document_title: Criminology

question_text: who is known as the father of criminology

text: Criminology

text: Criminological Schools of thought[edit]

text: In the mid-18th century criminology arose as social philosophers gave thought to crime and concepts of law. Over time, several schools of thought have developed. There were three main schools of thought in early criminological theory spanning the period from the mid-18th century to the mid-twentieth century: Classical, Positive, and Chicago. These schools of thought were superseded by several contemporary paradigms of criminology, such as the sub-culture, control, strain, labeling, critical criminology, cultural criminology, postmodern criminology, feminist criminology and others discussed below.

text: Classical school[edit]

text: The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Classical School arose in the mid-18th century and has its basis in utilitarian philosophy. Cesare Beccaria,[2] author of On Crimes and Punishments (1763–64), Jeremy Bentham (inventor of the panopticon), and other philosophers in this school argued:[citation needed]

text:
People have free will to choose how to act.
The basis for deterrence is the idea humans are 'hedonists' who seek pleasure and avoid pain, and 'rational calculators' who weigh the costs and benefits of every action. It ignores the possibility of irrationality and unconscious drives as motivators.[citation needed]
Punishment (of sufficient severity) can deter people from crime, as the costs (penalties) outweigh benefits, and severity of punishment should be proportionate to the crime.[2]
The more swift and certain the punishment, the more effective as a deterrent to criminal behavior.

text: This school developed during a major reform in penology, when society began designing prisons for the sake of extreme punishment. This period also saw many legal reforms, the French Revolution, and the development of the legal system United States.[citation needed]

text: Positivist school[edit]

text: The Positivist school argues criminal behavior comes from internal and external factors out of the individual's control. Philosophers within this school applied the scientific method to study human behavior. Positivism comprises three segments: biological, psychological and social positivism.[3]

text: Italian school[edit]

text: Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909), an Italian sociologist working in the late 19th century, is often called "the father of criminology."[4] He was one of the key contributors to biological positivism and founded the Italian school of criminology.[5] Lombroso took a scientific approach, insisting on empirical evidence for studying crime.[6]  He suggested physiological traits such as the measurements of cheek bones or hairline, or a cleft palate (the belief was this was a throwbacks to Neanderthals) could indicate "atavistic" criminal tendencies. This approach, whose influence came via the theory of phrenology and by Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, has been superseded. Enrico Ferri, a student of Lombroso, believed social as well as biological factors played a role, and believed criminals should not be held responsible when factors causing their criminality were beyond their control. Criminologists have since rejected Lombroso's biological theories, with control groups not used in his studies.[7][8]

text: Sociological positivism[edit]

text: Sociological positivism suggests societal factors such as poverty, membership of subcultures, or low levels of education predispose people to crime. Adolphe Quetelet used data and statistical analysis to study the relationship between crime and sociological factors. He found age, gender, poverty, education, and alcohol consumption were important factors to crime.[9] Lance Lochner performed three different research experiments, each one proving education reduces crime.[10] Rawson W. Rawson used crime statistics to suggest a link between population density and crime rates, with crowded cities producing more crime.[11] Joseph Fletcher and John Glyde read papers to the Statistical Society of London on their studies of crime and its distribution.[12] Henry Mayhew used empirical methods and an ethnographic approach to address social questions and poverty, and gave his studies in London Labour and the London Poor.[13] Émile Durkheim viewed crime as an inevitable aspect of society, with uneven distribution of wealth and other differences among people.

text: Differential association (subcultural)[edit]

text: People learn crime through association. This theory was advocated by Edwin Sutherland.[14] These acts may condone criminal conduct, or justify crime under specific circumstances. Interacting with antisocial peers is a major cause. Reinforcing criminal behavior makes it chronic. Where there are criminal subcultures, many individuals learn crime, and crime rates swell in those areas.[15]

text: Chicago school[edit]

text: The Chicago school arose in the early twentieth century, through the work of Robert E. Park, Ernest Burgess, and other urban sociologists at the University of Chicago.  In the 1920s, Park and Burgess identified five concentric zones that often exist as cities grow, including the "zone in transition", which was identified as most volatile and subject to disorder.  In the 1940s, Henry McKay and Clifford R. Shaw focused on juvenile delinquents, finding that they were concentrated in the zone of transition.

text: Chicago School sociologists adopted a social ecology approach to studying cities and postulated that urban neighborhoods with high levels of poverty often experience breakdown in the social structure and institutions such as family and schools.  This results in social disorganization, which reduces the ability of these institutions to control behavior and creates an environment ripe for deviant behavior.

text: Other researchers suggested an added social-psychological link.  Edwin Sutherland suggested that people learn criminal behavior from older, more experienced criminals with whom they may associate.

text: Theoretical perspectives used in criminology include psychoanalysis, functionalism, interactionism, Marxism, econometrics, systems theory, postmodernism, genetics, neuropsychology, evolutionary psychology, etc.

text: Social structure theories[edit]

text: This theory is applied to a variety of approaches within the bases of criminology in particular and in sociology more generally as a conflict theory or structural conflict perspective in sociology and sociology of crime. As this perspective is itself broad enough, embracing as it does a diversity of positions.[16]

text: Social disorganization (neighborhoods)[edit]

text: Social disorganization theory is based on the work of Henry McKay and Clifford R. Shaw of the Chicago School.[17]  Social disorganization theory postulates that neighborhoods plagued with poverty and economic deprivation tend to experience high rates of population turnover.[18] This theory suggests that crime and deviance is valued within groups in society, ‘subcultures’ or ‘gangs’. These groups have different values to the majority norm values in society. These neighborhoods also tend to have high population heterogeneity.[18] With high turnover, informal social structure often fails to develop, which in turn makes it difficult to maintain social order in a community.

text: Social ecology[edit]

text: Since the 1950s, social ecology studies have built on the social disorganization theories.  Many studies have found that crime rates are associated with poverty, disorder, high numbers of abandoned buildings, and other signs of community deterioration.[18][19] As working and middle-class people leave deteriorating neighborhoods, the most disadvantaged portions of the population may remain. William Julius Wilson suggested a poverty "concentration effect", which may cause neighborhoods to be isolated from the mainstream of society and become prone to violence.[20]

text: Strain theory (social strain theory)[edit]

text: Strain theory, also known as Mertonian Anomie, advanced by American sociologist Robert Merton, suggests that mainstream culture, especially in the United States, is saturated with dreams of opportunity, freedom, and prosperity—as Merton put it, the American Dream. Most people buy into this dream, and it becomes a powerful cultural and psychological motivation. Merton also used the term anomie, but it meant something slightly different for him than it did for Durkheim.  Merton saw the term as meaning a dichotomy between what society expected of its citizens and what those citizens could actually achieve.  Therefore, if the social structure of opportunities is unequal and prevents the majority from realizing the dream, some of those dejected will turn to illegitimate means (crime) in order to realize it. Others will retreat or drop out into deviant subcultures (such as gang members, or what he calls "hobos"). Robert Agnew developed this theory further to include types of strain which were not derived from financial constraints. This is known as "General Strain Theory".[21]

text: Subcultural theory[edit]

text: Following the Chicago school and Strain Theory, and also drawing on Edwin Sutherland's idea of differential association, subcultural theorists focused on small cultural groups fragmenting away from the mainstream to form their own values and meanings about life.

text: Albert K. Cohen tied anomie theory with Freud's reaction formation idea, suggesting that delinquency among lower class youths is a reaction against the social norms of the middle class.[22]  Some youth, especially from poorer areas where opportunities are scarce, might adopt social norms specific to those places that may include "toughness" and disrespect for authority.  Criminal acts may result when youths conform to norms of the deviant subculture.[23]

text: Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin suggested that delinquency can result from a differential opportunity for lower class youth.[24]  Such youths may be tempted to take up criminal activities, choosing an illegitimate path that provides them more lucrative economic benefits than conventional, over legal options such as minimum wage-paying jobs available to them.[24]

text: British subcultural theorists focused more heavily on the issue of class, where some criminal activities were seen as "imaginary solutions" to the problem of belonging to a subordinate class. A further study by the Chicago school looked at gangs and the influence of the interaction of gang leaders under the observation of adults.

text: Sociologists such as Raymond D. Gastil have explored the impact of a Southern culture of honor on violent crime rates.[25]

text: Control theories[edit]

text: Another approach is made by the social bond or social control theory. Instead of looking for factors that make people become criminal, these theories try to explain why people do not become criminal. Travis Hirschi identified four main characteristics: "attachment to others", "belief in moral validity of rules", "commitment to achievement", and "involvement in conventional activities".[26]  The more a person features those characteristics, the less likely (s)he is to become deviant (or criminal).  On the other hand, if these factors are not present, a person is more likely to become a criminal. Hirschi expanded on this theory with the idea that a person with low self control is more likely to become criminal. As opposed to most criminology theories these do not look at why people commit crime but rather why they do not commit crime[27]

text: A simple example: Someone wants a big yacht but does not have the means to buy one.  If the person cannot exert self-control, (s)he might try to get the yacht (or the means for it) in an illegal way, whereas someone with high self-control will (more likely) either wait or deny themselves of what want or seek an intelligent intermediate solution, such as joining a yacht club to use a yacht by group consolidation of resources without violating social norms. Social bonds, through peers, parents, and others can have a countering effect on one's low self-control.  For families of low socio-economic status, a factor that distinguishes families with delinquent children from those who are not delinquent is the control exerted by parents or chaperonage.[28] In addition, theorists such as David Matza and Gresham Sykes argued that criminals are able to temporarily neutralize internal moral and social behavioral constraints through techniques of neutralization.

text: Social network analysis[edit]

text: Symbolic interactionism[edit]

text: Symbolic interactionism draws on the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl and George Herbert Mead, as well as subcultural theory and conflict theory.[29]  This school of thought focused on the relationship between the powerful state, media, and conservative ruling elite and other less powerful groups. The powerful groups had the ability to become the "significant other" in the less powerful groups' processes of generating meaning. The former could to some extent impose their meanings on the latter; therefore they were able to "label" minor delinquent youngsters as criminal. These youngsters would often take on board the label, indulge in crime more readily, and become actors in the "self-fulfilling prophecy" of the powerful groups. Later developments in this set of theories were by Howard Becker and Edwin Lemert, in the mid-20th century.[30] Stanley Cohen who developed the concept of "moral panic" describing societal reaction to spectacular, alarming social phenomena such as post-World War Two youth cultures (e.g. the Mods and Rockers in the UK in 1964, AIDS and football hooliganism).

text: Labelling theory[edit]

text: Labelling theory refers to an individual who is labelled in a particular way and who was studied in great detail by Howard Becker.[31] It arrives originally from sociology but is regularly used in criminological studies. It is said that when someone is given the label of a criminal they may reject or accept it and continue to commit crime. Even those who initially reject the label can eventually accept it as the label becomes more well known particularly among their peers. This stigma can become even more profound when the labels are about deviancy, and it is thought that this stigmatization can lead to deviancy amplification. Klein (1986) [32] conducted a test which showed that labelling theory affected some youth offenders but not others.

text: Individual theories[edit]

text: Traitor theories[edit]

text: At the other side of the spectrum, criminologist Lonnie Athens developed a theory about how a process of brutalization by parents or peers that usually occurs in childhood results in violent crimes in adulthood. Richard Rhodes' Why They Kill describes Athens' observations about domestic and societal violence in the criminals' backgrounds. Both Athens and Rhodes reject the genetic inheritance theories.[33]

text: Rational choice theory[edit]

text: Rational choice theory is based on the utilitarian, classical school philosophies of Cesare Beccaria, which were popularized by Jeremy Bentham.  They argued that punishment, if certain, swift, and proportionate to the crime, was a deterrent for crime, with risks outweighing possible benefits to the offender. In Dei delitti e delle pene (On Crimes and Punishments, 1763–1764), Beccaria advocated a rational penology. Beccaria conceived of punishment as the necessary application of the law for a crime; thus, the judge was simply to conform his sentence to the law. Beccaria also distinguished between crime and sin, and advocated against the death penalty, as well as torture and inhumane treatments as he did not consider them as rational deterrents.

text: This philosophy was replaced by the Positivist and Chicago Schools and was not revived until the 1970s with the writings of James Q. Wilson, Gary Becker's 1965 article titled "Crime and Punishment"[34] and George Stigler's 1970 article "The Optimum Enforcement of Laws".[35] Rational choice theory argues that criminals, like other people, weigh costs/risks and benefits when deciding whether to commit crime and think in economic terms.[36] They will also try to minimize risks of crime by considering the time, place, and other situational factors.[36]

text: Gary Becker, for example, acknowledged that many people operate under a high moral and ethical constraint but considered that criminals rationally see that the benefits of their crime outweigh the cost such as the probability of apprehension, conviction, punishment, as well as their current set of opportunities. From the public policy perspective, since the cost of increasing the fine is marginal to that of the cost of increasing surveillance, one can conclude that the best policy is to maximize the fine and minimize surveillance.

text: With this perspective, crime prevention or reduction measures can be devised that increase effort required to commit the crime, such as target hardening.[37] Rational choice theories also suggest that increasing risk of offending and likelihood of being caught, through added surveillance, police or security guard presence, added street lighting, and other measures, are effective in reducing crime.[37]

text: One of the main differences between this theory and Jeremy Bentham's rational choice theory, which had been abandoned in criminology, is that if Bentham considered it possible to completely annihilate crime (through the panopticon), Becker's theory acknowledged that a society could not eradicate crime beneath a certain level. For example, if 25% of a supermarket's products were stolen, it would be very easy to reduce this rate to 15%, quite easy to reduce it until 5%, difficult to reduce it under 3% and nearly impossible to reduce it to zero (a feat which would cost the supermarket so much in surveillance, etc., that it would outweigh the benefits). This reveals that the goals of utilitarianism and classical liberalism have to be tempered and reduced to more modest proposals to be practically applicable.

text: Such rational choice theories, linked to neoliberalism, have been at the basics of crime prevention through environmental design and underpin the Market Reduction Approach to theft [38] by Mike Sutton, which is a systematic toolkit for those seeking to focus attention on "crime facilitators" by tackling the markets for stolen goods [39] that provide motivation for thieves to supply them by theft.[40]

text: Routine activity theory[edit]

text: Routine activity theory, developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen, draws upon control theories and explains crime in terms of crime opportunities that occur in everyday life.[41] A crime opportunity requires that elements converge in time and place including (1) a motivated offender, (2) suitable target or victim, and (3) lack of a capable guardian.[42] A guardian at a place, such as a street, could include security guards or even ordinary pedestrians who would witness the criminal act and possibly intervene or report it to police.[42] Routine activity theory was expanded by John Eck, who added a fourth element of "place manager" such as rental property managers who can take nuisance abatement measures.[43]

text: Biosocial theories[edit]

text: Biosocial criminology is an interdisciplinary field that aims to explain crime and antisocial behavior by exploring both biological factors and environmental factors. While contemporary criminology has been dominated by sociological theories, biosocial criminology also recognizes the potential contributions of fields such as genetics, neuropsychology, and evolutionary psychology.[44]

text:
Aggressive behavior has been associated with abnormalities in three principal regulatory systems in the body serotonin systems, catecholamine systems, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis.
Abnormalities in these systems also are known to be induced by stress, either severe, acute stress or chronic low-grade stress
[45]

text: Marxist criminology[edit]

text: In 1968, young British sociologists formed the National Deviance Conference (NDC) group. The group  was restricted to academics and consisted of 300 members. Ian Taylor, Paul Walton and Jock Young - members of the NDC - rejected previous explanations of crime and deviance. Thus, they decided to pursue a new Marxist criminological approach.[46] In The New Criminology, they argued against the biological "positivism" perspective represented by Lombroso, Hans Eysenck and Gordon Trasler.[47]

text: According to the Marxist perspective on crime, "defiance is normal - the sense that men are now consciously involved…in assuring their human diversity." Thus Marxists criminologists argued in support of society in which the facts of human diversity, be it social or personal, would not be criminalized.[48] They, further, attributed the processes of crime-creation not to genetic or psychological facts, but rather to the material basis of a given society.[49]

text: Convict Criminology[edit]

text: Convict criminology is a school of thought in the realm of criminology. Convict criminologists have been directly affected by the Criminal Justice System, oftentimes having spent years inside the prison system. Researchers in the field of convict criminology such as Dr. John Irwin and  Dr. Stephan Richards argue that traditional criminology can better be understood by those who lived in the walls of the prison industrial complex.[50] In the field of convict criminology there can also be found some accounts of autobiographical insights of re-entry, childhood, and prison. Leyva argues that prisonization oftentimes begins before prison, in the home, community, and schools.[51]

text: Queer Criminology[edit]

text: Queer Criminology is a field of study that focuses on LGBTQ+ individuals and their interactions with the criminal justice system. The goals of this field of study are as follows:

text:
To better understand the history of LGBTQ+ individuals and the laws put against the community
Why LGBTQ+ citizens are incarcerated and if/why they are arrested at higher rates than heterosexual and cisgender individuals
How queer activists have both fought against oppressive laws that criminalized LGBTQ+ individuals
To conduct research and use it as a form of activism through education

text: Legitimacy[edit]

text: The value of pursuing criminology from a queer theorist perspective is contested; some believe that it is not worth researching and not relevant to the field as a whole, and as a result is a subject that lacks a wide berth of research available. On the other hand, it could be argued that this subject is highly valuable in highlighting how LGBTQ+ individuals are affected by the criminal justice system. This research also has the opportunity to “queer” the curriculum of criminology in educational institutions by shifting the focus from controlling and monitoring LGBTQ+ communities to liberating and protecting them.[52]

text: Types and definitions of crime[edit]

text: Both the Positivist and Classical Schools take a consensus view of crime — that a crime is an act that violates the basic values and beliefs of society.  Those values and beliefs are manifested as laws that society agrees upon. However, there are two types of laws:

text:
Natural laws are rooted in core values shared by many cultures. Natural laws protect against harm to persons (e.g. murder, rape, assault) or property (theft, larceny, robbery), and form the basis of common law systems.
Statutes are enacted by legislatures and reflect current cultural mores, albeit that some laws may be controversial, e.g. laws that prohibit cannabis use and gambling. Marxist criminology, Conflict criminology and Critical Criminology claim that most relationships between state and citizen are non-consensual and, as such, criminal law is not necessarily representative of public beliefs and wishes: it is exercised in the interests of the ruling or dominant class.  The more right wing criminologies tend to posit that there is a consensual social contract between State and citizen.

text: Therefore, definitions of crimes will vary from place to place, in accordance to the cultural norms and mores, but may be broadly classified as blue-collar crime, corporate crime, organized crime, political crime, public order crime, state crime, state-corporate crime, and white-collar crime.[53] However, there have been moves in contemporary criminological theory to move away from liberal pluralism, culturalism and postmodernism by introducing the universal term 'harm' into the criminological debate as a replacement for the legal term 'crime'.[54]

text: Subtopics[edit]

text: Areas of study in criminology include:

text:
Comparative criminology, which is the study of the social phenomenon of crime across cultures, to identify differences and similarities in crime patterns.[55]
Crime prevention
Crime statistics
Criminal behavior
Criminal careers and desistance
Domestic violence
Deviant behavior
Evaluation of criminal justice agencies
Fear of crime
The International Crime Victims Survey
Juvenile delinquency
Penology
Sociology of law
Victimology


document_title: McChicken

question_text: when did the hot and spicy come out

question_tokens: when did the hot and spicy come out

root

text: McChicken

text: History[edit]

text: The sandwich, originally introduced in 1980, proved to be a sales disappointment and was later replaced with the highly successful Chicken McNuggets.[2] But following the success of McNuggets, the McChicken was reintroduced in 1988. But again, McDonald's removed the McChicken from its menus in the United States on September 26, 1996,[3] and it was replaced with the Crispy Chicken Deluxe, which was part of McDonald's ill-fated Deluxe line of sandwiches. But once again, the McChicken was brought back gradually towards the later months of 1997, due to overwhelming letters and petitions.[4] Additionally, in the United States, the sandwich is somewhat smaller than it was previously, as it is now on the Dollar Menu & More (previously just the Dollar Menu), which offers various food products starting at US$1.00.[5]

tag: p

text: The meat of the McChicken sandwich used to be 50% white meat and 50% dark meat.[citation needed] Viewed in April 2015, McDonald's website states that the McChicken contains a blend of dark and white meat chicken.[6]

text: Variants[edit]

text: In certain regions and at specific McDonald's franchises, the McChicken is adapted to appeal to the local population's tastes.

text: Spiced McChickens[edit]

text: When the McChicken was reintroduced to McDonald's menu in mid-to-late 1997 as a smaller sandwich, it was initially marketed as the Cajun (Style) McChicken. The name was changed back to just McChicken around 2000, alongside the change to a milder, softer chicken patty.[citation needed]

text: In the south and southwestern parts of the US, the Hot 'n Spicy variant is sold.[7] It originated as a nationwide menu item in January 2006, but by June of that year, McDonald's confirmed it had been discontinued due to soft sales.[8] In March 2013, McDonald's re-introduced the Hot 'n Spicy across the country[9] to what was then called the Dollar Menu. In November 2013, as part of the chain's Dollar Menu & More revamp, the McChicken (and the Hot 'n Spicy) could be ordered as a Buffalo Ranch McChicken, which is a McChicken with Buffalo and Ranch sauce instead of mayonnaise, or a Bacon Buffalo Ranch, which is a Buffalo Ranch McChicken with bacon. As of June 2015, the Hot 'n Spicy is no longer available nationally.

text: The Jalapeño Cheddar McChicken, a McChicken with jalapeño peppers sauce and a slice of white cheddar cheese, was available in 2011 and 2012.[10]

text: McDonald's restaurants in Hong Kong, Singapore[11] and India[12] serve a McSpicy variant, with a larger, crispier patty with increased spiciness and flavor. The spicy variant is also available as the Double McSpicy, which consists of two spicy chicken patties.[citation needed]

text: Outlets in Taiwan serve the Hot n' Spicy variant, which is available on a traditional bread bun or a formed rice bun[citation needed], while locations in Malaysia serve a variant similar to the McSpicy called the Spicy Chicken McDeluxe but with a cornmeal bun.[13]

text: Other variants[edit]

text: In Hawaii, the Ala Moana Shopping Center McDonald's sells the McTeriChicken variant, a McChicken with teriyaki ("teri") sauce. "Teri" is heavily used in Hawaii and has been added to various McDonald's sandwiches, such as the McTeri Burger.[14]

text: In other US states, there is also another variant of the McChicken Sandwich called the Cheddar Onion McChicken, which is a McChicken with caramelized onions and a slice of white cheddar cheese, both on a toasted bun.[15][16]

text: In most countries outside of the US (such as India[17]), the McChicken comes on a sesame-seed bun and is not spicy. In Canada, the UK, Ireland, Australia (where it originally appeared as a promotional menu item but, due to its popularity, became a full-time menu item) and New Zealand, the McChicken also comes on a sesame-seed bun but with lettuce and a flavoured mayonnaise sauce called "McChicken Sauce".

text: In the UK, the Junior Chicken is sold as the Mayo Chicken.[18]

text: In Canada, the low-priced chicken option is called the Junior Chicken, which generally costs C$1.69 (as an offering on McDonald's Canada's "Value Picks" menu)[19][20], but the sandwich is only lightly spiced[citation needed]. It is referred to as the cousin of the Canadian McChicken,[21] which in turn is more akin to the US' Premium Crispy Chicken sandwich (though the latter is served on an artisan roll, instead of the sesame seed bun of its Canadian counterpart).

text: McDonald's restaurants in Spain serve a variant with barbecue sauce rather than mayonnaise[22]


document_title: Johnny Be Good

question_text: where was the movie johnny be good filmed

text: Johnny Be Good

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article needs an improved plot summary.  (May 2015)

tag: table

text: Johnny Walker is the top high school quarterback prospect who is heavily recruited by many schools. His best friend, Leo Wiggins, thinks he should hold out for the best offer. His girlfriend, Georgia, wants him to go to State with her and get a solid education. The colleges offer him everything he could possibly want—girls, cars, cash, free room and board, etc. One school even buys Leo a car, while another offers to provide him with male companions if he isn't interested in women. His coach, Wayne Hisler, who he really can't stand, even tries to sell him out by striking a deal with one of the interested colleges to become their next head coach. Although he has all the skills a coach would want in a quarterback, he is unsure where he wants to go and is tempted by the offers because of all of the praise and attention. His recruitment is followed closely by a recruiting investigator who is trying to make sure everything is on the "up and up". Although Johnny lives with his mother, grandfather, younger brother, and sister, he is offered everything and anything by every interested college except for the local state college, which is where he ends up going.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Anthony Michael Hall as Johnny Walker
Robert Downey Jr. as Leo Wiggins
Paul Gleason as Wayne Hisler
Uma Thurman as Georgia Elkans
Steve James as Coach Sanders
Seymour Cassel as Wallace Gibson
Jennifer Tilly as Connie Hisler
Deborah May as Mrs. Walker
Robert Downey Sr. as NCAA Investigator Floyd Gandolfini

tag: ul

text: Filming[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The film was filmed, in part, in Georgetown, Texas and at Thomas Jefferson High School and Alamo Heights High School in San Antonio. The scene near the end of the film in which Anthony Michael Hall runs down a corridor, was filmed at San Antonio's St. Mary's University. At the end of the film where he rides away with Uma Thurman and Robert Downey, Jr., is filmed at San Antonio's University of the Incarnate Word. One scene was filmed in New Braunfels, Texas at Keno's Drive Inn grocery and bait store.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film was a failure at the box office and for its star, Anthony Michael Hall. At review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, as of July 2014, Johnny Be Good had a 0% rating, based on 11 reviews, with an average score of 2.3/10.[1]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Nugent's contribution to the soundtrack, "Skintight", earned nomination for a 1988 Golden Raspberry Award as Worst Original Song.


document_title: List of oldest living people

question_text: who is the oldest living person in the world right now

text: List of oldest living people

text: This is a list of the 100 oldest people who have been verified to be alive within the last year and whose death has not been reported by a reliable source. It is estimated that there are between 150 and 600 living people who have reached the age of 110.[1][2] The true number is uncertain as not all supercentenarians are known to researchers at a given time and some claims cannot be validated or are fraudulent.[1] Since all the people on this list have ostensibly lived to at least the age of 110, all of them are supercentenarians.

text: Upon the death of Chiyo Miyako of Japan on 22 July 2018, Kane Tanaka, also of Japan, became the world's verified oldest living person.[3][4][5]

text: 100 oldest living people

text:
No.

Name

Sex

Birth date

Age as of 26 August 2018

Place of residence

1

Kane Tanaka[3]

F

2 January 1903

7004422400000000000♠115 years, 236 days

Japan

2

Maria Giuseppa Robucci[3]

F

20 March 1903

7004421630000000000♠115 years, 159 days

Italy

3

Shimoe Akiyama[3]

F

19 May 1903

7004421030000000000♠115 years, 99 days

Japan

4

Magdalena Oliver Gabarro[6]

F

31 October 1903

7004419380000000000♠114 years, 299 days

Spain

5

Lucille Randon[7]

F

11 February 1904[3]

7004418350000000000♠114 years, 196 days

France

6

Shin Matsushita[3]

F

30 March 1904

7004417870000000000♠114 years, 149 days

Japan

7

Maria Vikentyevna Kononovich[8]

F

27 May 1904

7004417290000000000♠114 years, 91 days

Belarus

8

Gabrielle Valentine des Robert[3]

F

4 June 1904

7004417210000000000♠114 years, 83 days

France

9

Lessie Brown[3]

F

22 September 1904

7004416110000000000♠113 years, 338 days

United States

10

Olive Boar[3]

F

29 September 1904

7004416040000000000♠113 years, 331 days

United Kingdom

11

Maggie Kidd[9]

F

8 December 1904

7004415340000000000♠113 years, 261 days

United States

12

Jeanne Bot[3]

F

14 January 1905

7004414970000000000♠113 years, 224 days

France

13

Shigeyo Nakachi[3]

F

1 February 1905

7004414790000000000♠113 years, 206 days

Japan

14

Haruno Yamashita[3]

F

19 February 1905

7004414610000000000♠113 years, 188 days

Japan

15

Kame Ganeko[3]

F

10 April 1905

7004414110000000000♠113 years, 138 days

Japan

16

Antonia Valderrama Ocampo[10]

F

11 April 1905

7004414100000000000♠113 years, 137 days

Mexico

17

Ellen Gibb[3]

F

26 April 1905

7004413950000000000♠113 years, 122 days

Canada

18

Alelia Murphy[3]

F

6 July 1905

7004413240000000000♠113 years, 51 days

United States

19

Anonymous of Kyoto[3]

F

16 July 1905

7004413140000000000♠113 years, 41 days

Japan

20

Geertje Kuijntjes[3]

F

19 July 1905

7004413110000000000♠113 years, 38 days

Netherlands

21

Katerina Kornarou[11]

F

25 July 1905

7004413050000000000♠113 years, 32 days

Greece

Masazō Nonaka[3]

M

25 July 1905

7004413050000000000♠113 years, 32 days

Japan

23

Osugi Sogo[3]

F

13 August 1905

7004412860000000000♠113 years, 13 days

Japan

24

Hester Ford[3]

F

15 August 1905

7004412840000000000♠113 years, 11 days

United States

25

Iris Westman[3]

F

28 August 1905

7004412710000000000♠112 years, 363 days

United States

26

Tsukimi Kishi[3]

F

31 August 1905

7004412680000000000♠112 years, 360 days

Japan

27

Mariannina Genovese[3]

F

15 October 1905

7004412230000000000♠112 years, 315 days

Italy

Gustav Gerneth[12]

M

15 October 1905

7004412230000000000♠112 years, 315 days

Germany[a]

Manoel Dionisio da Silva[13]

M

15 October 1905

7004412230000000000♠112 years, 315 days

Brazil

30

Lucille Treccase[3]

F

18 October 1905

7004412200000000000♠112 years, 312 days

United States

31

Kura Bingo[3]

F

20 October 1905

7004412180000000000♠112 years, 310 days

Japan

32

Diega Cammalleri[3]

F

23 October 1905

7004412150000000000♠112 years, 307 days

Italy

33

Kimi Asanuma[3]

F

3 November 1905

7004412040000000000♠112 years, 296 days

Japan

Mina Kitagawa[3]

F

3 November 1905

7004412040000000000♠112 years, 296 days

Japan

35

Misao Uemura[3]

F

7 November 1905

7004412000000000000♠112 years, 292 days

Japan

36

Isabel Castaño Restrepo[14]

F

11 January 1906

7004411350000000000♠112 years, 227 days

United States[b]

37

Elvira Moguel[15]

F

25 January 1906

7004411210000000000♠112 years, 213 days

Mexico

38

Guerina Amedei[3]

F

31 January 1906

7004411150000000000♠112 years, 207 days

Italy

39

Margaret Vivian[3]

F

25 February 1906

7004410900000000000♠112 years, 182 days

Australia[c]

40

Anna Benericetti-Cimatti[3]

F

22 March 1906

7004410650000000000♠112 years, 157 days

Italy

41

Julie Montabord[3]

F

17 April 1906

7004410390000000000♠112 years, 131 days

France (Martinique)

42

Richard Arvin Overton[3]

M

11 May 1906

7004410150000000000♠112 years, 107 days

United States

43

Henrietta Irwin[3]

F

27 May 1906

7004409990000000000♠112 years, 91 days

Canada[d]

44

Tekla Juniewicz[3]

F

10 June 1906

7004409850000000000♠112 years, 77 days

Poland[e]

45

Mazie Ford[3]

F

28 June 1906

7004409670000000000♠112 years, 59 days

United States

46

An Brasz[16]

F

16 July 1906

7004409490000000000♠112 years, 41 days

Netherlands

47

Marie-Louise Taterode[17]

F

17 July 1906

7004409480000000000♠112 years, 40 days

France

48

Minnie Whicker[18][19]

F

24 July 1906

7004409410000000000♠112 years, 33 days

United States

49

Mathilde Mange[20]

F

10 August 1906

7004409240000000000♠112 years, 16 days

Germany

50

Elisabeth Tränkner[21]

F

11 August 1906

7004409230000000000♠112 years, 15 days

Germany

51

Clara Cedeño Tello[22]

F

12 August 1906

7004409220000000000♠112 years, 14 days

Panama

52

Josefa Santos González[23]

F

7 September 1906

7004408960000000000♠111 years, 353 days

Spain

53

Grace Catherine Jones[24]

F

16 September 1906

7004408870000000000♠111 years, 344 days

United Kingdom

54

Helen White[25]

F

21 September 1906

7004408820000000000♠111 years, 339 days

United States

55

Louise Schaaf[26]

F

16 October 1906

7004408570000000000♠111 years, 314 days

United States[f]

Renata Bianchi[27]

F

16 October 1906

7004408570000000000♠111 years, 314 days

Italy

57

Natsu Kotsuka[28]

F

18 October 1906

7004408550000000000♠111 years, 312 days

Japan

58

Valentine Ligny[29]

F

22 October 1906

7004408510000000000♠111 years, 308 days

France

Carmela Velardi[30]

F

22 October 1906

7004408510000000000♠111 years, 308 days

Italy

60

Seki Inagaki[31]

F

4 November 1906

7004408380000000000♠111 years, 295 days

Japan

61

Lydia Smuda[32]

F

6 November 1906

7004408360000000000♠111 years, 293 days

Germany

62

Beulah Meloche[33]

F

23 November 1906

7004408190000000000♠111 years, 276 days

United States

63

Adma Tura[34]

F

25 December 1906

7004407870000000000♠111 years, 244 days

France[g]

64

Tsunahei Ogawa[35]

M

9 January 1907

7004407720000000000♠111 years, 229 days

Japan

65

Kaoru Ueda[36]

F

10 January 1907

7004407710000000000♠111 years, 228 days

Japan

66

Hildegard Lange[37]

F

12 January 1907

7004407690000000000♠111 years, 226 days

Germany

Arcadia Aguilar Noyola[38]

F

12 January 1907

7004407690000000000♠111 years, 226 days

Mexico

68

Tari Chiba[39]

F

19 January 1907

7004407620000000000♠111 years, 219 days

Japan

Hama Yasukawa[40]

F

19 January 1907

7004407620000000000♠111 years, 219 days

Japan

70

Francisca Casado Guzman[41]

F

31 January 1907

7004407500000000000♠111 years, 207 days

Mexico

71

Ellen Goodwill[42]

F

2 February 1907

7004407480000000000♠111 years, 205 days

United States

72

Sumie Yabune[43]

F

5 February 1907

7004407450000000000♠111 years, 202 days

Japan

73

Kameo Oya[44]

M

12 February 1907

7004407380000000000♠111 years, 195 days

Japan

74

Christine Hoscheid[45]

F

16 February 1907

7004407340000000000♠111 years, 191 days

Germany

75

Kikue Tanaka[46]

F

25 February 1907

7004407250000000000♠111 years, 182 days

Japan

76

Sanae Uchiyama[35]

F

27 February 1907

7004407230000000000♠111 years, 180 days

Japan

77

Maria Branyas Morera[47]

F

4 March 1907

7004407180000000000♠111 years, 175 days

Spain[h]

78

Icie Clark[48]

F

19 March 1907

7004407030000000000♠111 years, 160 days

United States

79

Tame Yamaguchi[49]

F

20 March 1907

7004407020000000000♠111 years, 159 days

Japan

80

Shivakumara Swami[50]

M

1 April 1907

7004406900000000000♠111 years, 147 days

India

81

Sumire Hishikawa[51]

F

21 April 1907

7004406700000000000♠111 years, 127 days

Japan

82

Sixta Tulia Aguinaga de Posada[52][53]

F

22 April 1907

7004406690000000000♠111 years, 126 days

United States[i]

83

Voncile Drye[54][55]

F

24 April 1907

7004406670000000000♠111 years, 124 days

United States

84

Marguerite Robertson[56]

F

13 May 1907

7004406480000000000♠111 years, 105 days

Canada

85

Opal Goode[57]

F

3 June 1907

7004406270000000000♠111 years, 84 days

United States

86

Florence Carroll[58]

F

9 June 1907

7004406210000000000♠111 years, 78 days

United States

87

Cecile Klein[59]

F

15 June 1907

7004406150000000000♠111 years, 72 days

Canada

88

Irene Lepetit[60]

F

16 June 1907

7004406140000000000♠111 years, 71 days

France

89

Marie-Florentine Jousseaume[61]

F

17 June 1907

7004406130000000000♠111 years, 70 days

France

90

Lona Collins[62]

F

18 June 1907

7004406120000000000♠111 years, 69 days

United States

91

Gisele Chalifour[63]

F

20 June 1907

7004406100000000000♠111 years, 67 days

Canada

92

Valesca Tanganelli[64]

F

7 July 1907

7004405930000000000♠111 years, 50 days

Italy

93

Juliette Boulivet[65]

F

8 July 1907

7004405920000000000♠111 years, 49 days

France

94

Evelyn Kleine[66]

F

11 July 1907

7004405890000000000♠111 years, 46 days

United States

95

Virtudes Tomas Navarro[67]

F

17 July 1907

7004405830000000000♠111 years, 40 days

Spain

96

Millicent Yearwood[68]

F

22 July 1907

7004405780000000000♠111 years, 35 days

Barbados

97

Marie-Louise Berthelot[69]

F

29 July 1907

7004405710000000000♠111 years, 28 days

France

Hazel Schuth[70]

F

29 July 1907

7004405710000000000♠111 years, 28 days

United States

99

Celestina Penabad[71]

F

2 August 1907

7004405670000000000♠111 years, 24 days

Spain

100

Ethel Sinclaire[72]

F

14 August 1907

7004405550000000000♠111 years, 12 days

United States

text: Notes

text:
Jump up ^ Gerneth was born in Stettin, then part of the German Empire; it is now named Szczecin and located in Poland.

Jump up ^ Castaño Restrepo was born in Colombia.

Jump up ^ Vivian was born in Scotland, United Kingdom.

Jump up ^ Irwin was born in Northern Ireland, United Kingdom

Jump up ^ Juniewicz was born in Krupsko near Lviv, Austria-Hungary. It is now located in Ukraine.

Jump up ^ Schaaf was born in the German Empire, which is today Germany.

Jump up ^ Tura was born in Kaytouli, then part of the Ottoman Empire. It is now located in Lebanon.

Jump up ^ Morera was born in San Francisco, California, United States.

Jump up ^ Posada was born in Colombia.

tag: ol


document_title: Women's basketball

question_text: when did women's college basketball go to quarters

question_tokens: when did women 's college basketball go to quarters

text: Women's basketball

text: Early women's basketball[edit]

text: Women's basketball began in the winter of 1892 at Smith College. Senda Berenson, an instructor at Smith, taught basketball to her students, hoping the activity would improve their physical health.[1] Basketball's early adherents were affiliated with YMCAs and colleges throughout the United States, and the game quickly spread throughout the country.[citation needed]

text: However, Berenson was taking risks simply in teaching the game to women. She worried a little about the women suffering from "nervous fatigue" if games were too strenuous for them. And, in order to keep it "acceptable" for women to play at all, she taught modified rules. These included a court divided into three areas and nine players per team. Three players were assigned to each area (guard, center, forward) and could not cross the line into another area. The ball was moved from section to section by passing or dribbling. Players were limited to three dribbles and could hold the ball for three seconds. No snatching or batting the ball away from a player was allowed. A center jump was required after each score. Peach baskets and the soccer ball were the equipment. Uniforms consisted of attire similar to school uniforms, including long baggy shorts. Meanwhile current women's basketball uniforms consist of a jersey and gym shorts. Variations of Berenson’s rules spread across the country via YMCAs and colleges.[citation needed]

text: The first intercollegiate women's basketball game was played between teams from Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley, in 1896.[2]

text: Recent women's basketball[edit]

text: The popularity of women's basketball grew steadily around the world for decades. By the 1970s the sport had attracted the notice the International Olympic Committee, which added women's basketball as an official sport of the Olympic Games in 1976, the men debuted in 1936. Throughout the 1970s, funding for (and interest in) women's basketball began to dramatically increase as schools receiving federal funding began to come into compliance with new laws mandating a lack of discrimination based on sex. The sport was also gaining attention at the collegiate level, under the auspices of the Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW). A major development in women's basketball occurred in 1982 when the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) began to sponsor the sport.[citation needed]. After several failed attempts at women's professional leagues in the U.S., the NBA founded the WNBA in 1996.

text: Rules and equipment[edit]

text: Rules for women's basketball are nearly the same as the rules for men's basketball. The most noticeable difference is that the circumference of the women's basketball is one inch (2.5 cm) less than the circumference of the size of the men's basketball. Also, in American professional basketball, the women’s three-point line is slightly closer to the basket than men’s.

text: Basketball size[edit]

text: The regulation WNBA ball is a minimum 28.5 inches (72.4 cm) in circumference, which is 1.00 inch (2.54 cm) smaller than the NBA ball. This is a standard size 6 ball. As of 2008, this size is used for all senior-level women's competitions worldwide.[3]

text: Court dimensions[edit]

text: The standard court size in U.S. college and WNBA play is 94 feet long by 50 feet wide. The FIBA standard court is slightly smaller at 28 metres long by 15 metres wide (91 ft 10.4 in by 49 ft 2.6 in). For most of its distance, the three-point line is 6.75 m (22 ft 2 in) from the middle of the basket under both FIBA and WNBA rules. Near the sidelines, the three-point line runs parallel to the.sideline, at a distance of exactly 3 feet in the WNBA and 0.9 m in FIBA play. Under NCAA rules, the three-point distance is 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m) for most of the width of the court, with a minimum distance of 4 ft 3 in (1.30 m) from the sidelines. The WNBA, FIBA, and NCAA all use a block/charge arc near each basket, with the WNBA and NCAA distance at 4 ft (1.2 m) from the center of the basket and FIBA using a marginally wider radius of exactly 1.25 m (4 ft 1 in).

text: Shot clock[edit]

text: The WNBA shot clock was changed from 30 to 24 seconds, which has been in FIBA play since 2000, and has been used by the NBA since the shot clock was first introduced. Both men's and women’s NCAA college basketball use a 30-second shot clock; men used a 35-second shot clock until the 2015–16 season, when they switched to 30 seconds as well.

text: Game clock[edit]

text: Most high school games are played with four 8-minute quarters, while NCAA, WNBA, and FIBA games are played in four 10 minute quarters. In 2015-2016 the NCAA changed the rules to 10 minute quarters from 20 minute halves.[4]

text: Governance[edit]

text: Women's basketball is governed internationally by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA). Since 1953 FIBA has hosted a world championship tournament for women, currently known as the FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup. The event, renamed from "FIBA World Championship for Women" after its 2014 edition, is currently held in even-numbered non-Summer Olympic years. There has been some concern about the reach of the sport after one governing body disallowed Muslim women playing in hijabs.[5]

text: Levels of competition[edit]

text: University[edit]

text: Berenson's freshmen played the sophomore class in the first women's collegiate basketball game held on 22 March 1893. University of California and Miss Head's School, had played the first women's extramural game in 1892. Also in 1893, Mount Holyoke and Sophie Newcomb College, coached by Clara Gregory Baer, the inventor of Newcomb ball) women began playing basketball. By 1895, the game had spread to colleges across the country, including Wellesley, Vassar and Bryn Mawr. The first intercollegiate women's game was on 4 April 1896. Stanford women played California, 9-on-9, ending in a 2–1 Stanford victory. Clara Gregory Baer published the first book of rules for women's basketball in 1895 she first called the game 'Basquette', a name later dropped in her first revision of rules called Newcomb College Basketball Rules published in 1908.[6] In 1971 five player, full court game was adopted followed by women's sports foundation which was formed in 1974.[7]

text: Women's college basketball remains very popular throughout North America, with the sports being sponsored by all of the major college athletic associations: the NCAA, the NAIA, the NJCAA, the NCCAA, the CCAA and the CIS. Division I of the NCAA is considered the highest level of college competition, with the winner of the annual NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship game declared 'national champion.' The University of Connecticut Huskies have won the last four NCAA Division I national championships (2013–2016).[8]

text: Professional leagues[edit]

text: There have been several professional leagues established in several countries including the United States, Europe, Japan, England and Australia.

text: International competitions[edit]

text: Though it was originally an American sport, it quickly spread internationally and outstanding players and teams are found today all over the world. Women's basketball leagues now exist in most areas of the world including Australia,[9] Asia, South America, and Europe.[10]

text: Olympics[edit]

text: Women's basketball has been contested in the Summer Olympics since 1976.[11]

text:
Year
Host

Gold medal game

Bronze medal game

Gold medalist
Score
Silver medalist
Bronze medalist
Score
Fourth place

1976
details
Montreal

Soviet Union
No playoffs

United States

Bulgaria
No playoffs

Poland

1980
details
Moscow

Soviet Union
104–73

Bulgaria

Yugoslavia
68–65

Hungary

1984
details
Los Angeles

United States
85–55

South Korea

China
63–57

Canada

1988
details
Seoul

United States
77–70

Yugoslavia

Soviet Union
68–53

Australia

1992
details
Barcelona

Unified Team
76–66

China

United States
88–74

Cuba

1996
details
Atlanta

United States
111–87

Brazil

Australia
66–56

Ukraine

2000
details
Sydney

United States
76–54

Australia

Brazil
84–73

South Korea

2004
details
Athens

United States
74–63

Australia

Russia
71–62

Brazil

2008
details
Beijing

United States
92–65

Australia

Russia
94–81

China

2012
details
London

United States
86–50

France

Australia
83–74

Russia

2016
details
Rio de Janeiro

United States
101–72

Spain

Serbia
70–63

France

text: Additional International Competitions[edit]

text: In addition to the Olympics and Women's World Cup, women's basketball is also contested in the Pan American Games and the Central American and Caribbean Games. Women's basketball made its first appearance at the Commonwealth Games in 2006. Basketball (for both men and women) is one of the sports that the host nation of the Island Games may select for competition. Women also compete in wheelchair basketball in the Paralympic Games.[citation needed]

text: Around the world[edit]

text: Africa[edit]

text: AfroBasket Women is the women's basketball continental championship of Africa, played biennially under the auspices of FIBA, the basketball sport governing body, and the African zone thereof. The tournament also serves to qualify teams for participation in the quadrennial FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup and the Olympic basketball tournament.

text: Americas[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: One of the major important events in the development of women's basketball in the United States was Title IX.

text: Title IX was passed in 1972 to end sexual discrimination and stereotyping in admission to colleges and also in academic subjects (McDonagh, Pappano, 2008). Therefore, Congress’ original goal was eliminating this discrimination in academic and educational processes. “Title IX is today generally viewed as having fixed the problem of gender inequality of sports, at least in educational settings” (McDonagh, Pappano, 2008, 79). It started out as simply involving education but then shifted in a debate to sports. Some groups such as the NCAA fought to keep things the way they were in reference to men’s sports. The NCAA had built up the programs and earned financial support and popularity and did not want to throw that down the drain (McDonagh, Pappano, 2008). In 1974, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare issued Title IX regulations regarding intercollegiate athletics (McDonagh, Pappano, 2008). Title IX implies that if a school has a specific sport’s team for boys then they must have a team in that same sport for girls. This will occur unless the men’s sport happens to be a contact sport in which the rule will not necessarily apply (McDonagh, Pappano, 2008). In 1978, colleges and universities were forced to apply Title IX’s rules and regulations. Athletic departments had to adhere to one of three requirements which were the proportionality rule, the gender equity rule, or historical progress rule (McDonagh, Pappano, 2008). Each of these requirements addressed Title IX and its regulations in a fair manner. To ensure that schools comply with Title IX, they face the consequence of losing federal funding for any violation (Sadker, 2001).

text: The proportionality rule entails that a school provides opportunities proportional to its enrollment. As an example, if a school is 55% male and 45% female then the athletic participation should be 55:45 (McDonagh, Pappano, 2008). Not only does the proportionality rule apply to athletic participation, but it also addresses scholarships. “So if a college is spending $400,000 per year on athletic scholarships and half of the athletic participants are women then half of that amount, $200,000, should be funding athletic scholarships for women (McDonagh, Pappano, 2008, 299). The gender equity rule entails that a school must prove that it “meets the interest of the gender that is underrepresented” (McDonagh, Pappano, 2008, 107) which happens to be women. The historical progress rule entails that if a school is unable to provide proportional opportunities then they must put forth an effort to create more opportunities for the underrepresented gender (McDonagh, Pappano, 2008).[12]

text: Between 1971 and 2000, Title IX has proven to have had a huge impact on female collegiate sports. “Sports participation among college women has risen from 372 percent over that time, from 32,000 to more than 150,000 women (McDonagh, Pappano, 2008, 108). Also now 33.5% of female students participate in sports (McDonagh, Pappano, 2008). The issue still remaining is that women’s sports beyond college do not benefit from Title IX. As a whole, they make less income than men in professional sports which Title IX cannot do much about. However due to Title IX some women have gotten recognition as a result of the debate. “Women athletes receive greater respect today but relatively skimpy media attention. Thank Title IX for…the growing visibility of women’s college basketball that has USA Today producing a pullout section for the women’s NCAA March Madness tournament” (McDonagh, Pappano, 2008, 109).[12]

text: Professional women's basketball has been played in the United States. There have been several leagues, the most recent of which is the WNBA. The first attempt was the Women's Pro Basketball League. The league played three seasons from the fall of 1978 to the spring of 1981. The league is generally considered to be the first American professional women's basketball league to be founded.[13]

text: The second women's professional league to be created in the United States was the WBA. The league played three seasons from the summer of 1993 to the summer of 1995. The league is considered to be the first American professional women's basketball league to be successful as a summer league, like the WNBA. The league played three full seasons with plans to play as a 12-team league in 1997 but disbanded before 1997 season.[citation needed] The WBA played a 15-game schedule and games were broadcast on Liberty Sports of Dallas. When FOX Sports purchased Liberty Sports and the WBA, they disbanded the league.[citation needed]

text: In 1996, two professional women's leagues were started in the United States. They were the American Basketball League and the WNBA. The American Basketball League was founded in 1996 during an increase in the interest in the sport following the 1996 Summer Olympics. The league played two full seasons (1996–97 and 1997–98) and started a third (1998–99) before it folded on 22 December 1998.[14]

text: WNBA[edit]

text: The Women's National Basketball Association or WNBA is an organization governing a professional basketball league for women in the United States. The WNBA was formed in 1996 as the women's counterpart to the National Basketball Association, and league play began in 1997. The regular WNBA season is June to September (North American Spring and Summer). Most WNBA teams play at the same venue as their NBA counterparts. Most team names are also very similar to those of NBA teams in the same market, such as the Washington Wizards and Washington Mystics, the Minnesota Timberwolves and Minnesota Lynx.

text: Officially approved by the NBA Board of Governors on 24 April 1996, the creation of the WNBA was first announced at a press conference with Rebecca Lobo, Lisa Leslie and Sheryl Swoopes in attendance. While not the first major women's professional basketball league in the United States (a distinction held by the defunct WBL), the WNBA is the only league to receive full backing of the NBA.

text: On the heels of a much-publicized gold medal run by the 1996 USA Basketball Women's National Team at the 1996 Summer Olympic Games, the WNBA began its first season on 21 June 1997 to much fanfare. The league began with eight teams. The first WNBA game featured the New York Liberty facing the Los Angeles Sparks in Los Angeles and was televised nationally, in the United States, on the NBC television network. At the start of the 1997 season, the WNBA had television deals in place with NBC, ESPN and Lifetime Television Network.

text: The league is divided into two conferences, the Eastern Conference and the Western Conference. Each of the 12 teams plays a 34-game regular season schedule, beginning in June and ending in mid September. Although the WNBA is divided into conferences for scheduling purposes, it has used a single table for purposes of playoff qualifying since the 2016 season. The eight teams with the best overall records, regardless of conference affiliation, compete in the WNBA Playoffs during September with the WNBA Finals in early October.

text: An All-Star Game is typically held in the middle of July, while regular play stops temporarily for it. In Olympic years, there is no all-star game, but a break of about five weeks in the middle of the WNBA season allows players to participate in the Olympics as members of their national teams.

text: There have been a total of 18 teams in WNBA history. A total of five teams have folded: the Charlotte Sting, the Cleveland Rockers, Houston Comets, the Miami Sol and the Portland Fire. Three other teams have moved, two of them twice and the other once. The Utah Starzz have moved twice, first after the 2002 season to San Antonio, where they were first known as the Silver Stars and later as the Stars, and then after the 2017 season to Las Vegas as the Aces. At the same time the Starzz moved to San Antonio, the Orlando Miracle moved to Uncasville, Connecticut, where they now play as the Connecticut Sun. The Detroit Shock moved after the 2009 season to Tulsa, Oklahoma, where they played as the Tulsa Shock, and then moved to the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex after the 2015 season, now playing as the Dallas Wings.[15]

text: Asia[edit]

text: The Women's Chinese Basketball Association (WCBA) is a professional women's basketball league established in 2002.[16]

text: The Women's Hong Kong Basketball Association is the highest women's professional club basketball competition in Hong Kong.[17]

text: The Indian National Basketball Championship for Women is a professional basketball tournament in India for women [18]

text: The Women's Japan Basketball League is a premier women's basketball league in Japan.[19]

text: The Lebanese Basketball League or FLB League is the top-tier professional basketball league in Lebanon.

text: The Women's Philippine Basketball League was a women's basketball league in the Philippines[20]

text: The Women's Korean Basketball League (WKBL) is the premier women's basketball league in South Korea[21]

text: The Women's Super Basketball League is the highest women's professional club basketball competition in Republic of China[22]

text: Europe[edit]

text: The Russian Women's Basketball Premier League is the dominant league in Europe (largely because it is the main attraction of the WNBA players during the off-season). Other notable leagues are the Italian Serie A1 and Turkish Women's Basketball League.

text: England[edit]

text: Professional basketball exists in England. Women's English Basketball League is major professional competition. The league has grown steadily over recent years, and has now reached a level of thirty national league sides. The league is split into two levels. Division 1 is as close to professional as women's sport gets in the United Kingdom, with teams such as Rhondda Rebels and Sheffield Hatters bringing in players from the USA and Europe. The Nottingham Wildcats make up the trio of clubs that helped establish the women's league and remain amongst the top three or four places. The gap between these top teams and the rest of the league has remained, but gradually as the women's game has developed, the gulf in results has been reduced, and each year there have been more competitive games.[citation needed]

text: Promotion from Division 2 has always reinforced the gap between the two leagues, as the winner of the Division 2 promotion play-offs has found the step-up difficult. The Division 2 play-offs take the top four teams from the North and South of the Second Divisions, with the top playing the bottom of the other pool. This year (2006/7) saw several new teams join the second division, showing the continual growth of the women's game.[citation needed] These included the SevenOaks Suns, Enfield Phoenix, Taunton Tigers[23] and Bristol Storm.[24]

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Professional women's basketball exists in Australia in the form of the Women's National Basketball League. The league was founded in 1981 as a way for the best women's basketball teams in the various Australian States to compete against each other on a regular basis. Today the WNBL is the premier women's basketball league in Australia.

text: Women's basketball in film[edit]

text: Documentaries[edit]

text:
Off the Rez — A 2011 documentary for TLC about the journey of future WNBA player Shoni Schimmel from the Oregon Indian reservation where she was raised to Portland in high school, and ultimately to the University of Louisville.
She Got Game is based on the high school basketball success of Brigid Touey Humphrey

text: Theatrical releases[edit]

text:
Believe in Me
Double Teamed
Love & Basketball
The Heart of the Game
The Mighty Macs
The St. Tammany Miracle
Salaam Dunk
The Winning Season
Woman Basketball Player No. 5


document_title: The Greatest Showman

question_text: who played the albino in the greatest showman

text: The Greatest Showman

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the late 19th century, P. T. Barnum and his troupe perform a show at the circus ("The Greatest Show"). In a flashback to Barnum's childhood where he and his father Philo, a tailor, work for the Hallett family, he becomes infatuated with their daughter, Charity. Though Charity is being sent to finishing school, Barnum reassures her they will not be separated. The two keep in touch through letters until they meet again in adulthood ("A Million Dreams"), eventually marrying and raising two daughters, Caroline and Helen, in New York City ("A Million Dreams" reprise). They live a humble life; though Charity is happy, Barnum dreams of more.

text: Barnum loses his job as a clerk at a shipping company after the company goes bankrupt. Taking a risky bet, he takes out a large loan from a bank, deceiving the bank into accepting his former employer's lost ships as collateral. He uses this loan to buy Barnum's American Museum in downtown Manhattan, an attraction showcasing various wax models. Initially, sales are slow; on the suggestion of his children to showcase something "alive", Barnum searches for "freaks" to serve as performers for his museum ("Come Alive"). This attracts a large audience despite protests and poor reviews, prompting Barnum to rename his venture "Barnum's Circus."

text: Searching for ways to further his reputation amongst the upper class, Barnum meets playwright Phillip Carlyle and convinces him to join his venture ("The Other Side"). Carlyle is enchanted with Anne Wheeler, an African-American trapeze artist, but he hides his feelings. During a trip, Carlyle arranges for Barnum and his troupe to meet Queen Victoria. Afterwards, Barnum meets Jenny Lind, a famed Swedish singer, whom he convinces to perform in America, with him serving as her manager. Lind's first American performance is a rousing success ("Never Enough"). While Barnum gains favor with the aristocratic patrons, he begins to distance himself from his original troupe, refusing to socialize with them. Dejected, they decide to stand against their local harassers ("This Is Me").

text: Carlyle and Wheeler attend the theater together one night, only to run into Carlyle's parents, who are blatantly racist toward Wheeler, causing her to leave. Carlyle chases her and tries to convince her that they can be together, but she rejects him despite her feelings towards him ("Rewrite the Stars"). As Barnum takes Lind on a US tour, Charity feels isolated from her husband as she stays home with their daughters ("Tightrope"). While on tour, Lind begins falling in love with Barnum, but when he refuses her advances, she calls off the tour and kisses him at the end of her last show, which is photographed by the press ("Never Enough" reprise). Barnum returns home to find his circus on fire, caused by a fight between the protesters and the troupe. Carlyle, who had tried to save Anne not knowing she had already escaped, is rescued by Barnum amid the chaos but suffers severe burns. Most of the sets and props are destroyed. Word of Lind's cancellation and Barnum's public intimacy also reaches New York, resulting in his mansion being foreclosed upon and Charity taking Caroline and Helen to her parents' home.

text: Depressed, Barnum retreats to a local bar, where his troupe find him there and explain that despite their disappointments, they still consider themselves a family that needs him. An inspired Barnum resolves to start anew and not let ambition overtake his loved ones anymore. Meanwhile, the injured Carlyle wakes in a hospital with Anne by his side and they share a kiss ("From Now On").

text: Barnum leaves and finds his estranged wife, and they decide to mend their relationship. Faced with the financial difficulty of rebuilding the circus, the recovering Carlyle steps in, offering to use his earnings from his share of the circus's profits to rebuild it under the condition of becoming partners, which Barnum happily accepts. As rebuilding the circus in its original location would be too expensive, Barnum rebuilds it as an open-air tent circus by the docks. The revamped circus is a huge success, and Barnum gives full control of the show to Carlyle so he can focus on his family ("The Greatest Show" reprise).

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Hugh Jackman as P. T. Barnum, an ambitious showman and entrepreneur.
Ellis Rubin as Young P. T. Barnum
Ziv Zaifman provides Young P. T. Barnum's singing voice.
Zac Efron as Phillip Carlyle, a playwright who becomes Barnum's partner. His character is partly based on James Anthony Bailey.
Michelle Williams as Charity Hallett-Barnum, the wife of P.T. Barnum.
Skylar Dunn as Young Charity
Rebecca Ferguson as Jenny Lind, a famous Swedish singer known as the "Swedish Nightingale".
Loren Allred provides Lind's singing voice.[8][9]
Zendaya as Anne Wheeler, an acrobat, trapeze artist, W.D.'s younger sister and Phillip Carlyle's love interest. Her character is partly based on Ruth Louisa McCaddon.
Keala Settle as Lettie Lutz, a bearded lady. She is a composite character partly based on Josephine Clofullia and Annie Jones.
Yahya Abdul-Mateen II as W. D. Wheeler, an acrobat and Anne's brother.
Natasha Liu Bordizzo as Deng Yan, a Chinese acrobat and blade-specialist.
Paul Sparks as James Gordon Bennett, the founder, editor and publisher of the New York Herald.
Sam Humphrey as Charles Stratton, a dwarf performer who is also known by his stage name, General Tom Thumb.
James Babson provides Stratton's speaking and singing voice.
Austyn Johnson as Caroline Barnum, Barnum's older daughter.
Cameron Seely as Helen Barnum, Barnum's younger daughter.
Eric Anderson as Mr. O'Malley, a former thief whom Barnum employs at his circus to handle different tasks like staffing the front of the house, selling tickets, reading the reviews, fending off the protestors, producing the posters and promotional materials, and distributing the circus posters on everything.
Daniel Everidge as The Lord of Leeds, a heavyweight man who is based on Teodulo Valenzuela.
Timothy Hughes as the Strongman, a man with enhanced strength who is based on Angus MacAskill.
Shannon Holtzapffel as Prince Constantine, the Tattooed Man who is based off George Costentenus.
Luciano Acuna Jr. as Walter, the Dog Boy who is based on Fedor Jeftichew.
Danial Son and Yusaku Komori as Chang and Eng Bunker, the "Siamese Twins."
Jonathan Redavid as Frank Lentini, the Three-Legged Man.
Nick Jantz as Jeff Harris, the Juggler.
Kenneth Chan as the Human Cannonball
Martha Nichols as Woman in Gold, a woman in gold clothing with gold spots on her.
Jeremy Hudson as The Elephant-Skinned Man, a man who is based on Ralph Krooner. He was credited as "Dancer Oddity #3."[10]
Taylor James as Blockhead, a man with facial piercing that is based on Melvin Burkhart. He is credited as "Dancing Oddity #4."[10]
Chelsea Caso as Tattoo Lady, a woman covered in tattoos who is based on Nora Hildebrant. She is credited as "Dancing Oddity #5."[10]
Caoife Coleman and Mishay Petronelli as the Albino Twins. They were credited as "Dancer Oddity #6" and "Dancer Oddity #7."
Khasan Brasilford as Albino Man, a white-haired man in white clothes. He was credited as "Ensemble Dancer #1."[10]
Alex Wong as Oriental Man, a man dressed in an oriental outfit. He was credited as "Ensemble Dancer #2."[10]
Julius Rubio as Golden Boy, a man in gold clothing with gold spots on him. He was credited as "Ensemble Dancer #2."[10]
Vincent-Oliver Noiseux as Devil Boy, a performer with horns. He was credited as "Ensemble Dancer #4."[10]
Dean Walters and Jessica Castro as the Voodoo Twins. They are credited as "Ensemble Dancer #5" and "Ensemble Dancer" #6.[10]
Najla Gilam as Snake Dancer, a snake charmer who is based on Nala Damajanti. She was credited as "Ensemble Dancer #7."[10]
Damian Young as Mr. Winthrop
Tina Benko as Mrs. Winthrop
Gayle Rankin as Queen Victoria.
Will Swenson as Philo Barnum, a tailor and the father of P. T. Barnum.
Fredric Lehne as Benjamin Hallett, father of Charity and abusive father-in-law of Barnum.
Kathryn Meisle as Hannah Hallett, mother of Charity and mother-in-law of Barnum.

text: Production[edit]

text: The project was first announced in 2009, with Jackman already set for the title role.[11] In August 2011, Michael Gracey was chosen to direct.[12] In 2013, Fox hired lyricists Pasek and Paul to write the songs.[13]

text: On June 15, 2016, Zac Efron began negotiations to star in the film,[14] and in July 2016, Michelle Williams was cast.[15][16][17][18] The film was choreographed by Ashley Wallen.[19]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Rehearsals on the film began in October 2016 in New York City, and principal photography began on November 22, 2016.[20][21]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: In December 2017, it was reported that James Mangold, who had worked with Jackman on several projects (including 2017's Logan), had been brought in to serve as an executive producer during the film's post-production. In an interview, director Michael Gracey noted, "There were eight producers on this film, and it was amazing having one of them be a filmmaker."[22]

text: Music[edit]

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: Benj Pasek and Justin Paul wrote all the songs appearing in the film.[23]

text:
"The Greatest Show" – Hugh Jackman, Keala Settle, Zac Efron, Zendaya
"A Million Dreams" – Ziv Zaifman, Jackman, Michelle Williams
"A Million Dreams" (Reprise) – Austyn Johnson, Cameron Seely, Jackman
"Come Alive" – Jackman, Settle, Daniel Everidge, Zendaya
"The Other Side" – Jackman & Efron
"Never Enough" – Loren Allred
"This Is Me" – Settle
"Rewrite the Stars" – Efron & Zendaya
"Tightrope" – Williams
"Never Enough" (Reprise) – Allred
"From Now On" – Jackman

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack album is produced by Greg Wells, Justin Paul, and Benj Pasek, featuring the eleven tracks performed by the cast. In the United Kingdom it became only the second album in 30 years to achieve 11 consecutive weeks at number 1.[24] The Greatest Showman now[when?] draws level with Adele's 21 for the longest unbroken run at the UK summit in the last 30 years. The cast album is now[when?] at 910,000 combined units, according to the Official Charts Company, made up of 420,000 physical copies, 186,000 downloads and 186,000 streaming.[25]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Greatest Showman held its premiere on December 8, 2017, aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2, while it was docked in New York City. The film was then released in the United States on December 20, 2017.[26][27] Like Disney's live-action Beauty and the Beast, a sing-along version of the film was released in the United Kingdom on February 23, 2018.[28] The film had a limited IMAX release on February 2.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On June 28, 2017, 20th Century Fox released the first international trailer to promote the film. On November 13, 2017, the second trailer was released.[29]

text: On December 17, 2017, Fox televised a live performance of "Come Alive" from Warner Bros. Studios during its live musical special A Christmas Story Live! (which was based on fellow Pasek and Paul work A Christmas Story: The Musical). The number featured the film's stars and a cast of 150 dancers.[30][31]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In the United States, the film was released via digital download on March 20, 2018, and was released on Blu-ray, DVD and 4K Ultra HD on April 10, 2018.[32] In the United Kingdom, the film was released first on digital download on April 27, 2018, while Blu-ray, 4K Ultra HD and DVD copies went on sale on May 14. These versions include the sing-along version, two hours of behind-the-scenes footage and music machine jukebox features.[33]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Greatest Showman grossed $174.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $260.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $434.5 million, against a production budget of $84 million.[3] It is the third highest grossing musical ever in North America and globally, respectively, and Deadline Hollywood estimated the film would turn a profit between $50–100 million.[34]

text: In the United States and Canada, The Greatest Showman was released alongside Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle, and was projected to gross around $21 million from 3,006 theaters over its first six days.[35][36] It took in $2 million on its first day and $2 million on its second. Over the three day weekend, it grossed $9 million (for a six-day total of $19 million), finishing fourth at the box office, behind Star Wars: The Last Jedi, Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle and Pitch Perfect 3.[37] In its second weekend, the film grossed $15.5 million, again finishing 4th at the box office.[38] The weekend-to-weekend increase of 76.3% marked the largest ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters, and the fourth biggest ever.[39][40] In its third week, the film dropped 11% to $14 million.[41]

text: The film made $13 million in its fourth weekend and $11 million in its fifth, finishing 4th and 5th at the box office, respectively.[42] The film continued to hold well in its sixth week of release, grossing $9.5 million and returning to 4th place,[43] and again finished fourth in its seventh week, this time grossing $7.8 million (a drop of just 18%).[44] It is the 13th highest-grossing film that never reached first place at the American box office.[45]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 56% based on 208 reviews, and an average rating of 6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The Greatest Showman tries hard to dazzle the audience with a Barnum-style sense of wonder – but at the expense of its complex subject's far more intriguing real-life story."[46] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[47] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while it earned a 70% "definite recommend" from comScore.[37]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review, writing, "The Greatest Showman is a concoction, the kind of film where all the pieces click into place, yet at an hour and 45 minutes it flies by, and the link it draws between P.T. Barnum and the spirit of today is more than hype."[48] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3/4 stars, saying, "With all that corn and cheese and old-timey sentiment, The Greatest Showman ends up scoring some very timely social arguments. P.T. Barnum himself would have approved the dramatic sleight of hand."[49] Steve Persall of Tampa Bay Times gave the film an 'A', and said, "The Greatest Showman is the feel-good movie the holiday season needs,"[50] while William Bibbiani of IGN gave The Greatest Showman a score of 7.9/10, and called the film, "wildly entertaining."[51]

text: Britton Peele of The Dallas Morning News said, "The story is interesting and the beats are well-acted, but it's the musical numbers that make The Greatest Showman."[52] Jackie K Cooper of HuffPost gave the film a score of 10/10 and wrote, "You will be overwhelmed by the music and magic that explode on the screen. The film has a message that should resonate with today's world concerning acceptance and courage."[53] Hugh Armitage of Digital Spy said, "The Greatest Showman is a broad and solid crowd-pleaser. An undemanding spectacle for all the family."[54] Alan Jones of Radio Times called it "A joyously uplifting potpourii of visual resplendence, stylish choreography and solid gold magic, one engineered to approximate the lavish spectacle the movie musical once offered."[55]

text: Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com gave it 3.5/4, stating "The Greatest Showman is an unabashed piece of pure entertainment punctuated by memorable songs."[56] Douglas Davidson of CLTure called the film, "An undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack, a movie that dazzles and delights."[57] James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a 3/4 score, and said, "The film has show-stopping well-choreographed numbers with catchy tunes,"[58] and Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the film "highly enjoyable."[59]

text: Carl Kozlowski of Pasadena Weekly gave the film an 'A', calling it "Groundbreaking & grandly innovative."[60] Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune gave The Greatest Showman 3.5/4 stars, stating, "A strong cast give emotional power to this romanticized, tune-filled biography."[61] Manuela Lazic of Little White Lies gave it 4/5, saying, "The Greatest Showman deserves to become a Christmas classic. The film's severe romanticism and ridiculous but affecting enthusiasm make it irresistibly life-affirming."[62] Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and called it, "A fantasia of song and dance, a joyous exercise in pure entertainment that is made for the holiday crowd."[63]

text: Conversely, Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review, criticizing the songs and characters and saying "There's idiotic, and there's magnificent, but The Greatest Showman is that special thing that happens sometimes. It's magnificently idiotic. It's an awful mess, but it's flashy. The temptation is to cover your face and watch it through your fingers, because it's so earnest and embarrassing and misguided – and yet it's well-made."[64] In a negative review for The Hollywood Reporter, David Rooney wrote "This ersatz portrait of American big-top tent impresario P.T. Barnum is all smoke and mirrors, no substance. It hammers pedestrian themes of family, friendship and inclusivity while neglecting the fundaments of character and story."[65]

text: Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars, saying, "How do you cast a virtuoso Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum, spare no expense in production values, add a score by Oscar and Tony winners Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and still end up with the shrill blast of nothing that is The Greatest Showman? Ask first-time director Michael Gracey, who cut his teeth on commercials and music videos without ever mastering the crucial knack of building snippets of musical comedy and drama into a satisfying whole."[66] Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film's failures "are rooted in something deeper: a dispiriting lack of faith in the audience's intelligence, and a dawning awareness of its own aesthetic hypocrisy. You've rarely seen a more straight-laced musical about the joys of letting your freak flag fly."[67]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Nominee(s)

Result

Ref(s)

AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards

February 5, 2018

Best Grownup Love Story

The Greatest Showman

Won

[68][69]

Academy Awards

March 4, 2018

Best Original Song

"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul

Nominated

[70][71]

Casting Society of America

January 18, 2018

Big Budget – Comedy

Bernard Telsey, Tiffany Little Canfield, Rori Bergman and Patrick Goodwin

Won

[72]

Costume Designers Guild

February 20, 2018

Excellence in Period Film

Ellen Mirojnick

Nominated

[73]

Critics' Choice Movie Awards

January 11, 2018

Best Song

"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul

Nominated

[74]

Dorian Awards

February 24, 2018

Campy Flick of the Year

The Greatest Showman

Nominated

[75][76]

Empire Awards

March 18, 2018

Best Costume Design

The Greatest Showman

Nominated

[77][78]

Best Make-up And Hairstyling

The Greatest Showman

Nominated

Georgia Film Critics Association

January 12, 2018

Best Original Song

"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul

Nominated

[79]

Golden Globe Awards

January 7, 2018

Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

Hugh Jackman

Nominated

[80]

Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

The Greatest Showman

Nominated

Best Original Song – Motion Picture

"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul

Won

Golden Reel Awards

February 18, 2018

Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Musical

Jen Monnar, Jim Harrison, Jeff Carson, Peter Myles and Sheri Ozeki

Won

[81]

Guild of Music Supervisors Awards

February 8, 2018

Best Music Supervision for Film: Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars

Benj Pasek and Justin Paul

Nominated

[82]

Best Song/Recording Created for a Film

"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul

Nominated

Heartland Film Festival

December 31, 2017

Truly Moving Picture Award

Michael Gracey

Won

[83]

Kids' Choice Awards

March 24, 2018

Favorite Movie

The Greatest Showman

Nominated

[84]

Favorite Movie Actress

Zendaya

Won

Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild

February 24, 2018

Feature Motion Picture: Best Period and/or Character Makeup

Nicki Ledermann, Tania Ribalow and Sunday Englis

Nominated

[85]

Saturn Awards

June 27, 2018

Best Action or Adventure Film

The Greatest Showman

Won

[86][87]

Best Costume Design

Ellen Mirojnick

Nominated

Best Music

John Debney and Joseph Trapanese

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards

August 12, 2018

Choice Breakout Movie Star

Keala Settle

Nominated

[88]

Choice Collaboration

"Rewrite the Stars" – Zac Efron and Zendaya

Won

Choice Drama Movie

The Greatest Showman

Won

Choice Drama Movie Actor

Zac Efron

Won

Hugh Jackman

Nominated

Choice Drama Movie Actress

Zendaya

Won

Choice Liplock

Zac Efron and Zendaya

Nominated

Choice Movie Ship

Zac Efron and Zendaya

Won

Choice Pop Song

"This Is Me" – Keala Settle

Nominated

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: Detailing the differences between the biography of Barnum, and the character portrayed in the film, Smithsonian magazine called the film "pretty humbug."  The magazine noted that one of the legacies ascribed to the real Barnum was his profiting from marketing racism to the masses, even though later in life he came to express some regrets.[89]


document_title: Walking Tall (1973 film)

question_text: who played the son in walking tall 1973

question_tokens: who played the son in walking tall 1973

text: Walking Tall (1973 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Buford Pusser (Joe Don Baker), at his wife Pauline's (Elizabeth Hartman) behest, retires from the professional wrestling ring and moves back to Tennessee to start a logging business with his father, Carl Pusser (Noah Beery, Jr.).

text: With a friend, he visits a gambling and prostitution establishment, the Lucky Spot, and is beaten up after catching the house cheating at craps. Pusser is seriously injured with a knife and receives over 200 stitches. He complains to the sheriff but is ignored, and soon becomes aware of the rampant corruption in McNairy County. Later, working at his father's lumber mill, Pusser makes a club out of a tree branch. Late one night, Pusser waits until after the Lucky Spot is closed and beats up the same thugs that left him for dead. The next day, Pusser is arrested and represents himself at trial. At one point, he rips off his shirt and shows the jury his scars. He informs them that "If you let them do this to me and get away with it, then you're giving them the eternal right to do the same damn thing to any one of you!" The jury finds Pusser not guilty, and he decides to clean up the county and runs for sheriff. The campaign is contentious against the incumbent sheriff who is killed trying to run Pusser off the road. Pusser is elected, and becomes famous for being incorruptible, intolerant of crime, and for his array of four-foot hickory clubs which he uses to great effect in dispatching criminals and destroying their clandestine gambling dens and illegal distilleries.

text: Some residents praise Pusser as an honest cop in a crooked town; others denounce him as a bully willing to break some laws to uphold others. Pusser is betrayed by one of his deputies and is attacked several times. Finally, he and Pauline are ambushed in their car. Pauline is killed and Pusser is seriously injured. He is admitted to the hospital after being shot and while still in a neck and face cast, attends his wife's funeral. Afterward he rams a sheriff cruiser through the front doors of the Lucky Spot, killing two of his would-be assassins.

text: As he leaves with two deputies, the townspeople arrive and begin throwing the gambling tables out into the parking lot. They light a bonfire as an overwhelmed Pusser wipes tears from his eyes.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Joe Don Baker as Buford Pusser
Elizabeth Hartman as Pauline Pusser
Lurene Tuttle as Helen Pusser
Noah Beery, Jr. as Carl Pusser
Dawn Lyn as Dwana Pusser
Leif Garrett as Mike Pusser
Felton Perry as Obra Eaker
Logan Ramsey as John Witter
Rosemary Murphy as Callie Hacker
Gene Evans as Sheriff Al Thurman
Bruce Glover as Grady Coker
Kenneth Tobey as Augie Mccullah
Don Keefer as Dr. Lamar Stivers
Douglas Fowley as Judge Clarke
Pepper Martin as Zolan Dicks
Ted Jordan as Virgil Button
Red West as Sheriff Tanner
Brenda Benet (Brenda Benét) as Luan Paxton
Arch Johnson as Buel Jaggers
Russell Thorson as Ferrin Meaks
Gil Perkins as 1st Bouncer
Carey Loftin as Dice Player
Warner Venetz as Stickman
Gene LeBell as 2nd Bouncer
Del Monroe as Otie Doss

text: Sequels[edit]

text: The original Walking Tall was a hit, but the sequels, Walking Tall Part 2 (September 28, 1975), and Walking Tall: Final Chapter (August 10, 1977), both starring Bo Svenson, were far less profitable. On December 9, 1978, CBS aired A Real American Hero, with Brian Dennehy as Buford Pusser.

text: Remake[edit]

text: In 1978, CBS aired a television movie titled A Real American Hero: Buford Pusser, starring Brian Dennehy as the title character. The film is set in 1967 and focused on the real-life sheriff Buford Pusser who goes after a criminal who has killed young people with his illegal moonshine.

text: In 2004, a remake starring professional wrestler Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson was made. Although it utilized many elements from Pusser's life and the original Walking Tall, many things were changed. Johnson's character's name was now Chris Vaughn, the sheriff is trying to stop the selling of illegal drugs instead of illegal moonshine, and the film's setting became semi-rural Kitsap County, Washington, although it was filmed in Squamish, B.C., Canada. Two sequels to the remake were produced, and released in 2007: Walking Tall: The Payback and Walking Tall: Lone Justice, both made in Dallas, Texas and released directly to DVD. These sequels starred Kevin Sorbo as Nick Prescott, the son of the town's sheriff who takes the law into his own hands when his father is killed in a suspicious car accident.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film holds a 75% "Fresh" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes.[3]

text: Walking Tall was a box office smash. Produced on a budget of $500,000, the film grossed $23 million domestically,[1] earning an estimated $8.5 million in North American theatrical rentals in 1973.[4]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:

Buford Pusser – Nominated Hero[5]


document_title: Funnel cake

question_text: where did the name funnel cake come from

text: Funnel cake

text: History[edit]

text: The concept of the funnel cake dates back to the early medieval Persian world, where similar yeast-risen dishes were first prepared and later spread to Europe.[1] Pennsylvania Dutch immigrants brought the yeast dish, known as Drechderkuche, to America and around 1879 developed the baking powder version along with its new name, funnel cake.[1]

text: Preparation[edit]

text: Funnel cakes are made by pouring batter into hot cooking oil in a circular pattern and deep frying the overlapping mass until golden-brown. The batter is commonly poured through a funnel creating its texture and giving its name. When made at concession stands, a pitcher with an integral funnel spout is employed. Alton Brown recommends they be baked with choux pastry, which expands from steam produced by its high water content.

text: Funnel cakes are typically served plain with powdered sugar, but can also be served with jam/jelly, cinnamon, chocolate, fresh fruit, or other toppings.

text: They are similar in recipe to angel wings, the difference being the density of the mix. The dough for angel wings is viscous enough to be cut into shapes and dropped into the oil by hand.

text: By location[edit]

text: Europe[edit]

text: In south German cuisine the equivalent is called Strauben or Strieble and is made and served similarly. In Finnish cuisine the analogous tippaleipä is traditionally served at May Day (Vappu) celebrations. In Lithuania it is called skruzdėlynas, which literal translation is the ant nest, normally it is made at early spring to empty stock of last year honey and make more space for the new one and at the first harvest of honey.

text: Asia[edit]

text: In the Indian subcontinent a similar dessert, with a crystallized sugary exterior coating, is called jalebi; in Iran this is known as zulbia and is a popular dessert. These differ from funnel cake in using no baking powder, which results in a somewhat chewy texture.

text: It is called "shakoy" in the Southern Philippines where it is shaped into twisted strips covered in sugar after frying.

text: North America[edit]

text: In North America, funnel cakes were originally associated with Pennsylvania Dutch Country. It is one of the first North American fried foods, which is associated with the Pennsylvania Dutch, German immigrants who came to Pennsylvania in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Pennsylvania Dutch called the first funnel cakes drechter kuche. The name “funnel” later came from the technique used to make the cakes, in which the pancake-like batter is poured into hot oil through a funnel.[2]


document_title: Malchus

question_text: who cut off the guard's ear in the bible

question_tokens: who cut off the guard 's ear in the bible

text: Malchus

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Malchus /ˈmælkəs/ is a charecter that appear in the four gospels as the servant of the Jewish High Priest Caiaphas who participated in the arrest of Jesus. According to the Bible, one of the disciples, Simon Peter, being armed with a sword, cut off the servant's ear in an attempt to prevent the arrest of Jesus.

text: Simon cutting off Malchus' ear is related in all four canonical gospels, in Matthew 26:51, Mark 14:47, Luke 22:50-51, and John 18:10–11, but Simon and Malchus are named only in the Gospel of John. Also, Luke is the only gospel that says Jesus healed the servant. This was Jesus' last recorded miracle prior to His resurrection.

text: The relevant passage in the Gospel of John, KJV, reads:

text:
10 Then Simon Peter having a sword drew it, and smote the high priest's servant, and cut off his right ear. The servant's name was Malchus.
11 Then said Jesus unto Peter, Put up thy sword into the sheath: the cup which my Father hath given me, shall I not drink it?

text: James F. McGrath suggests that this account reflects an event that did happen, in that early Christians would hardly have invented a story portraying themselves as violent.[2]

text: Later in Chapter 18, John records that a relative of Malchus witnessed Peter's assault in the Garden of Gethsemane, and identified Peter as a follower of Christ. Peter denied this.

text: Thornton Wilder wrote a short play entitled, "The Servant's Name Was Malchus". It appeared in the collection The Angel That Troubled the Waters and Other Plays.

text: Malchus was portrayed by Paul Brightwell in the 2013 TV miniseries The Bible.

text: "Malchus" is a book by W. G. Griffiths published in 2002 by RiverOaks Publishing.