document_title: Renal sodium reabsorption

question_text: where does reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions occur

text: Renal sodium reabsorption

text: Proximal tubule[edit]

text: Most of the reabsorption (65%) occurs in the proximal tubule. In the latter part it is favoured by an electrochemical driving force, but initially it needs the cotransporter SGLT and the Na-H antiporter. Sodium passes along an electrochemical gradient (passive transport) from the lumen into the tubular cell, together with water and chloride which also diffuse passively. Water is reabsorbed to the same degree, resulting in the concentration in the end of the proximal tubule being the same as in the beginning. In other words, the reabsorption in the proximal tubule is isosmotic.

text: Loop of Henle[edit]

text:
Sodium is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle, by Na-K-2Cl symporter and
Na-H antiporter. It goes against its chemical driving force, but the high electrical driving force renders the overall electrochemical driving force positive anyway, availing some sodium to diffuse passively either the transcellular or paracellular way..

text: Distal tubule[edit]

text: In the distal convoluted tubule sodium is transported against an electrochemical gradient by sodium-chloride symporters.

text: Collecting duct[edit]

text: The principal cells are the sodium-transporting cells in the collecting duct system.

text: Regulation[edit]

text: Although  only a fragment of total reabsorption happens here, it is the main part of intervention. This is e.g. done by endogenous production of aldosterone, increasing reabsorption. Since the normal excretion rate of sodium is ~100mmoles/day, then a regulation of the absorption of still more than 1000 mmoles/day entering the collecting duct system has a substantial influence of the total sodium excreted.

text: Overview table[edit]

text:
Characteristics of Na+ reabsorption

Characteristic

proximal tubule

loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

Collecting duct system

S1

S2

S3

descending limb

thin ascending limb

thick ascending limb

connecting tubule

initial collecting tubule

cortical collecting ducts

medullary collecting ducts

reabsorption (%)
67%[2]

25%[2]
5%[2]
3%[2]

reabsorption (mmoles/day)
~17,000[2]

~6,400[2]
~1,300[2]
~700[2]

Concentration (mM)
142[3]

142[3]

100[3]
70[3]

40[3]

electrical driving force (mV)

-3[3]

+3[3]

+15[3]
-5 to +5[3]

-40[3]

chemical driving force (mV)

0[3]

0[3]

-9[3]
-19[3]

-34[3]

electrochemical driving force (mV)

-3[3]

+3[3]

+6[3]
-24 to -14[3]

-74[3]

apical transport proteins
SGLT, Na-H antiporter[4]

(passively)
Na-K-2Cl symporter  (Na-H antiporter[4] and passively)
sodium-chloride symporter[4]

ENaC[4]

basolateral transport proteins
Na+/K+-ATPase[4]

Other reabsorption features
isosmotic

by principal cells, stimulated by aldosterone


document_title: Time Person of the Year

question_text: who was time's person of the year 2016

question_tokens: who was time 's person of the year 2016

root

text: Time Person of the Year

text: Background[edit]

text: The tradition of selecting a "Man of the Year" began in 1927, with Time editors contemplating the news makers of the years. The idea was also an attempt to remedy the editorial embarrassment earlier that year of not having aviator Charles Lindbergh on its cover following his historic trans-Atlantic flight. By the end of the year, it was decided that a cover story featuring Lindbergh as the Man of the Year would serve both purposes.[3]

tag: p

text: Selection[edit]

text: U.S. Presidents[edit]

text: Since the list began, every serving President of the United States has been a Man or Person of the Year at least once with the exceptions of Calvin Coolidge, in office at time of the first issue, Herbert Hoover, the next U.S. president, and Gerald Ford. Most were named Man or Person of the Year either the year they were elected or while they were in office; the only one to be given the title before being elected is Dwight D. Eisenhower, in 1944 as Supreme Commander of the Allied Invasion Force, eight years before his election. He subsequently received the title again in 1959, while in office. Franklin D. Roosevelt is the only person to have received the title three times, first as president-elect (1932) and later as the incumbent president (1934 and 1941).

text: Women[edit]

text: In 1999, the title was changed to Person of the Year.[4] Women who have been selected for recognition after the renaming include "The Whistleblowers" (Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley, and Sherron Watkins in 2002), Melinda Gates (jointly with Bill Gates and Bono, in 2005), Angela Merkel in 2015 and "The Silence Breakers" (Isabel Pascual, Adama Iwu, Ashley Judd, Susan Fowler and Taylor Swift in 2017). Prior to 1999, four women were granted the title as individuals: three as "Woman of the Year"—Wallis Simpson (1936), Queen Elizabeth II (1952), and Corazon Aquino (1986)–and one as half of the "Man and Wife of the Year", Soong Mei-ling (1937).[5] "American Women" were recognized as a group in 1975. Other classes of people recognized comprise both men and women, such as "Hungarian Freedom Fighters" (1956), "U.S. Scientists" (1960), "The Inheritors" (1966), "The Middle Americans" (1969), "The American Soldier" (2003), "You" (2006), "The Protester" (2011) represented on the cover by a woman, and "Ebola fighters" (2014). Although the title on the magazine remained "Man of The Year" for both the 1956 "Hungarian Freedom Fighter" and the 1966 "Twenty-five and Under" editions which both featured a woman standing behind a man, and "Men of the Year" on the 1960 "U.S. Scientists" edition which exclusively featured men on its cover. It wasn't until the 1969 edition on "The Middle Americans" did the title embrace "Man and Woman of the Year".

text: Groups and non-humans[edit]

text: Despite the name, the title is not just granted to individuals. Pairs of people such as married couples and political opponents, classes of people, and inanimate objects have all been selected for the special year-end issue.

text:
Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling, President and First Lady of China (1937)
William Anders, Frank Borman and Jim Lovell, crew of Apollo 8 (1968)
Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger, political allies (1972)
Ronald Reagan and Yuri Andropov, Cold War rivals (1983)
Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk; Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin, political leaders leading peace negotiations (1993)
Bill Clinton and Ken Starr, key figures in the Clinton impeachment (1998)
Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley and Sherron Watkins, whistleblowers (2002)
Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Bono, philanthropists (2005)

tag: ul

text:
The American fighting-man (1950)
The Hungarian freedom fighter (1956)
U.S. Scientists (1960)
The Inheritor (1966)
Middle Americans (1969)
American women (1975)
The American soldier (2003)
You (2006)
The Protester (2011)
Ebola fighters (2014)
The Silence Breakers (2017)

text:
The Computer (Machine of the Year, 1983)
The Endangered Earth (Planet of the Year, 1988)

text: Special awards[edit]

text: In 1949, Winston Churchill was named "Man of the Half-Century", and the last issue of 1989 named Mikhail Gorbachev as "Man of the Decade". The December 31, 1999 issue of Time named Albert Einstein the "Person of the Century". Franklin D. Roosevelt and Mahatma Gandhi were chosen as runners-up.[6]

text: Controversial choices[edit]

text: Despite the magazine's frequent statements to the contrary, the designation is often regarded as an honor, and spoken of as an award or prize, simply based on many previous selections of admirable people.[7] However, Time magazine points out that controversial figures such as Adolf Hitler (1938), Joseph Stalin (1939 and 1942), Nikita Khrushchev (1957) and Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) have also been granted the title for their impacts.[8]

text: As a result of the public backlash it received from the United States for naming Khomeini as Man of the Year in 1979, Time has since shied away from using figures who are controversial in the United States for commercial reasons, fearing reductions in sales or advertising revenue.[9]

text: Time's Person of the Year 2001, immediately following the September 11, 2001 attacks, was New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani. The stated rules of selection, the individual or group of individuals who have had the biggest effect on the year's news, made Osama bin Laden a more likely choice that year. The issue that declared Giuliani the Person of the Year included an article that mentioned Time's earlier decision to select the Ayatollah Khomeini and the 1999 rejection of Hitler as "Person of the Century". The article seemed to imply that Osama bin Laden was a stronger candidate than Giuliani, as Adolf Hitler was a stronger candidate than Albert Einstein. The selections were ultimately based on what the magazine describes as who they believed had a stronger influence on history and who represented either the year or the century the most. According to Time, Rudolph Giuliani was selected for symbolizing the American response to the September 11th attacks, and Albert Einstein selected for representing a century of scientific exploration and wonder.

text: Another controversial choice was the 2006 selection of "You", representing most if not all people for advancing the information age by using the Internet (via e.g. blogs, MySpace, YouTube, and Wikipedia).[10]

text: Withdrawn selections[edit]

text: In 1941, the fictional elephant Dumbo from the Disney movie of the same name was selected to be "Mammal of the Year", and a cover was created showing Dumbo in a formal portrait style. However, the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 pre-empted the cover. The U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt was named Man of the Year for a record third time, although Dumbo's Mammal of the Year profile still appeared on the inside pages of the magazine.[11]

text: Film-maker Michael Moore claims that director Mel Gibson cost him the opportunity to be Person of the Year alongside Gibson in 2004. Moore's controversial political documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 became the highest-grossing documentary of all time the same year Gibson's The Passion of the Christ became a box-office success and also caused significant controversy. Moore said in an interview "I got a call right after the '04 election from an editor from Time Magazine. He said,' Time Magazine has picked you and Mel Gibson to be Time's Person of the Year to put on the cover, Right and Left, Mel and Mike. The only thing you have to do is pose for a picture with each other. And do an interview together.' I said 'OK.' They call Mel up, he agrees. They set the date and time in LA. I'm to fly there. He's flying from Australia. Something happens when he gets home... Next thing, Mel calls up and says, 'I'm not doing it. I've thought it over and it is not the right thing to do.' So they put Bush on the cover."[12]

text: On November 24, 2017, U.S. president Donald Trump posted on the social media network Twitter that Time editors had told him he would "probably" be named Person of the Year for a second time, conditional on an interview and photo shoot which he had refused. Time denied that that they had made any such promises or conditions to Trump, who was named a runner-up.[13]

text: Online poll[edit]

text: Time magazine also holds an online poll for the readers to vote for who they believe to be the Person of the Year. While many mistakenly believe the winner of the poll to be the Person of the Year, the title, as mentioned above, is decided by the editors of Time. In the first online poll held in 1998, wrestler and activist Mick Foley won with over 50% of the votes.[14][15] Foley was removed from the poll, and the title was given to Bill Clinton and Ken Starr, which led to outrage from the fans of Foley who mistakenly believed the winner of the poll would be the winner of the title. In 2006, the poll winner by a wide margin was Hugo Chávez, with 35% of the votes. The president of Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, came in second. Time again ignored those results, not mentioning them in the announcement of the Person of the Year.[16] Time continues to annually run an online poll for the "People's Choice", but stresses the decision on whom the magazine recognizes is not made by the poll, but by the magazine's editors.[17]

text: Persons of the Year[edit]

text:
Year
Image
Choice
Lifetime
Notes
Runners-up

1927

Lindbergh, CharlesCharles Lindbergh
1902–1974
In 1927, Lindbergh became the first person to fly a plane solo non-stop across the Atlantic, from New York to Paris.

1928

Chrysler, WalterWalter Chrysler
1875–1940
In 1928, Chrysler oversaw a merger of his Chrysler Corporation with Dodge before beginning work on the Chrysler Building.

1929

Young, Owen D.Owen D. Young
1874–1962
Young chaired a committee which authored 1929's Young Plan, a program for settlement of German reparations after World War I.

1930

Gandhi, MahatmaMahatma Gandhi
1869–1948
Gandhi was the leader of the India's independence movement. In 1930, he led the Salt Satyagraha, a 240-mile march to protest the imposition of taxes on salt by the British Raj.

1931

Laval, PierrePierre Laval
1883–1945
Laval was first elected Prime Minister of France in 1931. Laval was popular in the American press at the time for opposing the Hoover Moratorium, a temporary freeze on World War I debt payments that was disliked in both France and the US.[18]

1932

Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt
1882–1945
Roosevelt won the 1932 US Presidential election by a landslide, defeating the incumbent, Herbert Hoover.

1933

Johnson, Hugh S.Hugh S. Johnson
1882–1942
In 1933, Johnson was appointed director of the National Recovery Administration, tasked by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt to bring industry, labor and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices.

1934

Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt (2)
1882–1945
Roosevelt was President of the United States from 1933 to 1945. In 1934, Roosevelt's New Deal reforms were beginning to bear fruit.

1935

Selassie, HaileHaile Selassie
1892–1975
Selassie was Emperor of Ethiopia in 1935, when Italian forces invaded Ethiopia, starting the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.

1936

Simpson, WallisWallis Simpson
1896–1986
In 1936, Simpson's relationship with King Edward VIII led the king to abdicate his throne in order to marry her.

1937

Kai-shek, ChiangChiang Kai-shek
1887–1975
Chiang was Premier of the Republic of China at the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937.

Mei-ling, SoongSoong Mei-ling
1898–2003
Soong was wife of Chiang Kai-shek from 1927 until his death in 1975. Addressed as Madame Chiang Kai-Shek by the magazine, she was recognized together with her husband as "Man & Wife of the Year".[5]

1938

Hitler, AdolfAdolf Hitler
1889–1945
As German Chancellor, Hitler oversaw the unification of Germany with Austria and the Sudetenland in 1938, after the Anschluss and Munich Agreement respectively.

1939

Stalin, JosephJoseph Stalin
1878–1953
In 1939, Stalin was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and de facto leader of the Soviet Union. He oversaw the signing of a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany before invading eastern Poland.

1940

Churchill, WinstonWinston Churchill
1874–1965
Churchill was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the 1940 Dunkirk evacuation and the Battle of Britain.

1941

Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt (3)
1882–1945
Roosevelt was President of the United States in 1941 during the attack on Pearl Harbor, declaration of war against Japan and resulting entry of the United States into World War II. The editors had already chosen Dumbo as their "Mammal of the Year" before the Pearl Harbor attack, but quickly changed it to Roosevelt.[11]

1942

Stalin, JosephJoseph Stalin (2)
1878–1953
By 1942, Stalin was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Premier of the Soviet Union, overseeing the Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943).

1943

Marshall, GeorgeGeorge Marshall
1880–1959
As United States Army Chief of Staff in 1943, General Marshall was instrumental in organizing US actions in World War II.

1944

Eisenhower, Dwight D.Dwight D. Eisenhower
1890–1969
General Eisenhower was Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during 1944's Operation Overlord.

1945

Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman
1884–1972
Truman became President of the United States after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945, authorizing the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

1946

Byrnes, James F.James F. Byrnes
1879–1972
In 1946, Byrnes was United States Secretary of State during the Iran crisis of 1946, taking an increasingly hardline position in opposition to Stalin. His speech, "Restatement of Policy on Germany", set the tone of future US policy, repudiating the Morgenthau Plan economic policies and giving Germans hope for the future.

1947

Marshall, GeorgeGeorge Marshall (2)
1880–1959
Appointed United States Secretary of State in 1947, Marshall was the architect of the Marshall Plan.

1948

Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman (2)
1884–1972
Truman was elected in his own right as President of the United States in 1948, considered to be one of the greatest election upsets in American history.[19][20][21]

1949

Churchill, WinstonWinston Churchill (2)
1874–1965
Proclaimed as the "Man of the half-century", Churchill had led Britain and the Allies to victory in WWII. In 1949, Churchill was Leader of the Opposition.

1950

American fighting !The American fighting-man

Representing U.S. troops involved in the Korean War (1950–1953).

1951

Mossadegh, MohammadMohammad Mossadegh
1882–1967
In 1951, Mossadegh was elected as Prime Minister of Iran and expelled western oil companies, starting the Abadan Crisis

1952

Elizabeth !Elizabeth II
Born in 1926
In 1952, Elizabeth acceded to the throne of the United Kingdom[a] upon the death of her father, King George VI

1953

Adenauer, KonradKonrad Adenauer
1876–1967
In 1953, Adenauer was re-elected as Chancellor of West Germany.

1954

Dulles, John FosterJohn Foster Dulles
1888–1959
As United States Secretary of State in 1954, Dulles was architect of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.

1955

Curtice, HarlowHarlow Curtice
1893–1962
Curtice was President of General Motors (GM) from 1953 to 1958. In 1955, GM sold five million vehicles and became the first corporation to earn US$1 billion in a single year.[22]

1956

Hungarian !The Hungarian freedom fighter

Representing Hungarian revolutionaries involved in the failed 1956 uprising.

1957

Khrushchev, NikitaNikita Khrushchev
1894–1971
In 1957, Khrushchev consolidated his leadership of the Soviet Union, surviving a plot to dismiss him by members of the Presidium, and leading the Soviet Union into the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1.

1958

de Gaulle, CharlesCharles de Gaulle
1890–1970
De Gaulle was appointed Prime Minister of France in May 1958 and, following the collapse of the Fourth Republic and establishment of the Fifth Republic, was then elected President of France in December.

1959

Eisenhower, Dwight D.Dwight D. Eisenhower (2)
1890–1969
Eisenhower was President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.

1960

Us Scientists !U.S. Scientists

Represented by George Beadle, Charles Draper, John Enders, Donald A. Glaser, Joshua Lederberg, Willard Libby, Linus Pauling, Edward Purcell, Isidor Rabi, Emilio Segrè, William Shockley, Edward Teller, Charles Townes, James Van Allen and Robert Woodward.

1961

Kennedy, John F.John F. Kennedy
1917–1963
Kennedy was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1961, ordering the failed invasion of Cuba by U.S.-trained Cuban exiles.

1962

John XXIII, PopePope John XXIII
1881–1963
John XXIII was head of the Roman Catholic Church from 1958 to 1963. In 1962, he volunteered as a mediator in the Cuban Missile Crisis, gaining praise from both sides. He also initiated the Second Vatican Council that same year.

1963

King Jr., Martin LutherMartin Luther King Jr.
1929–1968
A leader of the Civil Rights Movement, King delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963.

1964

Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson
1908–1973
Johnson was elected in his own right as President of the United States in 1964, before securing the passage of the Civil Rights Act, declaring a War on Poverty and escalating U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

1965

Westmoreland, WilliamWilliam Westmoreland
1914–2005
General Westmoreland was commander of U.S. forces in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

1966

Inheritor !The Inheritor

Representing a generation of American men and women, aged 25 and under.

1967

Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson (2)
1908–1973
Johnson was President of the United States from 1963 to 1969.

1968

Apollo !The Apollo 8 astronauts

In 1968, the crew of Apollo 8 (William Anders, Frank Borman and Jim Lovell) became the first humans to travel beyond low Earth orbit, orbiting the Moon and paving the way for the first manned Moon landings in 1969.

1969

Middle America !The Middle Americans

Also referred to as the silent majority.[23]

1970

Brandt, WillyWilly Brandt
1913–1992
As Chancellor of West Germany, Brandt was acknowledged for "seeking to bring about a fresh relationship between East and West" through his "bold approach to the Soviet Union and the East Bloc".[24]

1971

Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon
1913–1994
Nixon was President of the United States from 1969 to 1974.

1972

Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon (2)
1913–1994
As President of the United States, Nixon visited China in 1972, the first U.S. President to do so. Nixon later secured the SALT I pact with the Soviet Union before being re-elected in one of the largest landslide election victories in American history

Kissinger, HenryHenry Kissinger
Born in 1923
Kissinger, as Nixon's National Security Advisor, travelled with the President to China in 1972.

1973

Sirica, JohnJohn Sirica
1904–1992
In 1973, as Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Sirica ordered President Nixon to turn over Watergate-related recordings of White House conversations.

1974

Faisal !King Faisal
1906–1975
Faisal, King of Saudi Arabia, was acknowledged in the wake of the oil crisis of 1973–1974, caused by Saudi Arabia withdrawing its oil from world markets in protest at Western support for Israel during the 1973 Arab-Israeli War.

1975

American women !American women

Represented by Susan Brownmiller, Kathleen Byerly, Alison Cheek, Jill Conway, Betty Ford, Ella Grasso, Carla Hills, Barbara Jordan, Billie Jean King, Carol Sutton, Susie Sharp, and Addie Wyatt.

1976

Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter
Born in 1924
In 1976, Carter was elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford.

1977

Sadat, AnwarAnwar Sadat
1918–1981
Sadat, as President of Egypt, traveled to Israel in 1977—the first Arab leader to do so—to discuss normalization of Egypt-Israel relations.

1978

Xiaoping, DengDeng Xiaoping
1904–1997
China's Vice Premier. Deng overthrew Hua Guofeng to assume de facto control over China in 1978, as Paramount Leader.

1979

Khomeini, RuhollahRuhollah Khomeini
1902–1989
Khomeini led the 1979 Iranian Revolution, establishing himself as Supreme Leader.

1980

Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan
1911–2004
Reagan was elected President of the United States in 1980, defeating incumbent President Jimmy Carter.

1981

Wałęsa, LechLech Wałęsa
Born in 1943
Leader of the Polish Solidarity trade union and architect of the Gdańsk Agreement until his arrest and the imposition of martial law in December 1981.

1982

Computer !The Computer

Denoted "Machine of the Year" to herald the dawn of the Information Age.

1983

Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan (2)
1911–2004
In 1983, as President of the United States, Reagan ordered the invasion of Grenada and championed the Strategic Defense Initiative.

Andropov, YuriYuri Andropov
1914–1984
Andropov, as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, was a strong critic of the Strategic Defense Initiative. Andropov was hospitalized in August 1983 and subsequently died in 1984.

1984

Ueberroth, PeterPeter Ueberroth
Born in 1937
Ueberroth orchestrated the organization of the 1984 Summer Olympics, which involved a Soviet-led boycott.

1985

Xiaoping, DengDeng Xiaoping (2)
1904–1997
As Paramount Leader of China, Deng was acknowledged for "sweeping economic reforms that have challenged Marxist orthodoxies".[25]

1986

Aquino, CorazonCorazon Aquino
1933–2009
Aquino was a prominent figure in 1986's People Power Revolution, being elected President of the Philippines.

1987

Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev
Born in 1931
As General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and leader of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev oversaw Perestroika political reforms in 1987.

1988

Endangered !The Endangered Earth

Planet of the Year, involving an aspect of Mother Nature.

1989

Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev (2)
Born in 1931
Acknowledged as "Man of the Decade". Gorbachev, as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Soviet leader), oversaw 1989's first free Soviet elections before the fragmentation of the Eastern Bloc.

1990

Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush
Born in 1924
As President of the United States, Bush oversaw U.S. involvement in the Gulf War (1990–1991).

1991

Turner, TedTed Turner
Born in 1938
Founder of CNN. The piece particularly highlighted CNN's coverage of Operation Desert Storm and the Gulf War, proclaiming it "History as it happens".

1992

Clinton, BillBill Clinton
Born in 1946
Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent President George H. W. Bush.

1993

Peacemakers !The Peacemakers

Represented by Yasser Arafat, F. W. de Klerk, Nelson Mandela, and Yitzhak Rabin.
De Klerk, as State President of South Africa, oversaw Mandela's release from prison in 1990. The pair worked together to end the Apartheid system.
Arafat, as President of the Palestinian National Authority, and Rabin, as Prime Minister of Israel, signed the 1993 Oslo Accord, the first face-to-face agreement between Palestinian and Israeli authorities.

1994

John Paul II, PopePope John Paul II
1920–2005
Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005.

1995

Gingrich, NewtNewt Gingrich
Born in 1943
Leader of the "Republican Revolution", a Republican party election landslide, which led to Gingrich being elected Speaker of the House.

1996

Ho, DavidDavid Ho
Born in 1952
Ho, a scientist, pioneered much AIDS research.

1997

Grove, AndrewAndrew Grove
1936–2016
In 1997, Grove was Chairman and CEO of Intel, recognized as a pioneer in the semiconductor industry.

1998

Clinton, BillBill Clinton (2)
Born in 1946
As President of the United States, Clinton was impeached in 1998 following the Lewinsky scandal. The Senate acquitted him of the charges.

Starr, KenKen Starr
Born in 1946
Starr, a lawyer investigating various figures within the Clinton administration, published his Starr Report in 1998, opening the door for the impeachment of Bill Clinton.

1999

Bezos, JeffJeff Bezos
Born in 1964
Bezos is founder and CEO of Amazon.com.

2000

Bush, George W.George W. Bush
Born in 1946
In 2000, Bush was elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent Vice President Al Gore.

2001

Giuliani, RudyRudy Giuliani
Born in 1944
Giuliani was Mayor of New York City at the time of the September 11 attacks in 2001, was selected as a symbol of America's response to the attacks.

2002

Whistleblowers !The Whistleblowers

Represented by Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley and Sherron Watkins.
In 2001, Watkins uncovered accounting irregularities in the financial reports of Enron, testifying before Congressional committees the following year. In 2002, Cooper exposed a $3.8 billion fraud at WorldCom. At the time, this was the largest incident of accounting fraud in U.S. history. In 2002, Rowley, an FBI agent, gave testimony about the FBI's mishandling of information related to the September 11 attacks of 2001.

2003

American soldier !The American soldier (2)

Representing U.S. forces around the world, especially in the Iraq War (2003–2011).

2004

Bush, George W.George W. Bush (2)
Born in 1946
In 2004, Bush was re-elected President of the United States, overseeing U.S. involvement in the Iraq War.

2005

Good Samaritans !The Good Samaritans

Represented by Bono, Bill Gates and Melinda Gates.
Bono, philanthropist and member of the rock band U2, helped to organise the 2005 Live 8 concerts. Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft and richest person in the world, and his wife Melinda, founded the philanthropic Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

2006

You !You[10]

Representing individual content creators on the World Wide Web.

4 runners-up[show]

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Hu Jintao
Kim Jong-il
James Baker
[26]

2007

Putin, VladimirVladimir Putin[27]
Born in 1952
In 2007, Putin was serving as President of Russia.

4 runners-up[show]

Al Gore
J. K. Rowling
Hu Jintao
David Petraeus
[28]

2008

Obama, BarackBarack Obama[29]
Born in 1961
In 2008, Obama was elected President of the United States, defeating John McCain.

4 runners-up[show]

Henry Paulson
Nicolas Sarkozy
Sarah Palin
Zhang Yimou
[30]

2009

Bernanke, BenBen Bernanke[31]
Born in 1953
Chairman of the Federal Reserve during the Financial crisis of 2007–08.

4 runners-up[show]

Stanley McChrystal
The Chinese Worker
Nancy Pelosi
Usain Bolt
[32]

2010

Zuckerberg, MarkMark Zuckerberg[33]
Born in 1984
Founder of social-networking website Facebook.

4 runners-up[show]

The Tea Party
Hamid Karzai
Julian Assange
The Chilean Miners
[34]

2011

Protester !The Protester[35]

Representing many global protest movements — for example, the Arab Spring, the Indignants Movement, the Occupy Movement and the Tea Party movement — as well as protests in Chile, Greece, India and Russia among others.

4 runners-up[show]

William McRaven
Ai Weiwei
Paul Ryan
Kate Middleton
[36]

2012

Obama, BarackBarack Obama (2)[37]
Born in 1961
In 2012, Obama was re-elected President of the United States, defeating Mitt Romney.

8 runners-up[show]

Marissa Mayer
Mohammed Morsi
Undocumented Americans
Bill and Hillary Clinton
Malala Yousafzai
Tim Cook
The Higgs boson
Fabiola Gianotti
[38]

2013

Francis, PopePope Francis[39]
Born in 1936
Elected head of the Roman Catholic Church in 2013, following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI.

9 runners-up[show]

Bashar Assad
Jeff Bezos
Ted Cruz
Miley Cyrus
Barack Obama
Hassan Rouhani
Kathleen Sebelius
Edward Snowden
Edith Windsor
[40]

2014

Ebola !Ebola fighters[41]

"Ebola fighters" refers to health care workers who helped stop the spread of Ebola virus disease during the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa, including not only doctors and nurses, but also ambulance attendants, burial parties and others.[42]
Represented on the covers by Dr. Jerry Brown, the medical director at the Eternal Love Winning Africa Hospital in Monrovia, Liberia,[43][44] Dr. Kent Brantly, a physician with Samaritan's Purse and the first American to be infected in the 2014 outbreak,[44][45] Ella Watson-Stryker, a health promoter for Doctors Without Borders who is originally from the United States,[44][46] Foday Gallah, an ambulance supervisor and Ebola survivor from Monrovia, Liberia,[44][47] and Salome Karwah, a trainee nurse and counselor from Liberia whose parents died of Ebola,[44][48] as well as others mentioned in the article itself, such as Dr. Pardis Sabeti from the Broad Institute.

7 runners-up[show]

The Ferguson protesters
Vladimir Putin
Taylor Swift
Jack Ma
Tim Cook
Masoud Barzani
Roger Goodell
[49]

2015

Merkel, AngelaAngela Merkel
Born in 1954
Chancellor of Germany since 2005, recognized for leadership in the Greek debt crisis and European migrant crisis.[50]

7 runners-up[show]

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Black Lives Matter activists
Caitlyn Jenner
Travis Kalanick
Vladimir Putin
Hassan Rouhani
Donald Trump
[51]

2016

Trump, DonaldDonald Trump
Born in 1946
In 2016, Trump was elected President of the United States, defeating Hillary Clinton.

10 runners-up[show]

Simone Biles
Hillary Clinton
CRISPR scientists
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Nigel Farage
The Flint Whistleblowers
Beyoncé Knowles
Narendra Modi
Vladimir Putin
Mark Zuckerberg
[52]

2017

Silence Breakers !The Silence Breakers

The people who spoke out against sexual abuse and harassment, including the figureheads of the Me Too movement. Represented on the cover by strawberry picker Isabel Pascual (pseudonym), lobbyist Adama Iwu, actress Ashley Judd, software engineer Susan Fowler, singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, and a sixth woman, a hospital worker who wished to remain anonymous and whose face cannot be seen. The feature also specifically spotlights, in order, actress Alyssa Milano, activist Tarana Burke, actress Selma Blair, the seven plaintiffs in a lawsuit against the Plaza Hotel, politician Sara Gelser, entrepreneur Lindsay Meyer, dishwasher Sandra Pezqueda, actress Rose McGowan, psychotherapist and writer Wendy Walsh, blogger Lindsey Reynolds, housekeeper Juana Melara, journalist Sandra Muller, actor Terry Crews, University of Rochester professors Celeste Kidd and Jessica Cantlon, journalist Megyn Kelly, journalist Jane Merrick, producer Zelda Perkins, European Parliament member Terry Reintke, charity worker Bex Bailey, art curator Amanda Schmitt, filmmaker Blaise Godbe Lipman, and an anonymous former office assistant. [53][54]

6 runners-up[show]

Donald Trump[b]
Xi Jinping
Robert Mueller
Kim Jong-un
Colin Kaepernick
Patty Jenkins
[56]

tag: table


document_title: Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution

question_text: why is there a 2 term limit for presidents

text: Text[edit]

text: Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.

text: Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states within seven years from the date of its submission to the states by the Congress.

text: History[edit]

text: Although the Twenty-second Amendment was clearly a reaction to Franklin D. Roosevelt's service as President for an unprecedented four terms, the notion of presidential term limits has long-standing roots in American politics. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 considered the issue extensively, although it ultimately declined to restrict the amount of time a person could serve as president. But following George Washington's decision to retire after his second elected term, numerous public figures subsequently argued he had established a "two-term tradition" that served as a vital check against any one person, or the presidency as a whole, accumulating too much power.[1]

text: In his Farewell Address, written near the end of his second term, Washington both reveals he considered not standing for reelection in 1792,[Note 1] and that his decision not to seek a third term in 1796 was due to age, not intention to set precedent. Eleven years later, Thomas Jefferson further contributed to the convention of a voluntary two-term limit when he wrote in 1807, "if some termination to the services of the chief Magistrate be not fixed by the Constitution, or supplied by practice, his office, nominally four years, will in fact become for life."[2] Three of the next four presidents after Jefferson—James Madison, James Monroe, and Andrew Jackson—served two terms, and each one adhered to the two-term principle.

text: In spite of the strong two-term tradition, a few presidents prior to Franklin Roosevelt did attempt to secure a third term. Ulysses S. Grant, after having served as president from 1869 to 1877, sought nomination for another term at the 1880 Republican National Convention, but narrowly lost to James Garfield, who would go on to win the 1880 election. Given the Republican Party's dominance during that period, had Grant been nominated, he might well have won a third term.

text: Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency on September 14, 1901, following William McKinley's assassination (194 days into his second term), and was subsequently elected to a full term in 1904. While he declined to seek a third (second full) term in 1908, Roosevelt did seek one four years later, in the election of 1912, where he lost to Woodrow Wilson. Wilson himself sought nomination to a third term in 1920, at the Democratic National Convention;[3] he deliberately blocked the nomination of the former Secretary of the Treasury, his son-in-law William Gibbs McAdoo, the front-runner. Although seriously ill at the time, Wilson anticipated that the party would side with their sitting president were the convention deadlocked. Wilson was too unpopular even within his own party at the time, and James M. Cox was nominated. He would again contemplate running for a nonconsecutive third term in 1924, devising a strategy for his comeback, but again lacked any support and died at the beginning of the year.[4]

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the months leading up to the 1940 Democratic National Convention refusing to state whether he would seek a third term. His Vice President, John Nance Garner, along with Postmaster General James Farley, announced their candidacies for the Democratic nomination. When the convention came, Roosevelt sent a message to the convention, saying he would run only if drafted, saying delegates were free to vote for whomever they pleased. The delegates issued 946 votes for Roosevelt, 72 for Farley, and 61 for Garner; they replaced Garner with Henry A. Wallace as the vice presidential nominee, and Farley resigned as postmaster general. In the 1940 general election, while Republican Wendell Willkie received six million more votes than the previous Republican candidate (Alfred Landon) had in 1936, Roosevelt still won decisively, taking 38 of 48 states. His supporters cited impending war as a reason for breaking with precedent, while Willkie had run against the principle of a third term. Roosevelt was the first president elected to a third term, and remains the only one to exceed eight years in office.

text: Four years later, in the election of 1944, Roosevelt defeated New York governor Thomas E. Dewey to win an unprecedented fourth term. While he effectively quelled rumors of his poor health during the campaign, Roosevelt's health was in reality deteriorating. On April 12, 1945, only 82 days after his fourth inauguration, he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died.

text: Near the end of the 1944 campaign, Thomas Dewey announced support of an amendment that would limit future presidents to two terms. According to Dewey, "four terms, or sixteen years (which is what Roosevelt would have served had he lived until 1949), is the most dangerous threat to our freedom ever proposed."[5] The Republican-controlled 80th Congress approved a Joint resolution "proposing an amendment to the Constitution relating to the terms of office of the president". in March 1947;[6] it was signed by Speaker of the House Joseph W. Martin and acting President pro tempore of the Senate William F. Knowland.[7] The ratification process for the 22nd Amendment was completed on February 27, 1951, 7003143900000000000♠3 years, 343 days after it was sent to the states. The new amendment's 2-term limit did not apply (due to the grandfather clause in Section 1) to the incumbent president, Harry S. Truman. He remained eligible for election to more than two terms.[6]

text: On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated while riding through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas, Texas. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, who was also in the motorcade, three cars back, was unhurt. Upon Kennedy's death, Johnson became the nation's 36th president, and served out the remaining 7002425000000000000♠1 year, 59 days of Kennedy's term. Under the terms of the 22nd Amendment, Johnson, who ran for and won a full four–year term in 1964 was eligible to run for another full term in 1968 (as he had served less than two years of Kennedy's term). He chose not to do so, announcing his intentions in a March 31, 1968, speech to the nation, saying, "I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your president."[8] Had he done so and won, and served the full term (through January 20, 1973), the total length of his presidency would have been 7003334700000000000♠9 years, 59 days.

text: Proposal and ratification[edit]

text: Congress proposed the Twenty-second Amendment on March 21, 1947.[9] The proposed amendment was adopted on February 27, 1951.

text: The following states ratified the amendment:

text:
Maine (March 31, 1947)
Michigan (March 31, 1947)
Iowa (April 1, 1947)
Kansas (April 1, 1947)
New Hampshire (April 1, 1947)
Delaware (April 2, 1947)
Illinois (April 3, 1947)
Oregon (April 3, 1947)
Colorado (April 12, 1947)
California (April 15, 1947)
New Jersey (April 15, 1947)
Vermont (April 15, 1947)
Ohio (April 16, 1947)
Wisconsin (April 16, 1947)
Pennsylvania (April 29, 1947)
Connecticut (May 21, 1947)
Missouri (May 22, 1947)
Nebraska (May 23, 1947)
Virginia (January 28, 1948)
Mississippi (February 12, 1948)
New York (March 9, 1948)
South Dakota (January 21, 1949)
North Dakota (February 25, 1949)
Louisiana (May 17, 1950)
Montana (January 25, 1951)
Indiana (January 29, 1951)
Idaho (January 30, 1951)
New Mexico (February 12, 1951)
Wyoming (February 12, 1951)
Arkansas (February 15, 1951)
Georgia (February 17, 1951)
Tennessee (February 20, 1951)
Texas (February 22, 1951)
Nevada (February 26, 1951)
Utah (February 26, 1951)
Minnesota (February 27, 1951)
Ratification was completed on February 27, 1951. The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states:
North Carolina (February 28, 1951)
South Carolina (March 13, 1951)
Maryland (March 14, 1951)
Florida (April 16, 1951)
Alabama (May 4, 1951)

tag: ol

text: In addition, the following states voted to reject the amendment:

text:
Oklahoma (June 1947)
Massachusetts (June 9, 1949)

text: The following states took no action to consider the amendment:

text:
Arizona
Kentucky
Rhode Island
Washington
West Virginia

text: (Neither Alaska nor Hawaii had yet been admitted as states at the time.)

text: Attempts at repeal[edit]

text: According to historian Glenn W. LaFantasie of Western Kentucky University (who was opposed to repealing the amendment), "ever since 1985, when Ronald Reagan was serving in his second term as president, there have been repeated attempts to repeal the Twenty-second Amendment to the Constitution, which limits each president to two terms."[10] In early 1989, during an exit interview with Tom Brokaw of NBC, President Reagan stated his intention to fight for the amendment's repeal.[11] However, after being diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1994, his post-presidential ambitions had to be scrapped.

text: In addition, several congressmen, including Democrats Rep. Barney Frank, Rep. José E. Serrano,[12] Rep. Howard Berman, and Sen. Harry Reid,[13] and Republicans Rep. Guy Vander Jagt,[14] Rep. David Dreier[15] and Sen. Mitch McConnell[16] have introduced legislation to repeal the Twenty-second Amendment, but each resolution died before making it out of its respective committee. Other alterations have been proposed, including replacing the absolute two term limit with a limit of no more than two consecutive terms and giving Congress the power to grant an exemption to a current or former president by way of a supermajority vote in both houses.[citation needed]

text: On January 4, 2013, Rep. José E. Serrano again introduced a resolution proposing an Amendment to repeal the Twenty-second Amendment, as he had done every two years since 1997; he did not do so during the 114th Congress.[17][18]

text: Interaction with the Twelfth Amendment[edit]

text: There is a point of contention regarding the interpretation of the Twenty-second Amendment as it relates to the Twelfth Amendment, ratified in 1804, which provides that "no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States".

text: While it is clear that under the Twelfth Amendment the original constitutional qualifications of age, citizenship, and residency apply to both the President and Vice President, it is unclear whether a two-term president could later serve as Vice President. Some argue that the Twenty-second Amendment and Twelfth Amendment bar any two-term president from later serving as Vice President as well as from succeeding to the presidency from any point in the United States presidential line of succession.[19] Others contend that the Twelfth Amendment concerns qualification for service, while the Twenty-second Amendment concerns qualifications for election, and thus a former two-term president is still eligible to serve as vice president.[20][21] The practical applicability of this distinction has not been tested, as no former president has ever sought the vice presidency, although in 1980, former president Gerald Ford was mentioned as a possible running mate for Republican presidential nominee Ronald Reagan and there were some negotiations between the two camps. Nothing ever became of the idea,[22] and had Ford been selected, he would have still been eligible for election as President, as he had only served less than one full term in finishing out Richard Nixon's second term. During Hillary Clinton's 2016 candidacy, she jokingly said that she had considered naming Bill Clinton as her Vice President, but had been advised it would be unconstitutional.[23] Others contend that a "termed out" President would be eligible to ascend to the Presidency via Presidential succession rules given the text's explicit reference to election.[24]

text: The Constitution does not restrict the number of terms a person can serve as Vice President.[25]

text: Affected individuals[edit]

text: The amendment explicitly did not apply to the sitting president (Harry S. Truman) at the time it was proposed by Congress. Truman, who had served nearly all of Franklin D. Roosevelt's unexpired fourth term and who had been elected to a full term in 1948, was thus eligible to seek re-election in 1952. However, after poor performance in the 1952 New Hampshire primary, Truman chose not to seek his party's nomination. He theoretically also would have been eligible in later elections.

text: Since the amendment's ratification, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard M. Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama have been elected president twice. The same party has won the presidency in three consecutive elections only once since World War II, when Republican George H. W. Bush won in 1988 after two terms as Vice President with Republican Ronald Reagan. In all other cases, the opposing party's candidate has won after two terms with a single party: Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) in 1952, John F. Kennedy (D) in 1960, Richard Nixon (R) in 1968, Jimmy Carter (D) in 1976, Bill Clinton (D) in 1992, George W. Bush (R) in 2000, Barack Obama (D) in 2008, and Donald Trump (R) in 2016. The only president who took office after the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment and who could have served more than eight years was Lyndon B. Johnson.[26][27] He became President in 1963 when John F. Kennedy was assassinated, served the final 14 months (less than two years) of Kennedy's term, was elected president in 1964, and ran briefly for re-election in 1968 but chose to withdraw from the race. Gerald Ford became president on August 9, 1974, and served the final 29 months (more than two years) of Richard Nixon's unexpired term. Ford, who lost to Jimmy Carter in 1976, would have been eligible to be elected in his own right only once.

text: Since Ford's death in 2006, the only former presidents who remain technically eligible to seek another term are Jimmy Carter (elected in 1976, defeated in 1980) and George H. W. Bush (elected in 1988, defeated in 1992); both are now nonagenarians and neither has announced any plans to ever run again.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ See George Washington's Farewell Address, ¶ 3. Washington considered not seeking re-election, but chose to run again on the basis of international crises and the advice of his counsel.


document_title: Legolas

question_text: when does legolas appear in lord of the rings

text: Legolas

text: Literature[edit]

text: Legolas was the son of Thranduil, King of the Woodland Realm of Northern Mirkwood,[1][2] who appears as "the Elvenking" in The Hobbit.[3] Thranduil ruled over the Silvan Elves or "Wood-elves" of Mirkwood.[1]

text: Although he lived among the Silvan Elves, Legolas was not one himself. His father Thranduil had originally come from Lindon; he and his son were actually Sindar, or "Grey Elves", called in the singular Sinda; "Sindarin" was their language. Thranduil himself was the son of Oropher. Legolas's mother is never mentioned; the Elves of Mirkwood have no Queen at the time of The Hobbit.

text: Legolas was introduced in The Fellowship of the Ring, at the Council of Elrond in Rivendell, where he came as a messenger from his father to discuss Gollum's escape from their guard.[1] Legolas was chosen to be a member of the Fellowship of the Ring, charged with destroying the One Ring. He accompanied the other members in their travels from Rivendell to Amon Hen, serving as the group's archer.[4]

text: When the fellowship was trapped by a snowstorm while crossing the dangerous mountain Caradhras, Legolas scouted ahead, and told Aragorn and Boromir that the thick snow they were trying to push through was only a narrow wall, and below it the snow was more shallow.[4] When the attempt to cross Caradhras failed, Gandalf led the fellowship on a journey underground through Moria, an ancient Dwarf-kingdom, though some (including Legolas) did not wish to travel there. Before they reached Moria, Legolas helped fend off an attack by wolves in Hollin. In Moria, he helped fight off orcs and recognized "Durin's Bane" as a Balrog of Morgoth.[5] After Gandalf was lost, Aragorn took charge of the fellowship and led them to the Elven realm of Lothlórien, the Golden Wood. Legolas served as the initial spokesperson for the company, speaking with the inhabitants, the Galadhrim, whom he considered close kin.[6]

text: There was initially friction between Legolas and the dwarf Gimli, because of the ancient quarrel between Elves and Dwarves arising from the destruction of Doriath in the First Age; and also because Thranduil once imprisoned Gimli's father Glóin. Moreover, the dwarves of Erebor disliked Thranduil ever since he refused to pay them for crafting his raw metals.[3] However Legolas and Gimli began to become friends when Gimli greeted the Elven queen Galadriel respectfully.[6] When the fellowship left Lothlórien, Galadriel and Celeborn gave the members gifts; Legolas received a new longbow.[7] Legolas used the bow to bring down a "fell beast" in the dark with one shot.[8]

text: After Boromir was killed and Meriadoc Brandybuck and Peregrin Took were captured by orcs in The Two Towers, Legolas, Aragorn, and Gimli set forth across Rohan in pursuit of the two captured hobbits.[9] In the forest of Fangorn Legolas and his companions met Gandalf, resurrected as "Gandalf the White," who delivered a message to Legolas from Galadriel – which Legolas interprets as foretelling his death:

text: The three met with the Rohirrim, fought in the Battle of the Hornburg, and witnessed Saruman's downfall at Isengard together with Gandalf, where they were reunited with Merry and Pippin. In the Battle of the Hornburg, Legolas and Gimli kept count of the orcs they kill, a contest which Gimli won by one, killing forty-two to Legolas's forty-one, but the real result was stronger mutual respect.[11]

text: In The Return of the King, Legolas and Gimli accompanied Aragorn and the Grey Company on the Paths of the Dead.[12] After Aragorn summoned the Dead Men of Dunharrow to fight for him, Legolas saw them frighten the Corsairs of Umbar from their ships at Pelargir. Galadriel's prophecy was fulfilled: as Legolas heard the cries of seagulls, he began to experience the Sea-longing — the desire to sail west to Valinor, the "Blessed Realm", which was latent among the Sindar.[13] He fought in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields[14] and of the Morannon[15] and watched as Sauron was defeated and Barad-dûr collapsed.[16]

text: After the destruction of the One Ring, Legolas remained in Minas Tirith for Aragorn's crowning and marriage to Arwen. Later, Legolas and Gimli travelled together through Fangorn forest and to the Glittering Caves of Helm's Deep, as Legolas had promised Gimli.[17] Eventually, Legolas founded an Elf-colony in Ithilien and spent his remaining time helping to restore the devastated forests there.[18] It was told in the Red Book of Westmarch (first written by Bilbo Baggins, continued by Frodo Baggins and Samwise Gamgee and finally passed down through the Gamgee family), that after Aragorn's death in the year 120 of the Fourth Age, Legolas built a grey ship and left Middle-earth to go over the Sea to Valinor, and that Gimli went with him.[18]

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Tolkien first describes Legolas in The Fellowship of the Ring as "a strange Elf, clad in green and brown".[19]

text: As part of the Fellowship of the Ring, Legolas is armed with a bow and arrows and one "long white knife" which hangs by his side. When the fellowship attempts to cross Caradhras, Legolas alone remains light-hearted. He is little affected by the blowing winds and snow. He does not even wear boots, only light shoes, and his feet scarcely make imprints on the snow.[4]

text: As Legolas, Aragorn and Gimli chase after Merry and Pippin in The Two Towers, Legolas is the only one of the three who does not tire from days of constant running, and does not sleep when Aragorn and Gimli have to stop for a night. When the Company journey through the Paths of the Dead, all are chilled by the murmurs and whispers of the dead save Legolas, who states, "the shades of Men hold no terror for Elves". Legolas can see and hear at great distance, attributes referred to throughout the story. He is also lithe and slender, with bright, keen eyes and ears, and is fair of face, as all Elves are. He is an unrivalled archer and Gandalf calls him a dangerous warrior.[20] His keen eyes, ears and fighting skills are of immense use to the fellowship, but his friendship and loyalty to Aragorn, Gimli and Frodo make him an even more important member.[4]

text: Legolas's hair colour is not definitively stated. Both Ralph Bakshi and Peter Jackson make him blond in their respective film adaptations (see below). This is supported by the fact that Thranduil, Legolas's father and a Sindarin elf, is described in The Hobbit as having golden hair. In a musical version of The Lord of the Rings, Legolas is dark-haired. In the real-time strategy game The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring, his hair is white or silver.

text: Though neither Legolas's age nor his birthdate are directly given in Tolkien's writings, some passages indicate that he is far older than Aragorn and Gimli. For instance, he calls them "children" and says he has seen "many an oak grow from acorn to ruinous age".[10] The Appendices to The Lord of the Rings do give Gimli's and Aragorn's birthdates: at the time of the War of the Ring, they are 139 and 87 respectively.[18] Though his father and his kingdom appear in The Hobbit, Legolas does not appear himself, as his character had not yet been created. Being older than Gimli, he must have been alive during the events of The Hobbit, which take place less than a century before the Quest of Mount Doom.[18]

text: Concept and creation[edit]

text: The name Legolas Greenleaf first appeared in the book "The Fall of Gondolin", one of the "Lost Tales", circa 1917. The character, who guides some survivors of the sack of the city to safety, is mentioned only once and is likely unrelated to the character discussed above. The Lost Tales were the first versions of what would become Tolkien's "Middle-earth" writings, and by the time The Lord of the Rings was written much had changed; hence this in all likelihood is not the same elf, and this early character was not included in the published Silmarillion.[21]

text: The Legolas of Gondolin, whom Tolkien would likely have renamed, has a different etymology. His name (Laiqalassë in its pure form) comes from the primitive Quenya (Qenya) words laica, green, and lassë, leaf. The names are very similar, but the characters were different: Legolas of Gondolin was possibly a Noldorin Exile, of the House (kindred) of the Tree. However, the published Silmarillion, in describing Turgon's founding of Gondolin, states that Turgon took with him up to a third of the Noldor under Fingolfin, but an even larger number of the Sindar. Thus, whether Legolas of Gondolin was of Noldorin or Sindarin descent is unclear.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Legolas was voiced by Anthony Daniels in Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated version of The Lord of the Rings. In the film, he takes Glorfindel's place in the "Flight to the Ford"; he meets Aragorn and the hobbits on their way to Rivendell and sets Frodo on his horse before Frodo is chased by the Nazgûl to the ford of Bruinen. Here he answers to Elrond and is not explicitly identified as a Wood-elf.

text: Legolas is absent from the 1980 animated version of The Return of the King, but was voiced by David Collings in the 1981 BBC Radio 4 adaptation. In the 1993 Finnish miniseries Hobitit he was portrayed by Ville Virtanen.

text: In Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings movie trilogy (2001–2003), Legolas was portrayed by Orlando Bloom. He is presented as an unstoppable fighter, performing various feats or stunts in battle scenes; in the book Legolas's exploits in battle are not presented in great detail. The character's relationship with Gimli is shown to have moved from brief hostility as seen in The Fellowship of the Ring to respect and friendship in The Two Towers. This is first seen when Éomer tells Gimli that he would cut off the dwarf's head "if it but stood a little higher off the ground". Legolas drew an arrow on Éomer immediately afterwards, claiming, "You would die before your stroke fell." During the battle of Helm's Deep, the two engage in a contest to see who can slay the most enemies, as they do in the novel, though the films depict Legolas constantly being at least one kill ahead of Gimli. In The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, Legolas and Gimli continue their friendly competition, which usually (and comically) leaves Gimli on the losing side. Due to technical mishaps involving Bloom's contact lenses, in the films Legolas' eye colour sometimes changes between brown, purple, and blue. (In the director's commentary of the Extended Edition, Peter Jackson admitted that they forgot to put Bloom's contacts in several times.)[citation needed]

text: Merchandise for the live-action film trilogy includes two non-canonical figures for the character's age. In an official film guidebook, a birthdate for Legolas is set to year 87 of the Third Age.[22] This would make him 2931 years old at the time of the War of the Ring. Coincidentally or not, the Appendices to The Lord of the Rings give Aragorn's year of birth as T.A. 2931. Another invented figure appears in Top Trumps cards for The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers: the card for Legolas gives his age as 7000.[23]

text: Bloom reprised his role as Legolas in Jackson's 2013 release The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug.[24] Legolas is here seen interacting with his father, King Thranduil. He figures prominently in many of the fight sequences, displaying his superhuman agility as an elf. He is attracted to the elf Tauriel (a character created for the film trilogy), but Thranduil disapproves of her as a proper match for his son. Following the capture of Thorin's band in Mirkwood, Legolas gains possession of Thorin's Elven-forged sword Orcrist, which he wields for the rest of the film and the larger part of The Battle of the Five Armies (in which Gandalf addresses him at one point as "Legolas Greenleaf"). In the latter film, he kills Bolg before Bolg can kill Tauriel, and is afterwards sent by his father to track down the Dúnedan ranger named "Strider".

text: Legolas mentions in The Battle of the Five Armies that his mother died in previous wars against the Orcs of Angmar at Mount Gundabad. Tolkien never mentions Legolas's mother; the film addressed this absence simply by saying that she died in a previous war.

text: In the West End musical, The Lord of the Rings: The Musical, Legolas was portrayed by Michael Rouse.

text: Legolas appears as a playable character in Lego Dimensions as an expansion character, bundled with an arrow launcher. Orlando Bloom reprises the role to voice the character.


document_title: John Wehner

question_text: who hit the last home run at three rivers stadium

text: John Wehner

text:
John Wehner

Utility player

Born: (1967-06-29) June 29, 1967 (age 50)
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Batted: Right
Threw: Right

MLB debut

July 17, 1991, for the Pittsburgh Pirates

Last MLB appearance

July 27, 2001, for the Pittsburgh Pirates

MLB statistics

Batting average
.249

Home runs
4

Runs batted in
54

Teams

Pittsburgh Pirates (1991–1996)
Florida Marlins (1997–1998)
Pittsburgh Pirates (1999–2001)

Career highlights and awards

World Series Championship (1997)
Hit the final home run and recorded the final out in Three Rivers Stadium
MLB record 99 consecutive games without an error at 3rd base

text: John Paul Wehner (pronounced "Waner")[1] (born June 29, 1967 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is a former utility player in Major League Baseball and a current broadcaster for the Pittsburgh Pirates. His nickname is "Rock".

text: A Pittsburgh native and graduate of Carrick High School, Wehner was drafted out of Indiana University by the Pirates in the 7th round of the 1988 Major League Baseball Draft and made his debut on July 17, 1991. He was in the Pirates organization, splitting his time between the majors and their minor league affiliates, through the 1996 season. In 1997 he joined the Florida Marlins as a bench player, staying there for two seasons before rejoining the Pirates in 1999.

text: He retired from playing in 2001 after hitting the final home run and making the final out in the history of Three Rivers Stadium. In 11 seasons in the major leagues, Wehner compiled a .249 batting average with four home runs and 54 RBI in 461 games. He has played every position except pitcher at least 3 times. He also shares the major league record of 99 consecutive errorless games at third base with Jeff Cirillo and has a World Series ring with the Florida Marlins for the 1997 season.

text: After retiring from playing, Wehner took a job as hitting coach for the Altoona Curve, a Pirates minor league affiliate, and held that position from 2002 through 2004. In 2005 he began working as a color commentator for Fox Sports Pittsburgh and the Pirates Radio Network.


document_title: Home Run Derby (Major League Baseball)

question_text: who won back to back home run derbys

question_tokens: who won back to back home run derbys

text: Home Run Derby (Major League Baseball)

text: History[edit]

text: The event has grown significantly from its roots in the 1980s, when it was not televised. Prior to 1991, the Home Run Derby was structured as a two-inning event with each player receiving five outs per inning, allowing for the possibility of ties. It is now one of the most-watched events broadcast on ESPN.[1][2][3]

text: In 2000, a "match play"-style format was instituted for the second round. The player with the most home runs in the first round faced the player with the least among the four qualifying players, as did the players with the second- and third-most totals. The contestant who won each matchup advanced to the finals. This format was discontinued after the 2003 competition.

text: The field of players selected currently consists of four American League players and four National League players. The first Derby in 1985 featured five from each league, and the 1986 and 1987 events featured three and two players from each league, respectively. In 1996, the field was again expanded to ten players, five from each league (though in 1997, the AL had six contestants to the NL's four).

text: In 2000, the field reverted to the current four-player-per-league format. The only exception was 2005, when Major League Baseball changed the selection criteria with eight players representing their home countries rather than their respective leagues. The change was believed to be in promotion of the inaugural World Baseball Classic, played in March 2006.[citation needed] In 2006, the selection of four players from each league resumed. In 2011, the format was revised so that team captains selected the individual sides.[citation needed]

text: Some notable performances in the Derby include Bobby Abreu in 2005, who won the Derby with a then-record 41 homers, including a then-record 24 in the first round. The first-round record was broken in 2008 by Josh Hamilton, who hit 28 home runs. Though Hamilton's performance was notable for the length of his home runs,[citation needed] he ultimately lost to Justin Morneau in a brief final round. The overall record was broken in 2016 by Giancarlo Stanton, who finished with a total of 61 home runs, defeating Todd Frazier in the final round. Only two participants, Yoenis Céspedes and Giancarlo Stanton, have won the Home Run Derby without being selected to the All-Star game itself.[4]

text: Overview[edit]

text: Format[edit]

text: The format has varied since the Home Run Derby started in 1985.

text: In the early years of the Home Run Derby, 4-10 players from both the AL and NL were selected to participate. Each player was given 2 "innings" to hit as many home runs as possible before reaching 5 outs. For the derby, an out is defined as any swing that is not a home run. The winner of the contest was the player with the most total home runs in the two innings.

text: Beginning in 1991, the format changed to a 3-round contest. From 1991–2006, 8-10 players were selected and hit as many home runs as possible before reaching 10 outs in each round. The tally reset for each round, with the top four advancing to the second round, and the top two advancing to the final.

text: In honor of the World Baseball Classic, the 2005 contest featured eight players from different countries. The format remained the same.

text: The format changed slightly in 2006. Instead of the tally resetting for each round, it was only reset before the final round. Therefore, the players with the four highest totals after Round 1 advanced to Round 2, and the players with the two highest sum of Round 1 and 2 advanced to the finals.

text: The Home Run Derby format was changed significantly in 2014, as MLB sought to speed-up the contest and increase the drama. In the new bracket format, 5 players from each league faced the other players in their league in Round 1, with each players having 7 "outs." The player in each league with the highest Round 1 total received a second-round bye, and the players with the second- and third-highest Round 1 totals from each league faced off. The Round 2 winner from each league faced the Round 1 winner, and the Round 3 winner crowned the league winner. The final featured the winner of each league. Each round stands alone, with the score reset for each round.[5] Ties in any round are broken by a 3-swing swing-off. If the players remain tied, the players engage in a sudden-death swing-off until one player homers.[6]

text: Since 2015[edit]

text: The format was changed once again in 2015. The most significant change was the elimination of "outs", which was replaced by a time limit. Eight players are seeded based on their season home run totals and are given 5 minutes to hit as many home runs as possible. The winner of each head-to-head matchup advances, until a final winner is determined. If a tie occurs in any match-up, three sets of tiebreakers are employed: first, a 90-second swing-off decides the winner; second, best-of-3-swing swing-off; thereafter, sudden-death swingoffs until a winner is determined. Further, a player can get "bonus time" in the last minute of each round. During that time, the clock stops for each home run, and doesn't restart until a swing does not result in a home run. Additional bonus time could be earned for distance. Players who hit at least two home runs measuring at least 420 feet (128.0 m) are given an extra minute of bonus time. An additional 30 seconds of bonus time is granted if at least one home run measures over 475 feet (144.8 m).[7]

text: Weather concerns in 2015 lead to a reduction in time from 5 minutes per round to 4 minutes. The clock was not stopped in the final minute, and bonus time was only granted for hitting 2 home runs of over 425 feet (129.5 m).[8]

text: The format was tweaked slightly in 2016. The four-minute round length returned, while the minute of bonus time was changed to 30 seconds and required two home runs of 440 feet (134.1 m) or longer. The additional time was removed, while the swing-off (which was not required) was reduced to 1 minute.[9] Each batter is allowed one time-out during each round, and two in the finals.

text: By 2017 the first tie-breaker was restored back to 90 seconds.

text: Gold balls[edit]

text: From 2005–2013, a gold ball has been used once a player reaches nine outs (in 2014 when the T-Mobile Ball came into play, six; since 2015, during the final minute). If a batter hit a home run using the golden ball, Century 21 Real Estate and Major League Baseball would donate $21,000 (a reference to the "21" in "Century 21") per home run to charity (MLB donated to the Boys and Girls Clubs of America, and Century 21 donated to Easter Seals). In both 2005 and 2006, $294,000 was raised for the charities, equaling fourteen golden ball home runs per year. State Farm continued this in 2007 as they designated $17,000 per home run (one dollar for each of State Farm's agencies), to the Boys and Girls Clubs of America. In the 2007 event, fifteen golden balls were hit for a donation of $255,000, and ten ($170,000) were hit in the 2008 event. For 2009, State Farm added $5,000 for all non-Gold Ball homers, and $517,000 was collected. For 2010, the non-Gold Ball homer was reduced to $3,000 per home run and a total of $453,000 was collected. Since 2014 any homer hit off a T-Mobile Ball resulted in a $10,000 donation to charity by T-Mobile and MLB, to the Boys & Girls Clubs of America.

text: Television and radio coverage[edit]

text: On July 11, 1988, the day before the Major League Baseball All-Star Game from Cincinnati, TBS televised the annual All-Star Gala[10] from the Cincinnati Zoo. Larry King hosted the broadcast with Craig Sager and Pete Van Wieren handling interviews. The broadcast's big draw would've been the Home Run Derby, which TBS intended on taping during the afternoon, and later airing it in prime time during the Gala coverage. Unfortunately, the derby and a skills competition were canceled due to rain.

text: The derby was first nationally televised by ESPN in 1993 on a same-day delayed basis,[11] with the first live telecast in 1998. Although two hours are scheduled in programming listings for the telecast, it has rarely ever been contained to the timeslot and consistently runs three to four hours. Chris Berman has gained notoriety for his annual hosting duties on ESPN, including his catchphrase, "Back back back…Gone!". Berman starts this phrase when the ball is hit, and does not say "Gone!" until the ball lands.

text: The 2008 Derby was the year's most highly rated basic cable program.[12]

text: Because of the game's TV popularity, invited players have felt pressure to participate. Notably, Ken Griffey Jr. initially quietly declined to take part in 1998, partly due to ESPN scheduling the Mariners in their late Sunday game the night before. After a discussion with ESPN's Joe Morgan and another with Hall of Famer Frank Robinson, Griffey changed his mind, and then won the Derby at Coors Field.[13]

text: In Spanish, the event is televised on Spanish language network ESPN Deportes.[14]

text: ESPN Radio also carries the event annually.[15]

text: Most watched Home Run Derbys[edit]

text:
Rank
Year
Winner
Ballpark
Viewers (millions)[16]

1
2008
Justin Morneau
Yankee Stadium
9.1

2
2017
Aaron Judge
Marlins Park
8.6

3
2009
Prince Fielder
Busch Stadium
8.3

4
2004
Miguel Tejada
Minute Maid Park
7.7

5
2002
Jason Giambi
Miller Park
7.7

6
2015
Todd Frazier
Great American Ballpark
7.1

7
2012
Prince Fielder
Kauffman Stadium
6.9

8
2007
Vladimir Guerrero
AT&T Park
6.8

9
2006
Ryan Howard
PNC Park
6.8

10
2013
Yoenis Céspedes
Citi Field
6.7

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Key

^

Indicates multiple winners in the same year

Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame

text:
Year
Winner
Team
League
Stadium

1985
Parker, DaveDave Parker
Cincinnati Reds
NL
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome (MIN)

1986^
Joyner, WallyWally Joyner
California Angels
AL
Astrodome (HOU)

Strawberry, DarrylDarryl Strawberry
New York Mets
NL

1987
Dawson, AndreAndre Dawson
Chicago Cubs
NL
Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum (OAK)

1988
Cancelled due to rain

1989
Davis, EricEric Davis
Cincinnati Reds
NL
Anaheim Stadium (CAL)

1990
Sandberg, RyneRyne Sandberg
Chicago Cubs
NL
Wrigley Field (CHC)

1991
Ripken Jr., CalCal Ripken Jr.
Baltimore Orioles
AL
SkyDome (TOR)

1992
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
Oakland Athletics
AL
Jack Murphy Stadium (SD)

1993
González, JuanJuan González
Texas Rangers
AL
Oriole Park at Camden Yards (BAL)

1994
Griffey Jr., KenKen Griffey Jr. (1)
Seattle Mariners
AL
Three Rivers Stadium (PIT)

1995
Thomas, FrankFrank Thomas
Chicago White Sox
AL
The Ballpark in Arlington (TEX)

1996
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
San Francisco Giants
NL
Veterans Stadium (PHI)

1997
Martinez, TinoTino Martinez
New York Yankees
AL
Jacobs Field (CLE)

1998
Griffey Jr., KenKen Griffey Jr. (2)
Seattle Mariners
AL
Coors Field (COL)

1999
Griffey Jr., KenKen Griffey Jr. (3)
Seattle Mariners
AL
Fenway Park (BOS)

2000
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
Chicago Cubs
NL
Turner Field (ATL)

2001
Gonzalez, LuisLuis Gonzalez
Arizona Diamondbacks
NL
Safeco Field (SEA)

2002
Giambi, JasonJason Giambi
New York Yankees
AL
Miller Park (MIL)

2003
Anderson, GarretGarret Anderson
Anaheim Angels
AL
U.S. Cellular Field (CHW)

2004
Tejada, MiguelMiguel Tejada
Baltimore Orioles
AL
Minute Maid Park (HOU)

2005
Abreu, BobbyBobby Abreu
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
Comerica Park (DET)

2006
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
PNC Park (PIT)

2007
Guerrero, VladimirVladimir Guerrero
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
AL
AT&T Park (SF)

2008
Morneau, JustinJustin Morneau
Minnesota Twins
AL
Yankee Stadium (NYY)

2009
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder (1)
Milwaukee Brewers
NL
Busch Stadium (STL)

2010
Ortiz, DavidDavid Ortiz
Boston Red Sox
AL
Angel Stadium of Anaheim (LAA)

2011
Canó, RobinsonRobinson Canó
New York Yankees
AL
Chase Field (ARI)

2012
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder (2)
Detroit Tigers
AL
Kauffman Stadium (KC)

2013
Céspedes, YoenisYoenis Céspedes (1)
Oakland Athletics
AL
Citi Field (NYM)

2014
Céspedes, YoenisYoenis Céspedes (2)
Oakland Athletics
AL
Target Field (MIN)

2015
Frazier, ToddTodd Frazier
Cincinnati Reds
NL
Great American Ball Park (CIN)

2016
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
Miami Marlins
NL
Petco Park (SD)

2017
Judge, AaronAaron Judge
 New York Yankees
 AL
Marlins Park (MIA)

text: Records[edit]

text: Most home runs in a single round[edit]

text:
Josh Hamilton (2008 First Round) – 28
Bobby Abreu (2005 First Round), Giancarlo Stanton (2016 First Round) – 24
Aaron Judge (2017 First Round) - 23
Justin Bour (2017 First Round) - 22
Giancarlo Stanton (2016 Final Round) – 20

text: Most single-derby home runs[edit]

text: Note: these numbers exclude swingoffs.

text:
Giancarlo Stanton (2016) – 61
Aaron Judge (2017) – 47
Todd Frazier (2016) – 42
Bobby Abreu (2005) – 41
Joc Pederson (2015), Todd Frazier (2015) – 39
Josh Hamilton (2008) – 35
David Ortiz (2010), Robinson Canó (2011), Yoenis Céspedes (2013), Miguel Sanó (2017) – 32
Adrian Gonzalez (2011) – 31
Mark Trumbo (2016) – 30
Prince Fielder (2012), Yoenis Céspedes (2014) – 28

text: Most all-time home runs[edit]

text: Note: these numbers exclude swingoffs.

text:
Todd Frazier – 91
Giancarlo Stanton - 83
Prince Fielder – 81
David Ortiz - 77
Albert Pujols – 71
Ken Griffey Jr. – 70
Jason Giambi – 67
Sammy Sosa – 65
Yoenis Céspedes – 60
Mark McGwire – 56

text: Wins by team[edit]

text:
Rank
Team
Wins
Years

1
New York Yankees
4
1997, 2002, 2011, 2017

2
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
3
1986*, 2003, 2007

Oakland Athletics
3
1992, 2013, 2014

Chicago Cubs
3
1987, 1990, 2000

Seattle Mariners
3
1994, 1998, 1999

Cincinnati Reds
3
1985, 1989, 2015

3
Baltimore Orioles
2
1991, 2004

Philadelphia Phillies
2
2005, 2006

4
New York Mets
1
1986*

Texas Rangers
1
1993

Chicago White Sox
1
1995

San Francisco Giants
1
1996

Arizona Diamondbacks
1
2001

Minnesota Twins
1
2008

Milwaukee Brewers
1
2009

Boston Red Sox
1
2010

Detroit Tigers
1
2012

Miami Marlins
1
2016

5
Tampa Bay Rays
0

Toronto Blue Jays
0

Cleveland Indians
0

Kansas City Royals
0

Houston Astros
0

Atlanta Braves
0

Washington Nationals
0

Pittsburgh Pirates
0

St. Louis Cardinals
0

Colorado Rockies
0

Los Angeles Dodgers
0

San Diego Padres
0

text: Complete scoreboard[edit]

text:
The Metrodome, Minneapolis—A.L. 17, N.L. 16

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Jim Rice
Boston
4

Eddie Murray
Baltimore
4

Carlton Fisk
Chicago
4

Tom Brunansky
Minnesota
4

Cal Ripken Jr.
Baltimore
1

National League

Dave Parker
Cincinnati
6

Dale Murphy
Atlanta
4

Steve Garvey
San Diego
2

Ryne Sandberg
Chicago
2

Jack Clark
St. Louis
2

text:
Astrodome, Houston—N.L. 8, A.L. 7

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Wally Joyner
California
4

Jesse Barfield
Toronto
2

Jose Canseco
Oakland
1

National League

Darryl Strawberry
New York
4

Dave Parker
Cincinnati
3

Hubie Brooks
Montreal
1

text:
Oakland Coliseum, Oakland—N.L. 6, A.L. 2

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

George Bell
Toronto
1

Mark McGwire
Oakland
1

National League

Andre Dawson
Chicago
4

Ozzie Virgil Jr.
Atlanta
2

text: Home Run Derby canceled due to rain.

text:
Anaheim Stadium, Anaheim—N.L. 9, A.L. 5

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Rubén Sierra
Texas
3

Mickey Tettleton
Baltimore
1

Bo Jackson
Kansas City
1

Gary Gaetti
Minnesota
0

National League

Eric Davis
Cincinnati
3

Glenn Davis
Houston
2

Howard Johnson
New York
2

Kevin Mitchell
San Francisco
2

text:
Wrigley Field, Chicago—N.L. 4, A.L. 1

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Mark McGwire
Oakland
1

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
0

Jose Canseco
Oakland
0

Cecil Fielder
Detroit
0

National League

Ryne Sandberg
Chicago
3

Matt Williams
San Francisco
1

Bobby Bonilla
Pittsburgh
0

Darryl Strawberry
New York
0

text:
SkyDome, Toronto—A.L. 20, N.L. 7

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Cal Ripken Jr.
Baltimore
12

Cecil Fielder
Detroit
4

Joe Carter
Toronto
2

Danny Tartabull
Kansas City
2

National League

Paul O'Neill
Cincinnati
5

George Bell
Chicago
2

Chris Sabo
Cincinnati
0

Howard Johnson
New York
0

text:
Jack Murphy Stadium, San Diego—A.L. 27, N.L. 13

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Mark McGwire
Oakland
12

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
7

Joe Carter
Toronto
4

Cal Ripken Jr.
Baltimore
4

National League

Larry Walker
Montreal
4

Gary Sheffield
San Diego
4

Fred McGriff
San Diego
3

Barry Bonds
Pittsburgh
2

text:
Camden Yards, Baltimore—A.L. 20, N.L. 12

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Juan González
Texas
7

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
7 *

Cecil Fielder
Detroit
4

Albert Belle
Cleveland
3

National League

Barry Bonds
San Francisco
5

Bobby Bonilla
New York
5

David Justice
Atlanta
2

Mike Piazza
Los Angeles
0

text: * Lost in playoff to Gonzalez

text:
Three Rivers Stadium, Pittsburgh—A.L. 17, N.L. 11

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
7

Rubén Sierra
Oakland
4

Frank Thomas
Chicago
4

Albert Belle
Cleveland
2

National League

Fred McGriff
Atlanta
5

Jeff Bagwell
Houston
3

Dante Bichette
Colorado
3

Mike Piazza
Los Angeles
0

text:
The Ballpark in Arlington, Arlington—A.L. 40, N.L. 12

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Frank Thomas
Chicago
15 *

Albert Belle
Cleveland
16

Mo Vaughn
Boston
6

Manny Ramirez
Cleveland
3

National League

Ron Gant
Cincinnati
3

Sammy Sosa
Chicago
2

Reggie Sanders
Cincinnati
2

Raúl Mondesí
Los Angeles
2

text: * Beat Belle in finals

text:
Veterans Stadium, Philadelphia—A.L. 36, N.L. 23

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Mark McGwire
Oakland
15

Brady Anderson
Baltimore
11

Jay Buhner
Seattle
8

Joe Carter
Toronto
2

Greg Vaughn
Milwaukee
0

National League

Barry Bonds
San Francisco
17

Henry Rodríguez
Montreal
3

Jeff Bagwell
Houston
2

Ellis Burks
Colorado
1

Gary Sheffield
Florida
0

text:
Jacobs Field, Cleveland—A.L. 32, N.L. 29

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Tino Martinez
New York
16 *

Mark McGwire
Oakland
7

Brady Anderson
Baltimore
4

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
3

Nomar Garciaparra
Boston
0

Jim Thome
Cleveland
0

National League

Larry Walker
Colorado
19

Jeff Bagwell
Houston
5

Chipper Jones
Atlanta
3

Ray Lankford
St. Louis
2

text: * Beat Walker in finals

text:
Coors Field, Denver—A.L. 53, N.L. 29

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
19

Rafael Palmeiro
Baltimore
10

Jim Thome
Cleveland
17

Alex Rodriguez
Seattle
5

Damion Easley
Detroit
2

National League

Vinny Castilla
Colorado
12

Moisés Alou
Houston
7

Javy López
Atlanta
5

Mark McGwire
St. Louis
4

Chipper Jones
Atlanta
1

text:
Fenway Park, Boston—N.L. 39, A.L. 23

Player
Team
Home runs

American League

Ken Griffey Jr.
Seattle
16

Nomar Garciaparra
Boston
2

B. J. Surhoff
Baltimore
2

Shawn Green
Toronto
2

John Jaha
Oakland
1

National League

Jeromy Burnitz
Milwaukee
14

Mark McGwire
St. Louis
16 *

Jeff Bagwell
Houston
6

Larry Walker
Colorado
2

Sammy Sosa
Chicago
1

text: * Lost to Burnitz in round 2

text:
Turner Field, Atlanta—N.L. 41, A.L. 21

Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Total

Sammy Sosa
Cubs
6
11
9
26

Ken Griffey Jr.
Reds
6
3
2
11

Carl Everett
Red Sox
6
6
–
12

Carlos Delgado
Blue Jays
5
1
–
6

Edgar Martínez
Mariners
2
–
–
2

Chipper Jones
Braves
2
–
–
2

Vladimir Guerrero
Expos
2
–
–
2

Iván Rodríguez
Rangers
1
–
–
1

text:
Semifinals

Finals

1
Ken Griffey Jr.
3

4
Carlos Delgado
1

1
Ken Griffey Jr.
2

3
Sammy Sosa
9

2
Carl Everett
6

3
Sammy Sosa
11

text:
Safeco Field, Seattle—N.L. 41, A.L. 25

Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Totals

Luis Gonzalez
Diamondbacks
5
5
6
16

Sammy Sosa
Cubs
3
8
2
13

Jason Giambi
Athletics
14
6
–
20

Barry Bonds
Giants
7
3
–
10

Bret Boone
Mariners
3
–
–
3

Todd Helton
Rockies
2
–
–
2

Alex Rodriguez
Rangers
2
–
–
2

Troy Glaus
Angels
0
–
–
0

text:
Semifinals

Finals

1
Jason Giambi
6

4
Sammy Sosa
8

4
Sammy Sosa
2

3
Luis Gonzalez
6

2
Barry Bonds
3

3
Luis Gonzalez
5

text:
Miller Park, Milwaukee—A.L. 42, N.L. 31

Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Totals

Jason Giambi
Yankees
11
6
7
24

Sammy Sosa
Cubs
12
5
1
18

Paul Konerko
White Sox
6
6
–
12

Richie Sexson
Brewers
6
4
–
10

Torii Hunter
Twins
3
–
–
3

Barry Bonds
Giants
2
–
–
2

Alex Rodriguez
Rangers
2
–
–
2

Lance Berkman
Astros
1
–
–
1

text:
Semifinals

Finals

1
Sammy Sosa
5

4
Richie Sexson
4

1
Jason Giambi
7

2
Sammy Sosa
1

2
Jason Giambi
7

3
Paul Konerko
6

text: * Giambi defeated Konerko in a swing off

text:
U.S. Cellular Field, Chicago—A.L. 47, N.L. 39

Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Total

Garret Anderson
Angels
7
6
9
22

Albert Pujols
Cardinals
4
14
8
26

Jason Giambi
Yankees
12
11
–
23

Jim Edmonds
Cardinals
4
4
–
8

Gary Sheffield
Braves
4
–
–
4

Carlos Delgado
Blue Jays
2
–
–
3

Richie Sexson
Brewers
1
–
–
1

Bret Boone
Mariners
0
–
–
0

text:
Semifinals

Finals

1
Jason Giambi
11

4
Albert Pujols
14

4
Albert Pujols
8

2
Garret Anderson
9

2
Garret Anderson
6

3
Jim Edmonds
4

text:
Minute Maid Park, Houston—A.L. 47, N.L. 41

Player
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Total

Miguel Tejada
Orioles
7
15
5
27

Lance Berkman
Astros
7
10
4
21

Rafael Palmeiro
Orioles
9
5
–
14

Barry Bonds
Giants
8
3
–
11

Sammy Sosa
Cubs
5
–
–
5

Jim Thome
Phillies
4
–
–
4

Hank Blalock
Rangers
3
–
–
3

David Ortiz
Red Sox
3
–
–
3

text:
Comerica Park, Detroit—N.L. 66, A.L. 42

Player
Home Country
Team
Round 1
Semis
Finals
Totals

Bobby Abreu
Venezuela
Phillies
24
6
11
41*

Iván Rodríguez
Puerto Rico
Tigers
7
8
5
20

David Ortiz
Dominican Republic
Red Sox
17
3
–
20

Carlos Lee
Panama
Brewers
11
4
–
15

Hee-seop Choi
South Korea
Dodgers
5
–
–
5

Andruw Jones
Netherlands
Braves
5
–
–
5

Mark Teixeira
USA
Rangers
2
–
–
2

Jason Bay
Canada
Pirates
0
–
–
0

text: * Total rounds record.

text:
PNC Park, Pittsburgh—N.L. 62, A.L. 24

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Ryan Howard
Phillies
8
10
18
5
23

David Wright
Mets
16
2
18
4
22

Miguel Cabrera
Marlins
9
6
15
–
15

David Ortiz
Red Sox
10
3
13
–
13

Jermaine Dye
White Sox
7
–
7
–
7

Lance Berkman
Astros
3
–
3
–
3

Miguel Tejada
Orioles
3
–
3
–
3

Troy Glaus
Blue Jays
1
–
1
–
1

text:
AT&T Park, San Francisco—A.L. 42, N.L. 32

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Vladimir Guerrero
Angels
5
9
14
3a
17

Alex Ríos
Blue Jays
5
12
17
2
19

Matt Holliday
Rockies
5
8
13
–
13

Albert Pujols
Cardinals
4 (2)
9
13
–
13

Justin Morneau
Twins
4 (1)
–
4
–
4

Prince Fielder
Brewers
3
–
3
–
3

Ryan Howard
Phillies
3
–
3
–
3

Magglio Ordóñez
Tigers
2
–
2
–
2

text:
Notes:
^a Recorded only seven of ten outs before hitting winning home run.
Italicized numbers denote swing-offs.

text:
Yankee Stadium, New York—A.L. 66, N.L. 39

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Justin Morneau
Twins
8
9
17
5
22

Josh Hamilton
Rangers
28a
4b
32
3
35

Lance Berkman
Astros
8
6
14
–
14

Ryan Braun
Brewers
7
7
14
–
14

Dan Uggla
Marlins
6
–
6
–
6

Grady Sizemore
Indians
6
–
6
–
6

Chase Utley
Phillies
5
–
5
–
5

Evan Longoria
Rays
3
–
3
–
3

text:
Notes:
^a New single round record.
^b Voluntarily ended round with four outs.

text:
Busch Stadium, St. Louis—N.L. 51, A.L. 31

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Prince Fielder
Brewers
11
6
17
6
23

Nelson Cruz
Rangers
11
5
16
5
21

Ryan Howard
Phillies
7
8
15
–
15

Albert Pujols
Cardinals
5 (2)
6
11
–
11

Carlos Peña
Rays
5 (1)
–
5
–
5

Joe Mauer
Twins
5 (0)
–
5
–
5

Adrian Gonzalez
Padres
2
–
2
–
2

Brandon Inge
Tigers
0
–
0
–
0

text:
Notes:
Italicized numbers denote swing-offs.

text: The 2010s[edit]

text:
Angel Stadium of Anaheim, Anaheim—A.L. 50, N.L. 45

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

David Ortiz
Red Sox
8
13
21
11
32

Hanley Ramírez
Marlins
9
12
21
5
26

Corey Hart
Brewers
13
0
13
–
13

Miguel Cabrera
Tigers
7
5
12
–
12

Matt Holliday
Cardinals
5
–
5
–
5

Nick Swisher
Yankees
4
–
4
–
4

Vernon Wells
Blue Jays
2
–
2
–
2

Chris Young
Diamondbacks
1
–
1
–
1

text:
Chase Field, Phoenix—A.L. 76, N.L. 19

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Robinson Canó
Yankees
8
12
20
12
32

Adrian Gonzalez
Red Sox
9
11
20
11
31

Prince Fielder
Brewers
5 (5)
4
9
–
9

David Ortiz
Red Sox
5 (4)
4
9
–
9

Matt Holliday
Cardinals
5 (2)
–
5
–
5

José Bautista
Blue Jays
4
–
4
–
4

Rickie Weeks Jr.
Brewers
3
–
3
–
3

Matt Kemp
Dodgers
2
–
2
–
2

text:
Kauffman Stadium, Kansas City—A.L. 61, N.L. 21

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Prince Fielder
Tigers
5
11
16
12
28

José Bautista
Blue Jays
11
2
13 (2)
7
20

Mark Trumbo
Angels
7
6
13 (1)
—
13

Carlos Beltrán
Cardinals
7
5
12
—
12

Carlos González
Rockies
4
—
4
—
4

Andrew McCutchen
Pirates
4
—
4
—
4

Matt Kemp
Dodgers
1
—
1
—
1

Robinson Canó
Yankees
0
—
0
—
0

text:
Citi Field, New York—A.L. 53, N.L. 50

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Subtotal
Finals
Total

Yoenis Céspedes
Athletics
17
6
23
9a
32

Bryce Harper
Nationals
8
8
16
8
24

Michael Cuddyer
Rockies
7
8
15
—
15

Chris Davis
Orioles
8
4
12
—
12

Pedro Álvarez
Pirates
6
—
6
—
6

Prince Fielder
Tigers
5
—
5
—
5

David Wright
Mets
5
—
5
—
5

Robinson Canó
Yankees
4
—
4
—
4

text:
Note:
^a Recorded only five of ten outs before hitting winning home run.

text:
Target Field, Minneapolis — A.L. 54, N.L. 24

American League

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Finals
Total

Yoenis Céspedes
Athletics
3 (2)
9
7
9
28

José Bautista
Blue Jays
10
*
4
−
14

Adam Jones
Orioles
4
3
−
−
7

Josh Donaldson
Athletics
3 (1)
−
−
−
3

Brian Dozier
Twins
2
−
−
−
2

National League

Player
Team
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Finals
Total

Todd Frazier
Reds
2 (1)
6
1
1
10

Giancarlo Stanton
Marlins
6
*
0
−
6

Troy Tulowitzki
Rockies
4
2
−
−
6

Justin Morneau
Rockies
2 (0)
−
−
−
2

Yasiel Puig
Dodgers
0
−
−
−
0

text:
* designates bye round.
(designates swing off home runs).

text:
Round 2

Round 3 (Semifinals)

Finals

American League

1
José Bautista
4

2
Adam Jones
3

3
Yoenis Céspedes
7

3
Yoenis Céspedes
9

3
Yoenis Céspedes
9

3
Todd Frazier
1

National League

1
Giancarlo Stanton
0

2
Troy Tulowitzki
2

3
Todd Frazier
1

3
Todd Frazier
6

text: 2015 Great American Ball Park (Cincinnati)[edit]

text:
Quarterfinals

Semifinals

Finals

1
Albert Pujols (LAA)
10

8
Kris Bryant (CHC)
9

1
Albert Pujols
11

4
Joc Pederson
12

4
Joc Pederson (LAD)
13

5
Manny Machado (BAL)
12

4
Joc Pederson
14

2
Todd Frazier
15

3
Josh Donaldson (TOR)
9

6
Anthony Rizzo (CHC)
8

3
Josh Donaldson
9

2
Todd Frazier
10

2
Todd Frazier (CIN)
14

7
Prince Fielder (TEX)
13

text: 2016 Petco Park (San Diego)[edit]

text:
Quarterfinals

Semifinals

Finals

1
Mark Trumbo (BAL)
16

8
Corey Seager (LAD)
15

1
Mark Trumbo
14

5
Giancarlo Stanton
17

4
Robinson Canó (SEA)
7

5
Giancarlo Stanton (MIA)
24

5
Giancarlo Stanton
20

2
Todd Frazier
13

3
Adam Duvall (CIN)
11

6
Wil Myers (SD)
10

3
Adam Duvall
15

2
Todd Frazier
16

2
Todd Frazier (CWS)
13

7
Carlos González (COL)
12

text: 2017 Marlins Park (Miami)[edit]

text:
Quarterfinals

Semifinals

Finals

1
Giancarlo Stanton (MIA)
16

8
Gary Sánchez (NYY)
17

8
Gary Sánchez
10

5
Miguel Sanó
11

4
Mike Moustakas (KC)
10

5
Miguel Sanó (MIN)
11

5
Miguel Sanó
10

2
Aaron Judge
11

3
Cody Bellinger (LAD)
15

6
Charlie Blackmon (COL)
14

3
Cody Bellinger
12

2
Aaron Judge
13

2
Aaron Judge (NYY)
23

7
Justin Bour (MIA)
22