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice, a woman of unique beauty and grace, whom he married and lived happily with for a short time. However, when Hymen was called to bless the marriage, he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last.

text: A short time after this ominous prophecy, Eurydice was wandering in the forest with the Nymphs, when Aristaeus, a shepherd, saw her and was beguiled by her beauty. He made advances towards her and began to chase her when she attempted to flee. As Eurydice sprinted through the forest, she managed to escape him, but was tragically bitten by a snake and died instantly.

text: Orpheus sang his grief with his lyre and managed to move everything living or not in the world; both humans and gods were deeply touched by his sorrow and grief.

text: Apollo then advised his son to descend to Hades and see his wife. Any other mortal would have died, but Orpheus, protected by the gods, went to Hades and arrived at the infamous Stygian realm, passing by ghosts and souls of people unknown. He also managed to charm Cerberus, the monster known to have three heads. Orpheus presented himself in front of the god of the Underworld Hades (Pluto) and his wife Persephone.

text: Orpheus played his lyre, melting even Hades' cold heart. Hades told Orpheus that he could take Eurydice with him but under one condition; Eurydice would follow him while walking out to the light from the caves of the Underworld, but he should not look at her before coming out to the light because he would lose her forever and ever. If Orpheus was patient enough he would have Eurydice as a normal woman again by his side.

text: Orpheus was delighted; he thanked the gods and left to ascend to the world. Orpheus thought It was a simple task as he considered himself a patient man. He was trying to hear Eurydice’s steps, but he could not hear anything and he started believing that the gods had fooled him. Of course Eurydice was behind him, but as a shadow, waiting to come to light to become a full woman again. Only a few feet away from the exit, Orpheus lost his faith and turned to see; Eurydice was behind him, but her shadow was whisked back among the dead. Eurydice was gone forever.

text: Orpheus tried to return to the Underworld but a man cannot enter the realm of Hades twice while alive. According to various versions of the myth, Orpheus started playing a mourning song with his lyre, calling for death so that he could be united with Eurydice forever. Orpheus is ultimately killed either by beasts tearing him apart, or by the Maenads, in a frenzied mood. According to another version, Zeus decided to strike him with lightning knowing Orpheus would reveal the secrets of the Underworld to humans.

text: In any case, Orpheus died but the Muses decided to save his head and keep it among the living people to sing for ever, enchanting everyone with the lovely melodies and tones.

text: Works employing this legend[edit]

text: Literature[edit]

text:
The Death of Eurydice episode which occurs in Book X of Metamorphoses by Ovid (8 AD)
The poem Orpheus and Eurydice in The Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius (594 AD)
Sir Orfeo, anonymous narrative poem (c. late thirteenth century)
The Tale of Orpheus and Erudices his Quene, poem by Robert Henryson (c.1470)
Sonnets to Orpheus, allusive sonnet sequence by poet Rainer Maria Rilke (1922)
The Einstein Intersection, novel by Samuel R. Delany (1967)
Gravity's Rainbow, novel by Thomas Pynchon, (1973)
The Ground Beneath Her Feet, novel by Salman Rushdie, (1999)
Eurydice a poem by Carol Anne Duffy in her collection of revisionist poems, The World's Wife. (1999)
Veniss Underground, novel by Jeff Vandermeer, (2003)
Enchanted Fire a romance novel by Roberta Gellis, (1996)
Poetry and Fear a novel by Grace Andreacchi, (2008)
Syringa, a poem by John Ashbery, later set to music by Elliott Carter
Hymn to Persephone a poem by Craig Arnold in Made Flesh (2008.)
Orpheus. Eurydike. Hermes, a poem by Rainer Maria Rilke, (1907)
Cocktails with Orpheus,[4] a poem by Terrance Hayes, (2008)
A Song for Ella Grey, novel by David Almond
Bone Gap, novel by Laura Ruby
Goat Song, a novelette by Poul Anderson (1972)
State of Wonder, a 2011 novel by American author Ann Patchett

text: Film and drama[edit]

text:
The Orphic Trilogy, series of films by Jean Cocteau (1930-1959)
Eurydice (Anouilh play), play by Jean Anouilh (1941)
Orpheus Descending, play by Tennessee Williams (1957)
Black Orpheus, film by Marcel Camus (1959)
Evrydiki BA 2O37, 1975 film directed by Nikos Nikolaidis.
An episode of The Storyteller: Greek Myths (1990)
Orfeu, film by Cacá Diegues (1999)
Metamorphoses, play by Mary Zimmerman (2002)
Eurydice (Ruhl play), play by Sarah Ruhl (2003)
Hadestown, folk opera by Anaïs Mitchell (2006)
Orpheus and Eurydice: A Myth Underground, theatre production written by Molly Davies with music by James Johnston, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds for the National Youth Theatre at the Old Vic Tunnels, directed by James Dacre (2011)
Orpheus & Eurydice (musical), musical by Andrew Hanley and Melissa Nally (2011)
Looper (film), film by Rian Johnson (2012)
I Am Orpheus, film by Adam Carter (2012)
You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet, film by Alain Resnais (2012)
Orpheus and Eurydice, play by Annie Fan and Melissa Wilkinson (2013)
To Hell and Back, musical by Joel B. New (2013)
Jasper in Deadland, musical by Hunter Foster and Ryan Scott Oliver (2014)
Gucci Stories: The Myth of Orpheus and Eurydice (2016)

text: Music and ballet[edit]

text: •"Alchemy Sounded Good at the Time" post hardcore song written by Dennis Lee and Shawn Milke of Alesana (2006)

text:
Euridice (opera), opera by Jacopo Peri and Giulio Caccini with librettist Ottavio Rinuccini (1600)
L'Orfeo, first opera composed by Monteverdi (1607)
Orfeo ed Euridice, opera by Christoph Willibald Gluck (1762)
Orfeo ed Euridice (it), opera by Ferdinando Bertoni (1776)
Orpheus in the Underworld, operetta by Jacques Offenbach (1858)
Orpheus und Eurydike, opera by Ernst Krenek (1926)
Orpheus (ballet), ballet made by choreographer George Balanchine to music by Stravinsky (1948)
Orpheus and Eurydice (rock opera), rock opera album by Alexander Zhurbin (1975)
The Mask of Orpheus, opera by composer Harrison Birtwistle and librettist Peter Zinovieff (1986)
"Orpheus and Eurydice", a song cycle in two acts, by Ricky Ian Gordon (2005)<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Gordon>,<http://www.carlfischer.com/composer/gordon-ricky-ian/>
Metamorpheus, orchestral album by former Genesis guitarist Steve Hackett (2005)
Eurydice song by Sleepthief featuring Jody Quine (2006)
Hadestown, album of songs from the folk opera of the same name by Anaïs Mitchell (2010)
From the Underworld, song by the British band The Herd, written by Ken Howard and Alan Blaikley (1967)
Orpheus X, rock opera by Rinde Eckert (2007)
Syringa, by Elliott Carter, based on John Ashbery's poem of the same name
Abattoir Blues/The Lyre of Orpheus, an album by Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds (2004)
Don't Look Back, a song by She & Him, written by Zooey Deschanel (2008)
Beat of her Heart, a song by Gungor (2013)
La Musique Des Amants, Chêne Noir 2000, Théâtre du Chêne Noir d'Avignon (1976)
The cover of the album Reflektor (2013) by Arcade Fire contains a picture of Auguste Rodin's sculpture of Orpheus and Eurydice, and the album contains a narrative arc based on the story.[5]
Orpheus mourning, song by the Spanish band As Light Dies (2014)
Don't Look Back Orpheus, song by The Ghost of a Saber Tooth Tiger (2014)
Orphée, an album by Jóhann Jóhannsson (2016)

text: “The Descent” a song by Year Of The Cobra (2017)

text: Visual arts[edit]

text:
Orpheus and Eurydice, stone relief, second century, Šempeter, Slovenia
Orpheus and Eurydice, 1511 painting by Titian
Orpheus and Eurydice, 1650–1651 painting by Poussin
Orpheus and Euridice by Federico Cervelli
Orpheus and Eurydice, 1862 painting by Edward Poynter
Orpheus and Euridice, 1864 painting by Frederic Leighton
Orpheus and Eurydice, 1893 sculpture by Auguste Rodin
Orpheus searching Eurydice in the Underworld,[6] painting by the Antwerp school

text: Video games[edit]

text:
The Battle of Olympus, NES and Game Boy video game by Infinity
Don't Look Back (video game), Atari VCS-styled Flash game by Terry Cavanagh

text: Comics[edit]

text:
Poem Strip, by Dino Buzzati
The Sandman (Vertigo), The Song of Orpheus, by Neil Gaiman