document_title: Three-point field goal

question_text: when did the 3 point shot start in high school

text: Three-point field goal

text: History[edit]

text: The three-point line was first tested at the collegiate level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule. At the direction of Abe Saperstein, the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961. Its three-point line was a radius of 25 feet (7.62 m) from the baskets, except along the sides.[2] The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963–64 season.

text: The three-point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association after its introduction in the 1967–68 season. Then commissioner of the ABA George Mikan stated the three-pointer "would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans."[3] During the 1970s, the ABA used the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association (NBA).

text: In the 1979–80 season, after having tested it in the previous pre-season, the NBA adopted the three-point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick.[4] Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979. Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets also made one on the same day.

text: The sport's international governing body, FIBA, introduced the three-point line in 1984, at a distance of 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in).

text: The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a 22-foot (6.71 m) line for the 1980–81 season.[5][6] Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three-point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980.[6][7][8] Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three-pointer. The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in (5.41 m) in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and as far away as 22 feet in the Big Sky Conference.[9] Used in conference play, it was adopted by the NCAA for the 1986–87 men's season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m), and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987.[10] In the same 1986–87 season, the NCAA adopted the three-pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis, using the same 19 ft 9 in distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987–88.[11] In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's three-point distance to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), with the rule coming into effect at the beginning of the 2008–09 season.[12] The NCAA women's three-point distance was moved to match the men's distance in 2011–12.[11] American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA.[13]

text: During the 1994–95, 1995–96, and 1996–97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) (22 ft (6.71 m) at the corners) to a uniform 22 ft (6.71 m) around the basket. From the 1997–98 season on, the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in (22 ft at the corners, with a 3 inch differential). Ray Allen is currently the NBA all-time leader in career made three-pointers with 2,973.[14]

text: In 2008, FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm (19.69 in) to 6.75 m (22 ft 1 3⁄4 in), with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010. In December 2012, the WNBA announced that it would be using FIBA's distance, too, as of the 2013 season. The NBA has discussed adding a four-point line, according to president Rod Thorn.[15]

text: Rule specifications[edit]

text: A three-point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket, and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc. In the NBA and FIBA standard, the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline. The three-point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline. The unusual formation of the three-point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three-point shot at the corners of the court; the arc would be less than 2 feet (0.61 m) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc. In the NCAA and American high school standards, the arc spans 180° around the basket, then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline (5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres). The distance of the three-point line to the center of the hoop varies by level:

text:
Arc radius
Minimum distance from sidelines

National Basketball Association
23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m)
3 feet (0.91 m)
[16]

FIBA (also used by WNBA)
6.75 meters (22 ft 2 in)
0.90 meters (2 ft 11 in)
[17]

National Collegiate Athletic Association
20 feet 9 inches (6.32 m)
4 feet 3 inches (1.30 m)
[18]

American High school basketball
19 feet 9 inches (6.02 m)
5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m)
[19]

text: A player's feet must be completely behind the three-point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three-point attempt; if the player's feet are on or in front of the line, it is a two-point attempt. A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three-point attempt, as long as the ball is released in mid-air.

text: An official raises his/her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt. If the attempt is successful, he/she raises his/her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three-point goal. The official must recognize it for it to count as three points. Instant replay has sometimes been used, depending on league rules. The NBA,[20] WNBA, FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose. In NBA, FIBA, and WNBA games, video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game, after reviewing the video. However, in late game situations, play may be paused pending a review.

text: If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three-pointer and subsequently misses the shot, the shooter is awarded three free-throw attempts. If a player completes a three-pointer while being fouled, the player is awarded one free-throw for a possible 4-point play. Conceivably, if a player completed a three-pointer while being fouled, and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul, the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5-point play.

text: Related concepts[edit]

text: Major League Lacrosse features a two-point line which forms a 15-yard (14 m) arc around the front of the goal. Shots taken from behind this line count for two points, as opposed to the standard one point.

text: In gridiron football, a standard field goal is worth three points; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four-point field goals. NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball's three-point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards (46 m) or more was worth four points. The Arena Football League awards four points for any successful drop kicked field goal (like the three-point shot, the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick, as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable, and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does).

text: During the existence of the World Hockey Association in the 1970s, there were proposals for two-point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance (one proposal was a 44-foot (13.4m) arc, which would have intersected the faceoff circles), but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the NHL. It was widely believed that long-distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill (usually resulting more from goalies' vision being screened or obscured), plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two-point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game.

text: The Super Goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football, in which a 50-meter (55 yd) arc determines the value of a goal; within the arc, it is the usual 6 points, but 9 points are scored for a "super goal" scored from outside the arc. To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper.[21]

text: The National Professional Soccer League II, which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play, also used a three-point line, drawn 45 feet (14 m) from the goal. It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues.


document_title: Otis Day and the Knights

question_text: who sang shout in the movie animal house

root

text: Otis Day and the Knights

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Otis Day and the Knights was originally created as a fictional band to perform in the movie National Lampoon's Animal House. They are best known for their version of "Shout" and "Shama Lama Ding Dong". Both songs were sung by Lloyd Williams, and lip synched by Dewayne Jessie in the film. The name of the band performing it in the film was Otis Day and The Knights. "Shout" was written by the Isley Brothers. Otis Day was played by DeWayne Jessie, brother of Young Jessie of The Coasters. Robert Cray was one of the members of the band, seen playing bass in the movie. And for generations helped introduce new music to a legion of fans that love Motown

tag: p

text: Otis Day and the Knights have toured as a real-life band.


document_title: List of FIFA World Cup finals

question_text: how many times have england been in the workd cup final

text: List of FIFA World Cup finals

text: List of finals[edit]

text:
Key to the list of finals

Match was won during extra time

Match was won on a penalty shoot-out

text: The "Year" column refers to the year the World Cup was held, and wikilinks to the article about that tournament. The wikilinks in the "Final score" column point to the article about that tournament's final game. Links in the "Winners" and "Runners-up" columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries, not the articles for the countries.

tag: ul

text:
List of finals matches, their venues and locations, the finalists, and final scores

Year

Winners

Final score[2]

Runners-up

Venue

Location

Attendance

References

1930

Uruguay

4–2

 Argentina

Estadio Centenario

Montevideo, Uruguay

80,000

[7][8]

1934

Italy

  2–1[n 3]

 Czechoslovakia

Stadio Nazionale PNF

Rome, Italy

50,000

[9][10]

1938

Italy

4–2

 Hungary

Stade Olympique de Colombes

Paris, France

45,000

[11][12]

1950[n 4]

Uruguay

2–1[n 5]

 Brazil

Estádio do Maracanã

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

199,854[13]

[14][15]

1954

West Germany

3–2

 Hungary

Wankdorf Stadium

Bern, Switzerland

60,000

[16][17]

1958

Brazil

5–2

 Sweden

Råsunda Stadium

Solna, Sweden

51,800

[18][19]

1962

Brazil

3–1

 Czechoslovakia

Estadio Nacional

Santiago, Chile

69,000

[20][21]

1966

England

  4–2[n 6]

 West Germany

Wembley Stadium

London, England

93,000

[22][23]

1970

Brazil

4–1

 Italy

Estadio Azteca

Mexico City, Mexico

107,412

[24][25]

1974

West Germany

2–1

 Netherlands

Olympiastadion

Munich, West Germany

75,200

[26][27]

1978

Argentina

  3–1[n 7]

 Netherlands

Estadio Monumental

Buenos Aires, Argentina

71,483

[28][29]

1982

Italy

3–1

 West Germany

Santiago Bernabéu

Madrid, Spain

90,000

[30][31]

1986

Argentina

3–2

 West Germany

Estadio Azteca

Mexico City, Mexico

114,600

[32][33]

1990

West Germany

1–0

 Argentina

Stadio Olimpico

Rome, Italy

73,603

[34][35]

1994

Brazil

  0–0[n 8]

 Italy

Rose Bowl

Pasadena, United States

94,194

[36][37]

1998

France

3–0

 Brazil

Stade de France

Saint-Denis, France

80,000

[38][39]

2002

Brazil

2–0

 Germany

International Stadium

Yokohama, Japan

69,029

[40][41]

2006

Italy

  1–1[n 9]

 France

Olympiastadion

Berlin, Germany

69,000

[42][43]

2010

Spain

  1–0[n 10]

 Netherlands

Soccer City

Johannesburg, South Africa

84,490

[44][45]

2014

Germany

  1–0[n 11]

 Argentina

Estádio do Maracanã

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

74,738

[46][47]

2018

France

4–2

 Croatia

Luzhniki Stadium

Moscow, Russia

78,011

Upcoming finals

Year

Team 1

v

Team 2

Venue

Location

Attendance

References

2022

Lusail Iconic Stadium

Lusail, Qatar

2026

TBD

United States

text: Results[edit]

text:
Results by nation

National team

Wins

Runners-up

Total finals

Years won

Years runners-up

 Brazil

5

2

7

1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, 2002

1950, 1998

 Germany

4

4

8

1954, 1974, 1990, 2014

1966, 1982, 1986, 2002

 Italy

4

2

6

1934, 1938, 1982, 2006

1970, 1994

 Argentina

2

3

5

1978, 1986

1930, 1990, 2014

 France

2

1

3

1998, 2018

2006

 Uruguay

2

0

2

1930, 1950

–

 England

1

0

1

1966

–

 Spain

1

0

1

2010

–

 Netherlands

0

3

3

–

1974, 1978, 2010

 Czechoslovakia

0

2

2

–

1934, 1962

 Hungary

0

2

2

–

1938, 1954

 Sweden

0

1

1

–

1958

 Croatia

0

1

1

–

2018

text:
Results by confederation

Confederation

Appearances

Winners

Runners-up

UEFA

28

12

16

CONMEBOL

14

9

5

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ This follows FIFA's consideration that the national teams of West Germany/Germany, Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic, Yugoslavia/Serbia and Montenegro/Serbia, and USSR/Russia are combined respectively for record-keeping.[3]

Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers, but Brazil's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous "final" appearance for the team.

Jump up ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes.[9][10]

Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final, rather, the tournament was decided by a 4-team round robin phase.

Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage.

Jump up ^ Score was 2–2 after 90 minutes.[22][23]

Jump up ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes.[28][29]

Jump up ^ Score was 0–0 after 120 minutes. Brazil won 3–2 on penalties.[36][37]

Jump up ^ Score was 1–1 after 120 minutes. Italy won 5–3 on penalties.[42][43]

Jump up ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes.[44][45]

Jump up ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes.[46][47]

tag: ol


document_title: Ghostbusters II

question_text: what was the slime made of in ghostbusters 2

text: Ghostbusters II

text: Plot[edit]

text: After saving New York City from the demi-god Gozer, the Ghostbusters—Egon Spengler, Ray Stantz, Peter Venkman, and Winston Zeddemore—are sued for the property damage they caused, and barred from investigating the supernatural, forcing them out of business. Ray owns an occult bookstore and works as an unpopular children's entertainer with Winston, Egon works in a laboratory conducting experiments into human emotion, and Peter hosts a pseudo-psychic television show. Peter's former girlfriend Dana Barrett has had a son, Oscar, with an ex-husband, and works at the Museum of Modern Art. After an incident in which Oscar's baby carriage is controlled by an unseen force and drawn to a busy junction, Dana turns to the Ghostbusters for help. Meanwhile, Dana's colleague Dr. Janosz Poha is indoctrinated by the spirit of Vigo the Carpathian, a powerful legendary sixteenth-century tyrant and magician trapped in a painting in the gallery. Vigo orders Janosz to locate a child that Vigo can possess, allowing him to return to life on the New Year.

text: The Ghostbusters' investigation leads them to illegally excavate First Avenue at the point where the baby carriage stopped. Lowered underneath, Ray discovers a river of pink slime filling the abandoned Beach Pneumatic Transit line. Attacked by the slime after obtaining a sample, Ray accidentally causes a citywide blackout, and the Ghostbusters are arrested. They are found guilty of investigating the supernatural, but before they can be taken away, the slime taken as evidence reacts to the judge's angry outburst and explodes, releasing two ghosts who were murderers that the judge had executed that proceed to devastate the courtroom. The Ghostbusters imprison the ghosts in exchange for the restraining order being rescinded and that they be allowed to resume their Ghostbusting business.

text: Later, the slime invades Dana's apartment and attacks her and Oscar. She seeks refuge with Peter, and the two begin to renew their relationship. Investigating the slime and Vigo's history, the Ghostbusters discover that the slime reacts to emotions, and suspect that it has been generated by the negative attitudes of New Yorkers. While Peter and Dana have dinner together, Egon, Ray, and Winston explore the underground river of slime. While measuring the depth, Winston gets pulled into the flowing river, and Ray and Egon jump in after him. After they escape back to the surface Ray and Winston begin arguing, but Egon realizes that they are being influenced by the slime, so they strip off their clothes. They also learn the river is flowing directly to the museum.

text: The Ghostbusters go to the mayor with their suspicions, but are dismissed; the mayor's assistant, Jack Hardemeyer, has them committed to a psychiatric hospital to protect the mayor's interests as he runs for governor. Meanwhile, a spirit resembling Janosz kidnaps Oscar from Peter's apartment, and Dana pursues them to the museum alone. After she enters, the museum is covered with a barrier of impenetrable slime.

text: New Year's Eve sees a sudden increase of supernatural activity as the slime rises from the subway line and onto the city streets, causing widespread paranormal activity with ghosts attacking citizens. In response, the mayor fires Hardemeyer and has the Ghostbusters released. After heading to the museum, they are unable to breach the power of the slime barrier with their proton packs. Determining that they need a symbol of powerful positivity to rally the citizens and weaken the slime, the Ghostbusters use positively-charged mood slime, and a remix of "Higher and Higher" to animate the Statue of Liberty and pilot it through the streets before the cheering populace. As they arrive at the museum, the slime begins to recede and they use the Statue's torch to break through the museum's ceiling to attack Vigo and Janosz.

text: Janosz is neutralized with positively-charged slime, but Vigo immobilizes the Ghostbusters and attempts a transfer into Oscar's body. A chorus of "Auld Lang Syne" by the citizens outside weakens Vigo, returning him to the painting and freeing the Ghostbusters. Vigo momentarily possesses Ray, and the other Ghostbusters attack him with a combination of proton streams and positively-charged mood slime. Dressed in full Ghostbusters attire, Louis attacks the weakened slime barrier around the building with a proton stream of his own. This combination destroys Vigo and changes the painting to a likeness of the four Ghostbusters standing protectively around Oscar. Outside, the Ghostbusters receive a standing ovation from the crowd and, at a later ceremony to restore the Statue, the Key to the City from the mayor.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bill Murray as Peter Venkman
Dan Aykroyd as Ray Stantz
Sigourney Weaver as Dana Barrett
Harold Ramis as Egon Spengler
Rick Moranis as Louis Tully
Ernie Hudson as Winston Zeddemore
Annie Potts as Janine Melnitz
Peter MacNicol as Dr. Janosz Poha
Harris Yulin as Judge Stephen Wexler
Janet Margolin as Prosecuting Attorney "Kitten"
David Margulies as Mayor "Lenny"
Kurt Fuller as Jack Hardemeyer
William T. Deutschendorf and Hank J. Deutschendorf II as Baby Oscar
Wilhelm von Homburg as Vigo the Carpathian
Ivan Reitman as the voice of Slimer

text: Some notable cast members in the film include one of Bill Murray's siblings, Brian Doyle-Murray, who played the psychiatric doctor, Dan Aykroyd's niece, Karen Humber, who played one of the school children, and Ben Stein, who played a public works official for the mayor. Jason Reitman, son of director Ivan Reitman, plays the boy who insults the Ghostbusters at a birthday party. Cheech Marin is the dock supervisor who witnesses the arrival of the Titanic, and Philip Baker Hall is the city police chief. Bobby Brown is the doorman to Gracie Mansion when the Ghostbusters go to see the mayor of New York City (also performing on the soundtrack). The physical role of Vigo was played by Wilhelm von Homburg, and his dialog was dubbed by Max von Sydow.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: After the success of the first film and the animated series, The Real Ghostbusters, Columbia Pictures pressed the producers to make a sequel.[2] Dan Aykroyd, Harold Ramis and Ivan Reitman were uncomfortable with this, as the original film was intended to be conclusive and they wished to work on other projects. Eventually, they agreed and created a script.[3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2012)

text: At its release, Ghostbusters II was the biggest three-day opening weekend gross in history with $29.5 million,[4] a record that was broken one week later by Batman ($40.5 million).[5] Ghostbusters II eventually grossed $112.4 million in North America and $102.9 million internationally for a total of $215.3 million worldwide.[6]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Variety said the film had amusing visuals and a clever plot.[7] On their show, Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert gave the picture two thumbs down, disappointed that the film did not try anything new and like many sequels, merely re-treated the first film. Siskel stated "The film contains little comic invention. It looks as if the filmmakers, particularly the writers, simply didn't try to do anything special. As if they simply filmed the first draft." Ebert stated that he saw the movie in a theater in Michigan and out of a packed house, there was only one laugh.[8] Murray remarked how disappointed he was with it all as "Those special-effects guys took over. It was too much of the slime and not enough of us."

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Blu-ray version, released in September 2014, was scanned and mastered in 4K and preserves the original aspect ratio of 2.35:1. An earlier DVD version was also transferred in the correct scope ratio. The VHS and Laserdisc releases of Ghostbusters II were made differently, however: instead of being produced in either the original 2.35:1 or panned and scanned at 1.33:1, the movie was panned and scanned in a 1.66:1 frame. This version, often shown on television, shows slightly more image at the edges than a "proper" pan and scan version at 1.33:1.

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: A great deal of merchandise (such as coloring books) came out with the release of this film. As was the case with the Real Ghostbusters cartoon, the makers of this material may have wanted to avoid likeness fees and as a result, the main characters in these bear little resemblance to any other version of the characters.

text: As a tie-in with the release of the movie, approximately 3,100 Hardee’s fast food restaurants offered a kids meal-deal that included a toy called the “Ghostblaster”, a small noisemaker embossed with the movie’s signature logo on one side and made different sounds when one of two buttons were activated. However, officials at the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission deemed that the toy posed a potential choking hazard to small children because the toy was operated with small watch-sized batteries and recalled at least 2 million units.

text: Comic book adaptation[edit]

text: During this period, The Real Ghostbusters comic book produced by NOW Comics ran a three-part adaptation of the film, using the cartoon character designs instead of the likenesses of the actors. The overall story received minor alterations to run as a three-part series, and includes several scenes that were in the shooting script but were not included in the released movie. An example is a scene set after their first visit at the museum (and Ray's first encounter with Vigo). In this scene, Ray is momentarily possessed while driving the Ecto-1A, and as a result tries to crash the car and kill the Ghostbusters. They soon bring Ray around to his senses after speeding through New York streets, and he apologizes, unable to account for his actions. They never connect it to Vigo since, while possessed, Ray never mentions him. The comic panels further reinforce the movie's scene where Ray is briefly hypnotized by Vigo (leading to him being chosen as a host at the end).

text: Video games[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Ghostbusters II

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
1989

Genre
New jack swing,[9][10] R&B,[10] rap[10]

Length
45:40

Label
MCA

Ghostbusters soundtrack chronology

Ghostbusters
(1984)Ghostbusters1984
Ghostbusters II
(1989)
Ghostbusters
(2016)Ghostbusters2016

Singles from Ghostbusters II

"On Our Own"
Released: May 1989
"Ghostbusters"
Released: July 12, 1989

text:
Original Soundtrack Album[11]

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"On Our Own"
L.A. Reid, Babyface, Daryl Simmons[12][13]
Bobby Brown
4:54

2.
"Supernatural"
Jellybean Johnson, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
New Edition
4:34

3.
"The Promised Land"
Bobby Caldwell, Paul Gordon
James "J.T." Taylor
4:17

4.
"We're Back"
Bobby Brown, Dennis Austin, Larry White, Kirk Crumple Original
Bobby Brown
5:10

5.
"Spirit"
Doug E. Fresh, Bernard Wright
Doug E. Fresh and the Get Fresh Crew
5:03

6.
"Ghostbusters"
Ray Parker, Jr.
Run-D.M.C.
4:10

7.
"Flesh 'N Blood"
Danny Elfman
Oingo Boingo
4:17

8.
"Love is a Cannibal"
Elton John, Bernie Taupin
Elton John
3:54

9.
"Flip City"
Glenn Frey, Hawk Wolinski
Glenn Frey
5:12

10.
"Higher and Higher"
Gary Jackson, Carl Smith, Raynard Miner
Howard Huntsberry
4:09

Total length:
45:40

text: The film also features the original versions of "Ghostbusters" by Ray Parker, Jr. and "Higher and Higher" by Jackie Wilson, though neither appears on the soundtrack album.

text: The album was made available in digital form on Tuesday, May 27, 2014.

text: Cancelled sequel and reboot[edit]

text: In 1999, Dan Aykroyd wrote a script for a possible third film, titled Ghostbusters III: Hellbent.[14] In a 2004 interview, Bill Murray stated that he didn't want to appear in a potential third installment and for that reason, the cast considered replacing him with Ben Stiller.[15]

text: In 2014, after Harold Ramis' death, Ivan Reitman abandoned the project.[16] Film directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller were in talks to direct the film, but passed on the project, leading to its cancellation.[17] In August 2014, Paul Feig revealed that he was in talks for direct a third film in the franchise, but with women in the lead roles.[18] He later revealed that the film will be a reboot and not a sequel for Ghostbusters II. The rebooted Ghostbusters was released on July 15, 2016.


document_title: Legends of Tomorrow

question_text: who plays sarah in dc legends of tomorrow

text: Legends of Tomorrow

text: Premise[edit]

text: Time Master Rip Hunter goes rogue after Vandal Savage murders Hunter's family. Intending to stop Savage, Hunter recruits a team consisting of Ray Palmer / Atom, Sara Lance / White Canary, Martin Stein and Jefferson "Jax" Jackson, who combine to form the hero Firestorm, Kendra Saunders / Hawkgirl, Carter Hall / Hawkman, Leonard Snart / Captain Cold, and Mick Rory / Heat Wave. They discover that the Time Masters are backing Savage in his domination of the world in 2166 to facilitate a successful repulsion of a Thanagarian invasion. Due to Snart's sacrifice, the Time Masters are destroyed.

text: In season two, with the Time Masters defeated, the team guard the timeline themselves, and cope with Rip's absence after he disappears. However, they are plagued by the Legion of Doom, a time-travelling team led by Reverse Flash (Eobard Thawne), who has recruited versions of Damien Darhk, Malcolm Merlyn, and Leonard Snart to find the Biblical Spear of Destiny, with which they can alter their fates. The team is joined by Amaya Jiwe / Vixen, an African superhero from the Justice Society of America, and Nate Heywood / Steel, a modern-day historian who acquires the power to become solid metal and revert to normal skin.

text: In season three, the team discover that they created anachronisms throughout time, and Rip has formed the Time Bureau to help fix them. Rip tells the team of the demon Mallus, whose follower Nora Darhk has resurrected her father Damien and Amaya's granddaughter Kuasa, also recruiting Gorilla Grodd so that they can release Mallus from his prison by perverting history. The team loses both members of Firestorm, but is joined by Zari Tomaz, a hacktivist from 2042 whose air-controlling amulet is connected to Amaya's totem, and Wally West / Kid Flash, a speedster formerly under the tutelage of the Flash.

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedNielsen ratingsFirst airedLast airedRankAverage viewership(in millions)116January 21, 2016 (2016-01-21)May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)1353.16[3]217October 13, 2016 (2016-10-13)April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)1412.57[4]318October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)April 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)1702.24[5]416[6]October 22, 2018 (2018-10-22)[7]TBATBATBA

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm: A nuclear physicist focused on transmutation and also half of the superhero Firestorm with Jefferson Jackson. During “Crisis on Earth-X” he sacrifices himself to help the heroes escape Earth-X.[8][9][10] Graeme McComb portrays a young Stein in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.[11] The character was first introduced on The Flash.
Brandon Routh as Ray Palmer / Atom: A scientist, inventor, businessman and former CEO of Palmer Technologies who developed a power-suit that is now capable of size manipulation.[8][9] The character was first introduced on Arrow.
Arthur Darvill as Rip Hunter: A roguish time traveler and leader of the team, who hides the strains of being responsible for history itself behind a façade of charm and wit.[8][12] His goal is to defeat Vandal Savage, his archenemy throughout time, in order to save the world and his family. Aiden Longworth portrays a young Rip Hunter.[13] In the second season, Rip disappears and gives command of the Waverider to the Legends. He later returns, first as a film student in the 1960s who has no recollection of his past life, then as a brainwashed killer working for the Legion and later back to his original self. He remains with the team for a while but departs when he realizes that the Legends no longer need him as their captain. In the third season, he is the founder and leader of the Time Bureau.
Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary: A Star City vigilante and former League of Assassins member suffering from rage issues after being resurrected by the mystical Lazarus Pit.[8][9][14] In the second season, Sara becomes the leader of the Legends and captain of the Waverider. The character is partially based on the Black Canary and was first introduced on Arrow.
Franz Drameh as Jefferson "Jax" Jackson / Firestorm: A former Central City high school athlete whose pro career was derailed by an injury and now works as an auto mechanic.[8][15][16] He serves as the other half of the superhero Firestorm with Martin Stein. After Stein dies, Jax decides to leave the Waverider and return to the present as he is no longer a metahuman.[10] The producers decided to create Jax as the other half of Firestorm to have him be someone in his early 20s and different from Ronnie's Firestorm, bringing comedy and camaraderie with Stein.[17] The character was first introduced on The Flash.
Ciara Renée as Kendra Saunders / Hawkgirl: A young woman who is just beginning to learn that she has been repeatedly reincarnated over the centuries. When provoked, her ancient warrior persona manifests itself along with wings that grow out of her back.[8][18][19] She chooses to leave the team at the end of the first season.[20] Saunders is also known by her Egyptian name Chay-Ara, and Edith Boardman in the series. Anna Deavere Smith portrays an older Kendra in 1871, known as Cinnamon.[21][22] The character was first introduced on The Flash.
Falk Hentschel as Carter Hall / Hawkman: The latest reincarnation of the Egyptian prince Khufu who is fated to reincarnate throughout time along with his soulmate Kendra, with powers similar to hers.[19][23][24][25] A reincarnated version is recruited by Vandal Savage where he is known as Scythian Torvil before remembering his life as Carter Hall. He chooses to leave the team at the end of the first season.[20] Hall is also known by the name Joe Boardman in the series. Hentschel received guest credit in his subsequent appearances in season one after the character's death in "Pilot, Part 2." The character was first introduced on The Flash.[20][26]
Amy Pemberton (credited as Amy Louise Pemberton since season 3) voices Gideon: The artificial intelligence of the Waverider.[27] Pemberton portrays a physical version of the character in the second season episode, "Land of the Lost" and the third season episode "Here I Go Again".[28] An alternate version of Gideon (voiced by Morena Baccarin) was first introduced in The Flash.[27]
Dominic Purcell as Mick Rory / Heat Wave: An arsonist, career criminal, and accomplice of Leonard Snart who, in contrast to his partner, uses a heat gun capable of burning almost anything.[8][29] After being deserted in the past by Snart, he is recruited by the Time Masters and becomes the bounty hunter Chronos, who hunts the Legends, but later rejoins the team. Mitchell Kummen portrays a young Rory.[30] The character was first introduced on The Flash.
Wentworth Miller as Leonard Snart / Captain Cold: The son of a career criminal who turns to the quick and easy life of crime, and uses a cryonic gun to freeze objects and people on contact.[8][9] Trestyn Zradicka portrays a young Leo. At the end of the first season, Snart sacrifices himself to save his team. In the second season, the Legion of Doom[31] recruits a past version of Snart from before he joined the team with the promise of averting his future death. Following the Legion's defeat, Mick returns Snart to the exact moment where he was recruited by the Legion, wiping his memories in the process and ensuring that Snart will eventually join the Legends. During the "Crisis on Earth-X" event, a parallel universe version from Earth-X, Leonard "Leo" Snart / Citizen Cold is introduced; Leo temporarily joins the Legends. The character was first introduced on The Flash.
Matt Letscher as Eobard Thawne / Reverse Flash: A supervillain speedster from the future and the archenemy of the Flash. He is the leader of the Legion of Doom. His goal was to keep himself from being killed by Eddie Thawne back on The Flash. In the season 2 finale, he is defeated by the Legends and the Black Flash, apparently erasing Thawne from existence once again. The character was first introduced on The Flash.[32]
Maisie Richardson-Sellers as Amaya Jiwe / Vixen and Charlie: A member of the Justice Society of America in the 1940s who is able to magically channel the abilities of the animal kingdom thanks to the mysterious Tantu Totem. She is the grandmother of Mari McCabe, who is portrayed by Megalyn Echikunwoke in other Arrowverse series.[33] It was originally intended for the McCabe version of Vixen to be used in Legends as well, but Echikunwoke was unable to reprise the role due to previous commitments.[34] At the end of season 3, she returns to Zambesi. Charlie is introduced in season 4 as a "magical fugitive who slips through" the rift the Waverider crew opened.[35]
Nick Zano as Nathaniel Heywood / Steel: A historian from Star City who gains the ability to transform himself into a steel-like form, and is the grandson of Commander Steel, a member of the Justice Society of America.[36][37]
Tala Ashe as Zari Adrianna Tomaz: An American Muslim computer hacker from the year 2042 who possesses aerokinesis powers from a mystical amulet.[38]
Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash: A speedster from Keystone City, and later Central City, who was mentored by Barry Allen. He is the son of Joe West and the brother of Iris West, and looking for his place in the world.  The character was first introduced on The Flash.[39] He returned to Central City at the end of the fourth season finale of The Flash.[40]

text: Matt Ryan was announced as being promoted to a series regular for the fourth season ahead of its renewal, reprising his role as John Constantine, an English magician/warlock and con man from the short-lived series Constantine.[41] Jes Macallan and Courtney Ford have also been promoted to series regulars for the fourth season, after recurring as Ava Sharpe and Nora Darhk, respectively.[42][43] Lonsdale will not be a series regular in the fourth season.[40] Ramona Young has joined the cast as Alaska Yu, described as a young girl obsessed with fantasy novels who is “something of an expert in the world of the magical creatures that the Legends encounter."[44]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In January 2015, co-creator Greg Berlanti stated that there were "very early" preliminary talks for an additional spin-off series centered on Ray Palmer / Atom (Brandon Routh), from Arrow and The Flash.[45] In February 2015, it was reported that a spin-off series, described as a superhero team-up show, was in discussion by The CW for a possible 2015–16 midseason release. Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg, Marc Guggenheim, and Sarah Schechter would serve as executive producers. The potential series would be headlined by several recurring characters from both Arrow and The Flash, including Palmer, Leonard Snart (Wentworth Miller), and Dr. Martin Stein (Victor Garber). Caity Lotz was also mentioned to be among the main cast. There would be potential for other Arrow/Flash characters to cross over to the new series, and the series would be casting "three major DC Comics characters who have never appeared in a TV series".[9]

text: In March 2015, Stephen Amell, who portrays Oliver Queen / Green Arrow on Arrow, confirmed the series would air in the 2015–16 midseason. Additionally, Kreisberg stated more would be revealed about the nature of the series by the end of Arrow's third season, specifically why Lotz is slated to appear, given her previous character, Sara, was killed at the start of Arrow season three.[46] Berlanti also stated there was a particular reason for the other half of Firestorm—Ronnie Raymond (Robbie Amell), as seen on The Flash—not being mentioned in the initial cast announcement.[47] On the purpose of the series, Berlanti said it was designed to be "most similar to our crossover episodes, where you feel that 'event-iness', but all the time. For us, first and foremost, with all of [our shows], it's about 'how is it its own thing?' Because we don't just want to do it to do it." He also revealed the producers were focusing on "making sure that the villain that we have on [the] show is distinct too... another big character who hasn't been used yet."[48] Also in March, Dominic Purcell was revealed to be reprising his role as Heat Wave in the series,[29] and Blake Neely, composer of Arrow and The Flash, would serve as composer.[49] At the end of the month, Arthur Darvill was cast as Rip Hunter, one of the "new to TV" DC characters,[12] while Ciara Renée was cast as Kendra Saunders / Hawkgirl.[18] In April 2015, in a Variety article on the recent MipTV event, it noted the title for the series would be Legends of Tomorrow, despite it still being unconfirmed by those involved with the series.[50] Also in the month, Franz Drameh was cast as Jax Jackson.[15]

text: In May 2015, actor Victor Garber said that The CW was impressed with what was shown to them, giving the project a straight-to-series order.[51] The network officially confirmed the order for the series on May 7, 2015, as well as the official title, DC's Legends of Tomorrow.[8] Later in the month, it was confirmed that Lotz would reprise her role as Sara Lance, who would be taking the name White Canary,[14] as well as revealing the antagonist as Vandal Savage.[52] In June 2015, it was announced that Phil Klemmer had been made the series showrunner as well as executive producer;[53] Chris Fedak serves as executive producer and co-showrunner with Klemmer.[54] At the end of the month, Grant Gustin stated he would appear in the series as Barry Allen / Flash,[55] though he ultimately did not appear in the first season. In August 2015, Casper Crump was cast as Vandal Savage.[56]

text: On March 11, 2016, the series was renewed for a second season,[57] which debuted in October 2016.[58] The producers have considered adjusting the Legends team for additional seasons, with Joseph David-Jones' Connor Hawke and Megalyn Echikunwoke's Vixen potential additions.[59][60] For the second season, Klemmer revealed that Arrow writer Keto Shimizu and The Flash writer Grainne Godfree would be working on Legends in order to "make our stories work in concert" with Arrow and The Flash. Klemmer also noted the challenges of creating more crossover elements, since Amell and Gustin work full days for their respective shows. In terms of working within the Arrowverse, Klemmer said that the death of Laurel Lance on Arrow would "resonate into Season 2... [since] something that happens on Arrow can create ripples that appear on our show in a huge way. It fundamentally alters the DNA of our series."[61] The second season initially consisted of 13 episodes,[62] with four more ordered in November 2016 to bring the season total to 17.[63]

text: Teasing the premise of season two in April 2016, Klemmer stated, "We're coming at it from a completely different angle. We're determined to make every part of season two feel like its own show. [The first episode of season two] will very much be a new pilot with new good guys, new bad guys, new stakes, new dynamics, new goals. The team will basically have to find a new purpose. Once you save the world, what do you do then?... The fact that the world was in peril sort of forced our team to fall into its own dysfunctional version of lockstep. Season two, they're no longer going to be hunted by Time Masters. They're no longer going to be burdened with having to save the world. It's no longer going to be about saving Miranda and Jonas. The interesting thing about season two is I think it's going to have a much, much different tone because our Legends are going to have a totally different purpose. They're actually going to have a totally different constitution. There will be new faces and new everything."[61] The season also introduced members of the Justice Society of America.[64] The Society consisted of Hourman, Vixen, Commander Steel, Obsidian, Stargirl and Dr. Mid-Nite.[65] The season also featured a version of the Legion of Doom, composed of the Reverse-Flash, Malcolm Merlyn, Damien Darhk and Captain Cold.[31]

text: Filming[edit]

text: In May 2015, Garber revealed filming would begin in August 2015, for a January 2016 premiere.[51] The series shot a presentation for the network's upfront showcase, which was filmed over the course of one night, and directed by Arrow and The Flash veteran Dermott Downs.[10] Filming of the series began on September 9, 2015, in Vancouver, British Columbia.[66][67][68] Director/producer Glen Winter discussed in a January 2016 interview with Comic Book Resources the process of filming key elements of the series' pilot,

text: The new facet for Legends was that there's no #1 [actor] on the call sheet. There are seven or eight leads. For me, that was the intimidating part. I wasn't as worried about the action and tone as I was with wrangling all these personalities and finding out how they all work together. Or, how to shoot a scene with eight people in the Waverider, day after day.[69]

text: He stated of the series style of shooting on location as opposed to predominantly shooting on a soundstage,

text: As is typical with any pilot, most of the time you are going to shoot more on location. Because you don't necessarily know if you are going to have a show that's been picked up, they don't want to invest a lot of money in the infrastructure, so you end up shooting more on location. The only set that was built was the Waverider. That being said, because we knew there was a pickup for the show, it wasn't a conventional pilot. All the resources of construction went into the Waverider. That's continuing into the series. I don't think they tend to build much. I think they tend to adapt locations because there's so much time travel and so many eras to create.[69]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Legends of Tomorrow premiered in the United States on January 21, 2016,[70] and the first season consisted of sixteen episodes.[71] The series premiere in Australia was originally announced as January 20, 2016,[72][73] however it was pushed back until January 22.[74] It started airing in the United Kingdom on March 3, 2016.[75]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The pilot was well reviewed for its potential. Russ Burlingame from ComicBook.com praised it saying, "The series delivers a sharp, enjoyable pilot that's arguably the most attention-grabbing and entertaining from any of the current crop of superhero shows."[76] Jesse Schedeen of IGN gave the first part of the pilot episode a 7.7/10, praising the show's "epic scope", "fun character dynamics", and Arthur Darvill's performance;[77] and gave the second part of the pilot a 8.4/10, saying it "improved in its sophomore episode thanks to great character dynamics and superhero action".[78]

text: However, review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the complete first season only a 57% approval rating, with an average rating of 6.05/10 based on 37 reviews. The website's consensus reads: "Fancy effects, comic-book nostalgia, and an alluring cast help keep it afloat, but DC's Legends of Tomorrow suffers from an overloaded cast of characters that contribute to a distractingly crowded canvas."[79] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 58 out of 100 based on reviews from 22 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[80]

text: Rotten Tomatoes gave the second season a 77% approval rating, with an average rating of 6.06/10 based on 13 reviews. The website's consensus reads: "Though the narrative remains too ambitious, DC's Legends of Tomorrow enjoys a freer creative arc with the removal of problem characters."[81]

text: The third season holds an approval rating of 100% on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 7.98/10 based on 11 reviews.[82] while IGN gave the season an approval rating of  8.1 /10, stating : "When Legends of Tomorrow works, it's easily among the best superhero shows on television (if not shows in general). Unfortunately, while Season 3 reached some impressive highs, it also gave us some of the weakest installments of the series. Season 3 ultimately suffered from its inability to create a conflict worthy of this cast of misfit heroes, and that casts a shadow that will linger when the series returns for Season 4."[83]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)

Episodes

First aired

Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers(millions)
18–49 rating(average)

Date

Viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

1
Thursday 8:00 pm

16

January 21, 2016 (2016-01-21)

3.21[84]

May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)

1.85[85]
2015–16
135
3.16
1.2[86]

2
Thursday 8:00 pm (1–8)Tuesday 9:00 pm (9–17)

17

October 13, 2016 (2016-10-13)

1.82[87]

April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)

1.52[88]
2016–17
141
2.57
0.9[4]

3
Tuesday 9:00 pm (1–9)Monday 8:00 pm (10–18)

18

October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)

1.71[89]

April 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)

1.41[90]
2017–18
170
2.24
0.8[91]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

Ref.

2016

Saturn Awards

Best Superhero Adaption Television Series

Legends of Tomorrow

Nominated

[93]

The Joey Awards

Young Actor in a TV Series Featured Role 6–10 Years

Glen Gordon

Won

[94]

Young Actor in an Action TV Series Guest Starring/Principal Role

Aiden Longworth

Nominated

Cory Gruter-Andrew

Nominated

Mitchell Kummen

Won

Young Actor in a TV Series Recurring Role 6–9 Years

Kiefer O'Reilly

Won

2017

Leo Awards

Best Direction in a Dramatic Series

David Geddes

Nominated

[95]

Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series

Armen V. Kevorkian, Meagan Condito, Rick Ramirez, Andranik Taranyan, James Rorick

Nominated

Best Sound in a Dramatic Series

Kristian Bailey

Won

2018

Saturn Awards

Best Superhero Adaptation Television Series

Legends of Tomorrow

Nominated

[96]

Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV Actress: Action

Caity Lotz

Nominated

[97]

text: Home release[edit]

text:
Complete Season

DVD/Blu-ray Release dates

Additional info

Region 1/A

Region 2/B

Region 4/C

1

August 23, 2016[98]

August 29, 2016[99]

August 31, 2016[100]

The Blu-ray/DVD box-sets include featurettes, deleted scenes, gag reels and highlights from Comic-Con.

2

August 15, 2017[101]

August 14, 2017[102]

August 16, 2017[103]

text: Arrowverse[edit]

text: In May 2015, Renée made a cameo in the final episode of The Flash's first season, "Fast Enough", and later made appearances in the show's second season in November 2015.[104][105][106] In July 2015, Guggenheim revealed that the resurrection of Sara Lance would be launched in the first few episodes of Arrow's fourth season, with the events of the eighth episodes of Arrow and The Flash—which were a crossover event—being used to set up the other characters of Legends of Tomorrow.[107] Franz Drameh was introduced as the new other half of Firestorm in the fourth episode of the second season of The Flash. Crump, Hentschel and James debut in the crossover episodes for the second season of The Flash and the fourth season of Arrow.[24][56][108] In November 2016, the cast of Legends of Tomorrow appeared on The Flash and Arrow as part of the three-part "Invasion!" crossover event; the crossover episodes also featured appearances by Melissa Benoist, reprising her role as Kara Danvers / Supergirl from the TV series Supergirl.


document_title: NCIS: New Orleans (season 1)

question_text: how many episodes in season 1 of ncis new orleans

text: NCIS: New Orleans (season 1)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The first season of NCIS: New Orleans follows the work of Special Agent Dwayne Pride, who leads a New Orleans-based investigative team tasked with solving crimes involving the US Navy and Marine Corps. Pride and Chris LaSalle work alongside new-transfer Meredith Brody, as they face the loss of friends ("Musician Heal Thyself"), battle a suspected plague outbreak ("Carrier"), and investigate cases including a brig break ("Breaking Brig"), a murder at a sorority house ("The Recruits"), a kidnapping that brings the FBI to New Orleans ("It Happened Last Night"), a murder at a cemetery on Halloween ("Master of Horror"), a death at Mardi Gras ("Love Hurts"), a bomber targeting Pride and his family ("Baitfish"), a case that calls for NCIS to work alongside CGIS ("The Abyss"), and a sailor who asks for his own murder to be investigated ("The Walking Dead"), all while facing the death of loved ones ("How Much Pain Can You Take?").

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Scott Bakula as Dwayne Cassius Pride, NCIS Senior Special Agent (SSA) assigned to the New Orleans Office
Lucas Black as Christopher LaSalle, NCIS Special Agent, second in command
Zoe McLellan as Meredith Brody, NCIS Special Agent from the closed Chicago Field Office, recruited to the New Orleans office
Rob Kerkovich as Sebastian Lund, Jefferson Parish Forensic Specialist for NCIS
C. C. H. Pounder as Loretta Wade, Jefferson Parish Medical Examiner for NCIS

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Shalita Grant as Sonja Percy, ATF Special Agent
Daryl Mitchell as Patton Plame, NCIS Computer Specialist
Shanley Caswell as Laurel Pride, Dwayne Pride's daughter
Callie Thorne as Sasha Broussard, former member of the New Orleans Broussard crime syndicate
Steven Weber as Douglas Hamilton, New Orleans city councilman of District C.
John Livingston as Paul Jenks, former member of the New Orleans Broussard crime syndicate and Confidential Informant for Dwayne Pride
Gillian Alexy as Savannah Kelly, long time love interest of LaSalle
Dylan Walsh as Jim Messier, Captain with New Orleans Police Department
Clayne Crawford as Cade LaSalle, Christopher LaSalle's brother
Dean Stockwell as Tom Hamilton
Christopher Meyer as Danny Malloy, Loretta's eldest foster son (C.J.'s brother)
Dani Dare as C.J. Malloy, Loretta's youngest foster son (Danny's brother)
Stacy Keach as Cassius Pride. Dwayne Pride's imprisoned father

text: Guest appearances[edit]

text:
Mark Harmon as Leroy Jethro Gibbs, NCIS Senior Special Agent (SSA) assigned to Washington's Navy Yard
Michael Weatherly as Anthony DiNozzo, NCIS Special Agent in Washington D.C., second in command
Pauley Perrette as Abigail Sciuto, Forensic Specialist attached to NCIS in D.C.
Rocky Carroll as Leon Vance, NCIS Director stationed in D.C.
David McCallum as Dr. Donald Mallard, Chief Medical Examiner for NCIS in Washington D.C.
Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, FBI Senior Special Agent assigned in D.C.
Diane Neal as Abigail Borin, CGIS Special Agent in Charge
Meredith Eaton as Carol Wilson

text: Production[edit]

text: Following a two-part pilot that aired as part of NCIS's eleventh season, NCIS: New Orleans was ordered to series by CBS.[1][2][3]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Musician Heal Thyself"
Michael Zinberg
Jeffrey Lieber
September 23, 2014 (2014-09-23)
101
17.22[4]

The NCIS: New Orleans team investigate the discovery of a severed leg found at a marina with the leg later revealed to have belonged to a recently murdered Navy Petty Officer Second Class who Pride mentored, prompting the team to investigate the crime while Brody, having joined the NCIS: New Orleans team on a permanent basis in the NCIS Season 11 episode, "Crescent City Part 2" is trying to get acquainted with New Orleans while NCIS Medical Examiner, Dr. Donald "Ducky" Mallard later offers both Wade and Pride some insight into the case.

2
2
"Carrier"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Gary Glasberg
September 30, 2014 (2014-09-30)
102
16.57[5]

When a Navy Lieutenant on liberty dies in downtown New Orleans after being hit by a taxi, the team investigate what happened but things soon take a turn when the autopsy reveals that the victim died of the bubonic plague and that the death is connected to a potential bioterrorist attack on a Navy ship, the U.S.S. Geronimo. As the team begin rounding up those assigned to the ship, they also receive assistance from NCIS Director Leon Vance with CDC officer Carol Wilson and NCIS Special Agent Anthony "Tony" DiNozzo both personally arriving in New Orleans to help with the case while NCIS Forensic Scientist Abigail Sciuto offers her take on the case from Washington D.C. with the team racing against time to prevent a potentially terrifying outbreak from occurring and determine who is responsible for orchestrating the attack that has left two Navy officers dead and many more gravely ill.

3
3
"Breaking Brig"
Tony Wharmby
Laurie Arent
October 7, 2014 (2014-10-07)
103
15.39[6]

When a bus crashes into a ditch, resulting in three prisoners who were on route to the Naval Brig in Charleston escaping and the deaths of two security guards and a prisoner, the New Orleans office investigates and soon discovers that one of them is a wanted criminal who poses a threat to national security with the team later discovering a mole is truly responsible for the entire situation. NCIS Director Leon Vance and Pride's friend, fellow NCIS Special Agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs both assist in the search with the investigation later leading Pride to a stand-off with the mole with Brody's life at stake.

4
4
"The Recruits"
Oz Scott
Sam Humphrey
October 14, 2014 (2014-10-14)
104
16.14[7]

After a Navy SEAL is found dead in a sorority house, having been shot dead, the NCIS team must determine if the motive pertained to one of his classified missions or collegiate foul play with the case changing when the team discover an illegal prostitute ring is operating in the college. Meanwhile, Pride's daughter, Laurel, pays the NCIS office a visit.

5
5
"It Happened Last Night"
Arvin Brown
Jack Bernstein
October 21, 2014 (2014-10-21)
105
16.13[8]

When a Chief Warrant Officer who specialized in counterintelligence is found dead, having been waterboarded, the team investigate and soon discover that the victim's wife has been kidnapped and is being held for ransom while FBI agent Tobias Fornell arrives in New Orleans to assist Pride and the team with the case.

6
6
"Master of Horror"
Terrence O'Hara
Scott D. Shapiro
October 28, 2014 (2014-10-28)
106
16.09[9]

As New Orleans prepares to celebrate Halloween, a Naval Staff Judge Advocate is found in a cemetery, murdered "vampire-style" with the team discovering that an unlikely suspect is responsible and that a woman's life is hanging in the balance while Brody and LaSalle compare costumes.

7
7
"Watch Over Me"
James Hayman
David Appelbaum
November 11, 2014 (2014-11-11)
107
14.99[10]

A Navy officer with the highest level top secret clearance is murdered, after he was recently assigned as a tech liaison with a private developer with the team also discovering his assistant dead in the bath at his house. Meanwhile, Pride transforms the carport into an auto shop when he works on the first car he gave his wife.

8
8
"Love Hurts"
Michael Pressman
Jack Bernstein
November 18, 2014 (2014-11-18)
108
16.86[11]

A petty officer is found dead in a Mardi Gras float storage facility with an engagement ring and proposal plan in hand. The investigation takes a mysterious turn when the team are unable to locate his supposed long-term girlfriend but things change when it's revealed that a murderous female Columbian assassin is in the city, planning on killing a group of Navy and Marine personnel who are hoping to stop the flow of drugs into South America, forcing the team into a race against time to stop a potentially devastating explosion from occurring.

9
9
"Chasing Ghosts"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Jonathan I. Kidd & Sonya Winton
November 25, 2014 (2014-11-25)
109
14.47[12]

The team investigates a 40-year cold case about a murder of a chief petty officer which hits close to home for Dr. Wade. However, an exhumation of the body reveals some unexpected evidence that may change everything. Sebastian gets into the Thanksgiving mood and Laurel brings home her boyfriend.

10
10
"Stolen Valor"
Dennis Smith
Laurie Arent
December 16, 2014 (2014-12-16)
110
14.14[13]

A former SEAL who hunts military impostors is found dead at a museum, and the team's investigation leads them to find the jacket of a Marine who was presumed killed in Afghanistan. When the investigation reveals that the Marine may still be alive, both Pride and LaSalle travel to Afghanistan in an attempt to bring him home. Meanwhile, Brody wonders about LaSalle's issues with Christmas.

11
11
"Baitfish"
Leslie Libman
Jeffrey Lieber & Jeremiah Tash
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)
111
17.73[14]

While attending the Navy-Marine Relief Gala, a deadly explosion happens, putting Pride's daughter's boyfriend in the hospital. The NCIS team learns that Pride was the intended target and the assassination attempt could be related to one of his old cases.

12
12
"The Abyss"
Terrence O'Hara
Sam Humphrey
January 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)
112
16.39[15]

The NCIS team partner with the Coast Guard Investigative Service to probe a double homicide aboard a research boat, when an Admiral's daughter becomes the prime suspect in the case. Special Agent Abigail Borin from the CGIS pays a visit to the city and helps the team with the case. Meanwhile, LaSalle tracks down his estranged brother.

13
13
"The Walking Dead"
Edward Ornelas
David Appelbaum
February 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)
113
16.52[16]

A Navy lieutenant commander and a friend of Pride seeks his help to solve his impending murder after he learns he has been poisoned with a lethal dose of radiation with the team and CGIS agent Abigail Borin both teaming up to discover who poisoned the lieutenant commander and why.

14
14
"Careful What You Wish For"
James Hayman
Scott D. Shapiro
February 10, 2015 (2015-02-10)
114
16.19[17]

A fellow NCIS agent is shot dead while on security detail for a high-ranking Navy Admiral and the team's investigation leads them to discover that the agent was the target because of a secret he knew about a sick child's biological father. Meanwhile, Brody's past is brought up by the security detail leader.

15
15
"Le Carnaval de la Mort"
Tony Wharmby
Jonathan I. Kidd & Sonya Winton
February 17, 2015 (2015-02-17)
115
14.70[18]

The stabbing death of a Mardi Gras party-goer leads the team to uncover a gang's plans for a major robbery at the height of the festival. Meanwhile, tensions rise between Pride and Laurel when he learns that she has been secretly visiting Pride's father in prison.

16
16
"My Brother's Keeper"
Oz Scott
Teleplay by: Christopher Ambrose
Story by: Christopher Ambrose, Jonathan I. Kidd & Sonya Winton
February 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)
116
13.71[19]

When a Navy recruiter is killed in a hit-and-run, the team's investigation leads them to investigate the world surrounding her two foster children and their recently-returned father while LaSalle gets concerned that Cade hasn't been showing much progress in his treatment.

17
17
"More Now"
Bethany Rooney
Christopher Silber
March 10, 2015 (2015-03-10)
117
12.61[20]

Both LaSalle and Brody grow concerned with Pride's obsession with catching Baitfish, who is killing off many of his old associates and building a new empire.

18
18
"The List"
Michael Zinberg
Laurie Arent
March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)
118
14.42[21]

After a Naval officer is found dead in a strip club, the team discovers that his death matches the MO of two unsolved murders, leading the team to a mural with the names of un-prosecuted killers listed which suggests that a vigilante may be at work. Meanwhile, Brody's ex-fiancé pays her a surprise visit.

19
19
"The Insider"
James Whitmore, Jr.
David Appelbaum & Scott D. Shapiro
April 7, 2015 (2015-04-07)
119
14.33[22]

In the morgue, Wade, Danny, and Sebastian are held hostage by a criminal who wants a secret that is inside a dead body, forcing Pride and the rest of the team into a desperate race against time to resolve the situation before an FBI team take charge.

20
20
"Rock-A-Bye-Baby"
Elodie Keene
Jonathan I. Kidd & Sonya Winton
April 14, 2015 (2015-04-14)
120
14.40[23]

A Navy Commander's adopted baby daughter is kidnapped when he leaves her in the car while taking groceries inside, prompting the NCIS team to launch a search for the missing baby with CGIS agent Abigail Borin returning to help them with the case.

21
21
"You'll Do"
Alrick Riley
Sam Humphrey
April 28, 2015 (2015-04-28)
121
14.55[24]

When Cade's girlfriend is discovered murdered in the back of his car, Cade is charged with her murder, and while NCIS joins in for LaSalle's sake, he is ordered to stay away from the case. However, when all is said and done, an old enemy returns with a message for Pride, with the episode ending with Baitfish aiming a gun at LaSalle's girlfriend.

22
22
"How Much Pain Can You Take?"
Terrence O'Hara
Christopher Silber & Christopher Ambrose
May 5, 2015 (2015-05-05)
122
13.35[25]

In the aftermath of Savannah's murder and with the crime scene later being attacked, resulting in the deaths of two officers and four more being left injured as well as Brody who suffers a cut to her right arm, the team go into overdrive as all of New Orleans law enforcement searches for Baitfish while LaSelle, consumed by rage and grief seeks revenge for Savannah's death at Baitfish's hand. However, things get complicated when it is revealed Sasha and Baitfish have turned on each other, and both are trying to get rid of the other.

23
23
"My City"
James Hayman
Teleplay by: Jeffrey Lieber
Story by: Jeffrey Lieber & Zach Strauss
May 12, 2015 (2015-05-12)
123
13.61[26]

Following a murder at the port in which a Navy officer dies after having his throat slit, Pride and the team investigate and discover that a dangerous West African terrorist has secretly infiltrated the city and is plotting an attack that if successful could not only cripple New Orleans but also leave the entire population gravely ill with radiation poisoning, forcing the team into a battle against time to stop the plot from becoming a horrifying reality.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Episode
Ratings

Original air date
Viewers
(millions)
Rank

Night
Week

"Musician Heal Thyself"
September 23, 2014
17.22[4]
2[4]
5[27]

"Carrier"
September 30, 2014
16.57[5]
2[5]
3[28]

"Breaking Brig"
October 7, 2014
15.39[6]
2[6]
5[29]

"The Recruits"
October 14, 2014
16.14[7]
2[7]
3[30]

"It Happened Last Night"
October 21, 2014
16.13[8]
2[8]
4[31]

"Master of Horror"
October 28, 2014
16.09[9]
2[9]
6[32]

"Watch Over Me"
November 11, 2014
14.99[10]
2[10]
4[33]

"Love Hurts"
November 18, 2014
16.86[11]
2[11]
4[34]

"Chasing Ghosts"
November 25, 2014
14.47[12]
2[12]
7[35]

"Stolen Valor"
December 16, 2014
14.14[13]
2[13]
3[36]

"Baitfish"
January 6, 2015
17.73[14]
2[14]
5[37]

"The Abyss"
January 13, 2015
16.39[15]
2[15]
3[38]

"The Walking Dead"
February 3, 2015
16.52[16]
2[16]
4[39]

"Careful What You Wish For"
February 10, 2015
16.19[17]
2[17]
3[40]

"Le Carnivale de la Mort"
February 17, 2015
14.70[18]
2[18]
6[41]

"My Brother's Keeper"
February 24, 2015
13.71[19]
2[19]
6[42]

"More Now"
March 10, 2015
12.61[20]
2[20]
6[43]

"The List"
March 24, 2015
14.42[21]
3[21]
2[44]

"The Insider"
April 7, 2015
14.33[22]
2[22]
4[45]

"Rock-A-Bye-Baby"
April 14, 2015
14.40[23]
2[23]
4[46]

"You'll Do"
April 28, 2015
14.55[24]
2[24]
2[47]

"How Much Pain Can You Take"
May 5, 2015
13.35[25]
2[25]
3[48]

"My City"
May 12, 2015
13.61[26]
2[26]
2[49]

text: Notes[edit]


document_title: Covalent bond

question_text: where are electrons located in a covalent bond

text: Covalent bond

text: History

text: The term covalence in regard to bonding was first used in 1919 by Irving Langmuir in a Journal of the American Chemical Society article entitled "The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules". Langmuir wrote that "we shall denote by the term covalence the number of pairs of electrons that a given atom shares with its neighbors."[6]

text: The idea of covalent bonding can be traced several years before 1919 to Gilbert N. Lewis, who in 1916 described the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.[7] He introduced the Lewis notation or electron dot notation or Lewis dot structure, in which valence electrons (those in the outer shell) are represented as dots around the atomic symbols. Pairs of electrons located between atoms represent covalent bonds. Multiple pairs represent multiple bonds, such as double bonds and triple bonds. An alternative form of representation, not shown here, has bond-forming electron pairs represented as solid lines.

text: Lewis proposed that an atom forms enough covalent bonds to form a full (or closed) outer electron shell. In the diagram of methane shown here, the carbon atom has a valence of four and is, therefore, surrounded by eight electrons (the octet rule), four from the carbon itself and four from the hydrogens bonded to it. Each hydrogen has a valence of one and is surrounded by two electrons (a duet rule) – its own one electron plus one from the carbon. The numbers of electrons correspond to full shells in the quantum theory of the atom; the outer shell of a carbon atom is the n = 2 shell, which can hold eight electrons, whereas the outer (and only) shell of a hydrogen atom is the n = 1 shell, which can hold only two.

text: While the idea of shared electron pairs provides an effective qualitative picture of covalent bonding, quantum mechanics is needed to understand the nature of these bonds and predict the structures and properties of simple molecules. Walter Heitler and Fritz London are credited with the first successful quantum mechanical explanation of a chemical bond (molecular hydrogen) in 1927.[8] Their work was based on the valence bond model, which assumes that a chemical bond is formed when there is good overlap between the atomic orbitals of participating atoms.

text: Types of covalent bonds

text: Atomic orbitals (except for s orbitals) have specific directional properties leading to different types of covalent bonds. Sigma (σ) bonds are the strongest covalent bonds and are due to head-on overlapping of orbitals on two different atoms. A single bond is usually a σ bond. Pi (π) bonds are weaker and are due to lateral overlap between p (or d) orbitals. A double bond between two given atoms consists of one σ and one π bond, and a triple bond is one σ and two π bonds.

text: Covalent bonds are also affected by the electronegativity of the connected atoms which determines the chemical polarity of the bond. Two atoms with equal electronegativity will make nonpolar covalent bonds such as H–H. An unequal relationship creates a polar covalent bond such as with H−Cl. However polarity also requires geometric asymmetry, or else dipoles may cancel out resulting in a non-polar molecule.

text: Covalent structures

text: There are several types of structures for covalent substances, including individual molecules, molecular structures, macromolecular structures and giant covalent structures. Individual molecules have strong bonds that hold the atoms together, but there are negligible forces of attraction between molecules. Such covalent substances are usually gases, for example, HCl, SO2, CO2, and CH4. In molecular structures, there are weak forces of attraction. Such covalent substances are low-boiling-temperature liquids (such as ethanol), and low-melting-temperature solids (such as iodine and solid CO2). Macromolecular structures have large numbers of atoms linked by covalent bonds in chains, including synthetic polymers such as polyethylene and nylon, and biopolymers such as proteins and starch. Network covalent structures (or giant covalent structures) contain large numbers of atoms linked in sheets (such as graphite), or 3-dimensional structures (such as diamond and quartz). These substances have high melting and boiling points, are frequently brittle, and tend to have high electrical resistivity. Elements that have high electronegativity, and the ability to form three or four electron pair bonds, often form such large macromolecular structures.[9]

text: One- and three-electron bonds

text:
Bonds with one or three electrons can be found in radical species, which have an odd number of electrons. The simplest example of a 1-electron bond is found in the dihydrogen cation, H+
2. One-electron bonds often have about half the bond energy of a 2-electron bond, and are therefore called "half bonds". However, there are exceptions: in the case of dilithium, the bond is actually stronger for the 1-electron Li+
2 than for the 2-electron Li2. This exception can be explained in terms of hybridization and inner-shell effects.[10]

text:
The simplest example of three-electron bonding can be found in the helium dimer cation, He+
2. It is considered a "half bond" because it consists of only one shared electron (rather than two); in molecular orbital terms, the third electron is in an anti-bonding orbital which cancels out half of the bond formed by the other two electrons. Another example of a molecule containing a 3-electron bond, in addition to two 2-electron bonds, is nitric oxide, NO. The oxygen molecule, O2 can also be regarded as having two 3-electron bonds and one 2-electron bond, which accounts for its paramagnetism and its formal bond order of 2.[12] Chlorine dioxide and its heavier analogues bromine dioxide and iodine dioxide also contain three-electron bonds.

text: Molecules with odd-electron bonds are usually highly reactive. These types of bond are only stable between atoms with similar electronegativities.[12]

text: Resonance

text: There are situations whereby a single Lewis structure is insufficient to explain the electron configuration in a molecule, hence a superposition of structures are needed. The same two atoms in such molecules can be bonded differently in different structures (a single bond in one, a double bond in another, or even none at all), resulting in a non-integer bond order. The nitrate ion is one such example with three equivalent structures. The bond between the nitrogen and each oxygen is a double bond in one structure and a single bond in the other two, so that the average bond order for each N–O interaction is 2 + 1 + 1/3 = 4/3.

text: Aromaticity

text: In organic chemistry, when a molecule with a planar ring obeys Hückel's rule, where the number of π electrons fit the formula 4n + 2 (where n is an integer), it attains extra stability and symmetry. In benzene, the prototypical aromatic compound, there are 6 π bonding electrons (n = 1, 4n + 2 = 6). These occupy three delocalized π molecular orbitals (molecular orbital theory) or form conjugate π bonds in two resonance structures that linearly combine (valence bond theory), creating a regular hexagon exhibiting a greater stabilization than the hypothetical 1,3,5-cyclohexatriene.

text: In the case of heterocyclic aromatics and substituted benzenes, the electronegativity differences between different parts of the ring may dominate the chemical behaviour of aromatic ring bonds, which otherwise are equivalent.

text: Hypervalence

text: Certain molecules such as xenon difluoride and sulfur hexafluoride have higher co-ordination numbers than would be possible due to strictly covalent bonding according to the octet rule. This is explained by the three-center four-electron bond ("3c–4e") model which interprets the molecular wavefunction in terms of non-bonding highest occupied molecular orbitals in molecular orbital theory and ionic-covalent resonance in valence bond theory.

text: Electron-deficiency

text: In three-center two-electron bonds ("3c–2e") three atoms share two electrons in bonding. This type of bonding occurs in electron deficient compounds like diborane. Each such bond (2 per molecule in diborane) contains a pair of electrons which connect the boron atoms to each other in a banana shape, with a proton (nucleus of a hydrogen atom) in the middle of the bond, sharing electrons with both boron atoms. In certain cluster compounds, so-called four-center two-electron bonds also have been postulated.

text: Quantum mechanical description

text: After the development of quantum mechanics, two basic theories were proposed to provide a quantum description of chemical bonding: valence bond (VB) theory and molecular orbital (MO) theory. A more recent quantum description[13] is given in terms of atomic contributions to the electronic density of states.

text: Covalency from atomic contribution to the electronic density of states

text: In COOP,[14] COHP[15] and BCOOP,[16] evaluation of bond covalency is dependent on the basis set. To overcome this issue, an alternative formulation of the bond covalency can be provided in this way.

text: The center mass cm(n,l,ml,ms) of an atomic orbital |n,l,ml,ms⟩, with quantum numbers n, l, ml, ms, for atom A is defined as

text:
where gA
|n,l,ml,ms⟩(E) is the contribution of the atomic orbital |n,l,ml,ms⟩ of the atom A to the total electronic density of states g(E) of the solid

text: where the outer sum runs over all atoms A of the unit cell. The energy window [E0,E1] is chosen in such a way that it encompasses all relevant bands participating in the bond. If the range to select is unclear, it can be identified in practice by examining the molecular orbitals that describe the electron density along the considered bond.

text: The relative position CnAlA,nBlB of the center mass of |nA,lA⟩ levels of atom A with respect to the center mass of |nB,lB⟩ levels of atom B is given as

text: where the contributions of the magnetic and spin quantum numbers are summed. According to this definition, the relative position of the A levels with respect to the B levels is

text: where, for simplicity, we may omit the dependence from the principal quantum number n in the notation referring to CnAlA,nBlB.

text: In this formalism, the greater the value of CA,B, the higher the overlap of the selected atomic bands, and thus the electron density described by those orbitals gives a more covalent A–B bond. The quantity CA,B is denoted as the covalency of the A–B bond, which is specified in the same units of the energy E.