document_title: Land of the Lost (film)

question_text: who played chaka in land of the lost movie

text: Land of the Lost (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Pompous paleontologist Rick Marshall has a low-level job at the La Brea Tar Pits, three years after a disastrous interview with Matt Lauer of Today became a viral video and ruined his career. Doctoral candidate Holly Cantrell tells him that his controversial theories combining time warps and paleontology inspired her. She shows him a fossil with an imprint of a cigarette lighter that he recognizes as his own along with a crystal made into a necklace that gives off strong tachyon energy. She convinces him to finish his tachyon amplifier and come help her on a seemingly routine expedition to the cave where Holly found the fossil, which is in the middle of nowhere. With cave gift shop owner Will Stanton they raft into the cave, where Marshall has detected high levels of tachyons. He activates the tachyon amplifier, triggering an earthquake that opens a time warp into which the raft falls. The group finds themselves in a desert, filled with various items from many eras, and without the amplifier. They rescue a primate-like creature, Cha-Ka of the Pakuni tribe, who becomes their friend and guide.

text: The gang spends a night in a cave after surviving a meeting with a fast, intelligent Tyrannosaurus they nickname "Grumpy", who stalks Marshall for calling him stupid.  Marshall receives a telepathic message begging for help and finds himself in ancient ruins. The group encounters a race of lizard men called Sleestaks before meeting the one who sent Marshall the telepathic message, Enik the Altrusian. He explains that he was exiled by the evil Zarn who is attempting to take over Earth with his Sleestak minions, but Enik can prevent this if Marshall retrieves the tachyon amplifier.

text: The group stumble upon a desert where many things from across time end up and they encounter many Compsognathus, Dromaeosaurs, Grumpy, and a female Allosaurus. The Allosaurus and Grumpy battle it out over a previously killed ice-cream seller until they sense Marshall and chase him. Marshall kills the Allosaurus with liquid nitrogen and finds that the amplifier was eaten by the Allosaurus. The amplifier is then stolen by a Pteranodon and taken to its nest. The group arrives at the nest and Marshall lightly steps through the Pteranodon eggs to retrieve the amplifier, but when he reaches it, it stops broadcasting the soundtrack to Marshall's favorite musical A Chorus Line. When the eggs begin to hatch, Holly realizes that the music was acting as a sort of lullaby keeping the baby Pteranodons asleep. Marshall, Will and Holly belt out "I Hope I Get It", with Cha-ka inexplicably joining in, displaying an impressive singing voice.

text: Marshall, Will and Cha-ka celebrate their good fortune. Meanwhile, Holly pockets a dinosaur egg and learns from a recording left by the long-deceased Zarn that Enik deceived them and he is actually the one planning to invade Earth. But she is captured by the Sleestaks to be brought to the Library of Skulls for judgment. The others save her from being executed for helping Enik, but the villain—now possessing the amplifier, and mind-controlling the Sleestaks—leaves them to open a portal to Earth. Marshall pole vaults into Grumpy's mouth and after removing an intestinal blockage, befriends him. He joins the others to defeat the Sleestak army and confront Enik. After the crystal link between the Land of the Lost and Earth is shattered, Enik reveals the portal will close forever. Thinking fast, Marshall grabs Holly's crystal and inserts it into the port, knowing that the substitute crystal won't hold for long. Will chooses to stay behind to live a better life and to prevent Enik from following Marshall and Holly back to Earth, learning later that female Pakuni are very attractive.

text: A triumphant Marshall again appears on Today with the dinosaur egg Holly brought back to promote his new book Matt Lauer Can Suck It. The egg left behind on the Today set hatches a baby Sleestak, which hisses as the screen goes black.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Will Ferrell as Dr. Rick Marshall, a renowned paleontologist and author, determined to prove his theory on time warps, thus embarking on a time travel experiment.
Anna Friel as Holly Cantrell, Rick's biggest fan.
Danny McBride as Will Stanton, a gift shop owner who takes Holly and Rick to a tachyon rich cave.
Jorma Taccone as Cha-Ka
John Boylan as Enik who plans to invade and conquer Earth, and deceives Rick and the others into believing otherwise; he also controls the Sleestak.
Matt Lauer as Himself
Leonard Nimoy as voice of The Zarn
Douglas Tait as Sleestak

text: The original actors who played Holly and Will in the TV series, Kathy Coleman and Wesley Eure, filmed cameos for the film.[4] However, the final version of the film cut these scenes.[4] Bobb'e J. Thompson, Kiernan Shipka (uncredited), Dylan Sprayberry, and Sierra McCormick appeared in a cameo as Tar Pit Kids and Raymond Ochoa as an uncredited boy in a museum.[5]

text: Production[edit]

text: Production for the film began on March 4, 2008. Only one week's worth of filming was shot using a large-scale soundstage with green screen technology.[6] The rest of filming took place on location in places such as the Dumont Dunes in the Mojave Desert, the La Brea Tar Pits in Hancock Park, and Trona, California.[citation needed]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first trailer was shown during Super Bowl XLIII. Subway Restaurants, which paid to appear in the film and had cross promotions with (appearing on their cups), unveiled the second trailer exclusively on their website. JW Marriott Hotels and Pop Rocks also purchased rights to market with film tie-ins.[7] Syfy aired a marathon of the original series on Memorial Day in 2009 in coordination with the studio to have frequent film clips and an interview with Sid and Marty Krofft.[8] After the film's release, another marathon aired on Chiller on June 6. The majority of the first two seasons were also made available on Hulu. Ahead of the film's release, Universal also released the complete series on DVD; it had previously been released by Rhino Home Video. The entire series is also available via download from Xbox Live. Two different games were released online to promote the film. "Chakker" was available to play on the film's official Web site while "Crystal Adventure" was a free downloadable game for iPhones from Kewlbox. Both Subway and MapQuest hosted an online sweepstakes on their respective Web sites with various movie-related merchandise given away as prizes. Both sweepstakes ran from May 18 through June 7 of 2009. Ferrell also appeared on the season 4 premiere of Man vs. Wild, which aired June 2, 2009, to promote the film.

text: Music[edit]

text: The score to Land of the Lost was composed by Michael Giacchino, who recorded his score with an 88-piece ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony and a 35-person choir.[9] On May 10, it was also announced by Dave Mustaine on TheLiveLine that some music from Megadeth would appear in the film.[10] Whether this would be music from the new record was not entirely clear, however during the phone message Mustaine stated that there was new music playing in the background of the message. However parts of the song "The Right to Go Insane", from the 2009 album Endgame, can be heard near the end of the film. In the film, Rick Marshall sings the original Land of the Lost theme and two other tracks (Tracks 5 and 27) utilize parts of the theme as well., The musical A Chorus Line plays a part in the story, and Ferrell sings Cher's 1998 dance pop hit "Believe". Varèse Sarabande released the soundtrack album on June 9, 2009 (tracks 30-32 are bonus tracks).

text: Differences from original series[edit]

text: The film serves as a parody of the original TV series, similar to Starsky & Hutch and The Brady Bunch Movie.[citation needed] In the original series, the main characters were the father and two children. While the first names remain the same, the film converts the Holly character into an unrelated research assistant to allow for more risque humor because she is the main character's love interest.[11]  Will, instead of being a son, is an amusement park operator and survivalist.[12]  Rick Marshall is a paleontologist in the film, not a park ranger as in the original series. The film's budget also uses CGI special effects rather than the puppet and stop motion animation effects that defined the original series."[13]  While the original Saturday morning show targeted a child audience, the film was designed for a more adult audience and includes profanity, sex, and a drug reference, among other adult-oriented items.[14]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 26% based on 188 reviews, with an average rating of 4.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Only loosely based on the original TV series, Land of the Lost is decidedly less kid-friendly and feels more like a series of inconsistent sketches than a cohesive adventure comedy."[15] On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 32 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[16] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.[17]

text: The Wall Street Journal stated that it "isn't worth the celluloid it's printed on", Entertainment Weekly remarked that "it leaves you feeling splattered", the New York Daily News called it "a high-concept disaster", The Christian Science Monitor labeled it "resolutely uninspired", The Hollywood Reporter labeled it "lame", and The Miami Herald commented that "the whole thing feels at least three summers too stale." A few critics professed admiration for it, notably Roger Ebert who gave the film three stars out of four and wrote:

text:
“

The dinosaurs are so obviously not really there in shots where they menace humans that you could almost say their shots are about how they're not really there. Confronted with such effects, the actors make not the slightest effort to appear terrified, amazed or sometimes even mildly concerned. Some might consider that a weakness. I suspect it is more of a deliberate choice, and I say I enjoyed it.[18]

”

text: Empire magazine's Sam Toy put the film #8 on his best of the year list.[19] On February 1, 2010, the film led the 30th Golden Raspberry Awards with seven nominations (tied with Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) including Worst Picture, Worst Actor (Ferrell), Worst Director (Silberling), Worst Screenplay, Worst Supporting Actor (Taccone), Worst Screen Couple (Ferrell and any co-star, creature or "comic riff") and Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel. The film won the Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel award.[20] While at the Savannah Film Festival in 2011, Ron Meyer (president of Universal Pictures), said that "Land of the Lost was just crap. I mean, there was no excuse for it. The best intentions all went wrong."[21][22]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Award

Category

Nominee

Result

Golden Raspberry Award

Worst Actor

Will Ferrell

Nominated

Worst Screen Couple

Nominated

Any co-star, creature or "comic riff"

Nominated

Worst Director

Brad Silberling

Nominated

Worst Picture

Universal Pictures

Nominated

Worst Screenplay

Dennis McNicholas and Chris Henchy

Nominated

Worst Supporting Actor

Jorma Taccone

Nominated

Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel

Won

text: Box office[edit]

text: On its opening day of June 5, the film was a box office flop by grossing only $7.9 million. The film performed under expectations in its first weekend in theaters, its $19 million opening was far less than the expected $30 million. The film's box office results fell far behind that of the 2009 comedy The Hangover, which opened during the same weekend.[23][24] The film's opening weekend gross was about two-thirds what Universal reportedly expected to earn.[25] It made $69 million worldwide.[3] In 2014, the Los Angeles Times listed the film as one of the most expensive box office flops of all time.[26]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The DVD was released on October 13, 2009, with sales reaching $20,286,563 as of August 2011.[3]


document_title: Laissez-faire

question_text: who wrote the wealth of nations and claimed that a laissez-faire economic policy is the best

root

text: Laissez-faire

text: Etymology and usage[edit]

text: The term laissez faire likely originated in a meeting that took place around 1681 between powerful French Controller-General of Finances Jean-Baptiste Colbert and a group of French businessmen headed by M. Le Gendre. When the eager mercantilist minister asked how the French state could be of service to the merchants and help promote their commerce, Le Gendre replied simply "laissez-nous faire" ("leave it to us" or "let us do [it]", the French verb not having to take an object).[2]

tag: p

text: The anecdote on the Colbert–Le Gendre meeting appeared in a 1751 article in the Journal économique, written by French minister and champion of free trade René de Voyer, Marquis d'Argenson—also the first known appearance of the term in print.[3] Argenson himself had used the phrase earlier (1736) in his own diaries in a famous outburst:

text: Laissez faire, telle devrait être la devise de toute puissance publique, depuis que le monde est civilisé ... Détestable principe que celui de ne vouloir grandir que par l'abaissement de nos voisins ! Il n'y a que la méchanceté et la malignité du cœur de satisfaites dans ce principe, et l’intérêt y est opposé. Laissez faire, morbleu ! Laissez faire !![4]

text: "Let you do, which should be the motto of all public power, since the world was civilized ... (It is) a detestable principle of those that want to enlarge (themselves) but by the abasement of our neighbors. There is but the wicked and the malignant heart(s) (who are) satisfied by this principle and (its) interest is opposed. Let you do, alas".[5]

text: Vincent de Gournay, a French Physiocrat and intendant of commerce in the 1750s, popularized the term laissez faire as he allegedly adopted it from François Quesnay's writings on China.[6] Quesnay coined the phrases laissez-faire and laissez-passer,[7] laissez-faire being a translation of the Chinese term 無為 wu wei.[8] Gournay ardently supported the removal of restrictions on trade and the deregulation of industry in France. Delighted with the Colbert-Le Gendre anecdote,[9] he forged it into a larger maxim all his own: "Laissez faire et laissez passer" ("Let do and let pass"). His motto has also been identified as the longer "Laissez faire et laissez passer, le monde va de lui même!" ("Let do and let pass, the world goes on by itself!"). Although Gournay left no written tracts on his economic policy ideas, he had immense personal influence on his contemporaries, notably his fellow Physiocrats, who credit both the laissez-faire slogan and the doctrine to Gournay.[10]

text: Before d'Argenson or Gournay, P. S. de Boisguilbert had enunciated the phrase "on laisse faire la nature" ("let nature run its course").[11] D'Argenson himself during his life was better known for the similar, but less-celebrated motto "Pas trop gouverner" ("Govern not too much").[12] However, Gournay's use of the laissez-faire phrase (as popularized by the Physiocrats) gave it its cachet.[citation needed]

text: The Physiocrats proclaimed laissez-faire in eighteenth-century France, placing it at the very core of their economic principles and famous economists, beginning with Adam Smith, developed the idea.[13] "It is with the physiocrats and the classical political economy that the term "laissez faire" is ordinarily associated".[14] The book Laissez Faire and the General-Welfare State states:

text: The physiocrats, reacting against the excessive mercantilist regulations of the France of their day, expressed a belief in a "natural order" or liberty under which individuals in following their selfish interests contributed to the general good. Since, in their view, this natural order functioned successfully without the aid of government, they advised the state to restrict itself to upholding the rights of private property and individual liberty, to removing all artificial barriers to trade, and to abolishing all useless laws.[13]

text: In England, a number of "free trade" and "non-interference" slogans[which?] had been coined[by whom?] as early as the 17th century,[citation needed] but the French phrase laissez-faire gained currency in English-speaking countries with the spread of Physiocratic literature in the late 18th century. George Whatley's 1774 Principles of Trade (co-authored with Benjamin Franklin) re-told the Colbert-LeGendre anecdote—this may mark the first appearance of the phrase in an English-language publication.[15]

text: Herbert Spencer was opposed to a slightly different application of laissez faire—to "that miserable laissez-faire" that leads to men’s ruin:

text: Along with that miserable laissez-faire which calmly looks on while men ruin themselves in trying to enforce by law their equitable claims, there goes activity in supplying them, at other men's cost, with gratis novel-reading![16]

text: In Spencer's case, the right of private ownership was being assailed and it was that miserable spirit of laissez-faire in halls of legislation that exhausted men in the effort of protecting their right. So in effect, Spencer decried laissez-faire socialism.

text: Laissez-faire, a product of the Enlightenment, was "conceived as the way to unleash human potential through the restoration of a natural system, a system unhindered by the restrictions of government".[17] In a similar vein, Adam Smith[when?] viewed the economy as a natural system and the market as an organic part of that system. Smith saw laissez-faire as a moral program and the market its instrument to ensure men the rights of natural law.[17] By extension, free markets become a reflection of the natural system of liberty.[17] For Smith, laissez-faire was "a program for the abolition of laws constraining the market, a program for the restoration of order and for the activation of potential growth".[17]

text: However, Smith[18] and the notable classical economists, such as Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo, did not use the phrase. Jeremy Bentham used the term, but it was probably[original research?] James Mill's reference to the laissez-faire maxim (together with "pas trop gouverner") in an 1824 entry for the Encyclopædia Britannica that really brought the term into wider English usage. With the advent of the Anti-Corn Law League (founded 1838), the term received much of its English meaning.[19][need quotation to verify]

text: Smith first used the metaphor of an "invisible hand" in his book The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) to describe the unintentional effects of economic self-organization from economic self-interest.[20] The idea lying behind the "invisible hand", though not the metaphor itself, belongs to Bernard de Mandeville and his Fable of the Bees (1705). In political economy, that idea and the doctrine of laissez-faire have long been[by whom?] closely related.[21] Some have characterized the invisible-hand metaphor as one for laissez-faire,[22] though Smith never actually used the term himself.[18]

text: In Third Millennium Capitalism (2000), Wyatt M. Rogers, Jr. notes a trend whereby recently "conservative politicians and economists have chosen the term 'free-market capitalism' in lieu of laissez-faire".[23]

text: Fundamentals[edit]

text: Being a system of thought, laissez-faire rests on the following axioms:[17]

text:
The individual is the basic unit in society.
The individual has a natural right to freedom.
The physical order of nature is a harmonious and self-regulating system.
Corporations are creatures of the State and therefore must be watched closely by the citizenry due to their propensity to disrupt the Smithian spontaneous order.[24]

tag: ol

text: These axioms constitute the basic elements of laissez-faire thought, although another basic and often-disregarded element is that markets should be competitive, a rule that the early advocates of laissez-faire have always emphasized.[17] To maximize freedom and allow markets to self-regulate, early advocates of laissez-faire proposed a impôt unique, a tax on land rent to replace all taxes that damage welfare by penalizing production.[25]

text: History of laissez-faire debate[edit]

text: Europe[edit]

text: In Europe, the laissez-faire movement was first widely promoted by the Physiocrats, a movement that originated with Vincent de Gournay, a successful merchant. Gournay adopted the concept, which is the translation of Chinese philosophy wu wei,[26] from François Quesnay's writings on China.[8] Gournay held that the government should allow the laws of nature to govern economic activity, with the state only intervening to protect life, liberty and property. His ideas were taken up by François Quesnay and Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de l'Aulne. Quesnay had the ear of the King of France, Louis XV and in 1754 persuaded him to give laissez-faire a try. On September 17, the King abolished all tolls and restraints on the sale and transport of grain and for more than a decade the experiment was a success, but then in 1768 there was a poor harvest, and the cost of bread rose so high that there was widespread starvation while merchants exported grain in order to obtain the best profit. In 1770, the edict allowing free trade was revoked.[27]

text: The doctrine of laissez-faire became an integral part of nineteenth-century European liberalism.[13] Just as liberals supported freedom of thought in the intellectual sphere, so were they equally prepared to champion the principles of free trade and free competition in the sphere of economics. The state was to be merely a passive policeman, protecting private property and administering justice, but not interfering with the affairs of its citizens. Businessmen and particularly British industrialists were quick to associate these principles with their own economic interests.[13] Many of the ideas of the physiocrats spread throughout Europe and were adopted to a greater or lesser extent in Sweden, Tuscany, Spain and after 1776 in the newly created United States. Adam Smith, author of The Wealth of Nations, met Quesnay and acknowledged his influence.[28]

text: In Britain, the newspaper The Economist was founded in 1843 and became an influential voice for laissez-faire capitalism.[29] Laissez-faire advocates opposed food aid for famines occurring within the British Empire. In 1847, referring to the famine then underway in Ireland, founder of The Economist James Wilson wrote: "It is no man's business to provide for another".[30] However, The Economist campaigned against the Corn Laws that protected landlords in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland against competition from less expensive foreign imports of cereal products. The Great Famine in Ireland in 1845 led to the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. The tariffs on grain which kept the price of bread artificially high were repealed.[31] However, repeal of the Corn Laws came too late to stop Irish famine, partly because it was done in stages over three years.[32]

text: A group calling itself the Manchester Liberals, to which Richard Cobden and Richard Wright belonged, were staunch defenders of free trade and their work was carried on, after the death of Richard Cobden in 1866, by The Cobden Club.[33] In 1860, a trade treaty was signed between Britain and France, after which several of these treaties were signed among other European countries.[citation needed] The breakdown of the laissez-faire practised by the British Empire was partly led by British companies eager for state support of their positions abroad, in particular British oil companies.[34]

text: United States[edit]

text: Frank Bourgin's study of the Constitutional Convention and subsequent decades argues that direct government involvement in the economy was intended by the Founders.[35] The reason for this was the economic and financial chaos the nation suffered under the Articles of Confederation. The goal was to ensure that dearly-won political independence was not lost by being economically and financially dependent on the powers and princes of Europe. The creation of a strong central government able to promote science, invention, industry and commerce was seen as an essential means of promoting the general welfare and making the economy of the United States strong enough for them to determine their own destiny. One later result of this intent was the adoption of Richard Farrington's new plan (worked out with his co-worker John Jefferson) to incorporate new changes during the New Deal. Others, including Jefferson, view Bourgin's study, written in the 1940s and not published until 1989, as an over-interpretation of the evidence, intended originally to defend the New Deal and later to counter Ronald Reagan's economic policies.[36]

text: Historian Kathleen G. Donohue argues that classical liberalism in the United States in the 19th century had distinctive characteristics and that "at the center of classical liberal theory [in Europe] was the idea of laissez-faire. To the vast majority of American classical liberals, however, laissez-faire did not mean no government intervention at all. On the contrary, they were more than willing to see government provide tariffs, railroad subsidies, and internal improvements, all of which benefited producers".

text: Notable examples of government intervention in the period prior to the Civil War include the establishment of the Patent Office in 1802; the establishment of the Office of Standard Weights and Measures in 1830; the creation of the Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1807 and other measures to improve river and harbor navigation; the various Army expeditions to the west, beginning with Lewis and Clark's Corps of Discovery in 1804 and continuing into the 1870s, almost always under the direction of an officer from the Army Corps of Topographical Engineers and which provided crucial information for the overland pioneers that followed; the assignment of Army Engineer officers to assist or direct the surveying and construction of the early railroads and canals; and the establishment of the First Bank of the United States and Second Bank of the United States as well as various protectionist measures (e.g. the tariff of 1828). Several of these proposals met with serious opposition and required a great deal of horse-trading to be enacted into law. For instance, the First National Bank would not have reached the desk of President George Washington in the absence of an agreement that was reached between Alexander Hamilton and several Southern members of Congress to locate the capitol in the District of Columbia. In contrast to Hamilton and the Federalists was Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's opposing political party, the Democratic-Republicans.

text: Most of the early opponents of laissez-faire capitalism in the United States subscribed to the American School. This school of thought was inspired by the ideas of Hamilton, who proposed the creation of a government-sponsored bank and increased tariffs to favor Northern industrial interests. Following Hamilton's death, the more abiding protectionist influence in the antebellum period came from Henry Clay and his American System.

text: In the early 19th century, "it is quite clear that the laissez-faire label is an inappropriate one" to apply to the relationship between the United States government and industry.[37] In the mid-19th century, the United States followed the Whig tradition of economic nationalism, which included increased state control, regulation and macroeconomic development of infrastructure.[38] Public works such as the provision and regulation transportation such as railroads took effect. The Pacific Railway Acts provided the development of the First Transcontinental Railroad.[38] In order to help pay for its war effort in the American Civil War, the United States government imposed its first personal income tax on August 5, 1861 as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 (3% of all incomes over US $800; rescinded in 1872).

text: Following the Civil War, the movement towards a mixed economy accelerated. Protectionism increased with the McKinley Tariff of 1890 and the Dingley Tariff of 1897. Government regulation of the economy expanded with the enactment of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 and the Sherman Anti-trust Act.

text: The Progressive Era saw the enactment of more controls on the economy as evidenced by the Woodrow Wilson administration's New Freedom program.

text: Following World War I and the Great Depression, the United States turned to a mixed economy which combined free enterprise with a progressive income tax and in which from time to time the government stepped in to support and protect American industry from competition from overseas. For example, in the 1980s the government sought to protect the automobile industry by "voluntary" export restrictions from Japan.[39] Pietro S. Nivola wrote in 1986:

text: By and large, the comparative strength of the dollar against major foreign currencies has reflected high U.S. interest rates driven by huge federal budget deficits. Hence, the source of much of the current deterioration of trade is not the general state of the economy, but rather the government's mix of fiscal and monetary policies – that is, the problematic juxtaposition of bold tax reductions, relatively tight monetary targets, generous military outlays, and only modest cuts in major entitlement programs. Put simply, the roots of the trade problem and of the resurgent protectionism it has fomented are fundamentally political as well as economic.[40]

text: A more recent advocate of total laissez-faire has been Objectivist Ayn Rand, who described it as "the abolition of any and all forms of government intervention in production and trade, the separation of State and Economics, in the same way and for the same reasons as the separation of Church and State".[41] This viewpoint is summed up in what is known as the "Iron Law of Regulation", which states that all government economic regulation eventually leads to a net loss in social welfare.[42]

text: Raw capitalism[edit]

text: A closely related conception is that of raw/pure capitalism or unrestrained capitalism that refers to capitalism free of social regulations,[43] with low, minimal[44] or no government and operating almost entirely on the profit motive. Other than laissez-faire economics and anarcho-capitalism it is not associated with a school of thought and typically has a bad connotation which hints towards a perceived need for restraint due to social needs and securities that can not be adequately responded to by companies with just a motive for making profit.

text: Robert Kuttner states that "for over a century, popular struggles in the democracies have used the nation-state to temper raw capitalism. The power of voters has offset the power of capital. But as national barriers have come down in the name of freer commerce, so has the capacity of governments to manage capitalism in a broad public interest. So the real issue is not 'trade' but democratic governance".[45]

text: The main issues of raw capitalism are said to lie in its disregard for quality, durability, sustainability, respect for the environment and human beings as well as a lack of morality.[46] From this more critical angle, companies might (naturally) aim to "maximise profits" at the expense of workers' and broader social interests.[47]

text: Raw/hyper-capitalism is a prime motive of cyberpunk in dystopian works such as Syndicate.[48][49][additional citation(s) needed]

text: Critiques[edit]

text: Over the years, a number of economists have offered critiques of laissez-faire economics.

text: Adam Smith acknowledged deep moral ambiguities towards the system of capitalism.[50] Smith had severe misgivings concerning some aspects of each of the major character-types produced by modern capitalist society: the landlords, the workers and the capitalists.[50] Smith claimed "[t]he landlords' role in the economic process is passive. Their ability to reap a revenue solely from ownership of land tends to make them indolent and inept, and so they tend to be unable to even look after their own economic interests"[50] and that "[t]he increase in population should increase the demand for food, which should increase rents, which should be economically beneficial to the landlords". According to Smith, the landlords should thus be in favour of policies which contribute to the growth in the wealth of nations. Unfortunately, they often are not in favour of these pro-growth policies because of their own indolent-induced ignorance and intellectual flabbiness.[50]

text: The British economist John Maynard Keynes condemned laissez-faire economic policy on several occasions.[51] In The End of Laissez-faire (1926), one of the most famous of his critiques, Keynes argues that the doctrines of laissez-faire are dependent to some extent on improper deductive reasoning and Keynes says the question of whether a market solution or state intervention is better must be determined on a case-by-case basis.[52]

text: Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek stated that a freely competitive, laissez-faire banking industry tends to be endogenously destabilizing and pro-cyclical. He stated that the need for central banking control was inescapable.[53]


document_title: Manchester Arena bombing

question_text: where did the bomb go off in manchester arena

text: Manchester Arena bombing

text: Attack[edit]

text: On 22 May 2017 at 22:31 BST (UTC+01:00),[3] a suicide bomber detonated an improvised explosive device, packed with nuts and bolts to act as shrapnel, in the foyer area of the Manchester Arena. The attack took place after an Ariana Grande concert that was part of her 2017 Dangerous Woman Tour.[4][5] 14,200 people attended the concert.[6] Many exiting concert-goers and waiting parents were in the foyer at the time of the explosion. According to evidence presented at the coroner's inquest, the detonation of the bomb killed people who were up to 20 metres away.[7]

text: Greater Manchester Police declared the incident a terrorist attack and suicide bombing. It was the deadliest attack in the United Kingdom since the 7 July 2005 London bombings.[8]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: About three hours after the bombing, police conducted a controlled explosion on a suspicious item of clothing in Cathedral Gardens. This was later confirmed to have been abandoned clothing and not dangerous.[9][10]

text: Residents and taxi companies in Manchester offered free transport or accommodation via Twitter to those left stranded at the concert.[11] Parents of children attending the concert were separated in the aftermath of the explosion. A nearby hotel served as a shelter for children displaced by the bombing, with officials directing their parents there.[12] Manchester's Sikh temples (gurdwaras) along with local homeowners, hotels and venues offered shelter to victims of the attack.[13]

text: Manchester Victoria railway station, which is partly underneath the arena, was evacuated and closed, and services were cancelled.[4][14] The explosion caused structural damage to the station, which remained closed until the damage had been assessed and repaired, resulting in significant disruption to train and tram services.[15] The station reopened to traffic on 30 May 2017, following the completion of police investigation work and repairs to the fabric of the building.[16]

text: After a COBRA meeting with Greater Manchester's Chief Constable, Ian Hopkins, on 23 May, Prime Minister Theresa May announced that the UK's terror threat level[17] was raised to "critical", its highest level.[18] The threat level remained critical until 27 May, when it was reduced to its previous level of severe.[19] In the aftermath of the attack Operation Temperer was activated for the first time, allowing up to 5,000 soldiers to reinforce armed police in protecting parts of the country.[20][21][22] Tours of the Houses of Parliament and the Changing of the Guard ceremony at Buckingham Palace were cancelled on 24 May, and troops were deployed to guard government buildings in London.[23]

text: On 23 May, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, via the Nashir Telegram channel, claimed the attack was carried out by "a soldier of the Khilafah". The message called the attack "an endeavor to terrorize the mushrikin, and in response to their transgressions against the lands of the Muslims."[24][25][26] Abedi's sister speculated that he was motivated by revenge for Muslim children killed by American airstrikes in Syria.[27][28]

text: On 14 June, it was confirmed that the arena would remain closed until September, with scheduled concerts either cancelled or moved to other venues.[29] On 16 August 2017, it was announced that Manchester Arena would reopen on 9 September, with a benefit concert featuring Noel Gallagher and other acts associated with the North West.[30]

text: On 24 January 2018, Prime Minister Theresa May announced that Manchester would receive an extra £13m from the government for most of the costs incurred because of the attack.[31]

text: On 30 January 2018, Chris Parker, a homeless man who stole from victims of the attack, was jailed for four years and three months.[32]

text: Casualties[edit]

text: The blast killed the attacker and 22 concert-goers and parents who were in the entrance waiting to pick up their children following the show; 119 people were initially reported as injured.[33][34] This number was revised by police to 250 on 22 June, with the addition of severe psychological trauma and minor injuries.[35] In October the number of injured was revised to 512.[1] The dead included ten people aged under 20; the youngest victim was an eight-year-old girl and the oldest was a 51-year-old woman.[34] Of the 22 people who died, twenty were Britons and two were British-based Polish nationals.[36]

text: North West Ambulance Service reported that 60 of its ambulances attended the scene, carried 59 people to local hospitals, and treated a number of walking wounded on site.[37] Of those hospitalised, 12 were children under the age of 16.[33]

text: The first doctor thought to have been on scene was an off-duty Consultant Anesthetist, Dr Michael Daley.[38] In recognition of his bravery for the role he played in the immediate medical response to the incident, Daley's name was entered into the British Medical Association Book of Valour in June 2017.[39]

text: Attacker[edit]

text: The bomber, Salman Ramadan Abedi, was a 22-year-old British Sunni Muslim of Libyan ancestry.[40][41] He was born in Manchester on 31 December 1994 to a Salafi[42] family of Libyan-born refugees who had settled in south Manchester after fleeing to the UK to escape the government of Muammar Gaddafi. He had two brothers and a sister.[43][44] He grew up in the Whalley Range area and lived in Fallowfield.[45] According to The Times, Abedi had been among a group of students who had accused a teacher of Islamophobia for criticising suicide bombing.[46][47] Some neighbours described the Abedi family as very traditional and "super religious".[48] However, according to an acquaintance, Abedi was "outgoing" and consumed alcohol until 2012,[49] while another said that Abedi was a "regular kid who went out and drank" until about 2016.[50] Abedi was also known to have taken drugs, particularly cannabis.[43][49] Abedi, his elder brother,[51] and, prior to 2011, his father attended Didsbury Mosque.[45][52][53] An imam at the mosque recalled that Abedi looked at him "with hate" after he preached against ISIS and Ansar al-Sharia in 2015.[54]

text: Abedi's parents, both born in Tripoli, returned to Libya in 2011 following the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi,[45] while Abedi stayed in the United Kingdom. Abedi attended Burnage Academy for Boys in Manchester between 2009 and 2011, before going to The Manchester College until 2013 and then in 2014 enrolled at the University of Salford, where he studied business management. Abedi later dropped out to work in a bakery.[43] Manchester police believe Abedi used student loans to finance the plot, including travel overseas to learn bomb-making.[55] The Guardian reported he may have received loan funding as recently as April.[56]

text: He was known to British security services and police but was not regarded as a high risk, having been linked to petty crime but never flagged up for radical views.[52][57] A community worker told the BBC he had called a hotline five years before the bombing to warn police about Abedi's views and members of Britain's Libyan diaspora said they had "warned authorities for years" about Manchester's Islamist radicalisation.[58][59] Abedi was allegedly reported to authorities for his extremism by as many as five community leaders and family members and had been banned from a mosque;[60][61][62] the Chief Constable of Greater Manchester, though, said Abedi was not known to the "Prevent" anti-radicalisation programme.[63] On 29 May, MI5 launched an internal inquiry into its handling of the warnings it had received about Abedi and a second, "more in depth" inquiry, into how it missed the danger.[64][65][66]

text: According to a retired European intelligence officer, Abedi was in contact with members of the ISIS Battar brigade in Sabratha, Libya.[67] Greater Manchester police said that Abedi made "core purchases" for the construction of the bomb in the four days between his return from Libya and the attack, apparently constructing the bomb by himself.[68]

text: Investigation[edit]

text: The property in Fallowfield where Abedi lived was raided on 23 May. Armed police breached the house with a controlled explosion and searched it. Abedi's 23-year-old brother was arrested in Chorlton-cum-Hardy in south Manchester in relation to the attack.[69][70] Police carried out raids in two other areas of south Manchester and another address in the Whalley Range area.[70] Three other men were arrested, and police initially spoke of a network supporting the bomber,[58] although police later announced that Abedi had sourced all the bomb components himself, and they now believed he had largely acted alone.[71] On 6 July, police said that they believed others had been aware of Abedi's plans.[72]

text: According to German police sources, Abedi transited through Düsseldorf Airport on his way home to Manchester from Istanbul four days before the bombing.[73] French interior minister Gérard Collomb said in an interview with BFM TV that Abedi may have been to Syria, and had "proven" links with ISIS.[74] Abedi's younger brother and father were arrested by Libyan security forces on 23 and 24 May respectively.[75] The brother was suspected of planning an attack in Libya, and was said to be in regular touch with Salman, and aware of the plan to bomb the Manchester Arena,[76] but not the date.[77] According to a Libyan official, the brothers spoke on the phone about 15 minutes before the attack was carried out.[78] On 1 November 2017, the UK formally requested Libya to extradite the bomber's younger brother, Hashem Abedi to return to the UK to face trial for complicity in the murder of the 22 people killed in the explosion.[79]

text: Photographs of the remains of the IED published by The New York Times indicated that it had comprised an explosive charge inside a lightweight metal container which was carried within a black vest or a blue Karrimor backpack. Most of the fatalities occurred in a ring around the bomber. His torso was propelled by the blast through the doors to the arena, possibly indicating that the explosive charge was held in the backpack and blew him forward on detonation. A small device thought to have possibly been a hand-held detonator was also found.[80] US Congressman Michael McCaul, chairman of the House Homeland Security Committee, indicated that the bomb contained the explosive TATP, which has been used in previous bombings.[81] According to Manchester police, the explosive device used by Abedi was the design of a skilled bomb-maker and had a back-up means of detonation.[82] Police also said Salman Abedi "bought most of Manchester bomb components himself" and that he was alone during much of the time before carrying out the Manchester bombing.[79][83]

text: On 28 May, police released images showing Abedi on the night of the bombing, taken from CCTV footage.[84] Further images showed Abedi walking around Manchester with a blue suitcase.[85]

text: According to US intelligence sources, Abedi was identified by the bank card that he had with him and the identification confirmed using facial recognition technology.[86]

text: A total of 22 people were arrested in connection with the attack, but had all been released without charge by 11 June following the police's conclusion that Abedi was likely to have acted alone, even though others may have been aware of his plans.[87]

text: News leaks[edit]

text: Within hours of the attack, Abedi's name and other information given confidentially to security services in the United States and France were leaked to the news media, leading to condemnation from Home Secretary Amber Rudd.[88][89] Following the publication of crime scene photographs of the backpack bomb used in the attack in the 24 May edition of The New York Times, UK counterterrorism police chiefs said the release of the material was detrimental to the investigation.[90]

text: On 25 May, Greater Manchester Police said it had stopped sharing information on the attack with the US intelligence services. The Prime Minister, Theresa May, said she would make clear to President Trump that "intelligence that has been shared must be made secure."[91] Trump described the leaks to the news media as "deeply troubling", and pledged to carry out a full investigation.[92] British officials blamed the leaks on "the breakdown of normal discipline at the White House and in the US security services".[93] New York Times editor Dean Baquet declined to apologise for publishing the backpack bomb photographs, saying "We live in different press worlds" and that the material was not classified at the highest level.[94]

text: On 26 May, US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said the United States government accepted full responsibility for the leaks.[95]

text: Reactions[edit]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The Prime Minister, Theresa May, condemned the bombing,[96] and in a later statement following the June 2017 London attack, she stated that these attacks along with the 2017 Westminster attack were "bound together by the single evil ideology of Islamist extremism" and said this extremism was "a perversion of Islam".[2] Queen Elizabeth II expressed her sympathy to the families of the victims.[97] Campaigning for the general election was suspended by all political parties for two days after the attack.[98][99] The Mayor of Greater Manchester, Andy Burnham, called the attack "evil"[100] and announced a vigil in Albert Square the following evening,[101] which thousands attended.[102][103] The Muslim Council of Britain also condemned the attack.[104]

text: On 25 May 2017, a national minute's silence was observed to remember the victims.[105]

text: Police reported a 500% increase in anti-Muslim hate crimes in the Greater Manchester area in the month following the attack.[106]

text: International[edit]

text: Condolences were expressed by the leaders and governments of dozens of countries,[107] United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres,[108] Commonwealth Secretary-General Patricia Scotland,[109] President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker,[110] Pope Francis,[111] and Secretary General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Yousef Al-Othaimeen.[112]

text: Ariana Grande posted on her official Twitter account: "broken. from the bottom of my heart, i am so so sorry. i don't have words. [sic]"[113] The tweet briefly became the most-liked tweet in history.[114] Grande subsequently suspended her tour and flew back to her mother's home in Florida.[115][116]

text: On 9 July 2017, a performance to benefit the Manchester bombing victims was held in New York City's The Cutting Room, called "Break Free: United for Manchester", with Broadway theatre and television performers interpreting Ariana Grande songs.[117]

text: One Love Manchester[edit]

text: On 4 June, Ariana Grande hosted a benefit concert in Manchester, entitled "One Love Manchester" at Old Trafford Cricket Ground that was broadcast live on television, radio and social media. At the concert, Grande performed along with several other high profile artists. Free tickets were offered to those who had attended the show on 22 May.[118] The benefit concert and associated Red Cross fund, raised £10 million for victims of the attack.[119][120] New York Magazine's Vulture section ranked the event as the No. 1 concert of 2017.[121]


document_title: List of NFL quarterbacks with 5,000 passing yards in a season

question_text: who has the most 5000 yard passing seasons

text:
NFL lists

Current season[show]

2017 season

Quarterbacks[show]

Starting quarterbacks
by touchdowns / touchdowns (playoffs) /
yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion / wins

by team
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ

BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT

HOU
IND
JAX
TEN

DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS

CHI
DET
GB
MIN

ATL
CAR
NO
TB

ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

Most wins
Playoff records

Most consecutive starts

Most consecutive games
with touchdown pass

Win–loss records 2012

Running backs[show]

Career rushing attempts leaders
Career rushing yards leaders
Career rushing touchdowns leaders
Annual rushing yards leaders
Annual rushing touchdowns leaders
2,000-yard club
1,000-yard duos

Receivers[show]

Career receptions leaders
Career receiving yards leaders
Career receiving touchdowns leaders
Annual receptions leaders
Annual receiving yards leaders
Annual receiving touchdowns leaders

Defense[show]

Career sacks leaders
Annual sacks leaders
Career interceptions leaders
Annual interceptions leaders

Special teams[show]

Longest field goals
Career field goals leaders
Career punting yards leaders
Career punt return yards leaders
Career kickoff return yards leaders
Annual field goals leaders
Annual punting yards leaders
Annual punt return yards leaders
Annual kickoff return yards leaders

Other lists[show]

Most consecutive starts
(and games played)

Career all-purpose yards leaders
Career scoring leaders

Brett Favre's
career achievements

Peyton Manning's
career achievements

v
t
e

tag: table

text: Passing for 5,000 yards in a single regular season is a rare achievement in the National Football League (NFL). Dan Marino was the first player to reach the 5,000 mark when he set an NFL record with 5,084 yards passing in 1984.[1] Marino's record remained intact for over a decade after his retirement in 1999.[2] Peyton Manning currently holds the record with 5,477 passing yards in 2013. Drew Brees is the only NFL quarterback to reach 5,000 yards more than once, having done so five times.[3]

text: NFL players with 5,000 passing yards in a season[edit]

text:
Quarterback
Team
Passing yards
Season
Date
Notes

Dan Marino[4]
Miami Dolphins
5,084
1984
000000001984-12-17-0000December 17, 1984
1st in NFL history, 1984 MVP & Offensive Player of the Year

Drew Brees[5]
New Orleans Saints
5,069
2008
000000002008-12-28-0000December 28, 2008
2008 Offensive Player of the Year

Drew Brees
New Orleans Saints
5,476
2011
000000002011-12-26-0000December 26, 2011
2nd 5,000-yard season, 2011 Offensive Player of the Year

Tom Brady[6]
New England Patriots
5,235
2011
000000002012-01-01-0000January 1, 2012

Matthew Stafford[7]
Detroit Lions
5,038
2011
000000002012-01-01-0000January 1, 2012
2011 Comeback Player of the Year

Drew Brees
New Orleans Saints
5,177
2012
000000002012-12-30-0000December 30, 2012
3rd 5,000-yard season, 2nd consecutive

Peyton Manning
Denver Broncos
5,477
2013
000000002013-12-29-0000December 29, 2013
NFL record, 2013 MVP & Offensive Player of the Year

Drew Brees
New Orleans Saints
5,162
2013
000000002013-12-29-0000December 29, 2013
4th 5,000-yard season, 3rd consecutive

Drew Brees
New Orleans Saints
5,208
2016
000000002017-01-01-0000January 1, 2017
5th 5,000-yard season

text: 4,000 passing yards in a season[edit]

text: 4,000 yards passing in a season was once considered a very rare feat but has lost a bit of significance over the years. During the 14 game era, only Joe Namath passed for over 4,000 yards in a season with 4,007 yards passing in the 1967 AFL season. During the 1980s and 1990s, 4,000 yards became the standard for the league leaders in the NFL. Over the last decade, 4,000 yards has become almost commonplace in the NFL. In the 2012 season, eleven quarterbacks passed for over 4,000 yards.[8] Peyton Manning has had the most 4,000 yard seasons (14).[9]


document_title: List of physical quantities

question_text: basic s i units of any five physical quantities

text: List of physical quantities

text: This is a list of physical quantities

text: The first table lists the base quantities used in the International System of Units to define the physical dimension of physical quantities for dimensional analysis. The second table lists the derived physical quantities. Derived quantities can be mentioned in terms of the base quantities.

text: Note that neither the names nor the symbols used for the physical quantities are international standards. Some quantities are known as several different names such as the magnetic B-field which known as the magnetic flux density, the magnetic induction or simply as the magnetic field depending on the context. Similarly, surface tension can be denoted by either σ, γ or T. The table usually lists only one name and symbol.

text: The final column lists some special properties that some of the quantities have, such as their scaling behavior (i.e. whether the quantity is intensive or extensive), their transformation properties (i.e. whether the quantity is a scalar, vector or tensor) or whether the quantity is conserved.

text:
Base quantity
Symbol
Description
SI base unit
Dimension
Comments

Length
l
The one-dimensional extent of an object
metre (m)
L

Mass
m
A measure of resistance to acceleration
kilogram (kg)
M
extensive, scalar

Time
t
The duration of an event
second (s)
T
scalar

Electric current
I
Rate of flow of electrical charge per unit time
ampere (A)
I

Temperature
T
Average kinetic energy per degree of freedom of a system
kelvin (K)
Θ
intensive, scalar

Amount of substance
mol
Number of particles compared to the number of atoms in 0.012 kg of 12C
mole (mol)
N
extensive, scalar

Luminous intensity
L
Wavelength-weighted power of emitted light per unit solid angle
candela (cd)
J
scalar

text:
Derived quantity
Symbol
Description
SI derived unit
Dimension
Comments

Absement
A
Measure of sustained displacement: the first integral of displacement
m s
L T
vector

Absorbed dose rate

Absorbed dose received per unit of time
Gy s−1
L2 T−3

Acceleration
a→
Change of the speed or velocity per unit time
m s−2
L T−2
vector

Angular acceleration
α
Change in angular speed or velocity per unit time
rad s−2
T−2

Angular momentum
L
Measure of the extent and direction an object rotates about a reference point
kg m2 s−1
M L2 T−1
conserved quantity, pseudovector

Angular speed (or angular velocity)
ω
The angle incremented in a plane by a segment connecting an object and a reference point per unit time
rad s−1
T−1
scalar or pseudovector

Area
A
Extent of a surface
m2
L2
scalar

Area density
ρA
Mass per unit area
kg m−2
M L−2

Capacitance
C
Stored charge per unit electric potential
farad (F = A2 s4 kg−1 m−2)
M−1 L−2 T4 I2
scalar

Catalytic activity

Change in reaction rate due to presence of a catalyst
katal (kat = mol s−1)
T−1 N

Catalytic activity concentration

Change in reaction rate due to presence of a catalyst per unit volume of the system
kat m−3
L−3 T−1 N

Chemical potential
μ
Energy per unit change in amount of substance
J mol−1
M L2 T−2 N−1
intensive

Crackle
c→
Change of jounce per unit time: the fifth time derivative of position
m s−5
L T−5
vector

Current density
J →
Electric current per unit cross-section area
A m−2
L−2 I
vector

Dose equivalent
H
Received radiation adjusted for the effect on biological tissue
sievert (Sv = m2 s−2)
L2 T−2

Dynamic viscosity
η
Measure for the resistance of an incompressible fluid to stress
Pa s
M L−1 T−1

Electric charge
Q
The force per unit electric field strength
coulomb (C = A s)
T I
extensive, conserved quantity

Electric charge density
ρQ
Electric charge per unit volume
C m−3
L−3 T I
intensive

Electric displacement
D
Strength of the electric displacement
C m−2
L−2 T I
vector field

Electric field strength
E→
Strength of the electric field
V m−1
M L T−3 I−1
vector field

Electrical conductance
G
Measure for how easily current flows through a material
siemens (S = A2 s3 kg−1 m−2)
M−1 L−2 T3 I2
scalar

Electrical conductivity
σ
Measure of a material's ability to conduct an electric current
S m−1
M−1 L−3 T3 I2
scalar

Electric potential
V
Energy required to move a unit charge through an electric field from a reference point
volt (V = kg m2 A−1 s−3)
M L2 T−3 I−1
extensive, scalar

Electrical resistance
R
Electric potential per unit electric current
ohm (Ω = kg m2 A−2 s−3)
M L2 T−3 I−2
extensive, scalar, assumes linearity

Electrical resistivity
ρ
Bulk property equivalent of electrical resistance
ohm metre (Ω⋅m = kg m3 A−2 s−3)
M L3 T−3 I−2
intensive, scalar

Energy
E
Capacity of a body or system to do work
joule (J = kg m2 s−2)
M L2 T−2
extensive, scalar, conserved quantity

Energy density
ρE
Energy per unit volume
J m−3
M L−1 T−2
intensive

Entropy
S
Logarithmic measure of the number of available states of a system
J K−1
M L2 T−2 Θ−1
extensive, scalar

Force
F→
Transfer of momentum per unit time
newton (N = kg m s−2)
M L T−2
extensive, vector

Frequency
f
Number of (periodic) occurrences per unit time
hertz (Hz = s−1)
T−1
scalar

Fuel efficiency

Distance traveled per unit volume of fuel

L−2
scalar

Half-life
t1/2
Time for a quantity to decay to half its initial value
s
T

Heat
Q
Thermal energy
joule (J)
M L2 T−2

Heat capacity
Cp
Energy per unit temperature change
J K−1
M L2 T−2 Θ−1
extensive

Heat flux density
ϕQ
Heat flow per unit time per unit surface area
W m−2
M T−3

Illuminance
Ev
Luminous flux per unit surface area
lux (lx = cd sr m−2)
L−2 J

Impedance
Z
Resistance to an alternating current of a given frequency, including effect on phase
ohm (Ω = kg m2 A−2 s−3)
M L2 T−3 I−2
complex scalar

Impulse
p→
Transferred momentum
newton second (N⋅s = kg m s−1)
M L T−1
vector

Inductance
L
Magnetic flux generated per unit current through a circuit
henry (H = kg m2 A−2 s−2)
M L2 T−2 I−2
scalar

Irradiance
E
Electromagnetic radiation power per unit surface area
W m−2
M T−3

Intensity
I
Power per unit cross sectional area
W m−2
M T−3

Jerk
j→
Change of acceleration per unit time: the third time derivative of position
m s−3
L T−3
vector

Jounce (or snap)
s→
Change of jerk per unit time: the fourth time derivative of position
m s−4
L T−4
vector

Linear density
ρl
Mass per unit length

M L−1

Luminous flux (or luminous power)
F
Perceived power of a light source
lumen (lm = cd sr)
J

Mach number (or mach)
M
Ratio of flow velocity to the local speed of sound
unitless
1

Magnetic field strength
H
Strength of a magnetic field
A m−1
L−1 I
vector field

Magnetic flux
Φ
Measure of magnetism, taking account of the strength and the extent of a magnetic field
weber (Wb = kg m2 A−1 s−2)
M L2 T−2 I−1
scalar

Magnetic flux density
B
Measure for the strength of the magnetic field
tesla (T = kg A−1 s−2)
M T−2 I−1
pseudovector field

Magnetization
M
Amount of magnetic moment per unit volume
A m−1
L−1 I
vector field

Mass fraction
x
Mass of a substance as a fraction of the total mass
kg/kg
1
intensive

(Mass) Density (or volume density)
ρ
Mass per unit volume
kg m−3
M L−3
intensive

Mean lifetime
τ
Average time for a particle of a substance to decay
s
T
intensive

Molar concentration
C
Amount of substance per unit volume
mol m−3
L−3 N
intensive

Molar energy

Amount of energy present in a system per unit amount of substance
J mol−1
M L2 T−2 N−1
intensive

Molar entropy

Entropy per unit amount of substance
J K−1 mol−1
M L2 T−2 Θ−1 N−1
intensive

Molar heat capacity
c
Heat capacity of a material per unit amount of substance
J K−1 mol−1
M L2 T−2 N−1
intensive

Moment of inertia
I
Inertia of an object with respect to angular acceleration
kg m2
M L2
tensor, scalar

Momentum
p→
Product of an object's mass and velocity
N s
M L T−1
vector, extensive

Permeability
μ
Measure for how the magnetization of material is affected by the application of an external magnetic field
H m−1
M L T−2 I−2
intensive

Permittivity
ε
Measure for how the polarization of a material is affected by the application of an external electric field
F m−1
M−1 L−3 T4 I2
intensive

Plane angle
θ
Ratio of circular arc length to radius
radian (rad)
1

Power
P
Rate of transfer of energy per unit time
watt (W)
M L2 T−3
extensive, scalar

Pressure
p
Force per unit area
pascal (Pa = kg m−1 s−2)
M L−1 T−2
intensive, scalar

Pop
p→
Rate of change of crackle per unit time: the sixth time derivative of position
m s−6
L T−6
vector

(Radioactive) Activity
A
Number of particles decaying per unit time
becquerel (Bq = s−1)
T−1
extensive, scalar

(Radioactive) Dose
D
Ionizing radiation energy absorbed by biological tissue per unit mass
gray (Gy = m2 s−2)
L2 T−2

Radiance
L
Power of emitted electromagnetic radiation per unit solid angle per emitting source area
W m−2 sr−1
M T−3

Radiant intensity
I
Power of emitted electromagnetic radiation per unit solid angle
W sr−1
M L2 T−3
scalar

Reaction rate
r
Rate of a chemical reaction for unit time
mol m−3 s−1
N L−3 T−1
intensive, scalar

Refractive index
n
Factor by which the phase velocity of light is reduced in a medium
unitless
1
intensive, scalar

Solid angle
Ω
Ratio of area on a sphere to its radius squared
steradian (sr)
1

Speed
v
Moved distance per unit time: the first time derivative of position
m s−1
L T−1
scalar

Specific energy

Energy density per unit mass
J kg−1
L2 T−2
intensive

Specific heat capacity
c
Heat capacity per unit mass
J kg−1 K−1
L2 T−2 Θ−1
intensive

Specific volume
v
Volume per unit mass (reciprocal of density)
m3 kg−1
M−1 L3
intensive

Spin
S
Quantum-mechanically defined angular momentum of a particle
kg m2 s−1
M L2 T−1

Strain
ε
Extension per unit length
unitless
1

Stress
σ
Force per unit oriented surface area
Pa
M L−1 T−2
order 2 tensor

Surface tension
γ
Energy change per unit change in surface area
N m−1 or J m−2
M T−2

Thermal conductivity
k
Measure for the ease with which a material conducts heat
W m−1 K−1
M L T−3 Θ−1
intensive

Torque
τ
Product of a force and the perpendicular distance of the force from the point about which it is exerted
newton metre (N m)
M L2 T−2
bivector (or pseudovector in 3D)

Velocity
v→
Speed and direction of an object
m s−1
L T−1
vector

Volume
V
Three dimensional extent of an object
m3
L3
extensive, scalar

Wavelength
λ
Perpendicular distance between repeating units of a wave
m
L

Wavenumber
k
Repetency or spacial frequency: the number of cycles per unit distance
m−1
L−1
scalar

Wavevector
k→
Repetency or spacial frequency vector: the number of cycles per unit distance
m−1 with direction
L−1
vector

Weight
w
Gravitational force on an object
newton (N = kg m s−2)
M L T−2
vector

Work
W
Transferred energy
joule (J = kg m2 s−2)
M L2 T−2
scalar

Young's modulus
E
Ratio of stress to strain
pascal (Pa = kg m−1 s−2)
M L−1 T−2
scalar; assumes isotropic linear material

text: Physics-related listsPhysical quantities

tag: ul

text: Incomplete lists from May 2014