document_title: Monopoly (game)

question_text: what are the four corner squares on a monopoly board

question_tokens: what are the four corner squares on a monopoly board

text: Monopoly (game)

text: History[edit]

text: Early history[edit]

text: The history of Monopoly can be traced back to 1903,[1][4] when American anti-monopolist Elizabeth Magie created a game through which she hoped to be able to explain the single tax theory of Henry George. It was intended as an educational tool to illustrate the negative aspects of concentrating land in private monopolies. Magie took out a patent in 1904. Her game, The Landlord's Game, was self-published, beginning in 1906.[5]

text: A series of variant board games based on her concept was developed from 1906 through the 1930s that involved the buying and selling of land and the development of that land. Cardboard houses were added and rents were increased as they were added. Magie again patented the game in 1923.[6]

text: According to an advertisement placed in The Christian Science Monitor, Charles Todd of Philadelphia recalled the day in 1932 when his childhood friend, Esther Jones and her husband Charles Darrow, came to their house for dinner. After the meal, the Darrows played The Landlord's Game several times with them, a game that was entirely new to the Darrows, and before he left, Darrow asked for a written set of the rules. After Darrow distributed the game himself as Monopoly, the Todds never spoke to the Darrows again.[7]

text: After Darrow had excellent sales during the Christmas season of 1934, the Parker Brothers bought the game's copyrights from Darrow.[8] After finding Darrow was not the sole inventor of the game, Parker bought the rights to Magie's patent.[9]

text: Origin[edit]

text: By 1933, a variation on The Landlord's Game called Monopoly was the basis of the board game sold by Parker Brothers, beginning on February 6, 1935.[10] Several people, mostly in the midwestern United States and near the East Coast, contributed to the game's design and evolution, and this is when the game's design took on the 4×10 space-to-a-side layout and familiar cards were produced. The original version of the game in this format was based on the streets of Atlantic City, New Jersey. By the 1970s, the false notion that the game had been created solely by Charles Darrow had become popular folklore: it was printed in the game's instructions.

text: In 1936, Parker Brothers began licensing the game for sale outside the United States. In 1941, the British Secret Intelligence Service had John Waddington Ltd., the licensed manufacturer of the game in the United Kingdom, create a special edition for World War II prisoners of war held by the Nazis.[11] Hidden inside these games were maps, compasses, real money, and other objects useful for escaping. They were distributed to prisoners by British secret service-created fake charity groups.[12]

text: Economics professor Ralph Anspach published a game Anti-Monopoly in 1973, and was sued for trademark infringement by Parker Brothers in 1974. The case went to trial in 1976. Anspach won on appeals in 1979, as the 9th Circuit Court determined that the trademark Monopoly was generic, and therefore unenforceable.[13] The United States Supreme Court declined to hear the case, allowing the appellate court ruling to stand. This decision was overturned by the passage of Public Law 98-620 in 1984.[14][15] With that law in place, Parker Brothers and its parent company, Hasbro, continue to hold valid trademarks for the game Monopoly. However, Anti-Monopoly was exempted from the law and Anspach later reached a settlement with Hasbro and markets his game under license from them.[16]

text: The research that Dr. Anspach conducted during the course of the litigation was what helped to bring the game's history before Charles Darrow into the spotlight.

text: Hasbro ownership[edit]

text: In 1991, Hasbro acquired Parker Bros. and thus Monopoly.[17] Prior to the Hasbro acquisition, Parker Bros. only acted as a publisher only issuing two versions at a time, a regular and deluxe. Thus Hasbro move to create and license other versions and involve the public in varying the game.[18] A new wave of licensed products began in 1994, when Hasbro granted a license to USAopoly to begin publishing a San Diego Edition of Monopoly,[17][19] which has since been followed by over 100 more Other licensees include Winning Moves Games (since 1995) and Winning Solutions, Inc. (since 2000) in the United States.

text: In 2003, the company held a national tournament on a chartered train going from Chicago to Atlantic City (see § U.S._National_Championship).[18] Also in 2003, Hasbro sued the maker of Ghetto-opoly and won. In 2005, the company sued RADGames over their Super Add-On accessory board game that fit in the center of the board.[20] In January 2017, Hasbro invited Internet users to vote on a new set of game pieces, with this new regular edition to be issued in March 2017.[21]

text: Board[edit]

text: The Monopoly game-board consists of forty spaces containing twenty-eight properties: (twenty-two streets (grouped into eight color groups), four railroads, and two utilities), three Chance spaces, three Community Chest spaces, a Luxury Tax space, an Income Tax space, and the four corner squares: GO, (In) Jail/Just Visiting, Free Parking, and Go to Jail.[22]

text: U.S. versions[edit]

text: There have been some changes to the board since the original. Not all of the Chance and Community Chest cards as printed in the 1935 patent were used in editions from 1936/1937 onwards,[23] and graphics with the Mr. Monopoly character (then known as "Rich Uncle Pennybags") were added in that same time-frame.[24] A graphic of a chest containing coins was added to the Community Chest spaces, as were the flat purchase prices of all of the properties. Traditionally, the Community Chest cards were yellow (although they sometimes were printed on blue stock) with no decoration or text on the back, and the Chance cards were orange, likewise with no text or decoration on the back.[24]

text: Hasbro commissioned a major graphic redesign to the U.S. Standard Edition of the game in 2008, with some minor revisions. Among the changes: the colors of Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues (which changed from purple to brown), the colors of the GO square (which changed from red to black), the adoption of a flat $200 Income Tax (formerly the player's choice of $200 or 10% of their total holdings, which they may not calculate until after making their final decision); originally the amount was $300 but changed a year after the game's debut,[25] and increased $100 Luxury Tax amount (upped from $75). There were also changes to the Chance and Community Chest cards; for example, the "poor tax" and "grand opera opening" cards became "speeding fine" and "it is your birthday", respectively; though their effects remained the same, and the player must pay only $50 instead of $150 for the school tax. In addition, a player now gets $50 instead of $45 for sale of stock, and the Advance to Illinois Avenue card now has the added text regarding a player collecting $200 if they pass Go on the way there.[26]

text: All of the Chance and Community Chest cards received a graphic upgrade in 2008 as part of the graphic refresh of the game. Mr. Monopoly's classic line illustration was also now usually replaced by renderings of a 3D Mr. Monopoly model. The backs of the cards have their respective symbols, with Community Chest cards in blue, and Chance cards in orange.[26]

text: In the U.S. versions shown below, the properties are named after locations in (or near) Atlantic City, New Jersey.[27] Atlantic City's Illinois Avenue was renamed Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. in the 1980s. St. Charles Place no longer exists, as the now-defunct Showboat Casino Hotel was developed where it once ran.[28]

text: There are different versions that have since been then created based on various current consumer interests such as: Dogopoly, Catopoly, Bugopoly, and various TV/movie versions among others.

text:
Free Parking

Kentucky Avenue
$220
Chance
?

Indiana Avenue
$220
Illinois Avenue
$240
B&O Railroad
$200
Atlantic Avenue
$260
Ventnor Avenue
$260
Water Works
$150
Marvin Gardens
$280
Go To Jail

New York Avenue
$200

MONOPOLY

Pacific Avenue
$300

Tennessee Avenue
$180
North Carolina Avenue
$300

Community Chest
Community Chest

St. James Place
$180
Pennsylvania Avenue
$320

Pennsylvania Railroad
$200
Short Line
$200

Virginia Avenue
$160
Chance
?

States Avenue
$140
Park Place
$350

Electric Company
$150
Luxury Tax
(pay $100)

St. Charles Place
$140
Boardwalk
$400

In Jail/Just Visiting
Connecticut Avenue
$120
Vermont Avenue
$100
Chance
?

Oriental Avenue
$100
Reading Railroad
$200
Income Tax
(pay $200)
Baltic Avenue
$60
Community Chest
Mediter-
ranean Avenue
$60
Collect $200 salary as you pass
GO

tag: table

text: Marvin Gardens, the farthest yellow property, is a misspelling of its actual name, Marven Gardens. The misspelling was introduced by Charles and Olive Todd, who taught the game to Charles Darrow, and passed on when their homemade Monopoly board was copied by Darrow and thence to Parker Brothers. The Todds also changed the Atlantic City Quakers' Arctic Avenue to Mediterranean, and shortened the Shore Fast Line to the Short Line.[29] It was not until 1995 that Parker Brothers acknowledged the misspelling of Marvin Gardens, formally apologizing to the residents of Marven Gardens.[30]

text: Short Line refers to the Shore Fast Line, a streetcar line that served Atlantic City.[28] The B&O Railroad did not serve Atlantic City. A booklet included with the reprinted 1935 edition states that the four railroads that served Atlantic City in the mid-1930s were the Jersey Central, the Seashore Lines, the Reading Railroad, and the Pennsylvania Railroad.

text: The Baltimore & Ohio (now part of CSX) was the parent of the Reading. There is a tunnel in Philadelphia where track to the south was B. & O. and track to the north is Reading. The Central of N.J. did not have track to Atlantic City but was the daughter of the Reading (and granddaughter of the B. & O.) Their track ran from the New York City area to Delaware Bay and some trains ran on the Reading-controlled track to Atlantic City.[31]

text: The actual "Electric Company" and "Water Works" serving the city are respectively Atlantic City Electric Company (a subsidiary of Pepco Holdings) and the Atlantic City Municipal Utilities Authority.[28]

text: U.K. version[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the 1930s, John Waddington Ltd. (Waddingtons) was a firm of printers from Leeds that had begun to branch out into packaging and the production of playing cards. Waddingtons had sent the card game Lexicon to Parker Brothers hoping to interest them in publishing the game in the United States. In a similar fashion, Parker Brothers sent over a copy of Monopoly to Waddingtons early in 1935 before the game had been put into production in the United States.

text: The managing director of Waddingtons, Victor Watson, gave the game to his son Norman (who was head of the card games division) to test over the weekend. Norman was impressed by the game and persuaded his father to call Parker Brothers on Monday morning – transatlantic calls then being almost unheard of. This call resulted in Waddingtons obtaining a license to produce and market the game outside of the United States. Watson felt that for the game to be a success in the United Kingdom, the American locations would have to be replaced, so Victor and his secretary, Marjory Phillips, went to London to scout out locations. The Angel, Islington is not a street in London but a building (and the name of the road intersection where it is located). It had been a coaching inn that stood on the Great North Road. By the 1930s, the inn had become a J. Lyons and Co. tea room (it is now a Co-operative Bank). Some accounts say that Marjory and Victor met at the Angel to discuss the selection and celebrated the fact by including it on the Monopoly board. In 2003, a plaque commemorating the naming was unveiled at the site by Victor Watson's grandson, who is also named Victor.

text: During World War II, the British Secret Service contacted Waddington (who could also print on silk) to make Monopoly sets that included escape maps, money, a compass and file, all hidden in copies of the game sent by fake POW relief charities to prisoners of war.[32]

text: The standard British board, produced by Waddingtons, was for many years the version most familiar to people in countries in the Commonwealth (except Canada, where the U.S. edition with Atlantic City-area names was reprinted), although local variants of the board are now also found in several of these countries.

text: In 1998, Winning Moves procured the Monopoly license from Hasbro and created new U.K. city and regional editions with sponsored squares. Initially, in December 1998, the game was sold in just a few W H Smith stores, but demand was high, with almost fifty thousand games shipped in the four weeks leading to Christmas. Winning Moves still produces new city and regional editions annually.

text: The original income tax choice from the 1930s U.S. board is replaced by a flat rate on the U.K. board, and the $75 Luxury Tax space is replaced with the £100 Super Tax space, the same as the current German board. In 2008, the U.S. Edition was changed to match the U.K. and various European editions, including a flat $200 Income Tax value and an increased $100 Luxury Tax amount.[26]

text: In cases wherein the game was produced under license by a national company, the £ (pound) was replaced by a $ (dollar) sign, but the place names were unchanged.

text:
Free Parking

Strand
£220
Chance
?

Fleet Street
£220
Trafalgar Square
£240
Fenchurch Street station
£200
Leicester Square
£260
Coventry Street
£260
Water Works
£150
Piccadilly
£280
Go To Jail

Vine Street
£200

MONOPOLY

Regent Street
£300

Marlborough Street
£180
Oxford Street
£300

Community Chest
Community Chest

Bow Street
£180
Bond Street
£320

Marylebone station
£200
Liverpool Street station
£200

Northumberland Avenue
£160
Chance
?

Whitehall
£140
Park Lane
£350

Electric Company
£150
Super Tax
(pay £100)

Pall Mall
£140
Mayfair
£400

In Jail/Just Visiting
Pentonville Road
£120
Euston Road
£100
Chance
?

The Angel Islington
£100
King's Cross station
£200
Income Tax
(pay £200)
Whitechapel Road
£60
Community Chest
Old Kent Road
£60
Collect £200 salary as you pass
GO

text: Post-2005 variations[edit]

text: Starting in the U.K. in 2005, a revised version of the game, titled Monopoly Here and Now, was produced, replacing game scenarios, properties, and tokens with newer equivalents. Similar boards were produced for Germany and France. Variants of these first editions appeared with Visa-branded debit cards taking the place of cash – the later U.S. "Electronic Banking" edition has unbranded debit cards.

text: The success of the first Here and Now editions caused Hasbro U.S. to allow on-line voting for twenty-six landmark properties across the United States to take their places along the game-board. The popularity of this voting, in turn, caused the creation of similar web-sites, and secondary game-boards per popular vote to be created in the U.K., Canada, France, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and other nations.[33][better source needed]

text: In 2006, Winning Moves Games released the Mega Edition, with a 30% larger game-board and revised game play. Other streets from Atlantic City (eight, one per color group) were included, along with a third "utility", the Gas Company. In addition, $1,000 denomination notes (first seen in Winning Moves' Monopoly: The Card Game) are included. Game play is further changed with bus tickets (allowing non-dice-roll movement along one side of the board), a speed die (itself adopted into variants of the Atlantic City standard edition; see below), skyscrapers (after houses and hotels), and train depots that can be placed on the Railroad spaces.[34]

text: This edition was adapted for the U.K. market in 2007, and is sold by Winning Moves U.K. After the initial U.S. release, critiques of some of the rules caused the company to issue revisions and clarifications on their website.[citation needed]

text: Monopoly Here and Now[edit]

text: In September 2006, the U.S. edition of Monopoly Here and Now was released. This edition features top landmarks across the U.S.[35] The properties were decided by votes over the Internet in the spring of 2006.[36]

text: Monetary values are multiplied by 10,000 (e.g., one collects $2,000,000 instead of $200 for passing GO and pays that much for Income Tax (or 10% of their total, as this edition was launched prior to 2008), each player starts with $15,000,000 instead of $1,500, etc.).[35] Also, the Chance and Community Chest cards are updated, the Railroads are replaced by Airports (Chicago O'Hare, Los Angeles International, New York City's JFK, and Atlanta's Hartsfield-Jackson), and the Utilities (Electric Company and Water Works) are replaced by Service Providers (Internet Service Provider and Cell Phone Service Provider).[36] The houses and hotels are blue and silver, not green and red as in most editions of Monopoly. The board uses the traditional U.S. layout; the cheapest properties are purple, not brown, and "Interest on Credit Card Debt" replaces "Luxury Tax". Despite the updated Luxury Tax space, and the Income Tax space no longer using the 10% option, this edition uses paper Monopoly money, and not an electronic banking unit like the Here and Now World Edition. However, a similar edition of Monopoly, the Electronic Banking edition, does feature an electronic banking unit and bank cards, as well as a different set of tokens. Both Here and Now and Electronic Banking feature an updated set of tokens from the Atlantic City edition.[36]

text: It is also notable that three states (California, Florida and Texas) are represented by two cities each (Los Angeles and San Francisco, Miami and Orlando, and Dallas and Houston respectively). No other state is represented by more than one city (not including the airports). One landmark, Texas Stadium, has been demolished and no longer exists. Another landmark, Jacobs Field, still exists, but was renamed Progressive Field in 2008.[37]

text:
Free Parking

Camelback Mountains, Phoenix
$2.2M
Chance
?

Waikiki Beach, Honolulu
$2.2M
Walt Disney World, Orlando
$2.4M
JFK Airport, New York City
$2M
French Quarter, New Orleans
$2.6M
Hollywood, Los Angeles
$2.6M
Internet Service
$1.5M
Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco
$2.8M
Go To Jail

Pioneer Square, Seattle
$2M

MONOPOLY
Here and Now:
The U.S. Edition

Las Vegas Blvd, Las Vegas
$3M

Johnson Space Center, Houston
$1.8M
Wrigley Field, Chicago
$3M

Community Chest
Community Chest

South Beach, Miami
$1.8M
White House, Washington
$3.2M

Los Angeles International Airport
$2M
Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport
$2M

Liberty Bell, Philadelphia
$1.6M
Chance
?

Red Rocks Amphitheatre, Denver
$1.4M
Fenway Park, Boston
$3.5M

Cell Phone Service
$1.5M
Interest On Credit Card Debt
pay $750K

Centennial Olympic Park, Atlanta
$1.4M
Times Square, New York City
$4M

In Jail/Just Visiting
Mall of America, Minneapolis
$1.2M
Gateway Arch, St. Louis
$1M
Chance
?

Grand Ole Opry, Nashville
$1M
O'Hare Airport, Chicago
$2M
Income Tax
pay $2M or 10%
Texas Stadium, Dallas
$600K
Community Chest
Jacobs Field, Cleveland
$600K
Collect $2M salary as you pass
GO

text: In 2015, in honor of the game's 80th birthday, Hasbro held an online vote in order to determine which cities would make it into an updated version of the Here and Now edition of the game. This second edition is more a spin-off as the winning condition has changed to completing your passport instead of bankrupting your opponents. Community Chest is replaced with Here and Now cards while the Here and Now space replaced the railroads. Houses and hotels have been removed.[38]

text: Hasbro released a World edition with the top voted cities from all around the world, as well as at least a Here & Now edition with the voted-on U.S. cities.[39]

text: Monopoly Empire[edit]

text: Monopoly Empire has uniquely branded tokens and places based on popular brands. Instead of buying properties, you buy popular brands one by one and slide their billboards onto your Empire tower. Instead of building houses and hotels, you collect rent from your rivals based on your tower height. You win by being the first player to fill your tower with billboards.[40] Every space on the board is an brand name, including Xbox, Coca-Cola, McDonald's and Samsung.[41]

text: Equipment[edit]

text: All property deeds, houses, and hotels are held by the bank until bought by the players. A standard set of Monopoly pieces includes:

text: Cards[edit]

text: A deck of thirty-two Chance and Community Chest cards (sixteen Chance and sixteen Community Chest) which players draw when they land on the corresponding squares of the track, and follow the instructions printed on them.

text: Deeds[edit]

text: A title deed for each property is given to a player to signify ownership, and specifies purchase price, mortgage value, the cost of building houses and hotels on that property, and the various rent prices depending on how developed the property is. Properties include:

text:
Twenty-two streets, divided into eight color groups of two or three streets; a player must own all of a color group in order to build houses or hotels. Once achieved, color group properties must be improved or "broken down" evenly. See the section on Rules.
Four railroads, players collect $25 rent if they own one station; $50 for two; $100 for three; $200 for all four. These are usually replaced by railroad stations in non-U.S. editions of Monopoly.
Two utilities, rent is four times the dice value if one utility is owned, but ten times if both are owned. Hotels and houses cannot be built on utilities or stations. Some country editions have a fixed rent for utilities; for example, the Italian editions has a L. 2,000 ($20) rent if one utility is owned, or L. 10,000 ($100) if both are owned.

text: The purchase prices for the various properties vary from $60 to $400 on a U.S. Standard Edition set.

text: Dice[edit]

text: A pair of six-sided dice, with a "Speed Die" added for variation in 2007. The 1999 Millennium Edition featured two jewel-like dice which were the subject of a lawsuit from Michael Bowling, owner of dice maker Crystal Caste.[42] Hasbro lost the suit in 2008 and had to pay $446,182 in royalties.[43] Subsequent printings of the game reverted to normal six-sided dice.

text: Houses and hotels[edit]

text: 32 houses and 12 hotels made of wood or plastic (the original and current Deluxe Edition have wooden houses and hotels; the current "base set" uses plastic buildings). Unlike money, houses and hotels have a finite supply. If no more are available, no substitute is allowed. In most editions, houses are green and hotels red.

text: Money[edit]

text: Older U.S. standard editions of the game included a total of $15,140 in the following denominations:

text:
20 $500 bills (orange)
20 $100 bills (beige)
30 $50 bills (blue)
50 $20 bills (green)
40 $10 bills (yellow)
40 $5 bills (pink)
40 $1 bills (white)

text: Newer (September 2008 and later) U.S. editions instead provide a total of $20,580–30 of each denomination. The colors of some of the bills are also changed: $10s are now colored blue instead of yellow, $20s are a brighter color green than before, and $50s are now colored purple instead of blue. Each player begins the game with his or her token on the Go square, and $1,500 (or 1,500 of a localized currency) in play money (2,500 with the Speed Die). Prior to September 2008, the money was divided with greater numbers of 20 and 10 dollar bills. Since then, the U.S. version has taken on the British version's initial cash distributions.

text:
U.S. editions prior to 2008
U.S. editions since 2008 / British editions

2 × $500
2 × $/£500

2 × $100
4 × $/£100

2 × $50
1 × $/£50

6 × $20
1 × $/£20

5 × $10
2 × $/£10

5 × $5
1 × $/£5

5 × $1
5 × $/£1

text: Although the U.S. version is indicated as allowing eight players, the above cash distribution is not possible with all eight players since it requires 32 $100 bills and 40 $1 bills. However, the amount of cash contained in the game is enough for eight players with a slight alteration of bill distribution.

text: International currencies[edit]

text: Pre-Euro German editions of the game started with 30,000 "Spielmark" in eight denominations (abbreviated as "M."), and later used seven denominations of the "Deutsche Mark" ("DM."). In the classic Italian game, each player received L. 350,000 ($3500) in a two-player game, but L. 50,000 ($500) less for each player more than two. Only in a six-player game does a player receive the equivalent of $1,500. The classic Italian games were played with only four denominations of currency. Both Spanish editions (the Barcelona and Madrid editions) started the game with 150,000 in play money, with a breakdown identical to that of the American version.

text: Extra currency[edit]

text: Monopoly money is theoretically unlimited; if the bank runs out of money the players must make do with other markers, or calculate on paper. Additional paper money can be bought at certain locations, notably game and hobby stores, or downloaded from various websites and printed and cut by hand. One such site has created a $1,000 bill; while a $1,000 bill can be found in Monopoly: The Mega Edition and Monopoly: The Card Game, both published by Winning Moves Games, this note is not a standard denomination for "classic" versions of Monopoly.[44]

text: Tokens[edit]

text: Each player is represented by a small metal or plastic token that is moved around the edge of the board according to the roll of two six-sided dice. The number of tokens (and the tokens themselves) have changed over the history of the game, with many appearing in special editions only, and some available with non-game purchases. After prints with wood tokens in 1937, an set of eight tokens was introduced:[45] Two more were added in late 1937,[45] tokens changed again in 1942.[45] During World War II, the game tokens were switched back to wood.[46]

text:
Token
Usage
Retired
Replaced By

Battleship
1937–Present[47]
No
N/A

Boot
1937–2017[47][48]
Yes
Penguin, Rubber Duck, T-Rex

Cannon
1937–2000[49]
Yes
None

Cat
2013–Present[47]
No
N/A

Scottie Dog
1942–Present[47]
No
N/A

Horse and rider
1942–2000[49]
Yes
None

Iron
1937–2013[47][48]
Yes
Cat

Lantern
1937–1942[45]
Yes
Dog, Horse and rider, Wheelbarrow

Purse
1937–1942[45]
Yes
Dog, Horse and rider, Wheelbarrow

Penguin
2017–Present[48]
No
N/A

Racecar
1937–Present[47]
No
N/A

Rocking horse
1937–1942[45]
Yes
Dog, Horse and rider, Wheelbarrow

Rubber duck
2017–Present[48]
No
N/A

Sack of money
1999–2007[45]
Yes
None

Thimble
1937–2017[50]
Yes
Penguin, Rubber Duck, T-Rex

Top hat
1937–Present[47]
No
N/A

T-rex
2017–Present[48]
No
N/A

Wheelbarrow
1942–2017[47][48]
Yes
Penguin, Rubber Duck, T-Rex

text: Special Tokens:

text:
Steam Locomotive (Only in Deluxe Editions)
Golden Token Edition

Robot (Lost to the Cat in the 2013 vote to replace the iron)[47][49]
Guitar
Helicopter
Ring

Director's Chair (In limited edition copies of Under the Boardwalk: The MONOPOLY Story)

text: Many of the early tokens were created by companies such as Dowst Miniature Toy Company, which made metal charms and tokens designed to be used on charm bracelets. The battleship and cannon were also used briefly in the Parker Brothers war game Conflict (released in 1940), but after the game failed on the market, the premade pieces were recycled into Monopoly usage.[51] Hasbro recently adopted the battleship and cannon for Diplomacy.

text: Early localized editions of the standard edition (including some Canadian editions, which used the U.S. board layout) did not include pewter tokens but instead had generic wooden pawns identical to those in Sorry!.[52] Parker Brothers also acquired Sorry! in the 1930s.

text: In 1998, a Hasbro advertising campaign asked the public to vote on a new playing piece to be added to the set, resulting in a "bag of money" token being added to the U.S. edition[18] in 1999.[45] The bag won (51 percent) over bi-plane (29%) and a piggy bank (20%).[45] This piece was retired in 2007.[citation needed] A campaign poll to the 1998 new token vote was for people's favorite token. The most popular was the Race Car at 18% followed by the Dog (16%), Cannon (14%) and Top Hat (10%). The least favorite in the poll was the Wheelbarrow at 3% followed by Thimble (7%) and the Iron (7%).[45]

text: In 2013, a similar promotional campaign was launched encouraging the public to vote on one of several possible new tokens to replace an existing one. The choices were a guitar, a diamond ring, a helicopter, a robot, and a cat.[53] Unlike in 1998, this Save Your Token Campaign had one piece being retired, in this case the iron, and replaced by a new token, the cat. Both were chosen by a vote that ran on Facebook from January 8 to February 5, 2013 in which the cat received the top spot with 31% of the vote.[47] Shortly after the Facebook voting campaign, a limited-edition Golden Token set was released exclusively at various national retailers, such as Target in the U.S.[49] and Tesco in the U.K.[54] This set contained the 2008–2013 tokens as listed above, and also contained all five of the iron's potential replacements: the cat, the guitar, the diamond ring, the helicopter, and the robot.[46]

text: In January 2017, Hasbro placed the line of tokens in the regular edition up for a vote. The eight current tokens are options among the 64 total options. All 64 options were available in the Monopoly Signature Token Collection limited edition released in the first quarter 2017. The new regular edition is to be issued later in 2017 with the top eight tokens.[48] By February 2017, Hasbro confirmed that the thimble will be retired, and on March 17, 2017, Hasbro unveiled that the wheelbarrow and shoe were also being retired, and the three tokens would be replaced by a penguin, a Tyrannosaurus and a rubber duck.[48]

text: Rules[edit]

text: Official rules[edit]

text: c.f. Monopoly, Parker Brothers Real Estate Trading Game, 1997

text: Players take turns in order, with the initial player determined by chance before the game. A typical turn begins with the rolling of the dice and advancing a piece clockwise around the board the corresponding number of squares. If a player rolls doubles, he rolls again after completing his turn. A player who rolls three consecutive sets of doubles on one turn has been "caught speeding" and is immediately sent to jail instead of moving the amount shown on the dice for the third roll.

text: A player who lands on or passes the Go space collects $200 from the bank. Players who land on either Income Tax or Luxury Tax pay the indicated amount to the bank. In older editions of the game, two options were given for Income Tax: either pay a flat fee of $200 or 10% of total net worth (including the current values of all the properties and buildings owned), but no calculation could be made before the choice, and no latitude was given for reversing an unwise calculation. In 2008, the calculation option was removed from the official rules, and simultaneously Luxury Tax was increased to $100 from its original $75. No reward or penalty is given for landing on Free Parking.

text: Properties can only be developed once a player owns all the properties in that color group, and then must be developed equally. A house must be built on each property of that color before a second can be built. Each property within a group must be within one house level of all of the others within that group.

text: Chance/Community Chest[edit]

text: If a player lands on a Chance or Community Chest space, they draw the top card from the respective deck and follow its instructions. This may include collecting or paying money to the bank or another player, or moving to a different space on the board. Two types of cards that involve jail, "Go to Jail" and "Get Out of Jail Free", are explained below.

text: Jail[edit]

text: A player is sent to jail for doing any of the following:

text:
Landing directly on "Go to Jail"
Throwing three consecutive doubles in one turn
Drawing a "Go to Jail" card from Chance or Community Chest

text: When a player is sent to jail, they move directly to the Jail space and their turn ends ("Do not pass Go. Do not collect $200."). If an ordinary dice roll (not one of the above events) ends with the player's token on the Jail corner, they are "Just Visiting" and can move ahead on their next turn without incurring any penalty.

text: If a player is in jail, they do not take a normal turn and must either pay a fine of $50 to be released, use a Chance or Community Chest Get Out of Jail Free card, or attempt to roll doubles on the dice. If a player fails to roll doubles, they lose their turn. Failing to roll doubles in three consecutive turns requires the player to either pay the $50 fine or use a Get Out of Jail Free card, after which they move ahead according to the total rolled. Players in jail may not buy properties directly from the bank, due to being unable to move, but can engage all other transactions, such as mortgaging properties, selling/trading properties to other players, buying/selling houses and hotels, collecting rent, and bidding on property auctions. A player who rolls doubles to leave jail does not roll again; however, if the player pays the fine or uses a card to get out and then rolls doubles, they do take another turn.

text: Properties[edit]

text: If the player lands on an unowned property, whether street, railroad, or utility, they can buy the property for its listed purchase price. If they decline this purchase, the property is auctioned off by the bank to the highest bidder, including the player who declined to buy. If the property landed on is already owned and unmortgaged, they must pay the owner a given rent, the price dependent on whether the property is part of a set or its level of development.

text: When a player owns all of the properties in a color group and none of them are mortgaged, they may develop them during their turn or in between other player's turns. Development involves buying miniature houses or hotels from the bank and placing them on the property spaces, and must be done uniformly across the group. That is, a second house cannot be built on any property within a group until all of them have one house. Once the player owns an entire group, they can collect double rent for any undeveloped properties within it. Although houses and hotels cannot be built on railroads or utilities, the given rent also increases if a player owns more than one of either type. If there is more demand for houses to be built than what remains in the bank, then a housing auction is conducted to determine who will get to purchase each house.

text: Mortgaging[edit]

text: Properties can also be mortgaged, although all developments on a monopoly must be sold before any property of that color can be mortgaged or traded. The player receives money from the bank for each mortgaged property (half of the purchase price), which must be repaid with 10% interest to unmortgage. Houses and hotels can be sold back to the bank for half their purchase price. Players cannot collect rent on mortgaged properties and may not give improved property away to others; however, trading mortgaged properties is allowed. The player receiving the mortgaged property must immediately unmortgage it for the mortgage price plus 10%, or pay the bank just the 10% amount and keep the property mortgaged; if the player chooses the latter, they must still pay the 10% again if the property is later unmortgaged.

text: Bankruptcy[edit]

text: A player who cannot pay what they owe is bankrupt and eliminated from the game. If the bankrupt player owes the bank, they must turn all of their assets over to the bank, who then auctions off their properties (if they have any), except buildings. If the debt is instead to another player, all the assets are instead given to that opponent, but the new owner must still pay the bank to un-mortgage any such properties received. The winner is the remaining player left after all the others have gone bankrupt.

text: If a player runs out of money but still has assets that can be converted to cash, they can do so by selling buildings, mortgaging properties, or trading with other players. To avoid bankruptcy the player must be able to raise enough cash in order to pay the full amount owed.

text: A player cannot choose to go bankrupt; if there is any way to pay what they owe, even in returning all their buildings at a loss, mortgaging all their real estate and giving up all their cash and certainly going bankrupt the next time they have to pay something, they must do so. (They can, however, arguably refuse an overly generous trade offer from the other players with the sole purpose of keeping them in the game.)

text: Rule modifications[edit]

text: From 1936, the rules booklet included with each Monopoly set contained a short section at the end providing rules for making the game shorter, including dealing out all the property cards before starting the game, or by setting a time limit, or by ending the game after the second player goes bankrupt. A later version of the rules included this variant, along with the time limit game, in the main rules booklet, omitting the second bankruptcy method as a third short game.[55]

text: House rules[edit]

text: Many house rules have emerged for the game since its creation. Well-known is the "Free Parking jackpot rule", where all the money collected from Income Tax, Luxury Tax, Chance and Community Chest goes to the center of the board instead of the bank. Many people add $500 to start each pile of Free Parking money, guaranteeing a much better and more average (all closer to the average amount) pay-out. When a player lands on Free Parking, they may take the money. Another rule is that if a player lands directly on Go, they collect double the amount, or $400, instead of $200. House rules that slow or prevent money being returned to the bank in this way may have a side effect of increasing the time it takes for players to become bankrupt, lengthening the game considerably, as well as decreasing the effects of strategy and prudent investment.[56]

text: Video game and computer game versions of Monopoly have options where popular house rules can be used. In 2014, Hasbro determined five popular house rules by public Facebook vote, and released a "House Rules edition" of the board game. Rules selected include a "Free Parking" house rule without additional money and forcing players to traverse the board once before buying properties.[57]

text: Strategy[edit]

text: According to Jim Slater in The Mayfair Set, the Orange property group is the best to own because players land on them more often, as a result of the Chance cards Go to Jail, Advance to St. Charles Place (Pall Mall), Advance to Reading Railroad (Kings Cross Station) and Go Back Three Spaces.[58]

text: In all, during game play, Illinois Avenue (Trafalgar Square), New York Avenue (Vine Street), B&O Railroad (Fenchurch Street Station), and Reading Railroad (Kings Cross Station) are the most frequently landed-upon properties. Mediterranean Avenue (Old Kent Road), Baltic Avenue (Whitechapel Road), Park Place (Park Lane), and Oriental Avenue (The Angel Islington) are the least-landed-upon properties. Among the property groups, the Railroads are most frequently landed upon, as no other group has four properties; Orange has the next highest frequency, followed by Red.[59]

text: End game[edit]

text: One common criticism of Monopoly is that although it has carefully defined termination conditions, it may take an unlimited amount of time to reach them. Edward P. Parker, a former president of Parker Brothers, is quoted as saying, "We always felt that forty-five minutes was about the right length for a game, but Monopoly could go on for hours. Also, a game was supposed to have a definite end somewhere. In Monopoly you kept going around and around."[60]

text: Hasbro states that the longest game of Monopoly ever played lasted 1,680 hours (70 days or 10 weeks or 2.3 months).[61]

text: Related games[edit]

text: Add-ons[edit]

text: Numerous add-ons have been made for Monopoly, sold independently from the game both before its commercialization and after, with three official ones discussed below:

text: Stock Exchange[edit]

text: The original Stock Exchange add-on was published by Capitol Novelty Co. of Rensselaer, New York in early 1936. It was marketed as an add-on for Monopoly, Finance, or Easy Money games. Shortly after Capitol Novelty introduced Stock Exchange, Parker Brothers bought it from them then marketed their own, slightly redesigned, version as an add-on specifically for their "new" Monopoly game; the Parker Brothers version was available in June 1936. The Free Parking square is covered over by a new Stock Exchange space and the add-on included three Chance and three Community Chest cards directing the player to "Advance to Stock Exchange".[62] The Stock Exchange add-on was later redesigned and rereleased in 1992 under license by Chessex, this time including a larger number of new Chance and Community Chest cards. This version included ten new Chance cards (five "Advance to Stock Exchange" and five other related cards) and eleven new Community Chest cards (five "Advance to Stock Exchange" and six other related cards;[63] the regular Community Chest card "From sale of stock you get $45" is removed from play when using these cards). Many of the original rules applied to this new version (in fact, one optional play choice allows for playing in the original form by only adding the "Advance to Stock Exchange" cards to each deck).[citation needed]

text: A Monopoly Stock Exchange Edition was released in 2001 (although not in the U.S.), this time adding an electronic calculator-like device to keep track of the complex stock figures. This was a full edition, not just an add-on, that came with its own board, money and playing pieces. Properties on the board were replaced by companies on which shares could be floated, and offices and home offices (instead of houses and hotels) could be built.[64]

text: Playmaster[edit]

text: Playmaster, another official add-on, released in 1982, is an electronic device that keeps track of all player movement and dice rolls as well as what properties are still available. It then uses this information to call random auctions and mortgages making it easier to free up cards of a color group. It also plays eight short tunes when key game functions occur; for example when a player lands on a railroad it plays "I've Been Working on the Railroad", and a police car's siren sounds when a player goes to Jail.[65]

text: Get Out of Jail and Free Parking Minigames[edit]

text: In 2009, Hasbro released two minigames that can be played as stand-alone games or combined with the Monopoly game. In Get Out of Jail, the goal is to manipulate a spade under a jail cell in an attempt to flick out various colored prisoners. The game can be used as an alternative to rolling doubles to get out of jail.[66][67] In Free Parking, players attempt to balance taxis on a wobbly board. The Free Parking add-on can also be used with the Monopoly game. When a player lands on the Free Parking, the player can take the Taxi Challenge, and if successful, can move to any space on the board.[68][69]

text: Speed Die[edit]

text: First included in Winning Moves' Monopoly: The Mega Edition variant, this third, six-sided die is rolled with the other two, and accelerates game-play when in use.[70] In 2007, Parker Brothers began releasing its standard version (also called the Speed Die Edition) of Monopoly with the same die[71] (originally in blue, later in red). Its faces are: 1, 2, 3, two "Mr. Monopoly" sides, and a bus. The numbers behave as normal, adding to the other two dice, unless a "triple" is rolled, in which case the player can move to any space on the board. If "Mr. Monopoly" is rolled while there are unowned properties, the player advances forward to the nearest one. Otherwise, the player advances to the nearest property on which rent is owed. In the Mega Edition, rolling the bus allows you take the regular dice move then either take a bus ticket or move to the nearest draw card space. Mega rules specifies that triples do not count as doubles for going to jail as you do not roll again.[72] Used in a regular edition, the bus (properly "get off the bus") allows the player to use only one of the two numbered dice or the sum of both, thus a roll of 1, 5, and bus would let the player choose between moving 1, 5, or 6 spaces.[73] The Speed Die is used throughout the game in the "Mega Edition", while in the "Regular Edition" it is used by any player who has passed GO at least once. In these editions it remains optional, although use of the Speed Die was made mandatory for use in the 2009 U.S. & World Monopoly Championship, as well as the 2015 World Championship.[74]

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: Parker Brothers and its licensees have also sold several spin-offs of Monopoly. These are not add-ons, as they do not function as an addition to the Monopoly game, but are simply additional games in the flavor of Monopoly:

text:
Advance to Boardwalk board game (1985): Focusing mainly on building the most hotels along the Boardwalk.
Don't Go to Jail: Dice game originally released by Parker Brothers; roll combinations of dice to create color groups for points before rolling the words "GO" "TO" and "JAIL" (which forfeits all earned points for the turn).[75]
Monopoly Express: A deluxe, travel edition re-release of Don't Go To Jail, replacing the word dice with "Officer Jones" dice and adding an eleventh die, Houses & Hotels, and a self-contained game container/dice roller & keeper.[76]
Express Monopoly card game (1994 U.S., 1995 U.K.): Released by Hasbro/Parker Brothers and Waddingtons in the U.K., now out of print. Basically a rummy-style card game based on scoring points by completing color group sections of the game-board.
Free Parking card game (1988) A more complex card game released by Parker Brothers, with several similarities to the card game Mille Bornes. Uses cards to either add time to parking meters, or spend the time doing activities to earn points.[77] Includes a deck of Second Chance cards that further alter game-play. Two editions were made; minor differences in card art and Second Chance cards in each edition.
Monopoly: The Card Game (2000) an updated card game released by Winning Moves Games under license from Hasbro. Similar, but decidedly more complex, game-play to the Express Monopoly card game.
Monopoly City: Game-play retains similar flavor but has been made significantly more complex in this version. The traditional properties are replaced by "districts" mapped to the previously underutilized real estate in the centre of the board.
Monopoly Deal: The most recent card game version of Monopoly. Players attempt to complete three property groups by playing property, cash & event cards.
Monopoly Junior board game (first published 1990, multiple variations since): A simplified version of the original game for young children.
Monopoly Town by Parker Brothers / Hasbro (2008) a young children's game of racing designed to help them learn to count.[78]
The Mad Magazine Game (1979): Gameplay is similar, but the goals and directions often opposite to those of Monopoly; the object is for players to lose all of their money.

text: Video games[edit]

text: Besides the many variants of the actual game (and the Monopoly Junior spin-off) released in either video game or computer game formats (e.g., Commodore 64, Macintosh, Windows-based PC, Game Boy, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo Entertainment System, iPad, Genesis, Super NES, etc.), two spin-off computer games have been created.[79] An electronic hand-held version was marketed from 1997 to 2001.[80]

text:
Monopoly: The iPhone game designed by Electronic Arts.
Monopoly City Streets: An online version, using Google Maps and OpenStreetMap.
Monopoly Millionaires: The Facebook game designed by Playfish.
Monopoly Streets: A video game played for the Xbox 360, Wii, and PlayStation 3. The video game includes properties now played on a street.
Monopoly Tycoon: A game where you build businesses on the properties you own.
Monopoly Plus: A game for the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 with high definition graphics.

text: Gambling games[edit]

text: Many Monopoly-themed slot machines and lotteries have been produced by WMS Gaming in conjunction with International Game Technology for land-based casinos.[citation needed] WagerWorks, who have the online rights to Monopoly, have created online Monopoly themed games.

text: London's Gamesys Group have also developed Monopoly-themed gambling games.[81]

text: The British quiz machine brand itbox also supports a Monopoly trivia and chance game, which, like most other itbox games, costs 50p (£0.50) to play and has a £20 jackpot.

text: There was also a live, online version of Monopoly. Six painted taxis drive around London picking up passengers. When the taxis reach their final destination, the region of London that they are in is displayed on the online board. This version takes far longer to play than board-game Monopoly, with one game lasting 24 hours. Results and position are sent to players via e-mail at the conclusion of the game.[82]

text: Media[edit]

text: Commercial promotions[edit]

text: The McDonald's Monopoly game is a sweepstakes advertising promotion of McDonald's and Hasbro that has been offered in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Kingdom and United States.[citation needed]

text: Comic books[edit]

text: In the 1979 Issue 7 of Howard the Duck magazine, the story "Of Dice and Ducks!" placed Howard the Duck and Man-Thing in a small town based on the Monopoly game, including the properties, Chance cards, and Rich Uncle Pennybags (now Mr. Monopoly).

text: Television game show[edit]

text: A short-lived Monopoly game show aired on Saturday evenings from June 16 to September 1, 1990 on ABC. The show was produced by Merv Griffin and hosted by Mike Reilly. The show was paired with a summer-long Super Jeopardy! tournament, which also aired during this period on ABC.

text: From 2010 to 2014, The Hub aired the game show Family Game Night with Todd Newton. For the first two seasons, teams earn cash in the form of "Monopoly Crazy Cash Cards" from the "Monopoly Crazy Cash Corner", which is then inserted to the "Monopoly Crazy Cash Machine" at the end of the show. In addition, starting with Season 2, teams win "Monopoly Party Packages" for winning the individual games. For Season 3, there is a Community Chest. Each card on Mr. Monopoly has a combination of three colors. Then teams will use the combination card to unlock the chest. If it's the right combination, then they will advance to the Crazy Cash Machine for a brand-new car. For the show's fourth season, a new game is added called Monopoly Remix, featuring Park Place and Boardwalk, as well as Income Tax and Luxury Tax.

text: To honor the game's 80th anniversary, a game show in syndication on March 28, 2015 called Monopoly Millionaires' Club launched, connected with a multi-state lottery game of the same name and hosted by comedian Billy Gardell from Mike & Molly. The game show was filmed at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino and at Bally's Las Vegas in Las Vegas, with players having a chance to win up to $1,000,000. However, the lottery game connected with the game show (which provided the contestants) went through multiple complications and variations, and the game show last aired at the end of April 2016.

text: Films[edit]

text: In November 2008, Ridley Scott was announced to direct Universal Pictures' film version of the game, based on a script written by Pamela Pettler. The film was co-produced by Hasbro's Brian Goldner, as part of a deal with Hasbro to develop movies based on the company's line of toys and games.[83][84] The story was being developed by author Frank Beddor.[85] However, Universal eventually halted development in February 2012 then opted out of the agreement and rights reverted to Hasbro.[86][87]

text: In October 2012, Hasbro announced a new partnership with production company Emmett/Furla Films, and they said they will develop a live-action version of Monopoly, along with Action Man and Hungry Hungry Hippos.[88] Emmett/Furla/Oasis dropped out of the production of this satire version that was to be directed by Ridley Scott.[89]

text: In July 2015, Hasbro announced that Lionsgate will distribute a Monopoly film with Andrew Niccol writing the film as a family-friendly action adventure film[89] co-financed and produced by Lionsgate and Hasbro's Allspark Pictures.[90]

text: The documentary Under the Boardwalk: The MONOPOLY Story, covering the history and players of the game, won an Audience Award for Best Documentary at the 2010 Anaheim International Film Festival. The film played theatrically in the U.S. beginning in March 2011 and was released on Amazon and iTunes[91] on February 14, 2012. The television version of the film won four regional Emmy Awards from the Pacific Southwest Chapter of NATAS.[92] The film is directed by Kevin Tostado and narrated by Zachary Levi.[93][94]

text: Tournaments[edit]

text: U.S. National Championship[edit]

text: Although in the past, U.S. entrants had to successfully compete in regional competitions before the national championship, qualifying for the National Championship has been online since 2003. For the 2003 Championship, qualification was limited to the first fifty people who correctly completed an online quiz. Out of concerns that such methods of qualifying might not always ensure a competition of the best players, the 2009 Championship qualifying was expanded to include an online multiple-choice quiz (a score of 80% or better was required to advance); followed by an online five-question essay test; followed by a two-game online tournament at Pogo.com. The process was to have produced a field of 23 plus one: Matt McNally, the 2003 national champion, who received a bye and was not required to qualify. However, at the end of the online tournament, there was an eleven-way tie for the last six spots. The decision was made to invite all of those who had tied for said spots. In fact, two of those who had tied and would have otherwise been eliminated, Dale Crabtree of Indianapolis, Indiana, and Brandon Baker, of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, played in the final game and finished third and fourth respectively.[74]

text: The 2009 Monopoly U.S. National Championship was held on April 14–15 in Washington, D.C. In his first tournament ever, Richard Marinaccio, an attorney from Sloan, New York (a suburb of Buffalo), prevailed over a field that included two previous champions to be crowned the 2009 U.S. National Champion. In addition to the title, Marinaccio took home $20,580 — the amount of money in the bank of the board game — and competed in the 2009 World Championship in Las Vegas, Nevada on October 21–22, where he finished in third place.[74]

text: In 2015, Hasbro used a competition that was held solely online to determine who would be the U.S. representative to compete at the 2015 Monopoly World Championship. Interested players took a twenty-question quiz on Monopoly strategy and rules, and submitted a hundred-word essay on how to win a Monopoly tournament. Hasbro then selected Brian Valentine of Washington, D.C. to be the U.S. representative.[95][96]

text: World Championship[edit]

text: Hasbro conducts a worldwide Monopoly tournament. The first Monopoly World Championships took place in Grossinger's Resort in New York, in November 1973, but it wasn't until 1975 that they included competitors from outside the United States. It has been aired in the United States by ESPN In 2009, forty-one players competed for the title of Monopoly World Champion and a cash prize of $20,580 (USD), which is the total amount of 'Monopoly money' in the current Monopoly set used in the tournament.[74] The most recent World Championship took place September 2015 in Macau. Italian Nicolò Falcone defeated the defending world champion and players from twenty-six other countries.[97][98]

text:
Date
Location
Winner
Nationality

1973
 Liberty, New York
Lee Bayrd
 United States

1974
 New York City
Alvin Aldridge
 United States

1975
 Washington, D.C.
John Mair
 Ireland

1977
 Monte Carlo
Cheng Seng Kwa
 Singapore

1980
 Bermuda
Cesare Bernabei
 Italy

1983
 Palm Beach
Greg Jacobs
 Australia

1985
 Atlantic City
Jason Bunn
 United Kingdom

1988
 London
Ikuo Hyakuta
 Japan

1992
 Berlin
Joost van Orten
 Netherlands

1996
 Monte Carlo
Christopher Woo
 Hong Kong[99]

2000
 Toronto
Yutaka Okada
 Japan

2004
 Tokyo
Antonio Zafra Fernández
 Spain[100]

2009
 Las Vegas
Bjørn Halvard Knappskog
 Norway[101]

2015
 Macau
Nicolò Falcone
 Italy[98]

text: Variants[edit]

text: Because Monopoly evolved in the public domain before its commercialization, Monopoly has seen many variant games. The game is licensed in 103 countries and printed in thirty-seven languages.[102] Most of the variants are exact copies of the Monopoly games with the street names replaced with locales from a particular town, university, or fictional place. National boards have been released as well. Over the years, many specialty Monopoly editions, licensed by Parker Brothers/Hasbro, and produced by them, or their licensees (including USAopoly[103] and Winning Moves Games) have been sold to local and national markets worldwide. Two well known "families" of -opoly like games, without licenses from Parker Brothers/Hasbro, have also been produced.

text: Several published games similar to Monopoly include:

text:
Anti-Monopoly, one of several games[104] that are a sort of monopoly backwards.[16] The name of this game led to legal action between Anti-Monopoly's creator, Ralph Anspach, and the owners of Monopoly.[16]
Business, a Monopoly-like game not associated with Hasbro. In this version the "properties" to be bought are cities of India; Chance and Community Chest reference lists of results printed in the center of the board, keyed to the dice roll; and money is represented by counters, not paper.[105]
Dostihy a sázky, a variant sold in Czechoslovakia. This game comes from the totalitarian communist era (1948–1989), when private businesses were forbidden and mortgages didn't exist, so the monopoly theme was changed to a horse racing theme.[106]
Ghettopoly, released in 2003, was the subject of considerable outrage upon its release. The game, intended to be a humorous rendering of ghetto life, was decried as racist for its unflinching use of racial stereotypes. Hasbro sought and received an injunction against Ghettopoly's designer.[103][107]
Make Your Own -OPOLY:[108] This game allows players considerable freedom in customizing the board, money, and rules.
Matador: The unlicensed Danish version from BRIO with a round board instead of the square one, cars instead of tokens and includes breweries and ferries to buy. The game also has candy and a popular TV series Matador named after it.
Turism,[109] a variant sold in Romania.

text: Games by locale or theme[edit]

text: There have been a large number of localized editions, broken down here by region:

text:
List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: Africa and Asia (including the Middle East and South-East Asia but excluding Russia and Turkey)
List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: Europe (including Russia and Turkey)
List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: North America (including Central America but excluding the United States of America)
List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: Oceania (Australia and New Zealand)
List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: South America
List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: USA (including the United States of America and all editions based on commercial brands)

text: Unauthorized and parody games[edit]

text: This list is of unauthorized, unlicensed games based on Monopoly:

text: Anti-Monopoly – Technically, the game is sold under license from Hasbro. According to the History of the board game Monopoly, shortly after Public Law 98-620 was signed into law by President Reagan late in 1984, Dr. Anspach, developer of Anti-Monopoly, reached an agreement with Parker Brothers (now owned by Hasbro); assigning them the Anti-Monopoly trademark while retaining its use under license.[14][15][13]

text:
[show]Gay Monopoly[110]

Copyright date: 1983
Released by: Fire Island Games, Inc.

Game description: Gay Monopoly – A celebration of gay life.
Tokens: Jeep, teddy bear, blow drier, leather cap, handcuffs, stiletto heel.
Other features: Board layout is circular rather than square.

text: Ghettopoly

text:
[show]Micropoly – The Microsoft Monopoly Game[111]

Copyright date: Open source
Released by: The Micropoly Project
Issued through: Download

Free Software

XEROX
$220
Download
SGI
$220
APPLE
$240
Internet Service Provider
AOL
$200
REAL NETWORKS
$260
AMAZON
$260
Television Network
MSNBC
$150
YAHOO
$280
Corrupted Registry: Goto Reinstall

3COM
$200
Micropoly – The Microsoft Monopoly Game[111]
HP
$300

CISCO
$180
IBM
$300

Open Sources
Open Sources

NOVELL
$180
SUN
$320

Internet Service Provider
UUNET
$200
Internet Service Provider
MSN
$200

ADOBE
$160
Download

ORACLE
$140
INTEL
$350

Computer Network
NETWORK SOLUTIONS
$150
Antitrust Ruling
(pay $75)

NETSCAPE
$140
MICROSOFT
$400

Reinstall Windows/Just Rebooting
DELL
$120
COMPAQ
$100
Download
MOTOROLA
$100
Internet Service Provider
MINDSPRING
$200
Deposition
(pay 10% or $200)
LUSH CREATIONS
$60
Open Sources
AETHER-SPHERE
$60
Start
Collect $200 salary as you pass

Game description: A parody game based on Anti-Monopoly.
Other features: Chance is Download, Community Chest is Open Sources and the Railroads are Internet Service Provider(s).

text:
Middopoly
Memeopolis (Android app)

text: World editions[edit]

text:
Monopoly Here and Now: The World Edition

Publisher(s)
Parker Brothers

Players
2–6

Setup time
5–15 minutes

Playing time
About 1.5 hours

Random chance
High (dice rolling, card drawing)

Skill(s) required
Negotiation, basic resource management

text: In 2008, Hasbro released Monopoly Here and Now: The World Edition. This world edition features top locations of the world. The locations were decided by votes over the Internet. The result of the voting was announced on August 20, 2008.[112]

text: Out of these, Gdynia is especially notable, as it is by far the smallest city of those featured and won the vote thanks to a spontaneous, large-scale mobilization of support started by its citizens. The new game uses its own currency unit, the Monopolonian (a game-based take on the Euro; designated by M). The game uses said unit in millions and thousands. As seen above, there is no dark purple color-group, as that is replaced by brown, as in the European version of the game.[citation needed]

text: It is also notable that three cities (Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver) are from Canada and three other cities (Beijing, Hong Kong, and Shanghai) are from the People's Republic of China. No other countries are represented by more than one city.[citation needed]

text: Of the 68 cities listed on Hasbro Inc.'s website for the vote, Jerusalem, was chosen as one of the 20 cities to be featured in the newest Monopoly World Edition.[113] Before the vote took place, a Hasbro employee in the London office eliminated the country signifier "Israel" after the city, in response to pressure from pro-Palestinian advocacy groups.[114] After the Israeli government protested, Hasbro Inc. issued a statement that read: "It was a bad decision, one that we rectified relatively quickly. This is a game. We never wanted to enter into any political debate. We apologize to our Monopoly fans."[113]

text:
Free Parking

Sydney
M2.2M
Chance
?

New York City
M2.2M
London
M2.4M
Monopoly Cruise
M2M
Beijing
M2.6M
Hong Kong
M2.6M
Wind Energy
M1.5M
Jerusalem
M2.8M
Go To Jail

Vancouver
M2M

MONOPOLY
Here and Now:
The World Edition

Paris
M3M

Shanghai
M1.8M
Belgrade
M3M

Community Chest
Community Chest

Rome
M1.8M
Cape Town
M3.2M

Monopoly Air
M2M
Monopoly Space
M2M

Toronto
M1.6M
Chance
?

Kyiv
M1.4M
Riga
M3.5M

Solar Energy
M1.5M
Super Tax
pay M1M

Istanbul
M1.4M
Montreal
M4M

In Jail/Just Visiting
Athens
M1.2M
Barcelona
M1M
Chance
?

Tokyo
M1M
Monopoly Rail
M2M
Income Tax
pay M2M
Taipei
M600K
Community Chest
Gdynia
M600K
Collect M2M salary as you pass
GO

text: A similar online vote was held in early 2015 for an updated version of the game. The resulting board should be released worldwide in late 2015. Lima, Peru won the vote and will hold the Boardwalk space.[115]

text: Deluxe editions[edit]

text: Hasbro sells a Deluxe Edition, which is mostly identical to the classic edition but has wooden houses and hotels and gold-toned tokens, including one token in addition to the standard eleven, a railroad locomotive. Other additions to the Deluxe Edition include a card carousel, which holds the title deed cards, and money printed with two colors of ink.[116]

text: In 1978, retailer Neiman Marcus manufactured and sold an all-chocolate edition of Monopoly through its "Christmas Wish Book" for that year. The entire set was edible, including the money, dice, hotels, properties, tokens and playing board. The set retailed for $600.[117]

text: In 2000, the FAO Schwarz store in New York City sold a custom version called One-Of-A-Kind Monopoly for $100,000.[118] This special edition comes in a locking attaché case made with Napolino leather and lined in suede, and features include:

text:
18-carat (75%) gold tokens, houses, and hotels
Rosewood board
Street names written in gold leaf
Emeralds around the Chance icon
Sapphires around the Community Chest
Rubies in the brake lights of the car on the Free Parking Space
The money is real, negotiable United States currency

text: The Guinness Book of World Records states that a set worth $2,000,000 and made of 23-carat gold, with rubies and sapphires atop the chimneys of the houses and hotels, is the most expensive Monopoly set ever produced.[119] This set was designed by artist Sidney Mobell to honor the game's 50th anniversary in 1985, and is now in the Smithsonian Institution.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Wired magazine believes Monopoly is a poorly designed game. Former Wall Streeter Derk Solko explains, "Monopoly has you grinding your opponents into dust. It's a very negative experience. It's all about cackling when your opponent lands on your space and you get to take all their money."[120]

text: Most of the three to four-hour average playing time is spent waiting for other players to play their turn. "Board game enthusiasts disparagingly call this a 'roll your dice, move your mice' format".[120]

text: The hobby-gaming community BoardGameGeek is especially critical.[121] User reviews of Monopoly rank the game among the 20 worst games out of nearly 10,000 ranked in the database with an average rating of 4.422 out of 10.[122]


document_title: Irn-Bru

question_text: when did iron brew change to irn bru

question_tokens: when did iron brew change to irn bru

root

text: Irn-Bru

text: Overview[edit]

text: Irn-Bru is known for its bright orange colour. As of 1999 it contained 0.002% of ammonium ferric citrate, sugar, 32 flavouring agents including caffeine and quinine (but not in Australia), and two controversial colourings (Sunset Yellow FCF and Ponceau 4R). On 27 January 2010, A.G. Barr agreed to a Food Standards Agency voluntary ban on these two colourings although no date was set for their replacement.[4] However, after lobbying by First Minister of Scotland Alex Salmond, a proposed restriction of Sunset Yellow to 10 mg was eased to 20 mg in 2011 — the same amount present in Irn Bru.[5] As of May 2017, Irn-Bru still contains these colourings.[6]

tag: p

text: Early history[edit]

text: The first Iron Brew drink was produced by the Maas & Waldstein chemicals company of New York in 1889 under the name IRONBREW.[7] The drink was popular across North America and was widely copied. A similar beverage was launched in 1898 by London essence firm Stevenson & Howell who supplied soft drinks manufacturers in the UK and colonies. Following this date many local bottlers around the UK began selling their own version of the beverage.[7] Despite the official launch date for Barr's Iron Brew being given as 1901, the firms AG Barr & Co (Glasgow) and Robert Barr (Falkirk) jointly launched their own Iron Brew drink at least two years earlier, according to a document in the firm's own archives which indicates that the drink was already enjoying strong sales by May 1899.[7] The strongman image which Barr's adopted for their bottle labels and advertising had in fact been trademarked by the firm Stevenson & Howell in 1898.[8] Barr's ordered their labels directly from Stevenson & Howell who also sold Barr's many of the individual flavours with which they mixed their own drinks.[7] An ad for Barr's Iron Brew dated 1900 featuring the original strongman label can be found in Falkirk's Local History Archives.[9]

text: Barr's trademark application for the brand name Irn-Bru dates from July 1946[10] when the drink was still off sale because of wartime regulations. The firm first commercialised their drink using this new name in 1948 once government SDI consolidation of the soft drinks industry had ended.[11] The name change followed the introduction of new labelling restrictions which cracked down on spurious health claims and introduced minimum standards for drinks claiming to contain minerals such as iron.[12] However, according to Robert Barr OBE (chairman 1947–1978), there was also a commercial rationale behind the unusual spelling. "Iron Brew" had come to be understood as a generic product category in the UK, whereas adopting the name "Irn-Bru" allowed the firm to have a legally protected brand identity that would enable the firm to benefit from the popularity of their wartime "Adventures of Ba-Bru" comic strip advertising.[7] (The "Iron Brew" name has continued to be used for many versions of the drink sold by rival manufacturers.)[13]

text: Recent developments[edit]

text: 1980 saw the introduction of Low Calorie Irn-Bru: this was re-launched in 1991 as Diet Irn-Bru and again in 2011 as Irn-Bru Sugar Free. The Irn-Bru 32 energy drink variant was launched in 2006.

text: It has long been the most popular soft drink in Scotland, with Coca-Cola second, but competition between the two brands has brought their sales to roughly equal levels.[14] It is also the third best selling soft drink in the UK[citation needed], after Coca-Cola and Pepsi, outselling high-profile brands such as Fanta, Dr Pepper, Sprite and 7-Up. This success in defending its home market (a feat claimed only by Irn-Bru, Inca Kola and Thums Up; Thums Up sold out to Coca-Cola in 1993, and Inka Kola owners Corporación Lindley S.A. entered into a joint venture with Coca-Cola in 1999, giving up all rights to the name outside Peru) led to ongoing speculation that Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, Inc. or its UK brand franchisee Britvic would attempt to buy A.G. Barr. In November 2012 AG Barr and Britvic announced a merger proposal,[15] in July 2013 the merger collapsed when terms could not be agreed.[16]

text: Irn-Bru's advertising slogans used to be 'Scotland's other National Drink', referring to whisky, and 'Made in Scotland from girders', a reference to the rusty colour of the drink; though the closest one can come to substantiating this claim is the 0.002% ammonium ferric citrate listed in the ingredients.

text: A limited edition Irn-Bru was released in autumn 2011. Packaged with a black and orange design, and with the signature man icon with an added image of a fire, Fiery Irn-Bru, had a warm, tingly feeling in the mouth once drunk. It featured the traditional Irn-Bru flavour with an aftertaste similar to ginger.

text: Irn-Bru was also sold in reusable 750 ml glass bottles which, like other Barr's drinks, were able to be returned to the manufacturer in exchange for a 30 pence (previously 20p) deposit paid on purchase. This scheme was widely available in shops across Scotland and led to the colloquial term for an empty: a "glass cheque".[17][18] As a result of a 40% drop in returned bottles since the 90s Barr deemed the washing and re-filling process uneconomical,[19] and on 1 January 2016 ceased the scheme.[17][18]

text: 2016 saw the introduction the current logo, conveying strength and an industrial feel,[20] and a new diet variant IRN-BRU Xtra[21][22] in different branding to the existing sugar free variety in a similar fashion to Coca-Cola Zero and Pepsi Max.

text: Barr changed the formula of Irn-Bru in January 2018 in response to a sugar tax implemented in the UK in April 2018, intended to combat obesity. By reducing the sugar content to less than 5g per 100ml, Barr has made Irn-Bru exempt from the tax.[23] The manufacturer asserts that most people will not be able to tell the difference in flavour between the old and new formulas, but fans of the drink have started the 'Save Real Irn-Bru' campaign to stop or reverse this change,[24] and have been stocking up on the more sugary formula.[25]

text: Packaging[edit]

text: Irn-Bru and other Barr brands including Pineappleade, Cream Soda, Tizer, Red Kola, Barr Cola, and Limeade are still available in 750 ml reusable glass bottles.

text: The most popular plastic bottle size is 500 ml.

tag: ul

text: Irn-Bru and Diet Irn-Bru are available in the following sizes:

text:
150 ml can
250 ml plastic bottle
330 ml can
330 ml glass bottle
500 ml Value Can (formerly the big summer can)
500 ml plastic bottle
600 ml plastic bottle (Russia)
1 litre plastic bottle
1.25 litre bottle (Australia, New Zealand, Russia, UK)
2 litre plastic bottle
2.25 litre plastic bottle (Russia)
2.5 litre bottle (UK "Big Bru")
3 litre plastic bottle
355 ml glass bottle (in Canada)
750 ml glass bottle
5 litre Syrup containers.

text: In May 2007, A.G Barr re-designed the Irn-Bru Can and Bottle Logos.

text: In April 2016, A.G Barr released the redesigned Irn-Bru Can and Bottle Logos.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Advertising campaigns[edit]

text: This section is incomplete. (January 2018)

text: Barr's actively promoted their Irn Bru from the outset, with some of their earliest ads featuring world champion wrestlers and Highland Games athletes Donald Dinnie and Alex Munro who endorsed the drink by means of personal testimonials.[26] In the 1930s, the firm began a long-running series of comic strip ads entitled "The Adventures of Ba-Bru" which ran in various local papers from April 1939 until October 1970.[27] The last traces of this campaign, a large neon sign featuring Ba-Bru which stood in Union St above Glasgow Central railway station, was removed in 1983 and replaced with an illuminated display featuring the tagline "Your Other National Drink".[28]

text: Barr has a long-established gimmick associating Irn-Bru with Scottishness, stemming from the claim of it being Scotland's most popular soft drink. A tagline, "Made in Scotland from girders", was used for several years from the 1980s, usually featuring Irn-Bru drinkers becoming unusually strong, durable or magnetic.

text: A new advertising campaign launched in Spring 2000 which "dramatises the extraordinary appeal of Irn-Bru in a likeably maverick style"[29] Emma Jardine, Account Director, says: "The ads will more than live up to people's expectations of Irn-Bru's continuously humorous campaign." while David Amers, Planning Director, says: "Irn-Bru is the likeable maverick of the soft drinks market and these ads perfectly capture the brand's spirit." One involved a grandfather (played by actor Robert Wilson) who removed his false teeth to spoil his grandson's interest in his can of Irn-Bru. A further TV advertisement featured a senior citizen in a motorised wheelchair robbing a local shopping market of a supply of Irn-Bru.

text: In 2004 Irn created a new concept "Phenomenal" [30] In 2006 the company launched its first Christmas adverts. This campaign consisted of a parody commercial of a popular Christmas Cartoon, The Snowman, and was effective in interesting American audiences in the Irn-Bru brand.[31]

text: Further advertising campaigns for Irn-Bru appeared in conjunction with the release of Irn-Bru 32 in 2006. [32] [33]

text: A 2009 advertisement for the product features a group of high school pupils performing a musical number, with the refrain "It's fizzy, it's ginger, it's phenomenal!" It is a parody of High School Musical, and stars Jack Lowden.[34]

text: In 2012 the company change its slogan to "gets you through", which see a number of people drinking irn bru to get through tough situations.[35]

text: In response to the Coca-Cola 'Share a Coke' campaign, Barr decided to produce thousands of limited edition 750 ml bottles of Irn-Bru with the names 'Fanny', 'Senga', 'Rab' and 'Tam' on the label, mimicking that by Coca Cola. The use of the name 'Fanny' ties in with one of Irn-Bru's controversial marketing advertisements.[36]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: One of the most controversial Irn-Bru television adverts evoked 1950s entertainment. A mother plays the piano, while the father and two children deliver a song which ends with the mother singing: "...even though I used to be a man". This advertisement was broadcast in 2000, but when it was repeated in 2003, it led to seventeen complaints[37] about it being offensive to members of the transgender community. Issue A14 of the Ofcom Advertising Complaints bulletin reports that the children's response to their mother's claim was not offensive. The advertisement was meant to be a joke about changing points of view over time. However, the scene involving the mother shaving at the end of the advertisement was deemed to be potentially offensive to transgender people, and so it was taken off the air.

text: In 2003, an Irn-Bru commercial which showed a midwife trying to entice a baby from its mother's womb during a difficult delivery sparked fifty complaints. Some saw it as upsetting to women who had suffered miscarriages.[38]

text: One billboard that drew criticism featured a young woman in a bikini along with the slogan "Diet Irn-Bru. I never knew 4 1⁄2 inches [11 cm] could give so much pleasure".[39] Another featured a picture of a cow with the slogan "When I'm a burger, I want to be washed down with Irn-Bru". This billboard resulted in over 700 complaints but was cleared by advertisement watchdogs.[40] A billboard which featured a depressed goth and the slogan "Cheer up Goth. Have an Irn Bru." was also criticised for inciting bullying.[41]

text: Brand portfolio[edit]

text:
Name
Launched

Irn-Bru (original) (1901–2018)
1901

Irn-Bru Sugar Free formerly Diet Irn-Bru (1991–2011)
1991

Irn-Bru XS
1995

Irn-Bru 32
2006

Fiery Irn-Bru
2011[42]

Irn-Bru XTRA
2016

Irn-Bru (new-bru)
2018

text: McCowan's also produced Irn-Bru Bars, chewy, fizzy, bright orange confectionery bars which taste very strongly of Irn-Bru, though production ended in late 2005. Irn-Bru sorbet is available in some speciality ice cream shops in Scotland.

text: Irn-Bru and others[edit]

text: The drink can be used as a mixer with alcoholic beverages, mainly vodka and whisky.

text: Barr launched an alcopop drink combining Irn-Bru and Bell's whisky, although this proved to be unpopular and was discontinued.[citation needed] A later attempt came in the form of an official Irn-Bru flavour in the Red Square line-up of vodka-based drinks; this too has been discontinued.[citation needed]

text: WKD Original Vodka sell a "Vodka Iron Brew" drink.[43]

text: Exports and foreign markets[edit]

text: Irn-Bru is manufactured in five factories in Russia, and manufactured under licence in Canada, the United States, and since May 2008 in Norway. Bru and other Barr products are exported to Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece and Cyprus, as well as parts of Africa and Asia. It is available in the Republic of Ireland, increasingly being stocked in BWG and ADM Londis supplied stores, as well as in supermarkets owned by Dunnes Stores and Tesco Ireland. In Ireland generally, the drink mainly sells in Ulster, chiefly in Northern Ireland and County Donegal. It is also available in Malta, Belgium and, as of 2005, in Poland. It is now sold in Iceland, as of 2011. A similarly named product, using the Iron Brew spelling but bearing little resemblance to Irn-Bru in flavour, colour or packaging, is produced by Coca-Cola in South Africa.

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, Irn-Bru was manufactured and distributed under licence by Occasio Australia Pty Ltd until 2009. It was available in 500 ml and 1.25 litre in both standard and diet. The drink enjoyed growing success in the country, with its first advertising campaign launched in Queensland in September 2007. It was initially available in major chains such as Coles and Woolworths, Caltex service stations and in many independent grocers and convenience stores. It was then delisted at Coles supermarkets. Because of manufacturing and bottling issues, Occasio ceased local production in late 2009. It is now imported direct from the UK and distributed by British Provender Pty Ltd.[44]

text: Canada[edit]

text: Irn-Bru sold in Canada contained no caffeine until recently. In March 2010, Health Canada repealed the ban on caffeine on clear coloured soft drinks and now bottles of Irn-Bru have the label 'Now Contains caffeine' on the packaging.[45] Irn-Bru in Canada is distributed by TFB & Associates Ltd from Markham, Ontario but is packaged by A.G. Barr in Glasgow, Scotland. Irn-Bru can be found at Sobeys supermarkets.

text: The now-defunct McKinlay soft-drink company in Glace Bay, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada, for many years offered its own non-licensed beverage called Iron Brew. It was a brown carbonated soft-drink with a fruity cola taste.

text: The standard Irn-Bru distributed in Canada also contains the "Not a source of iron" disclaimer on the label. The UK version of the drink (with caffeine) is commonly imported by speciality retailers, particularly in areas with large British populations.[46]

text: Denmark[edit]

text: Irn-Bru started being sold at 7-Eleven. It has often appeared in the Danish supermarket 'Netto', 'Rema 1000' and 'Normal'.[citation needed] Today only a few 7-Elevens in Denmark continue distributing Irn-Bru, while most Føtex and Bilka stores now stock Irn Bru.

text: Finland[edit]

text: Imported Irn-Bru cans are found throughout Finland in some K-supermarket and K-citymarket supermarkets and other shops.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: Irn-Bru can be found in selected Wellcome supermarkets, in and around areas where the expatriate population is significant such as the Sheung Wan and Central districts.

text: Middle East[edit]

text: A.G. Barr has launched its Irn-Bru product throughout the Middle East. Found mostly in LuLu supermarkets.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: Irn-bru is commonly available nationwide from supermarkets as cans and 1.25 litre plastic bottles. It is bottled by Oasis, the same company that bottles Coca-Cola. Imported Irn-bru from Scotland is available from speciality stores.

text: Norway[edit]

text: Irn-Bru entered the Norwegian market in May 2008. They had to withdraw from the market again in 2009 as a result of problems with production agreements and lack of funding for marketing.

text: They were believed to be sponsoring the Norwegian First Division club Mjøndalen IF in 2009. This later turned out to be fraud carried out by a third party company, and Mjøndalen IF never received any sponsorship from Irn-Bru, even though the team played the 2009 season with Irn-Bru logo on their shirts.[47]

text: Russia[edit]

text: Irn-Bru began being sold in Russia in 1997, and by 2002 it had become their third best selling soft drink. After its original bottler went out of business, a new deal was signed for the drink to be manufactured and distributed in larger quantities by the Pepsi Bottling Group of Russia in 2002.[48] Its popularity has been attributed to the drink's apparent similarity to discontinued Soviet-era soft drinks.[48] As of 2011, Irn-Bru sales in Russia were still growing.[49]

text: United States[edit]

text: Irn-Bru and Diet Irn-Bru have been formulated since 2002 by A.G. Barr plc to meet the regulations for food colouring of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Ponceau 4R, used in the UK formulation, is prohibited by the FDA. Barr uses alternative food and drink colourants manufactured by a U.S. company approved by the FDA. The product labelling also meets U.S. labelling standards on nutritional information and bar code. Compliant Irn-Bru is solely imported by Great Scot International in Charlotte, North Carolina, who supplies distributors and retailers throughout the U.S. It is only supplied in 500 ml.