document_title: Dancing on Ice

question_text: where is dancing on ice filmed in 2018

question_tokens: where is dancing on ice filmed in 2018

text: Dancing on Ice

text: Background and history

text: The series was announced in November 2004 and originally titled Stars on Thin Ice,[1] the show was renamed following the failure of ITV's celebrity oriented 2005 summer schedule. Dancing on Ice is frequently compared to the BBC's Strictly Come Dancing. In 2004, the BBC aired a Strictly special entitled Strictly Ice Dancing at Christmas, which was won by England goalkeeper David Seaman (who was a contestant in series 1 of Dancing on Ice).

text: ITV's show was given a January premiere amidst network doubts about its viability but became a surprise hit in Britain, where it became the third highest rated television show of 2006. It attained an impressive 13 million viewers for the final in March. Britain's best-known ice-skating duo and former Olympic champions Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean help to train the aspiring dancers, and also appear throughout the show with comments and advice. Head Coach Karen Barber also trains the skaters for the live show.[2] From the beginning, Torvill and Dean opened every episode with a performance, with the exception of the second, third and fourth shows of the fourth series, when Torvill performed alone due to Dean's recovery from a shoulder operation. In 2012 they performed less regularly.

text: Schofield previously presented with Holly Willoughby, with commentary originally from Tony Gubba (later Simon Reed) and voiceovers done by John Sachs. The members of The Ice Panel were originally Karen Barber, Jason Gardiner, Nicky Slater and Robin Cousins, and the fifth judge varied from series to series: Karen Kresge in the first series, Natalia Bestemianova in the second, Ruthie Henshall in the third and fourth and Emma Bunton in the fifth. In series 6, there were only three judges: Gardiner, Cousins and Bunton.

text: During the shows first two series, it ran two supplementary programmes – Dancing on Ice Defrosted, presented by Stephen Mulhern, and Dancing on Ice Exclusive (or Dancing on Ice Extra during series 1) presented by Andi Peters alongside Andrea McLean in series 1 and Ben Shephard in series 2. In mid-2007, it was announced that both shows would not return to accompany the third series as the audience attracted was out of ITV2's target range.[3] As part of ITV's new revamped schedule at the start of 2008, from the third series, the show aired on a Sunday night and featured updated music and new titles as well as redesigned graphics. The series 3 finale was a massive draw, pulling an average 11.7 million viewers (up from 9.6 million the previous year) peaking at 12.6 million viewers over the two-hour slot, up over a million from series 2.[4]

text: The seventh series began on 8 January 2012, with Torvill and Dean as coaches for which they will be paid £250,000 each series.[5] Christine Bleakley was announced as the new co-presenter of the show replacing Holly Willoughby,[6] whilst Katarina Witt and Louie Spence replaced Emma Bunton and Jason Gardiner on the judging panel.[7] On 20 November 2012, it was announced that Gardiner was to return to the panel for the 2013 series, replacing Spence.[8][9] The full judging panel for the 2013 series was revealed on 28 December 2012, with former The Pussycat Dolls singer Ashley Roberts joining and Karen Barber returning to the panel after acting as head coach on the show the previous two years; they joined Gardiner and head judge Robin Cousins on the panel.[10]

text: Cancellation and revival

text: On 21 May 2013, Torvill and Dean announced that they would leave the series after its ninth series in 2014,[11] leading to speculation that the whole show would be axed. On 24 June 2013 it was rumoured that Dancing on Ice may continue after they have left with new coaches,[12] however, on 22 October 2013 it was confirmed that the show would end after its ninth series in 2014.[13]

text: On 4 September 2017, ITV confirmed that the show would return in 2018. Torvill and Dean will return to the show as head judges along with Schofield and Willoughby as presenters.[14] On 19 October 2017, Ashley Banjo was confirmed as a judge.[15] Later that month Gardiner confirmed that he would return to the judging panel.[16] Ashley's brother Jordan Banjo acts as the show's backstage digital host.[17] ITV Racing's betting presenter Matt Chapman was announced as the new commentator on 16 December 2017.[18] However, following the first live show on 7 January, Chapman claimed that he had "quit" the show but it was later confirmed to be a decision by the ITV producers, responding to pressure from the TV audience.[19] Sport commentator Sam Matterface was later confirmed as Chapman's replacement.[20]

text: It was announced on 25 January 2018 that Dancing on Ice would return for an eleventh series in 2019. The presenters, judges and participating celebrities are yet to be confirmed by ITV.[21]

text: Format

text: Each week the celebrities and their partners perform a live ice dance routine. The four/five (as of Series 8) judges (commonly known as the Ice Panel) judge each performance and give a mark between 0.0 and 10.0 (0.0 to 6.0 between series 1 and 5), depending on the performance. These total scores then create a leaderboard which combines with the public vote in order to determine the two lowest placed couples. As this is the case, the pair with the lowest score from the judges can avoid being in the bottom two if the public vote for them.

text: Once the scores and votes are combined to form the final leaderboard for that week's show, the two/three couples at the bottom compete in a final showdown known as the "Skate Off", where they perform their routine again. Once the couples have performed their routines for the judging panel, the judges decide on who deserves to stay and cast their votes, based on their second performance. The couple with the most votes from the judges receives a place in the following week's show, while the couple with the fewest votes leaves the competition. One couple leaves each week, but in series 7, two couples left in one week, due to numbering issues.

text: A live reunion special was staged one week after the end of each season, with all celebrities talking about their experiences during the season, and answering questions from a live studio audience. Torvil and Dean themselves then made a special in-studio appearance towards the end, thanking the contestants, hosts and judges, and of course, the home viewers for their votes.

text: Series overview

text: Nine series have been broadcast, as summarised below.

text:
Series
Start
Finish
Couples
Weeks
Winning celebrity
Winning professional
Presenters
Ice panel
Guest judges

1
14 January 2006
4 March 2006
10
8
Gaynor Faye
Daniel Whiston
Phillip Schofield
Holly Willoughby
Robin Cousins
Karen Barber
Nicky Slater
Jason Gardiner
Karen Kresge
N/A

2
20 January 2007
17 March 2007
11
9
Kyran Bracken
Melanie Lambert
Robin Cousins
Karen Barber
Nicky Slater
Jason Gardiner
Natalia Bestemianova

3
13 January 2008
16 March 2008
13
10
Suzanne Shaw
Matt Evers
Robin Cousins
Karen Barber
Nicky Slater
Jason Gardiner
Ruthie Henshall

4
11 January 2009
22 March 2009
11
Ray Quinn
Maria Filippov

5
10 January 2010
28 March 2010
14
12
Hayley Tamaddon
Daniel Whiston
Robin Cousins
Karen Barber
Nicky Slater
Jason Gardiner
Emma Bunton
Michael Ball (week 6)
Angela Rippon (week 7)

6
9 January 2011
27 March 2011
16
Sam Attwater
Brianne Delcourt
Robin Cousins
Jason Gardiner
Emma Bunton
N/A

7
8 January 2012
25 March 2012
15
Matthew Wolfenden
Nina Ulanova
Phillip Schofield
Christine Bleakley
Robin Cousins
Louie Spence
Katarina Witt

8
6 January 2013
10 March 2013
12
10
Beth Tweddle
Daniel Whiston
Robin Cousins
Karen Barber
Jason Gardiner
Ashley Roberts

9
5 January 2014
9 March 2014
14
Ray Quinn
Maria Filippov
Nicky Slater (weeks 6 & 7)

10
7 January 2018
11 March 2018
12
Jake Quickenden
Vanessa Bauer
Phillip Schofield
Holly Willoughby
Jordan Banjo (Backstage)
Christopher Dean
Jayne Torvill
Jason Gardiner
Ashley Banjo
N/A

text: Presenters, judges and coaches

text:
Presenters gallery

Phillip Schofield
(2006–2014, 2018—)

Holly Willoughby
(2006–2011, 2018—)

Christine Bleakley
(2012–2014)

text:
Series

1
(2006)
2
(2007)
3
(2008)
4
(2009)
5
(2010)
6
(2011)
7
(2012)
8
(2013)
9
(2014)
10
(2018)

Phillip Schofield

Holly Willoughby

Christine Bleakley

Jordan Banjo

Christopher Dean

Jayne Torvill

Robin Cousins

Karen Barber

Nicky Slater

Jason Gardiner

Karen Kresge

Natalia Bestemianova

Ruthie Henshall

Emma Bunton

Louie Spence

Katarina Witt

Ashley Roberts

Ashley Banjo

Michael Ball

Angela Rippon

text: Professionals

text:
[hide]Professional
Series 1
Series 2
Series 3
Series 4
Series 5
Series 6
Series 7
Series 8
Series 9
Series 10

 Pavel Aubrecht
N/A
Ulrika Jonsson
Samantha Mumba
Jessica Taylor
Sharron Davies
N/A

 Vanessa Bauer
N/A
Jake Quickenden

 Victoria Borzenkova
N/A
Tim Vincent
N/A

 Andrew Buchanan
N/A
Anthea Turner
Zaraah Abrahams
N/A

 Brooke Castile
N/A
Corey Feldman
N/A

 Brianne Delcourt
N/A
Kieron Richardson
Sam Attwater
Sébastien Foucan
Matt Lapinskas
Gareth Gates
Alex Beresford

 Matt Evers
Bonnie Langford
Lisa Scott-Lee
Suzanne Shaw
Zoë Salmon
Heather Mills
Denise Welch
Jorgie Porter
Pamela Anderson
Suzanne Shaw
Candice Brown

 Maria Filippov
N/A
Duncan James
Gareth Gates
Ray Quinn
Gary Lucy
Craig McLachlan
Andy Akinwolere
Shayne Ward
Ray Quinn
N/A

 Hamish Gaman
N/A
Perri Shakes-Drayton

 Isabelle Gauthier
N/A
Jeff Brazier
N/A

 Matthew Gonzalez
N/A
Danniella Westbrook
N/A
Charlene Tilton
N/A

 Mark Hanretty
N/A
Nadia Sawalha
Rosemary Conley
Oona King
Injured
Donna Air

 Jodeyne Higgins
N/A
Johnson Beharry
Chico
N/A

 Florentine Houdinière
N/A
Donal MacIntyre
N/A

 Marika Humphreys
Sean Wilson
N/A

 Ale Izquierdo
N/A
Max Evans

 Robin Johnstone
N/A
Gareth Thomas
Joe Pasquale
N/A

 Melanie Lambert
N/A
Kyran Bracken
Michael Underwood
Michael Underwood
Mikey Graham
N/A

 Melody Le Moal
N/A
Lemar

 Kristina Lenko
Stefan Booth
Stephen Gately
Greg Rusedski
Graeme Le Saux
N/A

 Andrei Lipanov
N/A
Clare Buckfield
Natalie Pinkham
Gemma Bissix
Sinitta
N/A
Heidi Range
N/A
Bonnie Langford
N/A

 Susie Lipanova
N/A
Steve Backley
Todd Carty
Jeremy Sheffield
N/A

 Sylvain Longchambon
N/A
Jennifer Metcalfe
Injured
Samia Ghadie
Jorgie Porter
Stephanie Waring

 Brandee Malto
N/A
Antony Cotton

 Sergey Malyshev
Tamara Beckwith
N/A
Aggie MacKenzie
N/A

 Molly Moenkhoff
N/A
Bobby Davro
N/A

 Alex Murphy
N/A
Kem Cetinay

 Darya Nucci
N/A
Jeremy Edwards
N/A

 Pam O'Connor
David Seaman
Neil Fox
N/A

 Vicky Ogden
N/A
Andy Whyment
Joe Pasquale
Sam Attwater
N/A

 Fred Palascak
N/A
Kay Burley
Sarah Greene
Melinda Messenger
Emily Atack
N/A

Zaraah Abrahams

 Natalia Pestova
N/A
Phil Gayle
N/A

 Frankie Poultney
N/A
Lee Sharpe
Chris Fountain
Ellery Hanley
Danny Young
Comedy Dave
Mark Rhodes
N/A
David Seaman
N/A

 Colin Ratushniak
N/A
Laura Hamilton
N/A

 Sean Rice
N/A
Angela Rippon
Chemmy Alcott
N/A

 Łukasz Różycki
N/A
Elen Rivas
Laila Morse
N/A
Beth Tweddle
N/A

 Todd Sand
Kelly Holmes
N/A

 Alexandra Schauman
N/A
Dr. Hilary Jones
Dominic Cork
Sam Nixon
N/A
Todd Carty
N/A

 Tamara Sharp
Andi Peters
N/A

 Olga Sharutenko
John Barrowman
N/A
Keith Chegwin
N/A

 Matej Silecky
N/A
Brooke Vincent

 Jenna Smith
N/A
Luke Campbell
N/A

 Katie Stainsby
N/A
Vanilla Ice
N/A
Gary Lucy
N/A

 Nina Ulanova
N/A
Steven Arnold
Matthew Wolfenden
N/A
Kyran Bracken
N/A

 Doug Webster
Andrea McLean
N/A

 Daniel Whiston
Gaynor Faye
Emily Symons
Linda Lusardi
Roxanne Pallett
Hayley Tamaddon
Kerry Katona
Jennifer Ellison
Beth Tweddle
Hayley Tamaddon
Cheryl Baker

 Stuart Widdall
N/A
Coleen Nolan
Tana Ramsay
N/A

 Michael Zenezini
N/A
Chloe Madeley
N/A
Lauren Goodger
N/A

text: Required elements

text: From Series 1 to 8, there was an element that the skaters were required to perform as part of their routines. These required elements included:

text:
Assisted and unassisted jumps
Use of a prop
Forming a spiral position
Flying above the ice, suspended by a harness
A one footed spin
Shadow steps
Classic moves of Torvill and Dean, sometimes with a choice between them
Cross rolls
Toe step sequences
Pair spin
One unique move
Solo skate
Change of edge

text: As of Series 9, the required skating elements format has been removed.

text: Main series results

text: Series 1 (2006)

text: The first series began on Saturday 14 January 2006 and ended on Saturday 4 March 2006, including ten celebrity skaters. The co-presenters were Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby, while The Ice Panel consisted of one-time World Junior Figure Skating champion Nicky Slater, choreographer Karen Kresge, theatre producer Jason Gardiner, two-time NHK Trophy champion Karen Barber and 1980 Olympic champion Robin Cousins.

text: The contestants for the first series were:

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Professional partner
Status

Tamara Beckwith
Socialite
Sergey Malyshev
Eliminated 1st

Andi Peters
TV presenter
Tamara Sharp
Eliminated 2nd

Andrea McLean
TV presenter
Doug Webster
Eliminated 3rd

John Barrowman
Actor & singer
Olga Sharutenko
Eliminated 4th

Sean Wilson
Actor
Marika Humphreys
Eliminated 5th

Kelly Holmes
Olympic middle distance runner
Todd Sand
Eliminated 6th

David Seaman
Retired footballer
Pam O'Connor
Eliminated 7th

Bonnie Langford
Actress
Matt Evers
Third place

Stefan Booth
Actor & singer
Kristina Lenko
Runner-up

Gaynor Faye
Actress
Daniel Whiston
Winner

text: Series 2 (2007)

text: The second series began on Saturday 20 January 2007. In it, 11 celebrities competed, compared to ten in the first series. The final was held on Saturday 17 March 2007. Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned to co-present, while Nicky Slater, Jason Gardiner, Karen Barber and Robin Cousins returned to The Ice Panel. Karen Kresge did not return as a judge for a second series and was replaced by five-time European champion Natalia Bestemianova.

text: The contestants for the second series were:

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Professional partner
Status

Neil Fox
TV & radio presenter
Pam O'Connor
Eliminated 1st

Phil Gayle
Journalist & TV presenter
Natalia Pestova
Eliminated 2nd

Ulrika Jonsson
TV presenter
Pavel Aubrecht
Eliminated 3rd

Stephen Gately
Singer (Boyzone)
Kristina Lenko
Eliminated 4th

Kay Burley
TV presenter
Fred Palascak
Eliminated 5th

Lisa Scott-Lee
Singer (Steps)
Matt Evers
Eliminated 6th

Lee Sharpe
Footballer
Frankie Poultney
Eliminated 7th

Emily Symons
Actress
Daniel Whiston
Eliminated 8th

Duncan James
Singer (Blue)
Maria Filippov
Third place

Clare Buckfield
Actress
Andrei Lipanov
Second place

Kyran Bracken
Rugby player
Melanie Lambert
Winner

text: Series 3 (2008)

text: The commissioning of the third series of Dancing on Ice was first confirmed by Phillip Schofield at the BAFTA awards.[22] The third series began on 13 January 2008, moving to Sunday nights in the process and ended on 16 March 2008, when Suzanne Shaw was crowned as the winner. Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned to co-present, while Nicky Slater, Jason Gardiner and Robin Cousins returned to The Ice Panel. The third series saw the replacement of judge Natalia Bestemianova by West End star Ruthie Henshall. And for the first time in the history of the series, a contestant withdrew due to injury, and it was TV presenter Michael Underwood who did so.[23]

text: The contestants for the third series were:

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Professional partner
Status

Sarah Greene
TV presenter
Fred Palascak
Eliminated 1st

Natalie Pinkham
TV presenter
Andrei Lipanov
Eliminated 2nd

Michael Underwood
TV presenter
Melanie Lambert
Withdrew

Samantha Mumba
Singer
Pavel Aubrecht
Eliminated 3rd

Aggie MacKenzie
TV presenter
Sergey Malyshev
Eliminated 4th

Tim Vincent
TV presenter
Victoria Borzenkova
Eliminated 5th

Steve Backley
Olympic javelin thrower
Susie Lipanova
Eliminated 6th

Linda Lusardi
Model & actress
Daniel Whiston
Eliminated 7th

Greg Rusedski
Tennis player
Kristina Lenko
Eliminated 8th

Gareth Gates
Singer
Maria Filippov
Eliminated 9th

Zaraah Abrahams
Actress
Fred Palascak
Third place

Chris Fountain
Actor
Frankie Poultney
Runner-up

Suzanne Shaw
Singer (Hear'Say)
Matt Evers
Winner

text: Series 4 (2009)

text: The fourth series started on 11 January 2009 and ended on 22 March 2009. Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned to co-present as well as Jayne Torvill, Christopher Dean and Karen Barber to mentor the celebrities. Barber, Nicky Slater, Jason Gardiner, Robin Cousins and Ruthie Henshall all returned to The Ice Panel for the fourth series.

text: The contestants for the fourth series were:

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Professional partner
Status

Graeme Le Saux
Former footballer
Kristina Lenko
Eliminated 1st
(Men's round)

Gemma Bissix
Actress
Andrei Lipanov
Eliminated 2nd
(Women's round)

Jeremy Edwards
Actor
Darya Nucci
Eliminated 3rd

Michael Underwood
TV presenter
Melanie Lambert
Eliminated 4th

Todd Carty
Actor
Susie Lipanova
Eliminated 5th

Ellery Hanley
Rugby player
Frankie Poultney
Eliminated 6th

Melinda Messenger
Model & TV presenter
Fred Palascak
Eliminated 7th

Roxanne Pallett
Actress
Daniel Whiston
Eliminated 8th

Zöe Salmon
TV presenter
Matt Evers
Eliminated 9th

Coleen Nolan
Singer & TV presenter
Stuart Widdall
Eliminated 10th

Jessica Taylor
Singer (Liberty X)
Pavel Aubrecht
Third place

Donal MacIntyre
Journalist
Florentine Houdinière
Runner-up

Ray Quinn
Singer & actor
Maria Filippov
Winner

text: Series 5 (2010)

text: The fifth series began on 10 January 2010 and ended on 28 March 2010. Jayne Torvill, Christopher Dean and Karen Barber returned to train the celebrities, with Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returning as co-presenters. Barber, Nicky Slater, Jason Gardiner and Robin Cousins returned for their fifth series on The Ice Panel. However, Ruthie Henshall did not return for her third series on The Ice Panel and was replaced by singer Emma Bunton. In addition to the main show, there was also a new spin-off show called Dancing on Ice Friday which gives viewers the insight to the training of the celebrities. It was presented by Ben Shephard and former contestant Coleen Nolan and broadcast from 8 pm to 8.30 pm on Friday evenings on ITV.

text: Cousins did not appear as a judge for weeks 6 and 7 due to commentary commitments for the Winter Olympics, so Barber was temporary head judge during Cousins's absence. Michael Ball took his place on 14 February and Angela Rippon filled in for him on 21 February.

text: The contestants for the fifth series were:

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Professional partner
Status

Sinitta
Singer
Andrei Lipanov
Eliminated 1st
(Women's round)

Bobby Davro
Comedian
Molly Moenkhoff
Eliminated 2nd
(Men's round)

Jeremy Sheffield
Actor
Susie Lipanova
Eliminated 3rd

Tana Ramsay
TV presenter
Stuart Widdall
Eliminated 4th

Heather Mills
Businesswoman & activist
Matt Evers
Eliminated 5th

Dr. Hilary Jones
TV presenter
Alexandra Schauman
Eliminated 6th

Sharron Davies
Former Olympic swimmer
Pavel Aubrecht
Eliminated 7th

Emily Atack
Actress
Fred Palascak
Eliminated 8th

Mikey Graham
Singer (Boyzone)
Melanie Lambert
Eliminated 9th

Danny Young
Actor
Frankie Poultney
Eliminated 10th

Danniella Westbrook
Actress
Matthew Gonzalez
Eliminated 11th

Kieron Richardson
Actor
Brianne Delcourt
Third place

Gary Lucy
Actor
Maria Filippov
Second place

Hayley Tamaddon
Actress
Daniel Whiston
Winner

text: Series 6 (2011)

text: The sixth series started on 9 January 2011 and ended on 27 March 2011 with the following 16 celebrities taking part. Although 16 celebrities are confirmed to take part, in a shocking twist, the first two episodes were qualifying rounds, in each of which eight couples skated and two were eliminated, so that only 12 couples reached the competition proper. For the first time, viewers in the Republic of Ireland were able to vote via the TV3 Ireland website.[24] Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill returned to mentor the contestants, with Karen Barber moving from The Ice Panel to the role of head coach. Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned as co-presenters for their sixth series. Jason Gardiner, Robin Cousins and Emma Bunton returned to The Ice Panel, but Nicky Slater did not.

text: The contestants for the sixth series are:

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Professional partner
Status

Angela Rippon
TV presenter
Sean Rice
Did not qualify
(Qualifying round 1)

Nadia Sawalha
Actress & TV presenter
Mark Hanretty

Craig McLachlan
Actor
Maria Filippov
Did not qualify
(Qualifying round 2)

Elen Rivas
Model
Łukasz Różycki

Steven Arnold
Actor
Nina Ulanova
Eliminated 1st

Dominic Cork
Cricketer
Alexandra Schauman
Eliminated 2nd

Jennifer Metcalfe
Actress
Sylvain Longchambon
Eliminated 3rd

Comedy Dave
Radio DJ
Frankie Poultney
Eliminated 4th

Kerry Katona
Singer (Atomic Kitten)
Daniel Whiston
Eliminated 5th

Vanilla Ice
Rapper
Katie Stainsby
Eliminated 6th

Denise Welch
Actress & TV presenter
Matt Evers
Eliminated 7th

Jeff Brazier
TV presenter
Isabelle Gauthier
Eliminated 8th

Johnson Beharry
Soldier
Jodeyne Higgins
Eliminated 9th

Chloe Madeley
Model & TV presenter
Michael Zenezini
Third place

Laura Hamilton
TV presenter
Colin Ratushniak
Second place

Sam Attwater
Actor
Brianne Delcourt
Winner

text: Series 7 (2012)

text: The seventh series started on 8 January 2012.[25] The celebrities were revealed on 3 January 2012.[26] Phillip Schofield returned as presenter and was joined by Christine Bleakley following the departure of Holly Willoughby, with Christopher Dean, Jayne Torvill and Karen Barber returning to mentor the celebrities. Robin Cousins was the only judge from series 6 to return, with six consecutive European champion Katarina Witt and choreographer Louie Spence replacing Emma Bunton and Jason Gardiner.

text: The contestants for the seventh series are as follows. Singer Chesney Hawkes was originally part of the line-up, but withdrew after sustaining an injury. His replacement was The X Factor contestant Chico Slimani.[27]

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Professional partner
Status

Andy Akinwolere
TV presenter
Maria Filippov
Eliminated 1st

Laila Morse
Actress
Łukasz Różycki
Eliminated 2nd

Mark Rhodes
TV presenter
Frankie Poultney
Eliminated 3rd

Corey Feldman
Actor
Brooke Castile
Eliminated 4th

Charlene Tilton
Actress
Matthew Gonzalez
Eliminated 5th

Rosemary Conley
Businesswoman & author
Mark Hanretty
Eliminated 6th

Sébastien Foucan
Freerunner
Brianne Delcourt
Eliminated 7th

Heidi Range
Singer (Sugababes)
Andrei Lipanov
Eliminated 8th

Sam Nixon
TV presenter
Alexandra Schauman
Eliminated 9th

Andy Whyment
Actor
Vicky Ogden
Eliminated 10th

Chemmy Alcott
Alpine ski racer
Sean Rice
Eliminated 11th

Jennifer Ellison
Actress
Daniel Whiston
Eliminated 12th

Chico Slimani
Singer
Jodeyne Higgins
Third place

Jorgie Porter
Actress
Matt Evers
Second place

Matthew Wolfenden
Actor
Nina Ulanova
Winner

text: Series 8 (2013)

text: The eighth series started on 6 January 2013.[28]

text: The line-up was officially announced on 18 December 2012.[29][30] Consisting of twelve couples, series 8 was the shortest series to air, and had the lowest number of couples since series 3 in 2008.

text: Christopher Dean, Jayne Torvill and Karen Barber returned to mentor the celebrities, with Barber returning to The Ice Panel after two series away. Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returned to co-present. Head judge Robin Cousins and Barber were joined on The Ice Panel by former judge Jason Gardiner and former The Pussycat Dolls singer Ashley Roberts, who replaced Louie Spence and Katarina Witt.

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Professional partner
Status

Pamela Anderson
Actress
Matt Evers
Eliminated 1st

Lauren Goodger
Reality TV star
Michael Zenezini
Eliminated 2nd

Oona King
Politician
Mark Hanretty
Eliminated 3rd

Anthea Turner
TV presenter
Andrew Buchanan
Eliminated 4th

Shayne Ward
Singer
Maria Filippov
Eliminated 5th

Joe Pasquale
Comedian
Vicky Ogden
Eliminated 6th

Keith Chegwin
TV presenter
Olga Sharutenko
Eliminated 7th

Samia Ghadie
Actress
Sylvain Longchambon
Eliminated 8th

Gareth Thomas
Retired rugby player
Robin Johnstone
Withdrew

Luke Campbell
Boxer
Jenna Smith
Third place

Matt Lapinskas
Actor
Brianne Delcourt
Second place

Beth Tweddle
Olympic gymnast
Daniel Whiston
Winner

text: Series 9: All–Stars (2014)

text: The ninth series of Dancing on Ice began airing on 5 January 2014. It was announced on 21 May 2013 by Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill that it would be their last time as coaches, and ITV's Director of Television, Peter Fincham, confirmed that the programme would be cancelled after this.[11] On 24 June 2013, it was reported that Dancing on Ice could continue with new coaches,[12] however, on 22 October 2013 it was confirmed that this series will be the show's last series.[13]

text: It was later announced that the ninth series would be an "all–star" series, featuring former winners and other contestants from the eight previous series.[31] The 14-strong line up was revealed on 11 December 2013, included 6 former champions, 6 other top-four finishers, plus Joe Pasquale and Todd Carty.[32][33]

text: Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returned to co-present. Dean, Torvill and Karen Barber returned to mentor the celebrities. Robin Cousins, Jason Gardiner, Barber and Ashley Roberts returned for their respective ninth, eighth, seventh and second series on The Ice Panel. Cousins was absent for weeks 6 and 7 due to commentating the 2014 Winter Olympics, so former judge Nicky Slater returned in his place and Barber was temporary head judge.

text:
Celebrity
Original series
Professional partner
Status

Jorgie Porter
Series 7 – 2nd
Sylvain Longchambon
Eliminated 1st

Joe Pasquale
Series 8 – 7th
Robin Johnstone
Eliminated 2nd

David Seaman
Series 1 – 4th
Frankie Poultney
Eliminated 3rd

Gary Lucy
Series 5 – 2nd
Katie Stainsby
Eliminated 4th

Todd Carty
Series 4 – 9th
Alexandra Schauman
Eliminated 5th

Zaraah Abrahams
Series 3 – 3rd
Andrew Buchanan
Eliminated 6th

Bonnie Langford
Series 1 – 3rd
Andrei Lipanov
Eliminated 7th

Gareth Gates
Series 3 – 4th
Brianne Delcourt
Eliminated 8th

Suzanne Shaw
Series 3 – 1st
Matt Evers
Eliminated 9th

Kyran Bracken
Series 2 – 1st
Nina Ulanova
Eliminated 10th

Sam Attwater
Series 6 – 1st
Vicky Ogden
Eliminated 11th

Beth Tweddle
Series 8 – 1st
Łukasz Różycki
Third place

Hayley Tamaddon
Series 5 – 1st
Daniel Whiston
Runner up

Ray Quinn
Series 4 – 1st
Maria Filippov
Winner

text: Series 10 (2018)

text: On 4 September 2017, it was announced on This Morning that Dancing on Ice would return with Willoughby and Schofield as presenters, and Torvill and Dean returning in new roles of head judges. It was also revealed that Jason Gardiner would be returning to the Ice Panel, along with Diversity member Ashley Banjo. With the announcement of the new series it was confirmed that the show would have a new set, new graphics, a new logo and a new theme tune, including the contestants and professionals faces for the first time.[34] The show's new logo was released on the official Twitter account.[35] The series will be filmed at RAF Bovingdon.[36]

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Professional partner
Status

Candice Brown
The Great British Bake Off winner
Matt Evers
Eliminated 1st

Stephanie Waring
Actress
Sylvain Longchambon
Eliminated 2nd

Perri Shakes-Drayton
Athlete
Hamish Gaman
Eliminated 3rd

Cheryl Baker
Singer (Bucks Fizz) & TV presenter
Daniel Whiston
Eliminated 4th

Lemar
Singer, songwriter & producer
Melody Le Moal
Eliminated 5th

Antony Cotton
Actor
Brandee Malto
Eliminated 6th & 7th

Donna Air
Actress & TV presenter
Mark Hanretty

Alex Beresford
Weather forecaster
Brianne Delcourt
Eliminated 8th

Kem Cetinay
Reality TV star
Alex Murphy
Eliminated 9th

Max Evans
Rugby union player
Ale Izquierdo
Third place

Brooke Vincent
Actress
Matej Silecky
Runner-up

Jake Quickenden
Singer & reality TV star
Vanessa Bauer
Winner

text: Series 11 (2019)

text: Series averages

text: All information in this table comes from BARB.[37] including figures from ITV+1 and ITV HD channels

text:
Series
Day
# Ep.
Premiere
Final
Aired
Average viewers
(in millions)

Date
Viewers
(in millions)
Date
Viewers
(in millions)

1
Saturdays
16
14 January 2006
9.83
4 March 2006
11.68
2006
9.12

2
18
20 January 2007
9.08
17 March 2007
9.14
2007
8.00

3
Sundays
20
13 January 2008
9.34
16 March 2008
12.08
2008
8.93

4
22
11 January 2009
8.83
22 March 2009
11.31
2009
8.86

5
23
10 January 2010
9.64
28 March 2010
9.42
2010
8.28

6
23
9 January 2011
10.23
27 March 2011
9.35
2011
8.15

7
23
8 January 2012
8.42
25 March 2012
7.01
2012
6.63

8
19
6 January 2013
7.49
10 March 2013
7.36
2013
6.32

9
19
5 January 2014
6.76
9 March 2014
5.98
2014
5.04

10
10
7 January 2018
8.56
11 March 2018

2018

text: Awards

text:
Year
Group
Award
Result
Reference(s)

2006
National Television Awards
Most Popular Entertainment Programme
Nominated

2007
National Television Awards
Most Popular Talent Show
Nominated

2008
National Television Awards
Most Popular Talent Show
Nominated

TV Quick Awards
Best Talent Show
Nominated

2009
National Television Awards
Most Popular Talent Show
Nominated

TV Quick Awards
Best Talent Show
Nominated

RTS Craft & Design Award
Best Costume Design
Won

RTS Craft & Design Award
Best Multicamera Work
Nominated

2010
RTS Craft & Design Award
Best Costume Design
Nominated

2011
National Television Awards
Most Popular Talent Show
Nominated

RTS Craft & Design Award
Best Costume Design
Nominated

2012
National Television Awards
Most Popular Talent Show
Nominated

2013
National Television Awards
Most Popular Talent Show
Nominated
[38]

2014
National Television Awards
Most Popular Talent Show
Nominated

TRIC Awards
TRIC Special Award
Won

text: Guest singers

text:
Series 2 – Week 6: Take That with "Shine" and "Patience"[39]
Series 3 – Week 3: Westlife with "World of Our Own" and "Us Against The World"[40]
Series 3 – Week 9: Leona Lewis with "Footprints in the Sand" and "Better in Time"[41]
Series 4 – Week 5: Bette Midler with "From a Distance"
Series 4 – Week 7: Will Young with "Let It Go"
Series 4 – Week 10: Girls Aloud with "Untouchable"
Series 5 – Week 2: The Saturdays with "Ego"
Series 5 – Week 5: Mumford & Sons with "The Cave"
Series 5 – Week 5: Pixie Lott with "Use Somebody" and "Cry Me Out"[42][43]
Series 5 – Week 8: Katherine Jenkins and Andrew Lloyd Webber with "Love Never Dies"
Series 5 – Week 11: Alexandra Burke with "All Night Long"
Series 6 – Qualifying Week 2: Ellie Goulding with "Your Song"
Series 6 – Week 5: Rumer with "What the World Needs Now Is Love"
Series 6 – Week 7: Nicole Scherzinger with "Don't Hold Your Breath"
Series 6 – Week 8 & 10: The Overtones (house band for week 10)
Series 7 – Week 2: Pixie Lott with "Kiss the Stars"
Series 7 – Week 4: Christina Perri with "Jar of Hearts"
Series 7 – Week 5: One Direction with "What Makes You Beautiful" and "One Thing"
Series 7 – Week 10: Marcus Collins with "Seven Nation Army"
Series 8 – Week 3: Little Mix with "Change Your Life"
Series 8 – Week 7: Olly Murs with "Army of Two"
Series 8 – Week 8: Jools Holland and Rumer
Series 9 – Week 4: Rebecca Ferguson with "In My Life" (with Torvill and Dean) and "All That I've Got" (with professional skaters)
Series 9 – Semi-final: Kodaline with "High Hopes"
Series 10 – Week 7: Camila Cabello with "Never Be the Same"

text: Spin-offs

text: Like many other reality TV shows, Dancing on Ice has had a number of supplementary shows. The first was Dancing on Ice Defrosted. It was presented by Stephen Mulhern and aired on ITV2 immediately after the main ITV show and again after the results show. The show featured opinions from celebrity guests and past contestants as well as from Torvill and Dean, the judges, presenters and competitors. Judge Nicky Slater also offered in-depth analysis of various performances using the latest video technology that the judges use to judge performances.

text: The second spin-off show was originally called Dancing on Ice Extra and was presented by Andi Peters and Andrea McLean, both competitors in the first series. Midway through the first series Paul O'Grady left ITV to join Channel 4 meaning that ITV had no show to put on air at 5 pm. The format of Dancing on Ice Defrosted was modified so that it could be broadcast every weekday. Due to Andrea's maternity leave during the second series she did not return to present the show and therefore Ben Shephard joined the show as the anchor presenter, and, unlike during the previous, series Andi Peters was now a roving reporter around the studio. For its second run the show was renamed Dancing on Ice Exclusive.

text: Neither of these first two spin-off shows returned in 2008 nor 2009.

text: In 2010 it was announced that a new spin-off show would accompany Dancing on Ice, named Dancing on Ice Friday, presented by Ben Shephard and Coleen Nolan.

text: Champion of Champions (2007)

text: This took place on Saturday 24 March 2007 and featured finalists from both Series 1 and Series 2. All six celebrities did one routine each, scored by the judges, and then voted on by the public. The two couples finishing first after the public voted skated again in the skate off to decide the winner. The skaters that did not reach the skate off – 3rd to 6th – were announced "in no particular order", so ranks may not be accurate.

text:
Place
Celebrity
Partner
Position on Dancing on Ice
Score

1st
Kyran Bracken
Melanie Lambert
Series 2 winner
6.0+6.0+5.5+6.0+6.0= 29.5

2nd
Clare Buckfield
Andrei Lipanov
Series 2 runner-up
5.5+5.5+4.5+5.0+5.5=26.0

3rd
Bonnie Langford
Matt Evers
Series 1 third place (final)
5.0+5.5+5.5+5.5+5.0=26.5

4th
Duncan James
Maria Filippov
Series 2 third place (final)
4.5+5.5+5.5+5.5+5.0=26.0

5th
Gaynor Faye
Daniel Whiston
Series 1 winner
5.0+5.5+5.0+5.0+5.0=25.5

6th
Stefan Booth
Kristina Lenko
Series 1 runner-up
4.5+5.0+4.0+4.5+4.5= 22.5

text: Dancing on Ice at Christmas (2008)

text: For Christmas 2008, Torvill and Dean went head to head with Jayne Torvill having a team of three female celebrities, and Christopher Dean having a team of three male celebrities. The judges were the usual line-up of Robin Cousins, Ruthie Henshall, Jason Gardiner, Karen Barber and Nicky Slater. Holly Willoughby and Phillip Schofield presented the 90-minute programme.

text:
Place
Celebrity
Partner
Position on Dancing on Ice
Score

1st
Suzanne Shaw
Matt Evers
Series 3 winner
6.0+6.0+6.0+6.0+6.0= 30.0

2nd
Chris Fountain
Frankie Poultney
Series 3 runner-up
6.0+6.0+5.0+5.5+5.5=28.0

3rd
Kyran Bracken
Melanie Lambert
Series 2 winner
5.5+5.5+5.0+5.5+5.5=27.0

4th
Clare Buckfield
Pavel Aubrecht
Series 2 runner-up
5.5+5.5+4.5+5.0+5.5=26.0

5th
Duncan James
Maria Filippov
Series 2 third place
5.0+5.0+5.0+5.0+4.5=24.5

6th
Zaraah Abrahams
Fred Palascak
Series 3 third place
5.0+4.5+4.5+5.0+5.0= 24.0

text: Team Torvill scored 80 points to Team Dean's 79.5 and won the show by also receiving the majority of the audience votes.

text: Suzanne Shaw received the perfect score of 30 for the third time in a row. In her last two appearances on the show she has picked up the trophy.

text: Dancing on Ice: Make Me a Star (2008)

text: A 30-minute prime time spin-off to Dancing on Ice premiered on 26 January 2008 and ran for a few episodes, presented solely by Holly Willoughby. This both showed some exclusive footage of the celebrities training for the Sunday night main show and followed Torvill and Dean on the search for a member of the public to perform on the Dancing on Ice final in 2009.[44]

text: Shows:

text:
Kyran Bracken skated with his new partner (they have been on Holiday on Ice)
David Seaman and Melanie Lambert showed what to expect on the Tour
Clare Buckfield and Andrei Lipanov did a new performance of "Reach"

text: Dancing on Ice: Ice Star (2009)

text: This was shown after the announcement of the bottom two had been made but before the skate off. It showed Torvill and Dean's search for an entertainment act on ice, with auditions from all kinds of ice skaters. The winner skated live on the Dancing on Ice 2009 final and join Torvill and Dean on tour.

text: From a shortlist of 20 acts, Torvill and Dean invited only 4 back to give another performance in the Dancing on Ice studio. The final 4 were:

text:
Hannah and Daniel – Child pairs skaters
Nick Rigby – Figure skater
The Oxford Freestylers – Stunt and trick performers
The Elody – Skating girlband

text: The best skater to slip through the net was Grimsby born Daniel Bennett who initially impressed Christopher Dean on his first audition. Controversially however Jane Torvil denied him entry after his cataclismic fall on the quarter finals just metres away from the legendary skating duo.

text: The Oxford Freestylers won and performed live on the Dancing on Ice 2009 final.

text: Dancing on Ice Goes Gold (2012)

text: An Olympic special aired on 22 July 2012, before the London 2012 Summer Olympics. It featured medal-winning Olympic athletes.

text: The one-off special featured the judges from series 7, with Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returning as presenters. Torvill & Dean unveiled a new and specially-crafted performance. Head judge, Robin Cousins also performed a solo routine for first time in twelve years.

text:
Olympian
Sport
Medals
Professional partner
Judges scores
Status

Steve Williams OBE
Rowing
Gold, Coxless Four (Athens 2004, Beijing 2008)
Katie Stainsby
9.5, 9.5, 10.0 = 29.0
Gold (Winner)

Olga Korbut
Gymnastics
4 Gold & 2 Silver (Munich 1972, Montreal 1976)
Matthew Gonzalez
10.0, 9.0, 9.5 = 28.5
Silver (2nd place)

Pippa Wilson MBE
Sailing
Gold, Yngling sailing (Beijing 2008)
Mark Hanretty
9.0, 9.5, 9.5 = 28.0
Bronze (3rd place)

Gail Emms MBE
Badminton
Silver, Mixed Doubles (Athens 2004)
Łukasz Różycki
9.0, 9.0, 9.5 = 27.5
Eliminated

Colin Jackson CBE
Hurdling, Sprinting
Silver, 110m Hurdles (Seoul Olympics 1988)
Frankie Poultney
9.0, 8.5, 9.0 = 26.5
Eliminated

Jamie Baulch
Sprinting
Silver, 4 × 400 m relay (Atlanta 1996)
Maria Filippov
8.5, 8.5, 9.0 = 26.0
Eliminated

Tessa Sanderson CBE
Javelin
Gold (LA 1984)
Yannick Bonheur
7.5, 7.5, 8.0 = 23.0
Eliminated

text: The judges scores were added to the studio audiences votes to decide the winner. No public vote took place, as the programme was recorded earlier in the year.

text: Dancing on Ice Friday (2010)

text: A brand new spin-off show for the 2010 series of Dancing on Ice, appropriately called Dancing on Ice Friday, gave viewers the insight to the training of the celebrities over the last week. It was presented by television presenter Ben Shephard and former contestant and Loose Women star Coleen Nolan. The show was broadcast from 8 pm to 8.30 pm on Friday evenings on ITV throughout the duration of the main shows season. STV who broadcast the main show did not broadcast this on the Friday evening but after repeating the previous week's main show on the following Saturday afternoon.

text: Due to poor ratings, Dancing on Ice Friday was axed prior to the 2011 series.

text: Studio set and ice rink

text: The show was based in the George Lucas Stage at Elstree Studios from 2006 to 2010. In 2011 the show was broadcast from Shepperton Studios. In 2012 it returned to Elstree with a new, more modern set.

text: There were several areas of the Elstree studio. The Tunnel was to the left of the rink and was where the couples entered the rink. The Ice Cave was situated at the back of the rink and was where Phillip Schofield stood to interview the couples. The Judges and Contestants Area was to the right of the rink and was where the judging panel were based, and where Holly Willoughby or Christine Bleakley stood to speak to them and the couples. The ice rink measured 30 × 15m.

text: For the 2018 revival series the show was relocated to a purpose-built studio at RAF Bovingdon.[45]

text: Dancing on Ice: The Tour

text: Merchandise

text:
A DVD, featuring highlights from Series 1, and a CD, containing music from Series 1, were released shortly after it ended. A highlights DVD for Series 2 was released on 2 April 2007 and a Series 3 highlights DVD was released on 7 April 2008. There is a Series 4 DVD in The Series 1–5 Boxset; you can`t buy it by itself. The Series 5 Highlights DVD was released on 12 April 2010 and the Live Tour 2010 DVD was released on 29 November 2010. A compilation boxset of highlights of Series 1–5 has also been released.
The Live Tours are also filmed at a different location each year by Live Nation UK Ltd who own the rights to the tours and released on DVD by Universal Media. The Live 25th Bolero Anniversary Tour DVD was released in November 2009.


document_title: Digboi

question_text: who discovered the occurrence of oil in in assam

root

text: Digboi

text: Etymology[edit]

text:
" Barely seven years after Edwin L. Drake drilled the world's first oil well in 1859 at Titusville, Pennsylvania, USA, history registered another exploration of the black liquid gold, in the largest continent. More than a century ago, history was made in a remote corner of Assam in the midst of the dense and malaria infested jungles, by a band of intrepid pioneers searching for black gold. In 1867 Italian Engineers, commissioned by the Assam Railways and Trading Company, to build a railway line from Dibrugarh to Margherita (Headquarters of Assam Railways and Trading Company) accidentally discovered oil at Digboi around 10 miles from Margherita. ‘Dig boy, dig’, shouted the English engineer, Mr W L Lake, elephants emerging out of the dense forest with oil stains on their feet".[2] This is possibly the most distilled – though fanciful – version of the legend explaining the siting and naming of Digboi. Two events separated by seven years have become fused, but although neither is likely to be provable, such evidence that does exist appears sufficiently detailed to be credible.
Various web sites offer variations on the elephant’s foot story, a consensus of which would be that engineers extending the Dibru-Sadiya railway line to Ledo for the Assam Railways and Trading Company (AR&TC) in 1882 were using elephants for haulage and noticed that the mud on one pachyderm’s feet smelled of oil. Retracing the trail of footprints, they found oil seeping to the surface. One of the engineers, the Englishman Willie Leova Lake, was an ‘oil enthusiast’ and persuaded the company to drill a well.
Oil India Ltd makes no reference to elephants’ feet in its company history,[3] although on its previous web site the company noted that Lake had noticed "the oil seepages around Borbhil". Once the project had been approved, Lake assembled equipment, boilers, and local labour, and engaged elephants to haul the machinery to the site. The first well was started in September 1889, but an encouraging first strike at 178 feet (54 m) turned out to be a small pocket, and drilling recommenced. This continued until November 1890 when the well was completed at a total depth of 662 feet (202 m), and it was during this extended period of drilling that Oil India's old web site placed the legend of Lake exhorting one or more of his labourers to "Dig, boy!"

tag: p

text: Digboi as an oil town[edit]

text: It is said that the town gets its name from the phrase "dig-boy-dig," which is what the English told the labourers as they dug for crude oil. The town's history begins in 1867 when a small group of men from the Assam Railway and Trading Co. found their elephants' legs soaked in black mud, that smelt somewhat like oil. The men began exploring more, and in 1889, the English started a small oil installation. India (and Asia) obtained its first refinery in Digboi in the year 1901. Assam Oil Company was formed in 1899 to look after the running of the oil business in this area. The Digboi oil field produced close to 7,000 barrels per day (1,100 m3/d) of crude oil at its peak, which was during World War II. The field was pushed to produce the maximum amount of oil with little regard to reservoir management; as a result, production started to drop almost immediately after the war. The current production from the Digboi fields is about 240 barrels per day (38 m3/d). Over 1,000 wells have been drilled at Digboi – the first well in 1889 had stuck oil at 178 feet (54 m). In 1989, the Department of Posts, India came out with a stamp commemorating 100 years of the Digboi fields.

text: Today, though the crude production is not high, Digboi has the distinction of being India's oldest continuously producing oilfield. Digboi refinery, now a division of Indian Oil Corporation, had a capacity of about 0.65 MMTPA as of 2003.

text: Digboi is now Headquarter of Assam Oil Division of Indian Oil Corporation Limited. The Earliest recorded to the existence of oil in India is found in the memories and dispatches of the Army Officers who penetrated the jungles of Upper Assam since 1825. Lt. R. Wilcox, Major A. White, Capt. Francis Jenkins, Capt. P.S. Hanney—they all saw at different times petroleum exuding from banks of the Dihing River. Mr. C.A. Bruce (1828) and Mr. H.B. Medicott (1865) of the Geological Survey of India also saw oil while prospecting for coal in Upper Assam.

text: Mr. Goodenough of McKillop, Stewart & Co. Calcutta was the first in India to start a systematic programme of drilling for oil in November 1866, at Nahorpung about 30 miles (48 km) south east of Dibgoi, just seven years after the world's first commercial oil well was drilled in 1859, by Col Edwin L Drake in Pennsylvania, USA. This hand dug well—the first oil well in India—was drilled up to 102 feet (31 m) and proved dry. However the second well struck oil at Makum near Tinsukia, about 14 miles (23 km) from Digboi.

text: In 1939, there was a major labour union strike in the Refinery. The Gandhi Movement of Congress for Indian Independence struggle; backed by labour rights and equality status was headed by Sardar Amar Singh Marwah. The break of the World War II coincided with the Digboi labour strike resulted in harsh steps taken by the British Administrative offices to crush the strike. The Viceroy and the Governor had intervened to bring a settlement adopting sturdy steps were take to crush the union by shooting down of the president of the labour union to be followed by issuing orders of Quit Digboi, Quit Lakhimpur and finally Quit Assam to the leaders of the labour union.

text: Digboi Refinery[edit]

text: The Digboi Refinery modernization project was taken up in large scale in order to overcome the technological obsolescence of the old refinery. Subsequently, a number of other major projects were undertaken by Assam Oil Division to further revamp and modernise Digboi Refinery.Digboi refinery has been awarded the ISO-14001 and OHSMC certificate.

text: Geography[edit]

text: Digboi is located at 27°22'48.0"N 95°37'48.0"E.[4] It has an average elevation of 165 metres (541 ft).It is situated 510 km north east of Guwahati.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: As of 2001[update] India census,[5] Digboi had a population of 20,405. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Digboi has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 85% and, female literacy is 77%. In Digboi, 10% of the population is under six years of age.

text: Digboi Oil Town was considered as a separate census town in 2001 India census.[5] As of 2001 India census, Digboi Oil Town had a population of 16,584. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Digboi Oil Town has an average literacy rate of 82%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84% and, female literacy is 79%. In Digboi Oil Town, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. The population is largely heterogeneous. Assamese, Bengali, Nepali, Bihari, Marwari communities form the majority. People from various tribes such as the tea-tribes (brought in by the colonial planters as indentured labourers from the Chhotanagpur plateau region), Bodos, Mishings etc. have also made it their home.

text: Culture & economy[edit]

text: As being a small part of the diverse state Assam. It is flooded with assamese culture and heritage. As being colonised by British and rising of industrial era the place have seen adverse changes. Workers, labourers were brought in. Digboi township accounted for diverse group of people that entered in search of livelihood. But the outskirts were still agriculture based. Assam being rich in fertility, tea is produced throughout the place bringing a bright opportunity to the people and the place itself. Yet small people here portrait the picture of the nation itself.

text: How to reach Digboi[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (September 2015)

tag: table

text: There are many ways to reach Digboi. The nearest airport is the Mohanbari Airport, Dibrugarh and the nearest railway junction is the Tinsukia Junction. One can get flight to Dibrugarh from Delhi and Kolkata on daily basis. Also Dibrugarh-New Delhi Rajdhani express runs daily from Dibrugarh via New Tinsukia Junction. There are also proper roadways which link the Digboi Oil town to some other towns like Duliajan, Makum etc. Digboi has got a railway station and it connects well with Guwahati. Digboi can be reached by public transport bus and mini-vans as well. Various companies run bus between Digboi and other neighbouring towns and Guwahati. Rickshaw is the main mode of transport within the city.

text: Places of interest[edit]

text:
Digboi Oil Centenary Museum
Digboi War Cemetery
Digboi 18 hole Golf Course
Digboi Oil Field
Digboi Centenary Park
Digboi Bar

tag: ul

text: Politics[edit]

text: Digboi is part of Dibrugarh (Lok Sabha constituency) which is represented by Mr Rameswar Teli of Bharatiya Janata Party.It lies in the Digboi Constituency of the State Assembly where it is represented by Mr. Suren Phukan of Bharatiya Janata Party. [6]


document_title: Anna DiMera

question_text: who plays anna in days of our lives

question_tokens: who plays anna in days of our lives

text: Anna DiMera

text:
Anna DiMera

Days of our Lives character

Portrayed by
Leann Hunley

Duration

1982–86
2007–10
2017–

First appearance
July 30, 1982 (1982-July-30)

Created by

Margaret DePriest
Sheri Anderson

Introduced by

Betty Corday and Al Rabin (1982)
Ken Corday and Edward J. Scott (2007)

Classification
Present, recurring

Profile

Other names
Anna Fredericks
Anna Brady
Contessa DiMera

Occupation

Executive for DiMera Advertising
Executive for Lumberg Advertising
Owner of Anna DiMera Designs
Personal Secretary to Tony DiMera

Residence
The Tropics

[show]Family

Family

DiMera
Brady

Brothers

Brett Fredericks

Spouse

Roman Brady (197?–82)
Tony DiMera (1983–84, 1985, 2008–09)
Andre DiMera (1985)

Daughters
Carrie Brady

Grandsons
Noah Reed[1][2]

text: Anna DiMera is a fictional character on the NBC daytime drama Days of Our Lives. She is the ex-wife of Roman Brady, and the biological mother of Carrie Brady. Created by head writers Margaret DePriest and Sheri Anderson, Anna is portrayed by Leann Hunley.[3] Anna is known for being a member of the powerful, upper class, DiMera family. She was married to Count Antony DiMera until his death in 2009. Hunley initially portrayed Anna from 1982–86. After a twenty-one year absence, Hunley reprised the role of Anna beginning on June 20, 2007, and remained on contract with the show until April 2, 2009. She most recently reprised the role again in early-December 2009 on a recurring basis, after taking a leave of absence from the show and ultimately leaving once more on June 15, 2010. In July 2016, it was reported that Hunley was to again reprise the role of Anna in the upcoming new year, with her return date set for January 9, 2017. [3] Hunley departed on February 16, 2017.[4] In December 2017, it was announced that Hunley would return to the role, beginning January 5, 2018.[5] For her work as Anna, Hunley received a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in 1986.

text: Character history[edit]

text: Anna Fredericks first arrives in Salem in 1982, searching for Roman Brady, her husband and the father of her daughter, Carrie. For many years, Roman had been under the impression that Anna had been dead, when in reality she had been sold into white slavery. Anna has several red marks on her back, which she claims were from being whipped but were in fact from Multiple Sclerosis.

text: Following her divorce from Roman, Anna takes a job as Tony DiMera's secretary, while working in secret for Stefano DiMera who pays Anna $1,000,000 to have Roman fired from the ISA. To achieve this, Anna has Carrie hypnotized to place fake deposit slips in Roman's home. Although Roman is fired from the police force, the ISA are convinced that Roman had been framed.

text: In 1983, Anna drugs Tony and marries him in Las Vegas, which angers him. Shortly after the wedding, Tony discovers that one of the stipulations of Stefano's will require him to live with Renée DuMonde and David Banning for a year in order to gain his inheritance.

text: At one point in time, she discovers she is pregnant with Tony DiMera`s child, but suffers a miscarriage later on.

text: In 1986, Anna leaves Salem after learning Tony had divorced her. She moves to Europe, where she led a successful career.

text: In 2007, Anna returns to Salem to deliver to the Bradys old DiMera family letters belonging to Tony. She becomes involved in the Brady/DiMera feud, and her romance with Roman is reignited.

text: Then, it is revealed that Tony is alive, stranded on an island for over 20 years, and that Andre is impersonating Tony. Anna and Tony are reunited, and they remarry May 21, 2008. Tony is killed after suffering a heart attack, after a struggle with Philip Kiriakis at the pier resulted in a fall.

text: After the death of Tony, Anna leaves Salem on April 2, 2009. Sydney DiMera is kidnapped in December 2009. On December 18, 2009, Anna is shown on-screen, revealing to the audience as Sydney's kidnapper. In January 2010, it is revealed that EJ actually hired Anna to kidnap Sydney in order to keep her away from Sami. As 2010 progressed, Stefano managed to neutralize her from revealing EJ's part in Sydney's kidnapping, last being seen ambushed in hospital in June 2010. Carrie mentioned Anna in a conversation to Austin during the Christmas season of December 2011. In January 2017, Anna is seen when Marlena bumps into her in Europe, after Anna let loose with a gun at a Prague café, following Marlena's trail in finding Stefano.


document_title: Roman art

question_text: roman artists were most heavily influenced by artist from

text: Roman art

text: Introduction[edit]

text:
Ancient art history

Middle East

Mesopotamia
Ancient Egypt
Persia

Asia

India
China
Japan
Korea
Cambodia

European prehistory

Cycladic
Nuragic
Etruscan
Celtic
Scythia

Classical art

Ancient Greece
Hellenistic
Rome

v
t
e

text: While the traditional view of the ancient Roman artists is that they often borrowed from, and copied Greek precedents (much of the Greek sculptures known today are in the form of Roman marble copies), more recent analysis has indicated that Roman art is a highly creative pastiche relying heavily on Greek models but also encompassing Etruscan, native Italic, and even Egyptian visual culture. Stylistic eclecticism and practical application are the hallmarks of much Roman art.

text: Pliny, Ancient Rome’s most important historian concerning the arts, recorded that nearly all the forms of art – sculpture, landscape, portrait painting, even genre painting – were advanced in Greek times, and in some cases, more advanced than in Rome. Though very little remains of Greek wall art and portraiture, certainly Greek sculpture and vase painting bears this out. These forms were not likely surpassed by Roman artists in fineness of design or execution. As another example of the lost "Golden Age", he singled out Peiraikos, "whose artistry is surpassed by only a very few ... He painted barbershops and shoemakers’ stalls, donkeys, vegetables, and such, and for that reason came to be called the 'painter of vulgar subjects'; yet these works are altogether delightful, and they were sold at higher prices than the greatest [paintings] of many other artists.”[2] The adjective "vulgar" is used here in its original meaning, which means "common".

text: The Greek antecedents of Roman art were legendary. In the mid-5th century BC, the most famous Greek artists were Polygnotos, noted for his wall murals, and Apollodoros, the originator of chiaroscuro. The development of realistic technique is credited to Zeuxis and Parrhasius, who according to ancient Greek legend, are said to have once competed in a bravura display of their talents, history’s earliest descriptions of trompe l’oeil painting.[3] In sculpture, Skopas, Praxiteles, Phidias, and Lysippos were the foremost sculptors. It appears that Roman artists had much Ancient Greek art to copy from, as trade in art was brisk throughout the empire, and much of the Greek artistic heritage found its way into Roman art through books and teaching. Ancient Greek treatises on the arts are known to have existed in Roman times though are now lost.[4] Many Roman artists came from Greek colonies and provinces...[5]

text: The high number of Roman copies of Greek art also speaks of the esteem Roman artists had for Greek art, and perhaps of its rarer and higher quality.[5] Many of the art forms and methods used by the Romans – such as high and low relief, free-standing sculpture, bronze casting, vase art, mosaic, cameo, coin art, fine jewelry and metalwork, funerary sculpture, perspective drawing, caricature, genre and portrait painting, landscape painting, architectural sculpture, and trompe l’oeil painting – all were developed or refined by Ancient Greek artists.[6] One exception is the Roman bust, which did not include the shoulders. The traditional head-and-shoulders bust may have been an Etruscan or early Roman form.[7] Virtually every artistic technique and method used by Renaissance artists 1,900 year later, had been demonstrated by Ancient Greek artists, with the notable exceptions of oil colors and mathematically accurate perspective.[8] Where Greek artists were highly revered in their society, most Roman artists were anonymous and considered tradesmen. There is no recording, as in Ancient Greece, of the great masters of Roman art, and practically no signed works. Where Greeks worshiped the aesthetic qualities of great art and wrote extensively on artistic theory, Roman art was more decorative and indicative of status and wealth, and apparently not the subject of scholars or philosophers.[9]

text: Owing in part to the fact that the Roman cities were far larger than the Greek city-states in power and population, and generally less provincial, art in Ancient Rome took on a wider, and sometimes more utilitarian, purpose. Roman culture assimilated many cultures and was for the most part tolerant of the ways of conquered peoples.[5] Roman art was commissioned, displayed, and owned in far greater quantities, and adapted to more uses than in Greek times. Wealthy Romans were more materialistic; they decorated their walls with art, their home with decorative objects, and themselves with fine jewelry.

text: In the Christian era of the late Empire, from 350 to 500 CE, wall painting, mosaic ceiling and floor work, and funerary sculpture thrived, while full-sized sculpture in the round and panel painting died out, most likely for religious reasons.[10] When Constantine moved the capital of the empire to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople), Roman art incorporated Eastern influences to produce the Byzantine style of the late empire. When Rome was sacked in the 5th century, artisans moved to and found work in the Eastern capital. The Church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople employed nearly 10,000 workmen and artisans, in a final burst of Roman art under Emperor Justinian (527–565 CE), who also ordered the creation of the famous mosaics of Ravenna.[11]

text: Painting[edit]

text: Of the vast body of Roman painting we now have only a very few pockets of survivals, with many documented types not surviving at all, or doing so only from the very end of the period. The best known and most important pocket is the wall paintings from Pompeii, Herculaneum and other sites nearby, which show how residents of a wealthy seaside resort decorated their walls in the century or so before the fatal eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE. A succession of dated styles have been defined and analysed by modern art historians beginning with August Mau, showing increasing elaboration and sophistication.

text: Starting in the 3rd century CE and finishing by about 400 we have a large body of paintings from the Catacombs of Rome, by no means all Christian, showing the later continuation of the domestic decorative tradition in a version adapted - probably not greatly adapted - for use in burial chambers, in what was probably a rather humbler social milieu than the largest houses in Pompeii. Much of Nero's palace in Rome, the Domus Aurea, survived as grottos and gives us examples which we can be sure represent the very finest quality of wall-painting in its style, and which may well have represented significant innovation in style. There are a number of other parts of painted rooms surviving from Rome and elsewhere, which somewhat help to fill in the gaps of our knowledge of wall-painting. From Roman Egypt there are a large number of what are known as Fayum mummy portraits, bust portraits on wood added to the outside of mummies by a Romanized middle-class; despite their very distinct local character they are probably broadly representative of Roman style in painted portraits, which are otherwise entirely lost.

text: Nothing remains of the Greek paintings imported to Rome during the 4th and 5th centuries, or of the painting on wood done in Italy during that period.[4] In sum, the range of samples is confined to only about 200 years out of the about 900 years of Roman history,[12] and of provincial and decorative painting. Most of this wall painting was done using the secco (“dry”) method, but some fresco paintings also existed in Roman times. There is evidence from mosaics and a few inscriptions that some Roman paintings were adaptations or copies of earlier Greek works.[12] However, adding to the confusion is the fact that inscriptions may be recording the names of immigrant Greek artists from Roman times, not from Ancient Greek originals that were copied.[8] The Romans entirely lacked a tradition of figurative vase-painting comparable to that of the Ancient Greeks, which the Etruscans had emulated.

text: Variety of subjects[edit]

text: Roman painting provides a wide variety of themes: animals, still life, scenes from everyday life, portraits, and some mythological subjects. During the Hellenistic period, it evoked the pleasures of the countryside and represented scenes of shepherds, herds, rustic temples, rural mountainous landscapes and country houses.[8] Erotic scenes are also relatively common. In the late empire, after 200AD, early Christian themes mixed with pagan imagery survive on catacomb walls.[13]

text: Landscape and vistas[edit]

text: The main innovation of Roman painting compared to Greek art was the development of landscapes, in particular incorporating techniques of perspective, though true mathematical perspective developed 1,500 years later. Surface textures, shading, and coloration are well applied but scale and spatial depth was still not rendered accurately. Some landscapes were pure scenes of nature, particularly gardens with flowers and trees, while others were architectural vistas depicting urban buildings. Other landscapes show episodes from mythology, the most famous demonstrating scenes from the Odyssey.[14]

text: In the traditional view, the art of the ancient East would have known landscape painting only as the backdrop to civil or military narrative scenes.[15] This theory, defended by Franz Wickhoff, is debatable. It is possible to see evidence of Greek knowledge of landscape portrayal in Plato's Critias (107b–108b):

text: ... and if we look at the portraiture of divine and of human bodies as executed by painters, in respect of the ease or difficulty with which they succeed in imitating their subjects in the opinion of onlookers, we shall notice in the first place that as regards the earth and mountains and rivers and woods and the whole of heaven, with the things that exist and move therein, we are content if a man is able to represent them with even a small degree of likeness ...[16]

text: Still life[edit]

text: Roman still life subjects are often placed in illusionist niches or shelves and depict a variety of everyday objects including fruit, live and dead animals, seafood, and shells. Examples of the theme of the glass jar filled with water were skillfully painted and later served as models for the same subject often painted during the Renaissance and Baroque periods.[17]

text: Portraits[edit]

text: Pliny complained of the declining state of Roman portrait art, "The painting of portraits which used to transmit through the ages the accurate likenesses of people, has entirely gone out ... Indolence has destroyed the arts."[18][19]

text: In Greece and Rome, wall painting was not considered as high art. The most prestigious form of art besides sculpture was panel painting, i.e. tempera or encaustic painting on wooden panels. Unfortunately, since wood is a perishable material, only a very few examples of such paintings have survived, namely the Severan Tondo from c. 200 AD, a very routine official portrait from some provincial government office, and the well-known Fayum mummy portraits, all from Roman Egypt, and almost certainly not of the highest contemporary quality. The portraits were attached to burial mummies at the face, from which almost all have now been detached. They usually depict a single person, showing the head, or head and upper chest, viewed frontally. The background is always monochrome, sometimes with decorative elements.[20] In terms of artistic tradition, the images clearly derive more from Greco-Roman traditions than Egyptian ones. They are remarkably realistic, though variable in artistic quality, and may indicate that similar art which was widespread elsewhere but did not survive. A few portraits painted on glass and medals from the later empire have survived, as have coin portraits, some of which are considered very realistic as well.[21]

text: Gold glass[edit]

text: Gold glass, or gold sandwich glass, was a technique for fixing a layer of gold leaf with a design between two fused layers of glass, developed in Hellenistic glass and revived in the 3rd century AD. There are a very few large designs, including a very fine group of portraits from the 3rd century with added paint, but the great majority of the around 500 survivals are roundels that are the cut-off bottoms of wine cups or glasses used to mark and decorate graves in the Catacombs of Rome by pressing them into the mortar. They predominantly date from the 4th and 5th centuries. Most are Christian, though there are many pagan and a few Jewish examples. It is likely that they were originally given as gifts on marriage, or festive occasions such as New Year. Their iconography has been much studied, although artistically they are relatively unsophisticated.[23] Their subjects are similar to the catacomb paintings, but with a difference balance including more portraiture. As time went on there was an increase in the depiction of saints.[24] The same technique began to be used for gold tesserae for mosaics in the mid-1st century in Rome, and by the 5th century these had become the standard background for religious mosaics.

text: The earlier group are "among the most vivid portraits to survive from Early Christian times. They stare out at us with an extraordinary stern and melancholy intensity",[25] and represent the best surviving indications of what high quality Roman portraiture could achieve in paint. The Gennadios medallion in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, is a fine example of an Alexandrian portrait on blue glass, using a rather more complex technique and naturalistic style than most Late Roman examples, including painting onto the gold to create shading, and with the Greek inscription showing local dialect features. He had perhaps been given or commissioned the piece to celebrate victory in a musical competition.[26] One of the most famous Alexandrian-style portrait medallions, with an inscription in Egyptian Greek, was later mounted in an Early Medieval crux gemmata in Brescia, in the mistaken belief that it showed the pious empress and Gothic queen Galla Placida and her children;[27] in fact the knot in the central figure's dress may mark a devotee of Isis.[28] This is one of a group of 14 pieces dating to the 3rd century AD, all individualized secular portraits of high quality.[29] The inscription on the medallion is written in the Alexanrian dialect of Greek and hence most likely depicts a family from Roman Egypt.[30] The medallion has also been compared to other works of contemporaneous Roman-Egyptian artwork, such as the Fayum mummy portraits.[22] It is thought that the tiny detail of pieces such as these can only have been achieved using lenses.[31] The later glasses from the catacombs have a level of portraiture that is rudimentary, with features, hairstyles and clothes all following stereotypical styles.[32]

text: Genre scenes[edit]

text: Roman genre scenes generally depict Romans at leisure and include gambling, music and sexual encounters.[citation needed] Some scenes depict gods and goddesses at leisure.[8][12]

text: Triumphal paintings[edit]

text: From the 3rd century BC, a specific genre known as Triumphal Paintings appeared, as indicated by Pliny (XXXV, 22).[33] These were paintings which showed triumphal entries after military victories, represented episodes from the war, and conquered regions and cities. Summary maps were drawn to highlight key points of the campaign. Josephus describes the painting executed on the occasion of Vespasian and Titus's sack of Jerusalem:

text: There was also wrought gold and ivory fastened about them all; and many resemblances of the war, and those in several ways, and variety of contrivances, affording a most lively portraiture of itself. For there was to be seen a happy country laid waste, and entire squadrons of enemies slain; while some of them ran away, and some were carried into captivity; with walls of great altitude and magnitude overthrown and ruined by machines; with the strongest fortifications taken, and the walls of most populous cities upon the tops of hills seized on, and an army pouring itself within the walls; as also every place full of slaughter, and supplications of the enemies, when they were no longer able to lift up their hands in way of opposition. Fire also sent upon temples was here represented, and houses overthrown, and falling upon their owners: rivers also, after they came out of a large and melancholy desert, ran down, not into a land cultivated, nor as drink for men, or for cattle, but through a land still on fire upon every side; for the Jews related that such a thing they had undergone during this war. Now the workmanship of these representations was so magnificent and lively in the construction of the things, that it exhibited what had been done to such as did not see it, as if they had been there really present. On the top of every one of these pageants was placed the commander of the city that was taken, and the manner wherein he was taken.[34]

text: These paintings have disappeared, but they likely influenced the composition of the historical reliefs carved on military sarcophagi, the Arch of Titus, and Trajan's Column. This evidence underscores the significance of landscape painting, which sometimes tended towards being perspective plans.

text: Ranuccio also describes the oldest painting to be found in Rome, in a tomb on the Esquiline Hill:

text: It describes a historical scene, on a clear background, painted in four superimposed sections. Several people are identified, such Marcus Fannius and Marcus Fabius. These are larger than the other figures ... In the second zone, to the left, is a city encircled with crenellated walls, in front of which is a large warrior equipped with an oval buckler and a feathered helmet; near him is a man in a short tunic, armed with a spear...Around these two are smaller soldiers in short tunics, armed with spears...In the lower zone a battle is taking place, where a warrior with oval buckler and a feathered helmet is shown larger than the others, whose weapons allow to assume that these are probably Samnites.

text: This episode is difficult to pinpoint. One of Ranuccio's hypotheses is that it refers to a victory of the consul Fabius Maximus Rullianus during the second war against Samnites in 326 BC. The presentation of the figures with sizes proportional to their importance is typically Roman, and finds itself in plebeian reliefs. This painting is in the infancy of triumphal painting, and would have been accomplished by the beginning of the 3rd century BC to decorate the tomb.

text: Sculpture[edit]

text: Early Roman art was influenced by the art of Greece and that of the neighbouring Etruscans, themselves greatly influenced by their Greek trading partners. An Etruscan speciality was near life size tomb effigies in terracotta, usually lying on top of a sarcophagus lid propped up on one elbow in the pose of a diner in that period. As the expanding Roman Republic began to conquer Greek territory, at first in Southern Italy and then the entire Hellenistic world except for the Parthian far east, official and patrician sculpture became largely an extension of the Hellenistic style, from which specifically Roman elements are hard to disentangle, especially as so much Greek sculpture survives only in copies of the Roman period.[35] By the 2nd century BC, "most of the sculptors working in Rome" were Greek,[36] often enslaved in conquests such as that of Corinth (146 BC), and sculptors continued to be mostly Greeks, often slaves, whose names are very rarely recorded. Vast numbers of Greek statues were imported to Rome, whether as booty or the result of extortion or commerce, and temples were often decorated with re-used Greek works.[37]

text: A native Italian style can be seen in the tomb monuments of prosperous middle-class Romans, which very often featured portrait busts, and portraiture is arguably the main strength of Roman sculpture. There are no survivals from the tradition of masks of ancestors that were worn in processions at the funerals of the great families and otherwise displayed in the home, but many of the busts that survive must represent ancestral figures, perhaps from the large family tombs like the Tomb of the Scipios or the later mausolea outside the city. The famous bronze head supposedly of Lucius Junius Brutus is very variously dated, but taken as a very rare survival of Italic style under the Republic, in the preferred medium of bronze.[38] Similarly stern and forceful heads are seen in the coins of the consuls, and in the Imperial period coins as well as busts sent around the Empire to be placed in the basilicas of provincial cities were the main visual form of imperial propaganda; even Londinium had a near-colossal statue of Nero, though far smaller than the 30 metre high Colossus of Nero in Rome, now lost.[39] The Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker, a successful freedman (c. 50-20 BC) has a frieze that is an unusually large example of the "plebeian" style.[40] Imperial portraiture was initially Hellenized and highly idealized, as in the Blacas Cameo and other portraits of Augustus.

text: The Romans did not generally attempt to compete with free-standing Greek works of heroic exploits from history or mythology, but from early on produced historical works in relief, culminating in the great Roman triumphal columns with continuous narrative reliefs winding around them, of which those commemorating Trajan (113 CE) and Marcus Aurelius (by 193) survive in Rome, where the Ara Pacis ("Altar of Peace", 13 BC) represents the official Greco-Roman style at its most classical and refined, and the Sperlonga sculptures it at its most baroque. Some late Roman public sculptures developed a massive, simplified style that sometimes anticipates Soviet socialist realism. Among other major examples are the earlier re-used reliefs on the Arch of Constantine and the base of the Column of Antoninus Pius (161),[41] Campana reliefs were cheaper pottery versions of marble reliefs and the taste for relief was from the imperial period expanded to the sarcophagus.

text: All forms of luxury small sculpture continued to be patronized, and quality could be extremely high, as in the silver Warren Cup, glass Lycurgus Cup, and large cameos like the Gemma Augustea, Gonzaga Cameo and the "Great Cameo of France".[42] For a much wider section of the population, moulded relief decoration of pottery vessels and small figurines were produced in great quantity and often considerable quality.[43]

text: After moving through a late 2nd century "baroque" phase,[44] in the 3rd century, Roman art largely abandoned, or simply became unable to produce, sculpture in the classical tradition, a change whose causes remain much discussed. Even the most important imperial monuments now showed stumpy, large-eyed figures in a harsh frontal style, in simple compositions emphasizing power at the expense of grace. The contrast is famously illustrated in the Arch of Constantine of 315 in Rome, which combines sections in the new style with roundels in the earlier full Greco-Roman style taken from elsewhere, and the Four Tetrarchs (c. 305) from the new capital of Constantinople, now in Venice. Ernst Kitzinger found in both monuments the same "stubby proportions, angular movements, an ordering of parts through symmetry and repetition and a rendering of features and drapery folds through incisions rather than modelling... The hallmark of the style wherever it appears consists of an emphatic hardness, heaviness and angularity – in short, an almost complete rejection of the classical tradition".[45]

text: This revolution in style shortly preceded the period in which Christianity was adopted by the Roman state and the great majority of the people, leading to the end of large religious sculpture, with large statues now only used for emperors, as in the famous fragments of a colossal acrolithic statue of Constantine, and the 4th or 5th century Colossus of Barletta. However rich Christians continued to commission reliefs for sarcophagi, as in the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, and very small sculpture, especially in ivory, was continued by Christians, building on the style of the consular diptych.[46]

text:
Etruscan sarcophagus, 3rd century BC

The "Capitoline Brutus", dated to the 4th to 3rd centuries BC

A Roman naval bireme depicted in a relief from the Temple of Fortuna Primigenia in Praeneste (Palastrina),[47] which was built c. 120 BC;[48] exhibited in the Pius-Clementine Museum (Museo Pio-Clementino) in the Vatican Museums.

The Orator, c. 100 BC, an Etrusco-Roman bronze statue depicting Aule Metele (Latin: Aulus Metellus), an Etruscan man wearing a Roman toga while engaged in rhetoric; the statue features an inscription in the Etruscan alphabet

The Grave relief of Publius Aiedius and Aiedia, 30 BC, Pergamon Museum (Berlin)

Augustus of Prima Porta, statue of the emperor Augustus, 1st century AD, Vatican Museums

Tomb relief of the Decii, 98–117 AD

Bust of Emperor Claudius, c. 50 CE, (reworked from a bust of emperor Caligula), Vatican Museums

Commodus dressed as Hercules, c. 191 CE, in the late imperial "baroque" style; Capitoline Museum, Rome.

The Four Tetrarchs, c. 305, showing the new anti-classical style, in porphyry, now San Marco, Venice

The cameo gem known as the "Great Cameo of France", c. 23 AD, with an allegory of Augustus and his family

Portrait Bust of a Man, Ancient Rome, 60 BC

Roman portraiture is characterized by its "warts and all" realism.

Veristic portrait bust of an old man, head covered (capite velato), either a priest or paterfamilias (marble, mid-1st century BC)

text: Traditional Roman sculpture is divided into five categories: portraiture, historical relief, funerary reliefs, sarcophagi, and copies of ancient Greek works.[49] Contrary to the belief of early archaeologists, many of these sculptures were large polychrome terra-cotta images, such as the Apollo of Veii (Villa Givlia, Rome), but the painted surface of many of them has worn away with time.

text: Narrative reliefs[edit]

text: While Greek sculptors traditionally illustrated military exploits through the use of mythological allegory, the Romans used a more documentary style. Roman reliefs of battle scenes, like those on the Column of Trajan, were created for the glorification of Roman might, but also provide first-hand representation of military costumes and military equipment. Trajan's column records the various Dacian wars conducted by Trajan in what is modern day Romania. It is the foremost example of Roman historical relief and one of the great artistic treasures of the ancient world. This unprecedented achievement, over 650 foot of spiraling length, presents not just realistically rendered individuals (over 2,500 of them), but landscapes, animals, ships, and other elements in a continuous visual history – in effect an ancient precursor of a documentary movie. It survived destruction when it was adapted as a base for Christian sculpture.[50] During the Christian era after 300 AD, the decoration of door panels and sarcophagi continued but full-sized sculpture died out and did not appear to be an important element in early churches.[10]

text: Minor arts[edit]

text: The Romans inherited a tradition of art in a wide range of the so-called "minor arts" or decorative art. Most of these flourished most impressively at the luxury level, but large numbers of terracotta figurines, both religious and secular, continued to be produced cheaply, as well as some larger Campana reliefs in terracotta.[51] Roman art did not use vase-painting in the way of the ancient Greeks, but vessels in Ancient Roman pottery were often stylishly decorated in moulded relief.[52] Producers of the millions of small oil lamps sold seem to have relied on attractive decoration to beat competitors and every subject of Roman art except landscape and portraiture is found on them in miniature.[53]

text: Luxury arts included fancy Roman glass in a great range of techniques, many smaller types of which were probably affordable to a good proportion of the Roman public. This was certainly not the case for the most extravagant types of glass, such as the cage cups or diatreta, of which the Lycurgus Cup in the British Museum is a near-unique figurative example in glass that changes colour when seen with light passing through it. The Augustan Portland Vase is the masterpiece of Roman cameo glass,[54] and imitated the style of the large engraved gems (Blacas Cameo, Gemma Augustea, Great Cameo of France) and other hardstone carvings that were also most popular around this time.[55]

text: Mosaic was a minor art, though often on a very large scale, until the very end of the period, when late-4th-century Christians began to use it for large religious images on walls in their new large churches; in earlier Roman art mosaic was mainly used for floors, curved ceilings, and inside and outside walls that were going to get wet. The famous copy of a Hellenistic painting in the Alexander Mosaic in Naples was originally placed in a floor in Pompeii; this is much higher quality work than most Roman mosaic, though very fine panels, often of still life subjects in small or micromosaic tesserae have also survived. The Romans distinguished between normal opus tessellatum with tesserae mostly over 4 mm across, which was laid down on site, and finer opus vermiculatum for small panels, which is thought to have been produced offsite in a workshop, and brought to the site as a finished panel. The latter was a Hellenistic genre which is found in Italy between about 100 BC and 100 AD. Most signed mosaics have Greek names, suggesting the artists remained mostly Greek, though probably often slaves trained up in workshops. The late 2nd century BC Nile mosaic of Palestrina is a very large example of the popular genre of Nilotic landscape, while the 4th century Gladiator Mosaic in Rome shows several large figures in combat.[56]

text: Metalwork was highly developed, and clearly an essential part of the homes of the rich, who dined off silver, while often drinking from glass, and had elaborate cast fittings on their furniture, jewellery, and small figurines. A number of important hoards found in the last 200 years, mostly from the more violent edges of the late empire, have given us a much clearer idea of Roman silver plate. The Mildenhall Treasure and Hoxne Hoard are both from East Anglia in England.[57] There are few survivals of upmarket ancient Roman furniture, but these show refined and elegant design and execution.

text: Coins and medals[edit]

text: Few Roman coins reach the artistic peaks of the best Greek coins, but they survive in vast numbers and their iconography and inscriptions form a crucial source for the study of Roman history, and the development of imperial iconography, as well as containing many fine examples of portraiture. They penetrated to the rural population of the whole Empire and beyond, with barbarians on the fringes of the Empire making their own copies. In the Empire medallions in precious metals began to be produced in small editions as imperial gifts, which are similar to coins, though larger and usually finer in execution. Images in coins initially followed Greek styles, with gods and symbols, but in the death throes of the Republic first Pompey and then Julius Caesar appeared on coins, and portraits of the emperor or members of his family became standard on imperial coinage. The inscriptions were used for propaganda, and in the later Empire the army joined the emperor as the beneficiary.

text: Architecture[edit]

text: It was in the area of architecture that Roman art produced its greatest innovations. Because the Roman Empire extended over so great of an area and included so many urbanized areas, Roman engineers developed methods for city building on a grand scale, including the use of concrete. Massive buildings like the Pantheon and the Colosseum could never have been constructed with previous materials and methods. Though concrete had been invented a thousand years earlier in the Near East, the Romans extended its use from fortifications to their most impressive buildings and monuments, capitalizing on the material’s strength and low cost.[58] The concrete core was covered with a plaster, brick, stone, or marble veneer, and decorative polychrome and gold-gilded sculpture was often added to produce a dazzling effect of power and wealth.[58]

text: Because of these methods, Roman architecture is legendary for the durability of its construction; with many buildings still standing, and some still in use, mostly buildings converted to churches during the Christian era. Many ruins, however, have been stripped of their marble veneer and are left with their concrete core exposed, thus appearing somewhat reduced in size and grandeur from their original appearance, such as with the Basilica of Constantine.[59]

text: During the Republican era, Roman architecture combined Greek and Etruscan elements, and produced innovations such as the round temple and the curved arch.[60] As Roman power grew in the early empire, the first emperors inaugurated wholesale leveling of slums to build grand palaces on the Palatine Hill and nearby areas, which required advances in engineering methods and large scale design. Roman buildings were then built in the commercial, political, and social grouping known as a forum, that of Julius Caesar being the first and several added later, with the Forum Romanum being the most famous. The greatest arena in the Roman world, the Colosseum, was completed around 80 AD at the far end of that forum. It held over 50,000 spectators, had retractable fabric coverings for shade, and could stage massive spectacles including huge gladiatorial contests and mock naval battles. This masterpiece of Roman architecture epitomizes Roman engineering efficiency and incorporates all three architectural orders – Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.[61] Less celebrated but just as important if not more so for most Roman citizens, was the five-story insula or city block, the Roman equivalent of an apartment building, which housed tens of thousands of Romans.[62]

text: It was during the reign of Trajan (98–117 AD.) and Hadrian (117–138 AD) that the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent and that Rome itself was at the peak of its artistic glory – achieved through massive building programs of monuments, meeting houses, gardens, aqueducts, baths, palaces, pavilions, sarcophagi, and temples.[50] The Roman use of the arch, the use of concrete building methods, the use of the dome all permitted construction of vaulted ceilings and enabled the building of these public spaces and complexes, including the palaces, public baths and basilicas of the "Golden Age" of the empire. Outstanding examples of dome construction include the Pantheon, the Baths of Diocletian, and the Baths of Caracalla. The Pantheon (dedicated to all the planetary gods) is the best preserved temple of ancient times with an intact ceiling featuring an open "eye" in the center. The height of the ceiling exactly equals the interior diameter of the building, creating an enclosure that could contain giant sphere.[59] These grand buildings later served as inspirational models for architects of the Italian Renaissance, such as Brunelleschi. By the age of Constantine (306-337 AD), the last great building programs in Rome took place, including the erection of the Arch of Constantine built near the Colosseum, which recycled some stone work from the forum nearby, to produce an eclectic mix of styles.[13]

text: Roman aqueducts, also based on the arch, were commonplace in the empire and essential transporters of water to large urban areas. Their standing masonry remains are especially impressive, such as the Pont du Gard (featuring three tiers of arches) and the aqueduct of Segovia, serving as mute testimony to their quality of their design and construction.[61]