document_title: Commander-in-chief

question_text: commander in chief of the us armed forces

question_tokens: commander in chief of the us armed forces

text: Commander-in-chief

text: Definition

text: The formal role and title of a ruler commanding the armed forces derives from Imperator of the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire, who possessed imperium (command and other regal) powers.[1]

text: In English use, the term first applied to King Charles I of England in 1639.[citation needed] It continued to be used during the English Civil War.[2] A nation's head of state (monarchical or republican) usually holds the nominal position of commander-in-chief, even if effective executive power is held by a separate head of government. In a parliamentary system, the executive branch is ultimately dependent upon the will of the legislature; although the legislature does not issue orders directly to the armed forces and therefore does not control the military in any operational sense. Governors-general and colonial governors are also often appointed commander-in-chief of the military forces within their territory.

text: A commander-in-chief is sometimes referred to as supreme commander, which is sometimes used as a specific term. The term is also used for military officers who hold such power and authority, not always through dictatorship, and as a subordinate (usually) to a head of state (see Generalissimo). The term is also used for officers who hold authority over an individual military branch, special branch or within a theatre of operations.[3]

text: Heads of state as commanders-in-chief

text: This includes heads of states who:

text:
Are chief executives with the political mandate to undertake discretionary decision-making, including command of the armed forces.
Mostly ceremonial  heads of state (constitutional monarchs, viceroys and presidents in parliamentary republics) with residual substantive reserve powers over the armed forces, acting under normal circumstances on the constitutional advice of chief executives with the political mandate to undertake discretionary decision-making.

text: Afghanistan

text: According to the Constitution of Afghanistan, The President of Afghanistan is the Commander-in-chief of Afghan Armed Forces.

text: Albania

text: According to the Constitution of Albania, The President of the Republic of Albania is the Commander-in-chief of Albanian Armed Forces. The incumbent Commander-in-chief is President Ilir Meta.

text: Argentina

text: Under part II, chapter III, article 99, subsections 12, 13, 14 and 15, the Constitution of Argentina states that the President of the Argentine Nation is the "Commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the Nation". It also states that the President is entitled to provide military posts in the granting of the jobs or grades of senior officers of the armed forces, and by itself on the battlefield; runs with its organization and distribution according to needs of the Nation and declares war and orders reprisals with the consent and approval of the Argentine National Congress.[4]

text: The Ministry of Defense is the government department that assists and serves the President in the management of the armed forces (Army, Navy and Air Force).[5]

text: Australia

text: Under chapter II of section 68 titled Command of the naval and military forces, the Constitution of Australia states that:

text: The command in chief of the naval and military forces of the Commonwealth is vested in the Governor General as the Queen's representative.[6]

text: In practice, however, the Governor-General does not play an active part in the Australian Defence Force's command structure, and the democratically accountable Australian Cabinet (chaired by the Prime Minister) de facto controls the ADF. The Minister for Defence and several subordinate ministers exercise this control through the Australian Defence Organisation. Section 8 of the Defence Act 1903 states:

text: The Minister shall have the general control and administration of the Defence Force, and the powers vested in the Chief of the Defence Force, the Chief of Navy, the Chief of Army and the Chief of Air Force by virtue of section 9, and the powers vested jointly in the Secretary and the Chief of the Defence Force by virtue of section 9A, shall be exercised subject to and in accordance with any directions of the Minister.[7]

text: Austria

text: The Constitution (German: Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz) states, in Article 80, that the Federal President is the (nominal) Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian Armed Forces. However, it further provides that the President may only have the Armed Forces at his disposal to the extent provided in the Defence Act (German: Wehrgesetz); and that the supreme command over the Armed Forces is exercised by the minister of defence authorized to serve in this capacity by the Federal Government, i.e. the cabinet under the chairmanship of the Chancellor, as defined in Article 69.[8]

text: Bangladesh

text: The commander-in-chief is the president, although executive power and responsibility for national defense resides with the prime minister. The only exception was the first commander-in-chief, General M. A. G. Osmani, during Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, who was commander of all Bangladesh Forces, reinstated to active duty by official BD government order, which after independence was gazetted in 1972. He retired on 7 April 1972 and relinquished all authority and duties to the President of Bangladesh.[9]

text: Brazil

text: Article 142 of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 states that the Brazilian Armed Forces is under the supreme command of the  President of the Republic.[10]

text: Brunei

text: The Sultan of Brunei is the Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces.

text: Canada

text: The powers of command-in-chief over the Canadian Armed Forces are vested in the Canadian monarch,[11] and are delegated to the Governor General of Canada, who also uses the title Commander-in-Chief.[12] In this capacity, the governor general is entitled to the uniform of a general/flag officer, with the crest of the office and special cuff braid serving as rank insignia.

text: By constitutional convention, the Crown's prerogative powers over the armed forces and constitutional powers as commander-in-chief are exercised on the advice of the prime minister and the rest of Cabinet, the governing ministry that commands the confidence of the House of Commons. According to the National Defence Act, the Minister of National Defence is responsible and accountable to parliament for all matters related to national defence and the Canadian Armed Forces.[13] In theory, the governor general could also use his or her powers as commander-in-chief to stop any attempts to use the Canadian Forces unconstitutionally, though this has never occurred and would likely be highly controversial.

text: People's Republic of China

text: Article 93 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China states the authority to direct the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China is vested with the Central Military Commission; composed of a Chairman, and numerous Vice-Chairmen and members. The same article also states that the Chairman of the Central Military Commission assumes overall responsibility for the work of the Central Military Commission, and that it is responsible to the National People's Congress and the Standing Committee.[14]

text: Furthermore, Article 80 gives the President of the People's Republic of China (in addition to ceremonial head of state duties) the power to proclaim martial law, proclaim a state of war, and to issue mobilisation orders upon the decision of National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.[14]

text: The CMC Chairman and the President are distinctly separate state offices and they have not always been held by the same persons. However, beginning in 1993, during the tenure of Jiang Zemin as CMC Chairman and General Secretary of the Communist Party, it has been standard practice to have the President, the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, and the General Secretary of the Communist Party to be normally held by the same person; although the slight differences in the start and end of terms for those respective offices means that there is some overlap between an occupant and his predecessor.

text: Hong Kong

text: When Hong Kong was under British authority, the civilian Governor was ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the British Forces Overseas Hong Kong. After the territory's handover to the People's Republic of China in 1997, the commanders of the People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison are PLA personnel from mainland China.

text: Croatia

text: According to the Croatian constitution, the President of Croatia is the Commander-in-Chief of Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia. In peace, the commander-in-chief exercises his command through the Minister of Defense. In war and in cases where the Minister of Defense is not fulfilling orders, the commander-in-chief exercises his command directly through the chief of General Staff.

text: Czech Republic

text: According to the 1992 constitution, the President of the Czech Republic is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces according to Article 63(1)(c), and appoints and promotes generals under Article 63(1)(f). The President needs the countersignature of the Prime Minister for decisions concerning the above-mentioned provisions as per Articles 63(3-4), or otherwise they are not valid. The Prime Minister may delegate to other ministers the right to countersign these decisions of the President. The political responsibility for the Armed Forces is borne by the Government, which in Article 67 is defined as the "supreme body of executive power". According to Articles 39 & 43, the Parliament must give consent to the dispatch of Czech military forces outside the territory of the Czech Republic.[15]

text: The Ministry of Defence is the central authority of the state administration for the control of the Armed Forces.[16] The actual day-to-day management is vested in the Chief of the General Staff, the Czech chief of defence equivalent.[17]

text: Denmark

text: The position of the Danish monarch as the head of the military is deeply rooted in tradition. While the 1953 constitution does not explicitly designate the monarch as commander-in-chief; it is implicit, given the general provision in article 12 and the more specific wording of article 19 (2): "Except for purposes of defence against an armed attack upon the Realm or Danish forces, the King shall not use military force against any foreign state without the consent of the Folketing. Any measure which the King may take in pursuance of this provision shall forthwith be submitted to the Folketing".[18]

text: However, when reading the Danish Constitution, it is important to bear in mind that the King in this context is understood by Danish jurists to be read as the Government (consisting of the Prime Minister and other ministers). This is a logical consequence of articles 12, 13 and 14, all of which in essence stipulates that the powers vested in the monarch can only be exercised through ministers, who are responsible for all acts. Thus, the Government, in effect, holds the supreme command authority implied in articles 12 and 19(2).[19]

text: The Danish Defence Law (Danish: Forsvarsloven) designates in article 9 the Minister of Defence as the supreme authority in Defence (Danish: højeste ansvarlige myndighed for forsvaret). Under the Minister is the Chief of Defence, the senior-ranking professional military officer heading the Defence Command, who commands the Army, the Navy, the Air Force and other units not reporting directly to the Ministry of Defence.[20][21]

text:
King Christian IV onboard his flagship during the 1644 Battle of Colberger Heide, by Wilhelm Marstrand. The King's personal commitment during the battle, are memorized in first lines of the Danish royal anthem.

HDMY Dannebrog, the Danish royal yacht named after the national flag and operated by the Royal Danish Navy, in Vagur, Faroe Islands on 21 June 2005.

text: Dominican Republic

text: According to the Constitution, Article 128, Section II, Title IV, the President is the head of foreign policy, the civil administration and the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, the National Police and all other state's security agencies.[22]

text: Egypt

text: In Egypt, the President of the Republic holds the ceremonial title of Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. A member of the government, usually defence minister, is commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces, the incumbent being Sedki Sobhi. The president still remains the only individual capable of declaring war. Until the election of Mohamed Morsi in June 2012, prior Egyptian presidents had all been former military officers, and during the Yom Kippur War the president played a major role at all levels of the planning of the war, and was in a literal sense Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces giving direct orders to the commanders from the headquarters during the war as field marshal of the army, colonel general of the air force and air defence forces and admiral of the navy. Anwar Sadat often wore his military uniform, while former president Hosni Mubarak had abandoned this tradition.

text: Finland

text: According to the Finnish constitution, the President of Finland is the commander-in-chief of all Finnish military forces. In practice, the everyday command and control is in the hands of Chief of Defence and the Commander of the Finnish Border Guard. The economic administration of the Finnish Defence Force is the responsibility of Ministry of Defence. The duty of the president is to decide upon[23]:§31

text:
main principles of the military defence of the realm
principles of the execution of the military defence
other military command matters with wide-ranging importance to the military activity or the military establishment
any other military command issue that he wishes to decide upon

text: Since the constitutional reform of 2000, the Minister of Defence has the right to be present when the president uses his command powers, unless the matter is of immediate concern. In questions of strategic importance, the Prime Minister has the same right.[23]:§32

text: The president commissions and promotes officers and decides on activating reservists for extraordinary service and on the mobilisation of the Defence Forces.[23]:§40[24][25]:§ 128.2 If Parliament is not in session when a decision to mobilise is taken, it must be immediately convened.[25]:§ 129 Declarations of a state of emergency (Finnish: valmiustila, literally, "state of preparedness") and state of war (Finnish: puolustustila, lit. "state of defence") are declared by a presidential decree, given after a motion by the government, which is then submitted to the Parliament for ratification.[26][27]

text: The president has, in a state of emergency, the right to transfer the position of the commander-in-chief to another Finnish citizen.[25]:§ 129

text: France

text: In France, the President of the Republic is designated as "Chef des Armées" (literally "Chief of the Armies") under article 15 of the constitution, and is as such the supreme executive authority in military affairs. Article 16 provides the president with extensive emergency powers.[28]

text: However, owing to the nature of the semi-presidential system, the prime minister also has key constitutional powers under article 21: "He shall be responsible for national defence" and has "power to make regulations and shall make appointments to civil and military posts".[28]

text: Since the reign of Louis XIV, France has been strongly centralized. After crushing local nobles engaged in warlord-ism, the Kings of France retained all authority with the help of able yet discreet Prime ministers (Mazarin, Richelieu).

text: The 1789 Revolution transferred the supreme authority to the King (in the context of the short-lived constitutional Monarchy), then to the multi-member Comité de Salut Public during the Convention, and later to the Directoire, before being regained in the hands of Consul Napoléon Bonaparte, later Emperor Napoléon I, alone.

text: The Restoration restored the authority of the King, first in an absolute monarchy, then the  constitutional July Monarchy of Louis Philippe, before it was overthrown in turn by the Second Republic and later the Second Empire of Napoleon III.

text: The following Third Republic was a parliamentary system, where the military authority was held by the President of the Council of Ministers. During World War I, the many visits to the trenches by the elderly statesman Georges Clemenceau impressed the soldiers and earned him the nickname Father of Victory (French: Le Père de la Victoire).

text: During World War II, Maréchal Philippe Pétain assumed power and held the supreme authority in Vichy France, while Général Charles De Gaulle, acting on behalf of the previous regime, founded the Free French Forces, upon which he held supreme authority all through the war.

text: The following and short-lived Fourth Republic was a parliamentary system, which was replaced by the present Fifth Republic, a semi-presidential system.

text: Ghana

text: Prior 1992 Commander-in-chief of the Ghana Armed Forces (GAF) military rank was held by GAF military personnel until the ratification of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana ratified by Ghana Air Force (GHF) Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings and in  accordance to the Constitution of Ghana, The Head of State of Ghana and President of Ghana is the Commander-in-chief of GAF. The incumbent Commander-in-chief of GAF (Ghana Armed Forces) is Head of State of Ghana and President of Ghana John Dramani Mahama.[29][30]

text: Guyana

text: According to the Guyanese constitution, the President is Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. Unusually; there is a rank insignia for the position.

text: India

text: Supreme command of the Indian Armed Forces is vested in the President of India, although effective executive power and responsibility for national defence resides with the Cabinet of India headed by the Prime Minister. This is discharged through the Ministry of Defence, headed by the Minister of Defence, which provides the policy framework and resources to the Armed Forces to discharge their responsibilities in the context of the defence of the country.

text: On 15 August 1947, each service was placed under its own commander-in-chief. In 1955, the three service chiefs were re-designated as the Chief of the Army Staff (rank of general), the Chief of the Naval Staff (rank of vice-admiral) and the Chief of the Air Staff (rank of air marshal) with the president as the supreme commander. The Chief of the Air Staff was raised to the rank of air chief marshal in 1965 and the Chief of the Naval Staff raised to the rank of admiral in 1968.

text: Indonesia

text: According to Article 10 of the Constitution of Indonesia, the President of Indonesia holds the supreme command of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Day-to-day operations of the Armed Forces is handled by the commander of the Armed Forces (Indonesian: Panglima TNI, a 4-star officer whom can be General (Army/Marine), Admiral (Navy), or Air Chief Marshal (Air Force)).

text: Indonesian Armed Forces has three service branches: Indonesian Army, Indonesian Navy (including Indonesian Marine Corps), and Indonesian Air Forces. Each service branch is headed by a Chief of Staff (also a 4-star officer) who has the task of developing soldier professionalism in each branch. However, the commanding authority is held by Commander of Indonesian National Armed Forces. Commanders have direct commanding authority to Main Combatants Command (Indonesian: Komando Utama Tempur) from all service branches such as Army Special Forces Command, Army Strategic Reserve Command, Military Area Command, Fleet Command, Military Sea Traffic Command, National Air Defense Command and Air-Force Operational Command. The Commander of the Armed Forces is appointed by the president from active Chiefs of Staff (Army, Navy, or Air Force) and must get approval from the House of Representatives. Chief of Staff is also appointed by the president from senior military officers. The president as commander-in-chief also has authority in senior military officer mutation and promotion in tour of duty. Minister of Defense has responsibility to assist the president in defense issues and create policies about authorization use of military force, manage defense budget, etc. For authorization use of military forces or declaration of war, the president must get approval from House of Representatives. The Commander of Armed Forces gives recommendations to the Minister of Defense in creating national defense policies.

text: Iran

text: Before 1979, the Shah was the commander-in-chief in Iran.  After the inception of the Islamic Republic, the President of Iran was initially appointed that task, with Abolhassan Bani Sadr being the first commander-in-chief. However, Abolhassan Bani Sadr was impeached on 22 June 1981. It was after this event that the role of commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran was given to the Supreme Leader of Iran.

text: Ireland

text: The Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces is the President of Ireland,[31] but in practice the Minister for Defence acts on the President's behalf and reports to the Government of Ireland.[32] The Minister for Defence is advised by the Council of Defence on the business of the Department of Defence.[33] The Defence Forces are organised under the Chief of Staff, a three star officer, and are organised into three service branches, the Army, Naval Service, and Air Corps.

text: Italy

text:
The Constitution of Italy, in article 87, states that the President of the Republic:
"is the commander of the armed forces and chairman of the supreme defense council constituted by law; he declares war according to the decision of the parliament".[34]

text: Kenya

text: Chapter 131 of the Constitution of Kenya identifies the President as the Commander-in-Chief of the Kenya Defence Forces and the chairperson of the National Security Council.[35] The President appoints a chief of general staff, known as the Chief of the Kenya Defence Forces, who acts as the principal military adviser to the President and the National Security Council. The Chief of the Kenya Defence Forces is drawn from one of the branches of the Armed Forces, the Kenya Army, the Kenya Navy or the Kenya Air Force.

text: Malaysia

text: In accordance with Article 41 of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is Supreme Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces. As such, he is the highest-ranking officer in the military establishment, with the power to appoint the Chief of Staff (on the advice of the Armed Forces Council). He also appoints the service heads of each of the three branches of the military.

text: The Federal Constitution establishes that the office of Supreme Commander is attached to the person of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as the Federation's head of state:

text: Federal Constitution, Article 41 - The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Federation.

text: The Federal Parliament passed the Federal Armed Forces Act to consolidate in one law all regulations that govern the three services ( Army, Navy, and Air Force ). It establishes the function and duties of the Federal Head of State in the capacity as Supreme Commander.

text: Mauritius

text: In the Republic of Mauritius, the President of the Republic is the commander-in-chief, according to Article 28 of the Constitution.[36]

text: After independence in 1968, Mauritius continued to recognise the Queen of Mauritius, as represented by the Governor-General of Mauritius, as commander-in-chief. After the country was proclaimed a Commonwealth Republic in 1992, the new constitution stipulated that a President would assume the position of the head of state and commander-in-chief.

text: Nigeria

text: In accordance with the Nigerian Constitution, the President of Nigeria is the commander-in-chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces.

text: Norway

text: Harald V, King of Norway, officially retains executive power. Article 25 of the constitution states: "The King is commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the realm"

text: However, following the introduction of a parliamentary system of government, the duties of the Monarch have since become strictly representative and ceremonial, such as the formal appointment and dismissal of the Prime Minister and other ministers in the executive government.  Accordingly, the Monarch is commander-in-chief of the Norwegian Armed Forces, and serves as chief diplomatic official abroad and as a symbol of unity.

text: Pakistan

text: In the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, before the 1973 Constitution, the head of the army, i.e., the Chief of the Army Staff, was referred as "Commander-in-Chief".:105[37]  The term was replaced by "Chief of Army Staff" on 20 March 1972:62[38] The Chief of Army Staff is a four-star general whose term is 3 years, but can be extended or renewed once. The Chief of Army Staff is chosen by the Prime Minister of Pakistan.

text: Philippines

text: The President of the Philippines is both head of state and head of government, and is mandated by Article VII, Section 18 of the 1987 Constitution to be Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.[39]

text: During the Fourth Republic, the 1973 Constitution introduced by Ferdinand Marcos created a parliamentary system that split the Executive into two, with the prime minister retaining the office of commander-in-chief and the president reduced to a mere figurehead. The wording of Article VII, Section 9 in the previous constitution enabled Marcos as commander-in-chief to declare Martial Law and suspend the writ of habeas corpus on 21 September 1972. Marcos also issued an edict, conferring the rank of five-star general in the military to the President, as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. He consequently sat as both president and prime minister until 1981, when martial law was lifted and Cesar Virata succeeded him to the latter office and amendments were made to the 1973 Constitution to turn it into a strong president semi-presidential system in which the office of commander-in-chief was officially returned to the President. Salvador Laurel was the country's last prime minister when the office was abolished after the 1986 People Power Revolution, and the position's powers were again merged with the Presidency.

text: The current Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines is President Rodrigo Duterte, serving as the supreme commander of all Filipino military units in the Philippines.

text: Poland

text: In Poland, the President is Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces. However, the art. 134 ust. 4 of the constitution states:

text: The President of the Republic, for a period of war, shall appoint the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces on request of the Prime Minister. He may dismiss the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in accordance with the same procedure. The authority of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, as well as the principle of his subordination to the constitutional organs of the Republic of Poland, shall be specified by statute.

text: During the interbellum period, the General Inspector of the Armed Forces was appointed the commander-in-chief for the time of war (Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces). However, after the war this function ceased to exist—thus it is likely that if Poland formally participates in a war, Chief of the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces will be appointed Supreme Commander.

text: Portugal

text: The President of the Portuguese Republic is the constitutional Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces (in Portuguese: Comandante Supremo das Forças Armadas). However, the operational command is delegated in the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces.

text: In the Portuguese military parlance, the term "Commander-in-Chief" (in Portuguese: comandante-em-chefe or simply comandante-chefe) refers to the unified military commander of all the land, naval and air forces in a theater of operations.

text: Republic of China

text: As stipulated in the Constitution of the Republic of China, the President is also the Commander-in-Chief of the ROC Armed Forces (including the Military Police), the Special Forces, and the National Space Organization.

text: Russia

text: According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, (Chapter 4, Article 87, Section 1) the President is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.[41] The President approves the military doctrine and appoints the defense minister and the chief and other members of the general staff.[42]

text: The Russian Armed Forces is divided into three services: the Russian Ground Forces, the Russian Navy, and the Russian Air Force. In addition there are three independent arms of service: Strategic Missile Troops, Russian Aerospace Defense Forces, and the Russian Airborne Troops. The Air Defence Troops, the former Soviet Air Defence Forces, have been subordinated into the Air Force since 1998.

text: Saudi Arabia

text: Article 60 of the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia states: "The King is the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces. He appoints officers and puts an end to their duties in accordance with the law."

text: Article 61 further states: "The King declares a state of emergency, general mobilization and war, and the law defines the rules for this."

text: Lastly, Article 62 states: "If there is a danger threatening the safety of the Kingdom or its territorial integrity, or the security of its people and its interests, or which impedes the functioning of the state institutions, the King may take urgent measures in order to deal with this danger And if the King considers that these measures should continue, he may then implement the necessary regulations to this end."

text: Serbia

text: In accordance with the law, the President of Serbia is Commander-in-chief of Armed Forces and in command of the military. He  appoints, promotes and recalls officers of the Army of Serbia.[43]

text: Slovenia

text: In Slovenia, the commander-in-chief is formally the President of Slovenia, although he or she does not exercise this position in peacetime. Instead, this role is usually assumed by the Minister of Defence.

text: South Korea

text: In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Korea, the commander-in-chief is the President of South Korea.

text: Spain

text: As with most remaining European monarchies, the position of the Spanish monarch as the nominal head of the armed forces is deeply rooted in traditions going centuries back.

text: The Spanish Constitution of 1978 gives the King in article 62 (h):

text: supreme command of the Armed Forces[44]

text: However, article 64 require that all official acts of the King must be countersigned, by the President of the Government or other competent minister, for them to become valid. Furthermore, article 97 stipulates that;

text: The Government shall conduct domestic and foreign policy, civil and military administration and the defence of the State[44]

text: And article 98 furthermore specifies the composition of the Government (which the King is not a member of). No provision in the constitution requires the King/Government to seek approval from the Cortes Generales before sending the armed forces abroad.[44]

text: Since 1984, the Chief of the Defence Staff is the professional head of the armed forces and, under the authority of the Minister of Defence, is responsible for military operations and military organisation.

text: Sri Lanka

text: As head of state, the President of Sri Lanka, is nominally the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The National Security Council, chaired by the president is the authority charged with formulating and executing defence policy for the nation. The highest level of military headquarters is the Ministry of Defence, since 1978 except for a few rare occasions the president retained the portfolio defence, thus being the Minister of Defence. The ministry and the armed forces have been controlled by the during these periods by either a Minister of State, Deputy Minister for defence, and of recently the Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of Defence. Prior to 1978 the prime minister held the portfolio of Minister of Defence and External Affairs, and was supported by a Parliamentary Secretary for Defence and External Affairs.

text: Responsibility for the management of the forces is Ministry of Defence, while the planning and execution of combined operations is the responsibility of the Joint Operations Command (JOC). The JOC is headed by the Chief of the Defence Staff who is the most senior officer in the Armed Forces and is an appointment that can be held by an Air Chief Marshal, Admiral, or General. The three services have their own respective professional chiefs: the Commander of the Army, the Commander of the Navy and the Commander of the Air Force, who have much autonomy.

text: Suriname

text: In Suriname, the constitution gives the president "supreme authority over the armed forces and all of its members".[45]

text: Swaziland

text: The King is Commander in Chief of the Umbufto Swazi Defence Force

text: Thailand

text: The "Head of the Thai Armed Forces" (Thai: จอมทัพไทย; RTGS: Chom Thap Thai) is a position vested in the Thai monarch, most recently held by King Bhumibol Adulyadej until his death in October 2016, who as sovereign and head of state is the commander-in-chief of the Royal Thai Armed Forces.[46]

text: Turkey

text: President of the Republic of Turkey has the constitutional right to represent the Supreme Military Command of the Turkish Armed Forces, on behalf of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, and to decide on the mobilization of the Turkish Armed Forces, to appoint the Chief of the General Staff, to call the National Security Council to meet, to preside over the National Security Council, to proclaim martial law or state of emergency, and to issue decrees having the force of law, upon a decision of the Council of Ministers meeting under his/her chairmanship. With all these issues above written in the Constitution of Turkey, the executive rights are given to the President of the Republic of Turkey to be represented as the commander-in-chief of the nation.

text: United Kingdom

text: The British monarch is the "Head of the Armed Forces"[47] and has also been described as "commander in chief of the armed forces of the Crown".[48] Long-standing constitutional convention, however, has vested de facto executive authority, by the exercise of Royal Prerogative powers, in the prime minister and the Secretary of State for Defence. The Prime Minister (acting with the support of the Cabinet) makes the key decisions on the use of the armed forces.[49][50] The Queen, however, remains the "ultimate authority" of the military, with officers and personnel swearing allegiance only to the monarch.[51]

text: United States

text:
According to Article II, Section 2, Clause I of the Constitution, the President of the United States is “Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States.”[52]
Since the National Security Act of 1947, this has been understood to mean all United States Armed Forces.
U.S. ranks have their roots in British military traditions, with the President possessing ultimate authority, but no rank, maintaining a civilian status, other than the title of Commander in Chief.[53]
The exact degree of authority that the Constitution grants to the President as Commander in Chief has been the subject of much debate throughout history, with Congress at various times granting the President wide authority and at others attempting to restrict that authority.[54]

text: The amount of military detail handled personally by the President in wartime has varied dramatically.[55] George Washington, the first U.S. president, firmly established military subordination under civilian authority. In 1794, Washington used his constitutional powers to assemble 12,000 militia to quell the Whiskey Rebellion—a conflict in western Pennsylvania involving armed farmers and distillers who refused to pay excise tax on spirits. According to historian Joseph Ellis, this was the "first and only time a sitting American president led troops in the field", though James Madison briefly took control of artillery units in defense of Washington D.C. during the War of 1812.[56]

text: Abraham Lincoln was deeply involved in overall strategy and in day-to-day operations during the American Civil War, 1861–1865; historians have given Lincoln high praise for his strategic sense and his ability to select and encourage commanders such as Ulysses S. Grant.[57] On the other extreme,  Woodrow Wilson paid very little attention to operational military details of World War I and had very little contact with the War Department or with General John J. Pershing, who had a high degree of autonomy as commander of the armies in France.[58] As President in World War II, Franklin D. Roosevelt worked closely with his generals, and admirals, and assigned Admiral William D. Leahy as Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief.[59] Harry S. Truman believed in a high amount of civilian leadership of the military, making many tactical and policy decisions based on the recommendations of his advisors—including the decision to use atomic weapons on Japan, to commit American forces in the Korean War, and to terminate Douglas MacArthur from his command.[60] Lyndon B. Johnson kept a very tight personal control of operations during the Vietnam War, which some historians have sharply criticized.[61]

text: In 1990, the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the ensuing Gulf War in 1991, saw George H.W. Bush assemble and lead one of the largest military coalitions of nations in modern times. Confronting a major constitutional issue of murky legislation that left the wars in Korea and Vietnam without official declarations of war, Congress quickly authorized sweeping war-making powers for Bush.[62]

text: Before 1947, the President was the only common superior of the Army (under the Secretary of War), the Navy and Marine Corps (under the Secretary of the Navy), and the Coast Guard (under the Secretary of the Treasury).[63] The National Security Act of 1947, and the 1949 amendments to the same act, among other things, created the United States Air Force as an independent service separate from the Army, and organized Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps under a newly created Department of Defense, headed by, and subject to the "authority, direction and control" of, the Secretary of Defense (acivilian cabinet-level official appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate).[64][65]

text: The Goldwater-Nichols Act in 1986 codified the default operational chain of command: running from the President to the Secretary of Defense, and from the Secretary of Defense to the combatant commander.[66]  While the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff outranks all other military officers, he does not have operational command authority over the Armed Forces.  However, the chairman does assist the President and the Secretary of Defense in the exercise of their command functions.[67]

text: During the 20th century, certain area commanders came to be called "Commander-in-chief".[68] As of 2011, there are nine combatant commanders: six have regional responsibilities, and three have functional responsibilities. Before 2002, the combatant commanders were referred to in daily use as "Commanders-in-chief" (for instance: "Commander in chief, U.S. Central Command"), even though the offices were in fact already designated as "combatant commander" (CCDR) in the law specifying the positions.[69] On 24 October 2002, Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld announced his decision that the use of "Commander-in-chief" would thereafter be reserved for the President only.[70]

text:
A painting depicting President George Washington and his troops before their march to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania, 1794.

President Abraham Lincoln and Major General George B. McClellan in a military tent after the Battle of Antietam, 1862.

President Lyndon B. Johnson awards the Distinguished Service Cross to First Lieutenant Marty A. Hammer in Vietnam, 1966.

The Football is a briefcase, carried by an aide-de-camp, which gives the President the ability to access the Gold Codes and to launch a nuclear attack while away from a fixed command center.[71]

Admiral Mike Mullen and Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates attend a meeting of combatant commanders with President George W. Bush in the Cabinet Room at the White House, 2008.

President Donald Trump (third from right), as commander-in-chief, meets with Marine Gen. Joseph F. Dunford Jr., chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Army Gen. Joseph Votel, commander of U.S. Central Command Commander, and Gen. Raymond A. "Tony" Thomas, U.S. Special Operations Command Commander at USCENTCOM headquarters on MacDill Air Force Base, 2017.

text: U.S. States

text: In U.S. states, the governor also serves as the commander-in-chief of the National Guard, State Militia, and State Defense Forces. In the Commonwealth of Kentucky, for example, KRS 37.180[72] states:

text:
“

The Governor shall be commander in chief of the Kentucky active militia, and the adjutant general shall be the executive officer and shall be responsible to the Governor for the proper functioning of the Kentucky active militia, and he is hereby authorized and empowered to take necessary action to perfect and maintain an efficient organization for the purposes herein set out. He shall have charge of all matters of administration and organization, which shall be in all respects, insofar as necessary and applicable, the same as that of the National Guard.

”

text: Similarly, Section 7 of Article 5[73] of the Constitution of the State of California states:

text:
“

The Governor is commander in chief of a militia that shall be provided by statute.  The Governor may call it forth to execute the law.

”

text: Venezuela

text: According to the Venezuelan constitution, the President is Commander in chief of the Armed Forces. The office of the Venezuelan military supreme commander in chief has always been held by the President of Venezuela as per constitutional requirements. However, with a new law sanctioned in 2008, the "Comandante en Jefe" rank is not only a function attributed to the executive branch but a full military rank given to the president upon taking office. Upon assumption he receives a saber, epaulette, shoulder knot, shoulder board and sleeve insignia and full military uniform to be used in military events while performing the duties as president. The shoulder insignia mirrors Cuban practice but is derived from the German-styled officer rank insignia.

text: Vietnam

text: The commander-in-chief of the armed forces is the President of Vietnam, through his post as Chairman of National Defense and Security Council. Though this position is nominal and real power is assumed by the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam. The Secretary of Central Military Commission (usually the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam) is the de facto Commander.

text: The Minister of Defence oversees operations of the Ministry of Defence, and the Vietnam People's Army. He also oversees such agencies as the General Staff and the General Logistics Department. However, military policy is ultimately directed by the Central Military Commission of the ruling Communist Party of Vietnam.

text: Other officeholders as commanders-in-chief or other situations

text: Ethiopia

text: The 1995 Constitution designates the Prime Minister of Ethiopia as "Commander-in-Chief of the national armed forces" in Article 74(1).[74]

text: Germany

text: Present, Federal Republic (1956-)

text: Upon the re-militarization of West Germany in 1955, when it joined NATO, the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany was amended in 1956 to include constitutional provisions for the command of the armed forces.

text:
In peacetime, under Article 65a, the Federal Minister of Defence (German: Bundesminister der Verteidigung) holds the supreme command authority (German: Inhaber der Befehls- und Kommandogewalt - IBuK) over the Bundeswehr.[75]
If the Bundestag declares the state of defence (German: Verteidigungsfall), the Federal Chancellor, under Article 115b, assumes the command authority over the armed forces.[75] As of  2018[update], this has never happened.
The President of Germany has thus no role in the command of the forces, although he continues to receive the ceremonial honors due to his position as a head of state.

text: The rationale for placing the command authority over the armed forces directly with the responsible minister in charge of the military establishment, and thus breaking with the longstanding German constitutional tradition in both earlier monarchical and republican systems of placing it with the head of state, was that in a democratic parliamentary system the command authority should directly reside where it would be exercised and where it is subject to the parliamentary control of the Bundestag at all times. By assigning it directly to the responsible minister, instead of with the Federal Chancellor, this also meant that military affairs is but one of the many integrated responsibilities of the government; in stark contrast of earlier times when the separate division of the military establishment from the civil administration allowed the former to act as a state within a state (in contrast to the Federal Republic, the Weimar Republic began with the Ebert–Groener pact, which kept the military establishment as an autonomous force outside the control of politics; the 1925 election of Paul von Hindenburg as Reichpräsident, surrounded by his camarilla and the machinations of Kurt von Schleicher, did little to reverse the trend).[76][77]

text: East Germany (1960-1990)

text: The legislature of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), the Volkskammer, enacted on 13 February 1960 the Law on the Formation of the National Defense Council of the GDR, which established a council consisting of a chairman and at least 12 members.  This was later incorporated into the GDR Constitution in April 1968.  The National Defense Council held the supreme command of the National People's Army (including the internal security forces), and the Council's chairman (usually the General Secretary of the ruling Socialist Unity Party) was considered the GDR's commander-in-chief.

text: The GDR joined with the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990, upon which the GDR's constitution and armed forces were abolished.

text: Before 1945

text: During the Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire, Weimar Republic and the Nazi era, whoever was the head of state—the King of Prussia/German Emperor (under the Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia/Constitution of the German Empire) to 1918, the Reichspräsident (under the Weimar Constitution) to 1934, and the Führer from 1934 to 1945—was the Head of the Armed Forces (German: Oberbefehlshaber: literally "Supreme Commander").

text: Below the level of the Head of State, each military branch (German: Teilstreitkraft) had its own head who reported directly to the Head of State and held the highest rank in his service; in the Reichsheer - Generalfeldmarschall, and in the Reichsmarine - Grossadmiral.

text: After Chancellor Adolf Hitler assumed power as Führer[78] (after the death of President Paul von Hindenburg), he would later grant his war minister, Generalfeldmarschall Werner von Blomberg, the title of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in 1935, when conscription was reintroduced. However, in 1938 due to the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair, Hitler withdrew the Commander-in-Chief title, abolished the war ministerial post and assumed personal command of the Armed Forces. The war ministerial post was de facto overtaken by the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, which was headed by Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel until the German surrender.

text: Greece

text: According to Article 45 of the Greek Constitution, the President is the Head of the Greek Armed Forces, but their administration is exercised by the Government.[79] The Prime Minister, the Minister for National Defence and the Chief of the General Staff are the ones who command the Armed Forces.

text: Israel

text: In Israel, the applicable basic law states that the ultimate authority over the Israel Defense Forces rests with the Government of Israel (chaired by the Prime Minister) as a collective body. The authority of the Government is exercised by the Minister of Defense on behalf of the Government. However, the Commander-in-Chief of the IDF is the Chief of General Staff who, despite being subordinate to the Minister of Defense, holds the highest level of command within the military.[80]

text: Japan

text: In Japan, prior to the Meiji Restoration the role of the commander-in-chief was vested in the shōgun (the most militarily powerful samurai daimyō). After the dissolution of the Tokugawa shogunate the role of the commander-in-chief, resided with the Emperor of Japan. The present-day constitutional role of the Emperor is that of a ceremonial figurehead without any military role.

text: After Japan's move towards democracy, the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Japan Self-Defense Forces is held by the Prime Minister of Japan. Military authority runs from the Prime Minister to the cabinet-level Minister of Defense of the Japanese Ministry of Defense.[81][82][83][84]

text: Malta

text: The Malta Armed Forces Act does not directly establish the President of Malta as the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. However, Maltese law allows the President to raise by voluntary enlistment and maintain an armed force. Likewise, the law allows the President to issue orders in order to the administrate the armed forces.

text: It is important to note that the Armed Forces do not swear allegiance to the President of Malta but rather to the Republic of Malta. On this basis, there is no direct link between the head of state and the armed forces. For this reason, this link is mediated by the Minister responsible for defence.

text: Nonetheless, the Presidential Palaces are guarded by the Armed Forces as a symbolic gesture of social cohesion.

text: Myanmar

text: See also Tatmadaw

text: Netherlands

text: The Constitution of the Netherlands states, in article 97, that "the Government shall have supreme authority over the armed forces". Article 42 defines the Government as the Monarch and the ministers, and that only ministers are responsible for acts of government. Article 45 further defines the ministers as constituting the Cabinet, chaired by the Prime Minister, with "authority to decide upon overall government policy".[85][86]

text: Before a constitution change took place in 1983, even though the equivalent section stated that: "The King shall have supreme authority over the armed forces"; that did not give the monarch any autonomous command authority.[86]

text: The Minister of Defence has the primary ministerial responsibility for the armed forces, which are formally a part of the Ministry of Defence.[86] The Chief of Defence is the highest ranked professional military officer, and serves as an intermediary between the Minister of Defence and the Armed Forces, and is responsible to the Minister for military-strategic planning, operations and deployment of the Armed Forces.[87]

text: North Korea

text: The Constitution of North Korea is ambiguous about which official really is the country's head of state.

text:
Is it the Eternal President of the Republic, the late Kim Il-sung, designated as such in the preamble;[88]
is it the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly, who under article 117 of the constitution directs the work of the Presidium, represents the State, and accredits North Korean diplomats and receives credentials from foreign diplomats;[89]
or is it the Chairman of the National Defence Commission who in article 100 is described as the "highest military leading organ of State power and an organ for general control over national defense of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea"?[90]

text: In any case, the North Korean constitution, in article 102, is quite explicit regarding which official commands the armed forces:

text: The Chairman of the National Defence Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is the supreme commander of the whole armed forces of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and commands and directs all the armed forces of the State.[90]

text: The Chairman is formally elected by the Supreme People's Assembly (article 91:5[91]) and serves for terms of office of five years (articles 101[90] & 90:1[91]); but in practice, the office is hereditary within the Kim Dynasty, as the late Kim Jong-il was posthumously designated as "Eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission", while his son, Kim Jong-un, was appointed as the "First Chairman of the National Defence Commission".[92]

text: Sweden

text: In Sweden, with the Ordinance of Alsnö in 1280, nobles were exempted from land taxation if they provided cavalrymen to the King's service. Following the Swedish War of Liberation (1521–53) from the Kalmar Union, a Guards Regiment was formed under the King and from there the modern Swedish Army has its roots. During the age of the Swedish Empire, several kings—Gustavus Adolphus, Charles X, Charles XI & Charles XII—personally led their forces into battle. Under the Instrument of Government of 1809, which was in force until the current Instrument of Government of 1974 went into force on 1 January 1975; the Monarch was in §§ 14-15 explicitly designated as the Commander-in-Chief of the Swedish Armed Forces (Swedish: Högste befälhavare).[93]

text: At present, the Government (Swedish: Regeringen) as a collective body, chaired and formed by the Prime Minister of Sweden, holds the highest Executive Authority, subject to the will of the Riksdag; and is thus the present day closest equivalent of a command-in-chief, although not explicitly designated as such.[94] The reason for this change was, apart from the fact that the King was since 1917 no longer expected to make political decisions without ministerial advice, that the new Instrument of Government was intended to be made as descriptive on the workings of the State as possible, and reflective on how decisions are actually made. Minister of Justice Lennart Geijer further remarked in the government bill that any continued pretensions of royal involvement in government decisions would be of a "fictitious nature" and "highly unsatisfactory".[95]

text: Certain Government decisions regarding the Armed Forces (Swedish: Särskilda regeringsbeslut) may be delegated to the Minister for Defence, under the supervision of the Prime Minister and to the extent laid down in ordinances.[96]

text: To add to some confusion to the above, the title of the agency head of the Swedish Armed Forces and highest ranked commissioned officer on active duty, is actually Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces (Swedish: Överbefälhavaren).[97]

text: However, the Monarch (as of present King Carl XVI Gustaf), is still a four-star general and admiral à la suite in the Swedish Army, Navy and Air Force and is by unwritten convention regarded as the foremost representative of the Swedish Armed Forces.[98] The King has, as part of his court, a military staff. The military staff is headed by a senior officer (usually a general or admiral, retired from active service) and is composed of active duty military officers serving as aides to the King and his family.[99]

text: Switzerland

text: Supreme authority over the military belongs to the Federal Council, which is the Swiss collegial head of state. Nothwithstanding the previous sentence, under the Constitution, the Federal Council can only, in the operational sense, command a maximum of 4,000 soldiers, with a time limit of three weeks of mobilisation.[100] For it to field more service personnel, the Federal Assembly must elect a General (see below)[100] who is given four stars.[101] Thus, the General is elected by the Federal Assembly to give him the same democratic legitimacy as the Federal Council.[100]

text: In peacetime, the Armed Forces are led by the Chief of the Armed Forces (Chef der Armee), who reports to the head of the Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports and to the Federal Council as a whole. The Chief of the Armed Forces has the rank of Korpskommandant or Commandant de corps (OF-8 in NATO equivalence).

text: In a time of declared war or national emergency, however, the Federal Assembly, assembled as the United Federal Assembly, specifically for the purpose of taking on the war-time responsibilities elect a General as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces under Article 168 of the Constitution. While The General acts as the highest military authority with a high degree of autonomy, he is still subordinate to the Federal Council (See Articles 58, 60, 174, 177, 180 & 185).[102] The Federal Assembly retains the sole power to dismiss the General, but the General remains subordinate to the Federal Council by the Council's ability to demobilise and hence making the position of General redundant.[100]

text: Four generals were appointed in Swiss history, General Henri Dufour during the Swiss Civil War, General Hans Herzog during the Franco-Prussian War, General Ulrich Wille during the First World War, and General Henri Guisan during the Second World War ("la Mob", "the Mobilisation"). Although Switzerland remained neutral during the latter three conflicts, the threat of having its territory used as a battlefield by the much bigger war parties of Germany and France required mobilization of the army.


document_title: A Dog's Purpose (film)

question_text: who does the voice in a dog's purpose

question_tokens: who does the voice in a dog 's purpose

root

text: A Dog's Purpose (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the 1950s, a feral puppy named Toby is whisked away to the dog pound and quickly euthanized, wondering if "fun" truly is life's purpose.

tag: p

text: His strong spirit is reborn and reincarnated as a newborn Retriever puppy in 1961, Toby leaves his cage at a puppy mill and is found by two garbage men who plan to sell him for their own profit. They leave to drink and Toby is spotted locked inside their pick-up truck by a young boy named Ethan and his mother, who rescue him from the brink of death by heatstroke. After they convince Ethan's father, the dog is allowed to stay and renamed Bailey.

text: Bailey and Ethan bond quickly, especially over the summer when the family visits Ethan's maternal grandparents' farm, and Bailey now believes Ethan alone is his purpose. Years pass and after several attempts at advancing in his job failed, Ethan's father has become a deadbeat alcoholic, though teenage Ethan still tries to respect him - inviting him to a football game now that he has been named starting quarterback.

text: Over the summer, Ethan goes to a fair with Bailey and meets Hannah, who he quickly begins dating, with Bailey referring to her as "part of the pack". Ethan and Hannah spend their summer happy together though their senior years are upcoming, but they plan to go to the same school; popular Ethan getting a football scholarship and Hannah following him on an academic one. When he goes home one night though, Ethan's father is drunk and shouting at Ethan's mother. He turns on Ethan then and when his mother tries to keep them separated, he shoves her to the ground. Ethan orders his father to leave and never come back, and becomes "the leader of the pack."

text: Later, at a game watched by scouts, Ethan is offered a full 4-year scholarship to Michigan State, but that night a vindictive classmate named Todd throws a lit firecracker into Ethan's house as a prank, which unintentionally results in a house fire. Bailey alerts Ethan, who goes to save his mother. Unable to get out of the door, they head out through his mother's bedroom window upstair. Ethan first lowers her with her sheets to the neighbors below, then Bailey — but when trying to jump himself, Ethan badly fractures his leg, ending his dreams of an athletic scholarship. Bailey attacks Todd, who is apprehended by the police. Instead Ethan must go to an agricultural school where he will learn to take over his grandparents' farm. Falling into depression, self-pity and bitterness, he grudgingly breaks off his romance with Hannah before leaving for college. Sometime afterwards, an aged Bailey slowly expires at the veterinarian's office after sharing an eleventh-hour teary goodbye with Ethan.

text: Bailey reincarnates into another dog life, a female German Shepherd Police dog named Ellie, sometime in the late 1970s/early 1980s, while possessing full memories and experiences of his past lives. Ellie is partnered with a widowed officer named Carlos from the Chicago Police Department, and works hard at "showing" and "finding", now seeing the job as life's purpose. The two form a close relationship which ends after Ellie jumps into a rushing river and saves a kidnapped girl from drowning, and is then fatally shot during a struggle with the armed kidnapper who was a moment away from killing an unsuspecting Carlos.

text: Reborn again in the mid-1980s as a Pembroke Welsh Corgi, he forms a bond with an Atlanta college student named Maya who names him Tino. Maya is lonely, which Tino, having bonded closely with the girl, realizes, and makes his purpose to find her some happiness. She starts a relationship with another classmate named Al who she begins seeing after Tino falls for Al's dog, a black and white Landseer named Roxie, and allows her to open up to him. Maya and Al marry and have 3 children who all love the Corgi. In love with Roxie (though she does not seem to reciprocate the romance), Tino is permanently heartbroken when one day she does not return from the vet. As he lies dying of old age in the late 1990s, Tino thanks Maya for giving him one of his best lives.

text: Bailey is again reborn and reincarnated, this time, as a St. Bernard-Australian Shepherd mix, sometime during the next decade, only to be taken in by an abusive and neglectful urban couple who name him Waffles. Waffles is eventually dumped in an abandoned lot and reluctantly sets off in search of a new life. Walking past a dog park and remembering how long it had been since he played, Waffles meets a dog and her human who hold a familiar scent to him, though he knows neither of them. He gradually makes his way to the country area where he spent summers as Bailey without even realizing at first where he is headed. He joyfully reunites with his old master Ethan, who is now somewhere in his 50s, living a lonely life and apparently broken in spirit at his Grandparents' old farm, which he now owns and runs. Ethan, of course, initially has no idea who this wandering dog really is and hands him over to the local animal shelter. But he soon has a change of heart and reclaims him, naming him Buddy. Buddy, sensing that he has finally found the true purpose of life that has long evaded him, finds a way to reunite Ethan with a widowed Hannah, and they eventually get married.

text: Buddy finally convinces Ethan that he is his beloved childhood pet by performing some tricks and responding to key phrases that were known only to the two of them all those many, many long years ago.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Josh Gad as the voice of Toby, Bailey, Ellie, Tino, Waffles and Buddy.
Dennis Quaid as Ethan Montgomery (adult)[8]

KJ Apa as teenage Ethan Montgomery[8]
Bryce Gheisar as eight-year old Ethan Montgomery

Juliet Rylance as Elizabeth Montgomery, Ethan's mother.[8]
Peggy Lipton as Hannah (adult)[8]

Britt Robertson as young Hannah[8]

John Ortiz as Carlos Ruiz
Kirby Howell-Baptiste as Maya
Pooch Hall as Al[9]
Luke Kirby as Jim Montgomery, Ethan's father
Michael Bofshever as Bill, Ethan's grandfather
Gabrielle Rose as Fran, Ethan's grandmother
Logan Miller as Todd, the vindictive classmate

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In 2015, DreamWorks acquired the film rights for Cameron's novel.[10] On May 8, 2015, it was announced Lasse Hallström would direct the film.[11] On August 5, 2015, Britt Robertson and Dennis Quaid joined the cast.[8] On September 18, 2015, Pooch Hall was cast in the film.[9] On October 15, 2015, Bradley Cooper joined the cast to play the dog's inner voice.[12] He was eventually replaced by Josh Gad.[13] Principal photography began on August 17, 2015.[14]

text: Release[edit]

text: In December 2015, the film switched from a DreamWorks Pictures release to under the Amblin Entertainment banner as per Amblin Partners' newly enacted branded strategy.[15] The film was released by Universal Pictures on January 27, 2017.[16] Universal also distributed it overseas, except for countries where Mister Smith Entertainment handled international sales.

text: Box office[edit]

text: A Dog's Purpose has grossed $64.3 million in the United States and Canada and $130.6 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $194.9 million, against a production budget of $22 million.[3]

text: In North America was released alongside Resident Evil: The Final Chapter and Gold, and was projected to gross $18–22 million from 3,050 theaters in its opening weekend, slightly lower than initial $27 million tracking had the film debuting to before boycotts against the film were called for.[4] It made $466,000 from Thursday night previews and $5.3 million on its first day. It ended up debuting to $18.2 million, finishing second at the box office behind the second weekend of Universal's own Split.[17] The film dropped 40.6% in its second weekend, grossing $10.8 million and finishing third at the box office.[18]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 30% based on 121 reviews, and an average rating of 4.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A Dog's Purpose offers an awkward blend of sugary sentiment and canine suffering that tugs at animal-loving audiences' heartstrings with shameless abandon."[19] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score 43 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[20] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[21]

text: Home media[edit]

text: A Dog's Purpose was released on digital HD on April 18, 2017, and was followed by a release on Blu-ray and DVD on May 2, 2017, from Universal Studios Home Entertainment.[22][23] The film topped the home video sales chart for the week ending on May 7, 2017.[24]

text: Animal abuse allegations[edit]

text: Initial reaction[edit]

text: On January 18, 2017, a video surfaced on TMZ showing footage taken from the set of the film, which shows a German Shepherd named Hercules being dragged and dipped into rushing water while visibly resisting.[25] After a cut in the video, the next clip shows the dog being submerged in the water at the other end of the tank while a voice on set can be heard shouting "CUT IT!", and various people are then seen rushing towards the dog.[26] The American Humane Association, which ensures that animals are not harmed in entertainment productions, announced that its representative on set had been suspended over the incident, and that the incident is under further investigation.[27][28] PETA called for a boycott of the film.[29] Actor Josh Gad, who voices the dog in the movie, was not on set during the making of the film, but stated that he was "shaken and sad to see any animal put in a situation against its will".[30] Due to the release of the video, Universal Pictures cancelled the film's scheduled January 19 Los Angeles premiere.[31]

text: Director Lasse Hallström stated on Twitter that he "did not witness" the actions in the video, and was "very disturbed" by the footage.[32]

text: Validity of the video[edit]

text: Amblin Entertainment released a statement in regards to the incident, saying that "on the day of the shoot, Hercules did not want to perform the stunt portrayed on the tape so the Amblin production team did not proceed with filming that shot", and that "Hercules is happy and healthy".[33]

text: Dennis Quaid also came out against the TMZ video, stating that the video did not tell the whole story, saying:

text: My experience is that the animals were treated great. There was no animal abuse. That video that someone took and sold for money and held on to for a year and a half until right before the film's coming out, does not tell the whole story. First of all, it's been edited and manipulated. And I think it's a scam, to tell you the truth. What they (the viewers of the video) saw was completely out of context. It was edited...and all of the footage I saw, the dog was going into the water happily and had to be restrained, actually, from going into the water many times during that day.

text: Quaid also said that the video was shot

text: towards the end of the day and I would not say, in real context, that the dog was frightened. The dog was acting like a dog who was kind of tired of taking a bath and was ready to get out. And, in fact, that's what happened. They took the dog out.[34]

text: On February 4, 2017, the American Humane Association reported that an independent third-party animal-cruelty expert had concluded that safety measures on the set of the film were in place and the video had been deliberately edited to mislead the public.[5]

text: The film was released with AHAD approval number 06202.


document_title: List of most streamed songs on Spotify

question_text: what is the most played song ever on spotify

text: List of most streamed songs on Spotify

text: This list of most-streamed songs on Spotify contains the top 100 songs with the most streams of all time, as derived from Spotify charts. As of January 2018, eight songs have exceeded 1 billion streams, with Ed Sheeran's "Shape of You" ranked in the top position.[1]

text: Prior to February 2014, Spotify's most streamed song was "Radioactive" by Imagine Dragons;[2] it was overtaken by Avicii's "Wake Me Up", which became the first song to hit 200 million streams on February 27, 2014.[3] "Wake Me Up" held the streaming record for over a year before being surpassed on May 22, 2015 by Sheeran's "Thinking Out Loud",[4] which became the first song to hit 500 million streams on October 12, 2015.[5] A month later, however, it was surpassed by Major Lazer and DJ Snake's "Lean On", featuring MØ,[6] which held the streaming record for 11 months until Drake's "One Dance", featuring Wizkid and Kyla, overtook it on October 15, 2016.[7] "Shape of You" surpassed "One Dance" on September 21, 2017.[1]

text: As of February 2018, the artists with the most singles in the top 100 are Justin Bieber, with a total of 8 singles (3 solo and 5 featured), and Drake, The Chainsmokers and The Weeknd each with 5 singles.

text: The fastest song to reach a billion streams on Spotify is "Shape of You", doing so in 153 days.[8]

text: Ed Sheeran is also the only act to date to have two singles become the most streamed on the platform, with "Thinking Out Loud" and "Shape of You".￼

text: Top songs[edit]

text: 100 Most Streamed Songs[edit]

text: The following table lists the top 100 most streamed songs on Spotify, with streams rounded to millions, as well as the artist(s), the album it is currently published to Spotify on, and the date it was originally published to Spotify.

text:
Rank
Song name
Artist(s)
Album
Streams (Millions)
Publication date

1.
"Shape of You"[9]
Ed Sheeran
÷ [10]
1,637
January 6, 2017

2.
"One Dance"[11]
Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla
Views [12]
1,417
April 5, 2016

3.
"Closer"[13]
The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey
Collage EP [14]
1,226
July 29, 2016

4.
"Lean On"[15]
Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ
Peace Is the Mission [16]
1,088
March 2, 2015

5.
"Thinking Out Loud"[17]
Ed Sheeran
×[18]
1,044
June 21, 2014

6.
"Sorry"[19]
Justin Bieber
Purpose [20]
1,032
October 23, 2015

7.
"Despacito (Remix)"
Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber
Non-album single
1,018
April 17, 2017

8.
"Love Yourself"
Justin Bieber
Purpose
1,014
November 9. 2015

9.
"Don't Let Me Down"[21]
The Chainsmokers featuring Daya
Collage EP [14]
986
February 5, 2016

10.
"I Took a Pill in Ibiza (Seeb Remix)"[22]
Mike Posner
At Night, Alone. [23]
971
July 24, 2015

11.
"Starboy"[24]
The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk
Starboy [24]
920
September 22, 2016

12.
"Let Me Love You"[25]
DJ Snake featuring Justin Bieber
Encore [26]
907
August 5, 2016

13.
"What Do You Mean?"[27]
Justin Bieber
Purpose [20]
898
August 28, 2015

14.
"Cold Water"[28]
Major Lazer featuring Justin Bieber and MØ
Non album single
882
July 21, 2016

15.
"Cheap Thrills"[29]
Sia
This Is Acting [30]
849
December 17, 2015

16.
"Photograph"[31]
Ed Sheeran
× [18]
842
June 21, 2014

17.
"Stressed Out"[32]
Twenty One Pilots
Blurryface [33]
822
November 10, 2015

18.
"Uptown Funk"[34]
Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars
Uptown Special [35]
820
November 10, 2014

19.
"Cheerleader (Felix Jaehn Remix)"[36]
OMI
Me 4 U [37]
819
December 2, 2014

20.
"7 Years"[38]
Lukas Graham
Lukas Graham [39]
810
September 18, 2015

21.
"rockstar"
Post Malone featuring 21 Savage
Non-album single
807
September 15, 2017

22.
"Despacito"[40]
Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee
Non-album single
791
January 13, 2017

23.
"Stitches"[41]
Shawn Mendes
Handwritten [42]
791
May 5, 2015

24.
"Faded"[43]
Alan Walker
Non-album single
787
December 3, 2015

25.
"This Is What You Came For"[44]
Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna
Non-album single
786
April 29, 2016

26.
"Hello"[45]
Adele
25 [46]
784
October 23, 2015

27.
"Can't Feel My Face"[47]
The Weeknd
Beauty Behind the Madness [48]
781
June 8, 2015

28.
"Work from Home"[49]
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ign
7/27 [50]
778
February 26, 2016

29.
"Say You Won't Let Go"[51]
James Arthur
Back from the Edge [52]
777
September 9, 2016

30.
"Take Me to Church"[53]
Hozier
Hozier [54]
770
November 29, 2013

31.
"Something Just Like This"
The Chainsmokers and Coldplay
Memories...Do Not Open [55]
764
February 22, 2017

32.
"Work"[56]
Rihanna featuring Drake
ANTI [57]
764
January 27, 2016

33.
"Can't Stop the Feeling!"[58]
Justin Timberlake
TROLLS: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack [59]
761
May 6, 2016

34.
"Treat You Better"[60]
Shawn Mendes
Illuminate[61]
740
June 3, 2016

35.
"HUMBLE."[62]
Kendrick Lamar
DAMN.[63]
738
March 30, 2017

36.
"Stay with Me"[64]
Sam Smith
In the Lonely Hour [65]
737
April 14, 2014

37.
"See You Again"[66]
Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth
Furious 7: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack [67]
734
March 10, 2015

38.
"Light It Up (Remix)"[68]
Major Lazer featuring Nyla and Fuse ODG
Peace Is the Mission (Extended) [69]
724
November 5, 2015

39.
"Unforgettable"
French Montana featuring Swae Lee
Jungle Rules
721
April 7, 2017

40.
"Heathens"[70]
Twenty One Pilots
Suicide Squad: The Album [71]
711
June 16, 2016

41.
"Let Her Go"[72]
Passenger
All the Little Lights [73]
703
July 24, 2012

42.
"Hotline Bling"[74]
Drake
Views [12]
703
July 31, 2015

43.
"All of Me"[75]
John Legend
Love in the Future [76]
701
August 12, 2013

44.
"Where Are Ü Now"[77]
Jack Ü with Justin Bieber
Skrillex and Diplo Present Jack Ü [78]
697
February 27, 2015

45.
"Havana"
Camila Cabello featuring Young Thug
Camila
697
August 3, 2017

46.
"Rockabye"[79]
Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul and Anne-Marie
Non-album single
695
October 21, 2016

47.
"Panda"[80]
Desiigner
New English [81]
694
February 22, 2016

48.
"I'm the One"
DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber, Quavo, Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne
Grateful
691
April 28, 2017

49.
"Radioactive"[82]
Imagine Dragons
Night Visions [83]
684
September 4, 2012

50.
"Me, Myself & I"[84]
G-Eazy and Bebe Rexha
When It's Dark Out [85]
682
October 14, 2015

51.
"New Rules"
Dua Lipa
Dua Lipa
682
June 2, 2017

52.
"XO TOUR Llif3"[86]
Lil Uzi Vert
Luv Is Rage 2 [87]
679
February 26, 2017

53.
"Chandelier"[88]
Sia
1000 Forms of Fear [89]
679
March 17, 2014

54.
"The Hills"[90]
The Weeknd
Beauty Behind the Madness [48]
676
May 27, 2015

55.
"Sugar"[91]
Maroon 5
V [92]
674
August 29, 2014

56.
"It Ain't Me"
Kygo and Selena Gomez
Stargazing
667
February 17, 2017

57.
"We Don't Talk Anymore"
Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez
Nine Track Mind
665
May 24, 2016

58.
"Lush Life"
Zara Larsson
So Good
663
June 5, 2015

59.
"I Don't Wanna Live Forever"
ZAYN and Taylor Swift
Fifty Shades Darker: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
662
December 9, 2016

60.
"That's What I Like"
Bruno Mars
24K Magic
658
November 18, 2016

61.
"Cake by the Ocean"
DNCE
DNCE
655
September 18, 2015

62.
"Love Me Like You Do"
Ellie Goulding
Fifty Shades of Grey: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
651
January 7, 2015

63.
"Ride"
Twenty One Pilots
Blurryface [33]
648
April 12, 2016

64.
"In the Name of Love"
Martin Garrix and Bebe Rexha
Non-album single
648
July 26, 2016

65.
"Perfect"
Ed Sheeran
÷ [10]
643
March 3, 2017

66.
"Congratulations"[93]
Post Malone featuring Quavo
Stoney [94]
643
January 31, 2017

67.
"Counting Stars"
OneRepublic
Native
638
June 14, 2013

68.
"Too Good"
Drake featuring Rihanna
Views [12]
636
July 26, 2016

69.
"i hate u, i love u"
gnash featuring Olivia O'Brien
us
627
February 17, 2016

70.
"Attention"
Charlie Puth
Non-album single
623
April 21, 2017

71.
"Can't Hold Us"
Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Ray Dalton
The Heist
622
August 16, 2011

72.
"Side to Side"
Ariana Grande featuring Nicki Minaj
Dangerous Woman
620
May 20, 2016

73.
"Thunder"
Imagine Dragons
Evolve
616
April 27, 2017

74.
"Fast Car"
Jonas Blue featuring Dakota
Non-album single
611
December 4, 2015

75.
"Rather Be"
Clean Bandit featuring Jess Glynne
New Eyes
607
January 17, 2014

76.
"Roses"
The Chainsmokers featuring Rozes
Bouquet
607
June 16, 2015

77.
"Demons"
Imagine Dragons
Night Visions [83]
606
September 4, 2012

78.
"PILLOWTALK"
ZAYN
Mind of Mine
606
January 29, 2016

79.
"Mi Gente"
J Balvin and Willy William
Non-album single
601
June 30, 2017

80.
"Sugar"
Robin Schulz featuring Francesco Yates
Sugar
600
July 17, 2015

81.
"I Feel It Coming"
The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk
Starboy [95]
596
November 25, 2016

82.
"Starving"
Hailee Steinfield and Grey featuring Zedd
Haiz
592
July 19, 2016

83.
"Trap Queen"
Fetty Wap
Fetty Wap
586
April 24, 2014

84.
"Stay"
Zedd and Alessia Cara
Non-album single
577
February 23, 2017

85.
"Believer"
Imagine Dragons
Evolve [96]
575
February 1, 2017

86.
"Wake Me Up"[97]
Avicii
True
573
June 17, 2013

87.
"Me Rehúso"
Danny Ocean
Non-album single
571
September 16, 2016

88.
"Paris"
The Chainsmokers
Memories...Do Not Open [55]
569
January 13, 2017

89.
"Riptide"
Vance Joy
Dream Your Life Away
569
May 21, 2013

90.
"Needed Me"
Rihanna
ANTI [57]
567
January 28, 2016

91.
"Firestone"
Kygo featuring Conrad Sewell
Cloud Nine
567
December 1, 2014

92.
"Mask Off"
Future
Future
565
February 17, 2017

93.
"24K Magic"
Bruno Mars
24K Magic
564
October 7, 2016

94.
"Middle"
DJ Snake featuring Bipolar Sunshine
Encore [26]
560
October 16, 2015

95.
"Happy"
Pharrell Williams
GIRL
560
November 21, 2013

96.
"Want to Want Me"
Jason Derulo
Everything Is 4
556
March 9, 2015

97.
"Earned It"
The Weeknd
Beauty Behind the Madness [48]
554
January 13, 2015

98.
"Swalla"
Jason Derulo featuring Nicki Minaj and Ty Dolla $ign
Non-album single
553
February 23, 2017

99.
"Fake Love"
Drake
More Life
545
October 29, 2016

100.
"How Deep Is Your Love"
Calvin Harris and Disciples
Non-album single
544
July 15, 2015

As of February 24, 2018

tag: table

text: Artists With The Most Songs In The Spotify Global 100[edit]

text: This is a list of the Artists with the most songs in the Spotify Global 100. It includes an artist's solo and featured songs.

text: For a comprehensive spreadsheet, please click here.

text:
Rank
Artist
Total Songs
Solo Top 10
Feat. Top 10
Solo Top 100
Feat. Top 100
1Bil+ Songs

1
Justin Bieber
8
2
1
3
5
3

2
Drake
5
1

4
1
1

The Chainsmokers
5
2

5

1

The Weeknd
5

5

5
Ed Sheeran
4
2

4

2

Imagine Dragons
4

4

Rihanna
4

2
2

8
DJ Snake
3
1

3

1

Major Lazer
3
1

3

1

Bruno Mars
3

2
1

text: In the United States[edit]

text: The table below lists the top 10 most streamed songs on Spotify in the United States, as well as the artist(s), the album it is currently published to Spotify on, and the date it was originally published to Spotify.

text: Streams are rounded up to closest million.

text:
Rank
Song name
Artist(s)
Album
Streams (millions)
Publication date
Notes

1.
"One Dance"[11]
Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla
Views [12]
428
April 5, 2016

2.
"Closer"[13]
The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey
Collage EP [14]
377
July 29, 2016

3.
"HUMBLE."[62]
Kendrick Lamar
DAMN. [63]
368
March 30, 2017

4.
"XO TOUR Llif3"[86]
Lil Uzi Vert
Luv Is Rage 2 [87]
347
March 24, 2017

5.
"Congratulations"[93]
Post Malone featuring Quavo
Stoney [94]
315
November 4, 2016

6.
"Shape of You"[9]
Ed Sheeran
÷ [10]
299
January 6, 2017

7.
"Starboy"[24]
The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk
Starboy [95]
297
September 22, 2016

8.
"Broccoli"[98]
DRAM featuring Lil Yachty
Big Baby D.R.A.M. [99]
286
April 6, 2016

9.
"rockstar"[100]
Post Malone featuring 21 Savage
Beerbongs & Bentleys[101]
281
September 15, 2017
[A]

10.
"No Role Modelz"[102]
J. Cole
2014 Forest Hills Drive [103]
267
August 4, 2015
[B]

As of February 8, 2018

text: Historical most streamed Spotify songs[edit]

text: The following table lists the last 6 songs to become Spotify's most streamed song, from 2013 to the present.

text:
Song name
Publisher*
Streams**
Publication date
Date achieved
Days held
Ref(s)
Notes

"Shape of You"[9]
Ed Sheeran
1.318.000.000
January 6, 2017
September 21, 2017
161
[4]

"One Dance"[11]
Drake
882.000.000
May 6, 2016
October 15, 2016
340
[7]

"Lean On"[15]
Major Lazer
526.000.000
June 1, 2015
November 11, 2015
339
[6]

"Thinking Out Loud"[17]
Ed Sheeran
355.000.000
June 21, 2014
May 22, 2015
173
[4]

"Wake Me Up"[97]
Avicii
178.000.000
July 30, 2013
January 2014
480+
[2][3]
[C]

"Radioactive"[82]
Imagine Dragons
–
January 1, 2012
2013
–
[2]
[D]

As of March 1, 2018

text: *The artist or group whose Spotify page the song was published on.

text: **The approximate number of streams each song had when it became Spotify's most streamed song.

text: Longest Running Global #1 Songs on Spotify[edit]

text: Post Malone has the longest-running global #1 song on Spotify with 17 weeks in the top position. He beat Drake "One Dance" 14 week record, overtaken later by Ed Sheeran with Shape of You and Luis Fonsi with Despacito (Justin Bieber remix)

text:
Song Name
Artist
Weeks At #1
Publication Date
Date Achieved
Ref(s)
Notes

"rockstar"
Post Malone
17
September 21, 2017
December 28, 2017
[104]

"One Dance"
Drake
14
April 14, 2016
July 7, 2016;

text: Spotify Global #1 Hits[edit]

text: The following table lists the songs that reached the #1 position on Spotify's Global Most Played Chart (Weekly). The table only records #1 songs from late December, 2016, as the data from before that currently doesn't exist.

text: "God's Plan" by Drake is the current (February 15, 2018) #1 song on the Spotify Global Top 200.

text:
Song Name
Artist
Weeks
At #1

Date Achieved
Ref(s)
Notes

"God's Plan"
Drake
5
January 25, 2018

"Havana"
Camila Cabello (feat. Young Thug)
1
January 18, 2018
[105]

"rockstar"
Post Malone (feat. 21 Savage)
17
September 21, 2017
[106]

"Too Good At Goodbyes"
Sam Smith
1
September 14, 2017
[107]

"Look What You Made Me Do"
Taylor Swift
2
August 31, 2017
[108]

"Mi Gente"
J Balvin (& Willy Williams)
4
August 3, 2017
[109]

"Despacito - Remix"
Luis Fonsi (& Daddy Yankee
feat. Justin Bieber)

14
April 27, 2017
[110]

"HUMBLE."
Kendrick Lamar
1
April 20, 2017
[111]

"Shape of You"
Ed Sheeran
14
January 12, 2017
[112]

"Starboy"
The Weeknd (feat. Daft Punk)
6
December 1, 2016
[113]

As of January 23, 2018


document_title: List of teams to overcome 3–1 series deficits

question_text: how many times has an nhl team comeback from a 3 0 deficit

text: Major League Baseball[edit]

text: MLB teams have overcame 3–1 deficits 13 times (including 3–0 deficit 1 time), six of which occurred in the World Series.

text:
Year and series
Winner that overcame deficit
Loser that blew lead
Note(s)

1925 World Series
Pittsburgh Pirates
Washington Senators
First major North American pro sports team to overcome 3–1 deficit

1958 World Series
New York Yankees
Milwaukee Braves

1968 World Series
Detroit Tigers
St. Louis Cardinals

1979 World Series
Pittsburgh Pirates
Baltimore Orioles

1985 ALCS
Kansas City Royals
Toronto Blue Jays
Went on to overcome 3–1 deficit in the World Series

1985 World Series
Kansas City Royals
St. Louis Cardinals
Also overcame 3–1 deficit in the ALCS

1986 ALCS
Boston Red Sox
California Angels

1996 NLCS
Atlanta Braves
St. Louis Cardinals

2003 NLCS
Florida Marlins
Chicago Cubs
Steve Bartman incident in Game 6; went on to win the World Series

2004 ALCS
Boston Red Sox
New York Yankees
Overcame 3–0 deficit; went on to win the World Series for first time since 1918

2007 ALCS
Boston Red Sox
Cleveland Indians
Went on to win the World Series

2012 NLCS
San Francisco Giants
St. Louis Cardinals
Also overcame 2–0 deficit in the NLDS; went on to win the World Series

2016 World Series
Chicago Cubs
Cleveland Indians
First World Series championship since 1908

text: National Basketball Association[edit]

text: NBA teams have overcame 3–1 deficits 11 times, only one of which occurred in the NBA Finals.

text:
Year and series
Winner that overcame deficit
Loser that blew lead
Note(s)

1968 Eastern Division Finals
Boston Celtics
Philadelphia 76ers
Went on to win the NBA Finals

1970 Western Division Finals
Los Angeles Lakers
Phoenix Suns

1979 Eastern Conference Finals
Washington Bullets
San Antonio Spurs

1981 Eastern Conference Finals
Boston Celtics
Philadelphia 76ers
Went on to win the NBA Finals

1995 Western Conference Semifinals
Houston Rockets
Phoenix Suns
Went on to win the NBA Finals

1997 Eastern Conference Semifinals
Miami Heat
New York Knicks

2003 Eastern Conference Quarterfinals
Detroit Pistons
Orlando Magic

2006 Western Conference Quarterfinals
Phoenix Suns
Los Angeles Lakers

2015 Western Conference Semifinals
Houston Rockets
Los Angeles Clippers

2016 Western Conference Finals
Golden State Warriors
Oklahoma City Thunder
Went on to blow 3–1 lead in the NBA Finals

2016 NBA Finals
Cleveland Cavaliers
Golden State Warriors
Only time in the NBA Finals; second of three straight years in which these two teams met in the NBA Finals with Warriors beating Cavaliers in 2015 and 2017

text: National Hockey League[edit]

text: NHL teams have overcame 3–1 deficits 28 times (including 3–0 deficits 4 times), only one of which occurred in the Stanley Cup Finals.

text:
Year and series
Winner that overcame deficit
Loser that blew lead
Note(s)

1942 Stanley Cup Finals
Toronto Maple Leafs
Detroit Red Wings
Only time in the Stanley Cup Finals; overcame 3–0 deficit

1975 Stanley Cup Quarterfinals
New York Islanders
Pittsburgh Penguins
Overcame 3–0 deficit

1987 Division Semifinals
New York Islanders
Washington Capitals

1987 Division Finals
Detroit Red Wings
Toronto Maple Leafs

1988 Division Semifinals
Washington Capitals
Philadelphia Flyers

1989 Division Semifinals
Los Angeles Kings
Edmonton Oilers

1990 Division Semifinals
Edmonton Oilers
Winnipeg Jets
Went on to win the Stanley Cup Finals

1991 Division Semifinals
St. Louis Blues
Detroit Red Wings

1992 Division Semifinals
Pittsburgh Penguins
Washington Capitals
Went on to win the Stanley Cup Finals

1992 Division Semifinals
Detroit Red Wings
Minnesota North Stars

1992 Division Semifinals
Vancouver Canucks
Winnipeg Jets

1994 Conference Quarterfinals
Vancouver Canucks
Calgary Flames

1995 Conference Quarterfinals
Pittsburgh Penguins
Washington Capitals

1998 Conference Quarterfinals
Edmonton Oilers
Colorado Avalanche

1999 Conference Quarterfinals
St. Louis Blues
Phoenix Coyotes

2000 Conference Finals
New Jersey Devils
Philadelphia Flyers
Went on to win the Stanley Cup Finals

2003 Conference Quarterfinals
Minnesota Wild
Colorado Avalanche
Went on to overcome 3–1 deficit in the Conference Semifinals

2003 Conference Quarterfinals
Vancouver Canucks
St. Louis Blues

2003 Conference Semifinals
Minnesota Wild
Vancouver Canucks
Also overcame 3–1 deficit in the Conference Quarterfinals

2004 Conference Quarterfinals
Montreal Canadiens
Boston Bruins

2009 Conference Quarterfinals
Washington Capitals
New York Rangers

2010 Conference Quarterfinals
Montreal Canadiens
Washington Capitals

2010 Conference Semifinals
Philadelphia Flyers
Boston Bruins
Overcame 3–0 deficit

2011 Conference Quarterfinals
Tampa Bay Lightning
Pittsburgh Penguins

2013 Conference Semifinals
Chicago Blackhawks
Detroit Red Wings
Went on to win the Stanley Cup Finals

2014 First Round
Los Angeles Kings
San Jose Sharks
Overcame 3–0 deficit; went on to win the Stanley Cup Finals

2014 Second Round
New York Rangers
Pittsburgh Penguins

2015 Second Round
New York Rangers
Washington Capitals


document_title: Shawn Toovey

question_text: who played brian in dr quinn medicine woman

text: Shawn Toovey

text: This biographical article needs additional citations for verification, as its only attribution is to IMDb. IMDb may not be a reliable source for biographical information. Please help by adding additional, reliable sources for verification. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Shawn Toovey

Shawn Toovey in 2017

Born
Shawn Toovey
(1983-03-01) March 1, 1983 (age 34)
 Lincoln, Nebraska

text: Shawn Toovey (born March 1, 1983 in Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Brian Cooper in the popular drama Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman for which Toovey won four Young Artist Awards.

text: Toovey was born March 1, 1983 in Lincoln, Nebraska. His family moved to San Antonio, Texas when he was four and ultimately ended up in California, where Shawn spent the next six years playing Brian Cooper on the CBS television series Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman.

text: He is a founding member of the Children's Board of the Audrey Hepburn Hollywood for Children Foundation. He is also involved in the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, The Braille Institute, Camp Ronald McDonald, Meals on Wheels and various child abuse preventions organizations.

text: Toovey played the role of Tiny Tim opposite fellow Dr. Quinn actor Orson Bean in the theater production of A Christmas Carol. Toovey has received several awards to date, among them:

text:
1994: Youth in Film Award - Best Actor in a Drama Series, 10 and under
1994: Spirit of the Prairie Award (from the governor of Nebraska)
1996: Young Artist Awards - Best Actor in a Drama Series
1996: Michael Landon Award - For: Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman
(1993) 1997: Young Artist Awards - Best Actor in a Drama Series.

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Year
Film
Role
Notes

1991
In Broad Daylight
Claude Rowan

1991
A Seduction in Travis County
Josh Maguire

1992
Bed of Lies
Joel Moore

1992
An American Story
Sam Meadows

1993
The Fire Next Time
Jake Morgan

1993
Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman
Brian Cooper
Appeared in 148 episodes, 1993–1998

1997
Flash
Tad Rutherford

1999
Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Movie
Brian Cooper

2001
Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Heart Within
Brian Cooper