document_title: Ohio

question_text: when did ohio become part of the united states

question_tokens: when did ohio become part of the united states

text: Ohio

text: Etymology

text: Ohio derives from Seneca (an Iroquois language) as their name for the Ohio River/ Alleghany River, Ohi:yo. This is pronounced "Oh-hee-yoh," with the i sound being held an extra second. Folk etymology claims that this translates as "Beautiful River," however it appears that the word can be broken down as "O-" (pronoun prefix. Translates as "it" & implies that whatever is about to follow it is considered a permanent condition of the item), "Hih" (verb. to spill) & "Gihedenyo" (noun. creek, stream).[28] That being said, the most sensible translation ought to be "Continuously-spilling Creek," or "Continuously-giving creek." The word for creek is used instead of river, since it still flows into a larger river, the Mississippi.

text: The common accent of Ohio shifts regularly, so there are multiple different accepted ways of saying Ohio that have been common throughout the last century, such as "Oh-hai-yuh," "Uh-hai-yoh," & "Uh-hai-yuh." The most recent shift that is beginning to surface sounds something along the lines of "wh-hai-yuh."[citation needed]

text: Geography

text: Ohio's geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well-developed highways. Ohio has the nation's 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North America's population and 70% of North America's manufacturing capacity.[29] To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles (502 km) of coastline,[30] which allows for numerous cargo ports. Ohio's southern border is defined by the Ohio River (with the border being at the 1792 low-water mark on the north side of the river),[31] and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohio's neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Lake Erie to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, and West Virginia on the southeast. Ohio's borders were defined by metes and bounds in the Enabling Act of 1802 as follows:

text: Bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania line, on the south by the Ohio River, to the mouth of the Great Miami River, on the west by the line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami aforesaid, and on the north by an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan, running east after intersecting the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the Great Miami until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the territorial line, and thence with the same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid.

text: Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court held that, based on the wording of the cessation of territory by Virginia (which at that time included what is now Kentucky and West Virginia), the boundary between Ohio and Kentucky (and, by implication, West Virginia) is the northern low-water mark of the river as it existed in 1792.[31] Ohio has only that portion of the river between the river's 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark.

text: The border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River.

text: Much of Ohio features glaciated till plains, with an exceptionally flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. This glaciated region in the northwest and central state is bordered to the east and southeast first by a belt known as the glaciated Allegheny Plateau, and then by another belt known as the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills and forests.

text: The rugged southeastern quadrant of Ohio, stretching in an outward bow-like arc along the Ohio River from the West Virginia Panhandle to the outskirts of Cincinnati, forms a distinct socio-economic unit. Geologically similar to parts of West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, this area's coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. In 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to "address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region."[32] This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia.[33] While 1/3 of Ohio's land mass is part of the federally defined Appalachian region, only 12.8% of Ohioans live there (1.476 million people.)[34]

text: Significant rivers within the state include the Cuyahoga River, Great Miami River, Maumee River, Muskingum River, and Scioto River. The rivers in the northern part of the state drain into the northern Atlantic Ocean via Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence River, and the rivers in the southern part of the state drain into the Gulf of Mexico via the Ohio River and then the Mississippi.

text: The worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, including the downtown business district of Dayton. As a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States.[35]

text: Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the canal-building era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles (52 km2), was the largest artificial lake in the world. Ohio's canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their industrial emergence to location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state.

text: Climate

text: The climate of Ohio is a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa/Dfb) throughout most of the state except in the extreme southern counties of Ohio's Bluegrass region section which are located on the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and Upland South region of the United States. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold. Precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round. Severe weather is not uncommon in the state, although there are typically fewer tornado reports in Ohio than in states located in what is known as the Tornado Alley. Severe lake effect snowstorms are also not uncommon on the southeast shore of Lake Erie, which is located in an area designated as the Snowbelt.

text: Although predominantly not in a subtropical climate, some warmer-climate flora and fauna does reach well into Ohio. For instance, a number of trees with more southern ranges, such as the blackjack oak, Quercus marilandica, are found at their northernmost in Ohio just north of the Ohio River. Also evidencing this climatic transition from a subtropical to continental climate, several plants such as the Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), Albizia julibrissin (mimosa), Crape Myrtle, and even the occasional Needle Palm are hardy landscape materials regularly used as street, yard, and garden plantings in the Bluegrass region of Ohio; but these same plants will simply not thrive in much of the rest of the State. This interesting change may be observed while traveling through Ohio on Interstate 75 from Cincinnati to Toledo; the observant traveler of this diverse state may even catch a glimpse of Cincinnati's common wall lizard, one of the few examples of permanent "subtropical" fauna in Ohio.

text:
Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Ohio[36]

Location
July (°F)
July (°C)
January (°F)
January (°C)

Columbus
85/65
29/18
36/22
2/–5

Cleveland
82/64
28/18
34/21
1/–5

Cincinnati
86/66
30/19
39/23
3/–5

Toledo
84/62
29/17
32/18
0/–7

Akron
82/62
28/16
33/19
0/–7

Dayton
87/67
31/19
36/22
2/–5

Canton
82/62
28/16
33/19
1/–7

text: Records

text: The highest recorded temperature was 113 °F (45 °C), near Gallipolis on July 21, 1934.[37] The lowest recorded temperature was −39 °F (−39 °C), at Milligan on February 10, 1899,[38] during the Great Blizzard of 1899.[39]

text: Earthquakes

text: Although few have registered as noticeable to the average resident, more than 30 earthquakes occurred in Ohio between 2002 and 2007, and more than 200 quakes with a magnitude of 2.0 or higher have occurred since 1776.[40]

text: The most substantial known earthquake in Ohio history was the Anna (Shelby County) earthquake,[41] which occurred on March 9, 1937. It was centered in western Ohio, and had a magnitude of 5.4, and was of intensity VIII.[42]

text: Other significant earthquakes in Ohio include:[43] one of magnitude 4.8 near Lima on September 19, 1884;[44] one of magnitude 4.2 near Portsmouth on May 17, 1901;[45] and one of 5.0 in LeRoy Township in Lake County on January 31, 1986, which continued to trigger 13 aftershocks of magnitude 0.5 to 2.4 for two months.[46][47]

text: The most recent earthquake in Ohio of any appreciable magnitude occurred on December 31, 2011, at 3:05pm EST. It had a magnitude of 4.0, and its epicenter was located approximately 4 kilometres northwest of Youngstown (41°7′19.1994″N 80°41′2.3994″W / 41.121999833°N 80.683999833°W / 41.121999833; -80.683999833), near the Trumbull/Mahoning county border.[48]

text: The Ohio Seismic Network (OhioSeis), a group of seismograph stations at several colleges, universities, and other institutions, and coordinated by the Division of Geological Survey of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources,[49] maintains an extensive catalog of Ohio earthquakes from 1776 to the present day, as well as earthquakes located in other states whose effects were felt in Ohio.[50]

text: Major cities

text:
v
t
e

Largest cities or towns in Ohio
Source:[51]

Rank
Name
County
Pop.

Columbus

Cleveland
1
Columbus
Franklin
860,090

Cincinnati

Toledo

2
Cleveland
Cuyahoga
385,809

3
Cincinnati
Hamilton
298,800

4
Toledo
Lucas
278,508

5
Akron
Summit
197,542

6
Dayton
Montgomery
140,599

7
Parma
Cuyahoga
79,425

8
Canton
Stark
71,885

9
Youngstown
Mahoning
64,312

10
Lorain
Lorain
63,647

text: Columbus (home of The Ohio State University, Franklin University, Capital University, and Ohio Dominican University) is the capital of Ohio, near the geographic center of the state.

text: Other Ohio cities functioning as centers of United States metropolitan areas include:

text:
Akron (home of University of Akron, Akron Art Museum, and Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company)
Canton (home of Pro Football Hall of Fame, Malone University, and The Timken Company)
Cincinnati (home of University of Cincinnati, Xavier University, Cincinnati Museum Center, Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Procter & Gamble, Kroger, Macy's Inc., and Fifth Third Bank)
Cleveland (home of Cleveland State University, Playhouse Square Center, The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Cleveland Orchestra, Case Western Reserve University, The Cleveland Clinic, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Forest City Enterprises, and University Hospitals)
Dayton (home of University of Dayton, Dayton Ballet, Wright State University, Premier Health Partners, and National Museum of the United States Air Force)
Lima (home of University of Northwestern Ohio)
Mansfield (home of North Central State College and Mansfield Motorsports Park)
Sandusky (home of Cedar Point, and Kalahari Resort and Convention Center)
Springfield (home of Wittenberg University)
Steubenville (home of Franciscan University of Steubenville)
Toledo (home of The University of Toledo, The Toledo Museum of Art, Owens Corning, and Owens-Illinois)
Youngstown (home of Youngstown State University and Butler Institute of American Art).

text: Note: The Cincinnati metropolitan area extends into Kentucky and Indiana, the Steubenville metropolitan area extends into West Virginia, The Toledo metropolitan area extends into Michigan, and the Youngstown metropolitan area extends into Pennsylvania.

text: Ohio cities that function as centers of United States micropolitan areas include:

text:
Ashland (home of Ashland University)
Ashtabula
Athens (home of Ohio University)
Bellefontaine
Bucyrus
Cambridge
Celina
Chillicothe (home of Ohio University-Chillicothe)
Coshocton
Defiance (home of Defiance College)
Findlay (home of The University of Findlay)
Fremont
Greenville
Marion (home of Marion Popcorn Festival)
Mount Vernon (home of Mount Vernon Nazarene University)
New Philadelphia-Dover
Norwalk (home of the NHRA venue Summit Motorsports Park, headquarters of the International Hot Rod Association, and pioneer automobile company Fisher Body)
Oxford (home of Miami University)
Portsmouth (home of Shawnee State University)
Salem
Sidney
Tiffin (home of Heidelberg College and Tiffin University)
Urbana (home of Urbana University)
Van Wert
Wapakoneta (birthplace of Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong)
Washington Court House
Wilmington (home of Wilmington College)
Wooster (home of The College of Wooster)
Zanesville (home of Zane State College).

text: History

text: Native Americans

text: Archeological evidence suggests that the Ohio Valley was inhabited by nomadic people as early as 13,000 BC.[52] These early nomads disappeared from Ohio by 1,000 BC, "but their material culture provided a base for those who followed them".[attribution needed][52] Between 1,000 and 800 BC, the sedentary Adena culture emerged. As Ohio historian George W. Knepper notes, this sophisticated culture was "so named because evidences of their culture were excavated in 1902 on the grounds of Adena, Thomas Worthington's estate located near Chillicothe".[53] The Adena were able to establish "semi-permanent" villages because they domesticated plants, which included squash, sunflowers, and perhaps corn. Cultivation of these in addition to hunting and gathering supported more settled, complex villages.[53] The most spectacular remnant of the Adena culture is the Great Serpent Mound, located in Adams County, Ohio.[53]

text: Around 100 BC, the Adena evolved into the Hopewell people, who were named for the farm owned by Captain M. C. Hopewell, where evidence of their unique culture was discovered.[54] Like the Adena, the Hopewell people participated in a mound-building culture. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated earthworks can be found in modern-day Marietta, Newark, and Circleville.[54] They were also a powerful trading society, managing to knit together a network that passed goods throughout a third of the continent.[55] The Hopewell, however, disappeared from the Ohio Valley in about 600 AD. Little is known about the people who replaced them, although many Siouan-speaking peoples from the Plains & East Coast claim them as ancestors & say they lived throughout the Ohio region until approx. the 13th century.[56] It is possible that the rise of the Mississippian Culture was the downfall of the Hopewell, as they began to rise to prominence on the Mississippi River around the same time that the Hopewell Culture died out.

text: Researchers have identified three additional, distinct prehistoric cultures: the Fort Ancient people, the Whittlesey Focus people [56] & the Monongahela Culture.[57] All three cultures apparently disappeared in the 17th century, perhaps decimated by infectious diseases spread in epidemics from early European contact. The Native Americans had no immunity to common European diseases. No one has ever definitively concluded which historically known peoples they may have been analogous to. That being said, it is generally believed that the Shawnees may have absorbed the Fort Ancient people.[56] It's also possible that the Monongahela held no land in Ohio during by the Colonial Era. The Mississippian Culture were close to, contemporaneous with, and traded extensively with the Fort Ancient people.

text: American Indians in the Ohio Valley were greatly affected by the aggressive tactics of the Iroquois Confederation, based in central and western New York.[58] After the Beaver Wars in the mid-17th century, the Iroquois claimed much of the Ohio country as hunting and, more importantly, beaver-trapping ground. After the devastation of epidemics and war in the mid-17th century, which largely emptied the Ohio country of indigenous people by the mid-to-late 17th century, the land gradually became repopulated by the mostly Algonquian. Many of these Ohio-country nations were multi-ethnic (sometimes multi-linguistic) societies born out of the earlier devastation brought about by disease, war, and subsequent social instability. They subsisted on agriculture (corn, sunflowers, beans, etc.) supplemented by seasonal hunts. By the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by European entry into the fur trade.[59]

text: The indigenous nations to inhabit Ohio in the historical period included the Iroquoian Petun (known for their Tobacco plantations), Erie (thought to have been from Northeast Ohio & western Pennsylvania, but may have come from Canada), Chonnonton (Conquered their way down from Canada during Beaver Wars before being defeated by the Iroquois Confederacy & their allies), Wyandot (a group of Petun who became isolated around Cleveland after the Beaver Wars. Commonly mistaken for the Huron, whom most surviving Petun later joined),[60] the Mingo Seneca (split off from the Iroquois Confederacy & moved to Ohio in 18th century. Remained approx. 100 years.) & the Iroquois Confederacy (conquered most of Ohio at the bequest of the English in the 1660s. Pushed back to Pennsylvania by French in 1701.), The Algonquian Miami (Mostly from Indiana.), Mascouten (close sister tribe to Miamis. Scattered during Beaver Wars. Mostly relocated to Kentucky) Lenape (Arrived around the turn of the 18th century from east coast), Shawnee (Seceded from Powhatan Confederacy. Eventually came to Ohio River & most likely merged with several other lesser known people in the region) & Odawa (part of a Confederacy that surrounded Lake Superior. Relocated to Michigan & Northwest Ohio around the American Revolution.) & the Siouan Mosopelea (moved to Arkansas during Beaver Wars).[61][62] Ohio country was also the site of Indian massacres, such as the Yellow Creek Massacre, Gnadenhutten and Pontiac's Rebellion school massacre.[63] Most Native Peoples who remained in Ohio were slowly bought out and convinced to leave, or ordered to do so by law, in the early 19th century with the Indian Removal Act of 1830.

text: Colonial and Revolutionary eras

text: During the 18th century, the French set up a system of trading posts to control the fur trade in the region. Beginning in 1754, France and Great Britain fought a war that was known in North America as the French and Indian War and in Europe as the Seven Years' War. As a result of the Treaty of Paris, the French ceded control of Ohio and the remainder of the Old Northwest to Great Britain.

text: Pontiac's Rebellion in the 1760s, however, posed a challenge to British military control.[64] This came to an end with the colonists' victory in the American Revolution. In the Treaty of Paris in 1783, Britain ceded all claims to Ohio country to the United States.

text: Northwest Territory: 1787–1803

text: The United States created the Northwest Territory under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.[65] Slavery was not permitted in the new territory. Settlement began with the founding of Marietta by the Ohio Company of Associates, which had been formed by a group of American Revolutionary War veterans. Following the Ohio Company, the Miami Company (also referred to as the "Symmes Purchase") claimed the southwestern section, and the Connecticut Land Company surveyed and settled the Connecticut Western Reserve in present-day Northeast Ohio.

text: The old Northwest Territory originally included areas previously known as Ohio Country and Illinois Country. As Ohio prepared for statehood, the Indiana Territory was created, reducing the Northwest Territory to approximately the size of present-day Ohio plus the eastern half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the eastern tip of the Upper Peninsula.

text: Under the Northwest Ordinance, areas of the territory could be defined and admitted as states once their population reached 60,000. Although Ohio's population numbered only 45,000 in December 1801, Congress determined that the population was growing rapidly and Ohio could begin the path to statehood. The assumption was that it would exceed 60,000 residents by the time it was admitted as a state. Furthermore, in regards to the Leni Lenape Native Americans living in the region, Congress decided that 10,000 acres on the Muskingum River in the present state of Ohio would "be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the Moravian Brethren ... or a society of the said Brethren for civilizing the Indians and promoting Christianity".[66]

text: Statehood: 1803–present

text: On February 19, 1803, U.S. President Thomas Jefferson signed an act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution.[67] However, Congress had never passed a resolution formally admitting Ohio as the 17th state. The current custom of Congress declaring an official date of statehood did not begin until 1812,[disputed – discuss] with Louisiana's admission as the 18th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, Ohio congressman George H. Bender introduced a bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803, the date on which the Ohio General Assembly first convened.[68] At a special session at the old state capital in Chillicothe, the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood that was delivered to Washington, D.C. on horseback. On August 7, 1953 (the year of Ohio's 150th anniversary), President Eisenhower signed a congressional joint resolution that officially declared March 1, 1803, the date of Ohio's admittance into the Union.[68][69][70]

text: Ohio has had three capital cities: Chillicothe, Zanesville, and Columbus. Chillicothe was the capital from 1803 to 1810. The capital was then moved to Zanesville for two years, as part of a state legislative compromise, in order to get a bill passed. The capital was then moved back to Chillicothe, which was the capital from 1812 to 1816. Finally, the capital was moved to Columbus, in order to have it near the geographic center of the state, where it would be more accessible to most citizens.

text: Although many Native Americans had migrated west to evade American encroachment, others remained settled in the state, sometimes assimilating in part. Shawnee leader Tecumseh led an American Indian confederacy in Tecumseh's Rebellion, from 1811 to 1813. In 1830 under President Andrew Jackson, the US government forced Indian Removal of most tribes to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.

text: In 1835, Ohio fought with Michigan in the Toledo War, a mostly bloodless boundary war over the Toledo Strip. Only one person was injured in the conflict. Congress intervened, making Michigan's admittance as a state conditional on ending the conflict. In exchange for giving up its claim to the Toledo Strip, Michigan was given the western two-thirds of the Upper Peninsula, in addition to the eastern third that was already considered part of the state.

text: Ohio's central position and its population gave it an important place during the Civil War. The Ohio River was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were Ohio's railroads. The industry of Ohio made the state one of the most important states in the union during the Civil war. Ohio contributed more soldiers per-capita than any other state in the Union. In 1862, the state's morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the battle of Shiloh, a costly victory in which Ohio forces suffered 2,000 casualties.[71] Later that year, when Confederate troops under the leadership of Stonewall Jackson threatened Washington, D.C., Ohio governor David Tod still could recruit 5,000 volunteers to provide three months of service.[72] From July 12 to July 23, 1863, Southern Ohio and Indiana were attacked in Morgan's Raid. While this raid was insignificant and small, it aroused fear among people in Ohio and Indiana.[73] Almost 35,000 Ohioans died in the conflict, and 30,000 were physically wounded.[74] By the end of the Civil War, the Union's top three generals–Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, and Philip Sheridan–were all from Ohio.[75][76]

text: In 1912 a Constitutional Convention was held with Charles B. Galbreath as secretary. The result reflected the concerns of the Progressive Era. It introduced the initiative and the referendum. In addition, it allowed the General Assembly to put questions on the ballot for the people to ratify laws and constitutional amendments originating in the Legislature. Under the Jeffersonian principle that laws should be reviewed once a generation, the constitution provided for a recurring question to appear on Ohio's general election ballots every 20 years. The question asks whether a new convention is required. Although the question has appeared in 1932, 1952, 1972, and 1992, it has never been approved. Instead constitutional amendments have been proposed by petition to the legislature hundreds of times and adopted in a majority of cases.

text: Eight US Presidents hailed from Ohio at the time of their elections, giving rise to its nickname "Mother of Presidents", a sobriquet it shares with Virginia. It is also termed "Modern Mother of Presidents",[77] in contrast to Virginia's status as the origin of presidents earlier in American history. Seven Presidents were born in Ohio, making it second to Virginia's eight. Virginia-born William Henry Harrison lived most of his life in Ohio and is also buried there. Harrison conducted his political career while living on the family compound, founded by his father-in-law, John Cleves Symmes, in North Bend, Ohio. The seven presidents born in Ohio were Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Benjamin Harrison (grandson of William Henry Harrison), William McKinley, William Howard Taft and Warren G. Harding.

text: Demographics

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1800
45,365

—

1810
230,760

408.7%

1820
581,434

152.0%

1830
937,903

61.3%

1840
1,519,467

62.0%

1850
1,980,329

30.3%

1860
2,339,511

18.1%

1870
2,665,260

13.9%

1880
3,198,062

20.0%

1890
3,672,329

14.8%

1900
4,157,545

13.2%

1910
4,767,121

14.7%

1920
5,759,394

20.8%

1930
6,646,697

15.4%

1940
6,907,612

3.9%

1950
7,946,627

15.0%

1960
9,706,397

22.1%

1970
10,652,017

9.7%

1980
10,797,630

1.4%

1990
10,847,115

0.5%

2000
11,353,140

4.7%

2010
11,536,504

1.6%

Est. 2017
11,658,609

1.1%

Source: 1910–2010[78]
2015 Estimate

text: Population

text: From just over 45,000 residents in 1800, Ohio's population grew at rates of over 10% per decade (except for the 1940 census) until the 1970 census, which recorded just over 10.65 million Ohioans.[79] Growth then slowed for the next four decades.[80] The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Ohio was 11,613,423 on July 1, 2015, a 0.67% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[81] Ohio's population growth lags that of the entire United States, and Caucasians are found in a greater density than the United States average. As of 2000[update], Ohio's center of population is located in Morrow County,[82] in the county seat of Mount Gilead.[83] This is approximately 6,346 feet (1,934 m) south and west of Ohio's population center in 1990.[82]

text: As of 2011, 27.6% of Ohio's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups.[84]

text: 6.2% of Ohio's population is under 5 years of age, 23.7 percent under 18 years of age, and 14.1 percent were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51.2 percent of the population.

text: Birth data

text: Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

text:
Live Births by Race/Ethnicity of Mother

Race
2013[85]
2014[86]
2015[87]

White
109,749 (79.0%)
110,003 (78.9%)
109,566 (78.7%)

> Non-Hispanic White
104,059 (74.9%)
104,102 (74.6%)
103,586 (74.4%)

Black
24,952 (18.0%)
24,931 (17.9%)
25,078 (18.0%)

Asian
3,915 (2.8%)
4,232 (3.0%)
4,367 (3.1%)

Native
320 (0.2%)
301 (0.2%)
253 (0.2%)

Hispanic (of any race)
6,504 (4.7%)
6,884 (4.9%)
6,974 (5.0%)

Total Ohio
138,936 (100%)
139,467 (100%)
139,264 (100%)

text: Ancestry

text: According to the 2010 United States Census, the racial composition of Ohio was the following:[88][89]

text:
White American: 82.7% (Non-Hispanic Whites: 81.1%)
Black or African American: 12.2%
Native American: 0.2%
Asian: 1.7% (0.6% Indian, 0.4% Chinese, 0.1% Filipino, 0.1% Korean, 0.1% Vietnamese, 0.1% Japanese)
Pacific Islander: 0.03%
Two or more races: 2.1%
Some other race: 1.1%
Hispanic or Latinos (of any race) make up 3.1% (1.5% Mexican, 0.8% Puerto Rican, 0.1% Guatemalan, 0.1% Cuban)

text:
Ohio Racial Breakdown of Population

[hide]Racial composition
1990[90]
2000[91]
2010[92]

White
87.8%
85.0%
82.7%

African American
10.6%
11.5%
12.2%

Asian
0.8%
1.2%
1.7%

Native
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%

Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander
–
–
–

Other race
0.5%
0.8%
1.1%

Two or more races
–
1.4%
2.1%

text: In 2010, there were 469,700 foreign-born residents in Ohio, corresponding to 4.1% of the total population. Of these, 229,049 (2.0%) were naturalized US citizens and 240,699 (2.1%) were not.[1] The largest groups were:[93] Mexico (54,166), India (50,256), China (34,901), Germany (19,219), Philippines (16,410), United Kingdom (15,917), Canada (14,223), Russia (11,763), South Korea (11,307), and Ukraine (10,681). Though predominantly white, Ohio has large black populations in all major metropolitan areas throughout the state, Ohio has a significant Hispanic population made up of Mexicans in Toledo and Columbus, and Puerto Ricans in Cleveland and Columbus, and also has a significant and diverse Asian population in Columbus.

text: The largest ancestry groups (which the Census defines as not including racial terms) in the state are:[1][94]

text:
26.5% German
14.1% Irish
9.0% English
6.4% Italian
3.8% Polish
2.5% French
1.9% Scottish
1.7% Hungarian
1.6% Dutch
1.5% Mexican
1.2% Slovak
1.1% Welsh
1.1% Scotch-Irish

text: Ancestries claimed by less than 1% of the population include Sub-Saharan African, Puerto Rican, Swiss, Swedish, Arab, Greek, Norwegian, Romanian, Austrian, Lithuanian, Finnish, West Indian, Portuguese and Slovene.

text: Languages

text: About 6.7% of the population age 5 years and over reported speaking a language other than English, with 2.2% of the population speaking Spanish, 2.6% speaking other Indo-European languages, 1.1% speaking Asian and Austronesian languages, and 0.8% speaking other languages.[1] Numerically: 10,100,586 spoke English, 239,229 Spanish, 55,970 German, 38,990 Chinese, 33,125 Arabic, and 32,019 French. In addition 59,881 spoke a Slavic language and 42,673 spoke another West Germanic language according to the 2010 Census.[95] Ohio also had the nation's largest population of Slovene speakers, second largest of Slovak speakers, second largest of Pennsylvania Dutch (German) speakers, and the third largest of Serbian speakers.[96]

text: Religion

text: According to a Pew Forum poll, as of 2008, 76% of Ohioans identified as Christian.[97] Specifically, 26% of Ohio's population identified as Evangelical Protestant, 22% as Mainline Protestant, and 21% as Catholic.[97] 17% of the population is unaffiliated with any religious body.[97] 1.3% (148,380) were Jewish.[98] There are also small minorities of Jehovah's Witnesses (1%), Muslims (1%), Hindus (<0.5%), Buddhists (<0.5%), Mormons (<0.5%), and other faiths (1-1.5%).[97]

text: According to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA), in 2010 the largest denominations by adherents were the Catholic Church with 1,992,567; the United Methodist Church with 496,232; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 223,253, the Southern Baptist Convention with 171,000, the Christian Churches and Churches of Christ with 141,311, the United Church of Christ with 118,000, and the Presbyterian Church (USA) with 110,000.[99] With about 70,000 people in 2015 Ohio had the second largest Amish population of all states of the US.[100]

text: According to the same data, a majority of Ohioans, 55%, feel that religion is "very important," 30% say that it is "somewhat important," and 15% responded that religion is "not too important/not important at all."[97] 36% of Ohioans indicate that they attend religious services at least once weekly, 35% attend occasionally, and 27% seldom or never participate in religious services.[97]

text:
Religion in Ohio (2014)[101]

Religion

Percent

Protestant

53%

Catholic

18%

None

22%

Mormon

1%

Jewish

1%

Jehovah's Witness

1%

Muslim

1%

Buddhist

1%

Other faith

2%

text: Economy

text: In 2010, Ohio was ranked No. 2 in the country for best business climate by Site Selection magazine, based on a business-activity database.[102] The state has also won three consecutive Governor's Cup awards from the magazine, based on business growth and developments.[103] As of 2016[update], Ohio's gross domestic product (GDP) was $626 billion.[104] This ranks Ohio's economy as the seventh-largest of all fifty states and the District of Columbia.[105]

text: The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council ranked the state No. 10 for best business-friendly tax systems in their Business Tax Index 2009, including a top corporate tax and capital gains rate that were both ranked No. 6 at 1.9%.[106] Ohio was ranked No. 11 by the council for best friendly-policy states according to their Small Business Survival Index 2009.[107] The Directorship's Boardroom Guide ranked the state No. 13 overall for best business climate, including No. 7 for best litigation climate.[108] Forbes ranked the state No. 8 for best regulatory environment in 2009.[109] Ohio has 5 of the top 115 colleges in the nation, according to U.S. News and World Report's 2010 rankings,[110] and was ranked No. 8 by the same magazine in 2008 for best high schools.[111]

text: Ohio's unemployment rate stands at 4.5% as of February 2018, [112], down from 10.7% in May 2010.[113][114] The state still lacks 45,000 jobs compared to the prerecession numbers of 2007.[115] The labor force participation as of April 2015 is 63%, slightly above the national average.[115] Ohio's per capita income stands at $34,874.[105][116] As of 2016[update], Ohio's median household income is $52,334, [117] and 14.6% of the population is below the poverty line [118]

text: The manufacturing and financial activities sectors each compose 18.3% of Ohio's GDP, making them Ohio's largest industries by percentage of GDP.[105] Ohio has the third largest manufacturing workforce behind California and Texas. [119] [120]Ohio has the largest bioscience sector in the Midwest, and is a national leader in the "green" economy. Ohio is the largest producer in the country of plastics, rubber, fabricated metals, electrical equipment, and appliances.[121] 5,212,000 Ohioans are currently employed by wage or salary.[105]

text: By employment, Ohio's largest sector is trade/transportation/utilities, which employs 1,010,000 Ohioans, or 19.4% of Ohio's workforce, while the health care and education sector employs 825,000 Ohioans (15.8%).[105] Government employs 787,000 Ohioans (15.1%), manufacturing employs 669,000 Ohioans (12.9%), and professional and technical services employs 638,000 Ohioans (12.2%).[105] Ohio's manufacturing sector is the third-largest of all fifty United States states in terms of gross domestic product.[105] Fifty-nine of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies (by revenue in 2008) are headquartered in Ohio, including Procter & Gamble, Goodyear Tire & Rubber, AK Steel, Timken, Abercrombie & Fitch, and Wendy's.[122]

text: Ohio is also one of 41 states with its own lottery,[123] the Ohio Lottery.[124] The Ohio Lottery has contributed over $15.5 billion to public education in its 34-year history.[125]

text: Transportation

text: Ground travel

text: Many major east-west transportation corridors go through Ohio. One of those pioneer routes, known in the early 20th century as "Main Market Route 3", was chosen in 1913 to become part of the historic Lincoln Highway which was the first road across America, connecting New York City to San Francisco. In Ohio, the Lincoln Highway linked many towns and cities together, including Canton, Mansfield, Wooster, Lima, and Van Wert. The arrival of the Lincoln Highway to Ohio was a major influence on the development of the state. Upon the advent of the federal numbered highway system in 1926, the Lincoln Highway through Ohio became U.S. Route 30.

text: Ohio also is home to 228 miles (367 km) of the Historic National Road, now U.S. Route 40.

text: Ohio has a highly developed network of roads and interstate highways. Major east-west through routes include the Ohio Turnpike (I-80/I-90) in the north, I-76 through Akron to Pennsylvania, I-70 through Columbus and Dayton, and the Appalachian Highway (State Route 32) running from West Virginia to Cincinnati. Major north-south routes include I-75 in the west through Toledo, Dayton, and Cincinnati, I-71 through the middle of the state from Cleveland through Columbus and Cincinnati into Kentucky, and I-77 in the eastern part of the state from Cleveland through Akron, Canton, New Philadelphia and Marietta south into West Virginia. Interstate 75 between Cincinnati and Dayton is one of the heaviest traveled sections of interstate in Ohio.

text: Ohio also has a highly developed network of signed state bicycle routes. Many of them follow rail trails, with conversion ongoing. The Ohio to Erie Trail (route 1) connects Cincinnati, Columbus, and Cleveland. U.S. Bicycle Route 50 traverses Ohio from Steubenville to the Indiana state line outside Richmond.[126]

text: Ohio has several long-distance hiking trails, the most prominent is the Buckeye Trail which is a 1,444-mile (2,324 km)[1] hiking trail that loops around the state of Ohio. Part of it is on roads and part is on wooded trail. Additionally, the North Country Trail (the longest of the eleven National Scenic Trails authorized by Congress) and the American Discovery Trail (a system of recreational trails and roads that collectively form a coast-to-coast route across the mid-tier of the United States) pass through Ohio. Much of these 2 trails coincide with the Buckeye Trail.

text: Air travel

text: Ohio has 5 international airports, 4 commercial and 2 military. The 5 international includes Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, John Glenn Columbus International Airport, and Dayton International Airport, Ohio's third largest airport. Akron Fulton International Airport handles cargo and for private use. Rickenbacker International Airport is one of two military airfields which is also home to the 7th largest FedEx building in America.[citation needed] The other military airfield is Wright Patterson Air Force Base which is one of the largest Air Force bases in the United States. Other major airports are located in Toledo and Akron.

text: Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport is in Hebron, Kentucky and therefore is not listed above.

text: Transportation lists

text:
List of Ohio state highways
List of Ohio train stations
List of Ohio railroads
List of Ohio rivers
Historic Ohio Canals

text: Law and government

text: The state government of Ohio consists of the executive,[127] judicial,[128] and legislative[129] branches.

text: Executive branch

text: The executive branch is headed by the Governor of Ohio.[127] The current governor is John Kasich,[13] a Republican elected in 2010. A lieutenant governor succeeds the governor in the event of any removal from office,[130] and performs any duties assigned by the governor.[131] The current lieutenant governor is Mary Taylor. The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the secretary of state (Jon A. Husted), auditor (Dave Yost), treasurer (Josh Mandel), and attorney general (Mike DeWine).[127]

text: Judicial branch

text: There are three levels of the Ohio state judiciary. The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each county maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over "all justiciable matters".[132] The intermediate-level court system is the district court system.[133] Twelve courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in a set geographical area.[132] A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected.[132]

text: The highest-ranking court, the Ohio Supreme Court, is Ohio's "court of last resort".[134] A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own discretion, hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters.[135]

text: Legislative branch

text: The Ohio General Assembly is a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives.[136] The Senate is composed of 33 districts, each of which is represented by one senator. Each senator represents approximately 330,000 constituents.[137] The House of Representatives is composed of 99 members.[138]

text: National politics

text: This section needs to be updated. In particular: Missing up-to-date information on current voter demographics.. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2017)

text:
Presidential elections results[139]

Year
Republican
Democratic

2016
51.69% 2,841,005
43.56% 2,394,164

2012
47.60% 2,661,437
50.58% 2,827,709

2008
46.80% 2,677,820
51.38% 2,940,044

2004
50.81% 2,859,768
48.71% 2,741,167

2000
49.97% 2,351,209
46.46% 2,186,190

1996
41.02% 1,859,883
47.38% 2,148,222

1992
38.35% 1,894,310
40.18% 1,984,942

1988
55.00% 2,416,549
44.15% 1,939,629

1984
58.90% 2,678,560
40.14% 1,825,440

1980
51.51% 2,206,545
40.91% 1,752,414

1976
48.65% 2,000,505
48.92% 2,011,621

1972
59.63% 2,441,827
38.07% 1,558,889

1968
45.23% 1,791,014
42.95% 1,700,586

1964
37.06% 1,470,865
62.94% 2,498,331

1960
53.28% 2,217,611
46.72% 1,944,248

text: Ohio, nicknamed the "Mother of Presidents," has sent seven of its native sons (Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley, William Howard Taft, and Warren G. Harding) to the White House.[140] All seven were Republicans. Virginia native William Henry Harrison, a Whig, resided in Ohio.[140] Historian R. Douglas Hurt asserts that not since Virginia "had a state made such a mark on national political affairs".[141] The Economist notes that "This slice of the mid-west contains a bit of everything American — part north-eastern and part southern, part urban and part rural, part hardscrabble poverty and part booming suburb",[142] Ohio is the only state that has voted for the winning Presidential candidate in each election since 1964, and in 33 of the 37 held since the Civil War. No Republican has ever won the presidency without winning Ohio.

text: As of 2008[update], Ohio's voter demographic leans towards the Democratic Party.[143] An estimated 2,408,178 Ohioans are registered to vote as Democrats, while 1,471,465 Ohioans are registered to vote as Republicans.[143][dead link] These are changes from 2004 of 72% and 32%, respectively, and Democrats have registered over 1,000,000 new Ohioans since 2004.[143][dead link] Unaffiliated voters have an attrition of 15% since 2004, losing an estimated 718,000 of their kind.[143][dead link] The total now rests at 4,057,518 Ohioans.[143][dead link] In total, there are 7,937,161 Ohioans registered to vote.[143][dead link] In United States presidential election of 2008, then-Senator Barack Obama of Illinois won 51.50% of Ohio's popular vote, 4.59 percentage points more than his nearest rival, Senator John McCain of Arizona (with 46.91% of the popular vote).[144] However, Obama won only 22 of Ohio's 88 counties.[145] Since 2010, the Republicans have largely controlled Ohio state politics, including a super-majority in the state's House, a majority in the state Senate, the Governorship, etc.[146] As of 2014, the state Senate is 1 Republican away from a super-majority.[146]

text: Following the 2000 census, Ohio lost one congressional district in the United States House of Representatives, which leaves Ohio with 18 districts, and consequently, 18 representatives. The state lost two more seats following the 2010 Census, leaving it with 16 votes for the next 3 presidential elections in 2012, 2016 and 2020.[147] The 2008 elections, Democrats gained three seats in Ohio's delegation to the House of Representatives.[148] This leaves eight Republican-controlled seats in the Ohio delegation.[149] Ohio's U.S. Senators in the 112th Congress are Republican Rob Portman and Democrat Sherrod Brown.[150] Marcy Kaptur (D-9) is the dean, or most senior member, of the Ohio delegation to the United States House of Representatives.[151]

text: Education

text: Ohio's system of public education is outlined in Article VI of the state constitution, and in Title XXXIII of the Ohio Revised Code. Ohio University, the first university in the Northwest Territory, was also the first public institution in Ohio. Substantively, Ohio's system is similar to those found in other states. At the State level, the Ohio Department of Education, which is overseen by the Ohio State Board of Education, governs primary and secondary educational institutions. At the municipal level, there are approximately 700 school districts statewide. The Ohio Board of Regents coordinates and assists with Ohio's institutions of higher education which have recently been reorganized into the University System of Ohio under Governor Strickland. The system averages an annual enrollment of over 400,000 students, making it one of the five largest state university systems in the U.S.

text: Colleges and universities

text:
13 state universities

Bowling Green State University (Bowling Green)
Central State University (Wilberforce)
Cleveland State University (Cleveland)
Kent State University (Kent)
Miami University (Oxford)
The Ohio State University (Columbus)
Ohio University (Athens)
Shawnee State University (Portsmouth)
University of Akron (Akron)
University of Cincinnati (Cincinnati)
University of Toledo (Toledo)
Wright State University (Dayton/Fairborn)
Youngstown State University (Youngstown)

24 state university branch and regional campuses
46 private colleges and universities
6 free-standing state-assisted medical schools

Boonshoft School of Medicine (formerly known as The Wright State University School of Medicine)
Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University
Northeast Ohio Medical University
The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
University of Toledo College of Medicine (formerly Medical University of Ohio)

15 community colleges
8 technical colleges
24 independent non-profit colleges

text: Libraries

text: Ohio is home to some of the nation's highest-ranked public libraries.[152] The 2008 study by Thomas J. Hennen Jr. ranked Ohio as number one in a state-by-state comparison.[153] For 2008, 31 of Ohio's library systems were all ranked in the top ten for American cities of their population category.[152]

text:
500,000 books or more

Columbus Metropolitan Library (First)
Cuyahoga County Public Library (Second)
Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County (Tenth)

text: The Ohio Public Library Information Network (OPLIN) is an organization that provides Ohio residents with internet access to their 251 public libraries. OPLIN also provides Ohioans with free home access to high-quality, subscription research databases.

text: Ohio also offers the OhioLINK program, allowing Ohio's libraries (particularly those from colleges and universities) access to materials for the other libraries. The program is largely successful in allowing researchers for access to books and other media that might not be otherwise available.

text: Culture

text: Arts

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2017)

text: Sports

text: Professional sports teams

text: Ohio is home to major professional sports teams in baseball, basketball, football, hockey, lacrosse and soccer. The state's major professional sporting teams include: Cincinnati Reds (Major League Baseball),[154] Ohio Machine (Major League Lacrosse), Cleveland Indians (Major League Baseball),[155] Cincinnati Bengals (National Football League),[156] Cleveland Browns (National Football League),[156] Cleveland Cavaliers (National Basketball Association),[157] Columbus Blue Jackets (National Hockey League),[158] and the Columbus Crew (Major League Soccer).[159]

text: Ohio played a central role in the development of both Major League Baseball and the National Football League. Baseball's first fully professional team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869, were organized in Ohio.[160] An informal early 20th century American football association, the Ohio League, was the direct predecessor of the NFL, although neither of Ohio's modern NFL franchises trace their roots to an Ohio League club. The Pro Football Hall of Fame is located in Canton.

text: On a smaller scale, Ohio hosts minor league baseball, arena football, indoor football, mid-level hockey, and lower division soccer.

text: Individual sports

text: The Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course has hosted several auto racing championships, including CART World Series, IndyCar Series, NASCAR Nationwide Series, Can-Am, Formula 5000, IMSA GT Championship, American Le Mans Series and Rolex Sports Car Series. The Grand Prix of Cleveland also hosted CART races from 1982 to 2007. The Eldora Speedway is a major dirt oval that hosts NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, World of Outlaws Sprint Cars and USAC Silver Crown Series races.

text: Ohio hosts two PGA Tour events, the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational and Memorial Tournament. The Cincinnati Masters is an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 and WTA Premier 5 tennis tournament.

text: College sports

text: Ohio has eight NCAA Division I FBS college football teams, divided among three different conferences. It has also experienced considerable success in the secondary and tertiary tiers of college football divisions.

text: In Division I-A, representing the Big Ten, the Ohio State Buckeyes football team ranks 5th among all-time winningest programs,[citation needed] with seven national championships and seven Heisman Trophy winners. Their biggest rivals are the Michigan Wolverines, whom they traditionally play each year as the last game of their regular season schedule.

text: Ohio has six teams represented in the Mid-American Conference: the University of Akron, Bowling Green, Kent State, Miami University, Ohio University and the University of Toledo. The MAC headquarters are in Cleveland. The University of Cincinnati Bearcats represent Ohio in the American Athletic Conference.

text: State symbols

text: Ohio's state symbols:

text:
State capital: Columbus[4] (1816)[161]
State herb capital: Gahanna (1972)[162]


document_title: Paraiso (Smokey Mountain album)

question_text: paraiso by smokey mountain what is the song all about

root

text: Paraiso (Smokey Mountain album)

text: Background[edit]

text: Having to choose between formal schooling and a "two-year, two album" contract for release in Europe and the United States, original band members Tony Lambino and Jeffrey Hidalgo left the group, while Geneva Cruz pursued a solo career and released her first solo album "I Like You". The popularity of the group already reached its peak at the time of the departure of the group's three members. Because of this, Ryan Cayabyab—who formed, directed and conducted the group—held auditions to find new members to fill in the void of the three founding members who left the group. Cayabyab, then, reformed the group with remaining original member James Coronel, and three new members Shar Santos, Chedi Vergara, and Jayson Angangan. The second batch of the group were the ones who recorded the second album.

tag: p

text: Composition[edit]

text: "Da Coconut Nut" is described as a funny song with a "tropical" mood that Cayabyab wrote for Smokey Mountain, where he allowed himself to have fun, writing the song.[2] The song talks about the benefits of the coconut tree. The title track "Paraiso" is, ironic to its title, about a degrading environment filled with garbage and smog. Because of the commercial and critical success of the first batch's single "Kailan" which was led by Cruz, the second batch recorded a Boy's version of the song and released it as a single.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All songs were written and arranged by Ryan Cayabyab.[3]

text: Standard edition[edit]

text:
"King Philip"
"Nahan Ka?" [English: Where Are You?]
"Da Coconut Nut"
"Paraiso" [English: Paradise]
"Sama na Kayo" [English: Join Us]
"Wanna Say No"
"Kahit Habang Buhay" [English: Even for Life]
"Hideaway"
"Best Friend"
"Kailan" (Boy version) [English: When]
"Freedom"

tag: ol

text: Japan edition[edit]

text:
"King Philip"
"Tayo Na" [English: Come On]
"Nahan Ka?"
"Sama na Kayo"
"Wanna Say No"
"Kahit Habang Buhay"
"Da Cocnut Nut"
"Hideaway"
"Best Friend"
"Kailan" (Boy version)
"Freedom"

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Credits were taken from Titik Pilipino.[3]

text:
Jayson Angangan - vocals
Judd Berlin - executive producer
Ryan Cayabyab - arranger
James Coronel - vocals
Albert Godinez - mixing engineer
Mario Joson - cover design
Franklin Oria - recording engineer
Neil Oshima - photography
Jun Reyes - recording engineer
Shar Santos - vocals
Chedi Vergara - vocals

Recorded and mixed at Audio Captain

tag: ul

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Country
Provider
Certification
Sales

Philippines
PARI
8× Platinum[1]
253,800+[1]

tag: table

text: Release history[edit]

text:
Country
Released date
Label

Philippines
1991
Sony BMG

Japan
1992


document_title: Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream

question_text: who did permian play in friday night lights

text: Inspiration[edit]

text: Bissinger was a journalist for The Philadelphia Inquirer when he was selected as a Harvard Neiman Fellow. It was while he was at Harvard that the idea to write a book focused upon the role high school football plays within American society, in particular rural society, took hold. Bissinger returned to The Inquirer briefly, received a Pulitzer Prize, and then took off in search of a community for which high school football was paramount. He settled on Odessa, Texas. Permian High School and its football team, the Permian Panthers, had a substantial, rich history of winning in Texas' 4A and 5A division, having won championships in 1965, 1972, 1980, and 1984. Bissinger moved his family to Odessa and spent the entire 1988 football season with the Permian Panther players, their families, their coaches, and even many of the townspeople in an effort to understand the town and its football-mad culture.[citation needed]

text: Characters[edit]

text:
James "Boobie" Miles – Star fullback for Permian heading into the 1988 season. The previous season he had rushed for 1,385 yards and showed flashes of brilliance. This season would be the season for him to shine and lead the team to a Texas state championship. Boobie was being heavily recruited by major college football programs such as Nebraska, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Texas A&M and USC and had professional football aspirations before suffering a knee injury in the preseason. He would never recover 100% and eventually quit the team in a rage.
Mike Winchell, the starting quarterback for the Panthers. He is portrayed by Bissinger as a boy who is mostly level-headed, but prone to nerves. His play is unspectacular but effective. He feels a lot of pressure from the town and peers alike.
Brian Chavez – A very intelligent player. He is valedictorian of his class and attends Harvard University after graduating from Permian. He is a tight end and defensive lineman. He is mostly seen as an example of the good in Odessa, a diamond among rocks.
Ivory Christian, a Linebacker for the Panthers. A punishing hitter with excellent reflexes and athleticism, Christian is a religious person. He struggles to enjoy playing football, realizing that there should be more to life and spends much of his time in thought. He is the only senior player from the 1988 Panther football team to receive a Division I football scholarship, attending Texas Christian University.
Don Billingsley, a Permian halfback who frequently finds himself in trouble with the coaches. His father is a local legend for being a star player for Permian in the late 1960s, though Don is known more for his off the field activities, which at the time included drinking, fighting, and womanizing.
Jerrod McDougal, a Permian offensive tackle, who has sacrificed a lot to become varsity for Permian and, at 5'9", knows he is too small to play at the college level, so practices several times a day to bring himself to an advantage.
Gary Gaines, the head coach for Permian. A bright football mind who constantly deals with the pressures from the fans, the booster club, and the lofty expectations of being head coach for Permian.

text: Summary[edit]

text: In the 5A playoff semifinals, Permian meets Dallas Carter Cowboys, a predominantly black team. In a hard fought game in the rain at Memorial Stadium in Austin, the Panthers are defeated 14–9. Dallas Carter, led by future Miami Hurricanes and New York Giants linebacker Jessie Armstead, goes on to win the state championship, but faced severe penalties for their grade tampering, giving the state championship to Judson High School almost three years later.

text: The book ends with Coach erasing names of the seniors from his board and replacing them with names of the juniors who will replace them next season. Permian goes undefeated the next year, with future NFL player Stoney Case as quarterback, and becomes the 1989 Texas state football champions.

text: Chapters[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Prologue

text: Bissinger discusses the Midland Lee game, as Permian's arch rival. The game is played on October 28, 1988. He introduces the characters of Gary Gaines, Mike Winchell, Don Billingsley, Boobie Miles, Ivory Christian, Brian Chavez and Jerrod McDougal and gives insight into their personalities, thoughts and their pregame rituals. Former star, Boobie knows his performance against Midland Lee will be important for his future. He hasn't played well since August when he injured his knee in a preseason scrimmage, but the coaches never put Boobie in the game. Permian puts up a valiant fight but lose 22–21. After the game, a furious Boobie storms out of the locker room and quits the team two days later.

text: Chapter 1: Odessa

text: Bissinger begins the book at the start of the 1988 football season in August and how Gaines is preparing for it. Bissinger then chronicles the history of Odessa. It was founded in the 1880s by land speculators from Zanesville, Ohio. They advertised the land as being as fertile farmland like in Kansas and Iowa. However, the settlers quickly discovered that it was dry and arid. The town saw little growth until 1926 when oil was discovered in the Permian Basin (hence the high school's name). Almost overnight, the town boomed and it saw more growth in a month than it had seen in ten years. The population increased dramatically and money was everywhere. In town, the roads were so muddy that the oil workers, (nicknamed boomers), often had to bring in cattle to pull the equipment to the oil fields. According to the book, "diarrhea, lawlessness, overcrowding, bad water, prostitution, and a rat problem" plagued the town. Out in the oil fields, the boomers worked round the clock to make their money. Meanwhile, Odessa High School's football team garnered success by winning the state championship in 1946 and making it back to the championship in 1953, thus laying the foundation for football fanaticism. Another boom in the 1950s led to the opening of Permian High School in 1959. Permian proved quickly that it was not going to play second to Odessa High. They became known as the embodiment of Odessa: small, white and overachieving. Meanwhile, due to demographic shifts and oddly drawn boundaries, Odessa High became populated with mainly poor whites and poor Hispanics—while a substantial majority of the city's relatively small black population ended up in the Permian attendance zone. This is not to say, however, that Permian didn't have its share of poor people from all major ethnic groups.

text: Chapter 2: The Watermelon Feed

text: Bissinger talks about the Watermelon Feed held at Permian in August as a preseason celebration. He then chronicles the history of Permian football. Since its founding in 1959, it had won the state championship in 1965, 1972, 1980 and 1984. Despite the fact that it only won one state championship in the 1970s, Permian had statistically been the winningest team in the state of Texas. Bissinger then discusses the pressure that Gaines is constantly under because of how intensely devoted the Permian fans are. High school football is used as a distraction for the once thriving community of Odessa which had gone into a slump when the second boom ended.

text: Chapter 3: Boobie

text: This chapter focuses upon the black star fullback, James "Boobie" Miles, who is Permian's ticket to the state championship. Bissinger uses Boobie as an example of the negative effect high school football can have its players. Boobie is not a good student and doesn't have to worry about grades because he will most likely get a football scholarship to a major college. The dream seems all too real until, in August, during a scrimmage in Lubbock, Boobie injured his knee. With the season opener only a week away, no one knows what to do. Now the pressure is on quarterback Mike Winchell. Meanwhile, junior running back Chris Comer is called up to replace Boobie.

text: Chapter 4: Dreaming of Heroes

text: This chapter focuses upon the life of Mike Winchell, Permian's starting quarterback. Mike lived with his mother. His father, Billy, died when Mike was just thirteen. Billy had always been keen on Mike's playing football when he was a little kid. Mike's older brother, Joe Bill, took over that role but, in 1988, Joe Bill had moved out. Mike was very intelligent and received an offer of admission from Brown University but had prospects of playing football only at a smaller college. Don Billingsley is Permian's starting Tailback and son of the legendary Charlie Billingsley who played football in the 1960s. Don, whose mother had been a Permian cheerleader while Charlie played football, moved from Blanchard, Oklahoma to Odessa in 1986 before his sophomore year. Don and Charlie had always had a rocky relationship but it was all made better by football. Don was always inspired by his father's stories and always tried to live up to him. Yet, sometimes he faltered because he sometimes fumbled the ball on key plays.

text: Chapter 5: Black and White

text: Bissinger discusses the issue of race relations in Odessa which he describes as the ugliest racism he had ever witnessed. The town didn't desegregate until the 1980s and even then the schools were racially divided. Many viewed football as exploiting the talented black athletes by using them and then spitting them out afterwards.

text: Chapter 6: The Ambivalence of Ivory

text: Bissinger begins by discussing the life of Permian linebacker Ivory Christian. He originally thought he would go to Ector High School, where many poor blacks went, until Permian was desegregated in the early 1980s. Ivory had ambitions of becoming a minister at a Baptist church. Ivory gains these ambitions when he has a life changing dream that involves a dark tunnel and light. Because of this dream, Ivory decides that he will change his partying ways and turn his life over to God. Because of this decision, he becomes ambivalent towards football, what it represents, and for its beginning the inner battle between Homeric and Christian values.

text: Chapter 7: School Days

text: Bissinger spends the chapter discussing the situation at Permian High School. He highlights the misplaced priorities as well as bad spending. More money is spent on sports medical supplies than the entire English department. The teachers make less money than the coaches who are financially at the mercy of the boosters who seldom care about education. Permian's SAT scores have plummeted dramatically since the 1970s and no one seems to care as long as Permian wins football games. As a result, everyone including the football players suffers. As the season progresses, Permian begins winning games.

text: Chapter 8: East versus West

text: Bissnger discusses the Permian–Odessa High game. The cross town rivalry is fueled by the cultural difference between the schools. For one thing, Permian also got the majority of the Ector County education budget while Odessa High typically got what was left (which wasn't that much). Odessa High had once been the beacon of hope in the city. It won the 1946 state championship and did well overall. Then, Permian opened in 1959. The middle class whites went to Permian and the Mexicans went to Odessa High. Also, Permian hasn't lost to Odessa in over twenty years. Permian wins the game 35–7.

text: Chapter 9: Friday Night Politics

text: Bissinger discusses the political views in Odessa which has long been a Republican voting city. The 1988 election is coming up and it is clear that majority of its residents are going to vote for Republican candidate and then Vice President George H. W. Bush, who lived in the area in the 1940s and 1950s. They had loved Ronald Reagan so the choice was clear. Many view Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis as far too liberal and think he is out to destroy their way of life from his comfortable home in Massachusetts. Meanwhile, Permian rolls over Midland High School winning 35–0. Bissinger also discusses the life of Brian Chavez, the Permian tight end. Chavez is extremely smart and has ambitions of going to Harvard. His father Tony is a successful lawyer originally from El Paso, Texas. Tony had enlisted in the United States Army after high school. After he was discharged, he took his GI Bill money and decided to take law classes at Texas Tech in Lubbock eventually graduating with a law degree in 1978. He supported the family by working as a police officer in El Paso. On his trips between the two cities, he drove through Odessa and thought it was dirty, seedy and trashy, and so decided to work in Midland. However, once he graduated, he got a job offer in Odessa and moved his family there. In 1982, the family moved to the Country Club estates, the nicest part of town. Tony was, in many ways, the embodiment of the American dream.

text: Chapter 10: Boobie Who?

text: Bissinger discusses Boobie's football career after his injury. He thought the injury wasn't that serious and constantly tried to convince the coaches he could play. He played as a back up in several games but never got any serious playing time. But as Boobie's career is falling Mike Winchell's is soaring.

text: Chapter 11: Sisters

text: Bissinger discusses the Permian-Midland Lee rivalry. Even though the two towns were very similar, the hatred ran deep. Odessans viewed Midland as a town full of rich snobs and Midlanders view Odessa as a city full of rednecks, money burners and drunks. In 1983 an article in Forbes magazine named Midland one of the nicest places to live in America. At the same time, Newsweek named Odessa "Murder Capital U.S.A." with a record 29.8 murders per 100,000 residents. Bissinger traces the roots of the hatred to the second oil boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s. The boom had been brought by the oil embargo by OPEC as well as the Iranian Revolution, the 1973 Oil Crisis, the 1979 Energy Crisis and the Carter Energy Policy. Oil prices skyrocketed and for the second time in forty years the boom was on. People were making money left and right in both Midland and Odessa. There were stories of welders who could barely read making as much as $90,000 a year. Stories abounded of business men buying Lear jets and building huge homes for no other reason than the fact that they could. The oil executives thought they were in control of everything and didn't realize it was all circumstantial. Once the embargo ended, the boom was over. The final nail in the coffin was the closing of the First National Bank of Midland in October 1983 as a result of the 1980s oil glut and the Permian Basin never fully recovered. Bissinger also discusses the effects that the Reagan 1980s had on the Odessa-Midland Area.

text: Chapter 12: Civil War

text: After Permian loses to Midland Lee the fate of the season is unclear. Gaines is now under tremendous pressure and wonders if he will still have a job in a year's time. In two seasons Gaines had only gotten as far as the third round of playoffs. Boobie Miles quietly quits the team. Meanwhile, Jerrod McDougal, the Permian defensive tackle who knew he wouldn't play football in college, was devastated at the prospect of the season ending so early. Permian, Midland High and Midland Lee are all tied with one district loss each and only two can go to represent the district in the 1988 playoffs. It will be decided in a coin toss.

text: Chapter 13: Heads or Tails

text: Permian ends the regular season beating the San Angelo Bobcats 41–7. But now it all comes down to a coin toss. Coach Gaines and Mike Belew drive to meet the head coaches of Midland High and Midland Lee. The event is held at a truck stop on the south side of Midland at 2:00 am local time. The location is undisclosed and it is broadcast live on TV. When the coin toss finally happens there it is originally thought to be a tie. Then it turns out that Permian and Midland Lee landed heads and Midland High landed tails. The two teams will continue their seasons while Midland High's season is over.

text: Chapter 14: Friday Night addiction

text: The playoffs have finally arrived. Permian first defeats Tascosa High School in Amarillo 21–7. They then play Andress High School in El Paso in the Sun Bowl, winning 41–13. The Saturday after Thanksgiving, Permian beats the Irving Nimitz Vikings, a team ranked sixth in the state, 41–7. Bissinger also explores the fates of many famous Permian players and how many of them ended right back in Odessa. He cites these stories as key examples of the false world Permian football can have on its players. Permian then beats Arlington Lamar 21–7. But now it was on to play the team many called the best high school football team in the state if not the country—the David W. Carter High School Cowboys from Dallas.

text: Chapter 15: The Algebraic Equation

text: Bissinger spends the chapter discussing the football players at Dallas Carter High School, which is an all black upper middle class high school. The football obsession at Dallas Carter dwarfs the one at Permian. Players skipped classes, left school to get lunch, and had their grades fixed by teachers so that they could play. This led to a court case when a teacher, Will Bates, refused to lie about the algebra grade of a key player, Gary Edwards. The case was won and Dallas Carter got to continue their season. During the week of the game the coaches from Permian and Dallas Carter meet to decide where the game will be played. They eventually agree on Texas Memorial Stadium at the University of Texas at Austin. They also agree on a racially mixed officiating crew to minimize any possible bias from that source.

text: Chapter 16: Field of Dreams

text: Permian plays Dallas Carter on December 17, 1988. The game is extremely close with Permian initially ahead. Don Billingsley makes some great blocks. Ivory Christian makes an interception. Jerrod McDougal blocks exceptionally well, and Chris Comer moves the ball exceptionally well. But then a bad call in which the football bounced off the artificial turf of the field into a Carter receiver's hand. Carter then scores. Permian is now down 14–9. As the game draws to an end in the fourth quarter Permian gains the ball and starts gaining yards fast until finally the final seconds of the game are at hand with Permian on the Carter 24-yard line. Winchell gets ready to pass to Robert Brown. The ball is snapped, Winchell looks to Brown and throws the ball. It is incomplete. Permian loses 14–9. For the players, high school football is over and a big part of their lives has just ended. Right after the game the team heads home. McDougal, who loved football to death, lingered in the team locker room for a little longer than everyone else but eventually left to the locker room. Then Gaines and the coaches took down the magnetic names on the board. Bissinger ends the chapter saying, "The season had ended, but another one had begun. People everywhere, young and old were already dreaming of heroes."

text: Epilogue

text: A week later, Dallas Carter won the 1988 Texas state championship. For the players, the sense of entitlement and the feeling that they could do whatever they wanted to reach an all-time high. Gary Edwards got a full scholarship to the University of Houston. However, in May 1989, Edwards and several other players committed an armed robbery in Dallas. They were arrested and they were tried in September. It was then discovered they had committed as many as ten robberies prior. Edwards, who initially thought he would just get probation, was sentenced to 16 years in prison. After some review it was decided that because of grade changing on the player's[who?] action, Dallas Carter was stripped of their state championship.

text: Bissinger then discusses the fates of the 1988 Permian Panthers. Brian Chavez went to Harvard but quit the football team after only one day because there was no bond. He instead decided to play rugby. Boobie Miles played football at Ranger College, a junior college. Jerrod McDougal attended Odessa College and then Midland College. Although he missed football he could find happiness in the knowledge that Permian football would go on forever. Don Billingsley went back to Oklahoma and at first played football for East Central University but then he severely injured his knee and needed surgery. Ivory Christian went to play for Texas Christian University but quit playing football after his freshman year. Mike Winchell played football for Baylor University but said it wasn't as great as Permian and lost a lot of his abilities.

text: 1989 saw the price of oil rise as high as $20 a barrel. Yet that same year saw 46% of the nation's oil imported, the highest in twelve years. As a result, West Texas continued to suffer economically. That year Odessa was named the second-worst place to live in America by the Places Rated Almanac. Meanwhile, Permian was dominating on the football field. They redeemed themselves, beating Midland Lee 17–13. Permian continued to win in the playoffs and eventually got to the state championship. Among the players was quarterback Stoney Case who would eventually go on to play in the NFL for the Arizona Cardinals and Baltimore Ravens. Before the game Gary Gaines told the players, "Everybody in this room has paid a dear, dear price. That ought to make your effort that much more intense, that much more fanatical, because of all the hard work and sacrifice that's gone into getting you here. It ought to make you play that much harder. You represent a lot of people. We're gonna represent them well and we're gonna win this sucker!" The players then took the field. Odessa had gone through a ridiculous amount of change in the 1980s going from a place where anything was possible to a place where nothing was certain and everything was finite.[citation needed] Yet football had always been there. Bissinger ends the book by saying, "It would always go on just as Jerrod McDougal had realized, because it was a way of life. The Permian Panthers ended the decade the same way they had begun it. Two days before Christmas, they became the state football champions of Texas."

text: Investigation[edit]

text: While Bissinger, who had taken a leave of absence from reporting for The Philadelphia Inquirer to follow the team and write Friday Night Lights, was writing the book, the University Interscholastic League (UIL) investigated the Permian Panthers football program, alleging that Bissinger took players out to eat and paid for the meals while interviewing them for the book, a violation of amateur rules. He also paid for Boobie Miles' car for an interview.[1]

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The book's release during the 1990 season coincided with the investigation of the team for holding illegal off-season practices, which resulted in the team's being declared ineligible for the playoffs and thus not participating in the post season for only the second time since 1980. Permian's absence from the playoffs allowed San Angelo Central into the playoffs for only the 3rd time since 1966. The negative reaction to the playoff situation was exacerbated by the book, and many residents of Odessa received the book with responses ranging from mild indignation to threats of physical violence aimed at the book's author.[citation needed]

text: In response to the negative reaction in Odessa, a bookstore cancelled a booksigning by the author, and T-shirts possessed by the population bore the words, "Buzz off, Bissinger".[2]

text: However, over time, the accuracy of the story has held up. The book has been reprinted frequently, including a 2000 reprint with a new afterword by the author detailing the team's accomplishments in the early part of the 1990s followed by the demise of the program in the latter part of the decade.[citation needed]

text: In 2002, Sports Illustrated named Friday Night Lights the fourth-greatest book ever written about sports.[3]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The book inspired the short-lived television series Against the Grain (1993), starring a young Ben Affleck.

text: A movie version of Friday Night Lights was made and then released in the United States on October 6, 2004. It starred Billy Bob Thornton as Permian Coach Gary Gaines. The film was a box office and critical success and, in turn, spawned the critically acclaimed NBC television series of the same name, which ran five seasons from 2006–2011.[citation needed]


document_title: Declaration of war by Canada

question_text: what date did canada declare war on germany

text: Declaration of war by Canada

text: Second World War[edit]

text: Germany[edit]

text: After Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, the United Kingdom and France declared war on September 3.[2][3] To assert Canada's independence from the UK, as already established by the Statute of Westminster 1931, Canada's political leaders unnecessarily decided to seek the approval of the federal parliament to declare war.[1][2][4][5] Parliament was not scheduled to return until October 2, but returned to session early on September 7 to consider the declaration of war.[2][3][4][5][6]

text: On September 9, the House of Commons and Senate approved authorization for a declaration of war. The Cabinet then drafted an Order in Council to that effect. On September 10, Vincent Massey, Canada's High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, brought the document to King George VI, at the Royal Lodge, Windsor Great Park, for his signature,[7][8] whereupon Canada had officially declared war on Germany.[2][3][4][5][6][9] In his capacity as the government's official recorder for the war effort, Leonard Brockington noted: "King George VI of England did not ask us to declare war for him—we asked King George VI of Canada to declare war for us."[10][11][12]

text: Fascist Italy[edit]

text: On June 10, 1940, Italy declared war on France and the United Kingdom.[2][3][9] National Defence Minister Norman Rogers had been killed in a plane crash that day.[9] Both houses of parliament approved a declaration of war and the Cabinet issued the Order in Council the same day. It was submitted to the King and the proclamation was read by the Prime Minister to parliament the following day.[2][3][9]

text: Finland, Hungary, Romania, and Imperial Japan[edit]

text: Parliament adjourned on November 14, 1941, and was not scheduled to return until January 21, 1942.[2] At the urging of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom declared war on Finland on December 6, 1941.[13] At the UK's urging, the Canadian Cabinet the next day issued a proclamation declaring war on Finland,[13] Hungary, and Romania.[2]

text: On December 7, 1941 (December 8 in Japan), the Empire of Japan began an undeclared war upon the United Kingdom (invading Hong Kong and Malaya), Canada, and the United States (attacking Pearl Harbor).[3] Mackenzie King and the Cabinet decided to go to war with Japan that evening and issued a proclamation the following day declaring that, as of December 7, a state of war existed between Japan and Canada.[2][3][14] One day later, the US and UK also declared war on the Japanese Empire.[3] These proclamations were presented by Mackenzie King to the House of Commons when parliament returned on January 21, 1942.[2]


document_title: Anti-Federalism

question_text: which term refers to the group who opposed the constitution

text: Anti-Federalism

text: History[edit]

text: During the American Revolution and its immediate aftermath, the term federal was applied to any person who supported the colonial union and the government formed under the Articles of Confederation. After the war, the group that felt the national government under the Articles was too weak appropriated the name Federalist for themselves. Historian Jackson Turner Main wrote, "to them, the man of 'federal principles' approved of 'federal measures,' which meant those that increased the weight and authority or extended the influence of the Confederation Congress."[1]

text: As the Federalists moved to amend the Articles, eventually leading to the Constitutional Convention, they applied the term anti-federalist to their opposition. The term implied, correctly or not, both opposition to Congress and unpatriotic motives. The Anti-Federalists rejected the term, arguing that they were the true Federalists. In both their correspondence and their local groups they tried to capture the term. For example, an unknown anti-federalist signed his public correspondence as "A Federal Farmer" and the New York committee opposing the Constitution was called the "Federal Republican Committee." However the Federalists carried the day and the name Anti-Federalist forever stuck.[1]

text: The Anti-Federalists were composed of diverse elements, including those opposed to the Constitution because they thought that a stronger government threatened the sovereignty and prestige of the states, localities, or individuals; those that claimed a new centralized, disguised "monarchic" power that would only replace the cast-off despotism of Great Britain with the proposed government;[2] and those who simply feared that the new government threatened their personal liberties. Some of the opposition believed that the central government under the Articles of Confederation was sufficient. Still others believed that while the national government under the Articles was too weak, the national government under the Constitution would be too strong. Another complaint of the Anti-Federalists was that the Constitution provided for a centralized—rather than federal—government (and in The Federalist Papers, James Madison admits that the new Constitution has the characteristics of both a centralized and federal form of the government) and that a truly federal form of government was a leaguing of states as under the Articles of Confederation.

text: During the period of debate over the ratification of the Constitution, numerous independent local speeches and articles were published all across the country. Initially, many of the articles in opposition were written under pseudonyms, such as "Brutus" (likely Melancton Smith[3]), "Centinel" (likely Samuel Bryan), and "Federal Farmer." Eventually, famous revolutionary figures such as Patrick Henry came out publicly against the Constitution. They argued that the strong national government proposed by the Federalists was a threat to the rights of individuals and that the President would become a king. They objected to the federal court system created by the proposed constitution. This produced a phenomenal body of political writing; the best and most influential of these articles and speeches were gathered by historians into a collection known as the Anti-Federalist Papers in allusion to the Federalist Papers.

text: In many states the opposition to the Constitution was strong (although Delaware, Georgia, and New Jersey ratified quickly with little controversy), and in two states—North Carolina and Rhode Island—it prevented ratification until the definite establishment of the new government practically forced their adherence. Individualism was the strongest element of opposition; the necessity, or at least the desirability, of a bill of rights was almost universally felt.[2] In Rhode Island resistance against the Constitution was so strong that civil war almost broke out on July 4, 1788, when anti-federalist members of the Country Party led by Judge William West marched into Providence with over 1,000 armed protesters.[4]

text: The Anti-Federalists played upon these feelings in the ratification convention in Massachusetts. By this point, five of the states had ratified the Constitution with relative ease, but the Massachusetts convention was far more bitter and contentious. Finally, after long debate, a compromise (known as the "Massachusetts compromise") was reached. Massachusetts would ratify the Constitution with recommended provisions in the ratifying instrument that the Constitution be amended with a bill of rights. (The Federalists contended that a conditional ratification would be void, so the recommendation was the strongest support that the ratifying convention could give to a bill of rights short of rejecting the Constitution.)

text: Four of the next five states to ratify, including New Hampshire, Virginia, and New York, included similar language in their ratification instruments. As a result, once the Constitution became operative in 1789, Congress sent a set of twelve amendments to the states. Ten of these amendments were immediately ratified and became known as the Bill of Rights, with one of the other two becoming the 27th Amendment—almost 200 years later. Thus, while the Anti-Federalists were unsuccessful in their quest to prevent the adoption of the Constitution, their efforts were not totally in vain. Anti-Federalists thus became recognized as an influential group among the founding fathers of the United States.

text: With the passage of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, the Anti-Federalist movement was exhausted. Some activists joined the Anti-Administration Party that James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were forming about 1790–91 to oppose policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton; it soon became the Democratic-Republican Party.[5]

text: Notable Anti-Federalists[edit]

text:
Patrick Henry[6]
Samuel Adams[7]
George Mason[6]
Richard Henry Lee[8]
Robert Yates[citation needed]
James Monroe[6]
Amos Singletary[9]

Mercy Otis Warren[10]
George Clinton[11]
Melancton Smith[6]
Arthur Fenner[citation needed]
James Winthrop[6]
Luther Martin[12]
Thomas Jefferson[13]